FN Thomson Reuters Web of Science™ VR 1.0 PT J AU Darrow, DS Isobe, M Kondo, T Sasao, M AF Darrow, DS Isobe, M Kondo, T Sasao, M CA CHS Grp TI Enhancements to the Compact Helical System fast ion loss probe SO REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 12th Topical Conference on High-Temperature Plasma Diagnostics CY JUN 07-11, 1998 CL PRINCETON, NEW JERSEY SP Amer Phys Soc, Off Def Programs, US Dept Energy, Off Fus Energy, Princeton Plasma Phys Lab ID FUSION PRODUCTS; TFTR AB A scintillator-based fast ion loss probe has been used to measure 40 keV neutral beam ion loss from Compact Helical System plasmas. Modifications have recently been made to the probe to expand the range of gyroradius covered and to increase the probe acceptance at low pitch angles. In addition, a lamp has been installed inside the probe to facilitate calibration of the scintillator position within the field of view of the video camera. Finally, a Faraday cup structure, integral with the scintillator, has been added to allow direct measurement of the ion current to the probe. This last feature allows much easier absolute calibration of the diagnostic. (C) 1999 American Institute of Physics. [S0034-6748(99)64701-3]. C1 Princeton Plasma Phys Lab, Princeton, NJ 08543 USA. Natl Inst Fus Sci, Gifu, Japan. Natl Grad Univ Adv Study, Gifu, Japan. RP Darrow, DS (reprint author), Princeton Plasma Phys Lab, POB 451, Princeton, NJ 08543 USA. NR 12 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI WOODBURY PA CIRCULATION FULFILLMENT DIV, 500 SUNNYSIDE BLVD, WOODBURY, NY 11797-2999 USA SN 0034-6748 J9 REV SCI INSTRUM JI Rev. Sci. Instrum. PD JAN PY 1999 VL 70 IS 1 BP 838 EP 840 DI 10.1063/1.1149405 PN 2 PG 3 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA 161FQ UT WOS:000078278900150 ER PT J AU Medley, SS Petrov, MP Roquemore, AL Fisher, RK AF Medley, SS Petrov, MP Roquemore, AL Fisher, RK TI Operation of the TFTR pellet charge exchange diagnostic in the pulse counting mode during H+ radio frequency minority heating SO REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 12th Topical Conference on High-Temperature Plasma Diagnostics CY JUN 07-11, 1998 CL PRINCETON, NEW JERSEY SP Amer Phys Soc, Off Def Programs, US Dept Energy, Off Fus Energy, Princeton Plasma Phys Lab AB The pellet charge exchange technique on TFTR has been used primarily to obtain active charge exchange measurements using a high-energy (0.5-4.0 MeV) neutral particle analyzer (NPA) in conjunction with impurity pellet injection (Li and B) with the scintillator-photomultiplier detector system operated in the current mode. While passive measurements using pulse counting were also obtained using this instrumentation, operation in this mode was very restrictive with pulse counting rates limited to less than similar to 10 kHz in the absence of any significant neutron and gamma induced background signal. An upgrade to a specialized pulse counting capability which was developed by the Ioffe Institute was implemented which consisted of CsI(Tl) scintillators having features designed to minimize signals induced by background neutron and gamma rays and 16-channel pulse height analysis electronics on each of the eight NPA energy channels. Passive measurements of rf-driven energetic hydrogen minority ions which served to verify operation of the pulse counting mode are reported. It is shown that in the passive mode the main donors for the neutralization of H+ ions in this energy range are C5+ ions. The measured effective H+ tail temperatures range from 0.15 MeV at a rf power of 2 MW to 0.35 MeV at 6 MW. (C) 1999 American Institute of Physics. [S0034-6748(99)64801-8]. C1 Princeton Plasma Phys Lab, Princeton, NJ 08543 USA. RP Medley, SS (reprint author), Princeton Plasma Phys Lab, POB 451, Princeton, NJ 08543 USA. NR 11 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI WOODBURY PA CIRCULATION FULFILLMENT DIV, 500 SUNNYSIDE BLVD, WOODBURY, NY 11797-2999 USA SN 0034-6748 J9 REV SCI INSTRUM JI Rev. Sci. Instrum. PD JAN PY 1999 VL 70 IS 1 BP 841 EP 844 DI 10.1063/1.1149406 PN 2 PG 4 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA 161FQ UT WOS:000078278900151 ER PT J AU Rowan, WL Bravenec, RV Eisner, EC Ross, DW Wootton, AJ Bretz, N Marmar, ES Terry, JL AF Rowan, WL Bravenec, RV Eisner, EC Ross, DW Wootton, AJ Bretz, N Marmar, ES Terry, JL TI Charge-exchange recombination spectroscopy and beam-emission spectroscopy for C-Mod SO REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 12th Topical Conference on High-Temperature Plasma Diagnostics CY JUN 07-11, 1998 CL PRINCETON, NEW JERSEY SP Amer Phys Soc, Off Def Programs, US Dept Energy, Off Fus Energy, Princeton Plasma Phys Lab ID FLUCTUATION MEASUREMENTS; NEUTRAL BEAM AB The design of two beam-based diagnostic systems for C-Mod, charge-exchange recombination spectroscopy (CXRS) and beam-emission spectroscopy (BES) will be presented. A 50-keV diagnostic neutral beam (DNB) will be installed on C-Mod for these and other diagnostics. By adding BES and CXRS to the set of C-Mod diagnostics, it will be possible to test theory-based models of turbulent transport, which are typically based on marginal stability and the existence/dominance of ion temperature gradient (ITG) modes. Tests that coordinate turbulence measurements with transport measurements are largely unavailable at present. (C) 1999 American Institute of Physics. [S0034-6748(99)73901-8]. C1 Univ Texas, Fus Res Ctr, Austin, TX 78712 USA. Princeton Univ, Plasma Phys Lab, Princeton, NJ 08543 USA. MIT, Plasma Sci & Fus Ctr, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA. RP Rowan, WL (reprint author), Univ Texas, Fus Res Ctr, Austin, TX 78712 USA. NR 7 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI WOODBURY PA CIRCULATION FULFILLMENT DIV, 500 SUNNYSIDE BLVD, WOODBURY, NY 11797-2999 USA SN 0034-6748 J9 REV SCI INSTRUM JI Rev. Sci. Instrum. PD JAN PY 1999 VL 70 IS 1 BP 882 EP 885 DI 10.1063/1.1149461 PN 2 PG 4 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA 161FQ UT WOS:000078278900162 ER PT J AU Thomas, DM Burrell, KH Snider, RT Wade, MR AF Thomas, DM Burrell, KH Snider, RT Wade, MR TI Prospects for charge-exchange-recombination-based measurements on International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor using a helium diagnostic neutral beam SO REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 12th Topical Conference on High-Temperature Plasma Diagnostics CY JUN 07-11, 1998 CL PRINCETON, NEW JERSEY SP Amer Phys Soc, Off Def Programs, US Dept Energy, Off Fus Energy, Princeton Plasma Phys Lab ID TRANSPORT; EXHAUST AB Several important measurements in the International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor (ITER) diagnostic mission, including the primary one of core helium ash density, are expected to be addressed using active spectroscopic techniques. These methods rely on the use of a dedicated diagnostic neutral beam (DNB) which has been optimized for the dual requirements of beam penetration and charge exchange cross section. For hydrogenic beams, this results in an optimal beam energy of similar to 100 keV/amu. Signal-to-noise estimates using realistic geometries and the existing ITER profile and equilibrium data have confirmed the stringent requirements on beam quality and intensity to satisfy the stated ITER measurement precisions. In this article we consider the use of a neutral helium DNB for making active spectroscopic measurements on ITER, since helium beams offer better penetration in dense plasma for a given energy, and the prospects for given source performance may also be improved. Drawbacks include the more difficult absolute calibration of the beam density profile as well as the fundamental problem of uniquely identifying the source (fusion-based ash, beam core fuelling, or edge DNB neutralizer/source efflux) of the observed He charge-exchange recombination line in order to unambiguously characterize core helium buildup and confinement on ITER. (C) 1999 American Institute of Physics. [S0034-6748(99)65001-8]. C1 Gen Atom Co, San Diego, CA 92186 USA. Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. RP Thomas, DM (reprint author), Gen Atom Co, POB 85608, San Diego, CA 92186 USA. NR 12 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI WOODBURY PA CIRCULATION FULFILLMENT DIV, 500 SUNNYSIDE BLVD, WOODBURY, NY 11797-2999 USA SN 0034-6748 J9 REV SCI INSTRUM JI Rev. Sci. Instrum. PD JAN PY 1999 VL 70 IS 1 BP 886 EP 889 DI 10.1063/1.1149408 PN 2 PG 4 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA 161FQ UT WOS:000078278900163 ER PT J AU Hawkes, NC Blackler, K Viaccoz, B Wilson, CH Migozzi, JB Stratton, BC AF Hawkes, NC Blackler, K Viaccoz, B Wilson, CH Migozzi, JB Stratton, BC TI Design of the joint European torus motional Stark effect diagnostic SO REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 12th Topical Conference on High-Temperature Plasma Diagnostics CY JUN 07-11, 1998 CL PRINCETON, NEW JERSEY SP Amer Phys Soc, Off Def Programs, US Dept Energy, Off Fus Energy, Princeton Plasma Phys Lab ID CURRENT PROFILES; DIII-D AB This article describes the overall design of the Joint European Torus (JET) motional Stark effect (MSE) diagnostic. The principle of this diagnostic has been proven on other tokamaks (TFTR and DIII-D) but its implementation on JET involves specific difficulties associated with optical access and neutral beam geometry. The solutions adopted for the access problem include the use of a novel "Air Amici" prism for beam deviation and low Verdet coefficient glass for the relay optics. MSE signals from the different beam sources are distinguished by their Doppler shift; the diagnostic uses the pi(+) components of the Stark spectrum to avoid contamination with signals from different beam sources. The optimum viewing location for good space resolution across the plasma profile is also one that allows good accuracy in the reconstruction of the q profile from the measurements. An assessment of the optical throughput predicts a measurement accuracy of the polarization angle of better than 0.15 degrees with 1-10 ms time resolution. (C) 1999 American Institute of Physics. [S0034-6748(99)65701-X]. C1 Jet Joint Undertaking, Abingdon OX14 3EA, Oxon, England. JBM Opt, F-91140 Villebon Sur Yvette, France. Princeton Plasma Phys Lab, Princeton, NJ 08543 USA. RP Hawkes, NC (reprint author), Jet Joint Undertaking, Abingdon OX14 3EA, Oxon, England. NR 9 TC 48 Z9 49 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI WOODBURY PA CIRCULATION FULFILLMENT DIV, 500 SUNNYSIDE BLVD, WOODBURY, NY 11797-2999 USA SN 0034-6748 J9 REV SCI INSTRUM JI Rev. Sci. Instrum. PD JAN PY 1999 VL 70 IS 1 BP 894 EP 897 DI 10.1063/1.1149415 PN 2 PG 4 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA 161FQ UT WOS:000078278900165 ER PT J AU Stratton, BC Long, D Palladino, R Hawkes, NC AF Stratton, BC Long, D Palladino, R Hawkes, NC TI Instrumentation for the joint European torus motional Stark effect diagnostic SO REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 12th Topical Conference on High-Temperature Plasma Diagnostics CY JUN 07-11, 1998 CL PRINCETON, NEW JERSEY SP Amer Phys Soc, Off Def Programs, US Dept Energy, Off Fus Energy, Princeton Plasma Phys Lab ID DIII-D AB A motional Stark effect magnetic field pitch angle diagnostic has been implemented on the joint European torus (JET) tokamak. The instrumentation designed following the study by Hawkes et al. (these proceedings) is described. D-alpha emission from the Octant 4 neutral beams is collected by optics which transport the plasma image outside the vacuum vessel and through a pair of photoelastic modulators (PEMs) and a linear polarizer. The light is fiber-optically coupled to interference filter spectrometers, which incorporate a remotely controlled filter tilting mechanism. This allows the center wavelength of the filter bandpass to be tuned over a range sufficient for observation of the sigma and pi lines of the Stark spectrum emitted by the full- and half-energy components of the beam, providing flexibility to make measurements with a variety of beam configurations. The detectors are low-noise avalanche photodiode modules. Fast digital signal processing techniques are used to extract the Fourier components of the signal at the PEM first and second harmonic frequencies. Analysis of these signals will yield the magnetic field pitch angle, which will be used as a constraint on EFIT equilibrium reconstruction modeling to obtain the q(r) profile. The system has 25 spatial channels covering the outer-half of a JET plasma with spatial resolution of 0.03-0.07 m per channel with similar to 0.05 m channel-to-channel separation. Time resolution is expected to be 1-10 ms. (C) 1999 American Institute of Physics. [S0034-6748(99)51101-5]. C1 Princeton Univ, Princeton Plasma Phys Lab, Princeton, NJ 08543 USA. Jet Joint Undertaking, Abingdon OX14 3EA, Oxon, England. RP Stratton, BC (reprint author), Princeton Univ, Princeton Plasma Phys Lab, POB 451, Princeton, NJ 08543 USA. NR 5 TC 28 Z9 29 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI WOODBURY PA CIRCULATION FULFILLMENT DIV, 500 SUNNYSIDE BLVD, WOODBURY, NY 11797-2999 USA SN 0034-6748 J9 REV SCI INSTRUM JI Rev. Sci. Instrum. PD JAN PY 1999 VL 70 IS 1 BP 898 EP 901 DI 10.1063/1.1149318 PN 2 PG 4 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA 161FQ UT WOS:000078278900166 ER PT J AU Skinner, CH Zweben, SJ Levinton, FM McChesney, J AF Skinner, CH Zweben, SJ Levinton, FM McChesney, J TI Feasibility studies of two-dimensional edge turbulence measurements by laser induced fluorescence SO REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 12th Topical Conference on High-Temperature Plasma Diagnostics CY JUN 07-11, 1998 CL PRINCETON, NEW JERSEY SP Amer Phys Soc, Off Def Programs, US Dept Energy, Off Fus Energy, Princeton Plasma Phys Lab ID SPECTROSCOPY; PLASMA AB Edge turbulence is a key factor in the performance of fusion devices but is not well understood even after many years of research. We assess the feasibility of using laser induced fluorescence to obtain two-dimensional images of turbulent structures in the plasma. Based on theoretical expectations of density fluctuations arising from turbulence and calculations of level populations in He-like and noble gas ions we show that high signal/noise ratios (S/N>100) may be expected for experimental conditions in the magnetic reconnection experiment and on the National Spherical Torus Experiment at PPPL. Schemes include exciting the ion emission lines such as B IV 282.3 nm or Kr II 441.8 nm by a tunable laser. (C) 1999 American Institute of Physics. [S0034-6748(99)65901-9]. C1 Princeton Univ, Plasma Phys Lab, Princeton, NJ 08543 USA. Fus Phys & Technol, Torrance, CA USA. RP Skinner, CH (reprint author), Princeton Univ, Plasma Phys Lab, POB 451, Princeton, NJ 08543 USA. NR 17 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI WOODBURY PA CIRCULATION FULFILLMENT DIV, 500 SUNNYSIDE BLVD, WOODBURY, NY 11797-2999 USA SN 0034-6748 J9 REV SCI INSTRUM JI Rev. Sci. Instrum. PD JAN PY 1999 VL 70 IS 1 BP 917 EP 920 DI 10.1063/1.1149417 PN 2 PG 4 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA 161FQ UT WOS:000078278900172 ER PT J AU Marmar, ES Zweben, SJ Fulghum, S Rostler, PS AF Marmar, ES Zweben, SJ Fulghum, S Rostler, PS TI Visible radiation sliced image emission velocimeter interferometer fluctuation diagnostic SO REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 12th Topical Conference on High-Temperature Plasma Diagnostics CY JUN 07-11, 1998 CL PRINCETON, NEW JERSEY SP Amer Phys Soc, Off Def Programs, US Dept Energy, Off Fus Energy, Princeton Plasma Phys Lab ID EDGE TURBULENCE; TOKAMAK; SCATTERING AB An instrument designed to measure k-filtered plasma fluctuations has been used to look at edge fluctuations in Alcator C-Mod tokamak plasmas. The instrument utilizes a sieve technique, whereby an optical image is split and filtered through two out-of-phase, striped transmission masks, and then imaged onto photodiode detectors. The difference signal is then digitized and analyzed to give the frequency characteristics of the fluctuations at a particular value of k, as determined by the wavelength of the mask stripes. Measurements have been made looking at the edge plasma with hydrogen Balmer-alpha filtering, and k both parallel and perpendicular to the magnetic field, with \k\ in the range from 5 to 15 cm(-1). Broad band (nu<500 kHz) fluctuations are seen for k perpendicular to B, and characteristics in ohmic and L-mode plasmas are described. (C) 1999 American Institute of Physics. [S0034-6748(99)58801-1]. C1 MIT, Plasma Sci & Fus Ctr, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA. Princeton Univ, Plasma Phys Lab, Princeton, NJ 08543 USA. Sci Res Lab, Somerville, MA 02143 USA. RP Marmar, ES (reprint author), MIT, Plasma Sci & Fus Ctr, 77 Massachusetts Ave, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA. NR 11 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 2 U2 2 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI WOODBURY PA CIRCULATION FULFILLMENT DIV, 500 SUNNYSIDE BLVD, WOODBURY, NY 11797-2999 USA SN 0034-6748 J9 REV SCI INSTRUM JI Rev. Sci. Instrum. PD JAN PY 1999 VL 70 IS 1 BP 976 EP 978 DI 10.1063/1.1149329 PN 2 PG 3 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA 161FQ UT WOS:000078278900190 ER PT J AU Zerbini, M Buratti, P Tudisco, O Giruzzi, G Bruschi, A Cirant, S Granucci, G Simonetto, A Sozzi, C Gandini, F Pacella, D Fournier, KB Finkenthal, M AF Zerbini, M Buratti, P Tudisco, O Giruzzi, G Bruschi, A Cirant, S Granucci, G Simonetto, A Sozzi, C Gandini, F Pacella, D Fournier, KB Finkenthal, M TI Electron cyclotron emission diagnostic of high temperature electron cyclotron resonance heated plasmas on Frascati tokamak upgrade SO REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 12th Topical Conference on High-Temperature Plasma Diagnostics CY JUN 07-11, 1998 CL PRINCETON, NEW JERSEY SP Amer Phys Soc, Off Def Programs, US Dept Energy, Off Fus Energy, Princeton Plasma Phys Lab AB The electron cyclotron emission (ECE) diagnostic on FTU tokamak is routinely performed with a Michelson interferometer with spectral range extending up to 1300 GHz. The diagnostic allowed accurate electron temperature measurements during the recent 140 GHz electron cyclotron resonance heating (ECRH) experiments on FTU. Very accurate measurements have been performed on a wide range of electron temperatures and profile peaking. The ECE measurements have been compared with Thomson scattering and with observations of x-ray spectra from highly stripped molybdenum ions. The suprathermal emission in these conditions has been studied. (C) 1999 American Institute of Physics. [S0034-6748(99)70701-X]. C1 ENEA, EURATOM Assoc, CR Frascati, I-00044 Frascati, Italy. CEA, Cadarache, France. CNR, IFP, I-00185 Rome, Italy. LLNL, Livermore, CA USA. JHU, Baltimore, MD USA. RP Zerbini, M (reprint author), ENEA, EURATOM Assoc, CR Frascati, CP 65, I-00044 Frascati, Italy. RI Sozzi, Carlo/F-4158-2012; Bruschi, Alessandro/A-5530-2015 OI Sozzi, Carlo/0000-0001-8951-0071; Bruschi, Alessandro/0000-0002-0139-6401 NR 6 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 5 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI WOODBURY PA CIRCULATION FULFILLMENT DIV, 500 SUNNYSIDE BLVD, WOODBURY, NY 11797-2999 USA SN 0034-6748 J9 REV SCI INSTRUM JI Rev. Sci. Instrum. PD JAN PY 1999 VL 70 IS 1 BP 1007 EP 1010 DI 10.1063/1.1149519 PN 2 PG 4 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA 161FQ UT WOS:000078278900199 ER PT J AU Efthimion, PC Hosea, JC Kaita, R Majeski, R Taylor, G AF Efthimion, PC Hosea, JC Kaita, R Majeski, R Taylor, G TI New electron cyclotron emission diagnostic for measurement of temperature based upon the electron Bernstein wave SO REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 12th Topical Conference on High-Temperature Plasma Diagnostics CY JUN 07-11, 1998 CL PRINCETON, NEW JERSEY SP Amer Phys Soc, Off Def Programs, US Dept Energy, Off Fus Energy, Princeton Plasma Phys Lab AB Most magnetically confined plasma devices cannot take advantage of standard electron cyclotron emission (ECE) diagnostics to measure temperature. They either operate at high density relative to their magnetic field (e.g., omega(p)much greater than Omega(c) in spherical tokamaks) or they do not have sufficient density and temperature to reach the blackbody condition (tau > 2). The standard ECE technique measures the electromagnetic waves emanating from the plasma. Here we propose to measure electron Bernstein waves (EBW) to ascertain the local electron temperature in these plasmas. The optical thickness of EBW is extremely high because it is an electrostatic wave with a large k(i). For example, the National Spherical Torus Experiment (NSTX) will have an optical thickness tau approximate to 3000 and CDX-U will have tau approximate to 300. One can reach the blackbody condition with a plasma density approximate to 10(11) cm(-3) and T-e approximate to 1 eV. This makes it attractive to most plasma devices. The serious issue with using EBW is the wave accessibility for the emission measurement. Simple accessibility arguments indicate the wave may be accessible by either direct coupling or mode conversion through an extremely narrow layer (approximate to 1-2 mm). EBW experiments on the Current Drive Experiment-Upgrade (CDXU) will test the accessibility properties of the spherical tokamak configuration. (C) 1999 American Institute of Physics. [S0034-6748(99)74201-2]. C1 Princeton Univ, Plasma Phys Lab, Princeton, NJ 08543 USA. RP Efthimion, PC (reprint author), Princeton Univ, Plasma Phys Lab, POB 451, Princeton, NJ 08543 USA. NR 12 TC 26 Z9 26 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI WOODBURY PA CIRCULATION FULFILLMENT DIV, 500 SUNNYSIDE BLVD, WOODBURY, NY 11797-2999 USA SN 0034-6748 J9 REV SCI INSTRUM JI Rev. Sci. Instrum. PD JAN PY 1999 VL 70 IS 1 BP 1018 EP 1020 DI 10.1063/1.1149464 PN 2 PG 3 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA 161FQ UT WOS:000078278900202 ER PT J AU Nagayama, Y Kawahata, K England, A Ito, Y Bretz, N McCarthy, M Taylor, G Doane, J Ikezi, H Edlington, T Tomas, J AF Nagayama, Y Kawahata, K England, A Ito, Y Bretz, N McCarthy, M Taylor, G Doane, J Ikezi, H Edlington, T Tomas, J TI Electron cyclotron emission diagnostics on the large helical device SO REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 12th Topical Conference on High-Temperature Plasma Diagnostics CY JUN 07-11, 1998 CL PRINCETON, NEW JERSEY SP Amer Phys Soc, Off Def Programs, US Dept Energy, Off Fus Energy, Princeton Plasma Phys Lab ID FUSION TEST REACTOR; BALLOONING MODES; SAWTOOTH CRASHES; TOMOGRAPHY; PLASMAS; TFTR; ECE AB The electron cyclotron emission (ECE) diagnostic system is installed on the large helical device (LHD). The system includes the following instruments: a heterodyne radiometer, a Michelson spectrometer, and a grating polychromator. A 63.5 mm corrugated waveguide system is fully utilized. Large collection optics and notch filters at the frequency of the LHD electron cyclotron heating (ECH) were developed for this system. In addition to these filters, the rectangular waveguide notch filters, the ECE measurement with the radiometer has been successfully performed during the ECH. (C) 1999 American Institute of Physics. [S0034-6748(99)56001-2]. C1 Natl Inst Fus Sci, Toki 5095292, Japan. Princeton Univ, Plasma Phys Lab, Princeton, NJ 08543 USA. Gen Atom Co, San Diego, CA 92186 USA. UKAEA, Culham Lab, Abingdon OX14 3DB, Oxon, England. RP Nagayama, Y (reprint author), Natl Inst Fus Sci, Toki 5095292, Japan. NR 15 TC 25 Z9 25 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI WOODBURY PA CIRCULATION FULFILLMENT DIV, 500 SUNNYSIDE BLVD, WOODBURY, NY 11797-2999 USA SN 0034-6748 J9 REV SCI INSTRUM JI Rev. Sci. Instrum. PD JAN PY 1999 VL 70 IS 1 BP 1021 EP 1024 DI 10.1063/1.1149292 PN 2 PG 4 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA 161FQ UT WOS:000078278900203 ER PT J AU Lin, Y Irby, J Stek, P Hutchinson, I Snipes, J Nazikian, R McCarthy, M AF Lin, Y Irby, J Stek, P Hutchinson, I Snipes, J Nazikian, R McCarthy, M TI Upgrade of reflectometry profile and fluctuation measurements in Alcator C-Mod SO REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 12th Topical Conference on High-Temperature Plasma Diagnostics CY JUN 07-11, 1998 CL PRINCETON, NEW JERSEY SP Amer Phys Soc, Off Def Programs, US Dept Energy, Off Fus Energy, Princeton Plasma Phys Lab ID DENSITY PROFILE; TOKAMAK AB This article reports on the upgrade of the reflectometry profile and fluctuation measurements in Alcator C-Mod. The reflectometer consists of five amplitude modulated O-mode millimeter-wave channels operating between 50 and 110 GHz. The system provides the electron density profile for densities up to 1.5 X 10(20) m(-3). An upgrade has been implemented to improve the reliability of the system, eliminate 2 pi ambiguities in the group delay measurement, and enhance the fluctuation measurements. An upgrade of the 88 GHz channel has been installed, which allows fluctuations on both the upper and lower sideband signals to be measured independently with high resolution. Some preliminary fluctuation and density profile results are discussed. (C) 1999 American Institute of Physics. [S0034-6748(99)76101-0]. C1 MIT, Plasma Sci & Fus Ctr, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA. Princeton Plasma Phys Lab, Princeton, NJ 08543 USA. RP Lin, Y (reprint author), MIT, Plasma Sci & Fus Ctr, 77 Massachusetts Ave, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA. RI Lin, Yijun/B-5711-2009; Hutchinson, Ian/D-1136-2009 OI Hutchinson, Ian/0000-0003-4276-6576 NR 12 TC 26 Z9 27 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI WOODBURY PA CIRCULATION FULFILLMENT DIV, 500 SUNNYSIDE BLVD, WOODBURY, NY 11797-2999 USA SN 0034-6748 J9 REV SCI INSTRUM JI Rev. Sci. Instrum. PD JAN PY 1999 VL 70 IS 1 BP 1078 EP 1081 DI 10.1063/1.1149370 PN 2 PG 4 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA 161FQ UT WOS:000078278900220 ER PT J AU Glenzer, SH Weiland, TL Bower, J MacKinnon, AJ MacGowan, BJ AF Glenzer, SH Weiland, TL Bower, J MacKinnon, AJ MacGowan, BJ TI High-energy 4 omega probe laser for laser-plasma experiments at Nova SO REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 12th Topical Conference on High-Temperature Plasma Diagnostics CY JUN 07-11, 1998 CL PRINCETON, NEW JERSEY SP Amer Phys Soc, Off Def Programs, US Dept Energy, Off Fus Energy, Princeton Plasma Phys Lab ID STIMULATED RAMAN-SCATTERING; PARAMETRIC-INSTABILITIES; THOMSON SCATTERING; HOHLRAUM PLASMAS; WAVES AB For the characterization of inertial confinement fusion plasmas, we implemented a high-energy 4 omega probe laser at the Nova laser facility. A total energy of >50 J at 4 omega, a focal spot size of order 100 mu m, and a pointing accuracy of 100 mm was demonstrated for target shots. This laser provides intensities of up to 3 X 10(14) W cm(-2) and therefore fulfills high-power requirements for laser-plasma interaction experiments. The 4 omega probe laser is now routinely used for Thomson scattering. Successful experiments were performed in gas-filled hohlraums at electron densities of n(e) > 2 X 10(21) cm(-3) which represents the highest density plasma so far being diagnosed with Thomson scattering. (C) 1999 American Institute of Physics. [S003-46748(99)69901-4]. C1 Univ Calif Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA 94551 USA. RP Glenzer, SH (reprint author), Univ Calif Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, L-399, Livermore, CA 94551 USA. RI MacKinnon, Andrew/P-7239-2014 OI MacKinnon, Andrew/0000-0002-4380-2906 NR 21 TC 18 Z9 21 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI WOODBURY PA CIRCULATION FULFILLMENT DIV, 500 SUNNYSIDE BLVD, WOODBURY, NY 11797-2999 USA SN 0034-6748 J9 REV SCI INSTRUM JI Rev. Sci. Instrum. PD JAN PY 1999 VL 70 IS 1 BP 1089 EP 1092 DI 10.1063/1.1149513 PN 2 PG 4 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA 161FQ UT WOS:000078278900223 ER PT J AU Krasilnikov, AV Medley, SS Gorelenkov, NN Budny, RV Ignatyev, OV Kaschuck, YA Petrov, MP Roquemore, AL AF Krasilnikov, AV Medley, SS Gorelenkov, NN Budny, RV Ignatyev, OV Kaschuck, YA Petrov, MP Roquemore, AL TI Tokamak Fusion Test Reactor charge exchange atom spectrometry using a natural diamond detector SO REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 12th Topical Conference on High-Temperature Plasma Diagnostics CY JUN 07-11, 1998 CL PRINCETON, NEW JERSEY SP Amer Phys Soc, Off Def Programs, US Dept Energy, Off Fus Energy, Princeton Plasma Phys Lab ID TFTR; CONFINEMENT; PLASMAS; TRITONS; IONS; JET AB Natural diamond detectors (NDD) developed in Russia were used for fast charge exchange H-0 atom spectrometry and flux dynamic measurements during Tokamak Fusion Test Reactor (TFTR) H+ minority ion cyclotron resonance heating (ICRH) experiments in deuterium plasma. For selected NDDs, the high energy resolution (similar to 2%-3%) and radiation resistance (5 X 10(14) n/cm(2)) and low sensitivity to neutrons and gammas enable spectrometry of fast (0.2-3 MeV) atoms in TFTR radiation conditions. The NDD compact housing (similar to 2 cm(+3)) allowed noninterfering insertion into the particle charge exchange flight tube giving both systems similar views which allows comparison of their spectra and fluxes. A small NDD was chosen to limit count rates to 7 X 10(5) s(-1). A spectroscopy amplifier operating with pileup inspection at such rates was developed, enabling measurement of the dependence of fast perpendicular proton energy spectra on ICRH heating power during sawtooth-free and sawtooth-crash times. The results agree with a model developed for sawtooth redistribution of fast particles. (C) 1999 American Institute of Physics. [S0034-6748(99)53901-4]. C1 Troitsk Inst Innovating & Fus Res, Troitsk 142092, Moscow Region, Russia. Princeton Plasma Phys Lab, Princeton, NJ 08543 USA. Urals State Tech Univ, Ekaterinburg 620002, Russia. AF Ioffe Phys Tech Inst, St Petersburg 194021, Russia. RP Krasilnikov, AV (reprint author), Troitsk Inst Innovating & Fus Res, Troitsk 142092, Moscow Region, Russia. NR 13 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI WOODBURY PA CIRCULATION FULFILLMENT DIV, 500 SUNNYSIDE BLVD, WOODBURY, NY 11797-2999 USA SN 0034-6748 J9 REV SCI INSTRUM JI Rev. Sci. Instrum. PD JAN PY 1999 VL 70 IS 1 BP 1107 EP 1110 DI 10.1063/1.1149500 PN 2 PG 4 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA 161FQ UT WOS:000078278900227 ER PT J AU Jassby, DL Barnes, CW Bitter, M Johnson, LC Lemunyan, G Roquemore, AL von Goeler, S AF Jassby, DL Barnes, CW Bitter, M Johnson, LC Lemunyan, G Roquemore, AL von Goeler, S TI Long-term performance of neutron detectors during deuterium-tritium operation in the Tokamak Fusion Test Reactor SO REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 12th Topical Conference on High-Temperature Plasma Diagnostics CY JUN 07-11, 1998 CL PRINCETON, NEW JERSEY SP Amer Phys Soc, Off Def Programs, US Dept Energy, Off Fus Energy, Princeton Plasma Phys Lab ID TFTR; CALIBRATION; ACTIVATION AB During its tritium campaign the Tokamak Fusion Test Reactor produced more than 750 deuterium-tritium (D-T) shots involving at least one tritium neutral beam, and some 20 000 shots with D beams and no T beams. A calibrated system of four fission chambers and two Si surface barrier threshold detectors (SBDs) monitored the fusion neutron production rate in all these shots, while elemental activation foils measured total yields, Y, on more than 300 D-T shots. The baseline fission-detector current and log-Campbell modes had stable detection efficiencies throughout the D-T campaign, but there were several cross-calibration corrections as large as 10% to the efficiencies of the count-rate and log-Campbell modes of some backup fission chambers and of the collimated SBD detector. For Y > 3 X 10(16) neutrons per shot, the ratio of fission-chamber and SBD yields to activation yields varied between 0.88 and 1.1, with an average value of 0.96-0.99 that was fairly constant throughout the D-T period. All detectors and electronics performed reliably in the radiation field except for the uncollimated SBD detector, which had to be replaced periodically because of radiation damage. (C) 1999 American Institute of Physics. [S0034-6748(99)74301-7]. C1 Princeton Plasma Phys Lab, Princeton, NJ 08543 USA. Univ Calif Los Alamos Natl Lab, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. RP Jassby, DL (reprint author), Princeton Plasma Phys Lab, POB 451, Princeton, NJ 08543 USA. NR 10 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI WOODBURY PA CIRCULATION FULFILLMENT DIV, 500 SUNNYSIDE BLVD, WOODBURY, NY 11797-2999 USA SN 0034-6748 J9 REV SCI INSTRUM JI Rev. Sci. Instrum. PD JAN PY 1999 VL 70 IS 1 BP 1111 EP 1114 DI 10.1063/1.1149465 PN 2 PG 4 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA 161FQ UT WOS:000078278900228 ER PT J AU Jassby, DL Gentile, CA Ascione, G Kugel, HW Roquemore, AL Kumar, A AF Jassby, DL Gentile, CA Ascione, G Kugel, HW Roquemore, AL Kumar, A TI Tritium production in He-3 gas cells immersed in the Tokamak Fusion Test Reactor neutron field SO REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 12th Topical Conference on High-Temperature Plasma Diagnostics CY JUN 07-11, 1998 CL PRINCETON, NEW JERSEY SP Amer Phys Soc, Off Def Programs, US Dept Energy, Off Fus Energy, Princeton Plasma Phys Lab ID DETECTOR AB Tritium generated in an external cell by the reaction He-3(n, p) T can be used as a gauge of long-term fusion neutron production, because of the 12-year half-life of T and the relative ease of measuring the T content either by sampling or from the saturation current of the cell when operated as an ionization chamber. Two high-pressure He-3 gas cells enclosed in polyethylene neutron moderators were exposed to Tokamak Fusion Test Reactor (TFTR) neutrons during high-power D-T operation. The tritium produced in the cells was assayed by the Princeton Differential Atmospheric Tritium Sampler. The measured tritium generated per 10(19) fusion neutrons was 510 pCi/cc at 2.3 m from the TFTR vessel and 1.3 m below the midplane, and 2020 pCi/cc at 1.0 m from the TFTR vessel in the midplane. Combining these results with previous measurements at a third location, we found 0.11 to 0.23 triton produced per neutron incident on the projected cell cross section, with an asymptotic local tritium breeding ratio of 0.32. (C) 1999 American Institute of Physics. [S0034-6748(99)68101-1]. C1 Princeton Plasma Phys Lab, Princeton, NJ 08543 USA. Univ Calif Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90024 USA. RP Jassby, DL (reprint author), Princeton Plasma Phys Lab, POB 451, Princeton, NJ 08543 USA. NR 6 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI WOODBURY PA CIRCULATION FULFILLMENT DIV, 500 SUNNYSIDE BLVD, WOODBURY, NY 11797-2999 USA SN 0034-6748 J9 REV SCI INSTRUM JI Rev. Sci. Instrum. PD JAN PY 1999 VL 70 IS 1 BP 1115 EP 1118 DI 10.1063/1.1149427 PN 2 PG 4 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA 161FQ UT WOS:000078278900229 ER PT J AU Zweben, SJ Gentile, C Mueller, D Nagy, A Pearson, G Skinner, CH Walsh, J AF Zweben, SJ Gentile, C Mueller, D Nagy, A Pearson, G Skinner, CH Walsh, J TI In-vessel tritium measurements using beta decay in the Tokamak Fusion Test Reactor SO REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 12th Topical Conference on High-Temperature Plasma Diagnostics CY JUN 07-11, 1998 CL PRINCETON, NEW JERSEY SP Amer Phys Soc, Off Def Programs, US Dept Energy, Off Fus Energy, Princeton Plasma Phys Lab AB Tritium on the inside walls of the Tokamak Fusion Test Reactor was detected by configuring the vacuum vessel as an ionization chamber and measuring the secondary electron current from the tritium beta decay. The vessel was typically filled with approximate to 5 Torr of dry nitrogen and the secondary electron current was collected by an internal electrode biased to about +15 V with respect to the vessel wall. The measured variations of the collected current with gas pressure, bias voltage, and applied magnetic fields are described, as well as an in situ calibration made by injecting a known amount of tritium gas. Improved versions of this diagnostic may be useful to track the in-vessel content of surface tritium in future fusion devices. (C) 1999 American Institute of Physics. [S003-46748(99)56301-6]. C1 Princeton Univ, Princeton Plasma Phys Lab, Princeton, NJ 08543 USA. RP Zweben, SJ (reprint author), Princeton Univ, Princeton Plasma Phys Lab, POB 451, Princeton, NJ 08543 USA. NR 8 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI WOODBURY PA CIRCULATION FULFILLMENT DIV, 500 SUNNYSIDE BLVD, WOODBURY, NY 11797-2999 USA SN 0034-6748 J9 REV SCI INSTRUM JI Rev. Sci. Instrum. PD JAN PY 1999 VL 70 IS 1 BP 1119 EP 1122 DI 10.1063/1.1149294 PN 2 PG 4 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA 161FQ UT WOS:000078278900230 ER PT J AU Esposito, B Bertalot, L Loughlin, M Roquemore, AL AF Esposito, B Bertalot, L Loughlin, M Roquemore, AL TI Neutron spectrum measurements in DT discharges using activation techniques SO REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 12th Topical Conference on High-Temperature Plasma Diagnostics CY JUN 07-11, 1998 CL PRINCETON, NEW JERSEY SP Amer Phys Soc, Off Def Programs, US Dept Energy, Off Fus Energy, Princeton Plasma Phys Lab ID REACTOR AB The JET activation system has eight irradiation ends where samples may be irradiated in the neutron flux from the plasma. There is one end, re-entrant into the top of the vessel, for which there is little intervening material between it and the plasma; the other ends, including two beneath the divertor coils, have increasingly larger amounts of intervening structure. The local neutron spectrum at each irradiation end was measured by simultaneously activating several elemental foils (Al, Au, Co, Fe, In, Mg, Nb, Ni, Ti, Zr). There were 15 activation reactions in the energy range of 0.5-16 MeV which were used as input to the SNL-SAND-II code to determine the neutron energy spectrum. The results are compared with neutron transport calculations both from the MCNP and FURNACE codes: the average standard deviation between measured to SNL-SAND-II calculated activity ratios was as low as 5%. The results demonstrate the reliability of the neutronics calculations and have implications for the design of diagnostics and blankets for the next generation of large tokamaks such as ITER. The 377.9 keV line of the Fe-54(n, 2n)Fe-53 reaction (threshold similar to 13.9 MeV, not a dosimetric standard) has also been measured in different plasma conditions. The ratio of the saturated activity from this reaction to that from the Fe-56( n, p)Mn-56 reaction (threshold similar to 4.5 MeV) provides information on the broadening of the 14 MeV fusion peak. (C) 1999 American Institute of Physics. [S0034-6748(99)56401-0]. C1 ENEA, EURATOM Assoc, I-00044 Frascati, Italy. Jet Joint Undertaking, Abingdon OX14 3EA, Oxon, England. Princeton Plasma Phys Lab, Princeton, NJ 08543 USA. RP Esposito, B (reprint author), ENEA, EURATOM Assoc, CP 65, I-00044 Frascati, Italy. NR 15 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI WOODBURY PA CIRCULATION FULFILLMENT DIV, 500 SUNNYSIDE BLVD, WOODBURY, NY 11797-2999 USA SN 0034-6748 J9 REV SCI INSTRUM JI Rev. Sci. Instrum. PD JAN PY 1999 VL 70 IS 1 BP 1130 EP 1133 DI 10.1063/1.1149295 PN 2 PG 4 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA 161FQ UT WOS:000078278900233 ER PT J AU Cecil, FE Roy, B Kern, S Nowak, A Takimoto, Y Jarvis, ON van Belle, P Sadler, GJ Hone, M Loughlin, M Darrow, D Medley, SS Roquemore, L Barbour, C AF Cecil, FE Roy, B Kern, S Nowak, A Takimoto, Y Jarvis, ON van Belle, P Sadler, GJ Hone, M Loughlin, M Darrow, D Medley, SS Roquemore, L Barbour, C TI Development and operation of a thin foil Faraday collector as a lost ion diagnostic for high yield d-t tokamak fusion plasmas SO REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 12th Topical Conference on High-Temperature Plasma Diagnostics CY JUN 07-11, 1998 CL PRINCETON, NEW JERSEY SP Amer Phys Soc, Off Def Programs, US Dept Energy, Off Fus Energy, Princeton Plasma Phys Lab ID PARTICLE AB We are continuing our development of a radiation-hard, charged-particle detector consisting of a series of thin parallel conducting foils as a lost ion diagnostic for high yield d-t tokamak fusion plasmas. Advantages of this detector concept include economy, ability to operate in relatively intense neutron/gamma ray radiation backgrounds and at moderately high temperatures, and a modest degree of energy resolution. A detector consisting of four parallel foils of Ni, each of thickness 2.5 mm, was operated in the Joint European Torus during the recent DTE-1 experiment. During the highest yield pulses of this campaign, (16 MW), the flux of energetic alpha particles at the detector was measured to be less than about 2 nA/cm(2). This upper limit is significantly greater than the expected flux assuming classical losses and given the geometry of the detector. During most of the nearly 2500 pulses of the DTE-1 experiment for which the detector response has been inspected, a relatively intense (up to 200 nA/cm(2)) flux of low energy positively charged particles was observed which appears related to the D-alpha photon flux at the plasma edge. Similar detector designs have been recently evaluated using monoenergetic helium ion beams from the tandem accelerator at Sandia National Laboratories. One such detector, consisting of six foils of 6 mm thick Al demonstrated an energy resolution of about 7% for 7 MeV alpha particles. Possible improvements to this detector concept include the fabrication of an "integrated circuit'' like design consisting of alternately deposited layers of insulator and conductor. Future applications of the detector concept include first wall lost ion diagnostics for the ignition device to test engineering concepts and NSTX. (C) 1999 American Institute of Physics. [S0034-6748(99)54001-X]. C1 Colorado Sch Mines, Golden, CO 80401 USA. Jet Joint Undertaking, Abingdon OX14 3EA, Oxon, England. Princeton Plasma Phys Lab, Princeton, NJ 08540 USA. Sandia Natl Labs, Albuquerque, NM 87131 USA. RP Cecil, FE (reprint author), Colorado Sch Mines, Golden, CO 80401 USA. NR 5 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI WOODBURY PA CIRCULATION FULFILLMENT DIV, 500 SUNNYSIDE BLVD, WOODBURY, NY 11797-2999 USA SN 0034-6748 J9 REV SCI INSTRUM JI Rev. Sci. Instrum. PD JAN PY 1999 VL 70 IS 1 BP 1149 EP 1153 DI 10.1063/1.1149501 PN 2 PG 5 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA 161FQ UT WOS:000078278900238 ER PT J AU Chambers, GD Cooper, GW Savage, ME Ruiz, CL Schmidlapp, FA AF Chambers, GD Cooper, GW Savage, ME Ruiz, CL Schmidlapp, FA TI Calibration of a direct nuclear activation diagnostic which uses boron nitride to measure energetic deuterium ions SO REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 12th Topical Conference on High-Temperature Plasma Diagnostics CY JUN 07-11, 1998 CL PRINCETON, NEW JERSEY SP Amer Phys Soc, Off Def Programs, US Dept Energy, Off Fus Energy, Princeton Plasma Phys Lab ID INTENSE PROTON; BEAMS AB A direct nuclear activation diagnostic for the measurement of the kinetic energy of deuterium ions in the energy range of 1-3 MeV has been successfully developed. This diagnostic is based on the fact that the ratio of two different thick-target yields which are generated by the same incident ion species can be a sensitive function of incident ion energy. Targets for this diagnostic are made of alpha-boron nitride (BN) and use the two reactions: B-10(d,n) C-11(beta+) and N-14(d,n) O-15(beta+). The ratio of thick-target yields depends only on the deuterium ion energy and is independent of ion fluence and detector efficiency. The calibrated diagnostic was then fielded to measure the voltage in a plasma opening switch (POS). Electrical measurements of the POS voltage and the voltage inferred from the BN nuclear activation diagnostic were in good agreement. (C) 1999 American Institute of Physics. [S0034-6748(99)59501-4]. C1 Univ New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131 USA. Sandia Natl Labs, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. Ktech Corp, Albuquerque, NM 87110 USA. RP Chambers, GD (reprint author), Univ New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131 USA. NR 12 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI WOODBURY PA CIRCULATION FULFILLMENT DIV, 500 SUNNYSIDE BLVD, WOODBURY, NY 11797-2999 USA SN 0034-6748 J9 REV SCI INSTRUM JI Rev. Sci. Instrum. PD JAN PY 1999 VL 70 IS 1 BP 1205 EP 1208 DI 10.1063/1.1149336 PN 2 PG 4 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA 161FQ UT WOS:000078278900251 ER PT J AU Phillips, TW Cable, MD Cowan, TE Hatchett, SP Henry, EA Key, MH Perry, MD Sangster, TC Stoyer, MA AF Phillips, TW Cable, MD Cowan, TE Hatchett, SP Henry, EA Key, MH Perry, MD Sangster, TC Stoyer, MA TI Diagnosing hot electron production by short pulse, high intensity lasers using photonuclear reactions SO REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 12th Topical Conference on High-Temperature Plasma Diagnostics CY JUN 07-11, 1998 CL PRINCETON, NEW JERSEY SP Amer Phys Soc, Off Def Programs, US Dept Energy, Off Fus Energy, Princeton Plasma Phys Lab AB Solid targets irradiated with 10(19) W/cm(2) or greater of 1 mu m light in picosecond pulses are found to be radioactive. The strongest activities observed are the result of photonuclear reactions in which an energetic photon excites the nucleus sufficiently to produce particle emission leaving a radioactive daughter. The photoreaction cross sections are known for a wide range of nuclei and provide a quantitative measure of the photon flux produced in the target. Both the delayed daughter activities and measurements of the prompt particles emitted in the reaction can be used as diagnostics. Examples of these techniques applied in diagnosing experiments at the Nova laser facility adapted to generate petawatt pulses using chirped pulse amplification will be presented. These results will be compared with bremsstrahlung photon spectra calculated using electron spectra measured in a magnetic spectrograph. (C) 1999 American Institute of Physics. [S0034-6748(99)59601-9]. C1 Univ Calif Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. RP Phillips, TW (reprint author), Univ Calif Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. RI Cowan, Thomas/A-8713-2011 OI Cowan, Thomas/0000-0002-5845-000X NR 16 TC 46 Z9 47 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI WOODBURY PA CIRCULATION FULFILLMENT DIV, 500 SUNNYSIDE BLVD, WOODBURY, NY 11797-2999 USA SN 0034-6748 J9 REV SCI INSTRUM JI Rev. Sci. Instrum. PD JAN PY 1999 VL 70 IS 1 BP 1213 EP 1216 DI 10.1063/1.1149337 PN 2 PG 4 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA 161FQ UT WOS:000078278900253 ER PT J AU Lerche, RA Ognibene, TJ AF Lerche, RA Ognibene, TJ TI Error analysis for fast scintillator-based inertial confinement fusion burn history measurements SO REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 12th Topical Conference on High-Temperature Plasma Diagnostics CY JUN 07-11, 1998 CL PRINCETON, NEW JERSEY SP Amer Phys Soc, Off Def Programs, US Dept Energy, Off Fus Energy, Princeton Plasma Phys Lab AB Plastic scintillator material acts as a neutron-to-light converter in instruments that make inertial confinement fusion burn history measurements. Light output for a detected neutron in current instruments has a fast rise time (< 20 ps) and a relatively long decay constant (1.2 ns). For a burst of neutrons whose duration is much shorter than the decay constant, instantaneous light output is approximately proportional to the integral of the neutron interaction rate with the scintillator material. Burn history is obtained by deconvolving the exponential decay from the recorded signal. The error in estimating signal amplitude for these integral measurements is calculated and compared with a direct measurement in which light output is linearly proportional to the interaction rate. [S0034-6748(99)70001-8]. C1 Univ Calif Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. RP Lerche, RA (reprint author), Univ Calif Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. NR 2 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI WOODBURY PA CIRCULATION FULFILLMENT DIV, 500 SUNNYSIDE BLVD, WOODBURY, NY 11797-2999 USA SN 0034-6748 J9 REV SCI INSTRUM JI Rev. Sci. Instrum. PD JAN PY 1999 VL 70 IS 1 BP 1217 EP 1219 DI 10.1063/1.1149514 PN 2 PG 3 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA 161FQ UT WOS:000078278900254 ER PT J AU Lerche, RA Ress, D Ellis, RJ Lane, SM AF Lerche, RA Ress, D Ellis, RJ Lane, SM TI Neutron penumbral aperture images of inertial confinement fusion targets achieve 60 mu m resolution (abstract) SO REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Univ Calif Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. NR 0 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI WOODBURY PA CIRCULATION FULFILLMENT DIV, 500 SUNNYSIDE BLVD, WOODBURY, NY 11797-2999 USA SN 0034-6748 J9 REV SCI INSTRUM JI Rev. Sci. Instrum. PD JAN PY 1999 VL 70 IS 1 BP 1220 EP 1220 DI 10.1063/1.1149457 PN 2 PG 1 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA 161FQ UT WOS:000078278900255 ER PT J AU Li, CK Hicks, DG Seguin, FH Petrasso, RD Soures, J Knauer, JP Phillips, TW Sangster, TC Cable, MD Bernat, T AF Li, CK Hicks, DG Seguin, FH Petrasso, RD Soures, J Knauer, JP Phillips, TW Sangster, TC Cable, MD Bernat, T TI Measurements of charged-particle fusion yields and ratios from Omega (abstract) SO REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 MIT, Ctr Plasma Fus, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA. Univ Rochester, Laser Energet Lab, Rochester, NY 14623 USA. Univ Calif Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA 94551 USA. RI Hicks, Damien/B-5042-2015 OI Hicks, Damien/0000-0001-8322-9983 NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI WOODBURY PA CIRCULATION FULFILLMENT DIV, 500 SUNNYSIDE BLVD, WOODBURY, NY 11797-2999 USA SN 0034-6748 J9 REV SCI INSTRUM JI Rev. Sci. Instrum. PD JAN PY 1999 VL 70 IS 1 BP 1225 EP 1225 DI 10.1063/1.1149458 PN 2 PG 1 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA 161FQ UT WOS:000078278900257 ER PT J AU Moran, MJ AF Moran, MJ TI The fusion diagnostic gamma experiment: A high-bandwidth fusion diagnostic of the National Ignition Facility SO REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 12th Topical Conference on High-Temperature Plasma Diagnostics CY JUN 07-11, 1998 CL PRINCETON, NEW JERSEY SP Amer Phys Soc, Off Def Programs, US Dept Energy, Off Fus Energy, Princeton Plasma Phys Lab ID DETECTOR AB Diagnostics for the National Ignition Facility/inertial confinement fusion program must include good characterization of the fusion source. Ideally, diagnostics would measure the spatially resolved history of the fusion reaction rate and temperature. Existing diagnostics can satisfy this goal only partially. One class of new techniques that could play a major role in high-yield diagnostics is measurements based on fusion gamma rays. The fusion diagnostic gamma experiment can perform energy-resolved measurements of (D,T) fusion reaction rates. This diagnostic is based on the 16.7 MeV grays that are produced by (D, T) fusion. The gamma rays are free of spectral dispersion and can be detected (via Compton recoil electrons) with a high bandwidth Cherenkov detector. A simple magnetic monochromator selects signals from the 16.7 MeV grays and reduces background signals from nonfusion gamma rays. (C) 1998 American Institute of Physics. [S0034-6748(99)59701-3]. C1 Univ Calif Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. RP Moran, MJ (reprint author), Univ Calif Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. NR 12 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI WOODBURY PA CIRCULATION FULFILLMENT DIV, 500 SUNNYSIDE BLVD, WOODBURY, NY 11797-2999 USA SN 0034-6748 J9 REV SCI INSTRUM JI Rev. Sci. Instrum. PD JAN PY 1999 VL 70 IS 1 BP 1226 EP 1228 DI 10.1063/1.1149338 PN 2 PG 3 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA 161FQ UT WOS:000078278900258 ER PT J AU Finch, R Murakami, T AF Finch, Robert Murakami, Takashi TI Systematics and Paragenesis of Uranium Minerals SO REVIEWS IN MINERALOGY LA English DT Article C1 [Finch, Robert] Argonne Natl Lab, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. [Murakami, Takashi] Univ Tokyo, Inst Mineral, Bunkyo Ku, Tokyo 113, Japan. RP Finch, R (reprint author), Argonne Natl Lab, 9700 S Cass Ave, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. RI Finch, Robert/D-9553-2013 OI Finch, Robert/0000-0001-9342-5574 FU U.S. Department of Energy [DE-FG07-97ER14820]; Ministry of Education, Science and Culture [Japan] [11440160] FX We are grateful to Peter Burns for substantial help editing the manuscript and for many informative discussions about U mineralogy. We thank Christopher Cahill, Jennifer Jackson, and Sarah Scott for critically reading the manuscript in record time. Helpful comments and suggestions about Ta-Nb-Ti oxides were provided by Reto Giere, who also generously provided data on zirconolites. TM is grateful to Toshihiko Ohnuki, Hiroshi Isobe, and Tsutomu Sato for many discussions about U mineralogy and geochemistry. Leslie Finch helped with typing references and several sections. Much of the content here derives from our long and fruitful collaborations with Rodney Ewing, whose guidance, encouragement, and insight provided the seeds from which this chapter grew. Finally, and perhaps most importantly, we thank our wives, Leslie and Emiko, whose support and patience were invaluable to achieving this end. Financial support for this work was provided to RJF by the U.S. Department of Energy, Environmental Management and Sciences Program (DE-FG07-97ER14820), and to TM by the Ministry of Education, Science and Culture [Japan] (11440160). NR 408 TC 242 Z9 242 U1 8 U2 29 PU MINERALOGICAL SOC AMER PI CHANTILLY PA 3635 CONCORDE PKWY STE 500, CHANTILLY, VA 20151-1125 USA SN 0275-0279 J9 REV MINERAL JI Rev. Miner. PY 1999 VL 38 BP 91 EP 179 PG 89 WC Mineralogy SC Mineralogy GA V11DS UT WOS:000207512900003 ER PT J AU Wronkiewicz, DJ Buck, EC AF Wronkiewicz, David J. Buck, Edgar C. TI Uranium Mineralogy and the Geologic Disposal of Spent Nuclear Fuel SO REVIEWS IN MINERALOGY LA English DT Article C1 [Wronkiewicz, David J.] Univ Missouri, Dept Geol & Geophys, Rolla, MO 65409 USA. [Buck, Edgar C.] Argonne Natl Lab, Div Chem Technol, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. RP Wronkiewicz, DJ (reprint author), Univ Missouri, Dept Geol & Geophys, Rolla, MO 65409 USA. RI Buck, Edgar/D-4288-2009; Buck, Edgar/N-7820-2013 OI Buck, Edgar/0000-0001-5101-9084 FU U.S. Department of Energy [DE-FG07-97ER14820] FX The authors gratefully acknowledge reviews of a previous version of this manuscript by W.M. Murphy, P.C. Burns, and an unidentified reviewer. This research has been supported in part by the U.S. Department of Energy under contract DE-FG07-97ER14820. NR 88 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 5 PU MINERALOGICAL SOC AMER PI CHANTILLY PA 3635 CONCORDE PKWY STE 500, CHANTILLY, VA 20151-1125 USA SN 0275-0279 J9 REV MINERAL JI Rev. Miner. PY 1999 VL 38 BP 475 EP 497 PG 23 WC Mineralogy SC Mineralogy GA V11DS UT WOS:000207512900010 ER PT J AU Wolf, SF AF Wolf, Stephen F. TI Analytical Methods for Determination of Uranium in Geological and Environmental Materials SO REVIEWS IN MINERALOGY LA English DT Article C1 Argonne Natl Lab, Div Chem Technol, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. RP Wolf, SF (reprint author), Argonne Natl Lab, Div Chem Technol, 9700 S Cass Ave, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. NR 78 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 1 PU MINERALOGICAL SOC AMER PI CHANTILLY PA 3635 CONCORDE PKWY STE 500, CHANTILLY, VA 20151-1125 USA SN 0275-0279 J9 REV MINERAL JI Rev. Miner. PY 1999 VL 38 BP 623 EP 651 PG 29 WC Mineralogy SC Mineralogy GA V11DS UT WOS:000207512900013 ER PT B AU O'Connor, WK Turner, PC AF O'Connor, WK Turner, PC BE Gaballah, I Hager, J Solozabal, R TI Thermal, treatment of solid wastes using the electric ARC furnace SO REWAS'99 GLOBAL SYMPOSIUM ON RECYCLING, WASTE TREATMENT AND CLEAN TECHNOLOGY VOLUME I-III LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Global Symposium on Recycling, Waste Treatment and Clean Technology CY SEP 05-09, 1999 CL SAN SEBASTIAN, SPAIN SP INASMET, Min Met & Mat Soc, Min & Mat Processing Inst Japan, European Commiss, Australian Inst Min & Met, Assoc Italiana Met, Benelux Met, Belgium, Brazilian Met & Mat Soc, Canadian Inst Min Met & Petr, Chinese Soc Met, Federat European Mat Soc, Gesell Bergbau Met Rohstof & Umwelttech, Hungarian Min & Met Soc, Indian Inst Met, IMMJ & Japanese Federat Engn Soc, Inst Min & Met, Inst Ingenieros Minas Chile, Nonferrous Met Soc China, Korean Inst Met & Mat, Sci Soc Min Wealth Technologies, S African Inst Min & Met, Targeted Res Act Waste Minimisat & Recycling AB A thermal waste treatment facility has been developed at the Albany Research Center (ARC) over the past seven years to process a wide range of heterogeneous mixed wastes, on a scale of 227 to 907 kg/h (500 to 2,000 1b/h). The current system includes a continuous feed system, a 3-phase AC, 0.8 MW graphite electrode are furnace, and a dedicated air pollution control system (APCS) which includes a close-coupled thermal oxidizer, spray cooler, baghouse, and wet scrubber. The versatility of the complete system has been demonstrated during 5 continuous melting campaigns, ranging from II to 25 mt (12 to 28 st) of treated wastes per campaign, which were conducted on waste materials such as (a) municipal incinerator ash, (b) simulated low-level radioactive, high combustible-bearing mixed wastes, (c) simulated low-level radioactive liquid tank wastes, (d) heavy-metal contaminated soils, and (e) organic-contaminated dredging spoils. In all cases, the glass or slag products readily passed the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Toxicity Characteristic Leachability Program (TCLP) test. Additional studies are currently under way on electric utility wastes, steel and aluminum industry wastes, as well as zinc smelter residues. Thermal treatment of these solid waste streams is intended to produce a metallic product along with non-hazardous glass or slag products. C1 US Dept Energy, Albany Res Ctr, Albany, OR 97321 USA. RP O'Connor, WK (reprint author), US Dept Energy, Albany Res Ctr, 1450 Queen Ave SW, Albany, OR 97321 USA. NR 10 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU MINERALS, METALS & MATERIALS SOC PI WARRENDALE PA 184 THORN HILL RD, WARRENDALE, PA 15086-7514 USA BN 84-923445-6-3 PY 1999 BP 203 EP 212 PG 4 WC Engineering, Environmental; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering SC Engineering; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering GA BQ57D UT WOS:000088804300022 ER PT S AU Longacre, RS AF Longacre, RS BE Muller, B Pisarski, RD TI Parton structure through two particle correlations in Au-Au at RHIC SO RHIC PHYSICS AND BEYOND: KAY KAY GEE DAY SE AIP CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Workshop on RHIC Physics and Beyond - Kay Kay Gee Day CY NOV 23, 1998 CL UPTON, NY SP Nuclear Theory Grp, Brookhaven, RIKEN BNL Res Ctr, European Ctr Theoret Studies Nucl Phys ID JET PRODUCTION; COLLISIONS AB A method for determining the presence of partonic scattering through two-particle correlations is developed and applied to models which have jets and mini-jets in them. We only consider the correlation of mid-rapidity particles because ther will be easily measured in large numbers at RHIC. The level of two-particle correlations will be a direct measure of how dense a system is made in Au-Au collisions at RHIC. The STAR TPC will be ideal for making these measurements in the first year of running. C1 Brookhaven Natl Lab, Dept Phys, Upton, NY 11973 USA. RP Longacre, RS (reprint author), Brookhaven Natl Lab, Dept Phys, Upton, NY 11973 USA. NR 6 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1NO1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0094-243X BN 1-56396-878-9 J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 1999 VL 482 BP 85 EP 103 PG 19 WC Physics, Nuclear; Physics, Particles & Fields SC Physics GA BN58E UT WOS:000082307100006 ER PT S AU Nara, Y Geiger, K Longacre, R AF Nara, Y Geiger, K Longacre, R BE Muller, B Pisarski, RD TI Detailed comparison between parton cascade and hadronic cascade at SPS and RHIC SO RHIC PHYSICS AND BEYOND: KAY KAY GEE DAY SE AIP CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Workshop on RHIC Physics and Beyond - Kay Kay Gee Day CY NOV 23, 1998 CL UPTON, NY SP Nuclear Theory Grp, Brookhaven, RIKEN BNL Res Ctr, European Ctr Theoret Studies Nucl Phys ID HEAVY-ION COLLISIONS; ENERGY NUCLEAR COLLISIONS; ULTRARELATIVISTIC ENERGIES; FLOW; EQUATION; MODEL; STATE AB We study the importance of the partonic phase produced in relativistic heavy ion collision by comparing the parton cascade model and the hadronic cascade model. Hadron yield, baryon stopping and transverse momentum distribution are calculated with JAM and discussions are given comparing with VNI. Both of these models give good description of experimental data. We also discuss the strangeness production mechanism and the directed transverse Row. C1 Brookhaven Natl Lab, Dept Phys, Upton, NY 11973 USA. RP Nara, Y (reprint author), Brookhaven Natl Lab, Dept Phys, Upton, NY 11973 USA. NR 27 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1NO1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0094-243X BN 1-56396-878-9 J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 1999 VL 482 BP 113 EP 120 PG 8 WC Physics, Nuclear; Physics, Particles & Fields SC Physics GA BN58E UT WOS:000082307100008 ER PT S AU Wang, XN AF Wang, XN BE Muller, B Pisarski, RD TI Unraveling the myth of large (pT) hadron spectra in high-energy heavy-ion collisions SO RHIC PHYSICS AND BEYOND: KAY KAY GEE DAY SE AIP CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Workshop on RHIC Physics and Beyond - Kay Kay Gee Day CY NOV 23, 1998 CL UPTON, NY SP Nuclear Theory Grp, Brookhaven, RIKEN BNL Res Ctr, European Ctr Theoret Studies Nucl Phys ID TRANSVERSE-MOMENTUM; NUCLEAR COLLISIONS; JET PRODUCTION; PP; QCD AB Hadron spectra in high-energy pp, pA and AA collisions are analyzed in a pQCD parton model, including initial k(T) and its broadening via initial multiple scattering. Within this model the hadron spectra in both pp and prl or Ail collisions carl be described very well for pr > 2 GeV/c. The modification of the spectra in pA and AA as compared to that in pp collisions is consistent with multiple parton scattering scenario. Such an analysis will shed new light on the physics one can extract from the single inclusive hadron spectra, e.g., freeze-out temperature and flow velocity in a thermal fire-ball model, and parton energy lass in dense matter. C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Div Nucl Sci, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. RP Wang, XN (reprint author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Div Nucl Sci, MS 70A-3307, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. NR 25 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1NO1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0094-243X BN 1-56396-878-9 J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 1999 VL 482 BP 157 EP 166 PG 10 WC Physics, Nuclear; Physics, Particles & Fields SC Physics GA BN58E UT WOS:000082307100011 ER PT B AU Heuze, FE AF Heuze, FE BE Amadei, B Kranz, RL Scott, GA Smeallie, PH TI Numerical models are the key to understanding the mechanics of jointed rocks SO ROCK MECHANICS FOR INDUSTRY, VOLS 1 AND 2 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 37th US Rock Mechanics Symposium (Vail Rocks 99) CY JUN 06-09, 1999 CL VAIL, CO SP Amer Rock Mech Assoc, Amer Rock Mech Assoc Fdn AB There is much evidence that the mechanics of discontinuous media such as jointed rocks is neither tractable by conventional continuum methods, nor is readily amenable to intuitive analysis. Highlights from four case histories will illustrate the peculiar behavior of rock masses in both quasi-static and dynamic conditions. A brief summary is presented here. C1 Univ Calif Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. RP Heuze, FE (reprint author), Univ Calif Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. NR 7 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 1 U2 4 PU A A BALKEMA PUBLISHERS PI LEIDEN PA SCHIPHOLWEG 107C, PO BOX 447, 2316 XC LEIDEN, NETHERLANDS BN 90-5809-052-3 PY 1999 BP 27 EP 28 PG 2 WC Engineering, Civil; Engineering, Geological SC Engineering GA BN34G UT WOS:000081666500004 ER PT B AU Preece, DS Jensen, RP Perkins, ED Williams, JR AF Preece, DS Jensen, RP Perkins, ED Williams, JR BE Amadei, B Kranz, RL Scott, GA Smeallie, PH TI Sand production modeling using superquadric discrete elements and coupling of fluid flow and particle motion SO ROCK MECHANICS FOR INDUSTRY, VOLS 1 AND 2 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 37th US Rock Mechanics Symposium (Vail Rocks 99) CY JUN 06-09, 1999 CL VAIL, CO SP Amer Rock Mech Assoc, Amer Rock Mech Assoc Fdn AB Techniques for modeling oil well sand production have been developed using the formulations for superquadric discrete elements and Darcy fluid flow. Discrete element models are generated using the new technique of particle cloning. Discrete element sources and sinks allow simulation of sand production from the initial state through the transition to an equilibrium state where particles are created and removed at the same rate. C1 Sandia Natl Labs, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. RP Preece, DS (reprint author), Sandia Natl Labs, POB 5800, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. NR 7 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 1 U2 1 PU A A BALKEMA PUBLISHERS PI LEIDEN PA SCHIPHOLWEG 107C, PO BOX 447, 2316 XC LEIDEN, NETHERLANDS BN 90-5809-052-3 PY 1999 BP 161 EP 167 PG 7 WC Engineering, Civil; Engineering, Geological SC Engineering GA BN34G UT WOS:000081666500023 ER PT B AU Costantino, MS Blair, SC Carlson, SR AF Costantino, MS Blair, SC Carlson, SR BE Amadei, B Kranz, RL Scott, GA Smeallie, PH TI Fluid flow in 0.5-m scale blocks of Topopah Spring tuff SO ROCK MECHANICS FOR INDUSTRY, VOLS 1 AND 2 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 37th US Rock Mechanics Symposium (Vail Rocks 99) CY JUN 06-09, 1999 CL VAIL, CO SP Amer Rock Mech Assoc, Amer Rock Mech Assoc Fdn AB A laboratory experiment was conducted on a 0.5-m scale block of Topopah Spring tuff, to measure fluid flow and mechanical deformation properties under conditions that approximate the near-field environment of a potential nuclear waste repository, and to provide an intermediate-scale test case far numerical model validation. The test specimen is a 0.25 x 0.25 x 0.50 m rectangular prism bisected by an artificial (saw-cut) fracture orthogonal to the tuff fabric. Water was supplied by a point source at the center of the fracture under various pressures of up to 0.04 MPa. Both fluid flow and mechanical properties were found to be anisotropic and strongly correlated with the ash flow fabric. Fluid mass-balance measurements revealed that only minor imbibition of water occurred through the fracture surfaces and that flow rates were independent of normal stress to 14.0 MPa and temperature to 140 degrees C. Flow through the fracture occurred largely through uncorrelated porosity that intersected the fracture plane. C1 Univ Calif Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. RP Costantino, MS (reprint author), Univ Calif Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. NR 14 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU A A BALKEMA PUBLISHERS PI LEIDEN PA SCHIPHOLWEG 107C, PO BOX 447, 2316 XC LEIDEN, NETHERLANDS BN 90-5809-052-3 PY 1999 BP 691 EP 698 PG 8 WC Engineering, Civil; Engineering, Geological SC Engineering GA BN34G UT WOS:000081666500090 ER PT B AU Brodsky, NS Barker, GT AF Brodsky, NS Barker, GT BE Amadei, B Kranz, RL Scott, GA Smeallie, PH TI Thermal conductivity as a function of saturation for welded and nonwelded tuff SO ROCK MECHANICS FOR INDUSTRY, VOLS 1 AND 2 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 37th US Rock Mechanics Symposium (Vail Rocks 99) CY JUN 06-09, 1999 CL VAIL, CO SP Amer Rock Mech Assoc, Amer Rock Mech Assoc Fdn AB Rock core samples recovered from the proposed repository site at Yucca Mountain, Nevada were used to determine the relationship between thermal conductivity and saturation state for both welded and nonwelded tuffs. Welded tuff was taken from Alcove 5 of the Exploratory Studies Facility at Yucca Mountain, and nonwelded tuffs from four lithostratigraphic units were obtained from the USW SD-7, USW SD-9, and USW SD-12 drillholes. Thermal conductivities were measured for six welded and six nonwelded specimens under dry, saturated, and approximately ten intermediate moisture conditions. All thermal conductivity tests were conducted at 30 degrees C and at atmospheric pressure. A linear and commonly used nonlinear curve were fitted to the data and the goodness of fit determined. The linear relationship provides a better fit to the data, as indicated by the sum of the squared errors. C1 Sandia Natl Labs, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. RP Brodsky, NS (reprint author), Sandia Natl Labs, POB 5800, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. NR 5 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU A A BALKEMA PUBLISHERS PI LEIDEN PA SCHIPHOLWEG 107C, PO BOX 447, 2316 XC LEIDEN, NETHERLANDS BN 90-5809-052-3 PY 1999 BP 699 EP 705 PG 7 WC Engineering, Civil; Engineering, Geological SC Engineering GA BN34G UT WOS:000081666500091 ER PT B AU Brodsky, NS Barker, GT AF Brodsky, NS Barker, GT BE Amadei, B Kranz, RL Scott, GA Smeallie, PH TI Effect of Single Heater Test on intact rock properties at Yucca Mountain, Nevada SO ROCK MECHANICS FOR INDUSTRY, VOLS 1 AND 2 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 37th US Rock Mechanics Symposium (Vail Rocks 99) CY JUN 06-09, 1999 CL VAIL, CO SP Amer Rock Mech Assoc, Amer Rock Mech Assoc Fdn AB As part of ongoing investigations into locating a repository at Yucca Mountain Nevada, two;in situ heated tests have been fielded underground at the Exploratory Studies Facility. The first of these tests utilized a single heater to elevate the temperature of a 13 m wide, 5.5. m tall, 8.5 m deep block that was exposed on three sides and attached on one side, on the top, and on the bottom. The objective of the work described here was to assess changes in thermal and mechanical properties of intact rock occurring as a result of conducting this in situ test. C1 Sandia Natl Labs, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. RP Brodsky, NS (reprint author), Sandia Natl Labs, POB 5800, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. NR 9 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU A A BALKEMA PUBLISHERS PI LEIDEN PA SCHIPHOLWEG 107C, PO BOX 447, 2316 XC LEIDEN, NETHERLANDS BN 90-5809-052-3 PY 1999 BP 707 EP 714 PG 8 WC Engineering, Civil; Engineering, Geological SC Engineering GA BN34G UT WOS:000081666500092 ER PT B AU Blair, SC Lin, W Ramirez, AL Daily, WD Buscheck, TA AF Blair, SC Lin, W Ramirez, AL Daily, WD Buscheck, TA BE Amadei, B Kranz, RL Scott, GA Smeallie, PH TI Coupled THM analysis of the Single Heater Test at Yucca Mountain SO ROCK MECHANICS FOR INDUSTRY, VOLS 1 AND 2 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 37th US Rock Mechanics Symposium (Vail Rocks 99) CY JUN 06-09, 1999 CL VAIL, CO SP Amer Rock Mech Assoc, Amer Rock Mech Assoc Fdn AB This paper presents a summary of results from the Single-Heater Test (SHT) at Yucca Mountain, Nevada. In the SHT, a horizontal, 5-m-long, line-heat source was used to heat a rock pillar for nine months. Moisture movement was monitored during and after heating using electrical-resistance tomography (ERT) and neutron-logging techniques. Results indicate drying in regions of the rock where temperature reached 60 degrees C and above. The drying zone is asymmetric and is not centered on the heater, but has lobes extending above and to the sides of the heater. Predicted temperatures agreed well with observations. A cold-trap effect was predicted, in the heater borehole, that efficiently transfers heat along the heater borehole to the excavation wall. A simple thermomechanical analysis of the SHT shows that shear zones predicted for vertical fractures coincide with regions of increased moisture content derived from ERT measurements. C1 Univ Calif Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. RP Blair, SC (reprint author), Univ Calif Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. NR 8 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU A A BALKEMA PUBLISHERS PI LEIDEN PA SCHIPHOLWEG 107C, PO BOX 447, 2316 XC LEIDEN, NETHERLANDS BN 90-5809-052-3 PY 1999 BP 715 EP 719 PG 5 WC Engineering, Civil; Engineering, Geological SC Engineering GA BN34G UT WOS:000081666500093 ER PT B AU George, JT Finley, RE Riggins, M AF George, JT Finley, RE Riggins, M BE Amadei, B Kranz, RL Scott, GA Smeallie, PH TI Conduct of plate loading tests at Yucca Mountain, Nevada SO ROCK MECHANICS FOR INDUSTRY, VOLS 1 AND 2 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 37th US Rock Mechanics Symposium (Vail Rocks 99) CY JUN 06-09, 1999 CL VAIL, CO SP Amer Rock Mech Assoc, Amer Rock Mech Assoc Fdn AB A series of unique plate loading tests have recently been conducted by Sandia National Laboratories in welded tuff, at the Yucca Mountain Project Exploratory Studies Facility at Yucca Mountain, Nevada. The welded tuffs of Yucca Mountain are being considered by the United States Department of Energy as potential host media for the emplacement of high level nuclear waste. This paper describes the design and conduct of the in situ tests, and compares results with pre- and post-test elastic analyses. C1 Sandia Natl Labs, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. RP George, JT (reprint author), Sandia Natl Labs, POB 5800, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. NR 9 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU A A BALKEMA PUBLISHERS PI LEIDEN PA SCHIPHOLWEG 107C, PO BOX 447, 2316 XC LEIDEN, NETHERLANDS BN 90-5809-052-3 PY 1999 BP 721 EP 727 PG 7 WC Engineering, Civil; Engineering, Geological SC Engineering GA BN34G UT WOS:000081666500094 ER PT B AU Berge, PA Blair, SC Wang, HF AF Berge, PA Blair, SC Wang, HF BE Amadei, B Kranz, RL Scott, GA Smeallie, PH TI Thermomechanical effects on permeability for a 3-D model of YM rock SO ROCK MECHANICS FOR INDUSTRY, VOLS 1 AND 2 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 37th US Rock Mechanics Symposium (Vail Rocks 99) CY JUN 06-09, 1999 CL VAIL, CO SP Amer Rock Mech Assoc, Amer Rock Mech Assoc Fdn ID DEFORMATION; FLOW AB We estimate how thermomechanical processes affect the spatial variability of fracture permeability for a 3-D model representing Topopah Spring tuff at the nuclear-waste repository horizon in Yucca Mountain, Nevada. Using a finite-difference code, we compute thermal stress changes. We evaluate possible permeability enhancement resulting from shear slip along various mapped fracture sets after 50 years of heating, for rock in the near-field environment of the proposed repository. Our results indicate permeability enhancement of a factor of 2 for regions about 10 to 30 m above drifts, for north-south striking vertical fractures. Shear slip and permeability increases of a factor of 4 can occur in regions just above drifts, for east-west striking vertical fractures. Information on how permeability may change over the lifetime of a geologic repository is important to the prediction and evaluation of repository performance. C1 Univ Calif Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. RP Berge, PA (reprint author), Univ Calif Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. NR 25 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU A A BALKEMA PUBLISHERS PI LEIDEN PA SCHIPHOLWEG 107C, PO BOX 447, 2316 XC LEIDEN, NETHERLANDS BN 90-5809-052-3 PY 1999 BP 729 EP 734 PG 6 WC Engineering, Civil; Engineering, Geological SC Engineering GA BN34G UT WOS:000081666500095 ER PT B AU Sobolik, SR Finley, RE Ballard, S AF Sobolik, SR Finley, RE Ballard, S BE Amadei, B Kranz, RL Scott, GA Smeallie, PH TI Thermal-mechanical measurements in the Drift Scale Test, Yucca Mountain, Nevada SO ROCK MECHANICS FOR INDUSTRY, VOLS 1 AND 2 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 37th US Rock Mechanics Symposium (Vail Rocks 99) CY JUN 06-09, 1999 CL VAIL, CO SP Amer Rock Mech Assoc, Amer Rock Mech Assoc Fdn AB Measurements of temperature, rock displacement, and strain induced by heat, representing a potential high level nuclear waste repository, are being collected and analyzed by Sandia National Laboratories at the Exploratory Studies Facility at Yucca Mountain, Nevada. The data indicate nearly elastic response of the host rock to the thermal input. The concrete liner in the Heated Drift exhibits a far more complex combination of thermal expansion, mechanical stress from the surrounding rock, and shrinkage and dehydration phenomena. C1 Sandia Natl Labs, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. RP Sobolik, SR (reprint author), Sandia Natl Labs, POB 5800, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. NR 5 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU A A BALKEMA PUBLISHERS PI LEIDEN PA SCHIPHOLWEG 107C, PO BOX 447, 2316 XC LEIDEN, NETHERLANDS BN 90-5809-052-3 PY 1999 BP 735 EP 742 PG 8 WC Engineering, Civil; Engineering, Geological SC Engineering GA BN34G UT WOS:000081666500096 ER PT B AU Lee, MY Haimson, BC AF Lee, MY Haimson, BC BE Amadei, B Kranz, RL Scott, GA Smeallie, PH TI Initial stress measurements in the Exploratory Studies Facility Yucca Mountain, Nevada SO ROCK MECHANICS FOR INDUSTRY, VOLS 1 AND 2 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 37th US Rock Mechanics Symposium (Vail Rocks 99) CY JUN 06-09, 1999 CL VAIL, CO SP Amer Rock Mech Assoc, Amer Rock Mech Assoc Fdn ID INSITU STRESS; FIELD AB We conducted five hydraulic fracturing in situ stress measurements in a 30 m deep test-hole drilled from the main drift of the Exploratory Studies Facility, Yucca Mountain, Nevada. The objective of the in situ stress measurements was to define magnitudes and directions of the principal in situ stresses for the design and performance assessment of the future high level nuclear waste repository site. The vertical stress, sigma(v), was estimated from the weight of the volcanic tuff overlying the test-hole to be 4.7 MPa. The hydraulic fracturing tests yield two principal horizontal stresses as follows: sigma(h) = 1.7 (+/-0.1) MPa acting at N75 degrees W (+/-14 degrees); sigma(h) = 2.9 (+/-0.4) MPa acting at N15 degrees E (+/-14 degrees). The measured stress regime reveals that both horizontal stresses are clearly smaller than the vertical stress, suggesting normal faulting stress regime. This inference is supported by the local predominance of generally N-S trending normal faults related to the Basin and Range Province. Stress indicators such as fault slip and earthquake focal mechanism data around Yucca Mountain also indicate normal faulting stress regime with the minimum horizontal stress generally oriented at E-W. C1 Sandia Natl Labs, Geomech Dept, Las Vegas, NV USA. RP Lee, MY (reprint author), Sandia Natl Labs, Geomech Dept, Las Vegas, NV USA. NR 9 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU A A BALKEMA PUBLISHERS PI LEIDEN PA SCHIPHOLWEG 107C, PO BOX 447, 2316 XC LEIDEN, NETHERLANDS BN 90-5809-052-3 PY 1999 BP 743 EP 750 PG 8 WC Engineering, Civil; Engineering, Geological SC Engineering GA BN34G UT WOS:000081666500097 ER PT B AU Wang, JSY Elsworth, D AF Wang, JSY Elsworth, D BE Amadei, B Kranz, RL Scott, GA Smeallie, PH TI Permeability changes induced by excavation in fractured tuff SO ROCK MECHANICS FOR INDUSTRY, VOLS 1 AND 2 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 37th US Rock Mechanics Symposium (Vail Rocks 99) CY JUN 06-09, 1999 CL VAIL, CO SP Amer Rock Mech Assoc, Amer Rock Mech Assoc Fdn AB For a niche seepage test site in the Exploratory Studies Facility at Yucca Mountain, air-injection tests using multiple packer strings were performed to measure air-permeability values along boreholes drilled before niche excavation. These tests were repeated after niche excavation. Increases of nearly two orders of magnitude were measured between the pre-excavation air-permeability values and the post-excavation air-permeability values. These increases could be interpreted as the opening of pre-existing natural fractures induced by stress releases associated with niche excavation. For the horizontal fractures above the niche, the effective fracture apertures increased with the unloading and removing of rock mass in the niche opening. The pre-excavation permeability distribution was used to characterize the initial fracture aperture distributions. Stress redistribution was evaluated with simple continuum models. The fracture opening and the corresponding fracture permeability increases associated with the stress releases were calculated. Calculated post- to pre-excavation permeability ratios compared well with the measured values for most of the borehole intervals. C1 Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. RP Wang, JSY (reprint author), Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. RI Elsworth, Derek/D-2844-2015 OI Elsworth, Derek/0000-0002-4942-1151 NR 16 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU A A BALKEMA PUBLISHERS PI LEIDEN PA SCHIPHOLWEG 107C, PO BOX 447, 2316 XC LEIDEN, NETHERLANDS BN 90-5809-052-3 PY 1999 BP 751 EP 757 PG 7 WC Engineering, Civil; Engineering, Geological SC Engineering GA BN34G UT WOS:000081666500098 ER PT B AU Holcomb, DJ AF Holcomb, DJ BE Amadei, B Kranz, RL Scott, GA Smeallie, PH TI Assessing the Disturbed Rock Zone (DRZ) around a 655 meter vertical shaft in salt using ultrasonic waves SO ROCK MECHANICS FOR INDUSTRY, VOLS 1 AND 2 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 37th US Rock Mechanics Symposium (Vail Rocks 99) CY JUN 06-09, 1999 CL VAIL, CO SP Amer Rock Mech Assoc, Amer Rock Mech Assoc Fdn AB An array of ultrasonic transducers was constructed consisting of three identical sub-arrays at various depths in an air intake shaft at the Waste Isolation Pilot Plant (WIPP). Each sub-array consists of transducers permanently installed in three holes arranged in an "L" shape. By appropriate arrangement of the transducers and selection of transmitter-receiver pairs, an active array was created that would allow the measurement of transmitted signal velocities and amplitudes (for attenuation studies) along 270 paths parallel, perpendicular and tangential to the shaft walls. Installation occurred over a period of about two years beginning in early 1989, with nearly continuous operation since that time. We now have up to eight years of data relating to the time-dependent deformation of in situ salt under well known boundary conditions at various;stress levels determined by the three installation depths. Results show changes in elastic wave velocity as function of vertical depth, distance from shaft wall and orientation. C1 Sandia Natl Labs, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. RP Holcomb, DJ (reprint author), Sandia Natl Labs, POB 5800, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. NR 5 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU A A BALKEMA PUBLISHERS PI LEIDEN PA SCHIPHOLWEG 107C, PO BOX 447, 2316 XC LEIDEN, NETHERLANDS BN 90-5809-052-3 PY 1999 BP 965 EP 972 PG 8 WC Engineering, Civil; Engineering, Geological SC Engineering GA BN34G UT WOS:000081666500124 ER PT B AU Warpinski, NR Branagan, PT Mahrer, KD Wolhart, SL Moschovidis, ZA AF Warpinski, NR Branagan, PT Mahrer, KD Wolhart, SL Moschovidis, ZA BE Amadei, B Kranz, RL Scott, GA Smeallie, PH TI Microseismic monitoring of the Mounds drill cuttings injection tests SO ROCK MECHANICS FOR INDUSTRY, VOLS 1 AND 2 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 37th US Rock Mechanics Symposium (Vail Rocks 99) CY JUN 06-09, 1999 CL VAIL, CO SP Amer Rock Mech Assoc, Amer Rock Mech Assoc Fdn AB This paper describes the microseismic mapping of repeated injections of drill cuttings into two separate formations at a test site near Mounds, OK. Injections were performed in sandstone and shale formations at depths of 830 and 595 m, respectively. Typical injection disposal was simulated using multiple small-volume injections over a three-day period, with long shut-in periods between the injections. Microseismic monitoring was achieved using a 5-level array of wall-locked, wireline-run, triaxial-accelerometer receivers in a monitor well 76 m from the disposal well. Results of the mapped microseismic locations showed that the disposal domain was generally aligned with the maximum horizontal stress, with some variations in azimuth, and that wide variations in height and length growth occurred with continued injections. These experiments show that the cuttings injection process can be adequately monitored from a downhole, wireline-run receiver array, thus providing process control and environmental assurance. C1 Sandia Natl Labs, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. RP Warpinski, NR (reprint author), Sandia Natl Labs, POB 5800, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. NR 14 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU A A BALKEMA PUBLISHERS PI LEIDEN PA SCHIPHOLWEG 107C, PO BOX 447, 2316 XC LEIDEN, NETHERLANDS BN 90-5809-052-3 PY 1999 BP 1025 EP 1032 PG 8 WC Engineering, Civil; Engineering, Geological SC Engineering GA BN34G UT WOS:000081666500131 ER PT S AU Sabbi, G AF Sabbi, G BE Russenschuck, S TI End field analysis of HGQ short models using a bend-ROXIE interface SO ROXIE: ROUTINE FOR THE OPTIMIZATION OF MAGNET X-SECTIONS, INVERSE FIELD CALCULATION AND COIL END DESIGN SE C E R N REPORTS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 1st International Roxie Users Meeting and Workshop CY MAR 16-18, 1998 CL GENEVA, SWITZERLAND SP CERN AB In order to achieve a luminosity in excess of 10(34) cm(-2)s(-1) at the LHC, special high gradient quadrupoles (HGQ) are required for the final focusing triplets. These magnets must provide a field gradient of 200 T/m over a 70 mm bore, with a sufficient margin in order to withstand the heavy heat load, up to 40 Watts per magnet, due to secondary particles from beam-beam collisions. At the same time, due to large and rapidly varying values of the beta-function, a high field quality is required. To meet these severe constraints, a design based on a 2-layer, cos(2 theta) coil operating in superfluid helium at 1.9 K has been proposed. A magnet model program aimed at validating and optimizing the design is under way. This paper reports the results of a magnetic analysis and optimization of the HGQ coil ends carried out with ROXIE. In particular, the use of a new interface allowing efficient data transfer between ROXIE and the mechanical optimization package BEND is described. C1 Fermi Natl Accelerator Lab, Batavia, IL 60510 USA. RP Sabbi, G (reprint author), Fermi Natl Accelerator Lab, POB 500, Batavia, IL 60510 USA. NR 10 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU C E R N PI GENEVA PA MEYRIN, CH-1211 GENEVA, SWITZERLAND SN 0007-8328 BN 92-9083-140-5 J9 CERN REPORT PY 1999 VL 99 IS 1 BP 110 EP 120 PG 11 WC Physics, Condensed Matter; Physics, Nuclear; Physics, Particles & Fields SC Physics GA BN11V UT WOS:000080761600010 ER PT B AU Snelgrove, JL Hofman, GL Meyer, NK Hayes, SL Wiencek, TC Strain, RV AF Snelgrove, JL Hofman, GL Meyer, NK Hayes, SL Wiencek, TC Strain, RV GP EUROPEAN NUCL SOC EUROPEAN NUCL SOC TI Progress in developing very-high-density low-enriched-uranium fuels SO RRFM'99: 3RD INTERNATIONAL TOPICAL MEETING ON RESEARCH REACTOR FUEL MANAGEMENT LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 3rd International Topical Meeting on Research Reactor Fuel Management (RRFM 99) CY MAR 28-30, 1999 CL BRUGGE, BELGIUM SP European Nucl Soc, Belgian Nucl Soc, Int Atom Energy Agcy AB Preliminary results from the postirradiation examinations of microplates irradiated in the RERTR-1 and -2 experiments in the ATR have shown several binary and ternary U-Mo alloys to be promising candidates for use in aluminum-based dispersion fuels with uranium densities up to 8 to 9 g/cm(3). Ternary alloys of uranium, niobium, and zirconium performed poorly, however, both in terms of fuel/matrix reaction and fission-gas-bubble behavior, and have been dropped from further study. Since irradiation temperatures achieved in the present experiments (approximately 70 degrees C) are considerably lower than might be experienced in a high-performance reactor, a new experiment is being planned with beginning-of-cycle temperatures greater than 200 degrees C in 8-g U/cm(3) fuel. C1 Argonne Natl Lab, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. RP Snelgrove, JL (reprint author), Argonne Natl Lab, 9700 S Cass Ave, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. NR 5 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU EUROPEAN NUCLEAR SOCIETY PI BERN PA BELPSTRASSE 23 PO BOX 5032, BERN, SWITZERLAND PY 1999 BP 44 EP 49 PG 6 WC Nuclear Science & Technology SC Nuclear Science & Technology GA BN02Y UT WOS:000080440100009 ER PT B AU Brereton, S Ma, C AF Brereton, S Ma, C BE Schueller, GI Kafka, P TI Safety analysis of the first operations phase of the national ignition facility using an interactive matrix approach SO SAFETY AND RELIABILITY, VOLS 1 & 2 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 10th European Conference on Safety and Reliability CY SEP 13-17, 1999 CL MUNICH, GERMANY AB This paper summarizes the approach used to analyze the hazards and interactions associated with the diverse activities ongoing at the National Ignition Facility during its First Operation Phase. The methodology is presented, and a few example activities are studied to illustrate how we identified and managed any safety-related interferences among different activities. Through this approach, we were able to reduce the risk from a complex mix of activities during the initial operations phase of NIF. C1 Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA USA. RP Brereton, S (reprint author), Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU A A BALKEMA PUBLISHERS PI LEIDEN PA SCHIPHOLWEG 107C, PO BOX 447, 2316 XC LEIDEN, NETHERLANDS BN 90-5809-109-0 PY 1999 BP 409 EP 414 PG 6 WC Engineering, Multidisciplinary SC Engineering GA BN95Z UT WOS:000083647200068 ER PT B AU Atwood, CL Shah, VN Galyean, WJ AF Atwood, CL Shah, VN Galyean, WJ BE Schueller, GI Kafka, P TI Analysis of pressurized water reactor primary coolant leak events caused by thermal fatigue SO SAFETY AND RELIABILITY, VOLS 1 & 2 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 10th European Conference on Safety and Reliability CY SEP 13-17, 1999 CL MUNICH, GERMANY AB We present statistical analyses of pressurized water reactor (PWR) primary coolant leak events caused by thermal fatigue, and discuss their safely significance. Our worldwide data contain 13 leak events (through-wall cracking) in 3509 reactor-years, all in stainless steel piping with diameter less than 25 cm. Several types of data analysis show that the frequency of leak events (events per reactor-year) is increasing with plant age, and the increase is statistically significant. When an exponential trend model is assumed, the leak frequency is estimated to double every 8 years of reactor age, although this result should not be extrapolated to plants much older than 25 years. Difficulties in arresting this increase include lack of quantitative understanding of the phenomena causing thermal fatigue, lack of understanding of crack growth, and difficulty in detecting existing cracks. C1 Idaho Natl Engn & Environm Lab, Idaho Falls, ID 83401 USA. RP Atwood, CL (reprint author), Idaho Natl Engn & Environm Lab, Idaho Falls, ID 83401 USA. NR 14 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU A A BALKEMA PUBLISHERS PI LEIDEN PA SCHIPHOLWEG 107C, PO BOX 447, 2316 XC LEIDEN, NETHERLANDS BN 90-5809-109-0 PY 1999 BP 581 EP 586 PG 6 WC Engineering, Multidisciplinary SC Engineering GA BN95Z UT WOS:000083647200096 ER PT B AU Cooper, JA Ferson, S AF Cooper, JA Ferson, S BE Schueller, GI Kafka, P TI New mathematical derivations applicable to safety and reliability analysis SO SAFETY AND RELIABILITY, VOLS 1 & 2 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 10th European Conference on Safety and Reliability CY SEP 13-17, 1999 CL MUNICH, GERMANY AB Boolean logic expressions are often derived in safety and reliability analysis. Since the values of the operands are rarely exact, accounting for uncertainty with the tightest justifiable bounds is important. Accurate determination of result bounds is difficult when the inputs have "constraints." One example of a constraint is that an uncertain variable that appears multiple times in a Boolean expression must always have the same value, although the value cannot be exactly specified. A solution for this "repeated variable" problem is demonstrated for two Boolean classes. The classes, termed functions with "unate" variables (including but not limited to unate functions), and "exclusive-or" functions, frequently appear in Boolean equations for uncertain outcomes portrayed by logic trees (event trees and fault trees). C1 Sandia Natl Labs, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. RP Cooper, JA (reprint author), Sandia Natl Labs, POB 5800, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. NR 4 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU A A BALKEMA PUBLISHERS PI LEIDEN PA SCHIPHOLWEG 107C, PO BOX 447, 2316 XC LEIDEN, NETHERLANDS BN 90-5809-109-0 PY 1999 BP 975 EP 980 PG 6 WC Engineering, Multidisciplinary SC Engineering GA BN95Z UT WOS:000083647200160 ER PT B AU Cooper, JA AF Cooper, JA BE Schueller, GI Kafka, P TI Hybrid blends of non-traditional safety and reliability analysis tools SO SAFETY AND RELIABILITY, VOLS 1 & 2 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 10th European Conference on Safety and Reliability CY SEP 13-17, 1999 CL MUNICH, GERMANY AB Traditional safety and reliability analysis methods are applicable to many standard problems, including those examples illustrated in most formal courses. However, there are many real-world situations for which non-traditional methods appear to be more appropriate, mainly because most practical problems involve substantial subjectivity about the inputs and models used. This paper surveys some of the most applicable approaches found in a recent research study. Each approach is developed individually and is illuminated by selecting example situations of apparent applicability. Then, the combinational blending of the approaches with each other and with traditional methodology is discussed. C1 Sandia Natl Labs, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. RP Cooper, JA (reprint author), Sandia Natl Labs, POB 5800, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. NR 4 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU A A BALKEMA PUBLISHERS PI LEIDEN PA SCHIPHOLWEG 107C, PO BOX 447, 2316 XC LEIDEN, NETHERLANDS BN 90-5809-109-0 PY 1999 BP 1121 EP 1124 PG 4 WC Engineering, Multidisciplinary SC Engineering GA BN95Z UT WOS:000083647200185 ER PT B AU McKay, MD Fitzgerald, MA Beckman, RJ AF McKay, MD Fitzgerald, MA Beckman, RJ BE Schueller, GI Kafka, P TI Sample size effects when using R-2 to measure model input importance SO SAFETY AND RELIABILITY, VOLS 1 & 2 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 10th European Conference on Safety and Reliability CY SEP 13-17, 1999 CL MUNICH, GERMANY ID UNCERTAINTY IMPORTANCE AB Sample sizes affect identification of important inputs for computer models. For illustrative purposes, a partial differential equations model with 84 input variables is used to investigate the behavior of R-2 as an importance indicator for various sample sizes and designs. C1 Univ Calif Los Alamos Natl Lab, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. RP McKay, MD (reprint author), Univ Calif Los Alamos Natl Lab, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. NR 7 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 1 PU A A BALKEMA PUBLISHERS PI LEIDEN PA SCHIPHOLWEG 107C, PO BOX 447, 2316 XC LEIDEN, NETHERLANDS BN 90-5809-109-0 PY 1999 BP 1177 EP 1180 PG 4 WC Engineering, Multidisciplinary SC Engineering GA BN95Z UT WOS:000083647200195 ER PT J AU Basov, DN Woods, SI Katz, AS Singley, EJ Dynes, RC Xu, M Hinks, DG Homes, CC Strongin, M AF Basov, DN Woods, SI Katz, AS Singley, EJ Dynes, RC Xu, M Hinks, DG Homes, CC Strongin, M TI Sum rules and interlayer conductivity of High-T-c cuprates SO SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID CHARGE DYNAMICS; OPTICAL CONDUCTIVITY; AXIS RESPONSE; CUO2 PLANES; PSEUDOGAP; SUPERCONDUCTORS; LA2-XSRXCUO4; YBA2CU3O6+X; TRANSPORT; MODELS AB Analysis of the interlayer infrared conductivity of cuprate high-transition temperature superconductors reveals an anomalously large energy scale extending up to midinfrared frequencies that can be attributed to formation of the superconducting condensate. This unusual effect is observed in a variety of materials, including Tl2Ba2CuO6+x, La2-xSrxCuO4, and YBa2Cu3O6.6, which show an incoherent interlayer response in the normal state. Midinfrared range condensation was examined in the context of sum rules that can be formulated for the complex conductivity. One possible interpretation of these experiments is in terms of a kinetic energy change associated with the superconducting transition. C1 Univ Calif San Diego, Dept Phys, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA. Univ Chicago, James Franck Inst, Chicago, IL 60637 USA. Argonne Natl Lab, Dept Mat Sci, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. Brookhaven Natl Lab, Dept Phys, Upton, NY 11973 USA. RP Basov, DN (reprint author), Univ Calif San Diego, Dept Phys, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA. NR 39 TC 193 Z9 193 U1 3 U2 16 PU AMER ASSOC ADVANCEMENT SCIENCE PI WASHINGTON PA 1200 NEW YORK AVE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 USA SN 0036-8075 J9 SCIENCE JI Science PD JAN 1 PY 1999 VL 283 IS 5398 BP 49 EP 52 DI 10.1126/science.283.5398.49 PG 6 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 155ZH UT WOS:000077976600044 ER PT S AU Wei, D Yao, NS Haller, GL AF Wei, D Yao, NS Haller, GL BE Hattori, H Otsuka, K TI Synthesis and properties of chromium containing mesoporous molecular sieves SO SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY IN CATALYSIS 1998 SE STUDIES IN SURFACE SCIENCE AND CATALYSIS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 3rd Tokyo Conference on Advanced Catalytic Science and Technology CY JUL 19-24, 1998 CL TOKYO, JAPAN SP Asahi Chem Ind Co Ltd, BEL Japan K K, Catalysts & Chem Ind Co Ltd, Catalysts & Chem Inc Ltd Far E, Cent Res Inst Elect Power Ind, Chisso Corp, Chiyoda Corp, Cosmo Res Inst, Daicel Chem Industries Ltd, Daihatsu Motor Co Ltd, Daiso Co Ltd, Degussa Japan Co Ltd, Denki Kagaku Kogyo Co Ltd, Dia Res Martech Inc, Elsevier Sci, Engelhard Corp, Haldor Topsoe Int A/S, Idemitsu Kosan Co Ltd, Inst Res & Inovat, Ishikawajima-Harima Heavy Industries Co Ltd, Iwatani Ind Gases Corp, Japan Energy Corp, JGC Corp, Johnson Matthey Japan Autocatalyst Inc, JPC Corp, Kaneka Corp, Kashima Oil Co Ltd, Kawaken Fine Chem Co Ltd, Kawasaki Steel Corp, Koei Chem Co Ltd, Kuraray Co Ltd, Maruzen Petrochem Co Ltd, Mazda Motor Corp, Mitsubishi Chem Corp, Mitsubishi Gas Chem Co Inc, Mitsubishi Heavy Industries Ltd, Mitsubishi Kakoki Kaisha Ltd, Mitsubishi Oil Co Ltd, Mitsubishi Res Inst Inc, Mitsubishi Reyon Co Ltd, Mitsui Chem Inc, Mizusawa Ind Chem Ltd, Mobil Catalysts Corp Japan, NE Chemcat Corp, Next Generat Catalyst Res Inst Co Ltd, Nichias Corp, Nikkei-Mel Co Ltd, Nikki-Universal Co Ltd, Nippon Chem Ind Co Ltd, Nippon Ketjen Co Ltd, Nippon Oil Co, Nippon Petrochem Co Ltd, Nippon Shokubai Co Ltd Catalyst Res Lab, Nippon Steel Chem Co Ltd, Nissan Girdler Catalyst Co Ltd, Nissan Motor Co Ltd, Nitto Chem Ind Co Ltd, Osaka Gas Co Ltd, Petr Energy Ctr, Sakai Chem Ind Co Ltd, Sanyu Express Co Ltd, Showa Denko KK Chem Res Lab, Showa Shell Sekiyu KK, Sumitomo Chem Co, Sumitomo Met Mining Co Ltd, Takasago Int Corp, Takeda Chem Ind Ltd, Tanaka Kikinzoku Kogyo Co, Teijin Ltd, Toagosei Co Ltd, Toho Gas Co Ltd, Tokyo Gas Co Ltd, Tonen Chem Corp, Tonen Corp, Toray Ind Inc ID CATALYST; SPECTROSCOPY; CHEMISTRY; ALCOHOLS AB Chromium containing MCM-41 [1,2] has been synthesized and small angle XRD and nitrogen physisorption show that the material has an uniform. mesoporous structure. The local environment of chromium ions was then characterized by diffuse reflectance UV-visible spectroscopy (DRUV) and X-ray absorption spectroscopy. It was found that the calcined material has chromium (Cr-VI) in a tetrahedral coordination sphere with oxygen. In-situ XANES show that degradation transformed chromium to octahedra and the Cr-VI species became Cr-III after thermal treatment to 500 degrees C in helium. The oxidations of alkylaromatics with tert-butyl hydroperoxide (TBHP) in chlorobenzene were also investigated. C1 Yale Univ, Dept Chem Engn, New Haven, CT 06520 USA. RP Wei, D (reprint author), Argonne Natl Lab, Div Chem Technol, 9700 S Cass Ave, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. NR 12 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE PUBL B V PI AMSTERDAM PA SARA BURGERHARTSTRAAT 25, PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0167-2991 BN 0-444-50218-1 J9 STUD SURF SCI CATAL PY 1999 VL 121 BP 239 EP 244 DI 10.1016/S0167-2991(99)80073-1 PG 6 WC Chemistry, Applied; Chemistry, Physical; Engineering, Chemical SC Chemistry; Engineering GA BN44A UT WOS:000081933100035 ER PT J AU DuPont, JN Robino, CV Marder, AR AF DuPont, JN Robino, CV Marder, AR TI Modelling mushy zones in welds of multicomponent alloys: implications for solidification cracking SO SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY OF WELDING AND JOINING LA English DT Article ID NB-BEARING SUPERALLOYS; SOLUTE REDISTRIBUTION; INCONEL-718; DIAGRAM AB A method is proposed Sol calculating the variation in fraction liquid with distance in the mushy zone as art aid to determining the effect of alloy additions on solidification cracking susceptibility. The model combines the general liquidus equation of a multicomponent system, solute redistribution relations, and temperature gradient information. Calculations are presented Sor a range of niobium bearing superalloys and the results were found to reveal important relations between alloy composition, variation in fraction liquid with distance in the mushy zone, and cracking susceptibility as measured by the Varestraint test. In particular, the results directly show that the addition of carbon to these alloys is generally beneficial because it reduces the size of the crack susceptible mushy zone and limits the amount of terminal liquid available Sor the low temperature L-->gamma+Laves reaction. The modelling results and experimental data are also used to describe rite influence of other alloy additions. C1 Lehigh Univ, Whitaker Lab, Bethlehem, PA 18015 USA. Sandia Natl Labs, Mat Joining Dept, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. RP DuPont, JN (reprint author), Lehigh Univ, Whitaker Lab, 5 E Packer Ave, Bethlehem, PA 18015 USA. NR 21 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 2 PU INST MATERIALS PI LONDON PA 1 CARLTON HOUSE TERRACE, LONDON SW1Y 5DB, ENGLAND SN 1362-1718 J9 SCI TECHNOL WELD JOI JI Sci. Technol. Weld. Join. PY 1999 VL 4 IS 1 BP 1 EP 14 PG 14 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering SC Materials Science; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering GA 185WN UT WOS:000079694100001 ER PT J AU Babu, SS Reidenbach, F David, SA Bollinghaus, T Hoffmeister, H AF Babu, SS Reidenbach, F David, SA Bollinghaus, T Hoffmeister, H TI Effect of high energy density welding processes on inclusion and microstructure formation in steel welds SO SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY OF WELDING AND JOINING LA English DT Article ID LOW-ALLOY STEELS; ACICULAR FERRITE; TRANSFORMATION KINETICS; NUCLEATION; METALS; BAINITE; PHASES AB Inclusion formation and microstructure development in autogenous laser and electron beam welds made on a submerged arc weld deposit were investigated. Oxygen loss from the submerged arc wield metal deposit to the atmosphere occurred during electron and laser beam welding owing to the low pressure and helium shielding, respectively. Rapid weld cooling rates and changes in oxygen concentration resulted in different inclusion characteristics in these welds. The measured inclusion characteristics were compared with calculations obtained using an inclusion model. Acicular ferrite and bainitic microstructures were observed in electron beam welds, and predominantly martensitic microstructures were observed in laser welds. C1 Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Div Met & Ceram, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. Inst Failure Anal & Failure Prevent, Hamburg, Germany. RP Babu, SS (reprint author), Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Div Met & Ceram, POB 2008, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. RI Babu, Sudarsanam/D-1694-2010 OI Babu, Sudarsanam/0000-0002-3531-2579 NR 31 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 7 PU INST MATERIALS PI LONDON PA 1 CARLTON HOUSE TERRACE, LONDON SW1Y 5DB, ENGLAND SN 1362-1718 J9 SCI TECHNOL WELD JOI JI Sci. Technol. Weld. Join. PY 1999 VL 4 IS 2 BP 63 EP 73 DI 10.1179/136217199101537581 PG 11 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering SC Materials Science; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering GA 201BC UT WOS:000080573900001 ER PT J AU Murray, PE Scotti, A AF Murray, PE Scotti, A TI Depth of penetration in gas metal arc welding SO SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY OF WELDING AND JOINING LA English DT Article ID HEAT-TRANSFER; FLUID-FLOW; POOL; GMA AB A model is presented of the depth of penetration in gas metal are welding. This model is based on the assumption that the heat and mass transfer to the weld pool and the depth of penetration may be correlated by a dimensionless relation. This correlation leads to an analytical expression for depth of penetration,,which involves empirical constants that are related to the efficiency of heat and mass transfer to the pool. The accuracy of the model is examined by comparing the theoretical depth of penetration and the measured depth of the,veld pool for a range of processing variables encompassing short arc and free flight mass transfer. Measurements are obtained from bean on plate welds of stainless steel using a stainless steel electrode and a shielding gas that is rich in argon. The results confirm that the depth of penetration is affected by variations in the rate of mass transfer. C1 Lockheed Martin Idaho Technol Co, Idaho Natl Engn & Environm Lab, Idaho Falls, ID 83415 USA. Univ Fed Uberlandia, BR-38406026 Uberlandia, MG, Brazil. RP Murray, PE (reprint author), Lockheed Martin Idaho Technol Co, Idaho Natl Engn & Environm Lab, Idaho Falls, ID 83415 USA. RI Scotti, Americo/K-2689-2015 OI Scotti, Americo/0000-0002-1005-5895 NR 18 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 1 PU INST MATERIALS PI LONDON PA 1 CARLTON HOUSE TERRACE, LONDON SW1Y 5DB, ENGLAND SN 1362-1718 J9 SCI TECHNOL WELD JOI JI Sci. Technol. Weld. Join. PY 1999 VL 4 IS 2 BP 112 EP 117 DI 10.1179/136217199101537644 PG 6 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering SC Materials Science; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering GA 201BC UT WOS:000080573900007 ER PT J AU Babu, SS David, SA Vitek, JM Mundra, K DebRoy, T AF Babu, SS David, SA Vitek, JM Mundra, K DebRoy, T TI Model for inclusion formation in low alloy steel welds SO SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY OF WELDING AND JOINING LA English DT Article AB Oxide inclusion formation in low alloy steel welds is described with a model as a function of weld metal composition and process parameters. The model was developed by coupling thermodynamic and kinetic considerations. Thermodynamic calculations considered the effect of the alloying elements and kinetic equations allowed, describing oxide formation during weld cooling. The model showed that weld cooling rate influences the inclusion characteristics and therefore must be taken into consideration. This inclusion model is capable of predicting the composition, size, number density, and oxidation sequence of inclusions and was verified with published data. The inclusion model was coupled with numerical heat transfer and fluid flow models to extend the model to a wide range of welding process conditions. C1 Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Div Met & Ceram, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. GE Co, Niskayuna, NY 12309 USA. Penn State Univ, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. RP Babu, SS (reprint author), Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Div Met & Ceram, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. RI Babu, Sudarsanam/D-1694-2010; DebRoy, Tarasankar/A-2106-2010 OI Babu, Sudarsanam/0000-0002-3531-2579; NR 25 TC 21 Z9 22 U1 0 U2 3 PU MANEY PUBLISHING PI LEEDS PA STE 1C, JOSEPHS WELL, HANOVER WALK, LEEDS LS3 1AB, W YORKS, ENGLAND SN 1362-1718 J9 SCI TECHNOL WELD JOI JI Sci. Technol. Weld. Join. PY 1999 VL 4 IS 5 BP 276 EP 284 DI 10.1179/136217199101537879 PG 9 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering SC Materials Science; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering GA V3085 UT WOS:000171720600002 ER PT S AU Hayashi, Y Choa, YH Sekino, T Singh, JP Niihara, K AF Hayashi, Y Choa, YH Sekino, T Singh, JP Niihara, K BE Niihara, K Sekino, T Yasuda, E Sasa, T TI Fabrication process and mechanical properties of ZnO based nanocomposites by pulse electric current sintering method SO SCIENCE OF ENGINEERING CERAMICS II SE KEY ENGINEERING MATERIALS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 2nd International Symposium on Science of Engineering Ceramics (EnCera 98) CY SEP 06-09, 1998 CL OSAKA, JAPAN SP Ceram Soc Japan, Amer Ceram Soc, European Ceram Soc, Fine Ceram Res Assoc DE zinc oxide; silver; nanocomposite; PECS method; fracture toughness ID COMPOSITES AB Microstructure development and its effects on electrical and mechanical properties were investigated for the ZnO/Ag composites fabricated by Pulse Electric Current Sintering (PECS) method. Two kinds of powder mixtures, Zno/Ag2O and ZnO/Ag, were used as starting materials. Scanning electron microscopic observation indicated that the fine Ag particulates were homogeneously dispersed within the matrix grains and/or at the grain boundaries for the ZnO/Ag composites prepared by reduction process of Ag2O fine powders. The fracture toughness and hardness increased with increasing Ag volume fraction. On the other hand, the resistivity decreased with increasing Ag content. C1 Osaka Univ, ISIR, Ibaraki, Osaka 5670047, Japan. Argonne Natl Lab, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. RP Hayashi, Y (reprint author), Osaka Univ, ISIR, Ibaraki, Osaka 5670047, Japan. RI Choa, Yongho/D-3625-2011 NR 15 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU TRANS TECH PUBLICATIONS LTD PI ZURICH-UETIKON PA BRANDRAIN 6, CH-8707 ZURICH-UETIKON, SWITZERLAND SN 1013-9826 BN 0-87849-817-6 J9 KEY ENG MAT PY 1999 VL 2 BP 49 EP 52 PG 4 WC Materials Science, Ceramics; Materials Science, Composites SC Materials Science GA BV70B UT WOS:000179851900009 ER PT S AU Becher, PF Sun, EY Hsueh, CH Plucknett, KP Kim, HD Hirao, K Brito, ME AF Becher, PF Sun, EY Hsueh, CH Plucknett, KP Kim, HD Hirao, K Brito, ME BE Niihara, K Sekino, T Yasuda, E Sasa, T TI Toughening behavior in ceramics and cermets SO SCIENCE OF ENGINEERING CERAMICS II SE Key Engineering Materials LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 2nd International Symposium on Science of Engineering Ceramics (EnCera 98) CY SEP 06-09, 1998 CL OSAKA, JAPAN SP Ceram Soc Japan, Amer Ceram Soc, European Ceram Soc, Fine Ceram Res Assoc DE self-reinforced; silicon nitride; nickel aluminide-bonded; carbide; toughness; strength ID WHISKER-REINFORCED ALUMINA; R-CURVE RESPONSE; MATRIX COMPOSITES; SILICON-NITRIDE; CARBIDE; MICROSTRUCTURE; TOUGHNESS; PHASE AB The development of high strength (greater than or equal to 1 GPa), high toughness (greater than or equal to 10 MParootm) ceramic systems is being examined using two approaches. In silicon nitride, toughening is achieved by the introduction of large prismatic shaped grains dispersed in a fine grain matrix. For the system examined herein, both the microstructure and the composition must be controlled. A distinctly bimodal distribution of grain diameters combined with controlled yttria to alumina ratio in additives to promote interfacial debonding is required. Using a cermet approach, ductile Ni3Al-bonded TiC exhibited toughening due to plastic deformation within the Ni3Al binder phase assisted by interfacial debonding and cleavage of TiC grains. The TiC-Ni3Al cermets have toughness values equal to those of the WC-Co cermets. Furthermore, the TiC-Ni3Al cermets exhibit high strengths that are retained in air to temperatures of similar to1000degreesC. C1 Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. Korean Inst Machinery & Mat, Chang Won, South Korea. Natl Ind Res Inst Nagoya, Nagoya, Aichi 462, Japan. RP Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. RI Hsueh, Chun-Hway/G-1345-2011 NR 21 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 6 PU TRANS TECH PUBLICATIONS LTD PI DURNTEN-ZURICH PA KREUZSTRASSE 10, 8635 DURNTEN-ZURICH, SWITZERLAND SN 1013-9826 BN 0-87849-817-6 J9 KEY ENG MATER PY 1999 VL 2 BP 285 EP 290 PG 6 WC Materials Science, Ceramics; Materials Science, Composites SC Materials Science GA BV70B UT WOS:000179851900063 ER PT S AU Loehman, RE AF Loehman, RE BE Niihara, K Sekino, T Yasuda, E Sasa, T TI Recent progress in ceramic joining SO SCIENCE OF ENGINEERING CERAMICS II SE KEY ENGINEERING MATERIALS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 2nd International Symposium on Science of Engineering Ceramics (EnCera 98) CY SEP 06-09, 1998 CL OSAKA, JAPAN SP Ceram Soc Japan, Amer Ceram Soc, European Ceram Soc, Fine Ceram Res Assoc DE ceramic joining; ceramic interfaces; high temperature joining; ceramic-metal interfaces ID SILICON-NITRIDE AB Both fundamental and practical aspects of ceramic joining are understood well enough for many, if not most, applications requiring moderate strengths at room temperature. This paper argues that the two greatest needs in ceramic joining are for techniques to join buried interfaces by selective heating, and methods for joining ceramics for use at temperatures of 800 to 1200degreesC. Heating with microwave radiation or with high-energy electron beams has been used to join buried ceramic interfaces, for example SiC to SiC. Joints with varying levels of strength at temperatures of 600 to 1000degreesC have been made using four techniques: (1) transient liquid phase bonding; (2) joining with refractory braze alloys; (3) joining with refractory glass compositions; and (4) joining using preceramic polymers. Joint strengths as high as 550 MPa at 1000degreesC have been reported for silicon nitride-silicon nitride bonds tested in four-point flexure. C1 Sandia Natl Labs, Adv Mat Lab, Albuquerque, NM 87106 USA. RP Loehman, RE (reprint author), Sandia Natl Labs, Adv Mat Lab, Albuquerque, NM 87106 USA. NR 28 TC 29 Z9 33 U1 3 U2 7 PU TRANS TECH PUBLICATIONS LTD PI ZURICH-UETIKON PA BRANDRAIN 6, CH-8707 ZURICH-UETIKON, SWITZERLAND SN 1013-9826 BN 0-87849-817-6 J9 KEY ENG MAT PY 1999 VL 2 BP 657 EP 661 PG 5 WC Materials Science, Ceramics; Materials Science, Composites SC Materials Science GA BV70B UT WOS:000179851900143 ER PT S AU Lin, HT Becher, PF Ferber, MK Parthasarathy, V AF Lin, HT Becher, PF Ferber, MK Parthasarathy, V BE Niihara, K Sekino, T Yasuda, E Sasa, T TI Verification of creep performance of a ceramic gas turbine blade SO SCIENCE OF ENGINEERING CERAMICS II SE KEY ENGINEERING MATERIALS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 2nd International Symposium on Science of Engineering Ceramics (EnCera 98) CY SEP 06-09, 1998 CL OSAKA, JAPAN SP Ceram Soc Japan, Amer Ceram Soc, European Ceram Soc, Fine Ceram Res Assoc DE creep; silicon nitride; gas turbine blade; ceramic component verification ID SILICON-NITRIDE; TENSILE CREEP AB Tensile creep tests were carried out on a Norton NT164 silicon nitride ceramic turbine blade containing 4 wt. % Y2O3 sintering additive at 1370degreesC in air under selected stress levels. The objective of this study was to measure the creep properties of test specimens extracted from a complex shaped ceramic gas turbine blade to verify the response of actual components. The creep results indicated that specimens from both the airfoil and dovetail sections exhibited creep rates that were about 4 to 100 times higher than those obtained from both the buttonhead and dogbone creep specimens machined from the developmental billets fabricated with the same composition and processing procedures. Electron microscopy analyses suggested that high creep rates and short lifetimes observed in specimens extracted from the turbine blade resulted from a higher glassy phase(s) content and smaller number density of elongated grain microstructure. C1 Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Div Met & Ceram, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. Solar Tubines Incorp, San Diego, CA 92101 USA. RP Lin, HT (reprint author), Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Div Met & Ceram, POB 2008, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. NR 13 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 1 PU TRANS TECH PUBLICATIONS LTD PI ZURICH-UETIKON PA BRANDRAIN 6, CH-8707 ZURICH-UETIKON, SWITZERLAND SN 1013-9826 BN 0-87849-817-6 J9 KEY ENG MAT PY 1999 VL 2 BP 671 EP 674 PG 4 WC Materials Science, Ceramics; Materials Science, Composites SC Materials Science GA BV70B UT WOS:000179851900146 ER PT S AU Raison, PE Haire, RG Sato, T Ogawa, T AF Raison, PE Haire, RG Sato, T Ogawa, T BE Wronkiewicz, DJ Lee, JH TI Fundamental and technological aspects of actinide oxide pyrochlores: Relevance for immobilization matrices SO SCIENTIFIC BASIS FOR NUCLEAR WASTE MANAGEMENT XXII SE MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY SYMPOSIUM PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 22nd Symposium on Scientific Basis for Nuclear Waste Management held at the 1998 MRS Fall Meeting CY NOV 30-DEC 04, 1998 CL BOSTON, MA SP Geomatrix Consultants, Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Pacif NW Natl Lab, Sandia Natl Labs, SW Res Inst ID LA2ZR2O7 WASTE FORM; DURABILITY; SYNROC; WATER AB Polycrystalline pyrochlore oxides consisting of selected f elements (lanthanides and actinides) and Zr and I-If have been prepared and characterized. Characterization to date has been primarily by X-ray diffraction, both at room and at elevated temperatures. Initial studies concentrated on selected lanthanides and the Np, Pu and Am analogs (reported here) but have been extended to the other actinide elements through Cf. Data from these studies have been used to establish a systematic correlation regarding the fundamental materials science of these particular pyrochlores and structurally related fluorite-type dioxides. In addition to pursuing their materials science, we have addressed some potential technological applications for these materials. Some of the latter concern: (1) immobilization matrices; (2) materials for transmutation concepts; and (3) special nuclear fuel forms that can minimize the generation of nuclear wastes. For f elements that display both a III and IV oxidation state in oxide matrices, the synthetic path required for producing the desired pyrochlore oxide is dictated by their pseudo-oxidation potential the stability of the compound towards oxygen uptake. For the f elements that display an oxidation-reduction cycle for pyrochlore-dioxide solid solution, X-ray diffraction can be used to identify the composition in the oxidation-reduction cycle, the oxygen stoichiometry and/or the composition. This paper concentrates on the Np, Pu and Am systems, and addresses the above aspects, the role of the crystal matrix in controlling the ceramic products as well as discussing some custom-tailored materials. C1 Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. RP Raison, PE (reprint author), Oak Ridge Natl Lab, POB 2008, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. NR 27 TC 36 Z9 36 U1 0 U2 7 PU MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY PI WARRENDALE PA 506 KEYSTONE DRIVE, WARRENDALE, PA 15088-7563 USA SN 0272-9172 BN 1-55899-462-9 J9 MATER RES SOC SYMP P PY 1999 VL 556 BP 3 EP 10 PG 4 WC Engineering, Environmental; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Nuclear Science & Technology SC Engineering; Materials Science; Nuclear Science & Technology GA BP22A UT WOS:000084437500001 ER PT S AU Buck, EC Chamberlain, DB Giere, R AF Buck, EC Chamberlain, DB Giere, R BE Wronkiewicz, DJ Lee, JH TI Intergrowth structures in synthetic pyrochlores: Implications for radiation damage effects and waste form formulation SO SCIENTIFIC BASIS FOR NUCLEAR WASTE MANAGEMENT XXII SE MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY SYMPOSIUM PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 22nd Symposium on Scientific Basis for Nuclear Waste Management held at the 1998 MRS Fall Meeting CY NOV 30-DEC 04, 1998 CL BOSTON, MA SP Geomatrix Consultants, Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Pacif NW Natl Lab, Sandia Natl Labs, SW Res Inst ID ZIRCONOLITE AB Titanate-based ceramic waste forms are currently under development for the immobilization of excess weapons plutonium. Both I-If and Gd are added to the ceramic formulation as neutron absorbers in order to satisfy a defense-in-depth concept for the waste form. The introduction of significant amounts of hafnium may be responsible for the presence of zirconolite-2M crystals in pyrochlore-based ceramics and the formation of zirconolite lamellae within pyrochlore. The zirconolite grows epitaxially on {111} planes of pyrochlore. Although the zirconolite lamellae within pyrochlore are non-cubic, any volume expansion due to radiation damage in the pyrochlore should still be isotropic; in addition, the presence of these intergrowths may allow some stress relief in the ceramic. C1 Argonne Natl Lab, Div Chem Technol, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. RP Buck, EC (reprint author), Argonne Natl Lab, Div Chem Technol, 9700 S Cass Ave, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. RI Buck, Edgar/D-4288-2009; Buck, Edgar/N-7820-2013 OI Buck, Edgar/0000-0001-5101-9084 NR 13 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 3 PU MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY PI WARRENDALE PA 506 KEYSTONE DRIVE, WARRENDALE, PA 15088-7563 USA SN 0272-9172 BN 1-55899-462-9 J9 MATER RES SOC SYMP P PY 1999 VL 556 BP 19 EP 26 PG 4 WC Engineering, Environmental; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Nuclear Science & Technology SC Engineering; Materials Science; Nuclear Science & Technology GA BP22A UT WOS:000084437500003 ER PT S AU Nyman, M Nenoff, TM Su, Y Balmer, ML Navrotsky, A Xu, H AF Nyman, M Nenoff, TM Su, Y Balmer, ML Navrotsky, A Xu, H BE Wronkiewicz, DJ Lee, JH TI New crystalline silicotitanate (CST) waste forms: Hydrothermal synthesis and characterization of Cs-Si-Ti-O phases SO SCIENTIFIC BASIS FOR NUCLEAR WASTE MANAGEMENT XXII SE MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY SYMPOSIUM PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 22nd Symposium on Scientific Basis for Nuclear Waste Management held at the 1998 MRS Fall Meeting CY NOV 30-DEC 04, 1998 CL BOSTON, MA SP Geomatrix Consultants, Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Pacif NW Natl Lab, Sandia Natl Labs, SW Res Inst ID ION-EXCHANGE PROPERTIES; PHARMACOSIDERITE; TITANOSILICATES; DIFFRACTION; CSTISI2O6.5; CESIUM; NMR AB The radioactivity of the Hanford site waste tanks is primarily from Cs-137, and Sr-90, of which can both be selectively removed from solution using a crystalline silicotitanate (CST) ion exchanger. We are currently seeking waste forms alternative to borosilicate glass for Cs-CSTs. In order to obtain a fundamental basis for the development of an alternative waste form, we are investigating synthesis and characterization of CST component phases, namely Cs-Si-Ti-O phases. Two novel Cs-Ti-Si-O phases (one porous, one condensed) have been hydrothermally synthesized, characterized and evaluated as waste form candidates based on chemical and thermal stability, leachability, and ion exchange capabilities. C1 Sandia Natl Labs, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. RP Nyman, M (reprint author), Sandia Natl Labs, Org 1845,MS 0710, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. NR 10 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 1 U2 4 PU MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY PI WARRENDALE PA 506 KEYSTONE DRIVE, WARRENDALE, PA 15088-7563 USA SN 0272-9172 BN 1-55899-462-9 J9 MATER RES SOC SYMP P PY 1999 VL 556 BP 71 EP 76 PG 4 WC Engineering, Environmental; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Nuclear Science & Technology SC Engineering; Materials Science; Nuclear Science & Technology GA BP22A UT WOS:000084437500010 ER PT S AU Su, Y Balmer, ML Wang, L Bunker, BC Nyman, M Nenoff, T Navrotsky, A AF Su, Y Balmer, ML Wang, L Bunker, BC Nyman, M Nenoff, T Navrotsky, A BE Wronkiewicz, DJ Lee, JH TI Evaluation of thermally converted silicotitanate waste forms SO SCIENTIFIC BASIS FOR NUCLEAR WASTE MANAGEMENT XXII SE MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY SYMPOSIUM PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 22nd Symposium on Scientific Basis for Nuclear Waste Management held at the 1998 MRS Fall Meeting CY NOV 30-DEC 04, 1998 CL BOSTON, MA SP Geomatrix Consultants, Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Pacif NW Natl Lab, Sandia Natl Labs, SW Res Inst AB Crystalline silicotitanate ion exchangers are highly selective for separating Cs from Na-rich waste streams. However, use of these ion exchangers for removal of Cs from radioactive tank waste will result in large volumes of secondary wastes. Thermal conversion of silicotitanates produces a durable waste form with reduced volumes up to 40%. Leach tests (MCC-1 and PCT) have shown that Cs leach rates of IE-911-Na (heat treated at 900 degrees C for an hour) are extremely low, ranging from 0.1 to 1wt% Cs loss in Cs fraction release, or 10(-1) to 10(-8)g/m(2)day in normalized Cs mass loss. These are several orders of magnitude lower than that of borosilicate glass. In order to understand the interplay between the structure and high Cs durability, X-ray diffraction, Cs-133 NMR, and thermogravimetric analysis have been used to identify phase(s) responsible for trapping Cs in these silicotitanates. Results indicate that Cs is likely to be contained in a crystalline silicate phase. C1 Battelle Mem Inst, Pacific NW Labs, Richland, WA 99352 USA. RP Su, Y (reprint author), Battelle Mem Inst, Pacific NW Labs, POB 999, Richland, WA 99352 USA. NR 9 TC 16 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 1 PU MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY PI WARRENDALE PA 506 KEYSTONE DRIVE, WARRENDALE, PA 15088-7563 USA SN 0272-9172 BN 1-55899-462-9 J9 MATER RES SOC SYMP P PY 1999 VL 556 BP 77 EP 84 PG 4 WC Engineering, Environmental; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Nuclear Science & Technology SC Engineering; Materials Science; Nuclear Science & Technology GA BP22A UT WOS:000084437500011 ER PT S AU Pereira, C Hash, MC Lewis, MA Richmann, MK Basco, J AF Pereira, C Hash, MC Lewis, MA Richmann, MK Basco, J BE Wronkiewicz, DJ Lee, JH TI Incorporation of radionuclides from the electrometallurgical treatment of spent fuel into a ceramic waste form SO SCIENTIFIC BASIS FOR NUCLEAR WASTE MANAGEMENT XXII SE MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY SYMPOSIUM PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 22nd Symposium on Scientific Basis for Nuclear Waste Management held at the 1998 MRS Fall Meeting CY NOV 30-DEC 04, 1998 CL BOSTON, MA SP Geomatrix Consultants, Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Pacif NW Natl Lab, Sandia Natl Labs, SW Res Inst ID NUCLEAR-FUEL AB An electrometallurgical process is being developed at Argonne National Laboratory to treat spent metallic nuclear fuel. In this process, the spent nuclear fuel is electrorefined in a molten salt to separate uranium from the other constituents of the fuel. The treatment process generates a contaminated chloride salt that is incorporated into a ceramic waste form. The ceramic waste form, a composite of sodalite and glass, contains the fission products (rare earths, alkalis, alkaline earth metals, and halides) and transuranic radionuclides that accumulated in the electrorefiner salt. These radionuclides are incorporated into zeolite A, which can fully accommodate the salt in its crystal structure. The radionuclides are incorporated into the zeolite by high-temperature blending or by ion exchange. In the blending process the salt and zeolite are simply tumbled together at >450 degrees C (723 K), but in the ion exchange process, which yields a product more highly concentrated in fission products, the molten salt is passed through a bed of the zeolite. In either case, the salt-loaded zeolite A is mixed with glass frit and hot isostatically pressed to produce a monolithic leach resistant waste form. Zeolite is converted to sodalite during hot pressing. This paper presents experimental results on the experimental results on the fission product uptake of the zeolite as a function of time and salt composition. C1 Argonne Natl Lab, Div Chem Technol, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. RP Pereira, C (reprint author), Argonne Natl Lab, Div Chem Technol, 9700 S Cass Ave, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. NR 11 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 0 PU MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY PI WARRENDALE PA 506 KEYSTONE DRIVE, WARRENDALE, PA 15088-7563 USA SN 0272-9172 BN 1-55899-462-9 J9 MATER RES SOC SYMP P PY 1999 VL 556 BP 115 EP 120 PG 4 WC Engineering, Environmental; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Nuclear Science & Technology SC Engineering; Materials Science; Nuclear Science & Technology GA BP22A UT WOS:000084437500016 ER PT S AU Park, Y Kolman, DG Ziraffe, H Haertling, C Butt, DP AF Park, Y Kolman, DG Ziraffe, H Haertling, C Butt, DP BE Wronkiewicz, DJ Lee, JH TI Gallium removal from weapons-grade plutonium and cerium oxide surrogate by a thermal technique SO SCIENTIFIC BASIS FOR NUCLEAR WASTE MANAGEMENT XXII SE MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY SYMPOSIUM PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 22nd Symposium on Scientific Basis for Nuclear Waste Management held at the 1998 MRS Fall Meeting CY NOV 30-DEC 04, 1998 CL BOSTON, MA SP Geomatrix Consultants, Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Pacif NW Natl Lab, Sandia Natl Labs, SW Res Inst AB This paper describes the process of gallium removal from Ga2O3-doped CeO2-x, a surrogate for weapons-grade PuO2-x. Gallium is removed from the surrogate feedstock material using thermal techniques. An Ar-6% H-2 gas was used in order to reduce the oxide to gaseous Ga2O. Experimental results were shown in the temperature range of 600 degrees C to 1200 degrees C as a function of time and sample geometry. The results to date have shown that CeO2-x is a very good surrogate for PuO2-x. C1 Univ Calif Los Alamos Natl Lab, Div Mat Sci & Technol, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. RP Park, Y (reprint author), Univ Calif Los Alamos Natl Lab, Div Mat Sci & Technol, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. OI Kolman, David/0000-0002-4054-5174 NR 15 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 1 PU MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY PI WARRENDALE PA 506 KEYSTONE DRIVE, WARRENDALE, PA 15088-7563 USA SN 0272-9172 BN 1-55899-462-9 J9 MATER RES SOC SYMP P PY 1999 VL 556 BP 129 EP 134 PG 4 WC Engineering, Environmental; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Nuclear Science & Technology SC Engineering; Materials Science; Nuclear Science & Technology GA BP22A UT WOS:000084437500018 ER PT S AU Bakel, AJ Zyryanov, VN Mertz, CJ Buck, EC Chamberlain, DB AF Bakel, AJ Zyryanov, VN Mertz, CJ Buck, EC Chamberlain, DB BE Wronkiewicz, DJ Lee, JH TI Corrosion behavior of pyrochlore-rich titanate ceramics for plutonium disposition; Impurity effects SO SCIENTIFIC BASIS FOR NUCLEAR WASTE MANAGEMENT XXII SE MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY SYMPOSIUM PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 22nd Symposium on Scientific Basis for Nuclear Waste Management held at the 1998 MRS Fall Meeting CY NOV 30-DEC 04, 1998 CL BOSTON, MA SP Geomatrix Consultants, Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Pacif NW Natl Lab, Sandia Natl Labs, SW Res Inst ID ZIRCONOLITE; SYNROC AB Four titanate ceramics were characterized and tested. These ceramics were similar to those proposed for Pu disposition, with Ce as a surrogate for Pu. The baseline ceramic contained Ti, U, Ca, Ht Gd, and Ce, and was made up of only four crystalline phases: pyrochlore, zirconolite, rutile, and brannerite. The three other ceramics contained different amounts of impurities that are expected in the feed. Impurities are defined as any element other than Ti, U, Ca, Hf, Gd, and Ce. The ceramics that contained impurities contained different phases than the baseline. The addition of impurities led to the absence of brannerite and the presence of amorphous silicate, Ca-Al-Ti, and perovskite phases. The results from 3 day, 90 degrees C MCC-1 tests with impurity ceramics were significantly different than the results from tests with the baseline ceramic. Overall, the addition of impurities to these titanate ceramics altered the phase assemblages, which in turn, affected the corrosion behavior. C1 Argonne Natl Lab, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. RP Bakel, AJ (reprint author), Argonne Natl Lab, 9700 S Cass Ave, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. RI Buck, Edgar/D-4288-2009; Buck, Edgar/N-7820-2013 OI Buck, Edgar/0000-0001-5101-9084 NR 6 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 1 PU MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY PI WARRENDALE PA 506 KEYSTONE DRIVE, WARRENDALE, PA 15088-7563 USA SN 0272-9172 BN 1-55899-462-9 J9 MATER RES SOC SYMP P PY 1999 VL 556 BP 181 EP 188 PG 4 WC Engineering, Environmental; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Nuclear Science & Technology SC Engineering; Materials Science; Nuclear Science & Technology GA BP22A UT WOS:000084437500025 ER PT S AU Fellinger, TL Bibler, NE Marshall, KM Crawford, CL Hay, MS AF Fellinger, TL Bibler, NE Marshall, KM Crawford, CL Hay, MS BE Wronkiewicz, DJ Lee, JH TI Demonstration of the Defense Waste Processing Facility vitrification process for tank 42 radioactive sludge - Melter feed preparation SO SCIENTIFIC BASIS FOR NUCLEAR WASTE MANAGEMENT XXII SE MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY SYMPOSIUM PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 22nd Symposium on Scientific Basis for Nuclear Waste Management held at the 1998 MRS Fall Meeting CY NOV 30-DEC 04, 1998 CL BOSTON, MA SP Geomatrix Consultants, Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Pacif NW Natl Lab, Sandia Natl Labs, SW Res Inst AB The Defense Waste Processing Facility (DWPF), at the Savannah River Site (SRS), is processing and immobilizing the radioactive high level waste sludge at SRS into a durable borosilicate glass for final geological disposal. The DWPF is currently processing the second, million gallon batch of radioactive sludge. This second batch is primarily from Tank 42. Each time a new batch of radioactive sludge is to be processed by the DWPF, the process flowsheet is to be tested and demonstrated to ensure an acceptable melter feed and glass can be made. This demonstration was completed in the Shielded Cells Facility in the Savannah River Technology Center at SRS. This paper presents the processing and offgas data, and compositional analyses obtained during the preparation of a melter feed for this demonstration. A second paper in this conference describes the properties of the glass produced from this feed. The demonstration used Tank 42 sludge slurry and the DWPF process control strategy for blending the sludge slurry with Frit 200 to make an acceptable melter feed. To prepare feed for the melter, the flowsheet requires that the radioactive sludge slurry be treated with nitric and formic acid to adjust rheology and remove mercury. During this step, hydrogen is formed from the decomposition of the formic acid. The acidified sludge slurry is then mixed with the prescribed amount of glass forming frit and evaporated to the proper weight percent solids to prepare feed to the melter. During this step hydrogen is also formed. Results indicate that the H-2 generation rate is below the DWPF safety limits and an acceptable melter feed was produced. C1 Westinghouse Savannah River Co, Savannah River Technol Ctr, Aiken, SC 29808 USA. RP Fellinger, TL (reprint author), Westinghouse Savannah River Co, Savannah River Technol Ctr, Aiken, SC 29808 USA. NR 5 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 4 PU MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY PI WARRENDALE PA 506 KEYSTONE DRIVE, WARRENDALE, PA 15088-7563 USA SN 0272-9172 BN 1-55899-462-9 J9 MATER RES SOC SYMP P PY 1999 VL 556 BP 199 EP 205 PG 3 WC Engineering, Environmental; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Nuclear Science & Technology SC Engineering; Materials Science; Nuclear Science & Technology GA BP22A UT WOS:000084437500027 ER PT S AU Casler, DG Hrma, P AF Casler, DG Hrma, P BE Wronkiewicz, DJ Lee, JH TI Nonisothermal kinetics of spinel crystallization in a HLW glass SO SCIENTIFIC BASIS FOR NUCLEAR WASTE MANAGEMENT XXII SE MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY SYMPOSIUM PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 22nd Symposium on Scientific Basis for Nuclear Waste Management held at the 1998 MRS Fall Meeting CY NOV 30-DEC 04, 1998 CL BOSTON, MA SP Geomatrix Consultants, Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Pacif NW Natl Lab, Sandia Natl Labs, SW Res Inst AB Nonisothermal kinetics of spinel crystallization in a high-level waste (HLW) glass was predicted using Mehl-Avrami-Johnson-Kolmogorov equation coefficients from isothermal data. The volume fraction of spinel was determined as a function of time, temperature, and cooling rate. The results were verified experimentally. Also predicted was the spatial distribution of spinel in a HLW glass canister. Finally, a parameter study was performed, and an empirical equation was proposed relating the final spinel volume fraction in glass to dimensionless numbers for cooling rate, phase equilibrium, and crystallization kinetics. C1 Battelle Mem Inst, Pacific NW Labs, Richland, WA 99352 USA. RP Casler, DG (reprint author), Battelle Mem Inst, Pacific NW Labs, POB 999, Richland, WA 99352 USA. NR 18 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 2 PU MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY PI WARRENDALE PA 506 KEYSTONE DRIVE, WARRENDALE, PA 15088-7563 USA SN 0272-9172 BN 1-55899-462-9 J9 MATER RES SOC SYMP P PY 1999 VL 556 BP 255 EP 262 PG 4 WC Engineering, Environmental; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Nuclear Science & Technology SC Engineering; Materials Science; Nuclear Science & Technology GA BP22A UT WOS:000084437500034 ER PT S AU Badyal, Y Karabulut, M Marasinghe, K Saboungi, ML Haeffner, D Shastri, S Day, DE Ray, CS AF Badyal, Y Karabulut, M Marasinghe, K Saboungi, ML Haeffner, D Shastri, S Day, DE Ray, CS BE Wronkiewicz, DJ Lee, JH TI The effects of uranium on the structure of iron phosphate glasses SO SCIENTIFIC BASIS FOR NUCLEAR WASTE MANAGEMENT XXII SE MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY SYMPOSIUM PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 22nd Symposium on Scientific Basis for Nuclear Waste Management held at the 1998 MRS Fall Meeting CY NOV 30-DEC 04, 1998 CL BOSTON, MA SP Geomatrix Consultants, Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Pacif NW Natl Lab, Sandia Natl Labs, SW Res Inst AB Because of their high chemical durability and waste loading capacity, iron phosphate glasses are a natural candidate for a nuclear waste disposal medium. We have studied the effects of uranium on the structure of iron phosphate glasses with both neutron and high-energy x-ray diffraction. The results of neutron scattering, which is mostly sensitive to pair correlations involving light atoms i.e. O-O, Fe-O and P-O, indicate the main structural features of the base glass are largely unaffected by the addition of UO2. The nearest-neighborbour P-O, Fe-O and O-O peaks remain at the same position in real space and their intensities scale approximately with concentration. These findings are consistent with earlier results using Raman scattering and EXAFS on the Fe-K edge, where in both cases the spectra remain similar to the base glass. The results of high-energy x-ray scattering which is sensitive to correlations involving the heavier atoms and thus complements the neutron measurements. are also consistent with the overall picture of uranium occupying interstitial sites in the relatively undisturbed base glass structure Combining the neutron and x-ray data for a 10 mol% UO2 glass suggests the intriguing possibility of a U6+ uranyl ion configuration although further work is needed to establish the precise local structure and valence state of uranium in these glasses. C1 Argonne Natl Lab, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. RP Badyal, Y (reprint author), Argonne Natl Lab, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. NR 14 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 2 U2 5 PU MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY PI WARRENDALE PA 506 KEYSTONE DRIVE, WARRENDALE, PA 15088-7563 USA SN 0272-9172 BN 1-55899-462-9 J9 MATER RES SOC SYMP P PY 1999 VL 556 BP 297 EP 303 PG 3 WC Engineering, Environmental; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Nuclear Science & Technology SC Engineering; Materials Science; Nuclear Science & Technology GA BP22A UT WOS:000084437500039 ER PT S AU Davis, LL Li, L Darab, JG Li, H Strachan, D Allen, PG Bucher, JJ Craig, IM Edelstein, NM Shuh, DK AF Davis, LL Li, L Darab, JG Li, H Strachan, D Allen, PG Bucher, JJ Craig, IM Edelstein, NM Shuh, DK BE Wronkiewicz, DJ Lee, JH TI The effects of Na2O, Al2O3, and B2O3 on HfO2 solubility in borosilicate glass SO SCIENTIFIC BASIS FOR NUCLEAR WASTE MANAGEMENT XXII SE MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY SYMPOSIUM PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 22nd Symposium on Scientific Basis for Nuclear Waste Management held at the 1998 MRS Fall Meeting CY NOV 30-DEC 04, 1998 CL BOSTON, MA SP Geomatrix Consultants, Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Pacif NW Natl Lab, Sandia Natl Labs, SW Res Inst ID ELECTRON-SPECTROSCOPY; SILICATE-GLASSES; LIQUIDS; MELTS; IRON AB A single borosilicate glass composition has previously been shown to dissolve 10 and 25 mass% PuO2 under oxidizing and reducing conditions, respectively. A simplified version of this glass has been thoroughly investigated to determine the effect of increasing the alkali:aluminum ratio on the HfO2 solubility in borosilicate glasses. We are investigating HfO2 solubility because specific Pu wastes are being considered for disposal in glass, and Hf(IV) serves as a structural surrogate for Pu(IV) and as a neutron absorber in glass. Three series of base glasses were produced using the same initial composition, but varying the oxides B2O3, Al2O3, or Na2O one at a time. In a fourth series of the same initial composition, both Na2O and Al2O3 were varied. Hafnia was added to these glasses and the mixture equilibrated for 2 hours: 1 hour at 1450 degrees C after 1 hour at 1560 degrees C. A wide range of HfO2 additions were made to the base glasses, and the solubility of HfO2 determined to within +/- 1 mass%. The highest solubility determined was 14 mol% (35 mass%) HfO2 in a low-Al glass. We conclude that increasing Na2O/Al2O3, increases the HfO2 solubility, and increasing the B2O3 content apparently has little effect on HfO2 solubility in the borosilicate glasses studied. C1 Battelle Mem Inst, Pacific NW Labs, Richland, WA 99352 USA. RP Davis, LL (reprint author), Battelle Mem Inst, Pacific NW Labs, POB 999, Richland, WA 99352 USA. RI Craig, Ian/C-3799-2009 OI Craig, Ian/0000-0003-4481-3700 NR 23 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY PI WARRENDALE PA 506 KEYSTONE DRIVE, WARRENDALE, PA 15088-7563 USA SN 0272-9172 BN 1-55899-462-9 J9 MATER RES SOC SYMP P PY 1999 VL 556 BP 313 EP 320 PG 4 WC Engineering, Environmental; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Nuclear Science & Technology SC Engineering; Materials Science; Nuclear Science & Technology GA BP22A UT WOS:000084437500041 ER PT S AU Vienna, JD Peeler, DK Darab, JG Zamecnik, JR Li, H Marra, JE AF Vienna, JD Peeler, DK Darab, JG Zamecnik, JR Li, H Marra, JE BE Wronkiewicz, DJ Lee, JH TI Chemistry of rare earth oxalate vitrification SO SCIENTIFIC BASIS FOR NUCLEAR WASTE MANAGEMENT XXII SE MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY SYMPOSIUM PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 22nd Symposium on Scientific Basis for Nuclear Waste Management held at the 1998 MRS Fall Meeting CY NOV 30-DEC 04, 1998 CL BOSTON, MA SP Geomatrix Consultants, Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Pacif NW Natl Lab, Sandia Natl Labs, SW Res Inst AB Mixtures of rare earth and actinide oxalates will be vitrified into boro-aluminosilicate-based glasses for intermediate term stabilization according to current plans. The reaction chemistry involved with converting these oxalate feed stocks into glass products determines the potential for foaming, redox, and other melt and off gas related phenomena associated with this process. We've undertaken a detailed study of this conversion process using a variety of complementary techniques. A closed quartz crucible contained in a vertical furnace equipped with a quartz window and video camera was used to study volume expansion of the feed/melt during heating while monitoring the off-gas using a gas chromatograph-mass spectrometer. Simultaneous thermogravimetric and differential thermal analyses were conducted on small samples of feed and frit mixtures. Samples containing Ce were analyzed using established wet chemical techniques to determine Ce3+:Ce4+ ratio (redox) as a function of temperature. We evaluate the results and provide a description of the reaction chemistry of these oxalate feeds during vitrification. C1 Battelle Mem Inst, Pacific NW Labs, Richland, WA 99352 USA. RP Vienna, JD (reprint author), Battelle Mem Inst, Pacific NW Labs, POB 999, Richland, WA 99352 USA. NR 6 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 1 PU MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY PI WARRENDALE PA 506 KEYSTONE DRIVE, WARRENDALE, PA 15088-7563 USA SN 0272-9172 BN 1-55899-462-9 J9 MATER RES SOC SYMP P PY 1999 VL 556 BP 321 EP 328 PG 4 WC Engineering, Environmental; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Nuclear Science & Technology SC Engineering; Materials Science; Nuclear Science & Technology GA BP22A UT WOS:000084437500042 ER PT S AU Li, L Strachan, DM Davis, LL Li, H Qian, M AF Li, L Strachan, DM Davis, LL Li, H Qian, M BE Wronkiewicz, DJ Lee, JH TI Gadolinium solubility limits in sodium-alumino-borosilicate glasses SO SCIENTIFIC BASIS FOR NUCLEAR WASTE MANAGEMENT XXII SE MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY SYMPOSIUM PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 22nd Symposium on Scientific Basis for Nuclear Waste Management held at the 1998 MRS Fall Meeting CY NOV 30-DEC 04, 1998 CL BOSTON, MA SP Geomatrix Consultants, Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Pacif NW Natl Lab, Sandia Natl Labs, SW Res Inst AB Gadolinium and lanthanum solubility limits in a sodium-alumino-borosilicate glass system were studied. As melting temperature increased from 1400 degrees C to 1450 degrees C, 1500 degrees C and 1550 degrees C, the solubility of gadolinium in the baseline glass 15B(2)O(3)-5Al(2)O(3)-20Na(2)O-60SiO(2) (in molar composition) increased from 10.1 to 11.3, 12.2 and 13.1 (in mole percent of Gd2O3) The enthalpy change of Gd2O3 dissolution in this baseline glass is about 43.6 kJ/mol. Boron effect on lanthanum solubility was studied using the following baseline glasses. xB(2)O(3)-20Na(2)O-5Al(2)O(3)-60SiO(2), where x equals to 5, 10, 15, and 20, respectively. It was found that lanthanum solubility limit increased from 8.4 to 10.3, 12.5 and 14.9 (in mole percent of La2O3) as B2O3 increased from 5.1 to 9.5, 13.1 and 16.2 mol%. Gd2O3 and La2O3 have similar solubility limits. Solubility limits of mixtures containing different ratios of Gd2O3 to La2O3 in the baseline glass 15B(2)O(3)-20Na(2)O-5Al(2)O(3)-60SiO(2) were found insensitive to the ratio of La/Gd. As far as gadolinium is concerned, its solubility limit will decrease when other lanthanides are introduced. C1 Battelle Mem Inst, Pacific NW Labs, Richland, WA 99352 USA. RP Li, L (reprint author), Battelle Mem Inst, Pacific NW Labs, POB 999, Richland, WA 99352 USA. NR 6 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 2 PU MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY PI WARRENDALE PA 506 KEYSTONE DRIVE, WARRENDALE, PA 15088-7563 USA SN 0272-9172 BN 1-55899-462-9 J9 MATER RES SOC SYMP P PY 1999 VL 556 BP 329 EP 335 PG 3 WC Engineering, Environmental; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Nuclear Science & Technology SC Engineering; Materials Science; Nuclear Science & Technology GA BP22A UT WOS:000084437500043 ER PT S AU Darab, JG Linehan, JC McGrail, BP AF Darab, JG Linehan, JC McGrail, BP BE Wronkiewicz, DJ Lee, JH TI NMR characterization of simulated Hanford low-activity waste glasses and its use in understanding waste form chemical durability SO SCIENTIFIC BASIS FOR NUCLEAR WASTE MANAGEMENT XXII SE MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY SYMPOSIUM PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 22nd Symposium on Scientific Basis for Nuclear Waste Management held at the 1998 MRS Fall Meeting CY NOV 30-DEC 04, 1998 CL BOSTON, MA SP Geomatrix Consultants, Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Pacif NW Natl Lab, Sandia Natl Labs, SW Res Inst AB Magic Angle Spinning Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (MAS-NMR) spectroscopy has been used to characterize the structural and chemical environments of B, Al, and Si in model Hanford low-activity waste glasses. The average Si-29 NMR peak position was found to systematically change with changing glass composition and structure. From an understanding of the structural roles of Al and B obtained from MAS-NMR experiments, we first developed a model that reliably predicts the distribution of structural units and the average Si-29 chemical shift value, delta, based purely on glass composition. A product consistency test (PCT) was used to determine the normalized elemental release (NL) from the prepared glasses. Comparison of the NMR and PCT data obtained from sodium boro-aluminosilicate glasses indicates that a rudimentary exponential relationship exists between the Si-29 chemical shift value, and the boron NL value. C1 Battelle Mem Inst, Pacific NW Labs, Richland, WA 99352 USA. RP Darab, JG (reprint author), Battelle Mem Inst, Pacific NW Labs, POB 999, Richland, WA 99352 USA. NR 11 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 1 U2 1 PU MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY PI WARRENDALE PA 506 KEYSTONE DRIVE, WARRENDALE, PA 15088-7563 USA SN 0272-9172 BN 1-55899-462-9 J9 MATER RES SOC SYMP P PY 1999 VL 556 BP 337 EP 344 PG 4 WC Engineering, Environmental; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Nuclear Science & Technology SC Engineering; Materials Science; Nuclear Science & Technology GA BP22A UT WOS:000084437500044 ER PT S AU Sundaram, SK Thevuthasan, S McCready, DE AF Sundaram, SK Thevuthasan, S McCready, DE BE Wronkiewicz, DJ Lee, JH TI Quantification of water-content of simulated nuclear waste glasses using nuclear reaction measurements SO SCIENTIFIC BASIS FOR NUCLEAR WASTE MANAGEMENT XXII SE MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY SYMPOSIUM PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 22nd Symposium on Scientific Basis for Nuclear Waste Management held at the 1998 MRS Fall Meeting CY NOV 30-DEC 04, 1998 CL BOSTON, MA SP Geomatrix Consultants, Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Pacif NW Natl Lab, Sandia Natl Labs, SW Res Inst ID SODIUM-SILICATE GLASSES; PHASE-SEPARATION; SPECTROSCOPY AB Water content of glasses is an important factor in glass manufacture. In the case of slurry-fed processing of waste glass melters, the water content of waste glasses may change the waste form properties significantly. A reliable, non-contact and quantitative measurement technique, with a spatial resolution of about 2-mm was used to determine the concentration of dissolved water molecules in simulated nuclear waste glasses. The F-19 resonant reaction was used. The H-1 (F-19, alpha gamma)O-16 reaction requires a resonance energy that is available by use of a 6.471 (MeVF)-F-19 beam. A series of ten segments of slurry-fed, joule-heated, research-scale melter tests were conducted to determine the redox effects on processing of various feeds. Representative glass samples were collected at the middle of each segment. Their hydrogen contents were measured. The hydrogen content was correlated to the feed processing and redox of the glasses. C1 Battelle Mem Inst, Pacific NW Labs, Richland, WA 99352 USA. RP Sundaram, SK (reprint author), Battelle Mem Inst, Pacific NW Labs, POB 999, Richland, WA 99352 USA. NR 24 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 1 U2 1 PU MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY PI WARRENDALE PA 506 KEYSTONE DRIVE, WARRENDALE, PA 15088-7563 USA SN 0272-9172 BN 1-55899-462-9 J9 MATER RES SOC SYMP P PY 1999 VL 556 BP 353 EP 358 PG 4 WC Engineering, Environmental; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Nuclear Science & Technology SC Engineering; Materials Science; Nuclear Science & Technology GA BP22A UT WOS:000084437500046 ER PT S AU Assefa, Z Haire, RG Stump, NA AF Assefa, Z Haire, RG Stump, NA BE Wronkiewicz, DJ Lee, JH TI Excitation and emission profiles of Cm(III) and Cm(IV) in neat samples and lead borosilicate glasses SO SCIENTIFIC BASIS FOR NUCLEAR WASTE MANAGEMENT XXII SE MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY SYMPOSIUM PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 22nd Symposium on Scientific Basis for Nuclear Waste Management held at the 1998 MRS Fall Meeting CY NOV 30-DEC 04, 1998 CL BOSTON, MA SP Geomatrix Consultants, Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Pacif NW Natl Lab, Sandia Natl Labs, SW Res Inst ID SPECTRA; TETRAFLUORIDE; IONS AB We have been investigating the spectroscopy of actinides in materials having relevance to nuclear waste management. Discussed here are the excitation and emission profiles of curium in high temperature borosilicate glasses, and pure halide compounds. Probing the local coordination environment of Cm(III) in these matrices has been one of the goals of this study. Comparison of the nephelauxetic effects indicate that the silicate matrix provides a more basic environment than either F- or Cl- surroundings found in pure compounds of curium. As a result, f- f transition energies are red shifted significantly in the silicate matrix as compared to that of the neat CmF3 system. Moreover, laser induced emissions have been noted with CmF4 after treatment at elevated temperatures. The higher energy spectral region, consisting of emission bands at 20100 and 16750, is assignable to f- f transitions in Cm(III), which is the expected thermal decomposition product. Energy transfer from Cm(III), followed by a second photon absorption is believed to be responsible for the strong emission bands at 12550, and 13580 cm(-1). from presently unidentified emitting species. Results are discussed in relation to the oxidation state and fluorescence dynamics of actinide species in neat compounds, as well as in matrices being considered for waste immobilization. C1 Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Div Chem & Analyt Sci, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. RP Assefa, Z (reprint author), Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Div Chem & Analyt Sci, POB 2008, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. NR 16 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 1 U2 2 PU MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY PI WARRENDALE PA 506 KEYSTONE DRIVE, WARRENDALE, PA 15088-7563 USA SN 0272-9172 BN 1-55899-462-9 J9 MATER RES SOC SYMP P PY 1999 VL 556 BP 359 EP 366 PG 4 WC Engineering, Environmental; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Nuclear Science & Technology SC Engineering; Materials Science; Nuclear Science & Technology GA BP22A UT WOS:000084437500047 ER PT S AU Fellinger, AP Baich, MA Hardy, BJ Jannik, GT Jones, TM Marra, JE Miller, CB Miller, DH Peeler, DK Snyder, TK Stone, ME Witt, DC AF Fellinger, AP Baich, MA Hardy, BJ Jannik, GT Jones, TM Marra, JE Miller, CB Miller, DH Peeler, DK Snyder, TK Stone, ME Witt, DC BE Wronkiewicz, DJ Lee, JH TI Americium-curium vitrification process development (U) SO SCIENTIFIC BASIS FOR NUCLEAR WASTE MANAGEMENT XXII SE MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY SYMPOSIUM PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 22nd Symposium on Scientific Basis for Nuclear Waste Management held at the 1998 MRS Fall Meeting CY NOV 30-DEC 04, 1998 CL BOSTON, MA SP Geomatrix Consultants, Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Pacif NW Natl Lab, Sandia Natl Labs, SW Res Inst AB The successful demonstration of sequentially drying, calcining and vitrifying an oxalate slurry in the Drain Tube Test Stand (DTTS) vessel provided the process basis for testing on a larger scale in a cylindrical induction heated melter. A single processing issue, that of batch volume expansion, was encountered during the initial stages of resting. The increase in batch volume centered on a sintered frit cap and high temperature bubble formation. The formation of a sintered frit cap expansion was eliminated with the use of cullet. Volume expansions due to high temperature bubble formation (oxygen liberation from cerium reduction) were mitigated in the DTTS melter vessel through a vessel temperature profile that effectively separated the softening point of the glass cullet and the evolving oxygen from cerium reduction. An increased processing temperature of 1470 degrees C and a two hour hold time to fine any remaining bubbles successfully reduced bubbles in the poured glass to an acceptable level. The success of the preliminary process demonstrations provided a workable process basis that was directly applicable to the newly installed Cylindrical Induction Melter (CIM) system, making the batch flowsheet the preferred option for vitrification of the americium-curium surrogate feed stream. C1 Westinghouse Savannah River Co, Savannah River Technol Ctr, Aiken, SC 29808 USA. RP Fellinger, AP (reprint author), Westinghouse Savannah River Co, Savannah River Technol Ctr, Aiken, SC 29808 USA. NR 2 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 1 PU MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY PI WARRENDALE PA 506 KEYSTONE DRIVE, WARRENDALE, PA 15088-7563 USA SN 0272-9172 BN 1-55899-462-9 J9 MATER RES SOC SYMP P PY 1999 VL 556 BP 367 EP 373 PG 3 WC Engineering, Environmental; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Nuclear Science & Technology SC Engineering; Materials Science; Nuclear Science & Technology GA BP22A UT WOS:000084437500048 ER PT S AU Besmann, TM Spear, KE Beahm, EC AF Besmann, TM Spear, KE Beahm, EC BE Wronkiewicz, DJ Lee, JH TI Thermochemical models for nuclear waste class subsystems MgO-CaO and MgO-Al2O3 SO SCIENTIFIC BASIS FOR NUCLEAR WASTE MANAGEMENT XXII SE MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY SYMPOSIUM PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 22nd Symposium on Scientific Basis for Nuclear Waste Management held at the 1998 MRS Fall Meeting CY NOV 30-DEC 04, 1998 CL BOSTON, MA SP Geomatrix Consultants, Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Pacif NW Natl Lab, Sandia Natl Labs, SW Res Inst ID THERMODYNAMIC ANALYSIS AB A relatively simple model, the associate species model, is being applied to nuclear waste glass compositions in order to accurately predict behavior and thermodynamic activities in the material. In the model, the glass is treated as a supercooled liquid, with the liquid species allowed to exist below their melting point. The approach requires an initial assembly of binary and ternary oxide liquid solution data that sufficiently reproduce the equilibrium phase diagrams. Two binary oxide subsystems, MgO-CaO and MgO-Al2O3, have been modeled and results compared to published phase diagrams. Computed activities of the glass constituent species are plotted as a function of composition at 1200 degrees C. C1 Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. RP Besmann, TM (reprint author), Oak Ridge Natl Lab, POB 2008, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. NR 18 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 1 U2 2 PU MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY PI WARRENDALE PA 506 KEYSTONE DRIVE, WARRENDALE, PA 15088-7563 USA SN 0272-9172 BN 1-55899-462-9 J9 MATER RES SOC SYMP P PY 1999 VL 556 BP 383 EP 389 PG 5 WC Engineering, Environmental; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Nuclear Science & Technology SC Engineering; Materials Science; Nuclear Science & Technology GA BP22A UT WOS:000084437500050 ER PT S AU Vinjamuri, K Scholes, BA Wood, ST Knecht, DA Staples, BA AF Vinjamuri, K Scholes, BA Wood, ST Knecht, DA Staples, BA BE Wronkiewicz, DJ Lee, JH TI Glassform-version 1: A spreadsheet or an algorithm for generating preliminary glass formulations for waste streams SO SCIENTIFIC BASIS FOR NUCLEAR WASTE MANAGEMENT XXII SE MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY SYMPOSIUM PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 22nd Symposium on Scientific Basis for Nuclear Waste Management held at the 1998 MRS Fall Meeting CY NOV 30-DEC 04, 1998 CL BOSTON, MA SP Geomatrix Consultants, Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Pacif NW Natl Lab, Sandia Natl Labs, SW Res Inst AB GLASSFORM-Version 1, a spreadsheet or an algorithm software package, was developed for generating preliminary glass formulations for waste streams. A spreadsheet program on Microsoft Excel 97 for Windows 95 was also developed for predicting key glass properties for laboratory scale vitrification studies of simulated waste streams. The algorithm version based on Modula 2, which can be run on Windows-95 or NT, was developed to plot the glass component ratios versus the waste loading. At this time the algorithm was not developed for predicting the key glass properties. The spreadsheet or the algorithm version is an effective tool for developing preliminary glasses with a potential to be chemically durable, dense for volume reduction, of low viscosity for glass pouring, redox controlled, and resistant to corrosion of melter components such as Inconel 690. For a given solid waste stream oxide composition in wt.% or in grams or in ppm and waste loading in wt.%, the spreadsheet or the algorithm calculates glass component ratios that provide an empirical indication of the quality of a candidate glass. In addition to the component ratios for glass quality indicators, glass property composition relationships for glass durability and processability were incorporated into the spreadsheet version. These spreadsheet or algorithm versions can also be used for studying the effects of such actions as varying waste loadings or of varying individual waste components on glass properties and glass component ratios, provided specific glass property models are incorporated. As an example, the software was applied to candidate phosphate-containing glasses at the Idaho Nuclear Technology and Engineering Center (INTEC, previously Idaho Chemical Processing Plant) and also the borosilicate glasses such as the Savannah River Laboratory Environmental Assessment (EA) glass, the Hanford standard (ARM-1) glass, and the French R7T7 glass. Application of the software to new waste streams such as at Hanford, Fernald, and other countries is the most useful aspect of the GLASSFORM software during the early stages of glass waste form development. C1 Lockheed Martin Idaho Technol Co, Idaho Natl Engn & Environm Lab, Idaho Falls, ID 83415 USA. RP Vinjamuri, K (reprint author), Lockheed Martin Idaho Technol Co, Idaho Natl Engn & Environm Lab, POB 1625, Idaho Falls, ID 83415 USA. NR 14 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY PI WARRENDALE PA 506 KEYSTONE DRIVE, WARRENDALE, PA 15088-7563 USA SN 0272-9172 BN 1-55899-462-9 J9 MATER RES SOC SYMP P PY 1999 VL 556 BP 391 EP 398 PG 6 WC Engineering, Environmental; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Nuclear Science & Technology SC Engineering; Materials Science; Nuclear Science & Technology GA BP22A UT WOS:000084437500051 ER PT S AU McGrail, BP Lindenmeier, CW Martin, PF AF McGrail, BP Lindenmeier, CW Martin, PF BE Wronkiewicz, DJ Lee, JH TI Characterization of pore structure and hydraulic property alteration in pressurized unsaturated flow tests SO SCIENTIFIC BASIS FOR NUCLEAR WASTE MANAGEMENT XXII SE MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY SYMPOSIUM PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 22nd Symposium on Scientific Basis for Nuclear Waste Management held at the 1998 MRS Fall Meeting CY NOV 30-DEC 04, 1998 CL BOSTON, MA SP Geomatrix Consultants, Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Pacif NW Natl Lab, Sandia Natl Labs, SW Res Inst AB The pressurized unsaturated flow (PUF) test is a new experimental method for the evaluation of the long-term corrosion behavior of waste forms and other engineered barrier materials. Essentially, the technique provides a means to flow water through a porous bed of test material or materials at elevated temperature and under hydraulically unsaturated conditions. Bulk volumetric content, effluent pH and electrical conductivity are monitored in real time using a computer control and data acquisition system, in previous papers, we have reported on the changes in bulk water content, effluent chemistry, and glass corrosion rates that result from the formation of alteration products during these tests. These measurements are now supplemented through the use of the ultracentrifugation apparatus (UFA) for hydraulic property measurements and high-resolution, x-ray microtomography (XMT) to provide 3-D spatial and temporal imaging of water distribution and pore structure alteration during these tests. Quantitative changes in the water retention characteristic were correlated with the onset of zeolite formation in the tests. Extensive alteration of the glass resulted in cementation of the glass grains near the bottom of the column, which was observed in situ using the XMT. C1 Battelle Mem Inst, Pacific NW Labs, Appl Geol & Geochem Dept, Richland, WA 99352 USA. RP McGrail, BP (reprint author), Battelle Mem Inst, Pacific NW Labs, Appl Geol & Geochem Dept, Richland, WA 99352 USA. NR 6 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 4 PU MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY PI WARRENDALE PA 506 KEYSTONE DRIVE, WARRENDALE, PA 15088-7563 USA SN 0272-9172 BN 1-55899-462-9 J9 MATER RES SOC SYMP P PY 1999 VL 556 BP 421 EP 428 PG 6 WC Engineering, Environmental; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Nuclear Science & Technology SC Engineering; Materials Science; Nuclear Science & Technology GA BP22A UT WOS:000084437500054 ER PT S AU Finch, RJ Buck, EC Finn, PA Bates, JK AF Finch, RJ Buck, EC Finn, PA Bates, JK BE Wronkiewicz, DJ Lee, JH TI Oxidative corrosion of spent UO2 fuel in vapor and dripping groundwater at 90 degrees C SO SCIENTIFIC BASIS FOR NUCLEAR WASTE MANAGEMENT XXII SE MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY SYMPOSIUM PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 22nd Symposium on Scientific Basis for Nuclear Waste Management held at the 1998 MRS Fall Meeting CY NOV 30-DEC 04, 1998 CL BOSTON, MA SP Geomatrix Consultants, Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Pacif NW Natl Lab, Sandia Natl Labs, SW Res Inst ID NUCLEAR-FUEL; DEHYDRATED SCHOEPITE; URANINITE; PHASE AB Oxidative dissolution of spent UO2 fuel in vapor and dripping groundwater at 90 degrees C occurs via general corrosion at fragment surfaces. Dissolution along fuel-grain boundaries is also evident in samples contacted by the largest volumes of groundwater, and corroded grain boundaries extend at least 20 or 30 grains deep (> 200 mu m), possibly throughout mm-sized fragments. Apparent dissolution of fuel along defects that intersect grain boundaries has produced 50 to 200 nm-diameter dissolution pits that penetrate 1-2 mu m into each grain, giving rise to a "worm-like" texture along fuel-grain boundaries. Sub-micrometer-sized fuel shards are common between fuel grains and may contribute to the reactive surface area of fuel exposed to groundwater. Outer surfaces of reacted fuel fragments develop a fine-grained layer of corrosion products adjacent to the fuel (5-15 mu m thick). A more coarsely crystalline layer of corrosion products commonly covers the fine-grained layer, the thickness of which varies considerably among samples (from less than 5 mu m to greater than 40 mu m) The thickest and most porous corrosion layers develop on fuel fragments exposed to the largest volumes of groundwater. Corrosion-layer compositions depend strongly on water flux, with uranyl oxy-hydroxides predominating in vapor experiments, and alkali and alkaline earth uranyl silicates predominating in high drip-rate experiments. Low drip-rate experiments exhibit a complex assemblage of corrosion products, including phases identified in vapor and high drip-rate experiments. C1 Argonne Natl Lab, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. RP Finch, RJ (reprint author), Argonne Natl Lab, 9700 S Cass Ave, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. RI Buck, Edgar/D-4288-2009; Finch, Robert/D-9553-2013; Buck, Edgar/N-7820-2013 OI Finch, Robert/0000-0001-9342-5574; Buck, Edgar/0000-0001-5101-9084 NR 17 TC 107 Z9 107 U1 4 U2 9 PU MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY PI WARRENDALE PA 506 KEYSTONE DRIVE, WARRENDALE, PA 15088-7563 USA SN 0272-9172 BN 1-55899-462-9 J9 MATER RES SOC SYMP P PY 1999 VL 556 BP 431 EP 438 PG 4 WC Engineering, Environmental; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Nuclear Science & Technology SC Engineering; Materials Science; Nuclear Science & Technology GA BP22A UT WOS:000084437500055 ER PT S AU Kansa, EJ Hanson, BD Stout, RB AF Kansa, EJ Hanson, BD Stout, RB BE Wronkiewicz, DJ Lee, JH TI Grain size and burnup dependence of spent fuel oxidation: Geological repository impact SO SCIENTIFIC BASIS FOR NUCLEAR WASTE MANAGEMENT XXII SE MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY SYMPOSIUM PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 22nd Symposium on Scientific Basis for Nuclear Waste Management held at the 1998 MRS Fall Meeting CY NOV 30-DEC 04, 1998 CL BOSTON, MA SP Geomatrix Consultants, Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Pacif NW Natl Lab, Sandia Natl Labs, SW Res Inst ID AIR; UO2; U3O8 AB Further refinements to the oxidation model of Stout et at. have been made. The present model incorporates the burnup dependence of the oxidation rate and an allowance for a distribution of grain sizes. The model was tested by comparing the model results with the oxidation histories of spent-fuel samples oxidized in thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) or oven dry-bath (ODB) experiments. The experimental and model results are remarkably close and confirm the assumption that grain-size distributions and activation energies are the important parameters to predicting oxidation behavior. The burnup dependence of the activation energy was shown to have a greater effect than decreasing the effective grain size in suppressing the rate of the reaction U4O9-->U3O8. Model results predict that U3O8 formation of spent fuels exposed to oxygen will be suppressed even for high burnup fuels that have undergone restructuring in the rim region, provided the repository temperature is kept sufficiently low. C1 Univ Calif Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Earth & Environm Sci Directorate, Livermore, CA 94551 USA. RP Kansa, EJ (reprint author), Univ Calif Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Earth & Environm Sci Directorate, POB 808,L-200, Livermore, CA 94551 USA. NR 14 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY PI WARRENDALE PA 506 KEYSTONE DRIVE, WARRENDALE, PA 15088-7563 USA SN 0272-9172 BN 1-55899-462-9 J9 MATER RES SOC SYMP P PY 1999 VL 556 BP 455 EP 462 PG 4 WC Engineering, Environmental; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Nuclear Science & Technology SC Engineering; Materials Science; Nuclear Science & Technology GA BP22A UT WOS:000084437500058 ER PT S AU Gray, WJ AF Gray, WJ BE Wronkiewicz, DJ Lee, JH TI Inventories of iodine-129 and cesium-137 in the gaps and grain boundaries of LWR spent fuels SO SCIENTIFIC BASIS FOR NUCLEAR WASTE MANAGEMENT XXII SE MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY SYMPOSIUM PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 22nd Symposium on Scientific Basis for Nuclear Waste Management held at the 1998 MRS Fall Meeting CY NOV 30-DEC 04, 1998 CL BOSTON, MA SP Geomatrix Consultants, Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Pacif NW Natl Lab, Sandia Natl Labs, SW Res Inst ID CANDU FUELS; I-129 AB Performance assessment calculations that support geologic disposal of spent nuclear fuel in a potential repository at Yucca Mountain, Nevada, are based in part on the assumption that 2% of the total inventories of Cs-135, I-129, and Tc-99 are located in the gap and grain-boundary regions where they could dissolve rapidly if the spent fuel were to be contacted by groundwater. Actual measured values reported here for a few light-water reactor (LWR) spent fuels show that the combined gap and grain-boundary inventories of 129I approximately equaled the fission-gas release fractions. For Cs-137, the combined gap and grain-boundary inventories were approximately one third of the fission-gas release fractions. These measured values can be used to replace the 2% estimate and thus reduce the uncertainties in the calculations. C1 Battelle Mem Inst, Pacific NW Labs, Richland, WA 99352 USA. RP Gray, WJ (reprint author), Battelle Mem Inst, Pacific NW Labs, POB 999, Richland, WA 99352 USA. NR 14 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 2 U2 2 PU MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY PI WARRENDALE PA 506 KEYSTONE DRIVE, WARRENDALE, PA 15088-7563 USA SN 0272-9172 BN 1-55899-462-9 J9 MATER RES SOC SYMP P PY 1999 VL 556 BP 487 EP 494 PG 4 WC Engineering, Environmental; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Nuclear Science & Technology SC Engineering; Materials Science; Nuclear Science & Technology GA BP22A UT WOS:000084437500062 ER PT S AU Adams, TM Peacock, HB Rhode, FC Iyer, NC AF Adams, TM Peacock, HB Rhode, FC Iyer, NC BE Wronkiewicz, DJ Lee, JH TI The melt-dilute treatment of Al-base highly enriched DOE spent nuclear fuels: Principles and practices SO SCIENTIFIC BASIS FOR NUCLEAR WASTE MANAGEMENT XXII SE MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY SYMPOSIUM PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 22nd Symposium on Scientific Basis for Nuclear Waste Management held at the 1998 MRS Fall Meeting CY NOV 30-DEC 04, 1998 CL BOSTON, MA SP Geomatrix Consultants, Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Pacif NW Natl Lab, Sandia Natl Labs, SW Res Inst AB The melt-dilute treatment technology program is focused on the development and implementation of a treatment technology for diluting highly enriched (>20% U-235) aluminum spent nuclear fuel to low enriched levels (<20% U-235 and qualifying the LEU Al-SNF form for geologic repository storage. In order to reduce the enrichment of these assemblies prior to ultimate geologic repository disposal, the melt-dilute technology proposes to melt these SNF assemblies and then dilute with additions of depleted uranium. The benefits accrued from this treatment process include the potential for significant volume reduction, reduced criticality potential, and the potential for enhanced SNF form characteristics. The emphasis within the development program to date has been on determining the process metallurgy and off-gas system design for the treatment of all types of Al SNF (UAlx, Al-U3O8, and Al-U3Si2). In determining the process metallurgy a wide range of alloys, representative of those expected in the Al-SNF form, have been fabricated and their product characteristics, namely microstructure, homogeneity, phase composition, and "ternary" constituent effects have been analyzed. As a result of the presence of species within the melt which will possess significant vapor pressures in the desired operating temperature range an off-gas system is necessary. Of the volatile species the one of greatest concern is (CS)-C-137. C1 Westinghouse Savannah River Co, Savannah River Technol Ctr, Aiken, SC 29808 USA. RP Adams, TM (reprint author), Westinghouse Savannah River Co, Savannah River Technol Ctr, Aiken, SC 29808 USA. NR 10 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY PI WARRENDALE PA 506 KEYSTONE DRIVE, WARRENDALE, PA 15088-7563 USA SN 0272-9172 BN 1-55899-462-9 J9 MATER RES SOC SYMP P PY 1999 VL 556 BP 495 EP 503 PG 5 WC Engineering, Environmental; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Nuclear Science & Technology SC Engineering; Materials Science; Nuclear Science & Technology GA BP22A UT WOS:000084437500063 ER PT S AU Buscheck, TA Gansemer, J Nitao, JJ DeLorenzo, TH AF Buscheck, TA Gansemer, J Nitao, JJ DeLorenzo, TH BE Wronkiewicz, DJ Lee, JH TI Multi-scale near-field thermohydrologic analysis of alternative designs for the potential repository at Yucca Mountain SO SCIENTIFIC BASIS FOR NUCLEAR WASTE MANAGEMENT XXII SE MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY SYMPOSIUM PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 22nd Symposium on Scientific Basis for Nuclear Waste Management held at the 1998 MRS Fall Meeting CY NOV 30-DEC 04, 1998 CL BOSTON, MA SP Geomatrix Consultants, Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Pacif NW Natl Lab, Sandia Natl Labs, SW Res Inst AB A multi-scale, thermohydrologic (TH) modeling methodology has been developed that integrates the results from 1-, 2-, and 3-D drift-scale models and a 3-D mountain-scale model to calculate the near-field TH variables affecting the performance of the engineered barrier system (EBS) of the potential repository at Yucca Mountain. This information was used by Total System Performance Assessment-Viability Assessment (TSPA-VA) and is being used by the ongoing TSPA, supporting the License Application Design Selection, to assess waste-package (WP) corrosion, waste-form dissolution, and radionuclide transport in the EBS. Line-load WP spacing, which places WPs nearly end to end in widely spaced drifts, results in more locally intensive and uniform heating along drifts, causing hotter, drier, and more uniform conditions on WPs than point-load spacing, which is used in the VA design. Backfilling drifts with a granular material with coarse, well-sorted, nonporous grains (e.g., a coarse quartz sand) results in a large, persistent reduction in RH on WPs; point-load spacing allows only the medium-to-high-heat-output WPs to benefit from RH reduction, but line-load spacing enables all WPs to benefit. C1 Univ Calif Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Geol Sci & Environm Technol Div, Livermore, CA 94551 USA. RP Buscheck, TA (reprint author), Univ Calif Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Geol Sci & Environm Technol Div, POB 808,L-206, Livermore, CA 94551 USA. NR 5 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY PI WARRENDALE PA 506 KEYSTONE DRIVE, WARRENDALE, PA 15088-7563 USA SN 0272-9172 BN 1-55899-462-9 J9 MATER RES SOC SYMP P PY 1999 VL 556 BP 615 EP 622 PG 4 WC Engineering, Environmental; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Nuclear Science & Technology SC Engineering; Materials Science; Nuclear Science & Technology GA BP22A UT WOS:000084437500077 ER PT S AU Nitao, JJ Glassley, WE AF Nitao, JJ Glassley, WE BE Wronkiewicz, DJ Lee, JH TI Modeled near-field environment porosity modification due to coupled thermohydrologic and geochemical processes SO SCIENTIFIC BASIS FOR NUCLEAR WASTE MANAGEMENT XXII SE MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY SYMPOSIUM PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 22nd Symposium on Scientific Basis for Nuclear Waste Management held at the 1998 MRS Fall Meeting CY NOV 30-DEC 04, 1998 CL BOSTON, MA SP Geomatrix Consultants, Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Pacif NW Natl Lab, Sandia Natl Labs, SW Res Inst ID HYDROTHERMAL SYSTEMS; PERMEABILITY; FLOW AB Heat generated by waste packages in nuclear waste repositories can modify rock properties by instigating mineral dissolution and precipitation along hydrothermal flow pathways. Modeling this reactive transport requires coupling fluid flow to permeability changes resulting from dissolution and precipitation. Modification of the NUFT thermohydrologic (TH) code package to account for this coupling in a simplified geochemical system has been used to model the time-dependent change in porosity, permeability, matrix and fracture saturation, and temperature in the vicinity of waste-emplacement drifts, using conditions anticipated for the potential Yucca Mountain repository. The results show dramatic porosity reduction approximately 10 m above emplacement drifts within a few hundred years. Most of this reduction is attributed to deposition of solute load at the boiling front, although some of it also results from decreasing temperature along the flow path. The actual distribution of the nearly sealed region is sensitive to the time-dependent characteristics of the thermal load imposed on the environment and suggests that the geometry of the sealed region can be engineered by managing the waste-emplacement strategy and schedule. C1 Univ Calif Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA 94551 USA. RP Nitao, JJ (reprint author), Univ Calif Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, POB 808, Livermore, CA 94551 USA. NR 9 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY PI WARRENDALE PA 506 KEYSTONE DRIVE, WARRENDALE, PA 15088-7563 USA SN 0272-9172 BN 1-55899-462-9 J9 MATER RES SOC SYMP P PY 1999 VL 556 BP 705 EP 711 PG 5 WC Engineering, Environmental; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Nuclear Science & Technology SC Engineering; Materials Science; Nuclear Science & Technology GA BP22A UT WOS:000084437500088 ER PT S AU Farmer, JC McCright, RD Estill, JC Gordon, SR AF Farmer, JC McCright, RD Estill, JC Gordon, SR BE Wronkiewicz, DJ Lee, JH TI Development of integrated mechanistically-based degradation-mode models for performance assessment of high-level waste containers SO SCIENTIFIC BASIS FOR NUCLEAR WASTE MANAGEMENT XXII SE MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY SYMPOSIUM PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 22nd Symposium on Scientific Basis for Nuclear Waste Management held at the 1998 MRS Fall Meeting CY NOV 30-DEC 04, 1998 CL BOSTON, MA SP Geomatrix Consultants, Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Pacif NW Natl Lab, Sandia Natl Labs, SW Res Inst ID CREVICE CORROSION AB Alloy 22 [UNS N06022] is now being considered for construction of high level waste containers to be emplaced at Yucca Mountain and elsewhere. In essence, this alloy is 20.0-22.5% Cr, 12.5-14.5% Mo, 2.0-6.0% Fe, 2.5-3.5% W, with the balance being Ni. Other impurity elements include P, Si, S, Mn, Co and V. Cobalt may be present at a maximum concentration of 2.5%. Detailed mechanistic models have been developed to account for the corrosion of Alloy 22 surfaces in crevices that will inevitably form. Such occluded areas experience substantial decreases in pH, with corresponding elevations in chloride concentration. Experimental work has been undertaken to validate the crevice corrosion model, including parallel studies with 304 stainless steel. C1 Univ Calif Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. RP Farmer, JC (reprint author), Univ Calif Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. NR 13 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY PI WARRENDALE PA 506 KEYSTONE DRIVE, WARRENDALE, PA 15088-7563 USA SN 0272-9172 BN 1-55899-462-9 J9 MATER RES SOC SYMP P PY 1999 VL 556 BP 855 EP 862 PG 4 WC Engineering, Environmental; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Nuclear Science & Technology SC Engineering; Materials Science; Nuclear Science & Technology GA BP22A UT WOS:000084437500106 ER PT S AU Bedrossian, PJ Farmer, JC McCright, RD Phinney, DL Estill, JC AF Bedrossian, PJ Farmer, JC McCright, RD Phinney, DL Estill, JC BE Wronkiewicz, DJ Lee, JH TI Passive films and blistering of titanium SO SCIENTIFIC BASIS FOR NUCLEAR WASTE MANAGEMENT XXII SE MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY SYMPOSIUM PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 22nd Symposium on Scientific Basis for Nuclear Waste Management held at the 1998 MRS Fall Meeting CY NOV 30-DEC 04, 1998 CL BOSTON, MA SP Geomatrix Consultants, Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Pacif NW Natl Lab, Sandia Natl Labs, SW Res Inst AB Coupons of titanium alloys under consideration as components of the Engineered Barrier System in the proposed repository at Yucca Mountain have been evaluated for their passive film composition and stability. Oxide depths and compositions on specimens exposed in long-term corrosion testing for one year were determined with x-ray photoemission spectroscopy. The specimens removed from long-term testing, as well as separate coupons polarized cathodically in an electrochemical cell, exhibited blistering associated with hydride formation in both scanning electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy. C1 Univ Calif Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA 94551 USA. RP Bedrossian, PJ (reprint author), Univ Calif Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA 94551 USA. NR 6 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 2 U2 3 PU MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY PI WARRENDALE PA 506 KEYSTONE DRIVE, WARRENDALE, PA 15088-7563 USA SN 0272-9172 BN 1-55899-462-9 J9 MATER RES SOC SYMP P PY 1999 VL 556 BP 863 EP 869 PG 3 WC Engineering, Environmental; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Nuclear Science & Technology SC Engineering; Materials Science; Nuclear Science & Technology GA BP22A UT WOS:000084437500107 ER PT S AU Summers, TSE Wall, MA Kumar, M Matthews, SJ Rebak, RB AF Summers, TSE Wall, MA Kumar, M Matthews, SJ Rebak, RB BE Wronkiewicz, DJ Lee, JH TI Phase stability and mechanical properties of C-22 alloy aged in the temperature range 590 to 760 degrees C for 16,000 hours SO SCIENTIFIC BASIS FOR NUCLEAR WASTE MANAGEMENT XXII SE MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY SYMPOSIUM PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 22nd Symposium on Scientific Basis for Nuclear Waste Management held at the 1998 MRS Fall Meeting CY NOV 30-DEC 04, 1998 CL BOSTON, MA SP Geomatrix Consultants, Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Pacif NW Natl Lab, Sandia Natl Labs, SW Res Inst AB The phase stability of C-22 alloy (UNS #N06022) was studied by aging samples at 593, 649, 704 and 760 degrees C for 2000 h (2.7 mo) and 16,000 h (1.8 yr). The tensile properties and the Charpy impact toughness of these samples were measured in the mill annealed condition as well as after aging. The microstructures of samples aged 16,000 hours were examined using scanning and transmission electron microscopy (SEM and TEM). Preliminary TEM results suggest that mu phase forms at all temperatures investigated. Discrete carbide particles in addition to a film with very uniform thickness which appears to be mu phase formed on grain boundaries in the sample aged at 593 degrees C. The ordered Ni-2(Cr, Mo) phase was also seen in this sample. At the higher aging temperatures, mainly mu phase forms covering all the grain boundaries and also distributed throughout the bulk. Although strength increased somewhat with aging, the ductility decreased due to the formation of these grain boundary precipitates and brittle intermetallics. C1 Univ Calif Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. RP Summers, TSE (reprint author), Univ Calif Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, 70000 East Ave, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. NR 10 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 0 PU MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY PI WARRENDALE PA 506 KEYSTONE DRIVE, WARRENDALE, PA 15088-7563 USA SN 0272-9172 BN 1-55899-462-9 J9 MATER RES SOC SYMP P PY 1999 VL 556 BP 919 EP 926 PG 4 WC Engineering, Environmental; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Nuclear Science & Technology SC Engineering; Materials Science; Nuclear Science & Technology GA BP22A UT WOS:000084437500114 ER PT S AU Wilfinger, KR Farmer, JC Hopper, RW Shell, TE AF Wilfinger, KR Farmer, JC Hopper, RW Shell, TE BE Wronkiewicz, DJ Lee, JH TI Corrosion protection of metallic waste packages using thermal sprayed ceramic coatings SO SCIENTIFIC BASIS FOR NUCLEAR WASTE MANAGEMENT XXII SE MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY SYMPOSIUM PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 22nd Symposium on Scientific Basis for Nuclear Waste Management held at the 1998 MRS Fall Meeting CY NOV 30-DEC 04, 1998 CL BOSTON, MA SP Geomatrix Consultants, Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Pacif NW Natl Lab, Sandia Natl Labs, SW Res Inst AB Ceramic coated carbon steel coupons were corrosion tested in water with dissolved salts to simulate exposure to evaporation concentrated groundwater in an underground nuclear repository. Metallography revealed no corrosion at the ceramic metal interface of dense coatings, even though electrical measurements demonstrated that the coatings were slightly porous. Experimental results and a model to predict corrosion rates influenced by a porous ceramic coating and coating lifetimes are presented. C1 Univ Calif Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. RP Wilfinger, KR (reprint author), Univ Calif Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, POB 808,L-355, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. NR 7 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY PI WARRENDALE PA 506 KEYSTONE DRIVE, WARRENDALE, PA 15088-7563 USA SN 0272-9172 BN 1-55899-462-9 J9 MATER RES SOC SYMP P PY 1999 VL 556 BP 927 EP 934 PG 4 WC Engineering, Environmental; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Nuclear Science & Technology SC Engineering; Materials Science; Nuclear Science & Technology GA BP22A UT WOS:000084437500115 ER PT S AU Christian, JD AF Christian, JD BE Wronkiewicz, DJ Lee, JH TI Zircaloy corrosion in a repository environment SO SCIENTIFIC BASIS FOR NUCLEAR WASTE MANAGEMENT XXII SE MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY SYMPOSIUM PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 22nd Symposium on Scientific Basis for Nuclear Waste Management held at the 1998 MRS Fall Meeting CY NOV 30-DEC 04, 1998 CL BOSTON, MA SP Geomatrix Consultants, Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Pacif NW Natl Lab, Sandia Natl Labs, SW Res Inst ID MICROBIOLOGICALLY INFLUENCED CORROSION; CREVICE; METALS AB Assessments are made of the corrosion characteristics of spent nuclear fuel Zircaloy cladding in a Yucca mountain repository environment and the potential for the cladding to provide protection against radionuclide release following waste package failure. Considerations and assumptions includes a waste package life near 10,000 years and air-saturated water contacted with waste package corrosion product goethite, based on the near-field geochemical environment evaluated in the Yucca Mountain Viability Assessment [3]. Literature corrosion data (general, pitting, and localized crevice attack) are evaluated on the basis of these conditions and the expected chemical environments that can result on the surface of the fuel. General corrosion of Zircaloy is expected to be negligible and result in a lifetime of the SNF cladding of several hundred thousand years, approaching a million years. General surface pitting is not expected. Effects of crevice localized corrosion for periods beyond 10,000 years are uncertain and require modeling development and experimental characterization. Details of the evaluations that provide the basis for the conclusions are presented. C1 Lockheed Martin Idaho Technol Co, Natl Spent Fuel Program, Idaho Falls, ID 83415 USA. RP Christian, JD (reprint author), Lockheed Martin Idaho Technol Co, Natl Spent Fuel Program, POB 1625, Idaho Falls, ID 83415 USA. NR 24 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY PI WARRENDALE PA 506 KEYSTONE DRIVE, WARRENDALE, PA 15088-7563 USA SN 0272-9172 BN 1-55899-462-9 J9 MATER RES SOC SYMP P PY 1999 VL 556 BP 935 EP 942 PG 4 WC Engineering, Environmental; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Nuclear Science & Technology SC Engineering; Materials Science; Nuclear Science & Technology GA BP22A UT WOS:000084437500116 ER PT S AU Abraham, DP Simpson, LJ Devries, MJ McDeavitt, SM AF Abraham, DP Simpson, LJ Devries, MJ McDeavitt, SM BE Wronkiewicz, DJ Lee, JH TI Corrosion testing of stainless steel-zirconium metal waste forms SO SCIENTIFIC BASIS FOR NUCLEAR WASTE MANAGEMENT XXII SE MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY SYMPOSIUM PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 22nd Symposium on Scientific Basis for Nuclear Waste Management held at the 1998 MRS Fall Meeting CY NOV 30-DEC 04, 1998 CL BOSTON, MA SP Geomatrix Consultants, Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Pacif NW Natl Lab, Sandia Natl Labs, SW Res Inst ID ALLOYS AB Stainless steel-zirconium (SS-Zr) alloys have been developed as waste forms for the disposal of metallic waste generated during the electrometallurgical treatment of spent nuclear fuel. The waste forms incorporate irradiated cladding hulls, components of the alloy fuel, noble metal fission products, and actinide elements. The baseline waste form is a stainless steel-15 wt% zirconium (SS-15Zr) alloy. This article presents microstructures and some of the corrosion studies being conducted on the waste form alloys. Electrochemical corrosion, immersion corrosion. and vapor hydration tests have been performed on various alloy compositions to evaluate corrosion behavior and resistance to selective leaching of simulated fission products. The SS-Zr waste forms immobilize and retain fission products very effectively and show potential for acceptance as high-level nuclear waste forms. C1 Argonne Natl Lab, Div Chem Technol, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. RP Abraham, DP (reprint author), Argonne Natl Lab, Div Chem Technol, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. NR 9 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 1 U2 1 PU MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY PI WARRENDALE PA 506 KEYSTONE DRIVE, WARRENDALE, PA 15088-7563 USA SN 0272-9172 BN 1-55899-462-9 J9 MATER RES SOC SYMP P PY 1999 VL 556 BP 945 EP 952 PG 4 WC Engineering, Environmental; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Nuclear Science & Technology SC Engineering; Materials Science; Nuclear Science & Technology GA BP22A UT WOS:000084437500117 ER PT S AU Paviet-Hartmann, P Lin, MR AF Paviet-Hartmann, P Lin, MR BE Wronkiewicz, DJ Lee, JH TI Spectrophotometric investigation of U(VI) chloride complexation in the NaCl/NaClO4 system SO SCIENTIFIC BASIS FOR NUCLEAR WASTE MANAGEMENT XXII SE MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY SYMPOSIUM PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 22nd Symposium on Scientific Basis for Nuclear Waste Management held at the 1998 MRS Fall Meeting CY NOV 30-DEC 04, 1998 CL BOSTON, MA SP Geomatrix Consultants, Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Pacif NW Natl Lab, Sandia Natl Labs, SW Res Inst AB Post closure radioactive release scenarios from geologic salt formation, such as the WIPP (Waste Isolation Pilot Plant) (USA) include hydrologic transport of radionuclides through a chloride saturated aquifer. Consequently, the understanding of actinide solution chemistry in brines is essential for modeling requiring accurate knowledge of the interaction between AnO(2)(2+) and chloride ions. Complexation constants of two U(VT) chloride species UO2Cl+ and UO2Cl20 have been intensively studied for about 40 years using different methods. However, large uncertainties reflect the general difficulty in determining accurate stability constants of weak complexes. In order to model the behavior of U(VI) in brines, we studied the formation of its chloride complexes by W-Vis spectroscopy as a function of the NaCl concentration at 25 degrees C. The experiments were performed at constant ionic strength by varying the concentration ratio of NaCl and NaClO4. Deconvolution resulted in single component absorption spectrum for UO2Cl+ and UO2Cl20. The apparent stability constants of UO2Cl+ and UO2Cl0 are determined at different ionic strengths. The experimental data are used to parameterize using the SIT approach. C1 Univ Calif Los Alamos Natl Lab, Chem Sci & Technol Div, Los Alamos, NM 87544 USA. RP Paviet-Hartmann, P (reprint author), Univ Calif Los Alamos Natl Lab, Chem Sci & Technol Div, Los Alamos, NM 87544 USA. NR 18 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 1 U2 3 PU MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY PI WARRENDALE PA 506 KEYSTONE DRIVE, WARRENDALE, PA 15088-7563 USA SN 0272-9172 BN 1-55899-462-9 J9 MATER RES SOC SYMP P PY 1999 VL 556 BP 977 EP 984 PG 4 WC Engineering, Environmental; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Nuclear Science & Technology SC Engineering; Materials Science; Nuclear Science & Technology GA BP22A UT WOS:000084437500121 ER PT S AU Serne, RJ Lindenmeier, CW Cantrell, KJ Owen, AT AF Serne, RJ Lindenmeier, CW Cantrell, KJ Owen, AT BE Wronkiewicz, DJ Lee, JH TI Effects of reactor decontamination complexing agents on soil adsorption of metals SO SCIENTIFIC BASIS FOR NUCLEAR WASTE MANAGEMENT XXII SE MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY SYMPOSIUM PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 22nd Symposium on Scientific Basis for Nuclear Waste Management held at the 1998 MRS Fall Meeting CY NOV 30-DEC 04, 1998 CL BOSTON, MA SP Geomatrix Consultants, Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Pacif NW Natl Lab, Sandia Natl Labs, SW Res Inst AB The effects of picolinate, an organic ligand used to decontaminate nuclear reactor cooling systems, in leachates generated from shallow-land burial (SLB) of low-level nuclear wastes (LLW) on soil adsorption was determined. Using batch adsorption tests and varying the concentration of picolinate, the adsorption tendencies of two metals [Ni(II) and U(VI)] and the ligand were measured as a function of solution pH. We found that when total metal concentrations were fixed at 10(-5) M, picolinate at ligand-to-metal [L:M] ratios greater than or equal to 10 did significantly reduce adsorption of Ni but even at a L:M ratio of 100 there was no effect on U(VI) adsorption. These results are compared with data on other metals in the presence of picolinate and for metal adsorption in the presence of EDTA. We conclude that picolinic acid is less of a threat than EDTA in waste leachates to reduce metal adsorption (increase mobility) and that picolinate concentrations must reach or exceed 10(-4) M for the most impacted metals (i.e., those that form the very strongest complexes with picolinate). There are no leachate data on these decontamination agents for the common burial technique (disposal of de-watered resins in high integrity containers) that can be used to evaluate potential hazards of these organo-radionuclide complexes. C1 Battelle Mem Inst, Pacific NW Labs, Appl Geol & Geochem Sect, Richland, WA 99352 USA. RP Serne, RJ (reprint author), Battelle Mem Inst, Pacific NW Labs, Appl Geol & Geochem Sect, POB 999, Richland, WA 99352 USA. NR 21 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 1 U2 1 PU MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY PI WARRENDALE PA 506 KEYSTONE DRIVE, WARRENDALE, PA 15088-7563 USA SN 0272-9172 BN 1-55899-462-9 J9 MATER RES SOC SYMP P PY 1999 VL 556 BP 1043 EP 1049 PG 5 WC Engineering, Environmental; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Nuclear Science & Technology SC Engineering; Materials Science; Nuclear Science & Technology GA BP22A UT WOS:000084437500129 ER PT S AU Smith, RW Schafer, AL AF Smith, RW Schafer, AL BE Wronkiewicz, DJ Lee, JH TI Effective reactive surface area: An anisotropic property of physically and chemically heterogeneous porous media SO SCIENTIFIC BASIS FOR NUCLEAR WASTE MANAGEMENT XXII SE MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY SYMPOSIUM PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 22nd Symposium on Scientific Basis for Nuclear Waste Management held at the 1998 MRS Fall Meeting CY NOV 30-DEC 04, 1998 CL BOSTON, MA SP Geomatrix Consultants, Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Pacif NW Natl Lab, Sandia Natl Labs, SW Res Inst ID SINGLE-PHASE PERMEABILITY; TRANSPORT; MODEL; SIZE AB Although transport calculations are often formulated in terms of mass-based isotropic distribution coefficients, it is the abundance of reactive surface areas of subsurface materials that controls contaminant adsorption. In water-saturated homogeneous systems devoid of advective fluxes (e.g., batch experiments), the available reactive surface area is similar to the total surface area las measured by conventional methods such as BET gas adsorption). However, in physically and chemically heterogeneous systems with advective fluxes, the effective reactive surface area (i.e., the surface area that a packet of advecting water interacts with) is smaller than the laboratory measured surface area and is a complex function of advective velocity and the correlation structures of the physical and chemical heterogeneities. Theoretical derivations for an important but simple type of heterogeneity (fine-scale horizontal layering) suggest that the effective reactive surface area is an anisotropic property of the medium and is inversely correlated with the anisotropy in hydraulic conductivity. The implications of reactive transport anisotropy include the concept that the retardation factor should be treated as a directional property rather than being treated as a constant. Furthermore, because of the inverse relationship between effective reactive surface area and hydraulic conductivity, batch adsorption experiments tend to overestimate the retention of contaminants relative to intact natural materials. C1 EG&G Idaho Inc, Idaho Natl Engn & Environm Lab, Dept Biotechnol, Integrated Earth Sci Dept, Idaho Falls, ID 83415 USA. RP Smith, RW (reprint author), EG&G Idaho Inc, Idaho Natl Engn & Environm Lab, Dept Biotechnol, Integrated Earth Sci Dept, POB 1625, Idaho Falls, ID 83415 USA. NR 15 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY PI WARRENDALE PA 506 KEYSTONE DRIVE, WARRENDALE, PA 15088-7563 USA SN 0272-9172 BN 1-55899-462-9 J9 MATER RES SOC SYMP P PY 1999 VL 556 BP 1051 EP 1058 PG 4 WC Engineering, Environmental; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Nuclear Science & Technology SC Engineering; Materials Science; Nuclear Science & Technology GA BP22A UT WOS:000084437500130 ER PT S AU Gillow, JB Francis, AJ Dodge, CJ Harris, R Beveridge, TJ Brady, PV Papenguth, HW AF Gillow, JB Francis, AJ Dodge, CJ Harris, R Beveridge, TJ Brady, PV Papenguth, HW BE Wronkiewicz, DJ Lee, JH TI Actinide biocolloid formation in brine by halophilic bacteria SO SCIENTIFIC BASIS FOR NUCLEAR WASTE MANAGEMENT XXII SE MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY SYMPOSIUM PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 22nd Symposium on Scientific Basis for Nuclear Waste Management held at the 1998 MRS Fall Meeting CY NOV 30-DEC 04, 1998 CL BOSTON, MA SP Geomatrix Consultants, Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Pacif NW Natl Lab, Sandia Natl Labs, SW Res Inst ID BACILLUS-SUBTILIS; ADSORPTION; SURFACE; MODEL AB We examined the ability of a halophilic bacterium (WIPP IA) isolated from the Waste Isolation Pilot Plant (WIPP) site to accumulate uranium in order to determine the potential for biocolloid facilitated actinide transport. The bacterial cell surface functional groups involved in the complexation of the actinide were determined by titration. Uranium, added as uranyl nitrate, was removed from solution at pH 5 by cells but at pH 7 and 9 very little uranium was removed due to its limited solubility. Although present as soluble species, uranyl citrate at pH 5, 7, and 9, and uranyl carbonate at pH 9 were not removed by the bacterium because they were not bioavailable due to their neutral or negative charge. Addition of uranyl EDTA to brine at pH 5, 7, and 9 resulted in the immediate precipitation of U. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) analysis revealed that uranium was not only associated with the cell surface but also accumulated intracellularly as uranium-enriched granules. Extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) analysis of the bacterial cells indicated the bulk sample contained more than one uranium phase. Nevertheless these results show the potential for the formation of actinide bearing bacterial biocolloids that are strictly regulated by the speciation and bioavailability of the actinide. C1 Brookhaven Natl Lab, Upton, NY 11973 USA. RP Gillow, JB (reprint author), Brookhaven Natl Lab, Upton, NY 11973 USA. NR 15 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 5 PU MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY PI WARRENDALE PA 506 KEYSTONE DRIVE, WARRENDALE, PA 15088-7563 USA SN 0272-9172 BN 1-55899-462-9 J9 MATER RES SOC SYMP P PY 1999 VL 556 BP 1133 EP 1140 PG 4 WC Engineering, Environmental; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Nuclear Science & Technology SC Engineering; Materials Science; Nuclear Science & Technology GA BP22A UT WOS:000084437500140 ER PT S AU Chen, CI Meike, A Chuu, YJ Sawvel, A Lin, W AF Chen, CI Meike, A Chuu, YJ Sawvel, A Lin, W BE Wronkiewicz, DJ Lee, JH TI Investigation of bacterial transport in the Large-Block Test, a thermally perturbed block of Topopah Spring tuff SO SCIENTIFIC BASIS FOR NUCLEAR WASTE MANAGEMENT XXII SE MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY SYMPOSIUM PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 22nd Symposium on Scientific Basis for Nuclear Waste Management held at the 1998 MRS Fall Meeting CY NOV 30-DEC 04, 1998 CL BOSTON, MA SP Geomatrix Consultants, Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Pacif NW Natl Lab, Sandia Natl Labs, SW Res Inst ID URANIUM AB Transport of bacteria is investigated as part of the Large-Block Test (LBT), a thermally perturbed block of Topopah Spring tuff. Two bacterial species, Bacillus subtilis and Arthrobacter oxydans were isolated from the Yucca Mountain tuff. Natural mutants that can grow under the simultaneous presence of the two antibiotics, streptomycin and rifampicin, were selected from these species by laboratory procedures, cultured, and injected into the five heater boreholes of the large block hours before heating was initiated. The temperature, as measured 5 cm above one of the heater boreholes, rose slowly over a matter of months to a maximum of 142 degrees C and to 60 degrees C at the top and the bottom of the block. Samples were collected from boreholes located approximately 5 ft below the injection points. Double-drug-resistant bacteria were found in the collection boreholes nine months after injection. Biochemical tests support the identification of B. subtilis in the collection boreholes. Double-drug-resistant microbes also appeared in the heater boreholes where the temperature had been sustainably high throughout the test. The number of double-drug-resistant bacteria that were identified in the collection boreholes increased with time until the heater was deactivated. Negative indications in the collection holes after the heater was deactivated support the supposition that these bacteria were the species that were injected. An apparent homogeneous distribution among the collection boreholes suggests no pattern to the migration of bacteria through the block. The relationship between bacterial migration and the movement of water is not yet understood. These observations indicate the possibility of rapid bacterial transport in a thermally perturbed geologic setting. The implications for colloid transport need to be reviewed. C1 Univ Calif Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Earth & Environm Sci Dept, Livermore, CA 94551 USA. RP Chen, CI (reprint author), Univ Calif Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Earth & Environm Sci Dept, POB 808, Livermore, CA 94551 USA. NR 5 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY PI WARRENDALE PA 506 KEYSTONE DRIVE, WARRENDALE, PA 15088-7563 USA SN 0272-9172 BN 1-55899-462-9 J9 MATER RES SOC SYMP P PY 1999 VL 556 BP 1151 EP 1158 PG 4 WC Engineering, Environmental; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Nuclear Science & Technology SC Engineering; Materials Science; Nuclear Science & Technology GA BP22A UT WOS:000084437500142 ER PT S AU Meike, A Chen, CI Chuu, YJ Sawvel, A Ringelberg, D AF Meike, A Chen, CI Chuu, YJ Sawvel, A Ringelberg, D BE Wronkiewicz, DJ Lee, JH TI Nutrient limitation and microbially mediated chemistry: Studies using tuff inoculum obtained from the Exploratory Studies Facility, Yucca Mountain SO SCIENTIFIC BASIS FOR NUCLEAR WASTE MANAGEMENT XXII SE MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY SYMPOSIUM PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 22nd Symposium on Scientific Basis for Nuclear Waste Management held at the 1998 MRS Fall Meeting CY NOV 30-DEC 04, 1998 CL BOSTON, MA SP Geomatrix Consultants, Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Pacif NW Natl Lab, Sandia Natl Labs, SW Res Inst AB Flow-through bioreactors are used to investigate the relationship between the supply (and limitation) of major nutrients required by microorganisms (C, N, P, S) and effluent chemistry to obtain data that can be useful to develop models of microbially mediated aqueous chemistry. The bioreactors were inoculated with crushed tuff from Yucca Mountain. Six of the 14 bioreactor experiments currently in operation have shown growth, which occurred in as few as 5 days and as much as a few months after initiation of the experiment. All of the bioreactors exhibiting growth contained glucose as a carbon source, but other nutritional components varied. Chemical signatures of each bioreactor were compared to each other, and selected results were compared to computer simulations of the equivalent abiotic chemical reactions. At 21 degrees C, the richest medium formulation produced a microbial community that lowered the effluent pH from 6.4 to as low as 3.9, whereas the simulated abiotic reaction should tend toward a pH of approximately 8. Variations in concentrations of some elements appear to be periodic (F-, Cl-). The same medium formulation at 50 degrees C produced no significant change in pH but caused a significant increase in Cl- after a period of 200 days. Bioreactors fed with low C, N, P, S media showed growth that stabilized at lower cell densities. Although the flow-through nature of these systems causes us to believe that the bioreactor environments are primarily aerobic, the room temperature bioreactor in this group exhibited a phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) signature consistent with the presence of sulfur- or iron-reducing bacteria. The chemical signature of the affluent from that bioreactor showed a distinctly lower SO4/S concentration, compared to the other bioreactors. Growth has recently been observed in the alkaline bioreactors containing glucose. The value of combining detailed chemical and microbial community analyses, long-duration experiments, and abiotic chemical models to distinguish chemical patterns is evident. Although all of the bioreactors contain the same initial microorganisms and mineral constituents, PLFA analysis demonstrates that both input chemistry and temperature determine the character of the long-term population of microorganisms. Where microbial growth occurs, that community can have a significant impact on the water chemistry. These principles are well known, but we note their relevance to modeling microbially mediated chemistry. We recognize, in addition to microbial growth, three categories of chemical effects, each of which will require a different approach and constitutive equation(s): 1) unidirectional bacterial modification of the chemistry (i.e., pH) that is directly related to the dominance of particular species, 2) secondary impact of direct microbial modifications (i.e., increased dissolution of solids as a result of reduced pH), and 3) cyclical effects that may be attributed to internal regulation (e.g., osmoregulation or internal pH regulation) or evolution of the microbial community. C1 Univ Calif Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. RP Meike, A (reprint author), Univ Calif Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. NR 9 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY PI WARRENDALE PA 506 KEYSTONE DRIVE, WARRENDALE, PA 15088-7563 USA SN 0272-9172 BN 1-55899-462-9 J9 MATER RES SOC SYMP P PY 1999 VL 556 BP 1159 EP 1166 PG 4 WC Engineering, Environmental; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Nuclear Science & Technology SC Engineering; Materials Science; Nuclear Science & Technology GA BP22A UT WOS:000084437500143 ER PT S AU Lian, T Jones, D Martin, S Horn, J AF Lian, T Jones, D Martin, S Horn, J BE Wronkiewicz, DJ Lee, JH TI A quantitative assessment of microbiological contributions to corrosion of candidate nuclear waste package materials SO SCIENTIFIC BASIS FOR NUCLEAR WASTE MANAGEMENT XXII SE MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY SYMPOSIUM PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 22nd Symposium on Scientific Basis for Nuclear Waste Management held at the 1998 MRS Fall Meeting CY NOV 30-DEC 04, 1998 CL BOSTON, MA SP Geomatrix Consultants, Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Pacif NW Natl Lab, Sandia Natl Labs, SW Res Inst AB The U.S. Department of Energy is contributing to the design of a potential nuclear waste repository at Yucca Mountain, Nevada. A system to predict the contribution of Yucca Mountain (YM) bacteria to overall corrosion rates of candidate waste package (WP) materials was designed and implemented. DC linear polarization resistance techniques were applied to candidate material coupons that had been inoculated with a mixture of YM-derived bacteria with potentially corrosive activities, or left sterile. Inoculated bacteria caused a 5- to 6-fold increase in corrosion rate of carbon steel C 1020 (to approximately 7-8 mu m/yr), and an almost 100-fold increase in corrosion rate of Alloy 400 (to approximately 1 mu m/yr) was observed due to microbiological activities. Microbiologically Influenced Corrosion (MIC) rates on more resistant materials (CRMs: Alloy 625, Type 304 Stainless Steel, and Alloy C22) were on the order of hundredths of micrometers per year(mu m/yr). Bulk chemical and surfacial endpoint analyses of spent media and coupon surfaces showed preferential dissolution of nickel from Alloy 400 coupons and depletion of chromium from CRMs after incubation with YM bacteria. Scanning electron microscopy also showed greater damage to the Alloy 400 surface than that indicated by electrochemical detection methods. C1 Univ Calif Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Environm Programs Div, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. RP Lian, T (reprint author), Univ Calif Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Environm Programs Div, POB 808, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. NR 5 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY PI WARRENDALE PA 506 KEYSTONE DRIVE, WARRENDALE, PA 15088-7563 USA SN 0272-9172 BN 1-55899-462-9 J9 MATER RES SOC SYMP P PY 1999 VL 556 BP 1175 EP 1182 PG 4 WC Engineering, Environmental; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Nuclear Science & Technology SC Engineering; Materials Science; Nuclear Science & Technology GA BP22A UT WOS:000084437500145 ER PT S AU Goretta, KC Singh, D Tlustochowicz, M Cuber, MM Burdt, ML Jeong, SY Smith, TL Wagh, AS Routbort, JL AF Goretta, KC Singh, D Tlustochowicz, M Cuber, MM Burdt, ML Jeong, SY Smith, TL Wagh, AS Routbort, JL BE Wronkiewicz, DJ Lee, JH TI Erosion of magnesium potassium phosphate ceramic waste forms SO SCIENTIFIC BASIS FOR NUCLEAR WASTE MANAGEMENT XXII SE MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY SYMPOSIUM PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 22nd Symposium on Scientific Basis for Nuclear Waste Management held at the 1998 MRS Fall Meeting CY NOV 30-DEC 04, 1998 CL BOSTON, MA SP Geomatrix Consultants, Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Pacif NW Natl Lab, Sandia Natl Labs, SW Res Inst ID PARTICLE; IMPACT AB Phosphate-based chemically bonded ceramics were formed from magnesium potassium phosphate (MKP) binder and either industrial fly ash or steel slag. The resulting ceramics were subjected to solid-particle erosion by a stream of either angular Al2O3 particles or rounded SiO2 sand. Particle impact angles were 30 or 90 degrees and the impact velocity was 50 m/s. Steady-state erosion rates, measured as mass lost from a specimen per mass of impacting particle, were dependent on impact angle and on erodent particle size and shape. Material was lost by a combination of fracture mechanisms. Evolution of H2O from the MKP phase appeared to contribute significantly to the material loss. C1 Argonne Natl Lab, Div Energy Technol, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. RP Goretta, KC (reprint author), Argonne Natl Lab, Div Energy Technol, 9700 S Cass Ave, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. NR 26 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY PI WARRENDALE PA 506 KEYSTONE DRIVE, WARRENDALE, PA 15088-7563 USA SN 0272-9172 BN 1-55899-462-9 J9 MATER RES SOC SYMP P PY 1999 VL 556 BP 1253 EP 1260 PG 4 WC Engineering, Environmental; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Nuclear Science & Technology SC Engineering; Materials Science; Nuclear Science & Technology GA BP22A UT WOS:000084437500154 ER PT S AU Tingey, JM Bunker, BC Graff, GL Keefer, KD Lea, AS Rector, DR AF Tingey, JM Bunker, BC Graff, GL Keefer, KD Lea, AS Rector, DR BE Wronkiewicz, DJ Lee, JH TI Colloidal agglomerates in tank sludge and their impact on waste processing SO SCIENTIFIC BASIS FOR NUCLEAR WASTE MANAGEMENT XXII SE MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY SYMPOSIUM PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 22nd Symposium on Scientific Basis for Nuclear Waste Management held at the 1998 MRS Fall Meeting CY NOV 30-DEC 04, 1998 CL BOSTON, MA SP Geomatrix Consultants, Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Pacif NW Natl Lab, Sandia Natl Labs, SW Res Inst AB Disposal of millions of gallons of existing radioactive wastes in underground storage tanks is a major remediation activity for the United States Department of Energy. These wastes include a substantial volume of insoluble sludges consisting of submicron colloidal particles. Processing these sludges under the proposed processing conditions presents unique challenges in retrieval transport, separation, and solidification of these waste streams. Depending on processing conditions, these colloidal particles can form agglomerated networks having high viscosities that could clog transfer lines or produce high volumes of low-density sediments that interfere with solid-liquid separations. Under different conditions, these particles can be dispersed to form very fine suspended particles that do not settle. Given the wide range of waste chemistries present at Department of Energy sites, it is impractical to measure the properties of all treatment procedures. Under the current research activities, the underlying principles of colloid chemistry and physics are being studied to predict and eventually control the physical properties of sludge suspensions and sediment layers in tank wastes and other waste processing streams. Proposed tank processing strategies include retrieval transport, and solid-liquid separations in basic (pH 10 to 14), high ionic strength (0.1 to 1.0 M) salt solutions. The effect of salt concentration, ionic strength, and salt composition on the physical properties such as viscosity, agglomerate size, and sedimentation of model suspensions containing mixtures of one or two of the major components found in actual wastes have been measured to understand how agglomeration influences processing. Property models developed from theory and experiment on these simple suspensions are then applied to explain the results obtained on actual wastes. C1 Battelle Mem Inst, Pacific NW Natl Labs, Richland, WA 99352 USA. RP Tingey, JM (reprint author), Battelle Mem Inst, Pacific NW Natl Labs, POB 999, Richland, WA 99352 USA. OI Lea, Alan/0000-0002-4232-1553 NR 6 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY PI WARRENDALE PA 506 KEYSTONE DRIVE, WARRENDALE, PA 15088-7563 USA SN 0272-9172 BN 1-55899-462-9 J9 MATER RES SOC SYMP P PY 1999 VL 556 BP 1315 EP 1322 PG 4 WC Engineering, Environmental; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Nuclear Science & Technology SC Engineering; Materials Science; Nuclear Science & Technology GA BP22A UT WOS:000084437500162 ER PT B AU Parsa, Z AF Parsa, Z BE Sivasundaram, S TI Nonlinear dynamics maps, integrators and solitons SO SECOND INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON NONLINEAR PROBLEMS IN AVIATION & AEROSPACE VOL 1 AND 2 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2nd International Conference on Nonlinear Problems in Aviation and Aerospace CY APR 29-MAY 01, 1998 CL EMBRY RIDDLE AERONAUT UNIV, DAYTONA BEACH, FL SP Int Fed Nonlinear Analysts, Int Fed Informat Proc, Inst Elect & Electr Engineers Inc, Apollo Aerosp Int Inc, Embry Riddle Aeronaut Univ HO EMBRY RIDDLE AERONAUT UNIV ID FIELD AB For many physical systems of interest in various disciplines, the solution to nonlinear differential equations describing the physical systems can be generated using maps, symplectic integrators and solitons. We discuss these methods and apply them for various examples. C1 Brookhaven Natl Lab, Upton, NY 11973 USA. RP Parsa, Z (reprint author), Brookhaven Natl Lab, 901A, Upton, NY 11973 USA. NR 24 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU EUROPEAN CONFERENCE PUBLICATIONS PI CAMBRIDGE CB4 4RT PA PO BOX 806 COTTENHAM, CAMBRIDGE CB4 4RT, ENGLAND BN 0-9526643-1-3 PY 1999 BP 589 EP 599 PG 3 WC Automation & Control Systems; Engineering, Aerospace; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Mathematics, Applied SC Automation & Control Systems; Engineering; Mathematics GA BP59J UT WOS:000085602700068 ER PT B AU Trahan, MW Wagner, JS Stantz, KM Gray, PC Robinett, R AF Trahan, MW Wagner, JS Stantz, KM Gray, PC Robinett, R BE Sivasundaram, S TI Swarms of UAVs and fighter aircraft SO SECOND INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON NONLINEAR PROBLEMS IN AVIATION & AEROSPACE VOL 1 AND 2 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2nd International Conference on Nonlinear Problems in Aviation and Aerospace CY APR 29-MAY 01, 1998 CL EMBRY RIDDLE AERONAUT UNIV, DAYTONA BEACH, FL SP Int Fed Nonlinear Analysts, Int Fed Informat Proc, Inst Elect & Electr Engineers Inc, Apollo Aerosp Int Inc, Embry Riddle Aeronaut Univ HO EMBRY RIDDLE AERONAUT UNIV AB This paper describes the successful implementation of a model of swarm dynamics using particle simulation concepts. Several examples of the complex behaviors achieved in a target/interceptor scenario are presented. C1 Sandia Natl Labs, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. RP Trahan, MW (reprint author), Sandia Natl Labs, POB 5800,MS-1188, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. NR 6 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU EUROPEAN CONFERENCE PUBLICATIONS PI CAMBRIDGE CB4 4RT PA PO BOX 806 COTTENHAM, CAMBRIDGE CB4 4RT, ENGLAND BN 0-9526643-1-3 PY 1999 BP 745 EP 752 PG 4 WC Automation & Control Systems; Engineering, Aerospace; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Mathematics, Applied SC Automation & Control Systems; Engineering; Mathematics GA BP59J UT WOS:000085602700085 ER PT B AU Spahn, OB AF Spahn, OB BE Miller, AA Ebrahimzadeh, M Finlayson, DM TI Materials issues for vertical cavity surface emitting lasers (VCSEL) and edge emitting lasers (EEL) SO SEMICONDUCTOR QUANTUM OPTOELECTRONICS: FROM QUANTUM PHYSICS TO SMART DEVICES SE SUSSP PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 50th Scottish Universities Summer School in Physics on Semiconductor Quantum Optoelectronics - From Quantum Physics to Smart Devices CY JUN, 1998 CL ST ANDREWS, SCOTLAND SP NATO, European Community, Natl Sci Fdn, SUSSP ID DISTRIBUTED BRAGG REFLECTORS; WELL HETEROSTRUCTURE LASER; MOLECULAR-BEAM EPITAXY; WET THERMAL-OXIDATION; VAPOR-PHASE EPITAXY; QUANTUM-WELLS; SELECTIVE OXIDATION; LATERAL OXIDATION; ALGAAS LAYERS; WAVE-GUIDE C1 Sandia Natl Labs, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. RP Spahn, OB (reprint author), Sandia Natl Labs, MS 0603, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. NR 66 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SCOTTISH UNIV SUMMER SCHOOL PHYSICS PUBLICATIONS PI EDINBURGH PA EDINBURGH UNIV, PHYSICS DEPT KINGS BUILDING MAYFIELD RD, EDINBURGH EH9 3JZ, MIDLOTHIAN, SCOTLAND BN 0-7503-0628-9 J9 SUSSP PROC PY 1999 VL 50 BP 265 EP 294 PG 30 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Optics; Physics, Applied; Physics, Condensed Matter SC Engineering; Optics; Physics GA BN84Y UT WOS:000083184300008 ER PT S AU Feddema, J Lewis, C Klarer, P Eisler, R Caprihan, R AF Feddema, J Lewis, C Klarer, P Eisler, R Caprihan, R BE McKee, GT Schenker, PS TI Cooperative robotic sentry vehicles SO SENSOR FUSION AND DECENTRALIZED CONTROL IN ROBOTIC SYSTEMS II SE Proceedings of SPIE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Sensor Fusion and Decentralized Control in Robotic Systems II Conference CY SEP 19-20, 1999 CL BOSTON, MA SP SPIE DE mobile robots; cooperative control; distributed autonomous systems ID NONHOLONOMIC MOBILE ROBOTS AB As part of a project for the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency, Sandia National Laboratories' Intelligent Systems & Robotics Center is developing and testing the feasibility of a cooperative team of robotic sentry vehicles to guard a perimeter and to perform a surround task. This paper describes on-going activities in the development of these robotic sentry vehicles. To date, we have developed a robotic perimeter detection system which consists of eight "Roving All Terrain Lunar Explorer Rovers" (RATLER(TM)), a laptop-based base-station, and several Miniature Intrusion Detection Sensors (MIDS). A radio frequency receiver on each of the RATLER vehicles alerts the sentry vehicles of alarms from the hidden MIDS. When an alarm is received, each vehicle decides whether it should investigate the alarm based on the proximity of itself and the other vehicles to the alarm As one vehicle attends an alarm, the other vehicles adjust their position around the perimeter to better prepare for another alarm For the surround task both potential field and A* search path planners have been added to the base-station and vehicles. At the base-station, the operator specifies goal and exclusion regions on a GIS map. The path planner generates vehicle paths that are previewed by the operator. Once the operator has validated the path, the appropriate information is downloaded to the vehicles. For the potential field path planner, the polygons and line segments that represent the obstacles and goals are downloaded to the vehicles, instead of the simulated paths. On board the vehicles, the same potential field path planner generates the path except that it uses the true location of itself and the nearest neighboring vehicle. For the A* path planner, the actual path is downloaded to the vehicles because of limited on-board computational power. C1 Sandia Natl Labs, Intelligent Syst & Robot Ctr, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. RP Sandia Natl Labs, Intelligent Syst & Robot Ctr, POB 5800, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. NR 15 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-3432-9 J9 PROC SPIE PY 1999 VL 3839 BP 44 EP 54 DI 10.1117/12.360355 PG 11 WC Automation & Control Systems; Optics SC Automation & Control Systems; Optics GA BN92P UT WOS:000083488800005 ER PT S AU Parker, LE AF Parker, LE BE McKee, GT Schenker, PS TI A case study for life-long learning and adaptation in cooperative robot teams SO SENSOR FUSION AND DECENTRALIZED CONTROL IN ROBOTIC SYSTEMS II SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Sensor Fusion and Decentralized Control in Robotic Systems II Conference CY SEP 19-20, 1999 CL BOSTON, MA SP SPIE DE multi-robot learning; adaptation; multi-robot cooperation; robot teams AB While considerable progress has been made in recent years toward the development of multi-robot teams, much work remains to be done before these teams are used widely in real-world applications. Two particular needs toward this end are the development of mechanisms that enable robot teams to generate cooperative behaviors on their own, and the development of techniques that allow these teams to autonomously adapt their behavior over time as the environment or the robot team changes. This paper proposes the use of the Cooperative Multi-Robot Observation of Multiple Moving Targets (CMOMMT) application as a rich domain for studying the issues of multi-robot learning and adaptation. After discussing the need for learning and adaptation in multi-robot teams, this paper describes the CMOMMT application and its relevance to multi-robot learning. We discuss the results of the previously-developed, hand-generated algorithm for CMOMMT and the potential for learning that was discovered from the hand-generated approach. We then describe the early work that has been done (by us and others) to generate multi-robot learning techniques for the CMOMMT application, as well as our ongoing research to develop approaches that give performance as good, or better, than the hand-generated approach. The ultimate goal of this research is to develop techniques for multi-robot learning and adaptation in the CMOMMT application domain that will generalize to cooperative robot applications in other domains, thus making the practical use of multi-robot teams in a nide variety of real-world applications much closer to reality. C1 Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. RP Parker, LE (reprint author), Oak Ridge Natl Lab, POB 2008, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. NR 17 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-3432-9 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 1999 VL 3839 BP 92 EP 101 DI 10.1117/12.360329 PG 10 WC Automation & Control Systems; Optics SC Automation & Control Systems; Optics GA BN92P UT WOS:000083488800010 ER PT S AU Anderson, RJ Shirey, DL AF Anderson, RJ Shirey, DL BE McKee, GT Schenker, PS TI A modular telerobot control system for accident response SO SENSOR FUSION AND DECENTRALIZED CONTROL IN ROBOTIC SYSTEMS II SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Sensor Fusion and Decentralized Control in Robotic Systems II Conference CY SEP 19-20, 1999 CL BOSTON, MA SP SPIE AB The Accident Response Mobile Manipulator System (ARMMS) is a teleoperated emergency response vehicle that deploys two hydraulic manipulators, five cameras, and an array of sensors to the scene of an incident. It is operated from a remote base station that can be situated up to four kilometers away from the site. Recently, a modular telerobot control architecture called SMART (Sandia's Modular Architecture for Robotic and Teleoperation) was applied to ARMMS to improve the precision, safety, and operability of the manipulators on board. Using SMART, a prototype manipulator control system was developed in a couple of days, and an integrated working system was demonstrated within a couple of months. New capabilities such as camera-frame teleoperation, autonomous tool changeout and dual manipulator control have been incorporated The final system incorporates twenty-two seperate modules and implements seven different behavior modes. This paper describes the integration of SMART into the ARMMS system. C1 Sandia Natl Labs, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. RP Anderson, RJ (reprint author), Sandia Natl Labs, POB 5800,MS 1125, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. NR 6 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-3432-9 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 1999 VL 3839 BP 214 EP 222 DI 10.1117/12.360342 PG 9 WC Automation & Control Systems; Optics SC Automation & Control Systems; Optics GA BN92P UT WOS:000083488800021 ER PT S AU Lewis, C Feddema, J Klarer, P AF Lewis, C Feddema, J Klarer, P BE Carapezza, EM Law, DB TI Robotic perimeter detection system SO SENSORS, C31, INFORMATION, AND TRAINING TECHNOLOGIES FOR LAW ENFORCEMENT SE Proceedings of SPIE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Sensors, C31, Information, and Training Technologies for Law Enforcement CY NOV 03-05, 1998 CL BOSTON, MA SP Soc Photo Opt Instrumentat Engineers, Battelle, Pacific NW Natl Lab DE mobile robots; cooperative control; distributed autonomous systems AB Sandia National Labs is developing and testing a robotic perimeter detection system for Small Unit Operations (small groups of warfighters). The objective is to demonstrate the feasibility of using a cooperative team of robotic sentry vehicles to assist the warfighter in guarding military assets. Eight "Roving All Terrain Lunar Explorer Rovers" (RATLERs) have been built at Sandia and are being used as the test platform. A radio frequency receiver on each of the RATLERs alerts the sentry vehicles of alarms from hidden Miniature Intrusion Detection Sensors (MIDS). The MIDS currently deployed include seismic, magnetometer, passive and beam-break infrared sensors. Each RATLER keeps an internal state representation of each of the MIDS and of the other vehicles' locations. This representation is updated several times per second as the vehicles broadcast their current state and any alarms received. When an alarm is received, each vehicle looks at this state information and decides whether it should investigate the alarm based on the proximity of itself and the other vehicles to the alarm. As one vehicle attends an alarm, the other vehicles adjust their position around the perimeter to better prepare for another alarm. This cooperative team concept can significantly reduce the workload and increase the effectiveness of a single warfighter in the battlefield. Using robot vehicles makes the perimeter detection system easily mobilized for redeployment. C1 Sandia Natl Labs, Inst Syst & Robot Ctr, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. RP Sandia Natl Labs, Inst Syst & Robot Ctr, POB 5800, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. NR 13 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-3043-9 J9 PROC SPIE PY 1999 VL 3577 BP 14 EP 21 DI 10.1117/12.336960 PG 8 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Optics SC Engineering; Optics GA BM46J UT WOS:000078815100002 ER PT S AU Lockwood, G Shope, S Wehlburg, J Selph, M Jacobs, J AF Lockwood, G Shope, S Wehlburg, J Selph, M Jacobs, J BE Carapezza, EM Law, DB TI Bomb detection using backscattered X-rays SO SENSORS, C31, INFORMATION, AND TRAINING TECHNOLOGIES FOR LAW ENFORCEMENT SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Sensors, C31, Information, and Training Technologies for Law Enforcement CY NOV 03-05, 1998 CL BOSTON, MA SP Soc Photo Opt Instrumentat Engineers, Battelle, Pacific NW Natl Lab DE bomb detection; x-rays; explosives; radiography AB Currently the most common method to determine die contents of a package suspected of containing an explosive device is to use transmission radiography. This technique requires that an x-my source and film be placed on opposite sides of the package. Tills poses a problem if the package is placed so that only one side is accessible, such as against a waif. There is also a threat to personnel and property since explosive devices may be "booby trapped." We have developed a method to x-ray a package using backscattered x-rays. This procedure eliminates the use of film behind the target All of the detection is done from the same side as the source. When an object is subjected to x-rays, some of them are scattered back towards the source. The backscattering of x-rays is proportional to the atomic number (Z) of the material raised to die 4.1 power. This Z(4.1) dependence allows us to easily distinguish between explosives, wires, timer, batteries, and other bomb components. Backscatter experiments at Sandia National Laboratories have been conducted on mock bombs in packages. We are able to readily identify the bomb components. The images that are obtained in this procedure are done in real time and the image is displayed on a computer screen. C1 Sandia Natl Labs, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. RP Lockwood, G (reprint author), Sandia Natl Labs, POB 5800,MA1159, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. NR 2 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 2 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-3043-9 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 1999 VL 3577 BP 53 EP 61 DI 10.1117/12.336987 PG 9 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Optics SC Engineering; Optics GA BM46J UT WOS:000078815100006 ER PT S AU Burns, JG AF Burns, JG BE Carapezza, EM Law, DB TI Multi-level systems security and interoperability between differently classified networks SO SENSORS, C31, INFORMATION, AND TRAINING TECHNOLOGIES FOR LAW ENFORCEMENT SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Sensors, C31, Information, and Training Technologies for Law Enforcement CY NOV 03-05, 1998 CL BOSTON, MA SP Soc Photo Opt Instrumentat Engineers, Battelle, Pacific NW Natl Lab DE multi-level security; computer; network; Trusted Gate; authentication; encryption; system security; Secure ID; XDM; data guard AB This paper discusses technical challenges and concerns that must be resolved in order to implement a computer network security architecture for accessing differently classified data from a single network computer. Most multi-level security approaches utilize a trusted operating system (OS) to maintain data separation between differently classified data. The goal is to enable simultaneous or multiplexed viewing of differently classified data through a windows manager. However, application development costs are expensive due to strict compliance requirements imposed by secure (trusted) OS procedures. Furthermore, security mechanisms employed in a trusted OS sometimes preclude customer required features, and integrating government off-the-shelf(GOTS) software from competing vendors on one application server can be problematic. A computer system security architecture provides a superior alternative to the cumbersome and costly trusted OS approach for displaying differently classified data on the same computer screen. Given the proper security architecture, the system should be accredited for government use, liberating software programmers to apply modern development techniques without excessive concern over security. This will leave the developer more time to concentrate on code functionality and reduce the cost of GOTS applications. C1 Sandia Natl Labs, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. RP Burns, JG (reprint author), Sandia Natl Labs, POB 5800, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-3043-9 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 1999 VL 3577 BP 188 EP 199 DI 10.1117/12.336964 PG 12 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Optics SC Engineering; Optics GA BM46J UT WOS:000078815100019 ER PT S AU Stewart, HD Davis, ML Handy, DL Kvarfordt, KB Ford, G AF Stewart, HD Davis, ML Handy, DL Kvarfordt, KB Ford, G BE Carapezza, EM Law, DB TI A multimedia case management system implemented in Java SO SENSORS, C31, INFORMATION, AND TRAINING TECHNOLOGIES FOR LAW ENFORCEMENT SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Sensors, C31, Information, and Training Technologies for Law Enforcement CY NOV 03-05, 1998 CL BOSTON, MA SP Soc Photo Opt Instrumentat Engineers, Battelle, Pacific NW Natl Lab DE case management; Java; embedded database; object oriented; remote method invocation; software; multimedia; searching; NCIC; text retrieval AB Managing the timely access of information is a major challenge facing law enforcement agencies. One of the areas of greatest need is that of the case management process. During the course of FY98, the Office of National Drug Control Policy (ONDCP), the Counterdrug Technology Assessment Center (CTAC), the Idaho National Engineering and Environmental Laboratory (INEEL), and the Criminal Investigative Bureau (CIB) of the State of Idaho created a Northwest testbed to develop and integrate a multimedia case management system. A system was developed to assist investigators in tracking and maintaining investigative cases and improving access to internal and external data resources. In this paper, we discuss the results of our case management system development and the ability to present state and federal information incorporating object oriented and multimedia techniques. We then outline our plans for future research and development. C1 Idaho Natl Engn & Environm Lab, Idaho Falls, ID 83415 USA. RP Stewart, HD (reprint author), Idaho Natl Engn & Environm Lab, MS 3779, Idaho Falls, ID 83415 USA. NR 3 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-3043-9 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 1999 VL 3577 BP 200 EP 208 DI 10.1117/12.336965 PG 9 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Optics SC Engineering; Optics GA BM46J UT WOS:000078815100020 ER PT S AU Schurman, DL AF Schurman, DL BE Carapezza, EM Law, DB TI Use of risk management concepts in law enforcement settings SO SENSORS, C31, INFORMATION, AND TRAINING TECHNOLOGIES FOR LAW ENFORCEMENT SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Sensors, C31, Information, and Training Technologies for Law Enforcement CY NOV 03-05, 1998 CL BOSTON, MA SP Soc Photo Opt Instrumentat Engineers, Battelle, Pacific NW Natl Lab DE socio-political; risk analysis; risk assessment; risk management; social protest; HAZOPS AB Most senior police officials are competent when it comes to assessing and managing physical risk during the course of law enforcement activities. Some even have aptitude for managing socio-political risks, but they are much rarer and are usually found in larger departments who can afford to send senior officers to public speaking and media-management courses. There are tools that can be adapted from industrial safety to aid in managing socio-political risks in law enforcement activities. One such tool is the HAZards and OPerability Study (HAZOPS) tool(1). This tool is basically a systematic method of performing "what if" studies. This tool, and some others, are described in this paper. C1 Idaho Natl Engn & Environm Lab, Idaho Falls, ID 83425 USA. RP Schurman, DL (reprint author), Idaho Natl Engn & Environm Lab, Idaho Falls, ID 83425 USA. NR 2 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-3043-9 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 1999 VL 3577 BP 314 EP 318 DI 10.1117/12.336977 PG 5 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Optics SC Engineering; Optics GA BM46J UT WOS:000078815100030 ER PT S AU Overlin, TK AF Overlin, TK BE Carapezza, EM Law, DB TI Liability and the marketing of high-tech law enforcement technologies: The air bag and barrier strip stories SO SENSORS, C31, INFORMATION, AND TRAINING TECHNOLOGIES FOR LAW ENFORCEMENT SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Sensors, C31, Information, and Training Technologies for Law Enforcement CY NOV 03-05, 1998 CL BOSTON, MA SP Soc Photo Opt Instrumentat Engineers, Battelle, Pacific NW Natl Lab DE license; licensee; user; testing; market; field application AB This paper will present information regarding the fate of technologies developed in the National Laboratory, which were designed to meet a specific law enforcement user need, but were either successful in making it to market, or no so successful. The two examples, one successful and one not completely successful, will be presented in a perspective to provide discussion as to why their individual fates were as such. The two examples, air bag restraint and barrier strip, both law enforcement technologies, were both designed to meet a targeted need, and yet their success was different. One has been licensed to an industry partner and is currently on the shelf for purchase. The other is awaiting a licensee and its future is still undetermined The purpose of this paper is to discuss the specific paths these technologies have taken to market, and to demonstrate that even when researchers have a good idea, their technology may never make it to the shelf. This paper also addresses some of the pitfalls of what occurs when researchers are too distant from the user community and what that distance can do to a successful or unsuccessful technology. Understanding this process is essential to the user communities that anticipate the market of technologies that they often help assist with or provide insight to. It is also important for users and manufacturers to understand why the research and development process can take years and why some things do not fully actualize in accepted technologies. C1 Idaho Natl Engn & Environm Lab, Idaho Falls, ID USA. RP Overlin, TK (reprint author), Idaho Natl Engn & Environm Lab, Idaho Falls, ID USA. NR 6 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-3043-9 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 1999 VL 3577 BP 319 EP 326 DI 10.1117/12.336978 PG 8 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Optics SC Engineering; Optics GA BM46J UT WOS:000078815100031 ER PT S AU Overlin, TK Kirsch, AD AF Overlin, TK Kirsch, AD BE Carapezza, EM Law, DB TI From concept to commodity: The licensing of technologies from a national laboratory to the private sector SO SENSORS, C31, INFORMATION, AND TRAINING TECHNOLOGIES FOR LAW ENFORCEMENT SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Sensors, C31, Information, and Training Technologies for Law Enforcement CY NOV 03-05, 1998 CL BOSTON, MA SP Soc Photo Opt Instrumentat Engineers, Battelle, Pacific NW Natl Lab DE proof of concept; intellectual property; license; production; field use; marketing; prototype; human subject testing AB This purpose of this paper is to provide information regarding the development process of a technology which is conceived of in a federal laboratory, and show the path the technology will take, from the conceptual stage to being packaged and located on the shelf for purchase. This process, although somewhat complex in terms of time and effort, is the pathway followed by laboratory research and development staff when they take an idea, develop it into a technology prototype and transfer it to industry for final development and production. This pathway is at times a straightforward effort, and at other times it is a complicated path By providing an understanding of this process, it is hoped that law enforcement practitioners and private sector law enforcement technology providers who seek technology transfer from federal facilities, will better understand why the duration between concept and commodity is often so long and why the licensing process is so complicated. This understanding it is hoped, will better explain why some ideas remain in the laboratory for several years, waiting the final licensing, and why this process does take time. This paper also briefly addresses the complexities of public funding of technologies, the complexities of testing (especially where humans are involved) and the cooperative agreements that often associate technology transfer. C1 Idaho Natl Engn & Environm Lab, Idaho Falls, ID USA. RP Overlin, TK (reprint author), Idaho Natl Engn & Environm Lab, Idaho Falls, ID USA. NR 10 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-3043-9 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 1999 VL 3577 BP 337 EP 344 DI 10.1117/12.336981 PG 8 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Optics SC Engineering; Optics GA BM46J UT WOS:000078815100034 ER PT S AU Yates, GJ Pena, CR McDonald, TE Gallegos, RA Numkena, D Turko, BT Ziska, G Millaud, J Diaz, R Buckley, J Anthony, G Araki, T Larson, E AF Yates, GJ Pena, CR McDonald, TE Gallegos, RA Numkena, D Turko, BT Ziska, G Millaud, J Diaz, R Buckley, J Anthony, G Araki, T Larson, E BE Blouke, MM Williams, GM TI High speed optical shutter coupled to fast readout CCD camera SO SENSORS, CAMERAS, AND SYSTEMS FOR SCIENTIFIC/INDUSTRIAL APPLICATIONS SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Sensors, Cameras, and Systems for Scientific/Industrial Applications CY JAN 25-26, 1999 CL SAN JOSE, CA SP Soc Imaging Sci & Technol, Soc Photo Opt Instrumentat Engineers DE multiport CCD; stripline MCPIIs; 4KHz frame rates; 200ps image shutters; real time MCP gate and gain controls AB A high frame rate optically shuttered CCD camera for radiometric imaging of transient optical phenomena has been designed and several prototypes fabricated, which are now in evaluation phase. The camera design incorporates stripline geometry image intensifiers for ultra fast image shutters capable of 200ps exposures. The intensifiers are fiber optically coupled to a multiport CCD capable of 75MHz pixel clocking to achieve 4KHz frame rate for 512 x 512 pixels from simultaneous readout of 16 individual segments of the CCD array. The intensifier, Philips XX1412MH/E03, is generically a Generation II proximity-focused micro channel plate intensifier (MCPII) redesigned for high speed gating by Los Alamos National Laboratory and manufactured by Philips Components. The CCD is a Reticon HS0512J split storage with bi-directional vertical readout architecture. The camera mainframe is designed utilizing a multilayer motherboard for transporting CCD video signals and clocks via imbedded stripline buses designed for 100MHz operation. The MCPII gate duration and gain variables are controlled and measured in real time and up-dated for data logging each frame, with 10-bit resolution, selectable either locally or by computer. The camera provides both analog and 10-bit digital video. The camera's architecture, salient design characteristics, and current test data depicting resolution, dynamic range, shutter sequences, and image reconstruction will be presented and discussed. C1 Univ Calif Los Alamos Natl Lab, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. RP Yates, GJ (reprint author), Univ Calif Los Alamos Natl Lab, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. NR 12 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-3120-6 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 1999 VL 3649 BP 22 EP 30 DI 10.1117/12.347081 PG 9 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BN09V UT WOS:000080682200003 ER PT S AU Groom, DE Holland, SE Levi, ME Palaio, NP Perlmutter, S Stover, RJ Wei, M AF Groom, DE Holland, SE Levi, ME Palaio, NP Perlmutter, S Stover, RJ Wei, M BE Blouke, MM Williams, GM TI Quantum efficiency of a back-illuminated CCD imager: An optical approach SO SENSORS, CAMERAS, AND SYSTEMS FOR SCIENTIFIC/INDUSTRIAL APPLICATIONS SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Sensors, Cameras, and Systems for Scientific/Industrial Applications CY JAN 25-26, 1999 CL SAN JOSE, CA SP Soc Imaging Sci & Technol, Soc Photo Opt Instrumentat Engineers DE CCD; high resistivity; fully depleted; astronomical; Lick Observatory; Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory ID SPECTROSCOPIC ELLIPSOMETRY; SILICON; OXIDE AB We have developed an optical approach for modeling the quantum efficiency (QE) of back-illuminated CCD optical imagers for astronomy. Beyond its simplicity, it has the advantage of providing a complete fringing description for a real ( Nide-aperture) system. Standard thin-film calculations are extended by (a) considering the CCD itself as a thin film, and (b) treating the refractive index as complex. The QE is approximated as the fraction of the light neither transmitted nor reflected, which basically says that all absorbed photons produce e-h pairs and each photoproduced e or h is collected (recombination is negligible). Near-surface effects relevant to blue response must still be treated by standard semiconductor modeling methods. A simple analytic expression describes the QE of a CCD without antireflective (AR) coatings. With AR coatings the system is more easily described by transfer matrix methods. A two-layer AR coating is tuned to give a reasonable description of standard thinned CCD's, while the measured QE of prototype LBNL totally-depleted thick CCD's is well described with no adjustable parameters. Application to the new LBNL CCD's indicates that these devices will have QE > 70% at lambda = 1000 nm and negligible fringing in optical systems faster than similar to f4.0. C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. RP Groom, DE (reprint author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. RI Holland, Stephen/H-7890-2013 NR 25 TC 30 Z9 30 U1 0 U2 3 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-3120-6 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 1999 VL 3649 BP 80 EP 90 DI 10.1117/12.347079 PG 11 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BN09V UT WOS:000080682200010 ER PT J AU Blake, DM Maness, PC Huang, Z Wolfrum, EJ Huang, J Jacoby, WA AF Blake, DM Maness, PC Huang, Z Wolfrum, EJ Huang, J Jacoby, WA TI Application of the photocatalytic chemistry of titanium dioxide to disinfection and the killing of cancer cells SO SEPARATION AND PURIFICATION METHODS LA English DT Review ID DIESEL EXHAUST PARTICLES; MUNICIPAL WASTE-WATER; ESCHERICHIA-COLI; PULMONARY RESPONSE; HETEROGENEOUS PHOTOCATALYSIS; BACTERICIDAL ACTIVITY; MICROBIAL-CELLS; TIO2 PARTICLES; IN-VITRO; SEMICONDUCTOR PHOTOCATALYSIS AB This article will review the work that has been published on disinfection and the killing of cancer cells using photocatalytic chemistry with titanium dioxide (TiO2). This is an application of photocatalytic chemistry that has been under active investigation since 1985. Because the nature of the research is such that it brings together disparate disciplines, this review provides background on photocatalytic chemistry, fundamental characteristics of target organisms, potential applications, and the toxicology of titanium dioxide. Literature identified in searches done through September 1998 is included. C1 Natl Renewable Energy Lab, Golden, CO 80401 USA. Univ Missouri, Dept Chem Engn, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. RP Blake, DM (reprint author), Natl Renewable Energy Lab, 1617 Cole Blvd, Golden, CO 80401 USA. NR 217 TC 355 Z9 365 U1 3 U2 58 PU MARCEL DEKKER INC PI NEW YORK PA 270 MADISON AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10016 USA SN 0360-2540 J9 SEPAR PURIF METHOD JI Sep. Purif. Methods PY 1999 VL 28 IS 1 BP 1 EP 50 DI 10.1080/03602549909351643 PG 50 WC Chemistry, Analytical; Engineering, Chemical SC Chemistry; Engineering GA 205EG UT WOS:000080807900001 ER PT J AU Nash, KL AF Nash, KL TI Aqueous complexes in separations of f-elements: Options and strategies for future development SO SEPARATION SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 10th Symposium on Separation Science and Technology for Energy Applications CY OCT 20-24, 1997 CL GATLINBURG, TENNESSEE SP Oak Ridge Natl Lab, US DOE, Amer Chem Soc, Amer Inst Chem Engineers, Separat Div ID METHANE DIPHOSPHONIC ACIDS; STABILITY-CONSTANTS; EXTRACTION; WASTE AB Powerful and/or selective extractant molecules/sorbents are a necessary component of efficient metal ion separation processes. However, selectivity in extraction and efficiency in process design often rely on reactions occurring in or moderated by the aqueous medium. This report describes the role of the aqueous phase and reactions that occur in aquo in defining separation efficiency and metal ion selectivity. As our programmatic focus is on actinide solution chemistry, the separations chemistry of the f-elements will be used to illustrate the principal role of aqueous chemistry in metal ion separations. Most of the arguments developed apply to metal ion separations chemistry and processes in general. The discussion will emphasize the role of complexation and the effect of properties of the aqueous medium on separation efficiency and selectivity. Historically important separations processes will be considered along with recent efforts in our laboratories to design and characterize new water soluble complexants for improved f element separations. C1 Argonne Natl Lab, Div Chem, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. RP Nash, KL (reprint author), Argonne Natl Lab, Div Chem, 9700 S Cass Ave, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. NR 25 TC 22 Z9 22 U1 1 U2 4 PU MARCEL DEKKER INC PI NEW YORK PA 270 MADISON AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10016 USA SN 0149-6395 J9 SEPAR SCI TECHNOL JI Sep. Sci. Technol. PY 1999 VL 34 IS 6-7 BP 911 EP 929 DI 10.1080/01496399908951073 PG 19 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Engineering, Chemical SC Chemistry; Engineering GA 204RC UT WOS:000080777100004 ER PT J AU Chiarizia, R Dietz, ML Horwitz, EP Burnett, WC Cable, PH AF Chiarizia, R Dietz, ML Horwitz, EP Burnett, WC Cable, PH TI Radium separation through complexation by aqueous crown ethers and ion exchange or solvent extraction SO SEPARATION SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 10th Symposium on Separation Science and Technology for Energy Applications CY OCT 20-24, 1997 CL GATLINBURG, TENNESSEE SP Oak Ridge Natl Lab, US DOE, Amer Chem Soc, Amer Inst Chem Engineers, Separat Div ID SULFONIC-ACID; CHROMATOGRAPHIC RESIN; METAL-IONS; STRONTIUM; PRECONCENTRATION; DICYCLOHEXANO-18-CROWN-6; SYSTEM; SIZE AB The effect of three water-soluble, unsubstituted crown ethers (15-crown-5 (15C5), 18-crown-6 (18C6) and 21-crown-7 (21C7)) on the uptake of Ca, Sr, Ba and Ra cations by a sulfonic acid cation exchange resin, and on the extraction of the same cations by xylene solutions of dinonylnaphthalenesulfonic acid (HDNNS) from aqueous hydrochloric acid solutions has been investigated. The crown ethers enhance the sorption of the larger cations by the ion exchange resin, thereby improving the resin selectivity over calcium, a result of a synergistic interaction between the crown ether and the ionic functional groups of the resin. Similarly, the extraction of the larger alkaline earth cations into xylene by HDNNS is strongly synergized by the presence of the crown ethers in the aqueous phase. Promising results for intra-Group IIa cation separations have been obtained using each of the three crown ethers as the aqueous ligands and the sulfonic acid cation exchange resin. Even greater separation factors for the radium - calcium couple have been measured with the crown-ethers and HDNNS solutions in the solvent extraction mode. The application of the uptake and extraction results to the development of radium separation schemes is discussed and a possible flowchart for the determination of Ra-226/Ra-228 in natural waters is presented. C1 Argonne Natl Lab, Div Chem, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. Florida State Univ, Dept Oceanog, Tallahassee, FL 32306 USA. RP Chiarizia, R (reprint author), Argonne Natl Lab, Div Chem, 9700 S Cass Ave, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. NR 27 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 3 U2 10 PU MARCEL DEKKER INC PI NEW YORK PA 270 MADISON AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10016 USA SN 0149-6395 J9 SEPAR SCI TECHNOL JI Sep. Sci. Technol. PY 1999 VL 34 IS 6-7 BP 931 EP 950 DI 10.1081/SS-100100690 PG 20 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Engineering, Chemical SC Chemistry; Engineering GA 204RC UT WOS:000080777100005 ER PT J AU TeGrotenhuis, WE Cameron, RJ Butcher, MG Martin, PM Wegeng, RS AF TeGrotenhuis, WE Cameron, RJ Butcher, MG Martin, PM Wegeng, RS TI Microchannel devices for efficient contacting of liquids in solvent extraction SO SEPARATION SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 10th Symposium on Separation Science and Technology for Energy Applications CY OCT 20-24, 1997 CL GATLINBURG, TENNESSEE SP Oak Ridge Natl Lab, US DOE, Amer Chem Soc, Amer Inst Chem Engineers, Separat Div AB Microchannel devices were designed and tested for efficient contacting of two liquids in solvent extraction, and the results are presented. This study is part of an overall effort to produce and demonstrate efficient compact devices for chemical separations. Engineering these devices at the microscale offers many technical advantages. Achieving high contact area per unit system volume, thin-film contacting, and establishing uniform flow distribution result in substantially higher throughput per total system volume over conventional technologies. Theoretical calculations are presented that provide insight into the relative importance of various resistances to mass transfer, as well as their relationship to overall performance of the microchannel devices. Experimental results are presented for device performance using both commercial polymeric membranes and micromachined contactor plates for stabilizing the liquid-liquid interface. These results indicate that current-generation micromachined plates perform as well as commercial membranes, with substantial potential for improvement. C1 Pacific NW Lab, Richland, WA 99352 USA. RP TeGrotenhuis, WE (reprint author), Pacific NW Lab, POB 999, Richland, WA 99352 USA. NR 19 TC 38 Z9 40 U1 1 U2 9 PU MARCEL DEKKER INC PI NEW YORK PA 270 MADISON AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10016 USA SN 0149-6395 J9 SEPAR SCI TECHNOL JI Sep. Sci. Technol. PY 1999 VL 34 IS 6-7 BP 951 EP 974 DI 10.1080/01496399908951075 PG 24 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Engineering, Chemical SC Chemistry; Engineering GA 204RC UT WOS:000080777100006 ER PT J AU Webb, OF Boll, RA Lucero, AJ DePaoli, DW AF Webb, OF Boll, RA Lucero, AJ DePaoli, DW TI Purification of thorium from uranium-233 process residue SO SEPARATION SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 10th Symposium on Separation Science and Technology for Energy Applications CY OCT 20-24, 1997 CL GATLINBURG, TENNESSEE SP Oak Ridge Natl Lab, US DOE, Amer Chem Soc, Amer Inst Chem Engineers, Separat Div AB Thorium-229 can be used to produce Bi-213. Researchers in phase I human trials are investigating the use of antibodies labeled with Bi-213 for selectively destroying leukemia cells. Other types of cancer may potentially be treated using similar approaches. Crude Th-229 was liberated from Rachig rings by sonication in 7.5 M HNO3 followed by filtration. Contaminants included significant levels of uranium, a number of other metals, and radiolytic by-products of di-(2-butyl) phosphoric acid extractant (which was used in the original separation of U-233 from thorium). Thorium was selectively retained on Reillex HPQ anion-exchange resin from 7.5 MHNO3 at 65 degrees C, where U(VI), Ac(III), Fe(III), Al(III), Ra(II), and Pb(II) were eluted. Thorium and uranium isotherms on Reillex HPQ are reported. The thorium was then easily eluted from the bed with 0.1 M HNO3. To overcome mass transfer limitations of the resin, the separation was conducted at 65 degrees C. The resin stood up well to use over several campaigns. Other researchers have reported that HPQ has excellent radiological and chemical stability. The eluted thorium was further purified by hydroxide precipitation from the organic contaminants. This process yielded 65 mCi of Th-229. C1 Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. RP Webb, OF (reprint author), Oak Ridge Natl Lab, POB 2008,MS-6046, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. RI Boll, Rose/C-4138-2016 OI Boll, Rose/0000-0003-2507-4834 NR 12 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 3 PU MARCEL DEKKER INC PI NEW YORK PA 270 MADISON AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10016 USA SN 0149-6395 J9 SEPAR SCI TECHNOL JI Sep. Sci. Technol. PY 1999 VL 34 IS 6-7 BP 975 EP 985 DI 10.1081/SS-100100692 PG 11 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Engineering, Chemical SC Chemistry; Engineering GA 204RC UT WOS:000080777100007 ER PT J AU Birdwell, JF AF Birdwell, JF TI Uranium extraction selectivities of dibutyl carbitol and tributyl phosphate in the system UO2(NO3)(2)-HNO3-H2O-Al(NO3)(3)-solvent SO SEPARATION SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 10th Symposium on Separation Science and Technology for Energy Applications CY OCT 20-24, 1997 CL GATLINBURG, TENNESSEE SP Oak Ridge Natl Lab, US DOE, Amer Chem Soc, Amer Inst Chem Engineers, Separat Div AB Historically, both the BUTEX (dibutyl carbitol-based) and PUREX (tributyl phosphate-based) processes have been used for uranium recovery and purification. Currently, BUTEX- and PUREX-type extraction processes are being used in series for recovery of isotopically enriched uranium at the Oak Ridge Y-12 Plant. The use of two solvents is predicated on the differing selectivities of each with regard to the contaminant elements present in the uranium source stream. As part of efforts to streamline plant operations in response to decreasing throughput requirements, the Y-12 Development Division is evaluating options for converting the existing two-solvent operation to a single-solvent process. At the request of the Y-12 Development Division, the Robotics and Process Division at the Oak Ridge National Laboratory has undertaken evaluation of solvents for use in a single-solvent recovery process. Initial efforts have been directed toward development of a single-solvent, dibutyl carbitol- or tributyl phosphate-based process that produces a product with purity equal to or exceeding what is currently obtained in the two-cycle, two-solvent operation. The test effort has involved both laboratory equilibrium determinations and engineering-scale process demonstrations in multistage flowsheets using centrifugal solvent extraction contactors. Excellent uranium recovery results have been obtained from both dibutyl carbitol- and tributyl phosphate-based solvent extraction flowsheets. Contaminant rejection performance by the two solvents is similar for many of the elements considered. Extraction of some contaminant elements by tributyl phosphate is significant enough to conclude that the solvent is not as selective for uranium as is dibutyl carbitol. This determination does not necessarily eliminate: tributyl phosphate from consideration for use in a single-solvent process but does indicate a need for effective scrubbing of contaminants from uranium-loaded tributyl phosphate, possibly by partial reflux of the purified, aqueous uranyl nitrate product solution. C1 Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Robot & Proc Syst Div, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. RP Birdwell, JF (reprint author), Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Robot & Proc Syst Div, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. NR 7 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 2 PU MARCEL DEKKER INC PI NEW YORK PA 270 MADISON AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10016 USA SN 0149-6395 J9 SEPAR SCI TECHNOL JI Sep. Sci. Technol. PY 1999 VL 34 IS 6-7 BP 987 EP 1006 PG 20 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Engineering, Chemical SC Chemistry; Engineering GA 204RC UT WOS:000080777100008 ER PT J AU Spencer, BB Egan, BZ Beahm, EC Chase, CW Dillow, TA AF Spencer, BB Egan, BZ Beahm, EC Chase, CW Dillow, TA TI Dissolution of ORNL HLW sludge and partitioning of the actinides using the TRUEX process SO SEPARATION SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 10th Symposium on Separation Science and Technology for Energy Applications CY OCT 20-24, 1997 CL GATLINBURG, TENNESSEE SP Oak Ridge Natl Lab, US DOE, Amer Chem Soc, Amer Inst Chem Engineers, Separat Div ID AQUEOUS-SOLUTIONS; NITRIC-ACID; MEDIA AB Experiments were conducted to evaluate acid dissolution of actual high-level radioactive waste sludge and to evaluate the transuranium extraction (TRUEX) process for partitioning actinides from the dissolved sludge solution. All tests were performed at a temperature of 24 degrees C. Samples of sludge from Melton Valley Storage Tank W-25 were rinsed with mild caustic (0.2 MNaOH) to reduce the concentrations of nitrates and fission products associated with the interstitial liquid. In one campaign, the rinsed sludge was leached in nitric acid and about 50% of the dry mass of the sludge was dissolved. The resulting solution contained total metal concentrations of similar to 1.8 M with a nitric acid concentration of 2.9 M. The solution began gelling immediately, and a visible gel layer was observed after 8 days. In the other campaign, the sludge was neutralized with nitric acid to destroy the carbonates and was subsequently leached with 2.6 M NaOH for similar to 6 h before rinsing with the mild caustic. The sludge was then leached in nitric acid, and about 80% of the sludge dissolved. The resulting solution contained a total cation concentration (excluding H+) of similar to 0.6 M and a nitric acid concentration of 1.7 M. This solution became hazy in similar to 8 days, indicating gel formation, but did not display separated gel layers after aging for 20 days. Batch liquid-liquid equilibrium tests of the extraction and the stripping operations were conducted. Chemical analyses of both phases were used to evaluate the process. Evaluation was based on two metrics: the fraction of TRU elements removed from the dissolved sludge, and comparison of the results with predictions made with the Generic TRUEX Model (GTM). The fractions of Eu, Pu, Cm, Th, and U removed from aqueous solution in only one extraction stage were >95% and were close to the values predicted by the GTM. Mercury was also found to be strongly extracted, with a one-stage removal of >92%. In one test, vanadiunm appeared to be moderately extracted. C1 Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Robot & Proc Syst Div, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Div Chem Technol, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. RP Spencer, BB (reprint author), Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Robot & Proc Syst Div, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. NR 18 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU MARCEL DEKKER INC PI NEW YORK PA 270 MADISON AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10016 USA SN 0149-6395 J9 SEPAR SCI TECHNOL JI Sep. Sci. Technol. PY 1999 VL 34 IS 6-7 BP 1021 EP 1042 PG 22 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Engineering, Chemical SC Chemistry; Engineering GA 204RC UT WOS:000080777100010 ER PT J AU Leonard, RA Conner, C Liberatore, MW Bonnesen, PV Presley, DJ Moyer, BA Lumetta, GJ AF Leonard, RA Conner, C Liberatore, MW Bonnesen, PV Presley, DJ Moyer, BA Lumetta, GJ TI Developing and testing an alkaline-side solvent extraction process for technetium separation from tank waste SO SEPARATION SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 10th Symposium on Separation Science and Technology for Energy Applications CY OCT 20-24, 1997 CL GATLINBURG, TENNESSEE SP Oak Ridge Natl Lab, US DOE, Amer Chem Soc, Amer Inst Chem Engineers, Separat Div ID STAGEWISE AB Engineering development and testing of the SRTALK solvent extraction process are discussed in this paper. This process provides a way to carry out alkaline-side removal and recovery of technetium in the form of pertechnetate anion from nuclear waste tanks within the DOE complex. The SRTALK extractant consists of a crown ether, bis-4,4'(5')[(tert-butyl)cyclohexano]-18-crown-6, in a modifier, tributyl phosphate, and a diluent, Isopar(R)L. The SRTALK flowsheet given here separates technetium from the waste and concentrates it by a factor of ten to minimize the load on the downstream evaporator for the technetium effluent. In this work, we initially generated and correlated the technetium extraction data, measured the dispersion number for various processing conditions, and determined hydraulic performance in a single-stage 2-cm centrifugal contactor. Then we used extraction-factor analysis, single-stage contactor tests, and stage-to-stage process calculations to develop a SRTALK flowsheet. Key features of the flowsheet are (1) a low organic-to-aqueous (O/A) flow ratio in the extraction section and a high O/A flow ratio in the strip section to concentrate the technetium and (2) the use of a scrub section to reduce the salt load in the concentrated technetium effluent. Finally, the SRTALK process was evaluated in a multistage test using a synthetic tank waste. This test was very successful. Initial batch tests with actual waste from the Hanford nuclear waste tanks show the same technetium extcactability as determined with the synthetic waste feed. Therefore, technetinm removal From actual tank wastes should also work well using the SRTALK process. C1 Argonne Natl Lab, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. Pacific NW Lab, Richland, WA 99352 USA. RP Leonard, RA (reprint author), Argonne Natl Lab, 9700 S Cass Ave, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. RI Solominow, Sonia/A-4021-2008; Bonnesen, Peter/A-1889-2016; Moyer, Bruce/L-2744-2016; Liberatore, Matthew/B-6828-2008 OI Bonnesen, Peter/0000-0002-1397-8281; Moyer, Bruce/0000-0001-7484-6277; NR 13 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 1 U2 7 PU MARCEL DEKKER INC PI NEW YORK PA 270 MADISON AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10016 USA SN 0149-6395 J9 SEPAR SCI TECHNOL JI Sep. Sci. Technol. PY 1999 VL 34 IS 6-7 BP 1043 EP 1068 DI 10.1080/01496399908951080 PG 26 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Engineering, Chemical SC Chemistry; Engineering GA 204RC UT WOS:000080777100011 ER PT J AU Kaminski, MD Nunez, L Visser, AE AF Kaminski, MD Nunez, L Visser, AE TI Evaluation of extractant-coated ferromagnetic microparticles for the recovery of hazardous metals from waste solution SO SEPARATION SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 10th Symposium on Separation Science and Technology for Energy Applications CY OCT 20-24, 1997 CL GATLINBURG, TENNESSEE SP Oak Ridge Natl Lab, US DOE, Amer Chem Soc, Amer Inst Chem Engineers, Separat Div ID ASSISTED CHEMICAL-SEPARATION; IMPREGNATED RESINS; ACID; ZN(II); CU(II); CD(II); MEDIA AB A magnetically assisted chemical separation (MACS) process developed at Argonne National Laboratory is a compact method for the extraction of transuranic (TRU) metals from, and volume reduction of, Liquid waste streams that exist at many DOE sites. The MACS process utilized the selectivity afforded by solvent extractant/ion-exchange materials in conjunction with magnetic separation to provide a more efficient chemical separation. Recently, the principle of the MACS process has been extended to the evaluation of acidic organophosphorus extractants for hazardous metal recovery from waste solutions. Moreover, process scale-up design issues were addressed in respect to particle filtration and recovery. Two acidic organophosphorus compounds have been investigated for hazardous metal recovery, bis(2,4,4-trimethylpentyl) phosphinic acid (Cyanex(R) 272) and bis(2,4,4-trimethylpentyl) dithiophosphinic acid (Cyanex(R) 301). These extractants coated onto magnetic microparticles demonstrated superior recovery of hazardous metals from solution as compared with data from solvent extraction experiments. The results illustrate the possibility for diverse applications of this technology far dilute waste streams. Preliminary process scale-up experiments with a high-gradient magnetic separator at Oak Ridge National Laboratory revealed the potential for very low microparticle loss rates. C1 Univ Illinois, Dept Nucl Engn, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. Argonne Natl Lab, Div Chem Technol, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. RP Kaminski, MD (reprint author), Univ Illinois, Dept Nucl Engn, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. NR 23 TC 30 Z9 31 U1 4 U2 9 PU MARCEL DEKKER INC PI NEW YORK PA 270 MADISON AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10016 USA SN 0149-6395 J9 SEPAR SCI TECHNOL JI Sep. Sci. Technol. PY 1999 VL 34 IS 6-7 BP 1103 EP 1120 DI 10.1081/SS-100100699 PG 18 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Engineering, Chemical SC Chemistry; Engineering GA 204RC UT WOS:000080777100014 ER PT J AU Chen, XB Feng, XD Liu, J Fryxell, GE Gong, ML AF Chen, XB Feng, XD Liu, J Fryxell, GE Gong, ML TI Mercury separation and immobilization using self-assembled monolayers on mesoporous supports (SAMMS) SO SEPARATION SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 10th Symposium on Separation Science and Technology for Energy Applications CY OCT 20-24, 1997 CL GATLINBURG, TENNESSEE SP Oak Ridge Natl Lab, US DOE, Amer Chem Soc, Amer Inst Chem Engineers, Separat Div ID REMOVAL; ADSORPTION; GOETHITE AB Mercury (Hg) is one of the most toxic metals found in the environment. The purpose of this study was to investigate the performance of an innovative technology, self-assembled monolayers on mesoporous supports (SAMMS), in separating and immobilizing Hg from aqueous solutions. The high surface area of the mesoporous silica and the covalent binding between the thiol (-SH) group in SAMMS and Hg in solution provide SAMMS with distinctive advantages over existing technologies. The results show that (i) the Hg removal is kinetically quite rapid, (ii) the sorption data follow Langmuir isotherms, (iii) the maximum sorption capacity could be up to 613 mg of Hg per gram of SAMMS, (iv) SAMMS was able to reduce Hg concentrations to below the national pollution discharge emission standard level (12 ppt), (v) the Hg-laden SAMMS was stable in aqueous solution at 70 degrees C, and (vi) the Hg-laden SAMMS was able to pass TCLP (Toxicity Characterization Leaching Procedure) tests of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. The results, therefore, suggest that SAMMS has a strong potential to be used for the removal and immobilization of Hg and that the Hg-laden SAMMS is suitable for longterm disposal. C1 Pacific NW Lab, Richland, WA 99352 USA. RP Feng, XD (reprint author), Pacific NW Lab, POB 999, Richland, WA 99352 USA. NR 21 TC 68 Z9 68 U1 0 U2 11 PU MARCEL DEKKER INC PI NEW YORK PA 270 MADISON AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10016 USA SN 0149-6395 J9 SEPAR SCI TECHNOL JI Sep. Sci. Technol. PY 1999 VL 34 IS 6-7 BP 1121 EP 1132 DI 10.1081/SS-100100700 PG 12 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Engineering, Chemical SC Chemistry; Engineering GA 204RC UT WOS:000080777100015 ER PT J AU Walker, JF Taylor, PA Lee, DD AF Walker, JF Taylor, PA Lee, DD TI Cesium removal from high-pH, high-salt wastewater using crystalline silicotitanate sorbent SO SEPARATION SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 10th Symposium on Separation Science and Technology for Energy Applications CY OCT 20-24, 1997 CL GATLINBURG, TENNESSEE SP Oak Ridge Natl Lab, US DOE, Amer Chem Soc, Amer Inst Chem Engineers, Separat Div AB Treatment and disposal options for Department of Energy (DOE) underground storage tank waste at Hanford, Savannah River, Idaho National Engineering and Environmental Laboratory (INEEL), and Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) are limited by high gamma radiation fields that are produced by high concentrations of cesium in the waste. Treatment methods are needed to remove the cesium from the liquid waste and thus concentrate the cesium into high-activity, remote-handled waste forms. The treated liquids could then be processed and disposed of by more cost-effective means with less radiation exposure to workers. A full-scale demonstration of one cesium removal technology has been conducted at ORNL. This demonstration utilizes a modular, mobile ion-exchange system and existing facilities for the off-gas system, secondary containment, and utilities. The ion-exchange material, crystalline silicotitanate (CST), was chosen on the basis of its effectiveness in laboratory tests. The CST, which was developed through a Cooperative Research and Development Agreement between DOE and private industry, has several advantages over current organic ion-exchange technologies. These advantages include (1) the ability to remove cesium in the presence of high concentrations of potassium, (2) a high affinity for cesium in both alkaline and acidic conditions, (3) physical stability over wide alkaline and acidic ranges, and (4) the elimination of large volumes of secondary waste required for regeneration of organic ion exchangers. Approximately 116,000 L of supernate was processed during the demonstration with similar to 1,142 Ci of Cs-137 removed from the supernate and loaded onto 265L (70 gal) of sorbent. The supernate processed had a high salt content, about 4 M NaNO3, and apH of 12 to 13. This paper discusses the results of the full-scale demonstration and compares these results with data from the laboratory tests. C1 Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Div Chem Technol, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. RP Walker, JF (reprint author), Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Div Chem Technol, POB 2008, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. NR 8 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 7 PU MARCEL DEKKER INC PI NEW YORK PA 270 MADISON AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10016 USA SN 0149-6395 J9 SEPAR SCI TECHNOL JI Sep. Sci. Technol. PY 1999 VL 34 IS 6-7 BP 1167 EP 1181 DI 10.1080/01496399908951087 PG 15 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Engineering, Chemical SC Chemistry; Engineering GA 204RC UT WOS:000080777100018 ER PT J AU Brunson, RR Bond, WD Chattin, FR Collins, RT Sullivan, GR Wiles, RH AF Brunson, RR Bond, WD Chattin, FR Collins, RT Sullivan, GR Wiles, RH TI Waste treatment at the Radiochemical Engineering Development Center SO SEPARATION SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 10th Symposium on Separation Science and Technology for Energy Applications CY OCT 20-24, 1997 CL GATLINBURG, TENNESSEE SP Oak Ridge Natl Lab, US DOE, Amer Chem Soc, Amer Inst Chem Engineers, Separat Div AB At the Radiochemical Engineering Development Center (REDC), irradiated targets are processed for the recovery of valuable radioisotopes, principally transuranium nuclides. A system was recently installed for treating the various liquid alkaline waste streams for removal of excess radioactive contaminants at REDC. Radionuclides that are removed will be stored as solids, and thus the future discharge of radionuclides to liquid-low level waste tank storage will be greatly reduced. The treatment system is of modular design and is installed in a hot cell at REDC, where preliminary testing is in progress. The module incorporates the following: (1) a resorcinol-formaldehyde resin column for cesium removal, (2) a cross-flow filtration unit for removal of rare earths and actinides as hydroxide, and (3) a waste solidification unit. Process flowsheets for operation of the module, key features of the module design, and its computer-assisted control system are presented. Good operability of the cross-flow filter system is mandatory to the: successful treatment of REDC wastes. Results of tests to date on the operation of the filter in its slurry collection mode and its slurry washing mode are presented. These tests include the effects of entrained organic solvent in the waste stream to the filter. C1 Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Div Chem Technol, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. RP Brunson, RR (reprint author), Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Div Chem Technol, POB 2008, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. NR 6 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU MARCEL DEKKER INC PI NEW YORK PA 270 MADISON AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10016 USA SN 0149-6395 J9 SEPAR SCI TECHNOL JI Sep. Sci. Technol. PY 1999 VL 34 IS 6-7 BP 1195 EP 1215 PG 21 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Engineering, Chemical SC Chemistry; Engineering GA 204RC UT WOS:000080777100020 ER PT J AU Stone, ML Peterson, ES Stewart, FF Tsang, MN Orme, CJ Polson, L AF Stone, ML Peterson, ES Stewart, FF Tsang, MN Orme, CJ Polson, L TI Polyphosphazene membranes: Part 1. Isopropanol dye separations SO SEPARATION SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 10th Symposium on Separation Science and Technology for Energy Applications CY OCT 20-24, 1997 CL GATLINBURG, TENNESSEE SP Oak Ridge Natl Lab, US DOE, Amer Chem Soc, Amer Inst Chem Engineers, Separat Div ID PHOSPHAZENE POLYMER MEMBRANES; PERVAPORATION; GAS AB Research has been conducted at the Idaho National Engineering and Environmental Laboratory to determine the characteristics of phosphazene polymers when used as membranes for chemical separations. Phosphazene chemistry allows tailoring of the polymers' mechanical and chemical properties to suit particular applications. Separations discussed in this paper are models for several applications needed in the chemical industry. Ligands on the polymers tested have included modified sugars, various glycols, and substituted phenols. In some cases all of the substituents on the polymer were the same entity. In other cases, up to three different ligands were attached in attempt to develop polymers with all of the needed properties. Physical properties of the different materials varied from film forming rubbers to sticky materials. Some of the polymers gave good fluxes, excellent separations, and lasted for weeks, while others started out with good properties but failed rapidly. A description of the separation performance relative to the separation of isopropanol from dye is given in this paper. C1 Lockheed Martin Idaho Co, Idaho Natl Engn & Environm Lab, Inorgan Membrane Technol Res Program, Idaho Falls, ID 83415 USA. RP Stone, ML (reprint author), Lockheed Martin Idaho Co, Idaho Natl Engn & Environm Lab, Inorgan Membrane Technol Res Program, Idaho Falls, ID 83415 USA. RI Peterson, Eric/B-9127-2017 OI Peterson, Eric/0000-0002-2292-4939 NR 17 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 3 PU MARCEL DEKKER INC PI NEW YORK PA 270 MADISON AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10016 USA SN 0149-6395 J9 SEPAR SCI TECHNOL JI Sep. Sci. Technol. PY 1999 VL 34 IS 6-7 BP 1243 EP 1251 PG 9 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Engineering, Chemical SC Chemistry; Engineering GA 204RC UT WOS:000080777100022 ER PT J AU Subramaniam, K Yiacoumi, S Tsouris, C AF Subramaniam, K Yiacoumi, S Tsouris, C TI Effect of copper and cadmium binding on flocculation of ferric oxide particles SO SEPARATION SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 10th Symposium on Separation Science and Technology for Energy Applications CY OCT 20-24, 1997 CL GATLINBURG, TENNESSEE SP Oak Ridge Natl Lab, US DOE, Amer Chem Soc, Amer Inst Chem Engineers, Separat Div ID MODELING ADSORPTION; AQUEOUS-SOLUTIONS; METAL-IONS; COAGULATION; TRANSPORT; SYSTEMS; WATER AB The sorption of copper and cadmium ions from aqueous solutions by ferric oxide particles was studied using batch equilibrium and kinetic experiments. The sorption process was found to be pH dependent, with the uptake increasing at high pH values. An increase in equilibrium pH was observed when the initial pH was in the acidic range, and a decrease from initial values was observed in the basic range, in the case of both copper and cadmium sorption. The former phenomenon is due to competition between metal and proton binding, and the latter is due to precipitation mechanisms at high initial pH values. A large increase in the zeta potential of the particles from baseline values was observed during equilibrium sorption. This increase occurs as a result of surface charge neutralization due to metal ion uptake. Particle destabilization appears to occur as a result of metal ion sorption. Kinetic experiments indicate that the uptake of copper by Ferric oxide particles is a slow process. The pH histories were similar to those obtained in the sorption equilibrium experiments. Changes in the size distribution of the ferric oxide particles due to aggregate formation during uptake of ions were observed in the kinetic studies. These findings indicate a potential role of metal ion uptake in particle flocculation kinetics through alteration of the surface electrostatic potential. C1 Georgia Inst Technol, Sch Civil & Environm Engn, Atlanta, GA 30332 USA. Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. RP Yiacoumi, S (reprint author), Georgia Inst Technol, Sch Civil & Environm Engn, Atlanta, GA 30332 USA. RI Tsouris, Costas/C-2544-2016 OI Tsouris, Costas/0000-0002-0522-1027 NR 14 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 1 PU MARCEL DEKKER INC PI NEW YORK PA 270 MADISON AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10016 USA SN 0149-6395 J9 SEPAR SCI TECHNOL JI Sep. Sci. Technol. PY 1999 VL 34 IS 6-7 BP 1301 EP 1318 DI 10.1080/01496399908951094 PG 18 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Engineering, Chemical SC Chemistry; Engineering GA 204RC UT WOS:000080777100025 ER PT J AU Ebner, AD Ritter, JA Nunez, L AF Ebner, AD Ritter, JA Nunez, L TI High-gradient magnetic separation for the treatment of high-level radioactive wastes SO SEPARATION SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 10th Symposium on Separation Science and Technology for Energy Applications CY OCT 20-24, 1997 CL GATLINBURG, TENNESSEE SP Oak Ridge Natl Lab, US DOE, Amer Chem Soc, Amer Inst Chem Engineers, Separat Div ID PARTICLE FLOCCULATION; PARAMAGNETIC PARTICLES; FILTRATION; FIELD AB Argonne National Laboratory is developing an open-gradient magnetic separation (OGMS) system to fractionate and remove nonglass-forming species from high-level radioactive wastes (HLW); however, to avoid clogging, OGMS may require high-gradient magnetic separation (HGMS) as a pretreatment to remove the most magnetic species from the HLW. In this study, the feasibility of using HGMS in the pretreatment of HLW was demonstrated. A HLW simulant of Hanford's C-103 tank waste, which contained precipitated hydroxides and oxides of Fe, Al, Si, and Ca, was used. Preliminary fractionation results from a 0.3-T bench-scale HGMS unit showed that a significant amount of Fe could be removed from the HLW simulant. Between 1 and 2% of the total Fe in the sludge was removed during each stage, with over 18.5% removed in the 13 stages that were carried out. Also, in each stage, the magnetically retained fraction contained about 20% more Fe than the untreated HLW; however, it also contained a significant amount of SiO2 in relatively large particles. This indicated that SiO2 was acting possibly as a nucleation agent for Fe (i.e, an Fe adsorbent) and that the fractionation was based more on size than on magnetic susceptibility. C1 Univ S Carolina, Swearingen Engn Ctr, Dept Chem Engn, Columbia, SC 29208 USA. Argonne Natl Lab, Div Chem Technol, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. RP Ritter, JA (reprint author), Univ S Carolina, Swearingen Engn Ctr, Dept Chem Engn, Columbia, SC 29208 USA. NR 40 TC 12 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 2 PU MARCEL DEKKER INC PI NEW YORK PA 270 MADISON AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10016 USA SN 0149-6395 J9 SEPAR SCI TECHNOL JI Sep. Sci. Technol. PY 1999 VL 34 IS 6-7 BP 1333 EP 1350 DI 10.1080/01496399908951096 PG 18 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Engineering, Chemical SC Chemistry; Engineering GA 204RC UT WOS:000080777100027 ER PT J AU Brooks, KP Rector, DR Smith, PA AF Brooks, KP Rector, DR Smith, PA TI Gravity settling of Hanford single-shell tank sludges SO SEPARATION SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 10th Symposium on Separation Science and Technology for Energy Applications CY OCT 20-24, 1997 CL GATLINBURG, TENNESSEE SP Oak Ridge Natl Lab, US DOE, Amer Chem Soc, Amer Inst Chem Engineers, Separat Div AB The U.S. Department of Energy plans to use gravity settling in million-gallon storage tanks while pretreating sludge on the Hanford site. To be considered viable in these large tanks, the supernatant must become clear, and the sludge must be concentrated in an acceptable time. These separations must occur over the wide range of conditions associated with sludge pretreatment. In the work reported here, gravity settling was studied with liter quantities of actual single-shell tank sludge from Hanford Tank 241-C-107. Because of limited sludge availability, an approach was developed using the results of these liter-scale tests to predict full-scale operation. Samples were centrifuged at various g-forces to simulate compaction with higher layers of sludge. A semi-empirical settling model was then developed incorporating both the liter-scale settling data and the centrifuge compression results to describe the sludge behavior in a million-gallon tank. The settling model predicted that the compacted sludge solids would exceed 20 wt % in less than 30 days of settling in a 10-m-tall tank for all pretreatment steps. C1 Pacific NW Lab, Richland, WA 99352 USA. RP Brooks, KP (reprint author), Pacific NW Lab, POB 999,MS K6-24, Richland, WA 99352 USA. NR 5 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU MARCEL DEKKER INC PI NEW YORK PA 270 MADISON AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10016 USA SN 0149-6395 J9 SEPAR SCI TECHNOL JI Sep. Sci. Technol. PY 1999 VL 34 IS 6-7 BP 1351 EP 1370 PG 20 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Engineering, Chemical SC Chemistry; Engineering GA 204RC UT WOS:000080777100028 ER PT J AU Ying, TY Chin, CJ Lu, SC Yiacoumi, S Chattin, MR Spurrier, MA DePaoli, DW Tsouris, C AF Ying, TY Chin, CJ Lu, SC Yiacoumi, S Chattin, MR Spurrier, MA DePaoli, DW Tsouris, C TI Magnetic-seeding filtration SO SEPARATION SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 10th Symposium on Separation Science and Technology for Energy Applications CY OCT 20-24, 1997 CL GATLINBURG, TENNESSEE SP Oak Ridge Natl Lab, US DOE, Amer Chem Soc, Amer Inst Chem Engineers, Separat Div ID FLOCCULATION; SPHERES; AGGREGATION; COAGULATION; SEPARATION; SIMULATION; PARTICLES; REMOVAL; MOTION; FIELD AB Magnetic-seeding filtration consists of two steps: heterogeneous particle flocculation of magnetic and nonmagnetic particles in a stirred tank and high-gradient magnetic filtration (HGMF). The effects of various parameters affecting magnetic-seeding filtration are theoretically and experimentally investigated. A trajectory model that includes hydrodynamic resistance, van der Waals, and electrostatic forces is developed to calculate the flocculation frequency in a turbulent-shear regime. Fractal dimension is introduced to simulate the open structure of aggregates. A magnetic-filtration model that consists of trajectory analysis, a particle build-up model, a breakthrough model, and a bivariate population-balance model is developed to predict the breakthrough curve of magnetic-seeding filtration. A good agreement between modeling results and experimental data is obtained. The results show that the model developed in this study can be used to predict the performance of magnetic-seeding filtration without using empirical coefficients or fitting parameters. C1 Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. Georgia Inst Technol, Sch Civil & Environm Engn, Atlanta, GA 30332 USA. RP Tsouris, C (reprint author), Oak Ridge Natl Lab, POB 2008, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. RI Tsouris, Costas/C-2544-2016 OI Tsouris, Costas/0000-0002-0522-1027 NR 35 TC 6 Z9 7 U1 1 U2 3 PU MARCEL DEKKER INC PI NEW YORK PA 270 MADISON AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10016 USA SN 0149-6395 J9 SEPAR SCI TECHNOL JI Sep. Sci. Technol. PY 1999 VL 34 IS 6-7 BP 1371 EP 1392 PG 22 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Engineering, Chemical SC Chemistry; Engineering GA 204RC UT WOS:000080777100029 ER PT J AU Blankenship, KD Shah, VM Tsouris, C AF Blankenship, KD Shah, VM Tsouris, C TI Distillation under electric fields SO SEPARATION SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 10th Symposium on Separation Science and Technology for Energy Applications CY OCT 20-24, 1997 CL GATLINBURG, TN SP Oak Ridge Natl Lab, US DOE, Amer Chem Soc, Amer Inst Chem Engineers, Separat Div ID STOCKMAYER FLUIDS; HEAT-TRANSFER; EQUILIBRIUM AB Distillation is the most common separation process used in the chemical and petroleum industry. Major limitations in the applicability and efficiency of distillation came from thermodynamic equilibria, that is, vapor-liquid equilibria (VLE), and heat and mass transfer rates. In this work, electric fields are used to manipulate the VLE of mixtures. VLE experiments are performed for various binary mixtures in the presence of electric fields on the order of a few kilovolts per centimeter. The results show that the VLE of some binary mixtures is changed by electric fields, with changes in the separation factor as high as 10% being observed. Batch distillation experiments are also carried out fbr binary mixtures of 2-propanol and water with and without an applied electric field. Results show enhanced distillation rates and separation efficiency in the presence of an electric field but decreased separation enhancement when the electric current is increased. The latter phenomenon is caused by the formation at the surface of the liquid mixture of microdroplets that are entrained by the vapor. These observations suggest that there should be an electric field strength for each system for which the separation enhancement is maximum. C1 Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Div Chem Technol, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. RP Tsouris, C (reprint author), Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Div Chem Technol, POB 2008, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. RI Tsouris, Costas/C-2544-2016 OI Tsouris, Costas/0000-0002-0522-1027 NR 22 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 2 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT STREET, STE 850, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 0149-6395 EI 1520-5754 J9 SEP SCI TECHNOL JI Sep. Sci. Technol. PY 1999 VL 34 IS 6-7 BP 1393 EP 1409 DI 10.1081/SS-100100715 PG 17 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Engineering, Chemical SC Chemistry; Engineering GA 204RC UT WOS:000080777100030 ER PT J AU Starkweather, BA Counce, RM Zhang, X AF Starkweather, BA Counce, RM Zhang, X TI Displacement of a hydrocarbon oil from a metal surface using a surfactant solution SO SEPARATION SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 10th Symposium on Separation Science and Technology for Energy Applications CY OCT 20-24, 1997 CL GATLINBURG, TENNESSEE SP Oak Ridge Natl Lab, US DOE, Amer Chem Soc, Amer Inst Chem Engineers, Separat Div ID DETERGENCY; TENSION AB Separation of oils from solid surfaces is important in cleaning and degreasing operations. Water and oils are immiscible requiring the use of an additive which is miscible with water yet has an affinity for oils. Surface active agents, known as surfactants, have this property, being miscible with water while having an affinity for hydrocarbons. In some cases, surfactant solutions displace oils from a solid surface (i.e., remove oil by replacing the oil/solid interfacial area with surfactant solution/solid interfacial area). The presence of alkalinity as well as surfactant concentration is known to affect the ability of a surfactant solution to wet the solid surface and displace the oil. Experiments have been performed to determine quantitatively the effects of surfactant concentration and pH on the displacement of an oil from a metal surface. The displacement is measured in terms of the contact angle formed by the oil on the solid surface in the presence of the surfactant solution, the amount of time needed for the surfactant solution to cause part of the oil to detach from the solid surface, and the volume of the detached oil. Measuring the contact angle of the oil as a function of time shows that surfactant concentration and pH affect the displacement of oil from a metal surface. Increasing the pH of a solution of Triton X-100, a non-ionic surfactant, enhances oil displacement. Increasing the surfactant concentration also enhances oil displacement. The volume of oil which detaches from the solid surface increases with increasing pH and increasing surfactant concentration. C1 Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Div Chem Technol, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. Univ Tennessee, Dept Chem Engn, Knoxville, TN 37996 USA. RP Zhang, X (reprint author), Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Div Chem Technol, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. NR 24 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 7 PU MARCEL DEKKER INC PI NEW YORK PA 270 MADISON AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10016 USA SN 0149-6395 J9 SEPAR SCI TECHNOL JI Sep. Sci. Technol. PY 1999 VL 34 IS 6-7 BP 1447 EP 1462 DI 10.1080/01496399908951102 PG 16 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Engineering, Chemical SC Chemistry; Engineering GA 204RC UT WOS:000080777100033 ER PT J AU McGinnis, CP Welch, TD Hunt, RD AF McGinnis, CP Welch, TD Hunt, RD TI Caustic leaching of high-level radioactive tank sludge: A critical literature review SO SEPARATION SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 10th Symposium on Separation Science and Technology for Energy Applications CY OCT 20-24, 1997 CL GATLINBURG, TENNESSEE SP Oak Ridge Natl Lab, US DOE, Amer Chem Soc, Amer Inst Chem Engineers, Separat Div AB The Department of Energy (DOE) must treat and safely dispose of its radioactive tank contents, which can be separated into high-level waste (HLW) and low-level waste (LLW) fractions. Since the unit costs of treatment and disposal are much higher for HLW than for LLW, technologies to reduce the amount of HLW are being developed. A key process currently being studied to reduce the volume of HLW sludges is called enhanced sludge washing (ESW). This process removes, by water washes, soluble constituents such as sodium salts, and the washed sludge is then leached with 2-3 M NaOH at 60-100 degrees C to remove nonradioactive metals such as aluminum. The remaining solids are considered to be HLW while the solutions are LLW after radionuclides such as Cs-137 have been removed. Results of bench-scale tests have shown that the ESW will probably remove the required amounts of inert constituents. While both experimental and theoretical results have shown that leaching efficiency increases as the time and temperature of the leach are increased, increases in the caustic concentration above 2-3 M will only marginally improve the leach factors. However, these tests were not designed to validate the assumption that the caustic used in the ESW process will generate only a small increase (10 Mkg) in the amount of LLW; instead, the test conditions were selected to maximize leaching in a short period and used more water and caustic than is planned during full-scale operations. Even though calculations indicate that the estimate for the amount of LLW generated by the ESW process appears to be reasonable, a detailed study of the amount of LLW from the ESW process is still required. If the LLW analysis indicates that sodium management is critical, then a more comprehensive evaluation of the clean salt process or caustic recycle would be needed. Finally, experimental and theoretical studies have clearly demonstrated the need for the control of solids formation during and after leaching. C1 Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. RP McGinnis, CP (reprint author), Oak Ridge Natl Lab, POB 2008, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. NR 22 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 1 U2 2 PU MARCEL DEKKER INC PI NEW YORK PA 270 MADISON AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10016 USA SN 0149-6395 J9 SEPAR SCI TECHNOL JI Sep. Sci. Technol. PY 1999 VL 34 IS 6-7 BP 1479 EP 1494 DI 10.1080/01496399908951104 PG 16 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Engineering, Chemical SC Chemistry; Engineering GA 204RC UT WOS:000080777100035 ER PT J AU Lumetta, GJ Rapko, BM AF Lumetta, GJ Rapko, BM TI Removal of chromium from Hanford tank sludges SO SEPARATION SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 10th Symposium on Separation Science and Technology for Energy Applications CY OCT 20-24, 1997 CL GATLINBURG, TENNESSEE SP Oak Ridge Natl Lab, US DOE, Amer Chem Soc, Amer Inst Chem Engineers, Separat Div AB Recent studies suggest that the chromium content in sludge wastes stored at the U.S. Department of Energy's Hanford Site will determine the amount of high-level borosilicate glass produced in immobilizing those wastes for disposal. Removing chromium from the sludge solids would reduce the mass of high-level borosilicate glass, which would likely result in a significant cost savings. We have been investigating oxidative leaching methods for removing chromium from Hanford wastes for a number of years. In these methods, chromium(III), which is insoluble under alkaline conditions, is converted to the soluble chromate ion. We have removed chromium on a laboratory scale from several different Hanford tank sludges. The most effective leaching agents investigated to date are permanganate and ozone, which readily oxidize chromium(III) to chromium(VI) under alkaline conditions. C1 Pacific NW Lab, Richland, WA 99352 USA. RP Lumetta, GJ (reprint author), Pacific NW Lab, POB 999,MSIN P7-25, Richland, WA 99352 USA. NR 11 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 3 PU MARCEL DEKKER INC PI NEW YORK PA 270 MADISON AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10016 USA SN 0149-6395 J9 SEPAR SCI TECHNOL JI Sep. Sci. Technol. PY 1999 VL 34 IS 6-7 BP 1495 EP 1506 DI 10.1080/01496399908951105 PG 12 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Engineering, Chemical SC Chemistry; Engineering GA 204RC UT WOS:000080777100036 ER PT J AU Romanovskii, VV Wester, DW AF Romanovskii, VV Wester, DW TI Effect of Al(NO3)(3) on extraction of Am, Cm, Eu, and Ce(III) by 18-crown-6 and mixtures of 18-crown-6 and chlorinated cobalt dicarbollide in nitrobenzene SO SEPARATION SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID IONS AB The extraction of Am, Cm, Eu, and Ce(III) tracers from nitric acid in the presence of Al(NO3)(3) by 18-crown-6 (18C6) or mixtures of 18C6 and chlorinated cobalt dicarbollide (ChCoD) in nitrobenzene solutions was investigated. The partitioning of 18C6 between nitrobenzene and the aqueous phase was also investigated. In the presence of Al(NO3)(3), 18C6 is selective for Ce over Am, Cm, and Eu. The extraction of these same metals by ChCoD is suppressed by Al(NO3)(3) The extraction of these metals is a complicated function of the 18C6-ChCoD concentration ratio. The probable formation of a 1:1 18C6:ChCoD complex and the effects of ionic strength and pH on the extraction are discussed. C1 Pacific NW Lab, Richland, WA 99352 USA. St Petersburg Technol Inst, Dept Radiochem Proc Nucl Energy, St Petersburg 198013, Russia. RP Wester, DW (reprint author), Pacific NW Lab, POB 999, Richland, WA 99352 USA. NR 12 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU MARCEL DEKKER INC PI NEW YORK PA 270 MADISON AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10016 USA SN 0149-6395 J9 SEPAR SCI TECHNOL JI Sep. Sci. Technol. PY 1999 VL 34 IS 11 BP 2141 EP 2151 DI 10.1081/SS-100100761 PG 11 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Engineering, Chemical SC Chemistry; Engineering GA 223MM UT WOS:000081844900002 ER PT J AU Mattigod, SV Feng, XD Fryxell, GE Liu, J Gong, ML AF Mattigod, SV Feng, XD Fryxell, GE Liu, J Gong, ML TI Separation of complexed mercury from aqueous wastes using self-assembled mercaptan on mesoporous silica SO SEPARATION SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE mercury removal; mercury adsorption; mercury speciation; mesoporous silica ID INTERFACES; MONOLAYERS AB Separation of Hg(II) from potassium iodide/sulfate wastes was studied using a novel mesoporous silica material containing self-assembled mercaptan groups. The adsorbent, consisting of self-assembled mercaptan on mesoporous silica (SAMMS) developed at Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL), was characterized as to its specificity, adsorption capacity, and kinetics for separation of mercury from potassium iodide/sulfate solutions. Aqueous speciation calculations indicated that a major fraction (92-99%) of dissolved mercury in the potassium iodide/sulfate wastes solutions existed as HgI42- species. The adsorption data showed that the mercury adsorption capacity of SAMMS material increased with decreasing iodide concentrations. The magnitude of calculated free energy of adsorption indicated that mercury adsorption on this adsorbent is typical of soft acid-soft base interactions. High specificity for anionic complexes of Hg(II) by the SAMMS material was confirmed by distribution coefficient measurements. The kinetics data indicated that the adsorption reactions occur very rapidly independent of Hg(II) concentrations and pH. These tests confirmed that SAMMS material can very effectively remove strongly complexed Hg(II) from aqueous wastes. C1 Pacific NW Natl Lab, Richland, WA 99352 USA. RP Mattigod, SV (reprint author), Pacific NW Natl Lab, Richland, WA 99352 USA. NR 27 TC 84 Z9 84 U1 0 U2 15 PU MARCEL DEKKER INC PI NEW YORK PA 270 MADISON AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10016 USA SN 0149-6395 J9 SEPAR SCI TECHNOL JI Sep. Sci. Technol. PY 1999 VL 34 IS 12 BP 2329 EP 2345 DI 10.1081/SS-100100775 PG 17 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Engineering, Chemical SC Chemistry; Engineering GA 230PH UT WOS:000082259200004 ER PT J AU Dietz, ML Felinto, C Rhoads, S Clapper, M Finch, JW Hay, BP AF Dietz, ML Felinto, C Rhoads, S Clapper, M Finch, JW Hay, BP TI Comparison of column chromatographic and precipitation methods for the purification of a macrocyclic polyether extractant SO SEPARATION SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE column chromatography; precipitation; crown ether ID CROWN-ETHERS; METAL-IONS; SILICA-GEL; STRONTIUM; SEPARATION; SOLVENT; RECOVERY; NITRATE; RESIN; PHASE AB Column chromatography on aminopropyl-derivatized silica and precipitation of a complex with perchloric acid have been evaluated as methods for the purification of di-tert-butylcyclohexano-18-crown-6 (DtBuCH18C6), a compound frequently employed for the selective extraction of strontium from acidic nitrate media. Both methods are shown to provide a simple and effective means of eliminating inactive sample components (i.e., impurities or stereoisomers incapable of extracting strontium) from the crown ether and enriching the material in 4(z),4'(2) cis-syn-cis DtBuCH18C6, a stereoisomer capable of highly efficient strontium extraction. C1 Argonne Natl Lab, Div Chem, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. Jeol USA Inc, Peabody, MA 01960 USA. Pacific NW Lab, Environm Mol Sci Lab, Richland, WA 99352 USA. RP Dietz, ML (reprint author), Argonne Natl Lab, Div Chem, 9700 S Cass Ave, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. NR 29 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 4 PU MARCEL DEKKER INC PI NEW YORK PA 270 MADISON AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10016 USA SN 0149-6395 J9 SEPAR SCI TECHNOL JI Sep. Sci. Technol. PY 1999 VL 34 IS 15 BP 2943 EP 2956 PG 14 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Engineering, Chemical SC Chemistry; Engineering GA 253RJ UT WOS:000083569300002 ER PT S AU Harvey, NR Marshall, S AF Harvey, NR Marshall, S GP IEE IEE TI Defect detection from scratched 2-inch quadruplex video tape SO SEVENTH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON IMAGE PROCESSING AND ITS APPLICATIONS SE IEE CONFERENCE PUBLICATIONS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 7th IEE Conference on Image Processing and its Applications (IPA99) CY JUL 12-15, 1999 CL UNIV MANCHESTER, MANCHESTER, ENGLAND SP IEE, Electr & Commun Div, British Comp Soc, British Machine & Vis Assoc, EUREL, IEEE, UKRI Sect, Inst Phys & Engn Med, Inst Phys, UK Ind Vis Assoc HO UNIV MANCHESTER AB A technique is described for the detection of defects ill digital video images, caused by scratching to the original 2-inch quadruplex video tape. This technique relies upon the re-orientation of the digital video data into a manner similar to that in which the original analogue data would have, been found on the video tape. This brings the scratched data into alignment and makes the task of detecting the scratched posit-ions a gl eat deal easier. The technique does not suffer from problems inherent in a previously described technique for addressing this problem (1) and improves upon its performance. C1 Univ Calif Los Alamos Natl Lab, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. RP Harvey, NR (reprint author), Univ Calif Los Alamos Natl Lab, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. NR 2 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU INST ELECTRICAL ENGINEERS INSPEC INC PI EDISON PA 379 THORNALL ST, EDISON, NJ 08837 USA SN 0537-9989 BN 0-85296-717-9 J9 IEE CONF PUBL PY 1999 IS 465 BP 465 EP 468 PG 4 WC Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Optics SC Computer Science; Engineering; Optics GA BR57B UT WOS:000166833500096 ER PT J AU Ahmed, N Abumrad, N Molina, PE AF Ahmed, N Abumrad, N Molina, PE TI Opiate modulation of hemodynamic, hormonal and TNF responses to hemorrhage. SO SHOCK LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 N Shore Univ Hosp, Dept Surg, Manhasset, NY 11030 USA. Brookhaven Natl Lab, Upton, NY 11973 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU BIOMEDICAL PRESS PI AUGUSTA PA 1021 15TH ST, BIOTECH PARK STE 9,, AUGUSTA, GA 30901 USA SN 1073-2322 J9 SHOCK JI Shock PY 1999 VL 11 SU 1 MA 223 BP 64 EP 65 DI 10.1097/00024382-199906001-00224 PG 2 WC Critical Care Medicine; Hematology; Surgery; Peripheral Vascular Disease SC General & Internal Medicine; Hematology; Surgery; Cardiovascular System & Cardiology GA 195YH UT WOS:000080279600224 ER PT J AU Smallwood, DO AF Smallwood, DO TI Characterization and simulation of gunfire with wavelets SO SHOCK AND VIBRATION LA English DT Article AB Gunfire is used as an example to show how the wavelet transform can be used to characterize and simulate nonstationary random events when an ensemble of events is available. The structural response to nearby firing of a high-firing rate gun has been characterized in several ways as a nonstationary random process. The current paper will explore a method to describe the nonstationary random process using a wavelet transform. The gunfire record is broken up into a sequence of transient waveforms each representing the response to the firing of a single round. A wavelet transform is performed on each of these records. The gunfire is simulated by generating realizations of records of a single-round firing by computing an inverse wavelet transform from Gaussian random coefficients with the same mean and standard deviation as those estimated from the previously analyzed gunfire record. The individual records are assembled into a realization of many rounds firing. A second-order correction of the probability density function is accomplished with a zero memory nonlinear function. The method is straightforward, easy to implement, and produces a simulated record much like the measured gunfire record. C1 Sandia Natl Labs, STS Certificat Environm Dept, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. RP Smallwood, DO (reprint author), Sandia Natl Labs, STS Certificat Environm Dept, MS-0553, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. NR 11 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 1 U2 2 PU IOS PRESS PI AMSTERDAM PA NIEUWE HEMWEG 6B, 1013 BG AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 1070-9622 J9 SHOCK VIB JI Shock Vib. PY 1999 VL 6 IS 2 BP 59 EP 72 PG 14 WC Acoustics; Engineering, Mechanical; Mechanics SC Acoustics; Engineering; Mechanics GA 346FE UT WOS:000088859500001 ER PT S AU Hochbauer, T Nastasi, M Lau, SS Zheng, Y Mayer, JW AF Hochbauer, T Nastasi, M Lau, SS Zheng, Y Mayer, JW BE Gossmann, HJL Haynes, TE Law, ME Larsen, AN Odanaka, S TI The influence of damage and dopant on the blister formation in hydrogen implanted silicon SO SI FRONT-END PROCESSING-PHYSICS AND TECHNOLOGY OF DOPANT-DEFECT INTERACTIONS SE MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY SYMPOSIUM PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Si Front-End Processing-Physics and Technology of Dopant-Defect Interactions CY APR 06-09, 1999 CL SAN FRANCISCO, CA SP Mat Res Soc, Appl Mat Inc, Bell Labs, Lucent Technologies, Eaton Corp, Intel Corp, Natl Electrostat Corp, Oak Ridge Natl Lab, SEMATECH Inc, Silvaco Int AB We have studied the formation of surface blisters in < 100 > n-type silicon following coimplantation with boron and hydrogen. In this work we study the effect of having the boron depth larger than the hydrogen depth. The silicon substrates had four different dopant levels, ranging from 10(14) cm(-3) to 10(19) cm(-3). The Si substrates were first implanted with B+ ions at 240 keV (R-p = 705nm) to a dose of 10(15)cm(-2). Some of the B implanted samples were left in their as-implanted state, others were given a rapid thermal anneal (RTA) at 900 degrees C. Boron implanted and virgin n-type Si samples were then implanted at cryogenic temperatures with 40 keV H+ (R-p = 475nm) to a dose of 5 x 10(16) cm(-2). Following H+ implantation, all the samples were vacuum annealed at 390 degrees C for 10 minutes and examined for hydrogen blister formation. No blistering was observed in samples implanted with H only. In all cases, the blister depth was consistently found to be strongly correlated with H damage profile rather than the H or B concentration profiles. These results will be discussed in terms of defect-dopant interactions and the influence of doping on H kinetics and H-bubble nucleation. C1 Univ Calif Los Alamos Natl Lab, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. RP Hochbauer, T (reprint author), Univ Calif Los Alamos Natl Lab, POB 1663, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. NR 12 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY PI WARRENDALE PA 506 KEYSTONE DRIVE, WARRENDALE, PA 15088-7563 USA SN 0272-9172 BN 1-55899-475-0 J9 MATER RES SOC SYMP P PY 1999 VL 568 BP 109 EP 114 PG 6 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Materials Science; Physics GA BN54U UT WOS:000082188100016 ER PT S AU Xie, JJ Chen, SP AF Xie, JJ Chen, SP BE Gossmann, HJL Haynes, TE Law, ME Larsen, AN Odanaka, S TI First-principles study of vacancy-assisted as diffusion in silicon SO SI FRONT-END PROCESSING-PHYSICS AND TECHNOLOGY OF DOPANT-DEFECT INTERACTIONS SE Materials Research Society Symposium Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Si Front-End Processing-Physics and Technology of Dopant-Defect Interactions CY APR 06-09, 1999 CL SAN FRANCISCO, CA SP Mat Res Soc, Appl Mat Inc, Bell Labs, Lucent Technologies, Eaton Corp, Intel Corp, Natl Electrostat Corp, Oak Ridge Natl Lab, SEMATECH Inc, Silvaco Int ID MOLECULAR-DYNAMICS; IMPURITY DIFFUSION; DOPED SILICON; SYSTEMS; ENERGY AB A set of interaction potentials for vacancy-assisted As diffusion in silicon have been provided via first-principles pseudo-potential calculations. Some important reactions such as As+V reversible arrow AsV, AsV + As reversible arrow As2V, AsV + V reversible arrow AsV2, as well as V + V reversible arrow V-2 are considered. The results demonstrate that the existence of another As atom greatly reduces the migration barrier of vacancy moving between the two As atoms and speeds up the diffusion of As. The AsV pair can attract another nearby vacancy. The binding force mainly comes from the binding between two vacancies, rather than from the AsV pair. The obtained potential energy diagrams provide input information for atomistic diffusion simulations. C1 Los Alamos Natl Lab, Div Theoret, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. RP Xie, JJ (reprint author), Los Alamos Natl Lab, Div Theoret, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. NR 23 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU MATERIALS RESEARCH SOC PI WARRENDALE PA 506 KEYSTONE DRIVE, WARRENDALE, PA 15088-7563 USA SN 0272-9172 BN 1-55899-475-0 J9 MATER RES SOC SYMP P PY 1999 VL 568 BP 147 EP 152 PG 6 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Materials Science; Physics GA BN54U UT WOS:000082188100021 ER PT J AU Boggs, PT Kearsley, AJ Tolle, JW AF Boggs, PT Kearsley, AJ Tolle, JW TI A global convergence analysis of an algorithm for large-scale nonlinear optimization problems SO SIAM JOURNAL ON OPTIMIZATION LA English DT Article DE sequential quadratic programming; global convergence; merit function; large-scale problems ID QUADRATIC-PROGRAMMING ALGORITHM; INTERIOR-POINT METHOD AB In this paper we give a global convergence analysis of a basic version of an SQP algorithm described in [P. T. Boggs, A. J. Kearsley, and J. W. Tolle, SIAM J. Optim., 9 (1999), pp. 755-778] for the solution of large-scale nonlinear inequality-constrained optimization problems. Several procedures and options have been added to the basic algorithm to improve the practical performance; some of these are also analyzed. The important features of the algorithm include the use of a constrained merit function to assess the progress of the iterates and a sequence of approximate merit functions that are less expensive to evaluate. It also employs an interior point quadratic programming solver that can be terminated early to produce a truncated step. C1 Sandia Natl Labs, Computat Sci & Math Res Dept, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. Carnegie Mellon Univ, Dept Math Sci, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 USA. Univ N Carolina, Dept Math & Operat Res, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. RP Boggs, PT (reprint author), Sandia Natl Labs, Computat Sci & Math Res Dept, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. NR 17 TC 29 Z9 29 U1 0 U2 6 PU SIAM PUBLICATIONS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 3600 UNIV CITY SCIENCE CENTER, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19104-2688 USA SN 1052-6234 J9 SIAM J OPTIMIZ JI SIAM J. Optim. PY 1999 VL 9 IS 4 BP 833 EP 862 DI 10.1137/S1052623497316026 PG 30 WC Mathematics, Applied SC Mathematics GA 266ZN UT WOS:000084330300003 ER PT J AU Lin, CJ More, JJ AF Lin, CJ More, JJ TI Newton's method for large bound-constrained optimization problems SO SIAM JOURNAL ON OPTIMIZATION LA English DT Article DE bound-constrained optimization; preconditioned conjugate gradients; projected gradients; strict complementarity ID TRUST-REGION APPROACH; MINIMIZATION; CONVERGENCE; COMPLEMENTARITY; ALGORITHM; EQUATIONS AB We analyze a trust region version of Newton's method for bound-constrained problems. Our approach relies on the geometry of the feasible set, not on the particular representation in terms of constraints. The convergence theory holds for linearly constrained problems and yields global and superlinear convergence without assuming either strict complementarity or linear independence of the active constraints. We also show that the convergence theory leads to an efficient implementation for large bound-constrained problems. C1 Natl Taiwan Univ, Dept Comp Sci & Informat Engn, Taipei 106, Taiwan. Argonne Natl Lab, Div Math & Comp Sci, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. RP Lin, CJ (reprint author), Natl Taiwan Univ, Dept Comp Sci & Informat Engn, Taipei 106, Taiwan. OI Lin, Chih-Jen/0000-0003-4684-8747 NR 36 TC 158 Z9 162 U1 3 U2 11 PU SIAM PUBLICATIONS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 3600 UNIV CITY SCIENCE CENTER, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19104-2688 USA SN 1052-6234 J9 SIAM J OPTIMIZ JI SIAM J. Optim. PY 1999 VL 9 IS 4 BP 1100 EP 1127 DI 10.1137/S1052623498345075 PG 28 WC Mathematics, Applied SC Mathematics GA 266ZN UT WOS:000084330300015 ER PT J AU Wright, SJ AF Wright, SJ TI Modified Cholesky factorizations in interior-point algorithms for linear programming SO SIAM JOURNAL ON OPTIMIZATION LA English DT Article DE interior-point algorithms and software; Cholesky factorization; matrix perturbations; error analysis ID STABILITY AB We investigate a modified Cholesky algorithm typical of those used in most interior-point codes for linear programming. Cholesky-based interior-point codes are popular for three reasons: their implementation requires only minimal changes to standard sparse Cholesky algorithms (allowing us to take full advantage of software written by specialists in that area); they tend to be more efficient than competing approaches that use alternative factorizations; and they perform robustly on most practical problems, yielding good interior-point steps even when the coefficient matrix of the main linear system to be solved for the step components is ill conditioned. We investigate this surprisingly robust performance by using analytical tools from matrix perturbation theory and error analysis, illustrating our results with computational experiments. Finally, we point out the potential limitations of this approach. C1 Argonne Natl Lab, Div Math & Comp Sci, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. RP Wright, SJ (reprint author), Argonne Natl Lab, Div Math & Comp Sci, 9700 S Cass Ave, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. NR 19 TC 19 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 0 PU SIAM PUBLICATIONS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 3600 UNIV CITY SCIENCE CENTER, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19104-2688 USA SN 1052-6234 J9 SIAM J OPTIMIZ JI SIAM J. Optim. PY 1999 VL 9 IS 4 BP 1159 EP 1191 DI 10.1137/S1052623496304712 PG 33 WC Mathematics, Applied SC Mathematics GA 266ZN UT WOS:000084330300019 ER PT J AU Bouaricha, A Schnabel, RB AF Bouaricha, Ali Schnabel, Robert B. TI TENSOR METHODS FOR LARGE, SPARSE NONLINEAR LEAST SQUARES PROBLEMS SO SIAM JOURNAL ON SCIENTIFIC COMPUTING LA English DT Article DE tensor methods; sparse problems; large-scale optimization; rank-deficient matrices AB This paper introduces tensor methods for solving large, sparse nonlinear least squares problems where the Jacobian either is analytically available or is computed by finite difference approximations. Tensor methods have been shown to have very good computational performance for small to medium-sized, dense nonlinear least squares problems. In this paper we consider the application of tensor methods to large, sparse nonlinear least squares problems where a sparse factorization of the Jacobian can be stored. This involves an entirely new way of solving the tensor model that is efficient for sparse problems. A number of interesting linear algebraic implementation issues are addressed. The test results of the tensor method applied to a set of sparse nonlinear least squares problems compared with those of the standard Gauss-Newton method reveal that the tensor method is significantly more robust and efficient than the standard Gauss-Newton method. C1 [Bouaricha, Ali] Argonne Natl Lab, Div Math & Comp Sci, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. [Schnabel, Robert B.] Univ Colorado, Dept Comp Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Bouaricha, A (reprint author), Argonne Natl Lab, Div Math & Comp Sci, 9700 S Cass Ave, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. EM ali@frequency.com; bobby@cs.colorado.edu FU Mathematical, Information, and Computational Sciences Division subprogram of the Office of Computational and Technology Research, U.S. Department of Energy [W-31-109-Eng-38]; AFOSR [AFOSR-90-0109, F49620-94-1-0101]; ARO [DAAL03-91-G-0151, DAAH04-94-G-0228]; NSF [CCR-9101795] FX The research of this author was supported in part by the Mathematical, Information, and Computational Sciences Division subprogram of the Office of Computational and Technology Research, U.S. Department of Energy, under contract W-31-109-Eng-38.; The research of this author was supported by AFOSR grants AFOSR-90-0109 and F49620-94-1-0101, ARO grants DAAL03-91-G-0151 and DAAH04-94-G-0228, and NSF grant CCR-9101795. NR 24 TC 4 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 0 PU SIAM PUBLICATIONS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 3600 UNIV CITY SCIENCE CENTER, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19104-2688 USA SN 1064-8275 EI 1095-7197 J9 SIAM J SCI COMPUT JI SIAM J. Sci. Comput. PY 1999 VL 21 IS 4 BP 1199 EP 1221 AR PII S1064827596297549 DI 10.1137/S1064827596297549 PG 23 WC Mathematics, Applied SC Mathematics GA V27BE UT WOS:000208587900001 ER PT B AU Ding, CHQ AF Ding, CHQ BE Hearst, M Gey, F Tong, R TI A similarity-based probability model for latent semantic indexing SO SIGIR'99: PROCEEDINGS OF 22ND INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT IN INFORMATION RETRIEVAL LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 22nd International Conference on Research and Development in Information Retrieval CY AUG, 1999 CL UNIV CA, BERKELEY, CA SP British Comp Soc, Info Retriev Special Grp, Gesell Info Germany, Microsoft, West Grp, AT&T Labs, Sun Microsyst, Verity, Xerox Parc, IBM, Lexis-Nexis HO UNIV CA ID INFORMATION-RETRIEVAL AB A dual probability model is constructed for the Latent Semantic Indexing (LSI) using the cosine similarity measure. Both the document-document similarity matrix and the term-term similarity matrix naturally arise from the maximum likelihood estimation of the model parameters, and the optimal solutions are the latent semantic vectors of of LSI. Dimensionality reduction is justified by the statistical significance of latent semantic vectors as measured by the likelihood of the model. This leads to a statistical criterion for the optimal semantic dimensions, answering a critical open question in LSI with practical importance. Thus the model establishes a statistical framework for LSI. Ambiguities related to statistical modeling of LSI are clarified. C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, NERSC Div, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. RP Ding, CHQ (reprint author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, NERSC Div, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. NR 14 TC 15 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 2 PU ASSOC COMPUTING MACHINERY PI NEW YORK PA 1515 BROADWAY, NEW YORK, NY 10036-9998 USA BN 1-58113-096-1 PY 1999 BP 58 EP 65 DI 10.1145/312624.312652 PG 8 WC Computer Science, Information Systems SC Computer Science GA BN86U UT WOS:000083284000009 ER PT S AU Pratt, LR Hummer, G AF Pratt, LR Hummer, G BE Pratt, LR Hummer, G TI Simulation and theory of electrostatic interactions in solution - Computational chemistry, biophysics, and aqueous solutions - Preface SO SIMULATION AND THEORY OF ELECTROSTATIC INTERACTIONS IN SOLUTION: COMPUTATIONAL CHEMISTRY, BIOPHYSICS, AND AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS SE AIP CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Workshop on Treatment of Electrostatic Interactions in Computer Simulations of Condensed Media CY JUN 23-25, 1999 CL SANTA FE, NM SP Ctr Nonlinear Studies, Los Alamos Natl Lab, Univ Utah, Henry Eyring Ctr Theoret Chem C1 Univ Calif Los Alamos Natl Lab, Div Theoret, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. RP Pratt, LR (reprint author), Univ Calif Los Alamos Natl Lab, Div Theoret, POB 1663, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. NR 1 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1NO1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0094-243X BN 1-56396-906-8 J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 1999 VL 492 BP VII EP VIII PG 2 WC Biophysics; Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Physical; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Biophysics; Chemistry; Physics GA BP14C UT WOS:000084221000001 ER PT S AU Hummer, G Pratt, LR Garcia, AE Neumann, M AF Hummer, G Pratt, LR Garcia, AE Neumann, M BE Pratt, LR Hummer, G TI Treatment of electrostatic interactions in computer simulations and calculation of thermodynamic properties such as free energies and pressures SO SIMULATION AND THEORY OF ELECTROSTATIC INTERACTIONS IN SOLUTION: COMPUTATIONAL CHEMISTRY, BIOPHYSICS, AND AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS SE AIP CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Review CT Workshop on Treatment of Electrostatic Interactions in Computer Simulations of Condensed Media CY JUN 23-25, 1999 CL SANTA FE, NM SP Ctr Nonlinear Studies, Los Alamos Natl Lab, Univ Utah, Henry Eyring Ctr Theoret Chem ID PERIODIC BOUNDARY-CONDITIONS; MOLECULAR-DYNAMICS SIMULATIONS; FINITE-SIZE CORRECTIONS; SOLVATION FREE-ENERGIES; LIQUID VAPOR INTERFACE; PARTICLE MESH EWALD; OF-MEAN-FORCE; IONIC HYDRATION; CHARGED MOLECULES; POLAR-SOLVENTS AB We review the treatment of electrostatic interactions in computer simulations under periodic boundary conditions, with emphasis on Ewald summation. Connections between Ewald summation and reaction field approaches will be made within a unifying picture of electrostatic potentials in Wigner lattices. The calculation of thermodynamic pressures in simulations of polar and ionic media will be discussed. Effects of finite system size on charging free energies will be analyzed. In addition, we will briefly review the problem of defining proper thermodynamic limits for single-ion properties. We find that cluster (or droplet) calculations of ionic solvation enthalpies or free energies (e.g., based on quantum mechanical methods) contain a contribution stemming from the charge ordering in; the cluster-vacuum interface. This interfacial potential can lead to deviations of calculated single-ion enthalpies and free energies from the values in a properly defined thermodynamic Limit at infinite ionic dilution. Finally, we will study the validity of linear response approximations for Coulomb systems. The origin of non-linearities in charging free energies will be traced to variations in the microscopic structure. We will conclude with a discussion of accurate integration methods for non-linear free energy expressions. C1 Univ Calif Los Alamos Natl Lab, Div Theoret, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. RP Hummer, G (reprint author), Univ Calif Los Alamos Natl Lab, Div Theoret, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. NR 101 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 10 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1NO1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0094-243X BN 1-56396-906-8 J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 1999 VL 492 BP 84 EP 103 DI 10.1063/1.1301522 PG 20 WC Biophysics; Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Physical; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Biophysics; Chemistry; Physics GA BP14C UT WOS:000084221000004 ER PT S AU Pollock, EL AF Pollock, EL BE Pratt, LR Hummer, G TI Remarks on long range interactions in simulations SO SIMULATION AND THEORY OF ELECTROSTATIC INTERACTIONS IN SOLUTION: COMPUTATIONAL CHEMISTRY, BIOPHYSICS, AND AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS SE AIP CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Workshop on Treatment of Electrostatic Interactions in Computer Simulations of Condensed Media CY JUN 23-25, 1999 CL SANTA FE, NM SP Ctr Nonlinear Studies, Los Alamos Natl Lab, Univ Utah, Henry Eyring Ctr Theoret Chem ID PERIODIC BOUNDARY-CONDITIONS; PARTICLE-MESH; LATTICE SUMS; SYSTEMS; EWALD AB Long range interactions in periodic systems should be treated using the Ewald potential. For systems larger than a few hundred particles this is best calculated using the particle-particle, particle-mesh ((PM)-M-3) method. C1 Univ Calif Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Dept Phys, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. RP Pollock, EL (reprint author), Univ Calif Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Dept Phys, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. NR 11 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1NO1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0094-243X BN 1-56396-906-8 J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 1999 VL 492 BP 146 EP 158 DI 10.1063/1.1301526 PG 13 WC Biophysics; Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Physical; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Biophysics; Chemistry; Physics GA BP14C UT WOS:000084221000008 ER PT S AU Pratt, LR Rempe, SB AF Pratt, LR Rempe, SB BE Pratt, LR Hummer, G TI Quasi-chemical theory and implicit solvent models for simulations SO SIMULATION AND THEORY OF ELECTROSTATIC INTERACTIONS IN SOLUTION: COMPUTATIONAL CHEMISTRY, BIOPHYSICS, AND AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS SE AIP Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Workshop on Treatment of Electrostatic Interactions in Computer Simulations of Condensed Media CY JUN 23-25, 1999 CL SANTA FE, NM SP Ctr Nonlinear Studies, Los Alamos Natl Lab, Univ Utah, Henry Eyring Ctr Theoret Chem ID MOLECULAR-DYNAMICS SIMULATIONS; STOCHASTIC BOUNDARY-CONDITIONS; DILUTE AQUEOUS-SOLUTIONS; ACTIVE-SITE DYNAMICS; HYDROPHOBIC INTERACTIONS; ELECTROSTATIC INTERACTIONS; SOLVATION MODELS; HYDRATION SHELL; BINDING DOMAIN; MONTE-CARLO AB A statistical thermodynamic development is given of a new implicit solvent model that avoids the traditional system size limitations of computer simulation of macromolecular solutions with periodic boundary conditions. This implicit solvent model is based upon the quasi-chemical approach, distinct from the common integral equation trunk of the theory of liquid solutions. The idea is geometrically to define molecular-scale regions attached to the solute macromolecule of interest. It is then shown that the quasi-chemical approach corresponds to calculation of a partition function for an ensemble analogous to, but not the same as, the grand canonical ensemble for the solvent in that proximal volume. The distinctions include: (a) the defined proximal volume - the volume of the system that is treated explicitly - resides on the solute; (b) the solute conformational fluctuations are prescribed by statistical thermodynamics and the proximal volume can fluctuate if the solute conformation fluctuates; and (c) the interactions of the system with more distant, extra-system solution species are treated by approximate physical theories such as dielectric continuum theories. The theory makes a definite connection to statistical, thermodynamic properties of the solution and fully dictates volume fluctuations, which can be awkward in more ambitious approaches. It is argued that with the close solvent neighbors treated explicitly the thermodynamic results become less sensitive to the inevitable approximations in the implicit solvent theories of the more distant interactions. The physical content of this theory is the hypothesis that a small set of solvent molecules are decisive for these solvation problem. A detailed derivation of the quasi-chemical theory escorts the development of this proposal. The numerical application of the quasi-chemical treatment to Li+ ion hydration in liquid water is used to motivate and exemplify the quasi-chemical theory. Those results underscore the fact that the quasi-chemical approach refines the path for utilization of ion-water cluster results for the statistical thermodynamics of solutions. C1 Los Alamos Natl Lab, Div Theoret, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. RP Pratt, LR (reprint author), Los Alamos Natl Lab, Div Theoret, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. RI Rempe, Susan/H-1979-2011 NR 100 TC 50 Z9 50 U1 0 U2 5 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1NO1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0094-243X BN 1-56396-906-8 J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 1999 VL 492 BP 172 EP 201 DI 10.1063/1.1301528 PG 30 WC Biophysics; Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Physical; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Biophysics; Chemistry; Physics GA BP14C UT WOS:000084221000010 ER PT S AU Stevens, MJ AF Stevens, MJ BE Pratt, LR Hummer, G TI Simulations of Polyelectrolytes: counterion condensation, ion capture, and bundle binding SO SIMULATION AND THEORY OF ELECTROSTATIC INTERACTIONS IN SOLUTION: COMPUTATIONAL CHEMISTRY, BIOPHYSICS, AND AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS SE AIP CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Workshop on Treatment of Electrostatic Interactions in Computer Simulations of Condensed Media CY JUN 23-25, 1999 CL SANTA FE, NM SP Ctr Nonlinear Studies, Los Alamos Natl Lab, Univ Utah, Henry Eyring Ctr Theoret Chem ID MOLECULAR-DYNAMICS SIMULATION; CHARGED RODS; SALT; ATTRACTION; COLLAPSE; SYSTEMS; EWALD; DNA AB Charged polymers and, in particular, polyelectrolytes are of great interest, but our understanding has been much poorer in comparison with neutral polymers. The interest in polyelectrolytes is strong, because many biopolymers such as DNA are polyelectrolytes, and also synthetic polyelectrolytes have important commercial uses. Part of the difficulty in treating polylectrolytes resides in the Coulomb interactions. Recently, molecular dynamics simulations have proven to be a valuable tool in overcoming some of these challenges and have fundamentally enhanced our understanding of polyelectrolytes. These simulations are based on the bead-spring model that has been successively applied to neutral polymers. To model polyelectrolytes, monomers may now be charged, and solvent ions are introduced and treated explicitly. The long ranged Coulomb interaction is treated by a particle-mesh Ewald method. Results of these simulations will be discussed. The structure of a polyelectrolyte chain as a function of concentration, added salt and charge distribution has been calculated. A variety of phenomena have been encountered in these simulations and will be discussed. These include counterion condensation, ion capture and bundle binding. No aggregation occurs for monovalent counterions. C1 Sandia Natl Labs, Mat Simulat Sci Dept, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. RP Stevens, MJ (reprint author), Sandia Natl Labs, Mat Simulat Sci Dept, MS 1111, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. NR 32 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1NO1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0094-243X BN 1-56396-906-8 J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 1999 VL 492 BP 265 EP 280 DI 10.1063/1.1301532 PG 16 WC Biophysics; Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Physical; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Biophysics; Chemistry; Physics GA BP14C UT WOS:000084221000014 ER PT S AU Rostov, IV Basilevsky, MV Newton, MD AF Rostov, IV Basilevsky, MV Newton, MD BE Pratt, LR Hummer, G TI Advanced dielectric continuum models of solvation, their connection to microscopic solvent models, and application to electron transfer reactions SO SIMULATION AND THEORY OF ELECTROSTATIC INTERACTIONS IN SOLUTION: COMPUTATIONAL CHEMISTRY, BIOPHYSICS, AND AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS SE AIP CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Workshop on Treatment of Electrostatic Interactions in Computer Simulations of Condensed Media CY JUN 23-25, 1999 CL SANTA FE, NM SP Ctr Nonlinear Studies, Los Alamos Natl Lab, Univ Utah, Henry Eyring Ctr Theoret Chem ID ORDER MULTIPOLAR CHARACTER; CHARGE-TRANSFER REACTIONS; NONEQUILIBRIUM SOLVATION; REORGANIZATION ENERGY; TREATING EQUILIBRIUM; IONIC SOLVATION; POLAR LIQUIDS; DYNAMICS; FORMULATION; FREQUENCY AB Some recent advances in dielectric continuum models for static and dynamic aspects of molecular solvation an discussed, and connections with molecular-level solvent models are noted. The traditional Born-Onsager-Kirkwood (BKO) model is compared to a more flexible model (the so-called frequency-resolved cavity model (FRCM)) which assigns distinct inner and outer solute cavities in accommodating, respectively, the inertialess (optical) and inertial solvent response. Sample calculations of solvent reorganization energy (lambda(s)) are presented for various thermal and optical electron transfer (ET) processes, based on self-consistent reaction field models using molecular orbital (MO) or configuration interaction (CI) solvent wave functions. C1 Brookhaven Natl Lab, Dept Chem, Upton, NY 11973 USA. RP Rostov, IV (reprint author), Brookhaven Natl Lab, Dept Chem, POB 5000, Upton, NY 11973 USA. NR 69 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1NO1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0094-243X BN 1-56396-906-8 J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 1999 VL 492 BP 331 EP 349 DI 10.1063/1.1301535 PG 19 WC Biophysics; Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Physical; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Biophysics; Chemistry; Physics GA BP14C UT WOS:000084221000017 ER PT S AU Hatano, N Gubernatis, JE AF Hatano, N Gubernatis, JE BE Tokuyama, M Oppenheim, I TI Bivariate multicanonical Monte Carlo of the 3D +/- J spin glass SO SLOW DYNAMICS IN COMPLEX SYSTEMS SE AIP CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 8th Tohwa-University International Symposium on Slow Dynamics in Complex Systems CY NOV 09-14, 1998 CL FUKUOKA, JAPAN ID PHASE; MODEL C1 Univ Calif Los Alamos Natl Lab, Div Theoret, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. RP Hatano, N (reprint author), Univ Calif Los Alamos Natl Lab, Div Theoret, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. NR 11 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1NO1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0094-243X BN 1-56396-811-8 J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 1999 VL 469 BP 565 EP 566 PG 2 WC Engineering, Chemical; Mechanics; Physics, Applied; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical; Physics, Condensed Matter; Physics, Mathematical; Polymer Science SC Engineering; Mechanics; Physics; Polymer Science GA BM95F UT WOS:000080238300116 ER PT B AU Ritchie, RO AF Ritchie, RO BE Ravichandran, KS Ritchie, RO Murakami, Y TI The importance of small fatigue cracks in advanced materials SO SMALL FATIGUE CRACKS: MECHANICS, MECHANISMS, AND APPLICATIONS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 3rd Engineering Foundation International Conference on Small Fatigue Cracks CY DEC 06-11, 1998 CL OAHU, HI SP Engn Fdn DE fatigue-crack propagation; small cracks; crack-tip shielding; ceramics; intermetallics; Ti-6Al-4V; PSZ; silicon carbide; titanium aluminides ID STABILIZED ZIRCONIA CERAMICS; HIGH-CYCLE-FATIGUE; LIFE PREDICTION; PROPAGATION; GROWTH; BEHAVIOR; REINFORCEMENT; RESISTANCE; COMPOSITES; FRACTURE AB Damage-tolerant design and "lifing" methodologies have been practiced for metallic structures for decades; however, their application to ceramic and intermetallic materials poses particular problems. This is because these so-called advanced materials are generally highly flaw-sensitive. Moreover, like metals, they are susceptible to premature failure by cyclic fatigue, which provides a prominent mechanism for subcritical crack growth that further limits life. One specific problem involves the large dependency of growth rates on the applied stress intensity, which necessitates that design is based on the concept of a fatigue threshold, particularly in the presence of small cracks. In this paper, studies on the role of small cracks in influencing thresholds and near-threshold growth rates indicate that behavior in both advanced and traditional materials is remarkably similar. However, microstructures with optimal small-crack growth resistance are rarely similar to those optimized for large crack-growth properties. C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Natl Lab, Div Mat Sci, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. RP Ritchie, RO (reprint author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Natl Lab, Div Mat Sci, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. NR 35 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 1 U2 5 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA SARA BURGERHARTSTRAAT 25, PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS BN 0-08-043011-2 PY 1999 BP 233 EP 245 DI 10.1016/B978-008043011-9/50023-5 PG 13 WC Engineering, Mechanical SC Engineering GA BP92Z UT WOS:000086647400022 ER PT B AU Gilbert, CJ Han, YS Kim, DK Ritchie, RO AF Gilbert, CJ Han, YS Kim, DK Ritchie, RO BE Ravichandran, KS Ritchie, RO Murakami, Y TI Small crack effects in ceramic materials SO SMALL FATIGUE CRACKS: MECHANICS, MECHANISMS, AND APPLICATIONS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 3rd Engineering Foundation International Conference on Small Fatigue Cracks CY DEC 06-11, 1998 CL OAHU, HI SP Engn Fdn DE fatigue-crack propagation; small cracks; silicon carbide ID TOUGHENED SILICON-CARBIDE; RESISTANCE-CURVE BEHAVIOR; B-C ADDITIONS; CYCLIC FATIGUE; GROWTH; TOUGHNESS AB The objective of the present work was to examine the cyclic fatigue properties of several monolithic, high-toughness silicon carbides, with specific emphasis on the behavior of microstructurally small cracks. Studies were performed on a variety of microstructures in which both grain morphology and sintering additives were varied. Emphasis was placed on differences in cyclic fatigue-crack propagation behavior of long (>3 mm) and small (<200 mu m) cracks. Long-crack measurements were performed using through-cracks in compact tension specimens; small cracks were initiated with Vickers or cube-corner indents placed on the surfaces of cantilever beam specimens. The relative behavior of small versus long cracks was rationalized in terms of indent-induced residual stresses and characteristic steady-state bridging zone lengths. C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Div Mat Sci, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. RP Gilbert, CJ (reprint author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Div Mat Sci, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. NR 14 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 1 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA SARA BURGERHARTSTRAAT 25, PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS BN 0-08-043011-2 PY 1999 BP 283 EP 288 DI 10.1016/B978-008043011-9/50027-2 PG 6 WC Engineering, Mechanical SC Engineering GA BP92Z UT WOS:000086647400026 ER PT S AU Brumby, SP Priedhorsky, WC AF Brumby, SP Priedhorsky, WC BE Brumby, SP TI Small missions for energetic astrophysics: A panel discussion SO SMALL MISSIONS FOR ENERGETIC ASTROPHYSICS: ULTRAVIOLET TO GAMMA-RAY SE AIP CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Workshop on Small Missions for Energetic Astrophysics CY FEB, 1999 CL LOS ALMOS NATL LAB, J ROBERT OPPENHEIMER STUDY CTR, LOS ALAMOS, NM SP NASA, Los Alamos Natl Lab, Ctr Space Sci & Explorat, Los Alamos Natl Lab, Inst Geophys & Planetary Phys HO LOS ALMOS NATL LAB, J ROBERT OPPENHEIMER STUDY CTR AB We present the conclusions of a panel discussion held on the final day of the workshop. The major themes discussed by the panel involved increasing standardization, sharing information, improving access to space, and the changing role of the Principal Investigator. We have not attempted to construct a verbatim transcript of the event, but will rather present a summary of the debate and draw some conclusions. C1 Univ Calif Los Alamos Natl Lab, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. RP Brumby, SP (reprint author), Univ Calif Los Alamos Natl Lab, Mail Stop D436, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. NR 3 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1NO1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0094-243X BN 1-56396-912-2 J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 1999 VL 499 BP 1 EP 7 DI 10.1063/1.1302215 PG 7 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Engineering; Astronomy & Astrophysics GA BP29E UT WOS:000084595200001 ER PT S AU Borozdin, KN Priedhorsky, WC Arefiev, VA Kaniovsky, AS Black, K Brandt, S AF Borozdin, KN Priedhorsky, WC Arefiev, VA Kaniovsky, AS Black, K Brandt, S BE Brumby, SP TI Wide-field all-sky monitor for X-ray astronomy SO SMALL MISSIONS FOR ENERGETIC ASTROPHYSICS: ULTRAVIOLET TO GAMMA-RAY SE AIP CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Workshop on Small Missions for Energetic Astrophysics CY FEB, 1999 CL LOS ALMOS NATL LAB, J ROBERT OPPENHEIMER STUDY CTR, LOS ALAMOS, NM SP NASA, Los Alamos Natl Lab, Ctr Space Sci & Explorat, Los Alamos Natl Lab, Inst Geophys & Planetary Phys HO LOS ALMOS NATL LAB, J ROBERT OPPENHEIMER STUDY CTR ID ACTIVE GALACTIC NUCLEI; GAMMA; SPECTRUM AB The concept of using a pinhole camera as wide field-of-view detector for an X-ray all-sky monitor was first proposed qv S.Holt and W.Priedhorsky in 1987 [1]. The hardware for such a monitor is ready to be launched. Here we discuss scientific tasks for such an experiment. its main parameters and possibilities to install it on platforms/satellites of different types. C1 Univ Calif Los Alamos Natl Lab, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. RP Borozdin, KN (reprint author), Univ Calif Los Alamos Natl Lab, NIS-2, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. NR 29 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1NO1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0094-243X BN 1-56396-912-2 J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 1999 VL 499 BP 20 EP 32 DI 10.1063/1.1302217 PG 13 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Engineering; Astronomy & Astrophysics GA BP29E UT WOS:000084595200003 ER PT S AU Gisler, G AF Gisler, G CA ROTSE Collaboration BE Brumby, SP TI The ROTSE detection of early optical light from GRB 990123 SO SMALL MISSIONS FOR ENERGETIC ASTROPHYSICS: ULTRAVIOLET TO GAMMA-RAY SE AIP CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Workshop on Small Missions for Energetic Astrophysics CY FEB, 1999 CL LOS ALMOS NATL LAB, J ROBERT OPPENHEIMER STUDY CTR, LOS ALAMOS, NM SP NASA, Los Alamos Natl Lab, Ctr Space Sci & Explorat, Los Alamos Natl Lab, Inst Geophys & Planetary Phys HO LOS ALMOS NATL LAB, J ROBERT OPPENHEIMER STUDY CTR ID GAMMA-RAY BURSTS C1 Univ Calif Los Alamos Natl Lab, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. RP Gisler, G (reprint author), Univ Calif Los Alamos Natl Lab, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. NR 9 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1NO1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0094-243X BN 1-56396-912-2 J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 1999 VL 499 BP 82 EP 89 DI 10.1063/1.1302223 PG 8 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Engineering; Astronomy & Astrophysics GA BP29E UT WOS:000084595200009 ER PT S AU Carlson, NM Blackwood, LG Torres, LL Rodriguez, JG Yoder, TS AF Carlson, NM Blackwood, LG Torres, LL Rodriguez, JG Yoder, TS BE Liu, SC TI Accelerated aging of polymer composite bridge materials SO SMART STRUCTURES AND MATERIALS 1999: SMART SYSTEMS FOR BRIDGES, STRUCTURES AND HIGHWAYS SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Smart Systems for Bridges, Structures, and Highways at Smart Structures and Materials 1999 CY MAR 01-02, 1999 CL NEWPORT BEACH, CA SP SPIE, Soc Exptl Mech, Amer Soc Mech Engineers, BFGoodrich Aerospace, Defence Adv Res Projects Agency, US Army Res Off, AF Res Lab, Ceram Soc Japan, Intelligent Mat Forum DE durability testing; accelerated aging; PMC material; UV protective coating; composite bridge; analysis of variance; ANOVA AB Accelerated aging research on samples of composite material and candidate ultraviolet (UV) protective coatings is determining the effects of six environmental factors on material durability. Candidate fastener materials are being evaluated to determine corrosion rates and crevice corrosion effects at load-bearing joints. This work supports field testing of a 30-ft long, 18-ft wide polymer matrix composite (PMC) bridge at the Idaho National Engineering and Environmental Laboratory (INEEL,). Durability results and sensor data from tests with live loads provide information required for determining the cost/benefit measures to use in life-cycle planning, determining a maintenance strategy, establishing applicable inspection techniques, and establishing guidelines, standards, and acceptance criteria for PMC bridges for use in the transportation infrastructure. C1 Idaho Natl Engn & Environm Lab, Idaho Falls, ID 83415 USA. RP Carlson, NM (reprint author), Idaho Natl Engn & Environm Lab, POB 1625, Idaho Falls, ID 83415 USA. NR 22 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-3145-1 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 1999 VL 3671 BP 242 EP 252 DI 10.1117/12.348674 PG 11 WC Engineering, Civil; Engineering, Mechanical; Optics; Transportation SC Engineering; Optics; Transportation GA BN20C UT WOS:000081058800024 ER PT B AU Peterson, DW Burchett, SN Sweet, JN Nguyen, L AF Peterson, DW Burchett, SN Sweet, JN Nguyen, L GP SMTA SMTA SMTA TI Experiment-based computational investigation of thermomechanical stresses in flip chip BGA using the ATC4.2 test vehicle SO SMTA INTERNATIONAL PROCEEDINGS OF THE TECHNICAL PROGRAM LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT SMTA International Conference CY SEP 12-16, 1999 CL SAN JOSE, CA SP Surface Mt Technol Assoc DE flip chip; piezoresistor stress measurement; die stresses AB Stress measurement test chips were flip chip assembled to organic EGA substrates containing micro-vias and epoxy build-up interconnect layers. Mechanical degradation observed during temperature cycling was correlated to a damage theory developed based on 3D finite element method analysis. Degradation included die cracking, edge delamination and radial fillet cracking. C1 Sandia Natl Labs, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. RP Peterson, DW (reprint author), Sandia Natl Labs, POB 5800, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. NR 5 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SURFACE MOUNT TECHNOLOGY ASSOC PI EDINA PA 5200 WILLSON RD, SUITE 215, EDINA, MN 55424-1343 USA PY 1999 BP 167 EP 175 PG 9 WC Computer Science, Hardware & Architecture; Engineering, Manufacturing; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Computer Science; Engineering GA BQ25E UT WOS:000087729300020 ER PT S AU Dunn, J Li, Y Osterheld, AL Nilsen, J Moon, SJ Fournier, KB Hunter, JR Faenov, AY Pikuz, TA Shlyaptsev, VN AF Dunn, J Li, Y Osterheld, AL Nilsen, J Moon, SJ Fournier, KB Hunter, JR Faenov, AY Pikuz, TA Shlyaptsev, VN BE Rocca, JJ DaSilva, LB TI Tabletop transient collisional excitation x-ray lasers SO SOFT X-RAY LASERS AND APPLICATIONS III SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 3rd Conference on Soft X-Ray Lasers and Application CY JUL 19-20, 1999 CL DENVER, CO SP SPIE, Dept Energy, Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab DE x-ray laser; transient collisional excitation; x-ray spectroscopy; Ne-like; Ni-like ID GAIN AB Recent transient collisional excitation x-ray laser experiments are reported using the COMET tabletop laser driver at the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL). Ne-like and Ni-like ion x-ray laser schemes have been investigated with a combination of long 600 ps and short similar to 1 ps high power laser pulses with 5 10 J total energy. We show small signal gain saturation for x-ray lasers when a reflection echelon traveling wave geometry is utilized. A gain length product of 18 has been achieved for the Ni-like Pd 4d->4p J=0-1 line at 147 Angstrom, with an estimated output of similar to 10 mu J. Strong lasing on the 119 Angstrom Ni-like Sn line has also been observed. To our knowledge this is the first time gain saturation has been achieved on a tabletop laser driven scheme and is the shortest wavelength tabletop x-ray laser demonstrated to date. In addition, we present preliminary results of the characterization of the line focus uniformity for a Ne-like ion scheme using L-shell spectroscopy. C1 Univ Calif Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA 94551 USA. RP Dunn, J (reprint author), Univ Calif Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA 94551 USA. NR 17 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-3262-8 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 1999 VL 3776 BP 2 EP 8 DI 10.1117/12.366654 PG 7 WC Optics SC Optics GA BN97W UT WOS:000083738200001 ER PT S AU Moon, SJ Dunn, J Faenov, A Pikuz, T Fournier, KB Osterheld, AL Shlyaptsev, VN Li, Y Nilsen, J AF Moon, SJ Dunn, J Faenov, A Pikuz, T Fournier, KB Osterheld, AL Shlyaptsev, VN Li, Y Nilsen, J BE Rocca, JJ DaSilva, LB TI Characterization of a high-gain Ne-like Fe transient X-ray laser SO SOFT X-RAY LASERS AND APPLICATIONS III SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 3rd Conference on Soft X-Ray Lasers and Application CY JUL 19-20, 1999 CL DENVER, CO SP SPIE, Dept Energy, Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab DE X-ray lasers; transient collisional excitation; L-shell spectroscopy AB We present experimental results of a high efficiency Ne-like Fe transient collisional excitation x-ray laser using the COMET 15 TW table-top laser system at LLNL. The plasma formation, ionization and collisional excitation of the x-ray laser have been optimized using two sequential laser pulses: a plasma formation beam with 5 J energy of 600 ps duration and a pump beam with 5 J energy of 1.2 ps duration. Since the observation of strong lasing on the 255 Angstrom 3p-3s J=0-1 transition of Ne-like Fe, we have achieved high gains of 35 cm(-1) and saturation of the x-ray laser. A five-stage traveling wave excitation enhances the strongest Fe 3p-3s 255 Angstrom lasing line as well as additional x-ray lines. A cartful characterization of the plasma column conditions using L-shell spectroscopy indicates the degree of ionization along the line focus. C1 Univ Calif Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA 94551 USA. RP Moon, SJ (reprint author), Univ Calif Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA 94551 USA. NR 7 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-3262-8 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 1999 VL 3776 BP 9 EP 13 DI 10.1117/12.366665 PG 5 WC Optics SC Optics GA BN97W UT WOS:000083738200002 ER PT S AU Nilsen, J Li, YL Dunn, J Osterheld, AL AF Nilsen, J Li, YL Dunn, J Osterheld, AL BE Rocca, JJ DaSilva, LB TI Modeling short-pulse-driven collisional X-ray lasers and other new schemes SO SOFT X-RAY LASERS AND APPLICATIONS III SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 3rd Conference on Soft X-Ray Lasers and Application CY JUL 19-20, 1999 CL DENVER, CO SP SPIE, Dept Energy, Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab DE X-ray laser; multiple pulse technique ID TRANSIENT GAIN; AMPLIFICATION; TRANSITIONS AB Recently, the technique of using a nsec pulse to preform and ionize the plasma followed by a psec pulse to heat the plasma has enabled low-Z neon-like and nickel-like ions to lase driven by small lasers with only ten joules of energy. In this work we model recent experiments done using the COMET laser at LLNL to illuminate 1 cm long slab targets of Ti with a 4.8 J, 800 ps prepulse followed 1.6 nsec later by a 6 J, 1 psec drive pulse. The LASNEX code is used to calculate the hydrodynamic evolution of the plasma and provide the temperatures and densities to the XRASER code, which then does the kinetics calculations to determine the gain. The temporal and spatial evolution of the plasma is studied both with and without radiation transport included for the 3d and 3s -> 2p Ne-like Ti resonance lines. Large regions with gains greater than 80 cm(-1) are predicted for the 3p S-1(0) -> 3s P-1(1) Ne-like Ti laser line at 326 Angstrom. Given the large gain and large gradients in these plasmas, we do propagation calculations including refraction to understand which regions have the right combination of high gain and low gradients to contribute to the X-ray laser output. Calculations are also presented using different delays between the long and short pulse and different widths for the short pulse to provide better insight for optimizing the laser output. In addition to the standard 326 Angstrom laser line, high gain is also predicted and observed for the 3d P-1(1) -> 3p P-1(1) laser line at 301 Angstrom in Ne-like Ti. We present calculations with and without radiation transport included on the strong 3d P-1(1) -> 2p S-1(0) resonance line to better understand this self photopumping effect. We also look at the analog transition in Ni-like ions to understand if self photopumping may also play a role in Ni-like ions. High gain is predicted on the 3d(9) 4f(1)P(1) -> 3d(9) 4d P-1(1) Ni-like transition and this line has recently been observed at 226 Angstrom in Ni-like Mo. Gain of 13 cm(-1) has been measured for this line. C1 Univ Calif Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. RP Nilsen, J (reprint author), Univ Calif Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. NR 10 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-3262-8 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 1999 VL 3776 BP 14 EP 23 DI 10.1117/12.366682 PG 10 WC Optics SC Optics GA BN97W UT WOS:000083738200003 ER PT S AU Li, YL Dunn, J Nilsen, J Barbee, TW DaSilva, LB Osterheld, A AF Li, YL Dunn, J Nilsen, J Barbee, TW DaSilva, LB Osterheld, A BE Rocca, JJ DaSilva, LB TI Near field imaging of a saturated table top X-ray laser SO SOFT X-RAY LASERS AND APPLICATIONS III SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 3rd Conference on Soft X-Ray Lasers and Application CY JUL 19-20, 1999 CL DENVER, CO SP SPIE, Dept Energy, Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab DE X-ray lasers; X-ray imaging ID TRANSIENT GAIN; NE-LIKE; PREPULSE TECHNIQUE; AMPLIFICATION AB High resolution 2D imaging experiment on the saturated 18.9 nm Ni-like soft X-ray laser is presented. The imaging experiment allows measurement of the absolute output energy and intensity of the X-ray laser, while gives detailed information on the spatial characteristics of the X-ray laser for understanding the physics and further improving the performance of the X-ray laser. C1 Univ Calif Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Inst Laser Sci & Applicat, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. RP Li, YL (reprint author), Univ Calif Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Inst Laser Sci & Applicat, POB 808,L-411, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. NR 17 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-3262-8 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 1999 VL 3776 BP 45 EP 51 DI 10.1117/12.366686 PG 7 WC Optics SC Optics GA BN97W UT WOS:000083738200006 ER PT S AU Fournier, KB Stutman, D Soukhanovskii, V Finkenthal, M May, MJ Shlyaptsev, VN Goldstein, WH AF Fournier, KB Stutman, D Soukhanovskii, V Finkenthal, M May, MJ Shlyaptsev, VN Goldstein, WH BE Rocca, JJ DaSilva, LB TI Estimates of population inversion for deep-UV transitions in Kr-like Y, Zr, Nb and Mo in a high-current reflex discharge SO SOFT X-RAY LASERS AND APPLICATIONS III SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 3rd Conference on Soft X-Ray Lasers and Application CY JUL 19-20, 1999 CL DENVER, CO SP SPIE, Dept Energy, Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab DE YIVVUVspectra; reflex discharge; transient collisional excitation; gain ID X-RAY LASER; ENERGY-LEVELS; SPECTRUM; AMPLIFICATION; ULTRAVIOLET; VII AB Kr-like ions are good candidates for FUV lasing since they can be produced in plasmas quite easily. We present results from a spectroscopic investigation of Y TV emission from a high current density, cold cathode reflex discharge. The Y II to Y V emission is recorded in the 200-3000 Angstrom range using photometrically calibrated spectrometers, while the emission of trace aluminum ions serves for plasma diagnostics. The intensities of the Y IV 4d - 5p and 5s - 5p transitions strongly increase relative to lines from Y II and Y III with increasing plasma current. The spectra studied here are obtained at a current density of 1.75 A/cm(2). Experimental Y IV intensity ratios spanning several excited configurations are compared with collisional radiative predictions of the HULLAC atomic physics package. Good agreement is found for the measured and predicted ratios of 4p(5)5p to 4p(5)5s level populations per statistical weight. Finally, the response of the Kr-like system to a fast, transient excitation pulse is examined using the RADEX code. Large transient gains are predicted for several 5s - 5p transitions in Y IV, Zr V, Nb VI and Mo VII. C1 Univ Calif Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. RP Fournier, KB (reprint author), Univ Calif Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, POB 808 L-41, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. RI Stutman, Dan/P-4048-2015 NR 31 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-3262-8 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 1999 VL 3776 BP 181 EP 192 DI 10.1117/12.366669 PG 12 WC Optics SC Optics GA BN97W UT WOS:000083738200022 ER PT S AU Li, YL Nikitin, SP Alexeev, I Milchberg, HM Antonsen, TM AF Li, YL Nikitin, SP Alexeev, I Milchberg, HM Antonsen, TM BE Rocca, JJ DaSilva, LB TI Observation of ionization instability of intense laser pulses SO SOFT X-RAY LASERS AND APPLICATIONS III SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 3rd Conference on Soft X-Ray Lasers and Application CY JUL 19-20, 1999 CL DENVER, CO SP SPIE, Dept Energy, Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab DE ionization instability; laser propagation; laser plasmas ID FIELD-INDUCED IONIZATION; STABILITY AB Theoretical analysis and preliminary experiment on ionization instability of intense laser pulses in ionizing plasmas are presented. The ionization instability is due to the dependence of the ionization rate on the laser intensity and scatters the laser energy off the original propagation direction. C1 Univ Calif Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Inst Laser Sci & Applicat, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. RP Li, YL (reprint author), Univ Calif Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Inst Laser Sci & Applicat, POB 808,L-411, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. RI Nikitin, Sergei/A-7156-2012; Antonsen, Thomas/D-8791-2017 OI Antonsen, Thomas/0000-0002-2362-2430 NR 11 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-3262-8 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 1999 VL 3776 BP 249 EP 255 DI 10.1117/12.366675 PG 7 WC Optics SC Optics GA BN97W UT WOS:000083738200029 ER PT J AU Eick, MJ Peak, JD Brady, PV Pesek, JD AF Eick, MJ Peak, JD Brady, PV Pesek, JD TI Kinetics of lead adsorption/desorption on goethite: Residence time effect SO SOIL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE lead; desorption; kinetics; goethite ID IRON-OXIDES; ADSORPTION; DESORPTION; SORPTION; SOIL; CADMIUM; COBALT; COMPLEXATION; INTERFACES; COPPER(II) AB Sorption/desorption reactions at the mineral/water interface will control solution concentrations of trace elements and their bioavailability in natural environments. While there has been a great deal of research examining trace element sorption reactions on soil and soil constituent surfaces, there is relatively little research examining desorption reactions and the effect of residence time. In this study, we examined the influence of sorption density and residence time on the sorption/desorption kinetics of Pb on goethite, Lead sorption was rapid and nearly complete in less than 1 h, with essentially no change in the quantity of Pb sorbed over the 12-week sorption period. Desorption of Pb was slow and was modeled best by the parabolic diffusion equation. At all sorption densities investigated, desorption rate coefficients and the quantity of Pb desorbed were greater for the short-term experiments (5 days). However, statistical analyses indicated that these differences were not statistically significant. It is suggested that an insufficient desorption period caused by the high affinity of Pb for the goethite surface or the slow diffusion of Pb(OH)(+) into crystal defects may be responsible for the absence of a residence time effect. Further studies are necessary to determine if the observed trends are real or are artifacts of the experiment. C1 Virginia Tech, Dept Crop & Soil Environm Sci, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA. Univ Delaware, Dept Plant & Soil Sci, Newark, DE 19717 USA. Sandia Natl Labs, Dept Geochem, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. Univ Delaware, Dept Food & Resource Econ, Newark, DE 19717 USA. RP Eick, MJ (reprint author), Virginia Tech, Dept Crop & Soil Environm Sci, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA. EM eick@vt.edu NR 42 TC 97 Z9 104 U1 7 U2 20 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 0038-075X J9 SOIL SCI JI Soil Sci. PD JAN PY 1999 VL 164 IS 1 BP 28 EP 39 DI 10.1097/00010694-199901000-00005 PG 12 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA 164MC UT WOS:000078467300004 ER PT S AU Jorgensen, G Brunold, S Kohl, M Nostell, P Oversloot, H Roos, A AF Jorgensen, G Brunold, S Kohl, M Nostell, P Oversloot, H Roos, A BE Lampert, CM Granqvist, CG TI Durability testing of antireflection coatings for solar applications SO SOLAR OPTICAL MATERIALS XVI SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 16th Conference on Solar Optical Material CY JUL 22, 1999 CL DENVER, CO SP SPIE DE antireflection coatings; durability of optical properties; weathering; accelerated testing AB Antireflection (AR) coatings can be incorporated into highly transmitting glazings that, depending upon their cost, performance, and durability of optical properties, can be economically viable in solar collectors, agricultural greenhouses, and PV systems. A number of AR-coated glazings have been prepared under the auspices of the International Energy Agency (IEA) Working Group on Durability of Materials for Solar Thermal Collectors. The AR coatings are of two types, including 1) various sol-gels applied to glass and 2) an embossed treatment of sheet acrylic. Typically, for unweathered glazings, a 4-5% increase in solar-weighted transmittance has been achieved. For AR-coated glass, reflectance values as low as 0.5%-0.7% at selected wavelengths (680-720 nm) were obtained. To determine the durability of the hemispherical transmittance, several collaborating countries are testing these materials both outdoors and in accelerated weathering chambers. All materials exposed outdoors are affixed to mini-collector boxes to simulate nat-plate collector conditions. Results for candidate AR coatings weathered at geographically disperse outdoor test sites exhibit changes in spectral transmittance primarily in the high visible range (60-700 nm). Accelerated testing at measured levels of simulated solar irradiance and at different constant levels of temperature and relative humidity have been performed in different countries. Parallel testing with different levels of laboratory-controlled relevant stress factors permits the time-dependent performance of these materials to be compared with measured results from in-service outdoor exposure conditions. Coating adhesion and performance loss resulting from dirt and dust retention are also discussed. C1 Natl Renewable Energy Lab, Golden, CO 80401 USA. RP Jorgensen, G (reprint author), Natl Renewable Energy Lab, Golden, CO 80401 USA. NR 8 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 3 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-3275-X J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 1999 VL 3789 BP 66 EP 76 DI 10.1117/12.367571 PG 11 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Engineering, Mechanical; Materials Science, Coatings & Films; Optics SC Engineering; Materials Science; Optics GA BN98C UT WOS:000083742200008 ER PT S AU von Roedern, B AF von Roedern, B BE Lampert, CM Granqvist, CG TI Advances in photovoltaics at NREL SO SOLAR OPTICAL MATERIALS XVI SE Proceedings of SPIE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 16th Conference on Solar Optical Material CY JUL 22, 1999 CL DENVER, CO SP SPIE DE photovoltaics; solar cells; thin films; supporting research AB This paper discusses the critical strategic research and development issues in the development of next-generation photovoltaic technologies, emphasizing thin-film technologies that are believed to ultimately lead to lower production costs. The critical research and development issues for each technology are identified. An attempt is made to identify the strengths and weaknesses of the different technologies, and to identify opportunities for fundamental research activities suited to advance the introduction of improved photovoltaic modules. C1 Natl Renewable Energy Lab, Golden, CO 80401 USA. RP von Roedern, B (reprint author), Natl Renewable Energy Lab, MS 3212, Golden, CO 80401 USA. NR 26 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 2 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-3275-X J9 PROC SPIE PY 1999 VL 3789 BP 104 EP 115 DI 10.1117/12.367574 PG 12 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Engineering, Mechanical; Materials Science, Coatings & Films; Optics SC Engineering; Materials Science; Optics GA BN98C UT WOS:000083742200012 ER PT S AU Smith, MF Brockmann, JE Dykhuizen, RC Gilmore, DL Neiser, RA Roemer, TJ AF Smith, MF Brockmann, JE Dykhuizen, RC Gilmore, DL Neiser, RA Roemer, TJ BE Dimos, D Danforth, SC Cima, MJ TI Cold spray direct fabrication - High rate, solid state, material consolidation SO SOLID FREEFORM AND ADDITIVE FABRICATION SE MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY SYMPOSIUM PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Solid Freeform and Additive Fabrication CY NOV 30-DEC 01, 1998 CL BOSTON, MA SP Mat Res Soc AB Direct fabrication of metal near-net shapes from a computer model typically involves melting and solidification, which can cause high residual stresses, undesirable phases, poor microstructures, rough surface finishes, warpage, and other problems. This paper describes a new technology, still under development, that might be used to directly fabricate solid, near-full-density, free-form shapes of many metals, and even some composite materials, at or near room temperature without melting and solidification. In this process, tentatively called Cold Spray Direct Fabrication (CSDF), powder particles in a supersonic jet of compressed gas impact a solid surface with sufficient energy to cause plastic deformation and consolidation with the underlying material by a process thought to be analogous to explosive welding. Material deposition by cold spray methods has already been successfully demonstrated by several investigators. This paper presents results of an experimental study to investigate the effects of selected process variables on cold spray particle velocities. In addition, a key technical barrier to the CSDF concept is focusing the spray stream down to dimensions that would permit a useful level of part detail, while still providing practical build rates. This paper presents results of initial research to develop an aerodynamic lens that may provide the required particle stream focusing. C1 Sandia Natl Labs, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. RP Smith, MF (reprint author), Sandia Natl Labs, POB 5800, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. NR 19 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 5 PU MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY PI WARRENDALE PA 506 KEYSTONE DRIVE, WARRENDALE, PA 15088-7563 USA SN 0272-9172 BN 1-55899-448-3 J9 MATER RES SOC SYMP P PY 1999 VL 542 BP 65 EP 76 PG 12 WC Materials Science, Ceramics; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering; Materials Science, Composites; Polymer Science SC Materials Science; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering; Polymer Science GA BN11J UT WOS:000080750900009 ER PT S AU Cesarano, J AF Cesarano, J BE Dimos, D Danforth, SC Cima, MJ TI A review of robocasting technology SO SOLID FREEFORM AND ADDITIVE FABRICATION SE MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY SYMPOSIUM PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Solid Freeform and Additive Fabrication CY NOV 30-DEC 01, 1998 CL BOSTON, MA SP Mat Res Soc AB Robocasting is a freeform fabrication technique for dense ceramics and composites that is based on layer-wise deposition of highly loaded colloidal slurries. The process is essentially binderless with less than 1% organics and parts can be fabricated, dried, and completely sintered in less than 24 hours. This review will highlight materials developments for structural applications and modelling of slurry flow. Fabrication of preforms for alumina/metal composites will be discussed as well as techniques for multimaterial deposition in both graded structures and discrete placement of fugitive materials. C1 Sandia Natl Labs, Direct Fabricat Technol Dept, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. RP Cesarano, J (reprint author), Sandia Natl Labs, Direct Fabricat Technol Dept, POB 5800, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. NR 5 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 6 U2 29 PU MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY PI WARRENDALE PA 506 KEYSTONE DRIVE, WARRENDALE, PA 15088-7563 USA SN 0272-9172 BN 1-55899-448-3 J9 MATER RES SOC SYMP P PY 1999 VL 542 BP 133 EP 139 PG 7 WC Materials Science, Ceramics; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering; Materials Science, Composites; Polymer Science SC Materials Science; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering; Polymer Science GA BN11J UT WOS:000080750900017 ER PT S AU Yang, P Dimos, D Rodriguez, MA Huang, RF Dai, S Wilcox, D AF Yang, P Dimos, D Rodriguez, MA Huang, RF Dai, S Wilcox, D BE Dimos, D Danforth, SC Cima, MJ TI Direct-write precision resistors for ceramic packages SO SOLID FREEFORM AND ADDITIVE FABRICATION SE MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY SYMPOSIUM PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Solid Freeform and Additive Fabrication CY NOV 30-DEC 01, 1998 CL BOSTON, MA SP Mat Res Soc AB A direct-write approach to fabricate high precision resistors is reported. Special attention is paid to the effect of print thickness on the resistance value of buried resistors after a low temperature co-firing process. The results show that the direct-write approach provides a superior line definition and thickness control over a traditional screen printing process. Microstructural analysis indicates that there is an interdiffused layer developed between the resistor material and the low temperature co-fired ceramic substrate. These observations are consistent with electrical measurements which show that resistance increases as the effective cross-sectional area is reduced. The resistance data show that the standard deviations for resistors printed on a 6 " x 6 " area are 5% and 15% for the direct-write and the screen-printed patterns, respectively. C1 Sandia Natl Labs, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. RP Yang, P (reprint author), Sandia Natl Labs, POB 5800, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. NR 2 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 0 PU MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY PI WARRENDALE PA 506 KEYSTONE DRIVE, WARRENDALE, PA 15088-7563 USA SN 0272-9172 BN 1-55899-448-3 J9 MATER RES SOC SYMP P PY 1999 VL 542 BP 159 EP 164 PG 6 WC Materials Science, Ceramics; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering; Materials Science, Composites; Polymer Science SC Materials Science; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering; Polymer Science GA BN11J UT WOS:000080750900021 ER PT S AU Brooks, J Robino, C Headley, T Goods, S Griffith, M AF Brooks, J Robino, C Headley, T Goods, S Griffith, M BE Bourell, DL Beaman, JJ Crawford, RH Marcus, HL Barlow, JW TI Microstructure and property optimization of LENS deposited H13 tool steel SO SOLID FREEFORM FABRICATION PROCEEDINGS, AUGUST 1999 SE SOLID FREEFORM FABRICATION PROCEEDINGS (SERIES) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 10th Solid Freeform Fabrication Symposium (SFF) CY AUG 09-11, 1999 CL UNIV TEXAS, AUSTIN, TX SP USN, Off Res, Natl Sci Fdn, Univ Connecticut Storrs, Univ Texas Austin, Mech Engn Dept, Lab Freeform Fabricat, Univ Texas Austin, Mat Inst HO UNIV TEXAS ID WELDS C1 Sandia Natl Labs, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. RP Brooks, J (reprint author), Sandia Natl Labs, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. NR 13 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 1 PU UNIV TEXAS AUSTIN PI AUSTIN PA MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPT, AUSTIN, TX 00000 USA SN 1053-2153 J9 SOL FREEFORM FABRIC PY 1999 BP 375 EP 382 PG 8 WC Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications; Engineering, Manufacturing; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Computer Science; Engineering; Materials Science GA BQ40H UT WOS:000088256800044 ER PT S AU Griffith, ML Ensz, MT Greene, DL Reckaway, DE Romero, JA Crenshaw, TB Harwell, LD Buchheit, TE Tikare, V AF Griffith, ML Ensz, MT Greene, DL Reckaway, DE Romero, JA Crenshaw, TB Harwell, LD Buchheit, TE Tikare, V BE Bourell, DL Beaman, JJ Crawford, RH Marcus, HL Barlow, JW TI Solid freeform fabrication using the wirefeed process SO SOLID FREEFORM FABRICATION PROCEEDINGS, AUGUST 1999 SE SOLID FREEFORM FABRICATION PROCEEDINGS (SERIES) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 10th Solid Freeform Fabrication Symposium (SFF) CY AUG 09-11, 1999 CL UNIV TEXAS, AUSTIN, TX SP USN, Off Res, Natl Sci Fdn, Univ Connecticut Storrs, Univ Texas Austin, Mech Engn Dept, Lab Freeform Fabricat, Univ Texas Austin, Mat Inst HO UNIV TEXAS ID DEPOSITION; COMPONENTS AB Direct metal deposition technologies produce complex, near net shape components from CAD solid models. Most of these techniques fabricate a component by melting powder in a laser weld pool, rastering this weld bead to form a layer, and additively constructing subsequent layers. This talk will describe a new direct metal deposition process, known as WireFeed, whereby a small diameter wire is used instead of powder as the feed material to fabricate components. Currently, parts are being fabricated fi om stainless steel. Microscopy studies show the WireFeed parts to be fully dense with fine microstructural features. Initial mechanical tests show stainless steel parts to have good strength values with retained ductility. C1 Sandia Natl Labs, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. RP Griffith, ML (reprint author), Sandia Natl Labs, POB 5800, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. EM mlgriff@sandia.gov; mtensz@sandia.gov NR 7 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 2 PU UNIV TEXAS AUSTIN PI AUSTIN PA MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPT, AUSTIN, TX 00000 USA SN 1053-2153 J9 SOL FREEFORM FABRIC PY 1999 BP 529 EP 536 PG 8 WC Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications; Engineering, Manufacturing; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Computer Science; Engineering; Materials Science GA BQ40H UT WOS:000088256800061 ER PT B AU Williams, MC AF Williams, MC BE Singhal, SC Dokiya, M TI Status of solid oxide fuel cell development and commercialization in the US SO SOLID OXIDE FUEL CELLS (SOFC VI) SE ELECTROCHEMICAL SOCIETY SERIES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 6th International Symposium on Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (SOFC-VI) CY OCT 17-22, 1999 CL HONOLULU, HI SP Electrochem Soc, High Temp Mat Div, Electrochem Soc, Battery Div, SOFC Soc Japan AB Solid Oxide Fuel Cell (SOFC) powerplants are expected to impact the natural gas stationary power distributed generation (DG) market - 300-kilowatt (kW) to multi-megawatt (MW) - the portable power market, the specialty applications (commercial and military) market, and transportation markets. Siemens Westinghouse is the leader in tubular SOFC technology. Several completely packaged and self-contained power plants, up to nominal 100-kW size, have been manufactured and tested by them. A manufacturing facility currently produces these power plants. In the U.S. several planar designs are also under development. Organizations developing planar designs include the Institute of Gas Technology, Ceramatec, Ztek, Technology Management Incorporated, and Allied Signal Aerospace Corporation. The high-efficiency, fuel cell-turbine hybrid, with and without networking or staging of fuel cells, represents the most efficient power plant type ever conceived. Siemens Westinghouse is planning the first test of a 60 percent efficient 250-kW fuel cell turbine hybrid in 1999. C1 US DOE, Fed Energy Technol Ctr, Morgantown, WV 26505 USA. RP Williams, MC (reprint author), US DOE, Fed Energy Technol Ctr, Morgantown, WV 26505 USA. NR 14 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 1 U2 1 PU ELECTROCHEMICAL SOCIETY INC PI PENNINGTON PA 65 S MAIN ST, PENNINGTON, NJ 08534-2839 USA BN 1-56677-242-7 J9 ELEC SOC S PY 1999 VL 99 IS 19 BP 3 EP 9 PG 7 WC Electrochemistry SC Electrochemistry GA BN57J UT WOS:000082287800001 ER PT B AU Pham, AQ Lee, TH Glass, RS AF Pham, AQ Lee, TH Glass, RS BE Singhal, SC Dokiya, M TI Colloidal spray deposition technique for the processing of thin film solid oxide fuel cells SO SOLID OXIDE FUEL CELLS (SOFC VI) SE ELECTROCHEMICAL SOCIETY SERIES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 6th International Symposium on Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (SOFC-VI) CY OCT 17-22, 1999 CL HONOLULU, HI SP Electrochem Soc, High Temp Mat Div, Electrochem Soc, Battery Div, SOFC Soc Japan ID ELECTROLYTE AB An improved version of the colloidal deposition technique is described. Using an ultrasonic atomizer to gently lay down the colloidal solution on a heated substrate, high quality thin films of various materials were prepared. Dense yttria-stabilized-zirconia (YSZ) films of thickness ranging from 1 to 100 mu m were successfully deposited on NiO/YSZ substrates as well as on porous La(0.85)Sr(0.15)MnO(3) substrates. The technique was also used to deposit a bi-layer thin film of YSZ and Ce(0.8)Y(0.2)O(2) with a graded interface. C1 Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Chem & Mat Sci Directorate, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. RP Pham, AQ (reprint author), Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Chem & Mat Sci Directorate, POB 808,L-231, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. NR 7 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELECTROCHEMICAL SOCIETY INC PI PENNINGTON PA 65 S MAIN ST, PENNINGTON, NJ 08534-2839 USA BN 1-56677-242-7 J9 ELEC SOC S PY 1999 VL 99 IS 19 BP 172 EP 178 PG 7 WC Electrochemistry SC Electrochemistry GA BN57J UT WOS:000082287800021 ER PT B AU Stevenson, JW Hasinska, K Armstrong, TR AF Stevenson, JW Hasinska, K Armstrong, TR BE Singhal, SC Dokiya, M TI Electrical and thermal properties of (La,Sr)(Ga,Mg,Co,Fe)O3-delta SO SOLID OXIDE FUEL CELLS (SOFC VI) SE ELECTROCHEMICAL SOCIETY SERIES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 6th International Symposium on Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (SOFC-VI) CY OCT 17-22, 1999 CL HONOLULU, HI SP Electrochem Soc, High Temp Mat Div, Electrochem Soc, Battery Div, SOFC Soc Japan ID DOPED LANTHANUM GALLATE; OXIDE FUEL-CELLS; CATHODE MATERIALS; ELECTROLYTE; PEROVSKITES; LAGAO3 AB Lanthanum gallate-based perovskite compositions doped with Sr, Mg, Co, and/or Fe were prepared by a combustion synthesis technique. The electrical conductivity and thermal expansion of the materials increased substantially with increasing Co content. Smaller increases in conductivity were observed with increasing Fe content. The thermal expansion of the Fe doped compositions increased slightly with increasing Fe content, except for the composition with the highest amount of Fe. A reversible weight loss at elevated temperatures was observed in all of the compositions as the lattice oxygen stoichiometry decreased with increasing temperature. This loss of lattice oxygen correlated with a reduction in the rate of increase (or even a net decrease) in electrical conductivity with increasing temperature. This behavior was attributed to the elimination of electronic charge carriers as lattice oxygen vacancies were formed. C1 Pacific NW Natl Lab, Richland, WA 99352 USA. RP Stevenson, JW (reprint author), Pacific NW Natl Lab, POB 999, Richland, WA 99352 USA. NR 12 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELECTROCHEMICAL SOCIETY INC PI PENNINGTON PA 65 S MAIN ST, PENNINGTON, NJ 08534-2839 USA BN 1-56677-242-7 J9 ELEC SOC S PY 1999 VL 99 IS 19 BP 275 EP 284 PG 10 WC Electrochemistry SC Electrochemistry GA BN57J UT WOS:000082287800033 ER PT B AU Vaughey, JT Wang, XP Carter, JD Krumpelt, M AF Vaughey, JT Wang, XP Carter, JD Krumpelt, M BE Singhal, SC Dokiya, M TI Altering the equilibrium condition in Sr-doped lanthanum manganite SO SOLID OXIDE FUEL CELLS (SOFC VI) SE ELECTROCHEMICAL SOCIETY SERIES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 6th International Symposium on Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (SOFC-VI) CY OCT 17-22, 1999 CL HONOLULU, HI SP Electrochem Soc, High Temp Mat Div, Electrochem Soc, Battery Div, SOFC Soc Japan ID OXIDE; NONSTOICHIOMETRY; ELECTROLYTE; LASRCUGAO5; CONDUCTOR; OXYGEN; LAGAO3; FE AB The material of choice for a solid oxide fuel cell cathode based on a yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ) electrolyte is doped lanthanum manganite, (La, Sr)MnO(3). It excels at many of the attributes necessary for a system to work at the required operating temperature and is flexible enough to allow for materials optimization. Although strontium-doping increases the electronic conductivity of the material, the ionic conductivity of the material remains negligible under operating conditions. Studies have shown that the internal equilibrium of the material heavily favors oxidation of the manganese rather than the loss of lattice oxygen as a charge compensation mechanism. This lack of oxygen vacancies in the structure retards the ability of the material to conduct oxygen ions; thus the optimized system requires a large number of engineered triple point boundary locations to work efficiently. We have successfully doped the host LSM lattice to alter the internal equilibrium of the material to increase its ionic conductivity and thus lower the cathodic overpotential of the system. Our paper discusses these new materials, the results of cell tests, and a number of characterization experiments performed. C1 Argonne Natl Lab, Div Chem Technol, Electrochem Technol Program, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. RP Vaughey, JT (reprint author), Argonne Natl Lab, Div Chem Technol, Electrochem Technol Program, 9700 S Cass Ave, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. NR 23 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELECTROCHEMICAL SOCIETY INC PI PENNINGTON PA 65 S MAIN ST, PENNINGTON, NJ 08534-2839 USA BN 1-56677-242-7 J9 ELEC SOC S PY 1999 VL 99 IS 19 BP 361 EP 368 PG 8 WC Electrochemistry SC Electrochemistry GA BN57J UT WOS:000082287800043 ER PT B AU Williford, RE Armstrong, TR AF Williford, RE Armstrong, TR BE Singhal, SC Dokiya, M TI Atomistic modeling of defect induced dilations in lanthanum chromite SO SOLID OXIDE FUEL CELLS (SOFC VI) SE ELECTROCHEMICAL SOCIETY SERIES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 6th International Symposium on Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (SOFC-VI) CY OCT 17-22, 1999 CL HONOLULU, HI SP Electrochem Soc, High Temp Mat Div, Electrochem Soc, Battery Div, SOFC Soc Japan ID OXIDES; SIMULATION; STABILITY AB Acceptor doping combined with reducing atmospheres causes defect induced lattice dilation in lanthanum chromite SOFC interconnect materials. Energy minimization techniques were used to simulate this dilation on the atomistic scale. To test the extrapolation capabilities of the technique, interatomic potentials were derived using minimal data bases. Lattice expansions were well predicted for 16 mol% Sr doping, but underpredicted by 33% at 30 mol% Sr. Approaches to improve the extrapolative prediction capabilities of the model are described. C1 Pacific NW Natl Lab, Richland, WA 99352 USA. RP Williford, RE (reprint author), Pacific NW Natl Lab, POB 999, Richland, WA 99352 USA. NR 30 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELECTROCHEMICAL SOCIETY INC PI PENNINGTON PA 65 S MAIN ST, PENNINGTON, NJ 08534-2839 USA BN 1-56677-242-7 J9 ELEC SOC S PY 1999 VL 99 IS 19 BP 687 EP 694 PG 8 WC Electrochemistry SC Electrochemistry GA BN57J UT WOS:000082287800078 ER PT B AU Simner, SP Hardy, JS Stevenson, JW Armstrong, TR AF Simner, SP Hardy, JS Stevenson, JW Armstrong, TR BE Singhal, SC Dokiya, M TI Sintering and property characterization of strontium-doped lanthanum chromite SO SOLID OXIDE FUEL CELLS (SOFC VI) SE ELECTROCHEMICAL SOCIETY SERIES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 6th International Symposium on Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (SOFC-VI) CY OCT 17-22, 1999 CL HONOLULU, HI SP Electrochem Soc, High Temp Mat Div, Electrochem Soc, Battery Div, SOFC Soc Japan AB The sintering of La0.85Sr0.15CrO3 (LSC-15) SOFC interconnect material can be significantly enhanced by doping with transition elements, such as Cu, Co, V and Ni, on the chromium B-site. Optimized compositions yielded densities greater than 93% theoretical after sintering at 1550 degrees C for 2 hours, compared to <70% theoretical for un-doped stoichiometric LSC-15. Detailed XRD and DTA was used in an attempt to establish phenomena responsible for sintering, in particular the presence of low melting temperature second phases. High density materials were also evaluated for thermal expansion and electrical conductivity in air. C1 Battelle Mem Inst, Pacific NW Labs, Dept Chem & Mat Sci, Richland, WA 99352 USA. RP Simner, SP (reprint author), Battelle Mem Inst, Pacific NW Labs, Dept Chem & Mat Sci, POB 999, Richland, WA 99352 USA. RI Hardy, John/E-1938-2016 OI Hardy, John/0000-0002-1699-3196 NR 17 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 2 PU ELECTROCHEMICAL SOCIETY INC PI PENNINGTON PA 65 S MAIN ST, PENNINGTON, NJ 08534-2839 USA BN 1-56677-242-7 J9 ELEC SOC S PY 1999 VL 99 IS 19 BP 696 EP 705 PG 10 WC Electrochemistry SC Electrochemistry GA BN57J UT WOS:000082287800079 ER PT B AU Armstrong, TR Hardy, JS Simner, SP Stevenson, JW AF Armstrong, TR Hardy, JS Simner, SP Stevenson, JW BE Singhal, SC Dokiya, M TI Optimizing lanthanum chromite interconnects for solid oxide fuel cells SO SOLID OXIDE FUEL CELLS (SOFC VI) SE ELECTROCHEMICAL SOCIETY SERIES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 6th International Symposium on Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (SOFC-VI) CY OCT 17-22, 1999 CL HONOLULU, HI SP Electrochem Soc, High Temp Mat Div, Electrochem Soc, Battery Div, SOFC Soc Japan AB Optimizing the composition of strontium substituted lanthanum chromites to minimize expansion is not straightforward and must be done carefully to avoid compromising sinterability, electrical conductivity, and mechanical strength. In this study, a variety of lanthanum strontium chromites were modified with V, Cu, and Mg to allow densification in air at 1500 degrees C, and their materials properties were evaluated. Both additives ((similar to)5 mole % V and 2 mole% Cu) resulted in full densification of Sr substituted (10 and 15 mole%) lanthanum chromite. Of the compositions evaluated, only La0.85Sr0.15Cr0.95V0.05O3 appeared to be a promising interconnect material, showing <0.1% expansion at 10(-16) atm. While the coefficient of thermal expansion was less than that of stabilized zirconia, small additions of Co (1 mole%) increased the CTE to 10.1 ppm degrees C-1. The results of this study indicated that Cu acted as an acceptor when added to lanthanum chromite, increasing both the electrical conductivity and expansion upon reduction. The effect of vanadium additions were twofold. First, it acted as a donor in the chromite lattice effectively reducing the overall acceptor concentration. Secondly, during sintering, V reacted with Sr to form Sr-3(VO4)(2), an effective sintering aid for lanthanum chromite, and further reduced the acceptor level by removing Sr from the perovskite lattice. C1 Battelle Mem Inst, Pacific NW Labs, Richland, WA 99352 USA. RP Armstrong, TR (reprint author), Battelle Mem Inst, Pacific NW Labs, POB 999, Richland, WA 99352 USA. RI Hardy, John/E-1938-2016 OI Hardy, John/0000-0002-1699-3196 NR 16 TC 2 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELECTROCHEMICAL SOCIETY INC PI PENNINGTON PA 65 S MAIN ST, PENNINGTON, NJ 08534-2839 USA BN 1-56677-242-7 J9 ELEC SOC S PY 1999 VL 99 IS 19 BP 706 EP 715 PG 10 WC Electrochemistry SC Electrochemistry GA BN57J UT WOS:000082287800080 ER PT B AU Hou, PY Huang, KQ Bakker, WT AF Hou, PY Huang, KQ Bakker, WT BE Singhal, SC Dokiya, M TI Promises and problems with metallic interconnects for reduced temperature solid oxide fuel cells SO SOLID OXIDE FUEL CELLS (SOFC VI) SE ELECTROCHEMICAL SOCIETY SERIES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 6th International Symposium on Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (SOFC-VI) CY OCT 17-22, 1999 CL HONOLULU, HI SP Electrochem Soc, High Temp Mat Div, Electrochem Soc, Battery Div, SOFC Soc Japan ID DOPED LAGAO3; ALLOYS; OXIDATION; ELECTROLYTE; CORROSION; STRONTIUM; MAGNESIUM; CONDUCTOR; ADHESION; GROWTH AB The oxidation kinetics and electrical properties of oxide scales thermally grown on the surface of a commercial iron-based alloy have been investigated up to 1000 degrees C. The effect of surface coating to improve performance was studied, and it was found that a double coating of Y and Ni oxide was most beneficial. While the Y oxide reduced the oxidation rate, the Ni oxide increased the Cr2O3 scale conductivity. Different electrodes were applied to the alloy or to pre-oxidized samples. Some of the electrodes, such as LaSrCoO3 (LSCo), reacted strongly with the alloy upon oxidation by increasing the oxidation rate and forming a mixed Fe/Co/Cr interlayer that impeded conduction. Application of these electrodes to a pre-oxidized surface eliminated these problems. Preliminary results in reducing atmosphere using Ce-0.8+Sm0.2O1.9+Ni and Pt electrodes are also reported. The possibility of using Cr2O3 forming alloys as interconnects for low temperature solid oxide fuel cell is discussed in light of these results. C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Div Mat Sci, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. RP Hou, PY (reprint author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Div Mat Sci, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. NR 22 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 2 PU ELECTROCHEMICAL SOCIETY INC PI PENNINGTON PA 65 S MAIN ST, PENNINGTON, NJ 08534-2839 USA BN 1-56677-242-7 J9 ELEC SOC S PY 1999 VL 99 IS 19 BP 737 EP 748 PG 12 WC Electrochemistry SC Electrochemistry GA BN57J UT WOS:000082287800084 ER PT B AU Visco, SJ Jacobson, CP De Jonghe, LC AF Visco, SJ Jacobson, CP De Jonghe, LC BE Singhal, SC Dokiya, M TI High performance SOFCs at temperatures below 700 degrees C SO SOLID OXIDE FUEL CELLS (SOFC VI) SE ELECTROCHEMICAL SOCIETY SERIES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 6th International Symposium on Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (SOFC-VI) CY OCT 17-22, 1999 CL HONOLULU, HI SP Electrochem Soc, High Temp Mat Div, Electrochem Soc, Battery Div, SOFC Soc Japan ID FUEL-CELLS; OXIDE AB Interest in solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) capable of reduced temperatures operation has led to a number of innovations in the field of solid state ionics. The capability to fabricate electrode supported structures having thin electrolytes in the range of 5 to 40 mu m has been demonstrated by a number of groups worldwide, as well as reports of good performance at intermediate temperatures. It is not yet clear how much the operating temperature can be dropped before electrolyte and electrode kinetic limitations reduce performance to unacceptably low levels. It is clear that yttria stabilized zirconia electrolyte is not suited to operating temperatures below 700 degrees C. However, alternative electrolyte and electrode materials are available that demonstrate excellent levels of performance at temperatures as low as 600 degrees C. Furthermore, the ability to fabricate both cathode-supported and anode-supported thin-film structures allows for great flexibility in the design of new SOFCs. C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Div Mat Sci, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. RP Visco, SJ (reprint author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Div Mat Sci, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. NR 5 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELECTROCHEMICAL SOCIETY INC PI PENNINGTON PA 65 S MAIN ST, PENNINGTON, NJ 08534-2839 USA BN 1-56677-242-7 J9 ELEC SOC S PY 1999 VL 99 IS 19 BP 861 EP 868 PG 8 WC Electrochemistry SC Electrochemistry GA BN57J UT WOS:000082287800098 ER PT B AU Jankowski, AF Graff, RT Hayes, JP Morse, JD AF Jankowski, AF Graff, RT Hayes, JP Morse, JD BE Singhal, SC Dokiya, M TI Testing of solid-oxide fuel cells for micro to macro power generation SO SOLID OXIDE FUEL CELLS (SOFC VI) SE ELECTROCHEMICAL SOCIETY SERIES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 6th International Symposium on Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (SOFC-VI) CY OCT 17-22, 1999 CL HONOLULU, HI SP Electrochem Soc, High Temp Mat Div, Electrochem Soc, Battery Div, SOFC Soc Japan ID YTTRIA-STABILIZED ZIRCONIA; SPUTTER-DEPOSITION; LOW-TEMPERATURE; ELECTROLYTES AB Thin film, solid-oxide fuel cells (TFSOFCs) are developed using photolithographic patterning and physical vapor deposition. In this study, both electrode layers of nickel (Ni) and silver (Ag) as well as the solid-oxide electrolyte layer of yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ) are synthesized on the micrometer scale for thickness. The anode layer enables combination of the reactive gases, is conductive to pass the electric current, and provides mechanical support to the electrolyte and cathode layers. The morphology desired for both the anode and cathode layers facilitates generation of maximum current density from the fuel cell. For these purposes, the parameters of the deposition process and postdeposition patterning are optimized for continuous porosity across both electrode layers. The electrodes are characterized using scanning electron microscopy and the power output generated through current-voltage measurement. We find that a TFSOFC based on Ni-YSZ-Ag can be operated with dilute fuel mixtures at temperatures below 300 degrees C. C1 Univ Calif Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. RP Jankowski, AF (reprint author), Univ Calif Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, 7000 E Ave,POB 808, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. NR 13 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELECTROCHEMICAL SOCIETY INC PI PENNINGTON PA 65 S MAIN ST, PENNINGTON, NJ 08534-2839 USA BN 1-56677-242-7 J9 ELEC SOC S PY 1999 VL 99 IS 19 BP 932 EP 937 PG 6 WC Electrochemistry SC Electrochemistry GA BN57J UT WOS:000082287800106 ER PT S AU Mandrus, D Keppens, V Chakoumakos, BC Granroth, GE Nagler, SE AF Mandrus, D Keppens, V Chakoumakos, BC Granroth, GE Nagler, SE BE Kauzlarich, SM McCarron, EM Sleight, AW zurLoye, HC TI A neutron diffraction study of Co2Ru1-xMnO4 spinels SO SOLID-STATE CHEMISTRY OF INORGANIC MATERIALS II SE MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY SYMPOSIUM PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Solid-State Chemistry of Inorganic Materials II CY NOV 30-DEC 04, 1998 CL BOSTON, MA SP Mat Res Soc AB Powder neutron diffraction and magnetization measurements are presented on the Co2Ru1-xMnxO4 system. In these materials the tetrahedral (A) sites are occupied by Co2+ (S = 3/2) ions, and the octahedral (B) sites are jointly occupied by Co3+ (low spin, S = 0), Ru3+ (low spin, S = 1/2), and Mn3+ (S = 2) ions. The measurements reveal that Co2RuO4 undergoes a spin-glass transition, Co2MnO4 is a collinear ferrimagnet, and that Co2Ru0.5Mn0.5O4 undergoes an unusual magnetic double transition. Triple-axis measurements indicate that the lower temperature transition in Co2Ru0.5Mn0.5O4 is characterized by the onset of diffuse scattering and the emergence of short-range order. The Co2Ru1-xMn0.5O4 series appears to be well-suited for studying the coexistence of long- and short-range magnetic order. C1 Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Div Solid State, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. RP Mandrus, D (reprint author), Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Div Solid State, POB 2008, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. RI Nagler, Stephen/B-9403-2010; Nagler, Stephen/E-4908-2010; Granroth, Garrett/G-3576-2012; Mandrus, David/H-3090-2014; Chakoumakos, Bryan/A-5601-2016 OI Nagler, Stephen/0000-0002-7234-2339; Granroth, Garrett/0000-0002-7583-8778; Chakoumakos, Bryan/0000-0002-7870-6543 NR 19 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY PI WARRENDALE PA 506 KEYSTONE DRIVE, WARRENDALE, PA 15088-7563 USA SN 0272-9172 BN 1-55899-453-X J9 MATER RES SOC SYMP P PY 1999 VL 547 BP 177 EP 182 PG 6 WC Chemistry, Inorganic & Nuclear; Chemistry, Physical; Materials Science, Ceramics; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Materials Science, Composites SC Chemistry; Materials Science GA BN11M UT WOS:000080751400025 ER PT S AU Smith, DM Neu, MP Garcia, E Dole, VR AF Smith, DM Neu, MP Garcia, E Dole, VR BE Kauzlarich, SM McCarron, EM Sleight, AW zurLoye, HC TI Plutonium pyrochemical salts oxidation using vanadium oxide SO SOLID-STATE CHEMISTRY OF INORGANIC MATERIALS II SE MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY SYMPOSIUM PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Solid-State Chemistry of Inorganic Materials II CY NOV 30-DEC 04, 1998 CL BOSTON, MA SP Mat Res Soc AB This paper presents results from the oxidation of PuCl3 with two-thirds, one, and two equivalents of V2O5 and the oxidation of Pu-o with two and three equivalents of V2O5 All Of the PuCl3 reactions were successful in that little or no starting materials remained and the major plutonium reaction product was PuO2. There is no evidence that V is reduced to V(II) or V-o. According to powder XRD analysis, the bottom layers of all three reactions are identical, the middle layers contain different phases, and phases in the top layer of the oxidation with one equivalent of V2O5 is contained in the top layer from the oxidation with two-thirds equivalent of V2O5 The Pu-o oxidations are more complex than the PuCl3 oxidations. More unreacted Pu-o remains in the reaction using three equivalents of V2O5 than the reaction using two equivalents of V2O5. The lack of predictability of these reactions may be a result of the source of Pu-o used in our experiments. The presence of soluble Pu(III) and the relative absence of PuO2 in all the Pu-o reactions suggests V2O5 does not oxidize Pu-o to Pu(IV) under these conditions. Chlorine is detected in the off-gas of the Pu-o oxidations, indicating the salt matrix participates in the reaction. C1 Univ Calif Los Alamos Natl Lab, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. RP Smith, DM (reprint author), Univ Calif Los Alamos Natl Lab, POB 1663, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. NR 6 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY PI WARRENDALE PA 506 KEYSTONE DRIVE, WARRENDALE, PA 15088-7563 USA SN 0272-9172 BN 1-55899-453-X J9 MATER RES SOC SYMP P PY 1999 VL 547 BP 221 EP 226 PG 6 WC Chemistry, Inorganic & Nuclear; Chemistry, Physical; Materials Science, Ceramics; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Materials Science, Composites SC Chemistry; Materials Science GA BN11M UT WOS:000080751400032 ER PT S AU Beach, DB Morrell, JS Xue, ZLB Specht, ED AF Beach, DB Morrell, JS Xue, ZLB Specht, ED BE Kauzlarich, SM McCarron, EM Sleight, AW zurLoye, HC TI Synthesis of epitaxial thin-films of tetragonal perovskites via a solution technique SO SOLID-STATE CHEMISTRY OF INORGANIC MATERIALS II SE MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY SYMPOSIUM PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Solid-State Chemistry of Inorganic Materials II CY NOV 30-DEC 04, 1998 CL BOSTON, MA SP Mat Res Soc ID GROWTH; ROUTES; MOCVD AB Solution chemistry has been used to synthesize epitaxial films of SrLaGaO4, SrPrGaO4, SrLaAlO4, and SrPrAlO4 on single crystal substrates of [100] SrTiO3 and [100] LaAlO3. Precursor solutions were prepared from metal methoxyethoxides in 2-methoxyethanol. Films were prepared by spin-casting from partially hydrolyzed solutions followed by firing for 20 minutes in air at 850 degrees C. The structure of the films was determined using X-ray diffraction. Theta/2-theta scans and omega scans (rocking curves) indicated that the films were c-axis aligned. Phi scans proved that the films were also aligned in-plane. C1 Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Div Chem & Analyt Sci, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. RP Beach, DB (reprint author), Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Div Chem & Analyt Sci, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. RI Kauzlarich, Susan/H-1439-2011; Specht, Eliot/A-5654-2009 OI Specht, Eliot/0000-0002-3191-2163 NR 6 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 3 PU MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY PI WARRENDALE PA 506 KEYSTONE DRIVE, WARRENDALE, PA 15088-7563 USA SN 0272-9172 BN 1-55899-453-X J9 MATER RES SOC SYMP P PY 1999 VL 547 BP 303 EP 307 PG 5 WC Chemistry, Inorganic & Nuclear; Chemistry, Physical; Materials Science, Ceramics; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Materials Science, Composites SC Chemistry; Materials Science GA BN11M UT WOS:000080751400046 ER PT S AU Mitchell, BJ Richardson, JW Ma, B Hodges, JP AF Mitchell, BJ Richardson, JW Ma, B Hodges, JP BE Kauzlarich, SM McCarron, EM Sleight, AW zurLoye, HC TI In-situ neutron diffraction studies of mixed conducting Sr-Fe-Co-O materials SO SOLID-STATE CHEMISTRY OF INORGANIC MATERIALS II SE MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY SYMPOSIUM PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Solid-State Chemistry of Inorganic Materials II CY NOV 30-DEC 04, 1998 CL BOSTON, MA SP Mat Res Soc ID ION CONDUCTORS; MEMBRANES; METHANE AB SrFeCo0.5Oy has been identified as a potential dense ceramic membrane material used for gas separation at elevated temperatures. Neutrons play an important role in the study of such materials, particularly due to the favorable scattering lengths of Fe, Co and O. In-situ neutron diffraction experiments allow these materials to be studied under a wide range of temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. Results indicate very complex behavior of individual phases during synthesis and under operational membrane conditions. C1 Argonne Natl Lab, IPNS, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. RP Mitchell, BJ (reprint author), Argonne Natl Lab, IPNS, 9700 S Cass Ave, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. RI Ma, Beihai/I-1674-2013; Hodges, Jason/K-1421-2013 OI Ma, Beihai/0000-0003-3557-2773; NR 13 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY PI WARRENDALE PA 506 KEYSTONE DRIVE, WARRENDALE, PA 15088-7563 USA SN 0272-9172 BN 1-55899-453-X J9 MATER RES SOC SYMP P PY 1999 VL 547 BP 345 EP 350 PG 6 WC Chemistry, Inorganic & Nuclear; Chemistry, Physical; Materials Science, Ceramics; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Materials Science, Composites SC Chemistry; Materials Science GA BN11M UT WOS:000080751400052 ER PT J AU Lee, XY Jiang, HW Kim, Y Schaff, WJ AF Lee, XY Jiang, HW Kim, Y Schaff, WJ TI Observation of a discontinuous red-shift in the emission spectrum of a two-dimensional electron gas SO SOLID STATE COMMUNICATIONS LA English DT Article DE heterojunctions; quantum Hall effect; luminescence ID FRACTIONAL QUANTUM HALL; FERMI-EDGE SINGULARITY; EXCITONS; PHOTOLUMINESCENCE; MAGNETOEXCITONS; INTEGER; REGIME; SYSTEM AB Photoluminescence of a high-density GaAs/AlGaAs heterostructure has been investigated up to 60 T using a quasi-continuous magnet. At a field of 27.5 T, corresponding to a filling factor of nu = 2 of the 2DEG, we find that the dominant Fermi-edge-enhanced emission line disappears abruptly, and an anomalous luminescence line emerges concurrently with a red-shift of about 10 meV. While there are various theoretical models addressing the issue of discontinuous red-shift in the quantum Hall regimes, we find that our observation, in its entirety, cannot be explained by the these models. (C) 1999 Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Phys & Astron, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA. Los Alamos Pulsed Facil, Natl High Magnet Field Lab, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. Cornell Univ, Dept Elect Engn, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. RP Jiang, HW (reprint author), Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Phys & Astron, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA. NR 23 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0038-1098 J9 SOLID STATE COMMUN JI Solid State Commun. PY 1999 VL 113 IS 2 BP 63 EP 67 DI 10.1016/S0038-1098(99)00467-6 PG 5 WC Physics, Condensed Matter SC Physics GA 259GU UT WOS:000083886800001 ER PT J AU Wang, Q Yue, GZ Li, J Han, DX AF Wang, Q Yue, GZ Li, J Han, DX TI A combinatorial study of materials in transition from amorphous to microcrystalline silicon SO SOLID STATE COMMUNICATIONS LA English DT Article DE semiconductors; thin films; photoconductivity and photovoltaics ID SOLAR-CELLS; HYDROGEN DILUTION; DEPOSITION; SI AB A technique to grow a number of materials on a single substrate using a physical mask in a hot wire chemical vapor deposition (HWCVD) system is developed. Using this technique, we examine materials continuously varying from amorphous to microcrystalline silicon as we vary the hydrogen-to-silane gas ratio from 0 to 20 at a substrate temperature of about 250 degrees C. Raman and reflectance spectra clearly show that the material structure changes rapidly at a ratio of 2 to 4. The results indicate that the near-transition materials still retain optoelectronic properties similar to amorphous silicon. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Natl Renewable Energy Lab, Golden, CO 80401 USA. Univ N Carolina, Dept Phys & Astron, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. RP Wang, Q (reprint author), Natl Renewable Energy Lab, 1617 Cole Blvd, Golden, CO 80401 USA. NR 13 TC 18 Z9 18 U1 1 U2 4 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0038-1098 J9 SOLID STATE COMMUN JI Solid State Commun. PY 1999 VL 113 IS 3 BP 175 EP 178 DI 10.1016/S0038-1098(99)00447-0 PG 4 WC Physics, Condensed Matter SC Physics GA 263AE UT WOS:000084099800011 ER PT J AU Mizel, A Cohen, ML AF Mizel, A Cohen, ML TI Wannier function analysis of InP nanocrystals under pressure SO SOLID STATE COMMUNICATIONS LA English DT Article DE nanostructures; semiconductors; optical properties ID CDSE QUANTUM DOTS; STATE; GAP AB The effect of quantum confinement upon the pressure induced direct to indirect interband transition in InP nanocrystals is investigated. We examine the behavior of the transition as a function of nanocrystal size. It is computed that smaller nanocrystals require less pressure to become indirect than larger nanocrystals. Our results suggest that the properties of the transition may be sensitive to nanocrystal stoichiometry. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Phys, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Div Mat Sci, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. RP Mizel, A (reprint author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Phys, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. NR 21 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 2 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0038-1098 J9 SOLID STATE COMMUN JI Solid State Commun. PY 1999 VL 113 IS 4 BP 189 EP 193 DI 10.1016/S0038-1098(99)00466-4 PG 5 WC Physics, Condensed Matter SC Physics GA 264GG UT WOS:000084171800003 ER PT J AU Lee, EY AF Lee, EY TI Thermoelectric voltage spectroscopy for studying compensation in semi-insulating wide energy band gap materials SO SOLID STATE COMMUNICATIONS LA English DT Article DE semiconductors; impurities in semiconductors; electronic states (localized); electron emission spectroscopies ID DEEP LEVELS; GAAS AB A new method, thermoelectric voltage spectroscopy (TEVS), is demonstrated for the study of deep levels and compensation. Thermally stimulated conductivity (TSC) and thermoelectric emission spectroscopy (TEES) results are also shown for comparison. In TEVS, the thermoelectric voltage across a sample is measured as a function of the temperature, during the thermal stimulation of electron and hole traps. The TEVS voltage shows steps that reflect (1) the change of the electron and hole quasi-Fermi levels due to detrapping and (2) the trap type, whether electron or hole. A simple product rule holds between the TEVS voltage, TSC current, and TEES current, when identical trap filling and heating are done. The combination of TSC and TEVS is a powerful way for studying compensation and deep levels in semi-insulating wide energy band gap materials. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Sandia Natl Labs, Adv Mat Dept, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. RP Lee, EY (reprint author), Sandia Natl Labs, Adv Mat Dept, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. NR 11 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 1 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0038-1098 J9 SOLID STATE COMMUN JI Solid State Commun. PY 1999 VL 112 IS 1 BP 31 EP 34 DI 10.1016/S0038-1098(99)00298-7 PG 4 WC Physics, Condensed Matter SC Physics GA 229LV UT WOS:000082196800008 ER PT J AU Benedict, LX Wethkamp, T Wilmers, K Cobet, C Esser, N Shirley, EL Richter, W Cardona, M AF Benedict, LX Wethkamp, T Wilmers, K Cobet, C Esser, N Shirley, EL Richter, W Cardona, M TI Dielectric function of wurtizite GaN and AlN thin films SO SOLID STATE COMMUNICATIONS LA English DT Article DE semiconductors; electronic band structure; optical properties; synchrotron radiation ID AB-INITIO CALCULATION; SPECTROSCOPIC ELLIPSOMETRY; TEMPERATURE-DEPENDENCE; OPTICAL-ABSORPTION; CRITICAL-POINTS; SI; GE; SEMICONDUCTORS; TRANSITIONS; INSULATORS AB Measurements and calculations of the dielectric function of wurtzite GaN and AIN are presented. Spectroscopic ellipsometry was used to determine epsilon(omega) Of thin film samples in the energy range from 3 to 9.8 eV. Calculations of epsilon(omega) for the bulk materials were performed within a first-principles electronic structure scheme that includes the electron-hole interaction. The agreement between experiment and theory is dramatically improved over the previous work, a result of improvements in both experimental technique and theoretical description. The predicted polarization dependence of the dielectric function of these materials exhibits features similar to that in other wurtzite structure materials. (C) 1999 Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, H Div, Phys Directorate, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. Tech Univ Berlin, Inst Festkorperphys, D-10623 Berlin, Germany. Max Planck Inst Festkorperforsch, D-70569 Stuttgart, Germany. NIST, Opt Technol Div, Phys Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, H Div, Phys Directorate, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. EM benedict@fruitloops.llnl.gov NR 30 TC 61 Z9 63 U1 5 U2 31 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0038-1098 EI 1879-2766 J9 SOLID STATE COMMUN JI Solid State Commun. PY 1999 VL 112 IS 3 BP 129 EP 133 DI 10.1016/S0038-1098(99)00323-3 PG 5 WC Physics, Condensed Matter SC Physics GA 234EZ UT WOS:000082472700002 ER PT J AU Bracht, H Norseng, M Haller, EE Eberl, K Cardona, M AF Bracht, H Norseng, M Haller, EE Eberl, K Cardona, M TI Enhanced and retarded Ga self-diffusion in Si and Be doped GaAs isotope heterostructures SO SOLID STATE COMMUNICATIONS LA English DT Article DE semiconductors; impurities in semiconductors; thermodynamic properties ID GALLIUM-ARSENIDE; ALAS/GAAS SUPERLATTICE; IMPURITY DIFFUSION; POINT-DEFECTS; IN-DIFFUSION; FERMI-LEVEL; INTERDIFFUSION; SILICON; VACANCY; ALGAAS AB Ga self-diffusion in undoped, Si- and Be-doped (GaAs)-Ga-71/(GaAs)-Ga-nat isotope heterostructures has been investigated at temperatures between 736 degrees C and 1050 degrees C. Concentration profiles of the Ga isotopes measured separately by secondary ion mass spectrometry reveal retarded (enhanced) self-diffusion when doped p-type (n-type), compared to intrinsic conditions. Electrochemical C-V profiling was performed to determine the free carrier concentrations before and after annealing. Detailed analysis of the doping dependence of Ga self-diffusion includes a compensation of Si donors by negatively charged vacancies and shows that one native defect, presumably the vacancy on the Ga sublattice, in the neutral, singly and doubly negatively charged states governs the self-diffusion process. The energy levels E-V- - E-v = 0.42 eV and E-V2- - E-v = 0.60 eV of the singly and doubly negatively charged gallium vacancy have been deduced from the doping dependence of Ga self-diffusion. No significant contribution from the triply negatively charged Ga vacancy has been found. Our evaluation of the doping dependence of Ga self-diffusion is compared with literature data for the group-III atom diffusion in the AlGaAs material system. Seemingly inconsistent literature data can now be described consistently on the basis of our results. Finally, thermal equilibrium concentrations and transport coefficients of Ga vacancies in GaAs in their various charge states are calculated for different doping conditions taking into account the vacancy related energy levels and the thermal equilibrium concentration of neutral vacancies which were deduced from our self-diffusion data. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Lawrence Berkeley Natl Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. Univ Calif Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. Max Planck Inst Festkorperforsch, D-70569 Stuttgart, Germany. RP Bracht, H (reprint author), Lawrence Berkeley Natl Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. NR 40 TC 27 Z9 27 U1 2 U2 12 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0038-1098 J9 SOLID STATE COMMUN JI Solid State Commun. PY 1999 VL 112 IS 6 BP 301 EP 314 DI 10.1016/S0038-1098(99)00376-2 PG 14 WC Physics, Condensed Matter SC Physics GA 243YT UT WOS:000083025600001 ER PT J AU Koo, HJ Whangbo, MH Dong, J Olejniczak, I Musfeldt, JL Schlueter, JA Geiser, U AF Koo, HJ Whangbo, MH Dong, J Olejniczak, I Musfeldt, JL Schlueter, JA Geiser, U TI Analysis of polarized optical excitations by electronic band structure calculations: organic superconductor beta ''-(BEDT-TTF)(2)SF5CH2CF2SO3 SO SOLID STATE COMMUNICATIONS LA English DT Article DE organic crystals; electronic band structure; optimal properties; light absorption and reflection AB The room temperature polarized optical conductivity of the superconducting salt beta"-(BEDT-TTF)(2)SF5CH2CF2SO3 was analyzed by calculating its electronic band structure using the extended Huckel tight binding method. The electronic band structure obtained with double-zeta orbitals is consistent with the observed optical properties. The optical transitions in the energy region of 0-0.75 eV are intraband transitions associated with the bands that result from the highest-occupied molecular orbitals of the BEDT-TTF molecules. The optical conductivity is much stronger along the interstack direction (b-axis direction) than along the direction perpendicular to it throughout the energy region of 0-0.75 eV. This anisotropy is readily accounted for by the band dispersion relations calculated for the wave vector directions parallel to the b* and a* directions. Polarized optical conductivity provides indirect information about the anisotropy of band dispersion relations. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 N Carolina State Univ, Dept Chem, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. SUNY Binghamton, Dept Chem, Binghamton, NY 13902 USA. Argonne Natl Lab, Div Chem, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. Argonne Natl Lab, Div Mat Sci, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. Polish Acad Sci, Inst Mol Phys, Poznan, Poland. RP Whangbo, MH (reprint author), N Carolina State Univ, Dept Chem, Box 8204, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. NR 13 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 0 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0038-1098 J9 SOLID STATE COMMUN JI Solid State Commun. PY 1999 VL 112 IS 7 BP 403 EP 407 DI 10.1016/S0038-1098(99)00379-8 PG 5 WC Physics, Condensed Matter SC Physics GA 245TK UT WOS:000083124100010 ER PT J AU Dzero, MO Gor'kov, LP Kresin, VZ AF Dzero, MO Gor'kov, LP Kresin, VZ TI Fermi liquid theory and ferromagnetic manganites at low temperatures SO SOLID STATE COMMUNICATIONS LA English DT Article DE insulators; magnetically ordered materials; metals ID COLOSSAL-MAGNETORESISTANCE; DOUBLE-EXCHANGE; LA1-XSRXMNO3; ZONE AB Fermi liquid characteristics for ferromagnetic manganites, A(1-x)B(x)MnO(3), are evaluated in the tight-binding approximation and compared with experimental data for the best studied region x similar or equal to 0.3. The bandwidths change only slightly for different compositions. The Sommerfeld coefficient, gamma, the T-2-term in resistivity and main scales in optical conductivity agree well with the two-band model. The "2.5"-transition due to a "neck" forming at Fermi surface, is found at x = 0.3. The mean free path may change from 3 to 80 interatomic distances in the materials, indicating that samples' quality remains a pressing issue for the better understanding of manganites. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Florida State Univ, Natl High Magnet Field Lab, Tallahassee, FL 32310 USA. Russian Acad Sci, LD Landau Theoret Phys Inst, Moscow 117334, Russia. Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. RP Dzero, MO (reprint author), Florida State Univ, Natl High Magnet Field Lab, Tallahassee, FL 32310 USA. NR 28 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 1 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0038-1098 J9 SOLID STATE COMMUN JI Solid State Commun. PY 1999 VL 112 IS 12 BP 707 EP 711 DI 10.1016/S0038-1098(99)00371-3 PG 5 WC Physics, Condensed Matter SC Physics GA 256FF UT WOS:000083714700011 ER PT J AU Munteanu, FM Kim, Y Perry, CH Rickel, DG Simmons, JA Reno, JL AF Munteanu, FM Kim, Y Perry, CH Rickel, DG Simmons, JA Reno, JL TI Photoluminescence detected doublet structure in the integer and fractional quantum Hall regime SO SOLID STATE COMMUNICATIONS LA English DT Article DE semiconductors; quantum wells ID FILLED LANDAU-LEVELS; COLLECTIVE EXCITATIONS; ELECTRON-GAS; EMISSION; STATES; NU=1 AB The results of polarized magneto-photoluminescence measurements on a high mobility modulation-doped GaAs/AlGaAs single-heterojunction are presented. A well resolved doublet structure emerges from the neutral exciton peak over a wide magnetic field range for filling factors 2 > nu > 1/6. The energy separation between the peaks is less than the calculated energy for the formation of the magneto-roton minima of the charged density waves that occurs in the fractional quantum Hall effect limit. However, the peaks display intensity oscillations at various integer and fractional filling factors that are interrelated and depend on polarization. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Calif Los Alamos Natl Lab, Natl High Magnet Field Lab, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. Northeastern Univ, Dept Phys, Boston, MA 02115 USA. Sandia Natl Labs, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. RP Munteanu, FM (reprint author), Univ Calif Los Alamos Natl Lab, Natl High Magnet Field Lab, POB 1663, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. NR 20 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0038-1098 J9 SOLID STATE COMMUN JI Solid State Commun. PY 1999 VL 111 IS 12 BP 665 EP 670 DI 10.1016/S0038-1098(99)00274-4 PG 6 WC Physics, Condensed Matter SC Physics GA 229LU UT WOS:000082196700002 ER PT J AU Lee, KS Lee, CD Kim, Y Smith, JM AF Lee, KS Lee, CD Kim, Y Smith, JM TI Magnetophotoluminescence investigations of charged excitons in GaAs/(Al,Ga)As quantum wells SO SOLID STATE COMMUNICATIONS LA English DT Article DE quantum wells; optical properties; luminescence ID TRIONS AB We have observed charged excitons in undoped GaAs/Al0.25Ga0.75As multiple quantum wells of differing well sizes. Photoluminescence(PL) originated from each well shows a double peak associated with the neutral exciton and the charged exciton whose existence is due to a charge imbalance of photogenerated carriers in each well. The laser-power dependence and circular polarization characteristics of PL readily identifies the negatively charged exciton(X-) in wide wells where an excess electron can exist. The binding energy of electron in the singlet state of X-, the so-called trion binding energy, increases with the magnetic field. For a 19nm quantum well, it is 1.2 meV and 1.9 meV at B = 0 T and similar to 9T, respectively. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Elect & Telecommun Res Inst, Taejon 305600, South Korea. Korea Res Inst Stand & Sci, Taejon 305600, South Korea. Univ Calif Los Alamos Natl Lab, Natl High Magnet Field Lab, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. RP Lee, KS (reprint author), Elect & Telecommun Res Inst, Taejon 305600, South Korea. RI Smith, Jason/I-5313-2012 OI Smith, Jason/0000-0002-4572-0867 NR 11 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 1 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0038-1098 J9 SOLID STATE COMMUN JI Solid State Commun. PY 1999 VL 110 IS 2 BP 97 EP 101 DI 10.1016/S0038-1098(99)00007-1 PG 5 WC Physics, Condensed Matter SC Physics GA 181XA UT WOS:000079467400006 ER PT J AU Lozykowski, HJ Jadwisienczak, WM Brown, I AF Lozykowski, HJ Jadwisienczak, WM Brown, I TI Cathodoluminescence of GaN doped with Sm and Ho SO SOLID STATE COMMUNICATIONS LA English DT Article DE semiconductors; impurities in semiconductors; optical properties; luminescence ID IMPLANTED GAN; PHOTOLUMINESCENCE; LUMINESCENCE; ER AB We report the first observation of visible cathodoluminescence of the rare earth (RE) elements Sm, Ho implanted in GaN. The implanted samples were given isochronal thermal annealing treatments at a temperature of 1100 degrees C in N-2, at atmospheric pressure to recover implantation damages and activate the RE ions. The sharp characteristic emission lines corresponding to Sm3+ and Ho3+ intra-4f(n)-shell transitions are resolved in the spectral range from 400 to 1000 nm, and observed over the temperature range of 11-411 K. The cathodoluminescence emission is only weakly temperature dependent. The results indicate that RE doped GaN epilayers are suitable as a material for visible optoelectronic devices. (C) 1999 Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Ohio Univ, Sch Elect Engn Comp Sci & Condensed Matter, Surface Sci Program, Stocker Ctr, Athens, OH 45701 USA. Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. Nicholas Copernicus Univ, Lab Solid State Optoelect, Inst Phys, PL-87400 Torun, Poland. RP Lozykowski, HJ (reprint author), Ohio Univ, Sch Elect Engn Comp Sci & Condensed Matter, Surface Sci Program, Stocker Ctr, Athens, OH 45701 USA. NR 10 TC 35 Z9 35 U1 0 U2 7 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0038-1098 J9 SOLID STATE COMMUN JI Solid State Commun. PY 1999 VL 110 IS 5 BP 253 EP 258 DI 10.1016/S0038-1098(99)00077-0 PG 6 WC Physics, Condensed Matter SC Physics GA 186DH UT WOS:000079711300003 ER PT J AU Zhang, Y Mascarenhas, A Ahrenkiel, SP Friedman, DJ Geisz, JF Olson, JM AF Zhang, Y Mascarenhas, A Ahrenkiel, SP Friedman, DJ Geisz, JF Olson, JM TI Electronic and optical properties of periodically stacked orientational domains in CuPt-ordered GaInP2 SO SOLID STATE COMMUNICATIONS LA English DT Article ID BAND-GAP; GAXIN1-XP; ALLOYS AB Orientational domain twins that are periodically stacked in the growth direction are frequently observed in spontaneously ordered GaInP2 alloys grown under special conditions. We present experimental evidence showing that the electronic and optical properties of such structures are altered from those of the uniform Cu-Pt ordered alloy. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Natl Renewable Energy Lab, Golden, CO 80401 USA. RP Natl Renewable Energy Lab, Golden, CO 80401 USA. NR 10 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0038-1098 EI 1879-2766 J9 SOLID STATE COMMUN JI Solid State Commun. PY 1999 VL 109 IS 2 BP 99 EP 103 PG 5 WC Physics, Condensed Matter SC Physics GA 153ZF UT WOS:000077863000006 ER PT J AU Fuhrer, MS Cohen, ML Zettl, A Crespi, V AF Fuhrer, MS Cohen, ML Zettl, A Crespi, V TI Localization in single-walled carbon nanotubes SO SOLID STATE COMMUNICATIONS LA English DT Article DE fullerenes; electronic states (localized); electronic transport ID ELECTRONIC-STRUCTURE; CRYSTALLINE ROPES; RESISTIVITY; BEHAVIOR; TUBULES AB We demonstrate that in low temperature semiconductor-like regions the electrical resistance of single-walled carbon nanotube mats is highly nonlinear with a temperature-dependent threshold field for the onset of nonohmic conduction. The modest applied electric field completely suppresses the upturn in resistance and recovers metallic behavior over the entire temperature range 2.2 K < T < 300 K. The transport data indicate low-temperature localization of charge carriers arise from disorder on the nanotube bundles themselves and not from granularity casued by weak interbundle connections. The temperature-independent localization radius a is determined to be approximately 330 nm. (C) 1998 Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Phys, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Div Mat Sci, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. Penn State Univ, Dept Phys, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. RP Fuhrer, MS (reprint author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Phys, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. RI Fuhrer, Michael/E-7634-2010; Zettl, Alex/O-4925-2016 OI Fuhrer, Michael/0000-0001-6183-2773; Zettl, Alex/0000-0001-6330-136X NR 19 TC 38 Z9 38 U1 0 U2 11 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0038-1098 J9 SOLID STATE COMMUN JI Solid State Commun. PY 1999 VL 109 IS 2 BP 105 EP 109 PG 5 WC Physics, Condensed Matter SC Physics GA 153ZF UT WOS:000077863000007 ER PT J AU Gopalan, V Mitchell, TE Sicakfus, KE AF Gopalan, V Mitchell, TE Sicakfus, KE TI Switching kinetics of 180 degrees domains in congruent LiNbO3 and LiTaO3 crystals SO SOLID STATE COMMUNICATIONS LA English DT Article DE ferroelectrics; crystal and ligand field ID FIELD; INVERSION AB We present a systematic study of the switching and stabilization times of 180 degrees domains in congruent z-cut LiNbO3 and LiTaO3 crystals. The domains were reversed by the application of an electric field, and the kinetics studied for the first reversal of a virgin crystal (denoted as forward poling, or, f) and the second reversal back to its original state (denoted as reverse poling, or, r) at room temperature. The switching time, t shows an exponential behavior with field as t = t(0)exp[delta/(E +/- E-int)], where the - sign in the exponential is for forward poling, and - sign for reverse poling. The internal field, E-int, parallel to the ferroelectric polarization in a virgin crystal, was measured as 41.2 kV/cm for LiTaO3 and 22.2 kV/cm for LiNbO3. We also showed that there exists a minimum pulse width of the applied field below which the 180 degrees domains created by the field are unstable and show reversible wall motion. This stabilization time was measured as 1.4-2 s for LiTaO3 and only 10-30 ms for LiNbO3 in forward poling geometry. We present evidence that the internal field and the domain stabilization mechanisms are correlated. (C) 1998 Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 Penn State Univ, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. Univ Calif Los Alamos Natl Lab, Los Alamos, NM 87544 USA. RP Gopalan, V (reprint author), Penn State Univ, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. NR 14 TC 51 Z9 53 U1 1 U2 2 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0038-1098 J9 SOLID STATE COMMUN JI Solid State Commun. PY 1999 VL 109 IS 2 BP 111 EP 117 PG 7 WC Physics, Condensed Matter SC Physics GA 153ZF UT WOS:000077863000008 ER PT J AU Lorusso, GF Capozzi, V Tassone, F Favia, P Staehli, JL AF Lorusso, GF Capozzi, V Tassone, F Favia, P Staehli, JL TI Low temperature photocurrent spectra of ordered and disordered superlattices SO SOLID STATE COMMUNICATIONS LA English DT Article DE disordered systems; quantum wells; electronic states (localized) ID EXTENDED STATES; LOCALIZATION AB We present low temperature photocurrent (PC) spectra of ordered and disordered GaAs/AlGaAs superlattices (SLs). The investigated disordered SLs were designed to provide both localized and extended states. Our results show a dramatic difference between the PC of ordered and disordered SLs. In the ordered case, the PC is observed to decrease abruptly on increasing the applied voltage V, as expected. In contrast, the total PC signal in the disordered SLs increases in steps as a function of the electric field. Our measurements indicate a transition from a conduction regime to Stark localization in the ordered case, and from the Anderson localization to a conductive regime in the disordered ones. Numerical results obtained by the transfer matrix method indicate the weak dependence and the red shift with V of the disordered SL miniband as the causes of the observed behavior. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Stanford Univ, Ginzton Lab, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. Univ Bari, Dipartimento Fis, I-70126 Bari, Italy. Ist Nazl Fis Mat, Unita Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy. Ecole Polytech Fed Lausanne, Inst Genie Atom, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland. Ecole Polytech Fed Lausanne, Inst Micro & Optoelect, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland. RP Tassone, F (reprint author), Stanford Univ, Ginzton Lab, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. RI Tassone, Francesco/G-9651-2012 NR 14 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 2 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0038-1098 J9 SOLID STATE COMMUN JI Solid State Commun. PY 1999 VL 109 IS 5 BP 305 EP 310 DI 10.1016/S0038-1098(98)00545-6 PG 6 WC Physics, Condensed Matter SC Physics GA 160GA UT WOS:000078221000003 ER PT B AU Balachandran, U Ma, B Guan, J Maiya, PS Dusek, JT Picciolo, JJ Dorris, SE Liu, M AF Balachandran, U Ma, B Guan, J Maiya, PS Dusek, JT Picciolo, JJ Dorris, SE Liu, M BE Wachsman, ED Akridge, JR Liu, M Yamazoe, N TI Mixed-conducting dense ceramics for gas separation applications SO SOLID-STATE IONIC DEVICES SE ELECTROCHEMICAL SOCIETY SERIES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Solid-State Ionic Devices Symposium at the 195th Electrochemical-Society Meeting CY MAY 02-07, 1999 CL SEATTLE, WA SP Electrochem Soc ID TRANSPORT-PROPERTIES; OXYGEN PERMEABILITY; SRFECO0.5OX; PERMEATION; MEMBRANES; METHANE; SYSTEM; SYNGAS; OXIDES AB Mixed-conducting (electronic and ionic conducting) dense ceramics are used in many applications, including fuel cells, gas separation membranes, batteries, sensors, and electrocatalysis. This paper describes mixed-conducting ceramic membranes that are being developed to selectively remove oxygen and hydrogen from gas streams in a nongalvanic mode of operation (i.e., with no electrodes or external power supply). Ceramic membranes made of Sr-Fe-Co oxide (SFC), which exhibits high combined electronic and oxygen ionic conductivities, call be used for high-purity oxygen separation and/or partial oxidation of methane to synthesis gas (syngas, a mixture of CO and H-2) The electronic and ionic conductivities of SFC were found to be comparable in magnitude. Steady-state oxygen permeability of SFC has been measured as a function of oxygen-partial-pressure gradient and temperature. For a approximate to 3-mm-thick membrane, the oxygen permeability was approximate to 2.5 scc cm(-2) min(-1) at 900 degrees C. Oxygen permeation increases as membrane thickness decreases. Tubular SFC membranes have been fabricated and operated at 900 degrees C for approximate to 1000 h in converting methane into syngas. The oxygen permeated through the membrane reacted with methane in the presence of a catalyst and produced syngas. We also studied the transport properties of yttria-doped BaCeO3-delta (BCY) by impedance spectroscopy and open-cell voltage (OCV) measurement. Total conductivity of the BCY sample increased from approximate to 5 x 10(-3) Omega(-1).cm(-1) to approximate to 2 x 10(-2) Omega(-1).cm(-1), whereas the protonic transference number decreased from 0.87 to 0.63 and the oxygen transference number increased from 0.03 to 0.15 as temperature increased from 600 to 800 degrees C. Unlike SFC, in which the ionic and electronic conductivities ale nearly equivalent, BCY exhibits protonic conductivity that is significantly higher than its electronic conductivity. To enhance the electronic conductivity and therefore to increase hydrogen permeation, metal powder was combined with the BCY to form a cermet membrane. Nongalvanic permeation of hydrogen through the BCY-cermet membranes was demonstrated and characterized as a function of membrane thickness. C1 Argonne Natl Lab, Div Energy Technol, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. RP Balachandran, U (reprint author), Argonne Natl Lab, Div Energy Technol, 9700 S Cass Ave, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. RI Ma, Beihai/I-1674-2013 OI Ma, Beihai/0000-0003-3557-2773 NR 25 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 5 PU ELECTROCHEMICAL SOCIETY INC PI PENNINGTON PA 65 S MAIN ST, PENNINGTON, NJ 08534-2839 USA BN 1-56677-235-4 J9 ELEC SOC S PY 1999 VL 99 IS 13 BP 61 EP 75 PG 15 WC Electrochemistry; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Physics, Applied; Physics, Condensed Matter SC Electrochemistry; Materials Science; Physics GA BN92R UT WOS:000083508300008 ER PT B AU Pham, AQ Lee, TH Glass, RS AF Pham, AQ Lee, TH Glass, RS BE Wachsman, ED Akridge, JR Liu, M Yamazoe, N TI Oxygen permeation through short-circuited yttria-stabilized-zirconia membranes SO SOLID-STATE IONIC DEVICES SE ELECTROCHEMICAL SOCIETY SERIES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Solid-State Ionic Devices Symposium at the 195th Electrochemical-Society Meeting CY MAY 02-07, 1999 CL SEATTLE, WA SP Electrochem Soc ID SURFACE EXCHANGE KINETICS; POROUS-ELECTRODES; OXIDE MEMBRANES; TRANSPORT; DIFFUSION AB Short-circuited yttria-stabilized-zirconia (YSZ) membranes were used as a model to study oxygen permeation through mixed-ionic-electronic-conductors(MIECs). The complete separation of the electronic and ionic contributions to the net current made it possible to experimentally test existing theories of oxygen permeation. Under all experimental conditions examined, the oxygen flux through dense membranes was found to be lower than values calculated using the Wagner equation, even in the bulk diffusion limited case. This result was attributed to the non-negligible contribution of the surface exchange process, which became the ultimate limiting step at low oxygen pressures and at high temperatures. C1 Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Chem & Mat Sci Directorate, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. RP Pham, AQ (reprint author), Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Chem & Mat Sci Directorate, POB 808, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. NR 13 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELECTROCHEMICAL SOCIETY INC PI PENNINGTON PA 65 S MAIN ST, PENNINGTON, NJ 08534-2839 USA BN 1-56677-235-4 J9 ELEC SOC S PY 1999 VL 99 IS 13 BP 172 EP 180 PG 9 WC Electrochemistry; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Physics, Applied; Physics, Condensed Matter SC Electrochemistry; Materials Science; Physics GA BN92R UT WOS:000083508300018 ER PT B AU Pham, AQ Lee, TH Glass, RS AF Pham, AQ Lee, TH Glass, RS BE Wachsman, ED Akridge, JR Liu, M Yamazoe, N TI Application of the mixed potential theory to the oxygen permeation process through dense ceramic membranes SO SOLID-STATE IONIC DEVICES SE ELECTROCHEMICAL SOCIETY SERIES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Solid-State Ionic Devices Symposium at the 195th Electrochemical-Society Meeting CY MAY 02-07, 1999 CL SEATTLE, WA SP Electrochem Soc AB We used the mixed potential theory to study the oxygen permeation process through dense ceramic membranes. Using a short-circuited yttria-stabilized zirconia disk to simulate a mixed conducting membrane, the oxygen permeation flux was shown to correspond to the intersection of the anodic and cathodic polarization curves on the Evans diagram. The diagram showed that the oxygen flux did not increase much when the oxygen in the permeate side was lowered to below a certain threshold. The effect was clearly seen to be due to the decrease of the surface exchange current density with decreasing oxygen partial pressures. In the presence of combustible gases, the situation reversed. New reaction mechanisms were observed. C1 Univ Calif Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Chem & Mat Sci Directorate, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. RP Pham, AQ (reprint author), Univ Calif Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Chem & Mat Sci Directorate, POB 808,L-231, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELECTROCHEMICAL SOCIETY INC PI PENNINGTON PA 65 S MAIN ST, PENNINGTON, NJ 08534-2839 USA BN 1-56677-235-4 J9 ELEC SOC S PY 1999 VL 99 IS 13 BP 181 EP 189 PG 9 WC Electrochemistry; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Physics, Applied; Physics, Condensed Matter SC Electrochemistry; Materials Science; Physics GA BN92R UT WOS:000083508300019 ER PT B AU Mukundan, R Brosha, EL Brown, DR Garzon, FH AF Mukundan, R Brosha, EL Brown, DR Garzon, FH BE Wachsman, ED Akridge, JR Liu, M Yamazoe, N TI A mixed potential sensor based on a Ce0.8Gd0.2O1.9 electrolyte and platinum and gold electrodes SO SOLID-STATE IONIC DEVICES SE ELECTROCHEMICAL SOCIETY SERIES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Solid-State Ionic Devices Symposium at the 195th Electrochemical-Society Meeting CY MAY 02-07, 1999 CL SEATTLE, WA SP Electrochem Soc ID ZIRCONIA OXYGEN SENSOR; STABILIZED ZIRCONIA; HYDROGEN SENSOR; OXIDE ELECTRODE AB A "Pt/Ce0.8Gd0.2O1.9/Au" mixed-potential sensor was constructed and its response to reducing-gases in an oxygen containing stream was measured at T = 550 degrees C and 600 degrees C. The sensor response was maximum for H-2 and negligible for methane, other gases followed the trend: methane < propane < CO, propylene < hydrogen. The mixed-potentials developed at the Au and Pt electrodes were also independently monitored with respect to Pt air-reference electrodes. The mixed-potential at the Au electrode was always higher (more negative) than that at the Pt electrode irrespective of the type of reducing-gas used. The polarization curves of the two electrodes during oxygen reduction were also measured. These measurements revealed that the mixed-potential at the electrodes was dependent on both the amount of electrochemical oxidation of reducing-gas and the overpotential for oxygen reduction. While the response of the Pt electrode was found to be stable at both 600 and 550 degrees C, the Au electrode had stability problems at 600 degrees C due to the changing morphology of the gold film. C1 Univ Calif Los Alamos Natl Lab, Elect & Electrochem Mat & Devices Grp, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. RP Mukundan, R (reprint author), Univ Calif Los Alamos Natl Lab, Elect & Electrochem Mat & Devices Grp, POB 1663, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. NR 10 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELECTROCHEMICAL SOCIETY INC PI PENNINGTON PA 65 S MAIN ST, PENNINGTON, NJ 08534-2839 USA BN 1-56677-235-4 J9 ELEC SOC S PY 1999 VL 99 IS 13 BP 360 EP 373 PG 14 WC Electrochemistry; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Physics, Applied; Physics, Condensed Matter SC Electrochemistry; Materials Science; Physics GA BN92R UT WOS:000083508300038 ER PT B AU Brosha, EL Mukundan, R Brown, DR Garzon, FH Farber, B AF Brosha, EL Mukundan, R Brown, DR Garzon, FH Farber, B BE Wachsman, ED Akridge, JR Liu, M Yamazoe, N TI Sulfur resistant oxygen sensors for industrial boiler control SO SOLID-STATE IONIC DEVICES SE ELECTROCHEMICAL SOCIETY SERIES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Solid-State Ionic Devices Symposium at the 195th Electrochemical-Society Meeting CY MAY 02-07, 1999 CL SEATTLE, WA SP Electrochem Soc AB We have developed a new type of potentiometric zirconia oxygen sensor that uses a terbia-substituted yttria stabilized zirconia (Tb-YSZ) mixed electronic/ionic-conducting metal oxide in place of platinum as the sense/working electrode. Thermodynamic calculations indicate that this material exhibits intrinsic thermodynamic stability against sulfur chemical attack. We report lifetime testing and performance data taken from test sensors placed in industrial boilers of paper processing plants. Typical sulfur concentrations in this environment were on the order of 10-20% SOx. To date, test sensors have been operating continuously in excess of 12 months with less than a 5% change in level output or increase in eel resistance. C1 Univ Calif Los Alamos Natl Lab, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. RP Brosha, EL (reprint author), Univ Calif Los Alamos Natl Lab, POB 1663, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. NR 8 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELECTROCHEMICAL SOCIETY INC PI PENNINGTON PA 65 S MAIN ST, PENNINGTON, NJ 08534-2839 USA BN 1-56677-235-4 J9 ELEC SOC S PY 1999 VL 99 IS 13 BP 374 EP 381 PG 8 WC Electrochemistry; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Physics, Applied; Physics, Condensed Matter SC Electrochemistry; Materials Science; Physics GA BN92R UT WOS:000083508300039 ER PT S AU Tran, TD Song, XY Kinoshita, K AF Tran, TD Song, XY Kinoshita, K BE Nazri, GA Julien, C Rougier, A TI Investigation of lithiated carbons by transmission electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction analysis SO SOLID STATE IONICS V SE MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY SYMPOSIUM PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Solid State Ionics at the 1998 MRS Fall Meeting CY NOV 28-DEC 04, 1999 CL BOSTON, MA SP Mat Res Soc, US DOE, Lawrence Berkeley Natl Lab ID INTERCALATION COMPOUNDS; CARBONACEOUS MATERIALS; IN-SITU; GRAPHITE; LITHIUM; MECHANISM AB The microstructures of lithiated synthetic graphite and carbon black were studied by high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis. Information about the crystal structure of carbon containing various Li compositions can provide useful insights to our understanding of the Li storage mechanism in carbonaceous materials. Samples with compositions of Li0.93C6 or Li0.45C6 were found to contain both stage-one and stage-two compounds. These observations are consistent with XRD data. The changes in sample microstructure as the results of lithiation and exposure to electron irradiation were observed by TEM and recorded over several minutes in the microscope environment. Selected area electron diffraction patterns indicated that the lithiated samples quickly changed composition to LiC24, which appeared to dominate during the brief analysis period. The layer planes in the lattice image of a disordered carbon black after Li insertion are poorly defined, and changes in the microstructure of these lithiated carbons was not readily apparent. Observations on these lithium intercalation compounds as well as the limitation of the experimental procedure will be presented. C1 Univ Calif Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Dept Chem & Mat Sci, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. RP Tran, TD (reprint author), Univ Calif Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Dept Chem & Mat Sci, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. NR 29 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 2 PU MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY PI WARRENDALE PA 506 KEYSTONE DRIVE, WARRENDALE, PA 15088-7563 USA SN 0272-9172 BN 1-55899-454-8 J9 MATER RES SOC SYMP P PY 1999 VL 548 BP 37 EP 47 PG 11 WC Electrochemistry; Energy & Fuels; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Electrochemistry; Energy & Fuels; Materials Science GA BP16R UT WOS:000084260800005 ER PT S AU Prasad, R Benedek, R Thackeray, MM Wills, JM Yang, LH AF Prasad, R Benedek, R Thackeray, MM Wills, JM Yang, LH BE Nazri, GA Julien, C Rougier, A TI First principles calculations for lithiated manganese oxides SO SOLID STATE IONICS V SE MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY SYMPOSIUM PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Solid State Ionics at the 1998 MRS Fall Meeting CY NOV 28-DEC 04, 1999 CL BOSTON, MA SP Mat Res Soc, US DOE, Lawrence Berkeley Natl Lab ID ELECTRONIC-STRUCTURE; LITHIUM BATTERIES; LIMNO2; INTERCALATION; EXCHANGE; LIXCOO2; ORDER AB First principles calculations within the local-spin-density-functional theory (LSDFT) framework are presented of densities of electronic states for MnO, LiMnO2 in the monoclinic and orthorhombic structures, cubic LiMn2O4 spinel and gamma-MnO2 (delithiated spinel), all in antiferromagnetic spin configurations. The changes in energy spectra as the Mn oxidation state varies between 2+ and 4+ are illustrated. Preliminary calculations for Go-doped LiMnO2 are presented, and the destabilization of a monoclinic relative to a rhombohedral structure is discussed. C1 Argonne Natl Lab, Div Chem Technol, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. RP Prasad, R (reprint author), Argonne Natl Lab, Div Chem Technol, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. NR 21 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 1 U2 5 PU MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY PI WARRENDALE PA 506 KEYSTONE DRIVE, WARRENDALE, PA 15088-7563 USA SN 0272-9172 BN 1-55899-454-8 J9 MATER RES SOC SYMP P PY 1999 VL 548 BP 137 EP 142 PG 6 WC Electrochemistry; Energy & Fuels; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Electrochemistry; Energy & Fuels; Materials Science GA BP16R UT WOS:000084260800018 ER PT S AU Amine, K Yasuda, H Yamachi, M AF Amine, K Yasuda, H Yamachi, M BE Nazri, GA Julien, C Rougier, A TI New iron oxide positive active material for lithium secondary batteries SO SOLID STATE IONICS V SE MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY SYMPOSIUM PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Solid State Ionics at the 1998 MRS Fall Meeting CY NOV 28-DEC 04, 1999 CL BOSTON, MA SP Mat Res Soc, US DOE, Lawrence Berkeley Natl Lab ID ELECTROCHEMICAL PROPERTIES; LIFEO2 AB Beta-iron oxy-hydroxide, which exhibits a (2x2) tunnel-type structure similar to that of alpha-MnO2, was found to intercalate reversibly lithium in the tunnels. This material exhibits three voltage plateaus at 2.3, 1.5 and 0.7 V and has an over all discharge capacity of 1100 mAh/g. When cycling in the 2-V region, the material exhibits high capacity of 275 mAh/g and very good cyclic reversibility. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) of the discharged material showed that iron is reduced to the divalent state, and the lithium incorporated in the tunnels is purely ionic. This result explains the good reversibility of this electrode material. When discharged to 0.5 V, however, the structure of the material collapsed, and metallic iron was detected in the X-ray diffraction pattern. C1 Argonne Natl Lab, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. RP Amine, K (reprint author), Argonne Natl Lab, 9700 S Cass Ave, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. RI Amine, Khalil/K-9344-2013 NR 10 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY PI WARRENDALE PA 506 KEYSTONE DRIVE, WARRENDALE, PA 15088-7563 USA SN 0272-9172 BN 1-55899-454-8 J9 MATER RES SOC SYMP P PY 1999 VL 548 BP 271 EP 282 PG 12 WC Electrochemistry; Energy & Fuels; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Electrochemistry; Energy & Fuels; Materials Science GA BP16R UT WOS:000084260800034 ER PT S AU Balachandran, U Ma, B Maiya, PS Dusek, JT Picciolo, JJ Guan, J Dorris, SE Liu, M AF Balachandran, U Ma, B Maiya, PS Dusek, JT Picciolo, JJ Guan, J Dorris, SE Liu, M BE Nazri, GA Julien, C Rougier, A TI Development of mixed-conducting ceramics for gas separation applications SO SOLID STATE IONICS V SE MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY SYMPOSIUM PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Solid State Ionics at the 1998 MRS Fall Meeting CY NOV 28-DEC 04, 1999 CL BOSTON, MA SP Mat Res Soc, US DOE, Lawrence Berkeley Natl Lab ID TRANSPORT-PROPERTIES; OXYGEN PERMEABILITY; MEMBRANES AB Mixed-conducting oxides are used in many applications, including fuel cells, gas separation membranes, sensors, and electrocatalysis. This paper describes mixed-conducting ceramic membranes that are being developed to selectively remove oxygen and hydrogen from gas streams in a nongalvanic mode of operation (i.e., with no electrodes or external power supply). Because of its high combined electronic/ionic conductivity and significant oxygen permeability, the mixed-conducting Sr-Fe-Co oxide (SFC) has been developed for high-purity oxygen separation and/or partial oxidation of methane to synthesis gas, i.e., syngas, a mixture of carbon monoxide and hydrogen. The electronic and ionic conductivities of SFC were found to be comparable in magnitude and are presented as a function of temperature. The oxygen flux through dense SFC tubes during separation of oxygen from air is compared with the oxygen flux during methane conversion. Unlike SFC, in which the ionic and electronic conductivities are nearly equivalent, BaCe0.80Y0.20O3 (BCY) exhibits protonic conductivity that is significantly higher than its electronic conductivity. To enhance the electronic conductivity and increase hydrogen permeation, metal powder was combined with the BCY to form a cermet membrane. Nongalvanic permeation of hydrogen through the cermet membrane was demonstrated and characterized as a function of membrane thickness. A sintering aid was developed to avoid interconnected porosity in and improve the mechanical properties of the cermet membrane. C1 Argonne Natl Lab, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. RP Balachandran, U (reprint author), Argonne Natl Lab, 9700 S Cass Ave, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. RI Ma, Beihai/I-1674-2013; OI Ma, Beihai/0000-0003-3557-2773; Liu, Meilin/0000-0002-6188-2372 NR 14 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 7 PU MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY PI WARRENDALE PA 506 KEYSTONE DRIVE, WARRENDALE, PA 15088-7563 USA SN 0272-9172 BN 1-55899-454-8 J9 MATER RES SOC SYMP P PY 1999 VL 548 BP 545 EP 550 PG 6 WC Electrochemistry; Energy & Fuels; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Electrochemistry; Energy & Fuels; Materials Science GA BP16R UT WOS:000084260800068 ER PT S AU Ma, B Balachandran, U Mitchell, BJ Richardson, JW Hodges, JP Jorgensen, JD AF Ma, B Balachandran, U Mitchell, BJ Richardson, JW Hodges, JP Jorgensen, JD BE Nazri, GA Julien, C Rougier, A TI Oxygen transport in the Sr2Fe3-xCoxOy system SO SOLID STATE IONICS V SE MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY SYMPOSIUM PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Solid State Ionics at the 1998 MRS Fall Meeting CY NOV 28-DEC 04, 1999 CL BOSTON, MA SP Mat Res Soc, US DOE, Lawrence Berkeley Natl Lab ID DIFFUSION-COEFFICIENT; ION CONDUCTORS; O SYSTEM; SRFECO0.5OX; CONDUCTIVITY; MEMBRANES; METHANE AB The mixed-conducting Sr-Fe-Co oxide has potential use as a gas separation membrane. Its superior oxygen transport reveals the feasibility of using oxide membranes in large-scale oxygen separation. Sr2Fe3-xCoxOy (with x = 0.0, 0.3, 0.6, and 1.0) samples were made by solid state reaction. To understand the oxygen transport mechanism in this system, conductivity and thermogravimetry experiments were conducted at high temperature in various oxygen partial pressure environments. The oxygen diffusion coefficient was determined from the time relaxation transient behavior of the specimen after switching the surrounding atmosphere. Mobility of the charge carrier was derived from relative conductivity and weight changes. X-ray diffraction experiments were carried out on these samples to determine their crystal structures. C1 Argonne Natl Lab, Div Energy Technol, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. RP Ma, B (reprint author), Argonne Natl Lab, Div Energy Technol, 9700 S Cass Ave, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. RI Hodges, Jason/K-1421-2013; Ma, Beihai/I-1674-2013 OI Ma, Beihai/0000-0003-3557-2773 NR 19 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY PI WARRENDALE PA 506 KEYSTONE DRIVE, WARRENDALE, PA 15088-7563 USA SN 0272-9172 BN 1-55899-454-8 J9 MATER RES SOC SYMP P PY 1999 VL 548 BP 569 EP 574 PG 6 WC Electrochemistry; Energy & Fuels; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Electrochemistry; Energy & Fuels; Materials Science GA BP16R UT WOS:000084260800072 ER PT S AU Brundermann, E Chamberlin, DR Haller, EE AF Brundermann, E Chamberlin, DR Haller, EE BE Scheps, R TI Widely tunable high duty cycle semiconductor terahertz lasers SO SOLID STATE LASERS VIII SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Solid State Lasers VIII CY JAN 25-26, 1999 CL SAN JOSE, CA SP SPIE DE germanium; semiconductor laser; submillimeter wave laser; THz laser; infrared spectroscopy ID TIME-DOMAIN SPECTROSCOPY; FAR-INFRARED EMISSION; P-GERMANIUM LASER; HOT-HOLE LASERS; GE; OPERATION; OSCILLATION; STATES; THZ AB Germanium terahertz (THz) lasers based on a heavy hole-light hole population inversion within the valence bands show strong promise for widespread applications due to their unparalleled frequency tuning range and high output power up to several Watts. Germanium lasers have attractive laser properties: tunability from 1 to 4 THz, high finesse of 10(6) with line widths below 1 MHz and linear polarization. Laser operation is possible with small mm-sized permanent magnets and closed-cycle refrigerators. Since 1995 we have increased the duty cycle (laser on-time) of such lasers from 10(-5) up to 2.5x10(-2) (2.5%). We report on our current research efforts aimed at achieving continuous wave emission. These efforts include a reduction of the active laser crystal volume from typical values of 30-60 mm(3) to and perhaps below 1 mm(3) and materials and electric field homogeneity improvements to enhance the conversion efficiency. A planar contact geometry is suggested to allow improved heat sinking. Our planned applications include but are not limited to airborne and satellite based research for the study of molecules in the upper atmosphere or in star-forming regions of the universe. C1 Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. RP Brundermann, E (reprint author), Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. NR 34 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-3083-8 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 1999 VL 3613 BP 198 EP 207 DI 10.1117/12.347678 PG 10 WC Optics SC Optics GA BN09Q UT WOS:000080658300025 ER PT J AU Reboredo, FA Pantelides, ST AF Reboredo, FA Pantelides, ST TI Hydrogen platelets in crystalline silicon - Precursors for the "smart cut" SO SOLID STATE PHENOMENA LA English DT Article DE Si; H; platelets; smart cut; hydrogenated vacancies ID DIFFUSION; DEFECTS; COMPLEXES AB High concentrations of H in crystalline Si are known to induce planar defects (platelets), primarily in the (100) and the (Ill)planes. These platelets are precursors for the so-called "smart cut" technique for fabricating Silicon-On-insulator (SOI) structures. The atomic-scale mechanisms for the nucleation and growth of the H-induced platelets and many other experimental observations have remained elusive. We review recent extensive first-principles calculations in terms of which a comprehensive picture of platelet nucleation and growth has emerged. The theory naturally accounts for the observed preference for (111) and (100) planes, for H release and trapping of H-2 molecules, and other observations. The platelets are arrays of second-neighbor hydrogenated vacancies that do not bind to each other, but their formation is due to energetically preferred reaction pathways. C1 Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Div Solid State, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. Vanderbilt Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, Nashville, TN 37235 USA. RP Reboredo, FA (reprint author), Natl Renewable Energy Lab, Golden, CO 80401 USA. RI Reboredo, Fernando/B-8391-2009 NR 19 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 1 U2 4 PU TRANS TECH-SCITEC PUBLICATIONS LTD PI UETIKON A.S. PA BRANDRAIN 6, CH-8707 UETIKON A.S., SWITZERLAND SN 1012-0394 J9 SOLID STATE PHENOM JI Solid State Phenom. PY 1999 VL 70 BP 83 EP 92 PG 10 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Physics, Applied; Physics, Condensed Matter SC Materials Science; Physics GA 240FZ UT WOS:000082816400010 ER PT J AU Yarykin, N Cho, CR Zuhr, RA Rozgonyi, GA AF Yarykin, N Cho, CR Zuhr, RA Rozgonyi, GA TI In-situ photoexcitation-induced perturbations of defect complex concentration and distribution in silicon implanted with light and heavy ions SO SOLID STATE PHENOMENA LA English DT Article DE silicon; ion implantation; defect complexes; DLTS ID ENHANCED DIFFUSION; DOPANT DIFFUSION AB In this report, we give a short review of our recent results on deep-level spectrum of silicon implanted with MeV-ions and impact of in-situ photoexcitation on this spectrum. It is shown that in contrast to light ion implantation (H+, He+), deep-level defect formation in silicon implanted with heavier ions (Si+, Ge+) is not completed immediately after implantation, and continues at least during several days at room temperature. Besides, several novel, unstable at room temperature deep-level centers are observed after low-temperature implantation of heavier ions. These specific features of defect reactions are discussed in terms of intrinsic point defect cluster formation in the collision cascades of heavier ions. Photoexcitation during implantation is found to affect the number of vacancies stored in these clusters and, finally, the concentration and distribution of stable defects. C1 N Carolina State Univ, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. Inst Microelect Technol, RU-142432 Chernogolovka, Russia. Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. RP Yarykin, N (reprint author), N Carolina State Univ, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. RI Yarykn, Nikolai/C-7277-2014 NR 21 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU TRANS TECH-SCITEC PUBLICATIONS LTD PI UETIKON A.S. PA BRANDRAIN 6, CH-8707 UETIKON A.S., SWITZERLAND SN 1012-0394 J9 SOLID STATE PHENOM JI Solid State Phenom. PY 1999 VL 70 BP 397 EP 402 PG 6 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Physics, Applied; Physics, Condensed Matter SC Materials Science; Physics GA 240FZ UT WOS:000082816400057 ER PT J AU Chisholm, MF Buczko, R Mostoller, M Kaplan, T Maiti, A Pantelides, ST Pennycook, SJ AF Chisholm, MF Buczko, R Mostoller, M Kaplan, T Maiti, A Pantelides, ST Pennycook, SJ TI Atomic structure and properties of extended defects in silicon SO SOLID STATE PHENOMENA LA English DT Article DE Z-contrast; transmission electron microscopy; electronic structure; dislocations; grain boundaries ID TILT GRAIN-BOUNDARY; ELECTRONIC-STRUCTURE; TIGHT-BINDING; SI; SEMICONDUCTORS; SEGREGATION; DISLOCATION; IMPURITIES; ENERGY; CORE AB The Z-contrast technique represents a new approach to high-resolution electron microscopy allowing for the first time incoherent imaging of materials on the atomic scale. The key advantages of the technique, an intrinsically higher resolution limit and directly interpretable, compositionally sensitive imaging, allow a new level of insight into the atomic configurations of extended defects in silicon. This experimental technique has been combined with theoretical calculations (a combination of first principles, tight binding, and classical methods) to extend this level of insight by obtaining the energetics and electronic structure of the defects. C1 Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Div Solid State, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. Vanderbilt Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, Nashville, TN 37235 USA. RP Chisholm, MF (reprint author), Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Div Solid State, POB 2008, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. NR 48 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 3 PU TRANS TECH-SCITEC PUBLICATIONS LTD PI UETIKON A.S. PA BRANDRAIN 6, CH-8707 UETIKON A.S., SWITZERLAND SN 1012-0394 J9 SOLID STATE PHENOM JI Solid State Phenom. PY 1999 VL 67-8 BP 3 EP 13 PG 11 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Physics, Applied; Physics, Condensed Matter SC Materials Science; Physics GA 215NH UT WOS:000081387400002 ER PT J AU Selwyn, GS AF Selwyn, GS TI New methods for contamination control and dry cleaning of silicon wafers SO SOLID STATE PHENOMENA LA English DT Article C1 Univ Calif Los Alamos Natl Lab, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. RP Selwyn, GS (reprint author), Univ Calif Los Alamos Natl Lab, P-24, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU TRANS TECH-SCITEC PUBLICATIONS LTD PI UETIKON A.S. PA BRANDRAIN 6, CH-8707 UETIKON A.S., SWITZERLAND SN 1012-0394 J9 SOLID STATE PHENOM JI Solid State Phenom. PY 1999 VL 65-6 BP 181 EP 181 PG 1 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Physics, Applied; Physics, Condensed Matter SC Materials Science; Physics GA 160LU UT WOS:000078232800044 ER PT S AU Okamoto, PR Lam, NQ Rehn, LE AF Okamoto, PR Lam, NQ Rehn, LE BE Ehrenreich, H Spaepen, F TI Physics of crystal-to-glass transformations SO SOLID STATE PHYSICS - ADVANCES IN RESEARCH AND APPLICATIONS, VOL 52 SE Solid State Physics LA English DT Review ID SOLID-STATE AMORPHIZATION; RADIATION-INDUCED AMORPHIZATION; IRRADIATION-INDUCED AMORPHIZATION; BEAM-INDUCED AMORPHIZATION; AMORPHOUS PHASE-FORMATION; TRANSMISSION ELECTRON-MICROSCOPY; ORDERED INTERMETALLIC COMPOUNDS; METALLIC-GLASS; ION-IMPLANTATION; STRUCTURAL RELAXATION C1 Argonne Natl Lab, Div Mat Sci, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. RP Okamoto, PR (reprint author), Argonne Natl Lab, Div Mat Sci, 9700 S Cass Ave, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. NR 219 TC 111 Z9 112 U1 3 U2 57 PU ELSEVIER ACADEMIC PRESS INC PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B STREET, SUITE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0081-1947 BN 0-12-607753-3 J9 SOLID STATE PHYS JI Solid State Phys. PY 1999 VL 52 BP 1 EP 135 DI 10.1016/S0081-1947(08)60018-1 PG 135 WC Physics, Condensed Matter SC Physics GA BN56X UT WOS:000082270300001 ER PT B AU Steinzig, M Harlow, F AF Steinzig, M Harlow, F BE Hofmeister, WH Rogers, JR Singh, NB Marsh, SP Vorhees, PW TI Probability distribution function evolution for binary alloy solidification SO SOLIDIFICATION 1999 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Solidification 1999 at the TMS Annual Meeting CY FEB 28-MAR 04, 1999 CL SAN DIEGO, CA SP TMS Mat Proc & Mfg Div Solidificat Comm ID COMPUTER-SIMULATION; MICROSTRUCTURES AB The thermally controlled solidification of a binary alloy, nucleated at isolated sites, is described by the evolution of a probability distribution function, whose variables include grain size and distance to nearest neighbor, together with descriptors of shape, orientation, and such material properties as orientation of nonisotropic elastic modulus and coefficient of thermal expansion. The relevant Liouville equation is described and coupled with global equations for energy and solute transport. Applications are discussed for problems concerning nucleation and impingement and the consequences for final size and size distribution. The goal of this analysis is to characterize the grain structure of the solidified casting and to enable the description of its probable response to thermal treatment, machining, and the imposition of mechanical insults. C1 Univ Calif Los Alamos Natl Lab, Div Theoret, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. RP Steinzig, M (reprint author), Univ Calif Los Alamos Natl Lab, Div Theoret, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. NR 16 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 0 PU MINERALS, METALS & MATERIALS SOC PI WARRENDALE PA 184 THORN HILL RD, WARRENDALE, PA 15086-7514 USA BN 0-87339-429-1 PY 1999 BP 197 EP 206 PG 10 WC Crystallography; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering SC Crystallography; Materials Science; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering GA BM93V UT WOS:000080192400019 ER PT J AU Romanovski, VV White, DJ Xu, JD Hoffman, DC Raymond, KN AF Romanovski, VV White, DJ Xu, JD Hoffman, DC Raymond, KN TI Plutonium(IV) and plutonium(VI) extraction by 1-hydroxy-6-N-octylcarboxamide-2(1H)-pyridinone SO SOLVENT EXTRACTION AND ION EXCHANGE LA English DT Article AB Extraction of Pu(IV) and Pu(VI) from nitric acid media by the promising new extractant 1-hydroxy-6-N-octylcarboxamide-2(1H)-pyridinone (octyl-1,2-HOPO) has been investigated. The effects of nitric acid, sodium, aluminum and iron(III) nitrates on extraction have been examined. Octyl-1,2-HOPO exhibits high specificity for Pu(IV) over a wide range of acidity and ionic strength. The affinity of octyl-1,2-HOPO for Pu(VI) is much less than for Pu(IV). However, the extraction of Pu(VI) is possible from acidic as well as from highly salted media. Two water soluble ligands, 1-hydroxyethane-1,1,-diphosphonic acid (HEDPA) and H(2,2)-1,2-HOPO, have been shown to be very effective for back extraction. C1 Univ Calif Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Glenn T Seaborg Inst Transactinium Sci, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Chem, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. RP Romanovski, VV (reprint author), Univ Calif Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Glenn T Seaborg Inst Transactinium Sci, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. NR 12 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 0 PU MARCEL DEKKER INC PI NEW YORK PA 270 MADISON AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10016 USA SN 0736-6299 J9 SOLVENT EXTR ION EXC JI Solvent Extr. Ion Exch. PY 1999 VL 17 IS 1 BP 55 EP 71 DI 10.1080/07360299908934600 PG 17 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 165MP UT WOS:000078525200004 ER PT J AU Chiarizia, R Urban, V Thiyagarajan, P Herlinger, AW AF Chiarizia, R Urban, V Thiyagarajan, P Herlinger, AW TI Aggregation of complexes formed in the extraction of selected metal cations by P,P'-di(2-ethylhexyl methanediphosphonic acid SO SOLVENT EXTRACTION AND ION EXCHANGE LA English DT Article ID SUBSTITUTED DIPHOSPHONIC ACIDS; ANGLE NEUTRON-SCATTERING; POLYMERS AB The aggregation of several metal complexes formed during solvent extraction with P,P'-di(2-ethylhexyl) methanediphosphonic acid, H2DEH[MDP], in deuterated toluene, has been investigated by small angle neutron scattering (SANS). The SANS results show that the Ca(II)-, AI(III)-, La(III)- and Nd(IU)-H2DEH[MDP] compounds exhibit little or no tendency to aggregate. Uranyl complexes of H2DEH[MDP] at high metal loading form small aggregates with an aggregation number of approximately 14. This behavior is in sharp contrast with the Th(IV)-H2DEH[MDP] system which forms large aggregates in the organic phase under high metal loading conditions. The aggregation behavior of the various metal-H2DEH[MDP] compounds is discussed in light of the information obtained from earlier solvent extraction, vapor pressure osmometry, and infrared spectroscopy studies. C1 Argonne Natl Lab, Div Chem, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. Argonne Natl Lab, IPNS Div, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. Loyola Univ, Dept Chem, Chicago, IL 60626 USA. RP Chiarizia, R (reprint author), Argonne Natl Lab, Div Chem, 9700 S Cass Ave, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. RI Urban, Volker/N-5361-2015 OI Urban, Volker/0000-0002-7962-3408 NR 22 TC 34 Z9 34 U1 1 U2 5 PU MARCEL DEKKER INC PI NEW YORK PA 270 MADISON AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10016 USA SN 0736-6299 J9 SOLVENT EXTR ION EXC JI Solvent Extr. Ion Exch. PY 1999 VL 17 IS 1 BP 113 EP 132 DI 10.1080/07360299908934603 PG 20 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 165MP UT WOS:000078525200007 ER PT J AU Chambliss, CK Martin, CR Strauss, SH Moyer, BA AF Chambliss, CK Martin, CR Strauss, SH Moyer, BA TI Comparison of the lipophilic redox-recyclable extractant [Fe(eta(5)-C5H3(s-C7H15)(2))(2)][NO3] with [N(n-C7H15)(4)][NO3] for liquid-liquid anion-exchange of aqueous (TcO4-)-Tc-99 SO SOLVENT EXTRACTION AND ION EXCHANGE LA English DT Article ID SOLVENT-EXTRACTION; CESIUM NITRATE; COMPLEX; EQUILIBRIA; SALTS; TC-99; IONS AB The highly selective liquid-liquid extraction of the pertechnetate anion TcO4- from a nitrate matrix by the lipophilic redox-recyclable extractant HEP+NO3- [HEP = 1,1',3,3'-tetrakis(2-methyl-2-hexyl)ferrocene] has been investigated in comparison with the well known anion-exchange reagent tetra-n-heptyl ammonium nitrate (heptyl)(4)N+NO3-. Under conditions of low metal-anion loading, the distribution ratio D(TcO4-) was found to be insensitive to the alkali metal cation present as M+NO3- (M+ = Li+, Na+, K+) and the initial concentration of TcO4- in the aqueous phase for both extractants. Also, slope analysis of the distribution data revealed approximate linear relationships between D(TcO4-) and the concentration of extractant in the organic phase (slope 1.0) and the concentration of NaNO3 in the aqueous phase (slope = -1) plotted on a full logarithmic scale, suggesting that the extraction of TcO4- occurs by a simple anion-exchange mechanism. Graphical analysis of partial loading data confirmed that both HEP+NO3- and (heptyl)(4)N+NO3- are predominantly monomeric in chlorobenzene under conditions of low metal-anion loading. However, at an organic-phase TcO4- concentration of approximately 0.003 M, a sharp decrease in D(TcO4-) was observed, suggesting the formation of large aggregated species. At lower concentrations of TcO4- equilibrium modeling of the extraction data with the program SXLSQI was generally consistent with the simplest model of anion exchange, namely, that involving only the monomeric organic-phase ion pairs R+NO3- and R+TcO4- [R+ = HEP+ or (heptyl)(4)N+]. To model extraction at aqueous nitrate concentrations as high as 3 M, it was found necessary to include the Pitzer mixing parameter theta(NO3--TcO4-), whose value (0.0435 +/- 0.0039) upon refinement was found to be the same for both extractants. The logK(exch) values for TcO4-/NO3- anion exchange were found to be 3.84 +/- 0.01 for HEP+NO3- and 3.69 +/- 0.01 for (heptyl)(4)N+NO3-, indicating that the selectivity for TcO4- over NO3- is approximately the same for both extractants. This is consistent with the hypothesis, based on electrostatic principles, that the selectivity in the observed anion-exchange process is favored by the large (and comparable) sizes of the cationic extractants. However, our analysis suggests that a further increase in cation size would not significantly improve TcO4-/NO3- selectivity in chlorobenzene, though selectivity could be so increased in diluents of lower dielectric constant. C1 Colorado State Univ, Dept Chem, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Div Chem & Analyt Sci, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. RP Martin, CR (reprint author), Colorado State Univ, Dept Chem, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. RI Solominow, Sonia/A-4021-2008; Moyer, Bruce/L-2744-2016 OI Moyer, Bruce/0000-0001-7484-6277 NR 31 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 1 PU MARCEL DEKKER INC PI NEW YORK PA 270 MADISON AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10016 USA SN 0736-6299 J9 SOLVENT EXTR ION EXC JI Solvent Extr. Ion Exch. PY 1999 VL 17 IS 3 BP 553 EP 584 DI 10.1080/07366299908934627 PG 32 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 194GW UT WOS:000080184800005 ER PT J AU Leonard, RA AF Leonard, RA TI Design rules for solvent extraction SO SOLVENT EXTRACTION AND ION EXCHANGE LA English DT Article AB To design a new solvent extraction process, one needs to measure distribution ratios for the various components in the feed solution, determine the key components, and then develop a process flowsheet based on the criteria for the separation of the key components. By following a set of design rules based on the extraction factor and starting with the distribution ratios, we show how to develop the process flowsheet. These rules can also be used to determine the optimum organic-to-aqueous flow ratio and assess whether any of the components will be trapped (pinched) in the process. C1 Argonne Natl Lab, Div Chem Technol, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. RP Leonard, RA (reprint author), Argonne Natl Lab, Div Chem Technol, 9700 S Cass Ave, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. NR 8 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 1 U2 4 PU MARCEL DEKKER INC PI NEW YORK PA 270 MADISON AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10016 USA SN 0736-6299 J9 SOLVENT EXTR ION EXC JI Solvent Extr. Ion Exch. PY 1999 VL 17 IS 3 BP 597 EP 612 DI 10.1080/07366299908934629 PG 16 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 194GW UT WOS:000080184800007 ER PT J AU Chiarizia, R Urban, V Thiyagarajan, P Herlinger, AW AF Chiarizia, R Urban, V Thiyagarajan, P Herlinger, AW TI SANS study of aggregation of the complexes formed by selected metal cations and P,P '-di(2-ethylhexyl) ethane- and butane-diphosphonic acids SO SOLVENT EXTRACTION AND ION EXCHANGE LA English DT Article ID ANGLE NEUTRON-SCATTERING; METHANEDIPHOSPHONIC ACID; EXTRACTION AB The aggregation of several metal complexes formed during solvent extraction with P,P'-di(2-ethylhexyl) ethanediphosphonic acid, H2DEH[EDP], and by P,P'-di(2-ethylhexyl) butanediphosphonic acid, H2DEH[BuDP], in deuterated toluene, has been investigated by small angle neutron scattering (SANS). With H2DEH[EDP], the extraction of Ca(II), La(III) and U(VI) does not disrupt the cyclic hexameric structure of the ligand in solution. Fe(III) and Th(IV) complexes of H2DEH[EDP], on the other hand, exhibit a very modest tendency to aggregate but only at very high metal loading in the organic phase. With H2DEH[BuDP], the extraction of Ca(II), La(III), U(VI) and Th(IV) is not accompanied by significant aggregation of the metal complexes. The Fe(III)-H2DEH[BuDP] complexes, however, form long cylindrical aggregates similar to those previously observed with P,P'-di(2-ethylhexyl) methanediphosphonic acid, H2DEH[MDP]. The aggregation behavior of the various metal-extractant species is discussed in light of the information obtained from earlier solvent extraction, vapor pressure osmometry, and infrared spectroscopy studies. C1 Argonne Natl Lab, Div Chem, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. Argonne Natl Lab, IPNS Div, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. Loyola Univ, Dept Chem, Chicago, IL 60626 USA. RP Chiarizia, R (reprint author), Argonne Natl Lab, Div Chem, 9700 S Cass Ave, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. RI Urban, Volker/N-5361-2015 OI Urban, Volker/0000-0002-7962-3408 NR 21 TC 29 Z9 29 U1 1 U2 3 PU MARCEL DEKKER INC PI NEW YORK PA 270 MADISON AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10016 USA SN 0736-6299 J9 SOLVENT EXTR ION EXC JI Solvent Extr. Ion Exch. PY 1999 VL 17 IS 5 BP 1171 EP 1194 DI 10.1080/07366299908934642 PG 24 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 230RL UT WOS:000082264100003 ER PT J AU Barrans, RE McAlister, DR Herlinger, AW Chiarizia, R Ferraro, JR AF Barrans, RE McAlister, DR Herlinger, AW Chiarizia, R Ferraro, JR TI Hydrogen bonding in aggregates of dialkyl-substituted diphosphonic acids and monofunctional analogues SO SOLVENT EXTRACTION AND ION EXCHANGE LA English DT Article ID P,P'-DI(2-ETHYLHEXYL) METHANEDIPHOSPHONIC ACID; METAL EXTRACTION; COMPLEXES; DYNAMICS; DIMERS AB Hydrogen bonding of dialkyl-substituted diphosphonic acids in nonpolar (toluene and CCl4) and alcohol (I-decanol) solutions is examined. The compounds are monomeric in l-decanol and dimeric or higher in nonpolar organic diluents. Infrared spectroscopy and molecular mechanics calculations suggest that the dimers of P,P'-di(2-ethylhexyl) methanediphosphonic acid (H2DEH[MDP]) and its straight-chain isomer, P,P'-dioctyl methanediphosphonic acid (H2DO[MDP]), adopt rigid highly hydrogen-bonded structures such as C or D. The homologous P,P'-di(2-ethylhexyl) ethane- and butanediphosphonic acids, H2DEH[EDP] and H2DEH[BuDP], respectively, adopt structures that are also intermolecularly hydrogen-bonded but more flexible. The effect on the P=O stretching vibration of increasing l-decanol concentration in the solvent differs for these compounds. In the case of H2DEH[MDP] and H2DO[MDP],;he frequency remains constant until all CCl4 has been replaced by the alcohol, then the P=O stretching frequency shifts to a lower energy. In the case of H2DEH[EDP] and H2DEH[BuDP], a gradual shift to higher energy occurs as the alcohol concentration increases. The magnitude of the difference in the P=O stretching frequencies between CCl4 and I-decanol solution is greatest for organophosphonic acids, less for organodiphosphonic acids, and least for organophosphoric acids. C1 Argonne Natl Lab, Div Chem, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. Loyola Univ, Dept Chem, Chicago, IL 60626 USA. RP Barrans, RE (reprint author), Argonne Natl Lab, Div Chem, 9700 S Cass Ave, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. NR 33 TC 22 Z9 22 U1 2 U2 5 PU MARCEL DEKKER INC PI NEW YORK PA 270 MADISON AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10016 USA SN 0736-6299 J9 SOLVENT EXTR ION EXC JI Solvent Extr. Ion Exch. PY 1999 VL 17 IS 5 BP 1195 EP 1217 DI 10.1080/07366299908934643 PG 23 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 230RL UT WOS:000082264100004 ER PT J AU Zhao, PH Romanovski, VV Whisenhunt, DW Hoffman, DC Mohs, TR Xu, JD Raymond, KN AF Zhao, PH Romanovski, VV Whisenhunt, DW Hoffman, DC Mohs, TR Xu, JD Raymond, KN TI Extraction of plutonium by chelating hydroxypyridinone and catecholamide resins SO SOLVENT EXTRACTION AND ION EXCHANGE LA English DT Article ID SEQUESTERING AGENTS; ACTINIDES; LIGANDS AB Four new chelating hydroxypyridinone and catecholamide polystyrene-supported extractants have been prepared and evaluated for their ability to selectively remove ppm levels of plutonium from a variety of acidic aqueous waste compositions. The hydroxypyridinone and catecholamide ligands, modeled after the metal ion binding sites found in siderophores, were derivatized to allow covalent attachment to a polymeric support. The synthesis, loading capacities and chemical stability of the new resins are reported along with the results from extraction studies evaluating their performance for the extraction of Pu(TV) and Pu(VI) from a variety of HNO3 and NaNO3 solutions up to 5 M and in competition with Fe(III), Al(III), Zr(IV) and EDTA. The kinetics of metal ion sorption onto the resins are fast, and the extraction results are compared to the commercial Chelex resin. C1 Univ Calif Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, GT Seaborg Inst Transactinium Sci, Livermore, CA 94551 USA. Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Chem, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. RP Hoffman, DC (reprint author), Univ Calif Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, GT Seaborg Inst Transactinium Sci, Livermore, CA 94551 USA. NR 12 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 1 PU MARCEL DEKKER INC PI NEW YORK PA 270 MADISON AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10016 USA SN 0736-6299 J9 SOLVENT EXTR ION EXC JI Solvent Extr. Ion Exch. PY 1999 VL 17 IS 5 BP 1327 EP 1353 DI 10.1080/07366299908934651 PG 27 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 230RL UT WOS:000082264100012 ER PT J AU McNamara, BK Lumetta, GJ Rapko, BM AF McNamara, BK Lumetta, GJ Rapko, BM TI Extraction of europium(III) ion with tetrahexylmalonamides SO SOLVENT EXTRACTION AND ION EXCHANGE LA English DT Article ID NITRIC-ACID SOLUTIONS; SOLVENT-EXTRACTION; AMIDES; N,N-DIALKYLAMIDES; PLUTONIUM(IV); MALONAMIDES; URANIUM(VI); LANTHANIDES; ACTINIDES; DIAMIDE AB The extraction of europium(III) nitrate from sodium nitrate with a series of tetrahexylmalonamides has been investigated. The tetrahexylmalonamides considered were N,N,N'N'-tetrahexylmalonamide (THMA), N,N,N'N'-tetrahexyl-2-methylmalonamide (MeTHMA), and N,N,N'N'-tetrahexyl-2,2-dimethylmalonamide (DiMeTHMA). This series allowed for a systematic determination of the effects of alkyl substitution of the methylene carbon. Equilibrium modeling of the extraction data indicates that the malonamide/Eu ratio in the extracted complexes is 3 for all three malonamides investigated. This stoichiometry is different than that determined for isolated complexes. This can be rationalized by the formation of complexes with monodentate-bound diamide ligands in the extracts. The extraction constant for Eu decreases by seven-fold in going from THMA to MeTHMA and a precipitous drop in the extraction constant occurs upon substitution of a second methyl group on the methylene carbon (i.e., for DiMeTHMA). C1 Pacific NW Natl Lab, Richland, WA 99352 USA. RP Lumetta, GJ (reprint author), Pacific NW Natl Lab, POB 999, Richland, WA 99352 USA. NR 32 TC 18 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 1 PU MARCEL DEKKER INC PI NEW YORK PA 270 MADISON AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10016 USA SN 0736-6299 J9 SOLVENT EXTR ION EXC JI Solvent Extr. Ion Exch. PY 1999 VL 17 IS 6 BP 1403 EP 1421 DI 10.1080/07366299908934655 PG 19 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 259JK UT WOS:000083890600002 ER PT J AU Sachleben, RA Bonnesen, PV Descazeaud, T Haverlock, TJ Urvoas, A Moyer, BA AF Sachleben, RA Bonnesen, PV Descazeaud, T Haverlock, TJ Urvoas, A Moyer, BA TI Surveying the extraction of cesium nitrate by 1,3-alternate calix[4]-arene crown-6 ethers in 1,2-dichloroethane SO SOLVENT EXTRACTION AND ION EXCHANGE LA English DT Article ID SUPPORTED LIQUID MEMBRANES; MACROCYCLE INTERACTION; SOLVENT-EXTRACTION; BINDING-PROPERTIES; KINETIC DATA; WASTE; CALIX<4>ARENES; CATIONS; REMOVAL AB The extraction of cesium nitrate from a mixture of alkali metal nitrates by calix[4]arene crown-6 ethers in 1,2-dichloroethane diluent has been surveyed at 25 degrees C. The results reveal that smaller substituents (but larger than C-2) at the phenolic positions of the calixarene opposite the crown ether increase both the extraction efficiency and the cesium selectivity. Benzo substituents on the crown ether tend to decrease extraction strength while increasing cesium-to-sodium selectivity. Conversely, a cyclohexano group on the crown ether has a negative impact on both extraction strength and selectivity. C1 Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Div Chem & Analyt Sci, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. RP Sachleben, RA (reprint author), Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Div Chem & Analyt Sci, MS-6119-4500S,POB 2008, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. RI Solominow, Sonia/A-4021-2008; Bonnesen, Peter/A-1889-2016; Moyer, Bruce/L-2744-2016 OI Bonnesen, Peter/0000-0002-1397-8281; Moyer, Bruce/0000-0001-7484-6277 NR 39 TC 68 Z9 72 U1 2 U2 7 PU MARCEL DEKKER INC PI NEW YORK PA 270 MADISON AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10016 USA SN 0736-6299 J9 SOLVENT EXTR ION EXC JI Solvent Extr. Ion Exch. PY 1999 VL 17 IS 6 BP 1445 EP 1459 DI 10.1080/07366299908934657 PG 15 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 259JK UT WOS:000083890600004 ER PT J AU Ashley, KR Whitener, GD Schroeder, NC Ball, JR Radzinski, SD AF Ashley, KR Whitener, GD Schroeder, NC Ball, JR Radzinski, SD TI Reillex (TM)-HPQ anion exchange column chromatography: Removal of pertechnetate from DSSF-5 simulant at various flow rates SO SOLVENT EXTRACTION AND ION EXCHANGE LA English DT Article ID NITRIC-ACID SOLUTION; SORPTION BEHAVIOR; RESIN; PERRHENATE; HANFORD; ION AB The 1% breakthrough volumes (BTV) for TcO(4)(-) on Reillex(TM)-HPQ anion exchange resin columns have been measured as a function of flow rate. The 1% BTV is defined as that point in the column loading when an aliquot of eluent contains 1% of the activity of an equivalent aliquot of column feed solution. The 2.54 x 50 cm resin columns were loaded with a DSSF-5 simulant containing 5.0 x 10(-5) M (99)TcO(4)(-) and (95m)TcO(4)(-) tracer. Seven flow rate experiments were performed with flow rates varying from 15 to 65 mL/min. The 1% BTV, measured in resin bed volumes (BV) can be related to flow rate (mL/min) by the following equation. 1% BTV = (67.85 +/- 3.76) - (0,6019 +/- 0.0815)(flow rate) The columns were up-flow eluted with a 1.0 M NaOH/1.0 M ethylenediamine/ 0.0050 M SnCl(2) solution. For six flow experiments, the average technetium eluted was (97.1 +/- 6.0) percent and the average technetium accountability for loading and eluting was (97.8 +/- 5.9) percent. Loading experiments to 90% breakthrough were performed at a flow rate of 60 mL/min for Reillex(TM)-HPQ and AG(R)MP-1 columns. The Reillex(TM)-HPQ displayed better column loading performance as indicated by smaller percent breakthrough volumes. However, in this experiment, the AG(R)MP-1 gave 100% elution, whereas the Reillex(TM)-HPQ gave only 70% elution. C1 Texas A&M Univ, Dept Chem, Commerce, TX 75429 USA. Macalester Coll, Dept Chem, St Paul, MN 55105 USA. Los Alamos Natl Lab, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. RP Ashley, KR (reprint author), Texas A&M Univ, Dept Chem, Commerce, TX 75429 USA. NR 13 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 5 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 325 CHESTNUT ST, SUITE 800, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 0736-6299 J9 SOLVENT EXTR ION EXC JI Solvent Extr. Ion Exch. PY 1999 VL 17 IS 6 BP 1543 EP 1556 DI 10.1080/07366299908934664 PG 14 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 259JK UT WOS:000083890600011 ER PT S AU Moss, WC Clarke, DB Young, DA AF Moss, WC Clarke, DB Young, DA BE Crum, LA Mason, TJ Reisse, JL Suslick, KS TI Star in a jar SO SONOCHEMISTRY AND SONOLUMINESCENCE SE NATO ADVANCED SCIENCE INSTITUTES SERIES, SERIES C, MATHEMATICAL AND PHYSICAL SCIENCES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT NATO Advanced Study Institute on Sonochemistry and Sonoluminescence CY AUG 18-29, 1997 CL LEAVENWORTH, WA SP NATO, Sci & Environm Affairs Div ID SYNCHRONOUS PICOSECOND SONOLUMINESCENCE; BUBBLE; SINGLE AB A sonoluminescing bubble has been modeled as a thermally conducting, partially ionized two-component plasma. The use of accurate equations-of-state, plasma physics, and radiation physics distinguishes our model from all previous models. The model provides an explanation of many features of single bubble sonoluminescence that have not been collectively accounted for in previous models, including the origin of the picosecond pulse widths and spectra. The calculated spectra for sonoluminescing nitrogen and argon bubbles suggest that a sonoluminescing air bubble probably contains only argon, in agreement with a recent theoretical analysis. C1 Univ Calif Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. RP Moss, WC (reprint author), Univ Calif Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, 7000 E Ave, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. NR 12 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 2 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0258-2023 BN 0-7923-5549-0 J9 NATO ADV SCI I C-MAT PY 1999 VL 524 BP 159 EP 164 PG 6 WC Acoustics; Chemistry, Physical; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Acoustics; Chemistry; Physics GA BM63B UT WOS:000079308400013 ER PT S AU Sery, A Danilov, S Finley, D Shiltsev, V AF Sery, A Danilov, S Finley, D Shiltsev, V BE Batygin, YK TI Beam-beam compensation activities at Fermilab. R&D status. SO SPACE CHARGE DOMINATED BEAM PHYSICS FOR HEAVY ION FUSION SE AIP CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT RIKEN Symposium on Space Charge Dominated Beam Physics for Heavy Ion Fusion CY DEC 10-12, 1998 CL SAITAMA, JAPAN AB The beam-beam interaction in the Tevatron produce the betatron tune spread in each bunch and a bunch-to-bunch tune spread. The tune spread sets limits on bunch intensity and luminosity. The beam-beam effects for antiprotons are usually more severe since the proton bunch population is higher. The beam-beam effects for antiprotons can in principle be compensated with the use of an electron beam with a corresponding charge density, The status of studies of possibilities of the beam-beam compensation is reviewed in this paper. C1 Fermi Natl Accelerator Lab, Batavia, IL 60510 USA. RP Sery, A (reprint author), Fermi Natl Accelerator Lab, MS 221,POB 500, Batavia, IL 60510 USA. NR 20 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1NO1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0094-243X BN 1-56396-860-6 J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 1999 VL 480 BP 8 EP 20 PG 13 WC Physics, Fluids & Plasmas; Physics, Nuclear SC Physics GA BN28M UT WOS:000081424200002 ER PT S AU Jameson, RA AF Jameson, RA BE Batygin, YK TI An approach to fundamental study of beam loss minimization SO SPACE CHARGE DOMINATED BEAM PHYSICS FOR HEAVY ION FUSION SE AIP CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT RIKEN Symposium on Space Charge Dominated Beam Physics for Heavy Ion Fusion CY DEC 10-12, 1998 CL SAITAMA, JAPAN AB The accelerator design rules involving rms matching, developed at CERN in the 1970's, are discussed. An additional rule, for equipartitioning the beam energy among its degrees of freedom, may be added to insure an rms equilibrium condition. If the strong stochasticity threshold is avoided, as it is in realistic accelerator designs, the dynamics is characterized by extremely long transient settling times, making the role of equipartitioning hard to explain. An approach to systematic study using the RFQ accelerator as a simulation testbed is discussed. New;methods are available from recent advances in research on complexity, nonlinear dynamics, and chaos. C1 Univ Calif Los Alamos Natl Lab, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. RP Jameson, RA (reprint author), Univ Calif Los Alamos Natl Lab, LANSCE-1,MS H808, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. NR 11 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1NO1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0094-243X BN 1-56396-860-6 J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 1999 VL 480 BP 21 EP 30 PG 10 WC Physics, Fluids & Plasmas; Physics, Nuclear SC Physics GA BN28M UT WOS:000081424200003 ER PT J AU Balogh, A Gosling, JT Jokipii, JR Kallenbach, R Kunow, H AF Balogh, A Gosling, JT Jokipii, JR Kallenbach, R Kunow, H TI Untitled - Introduction SO SPACE SCIENCE REVIEWS LA English DT Editorial Material C1 Univ London Imperial Coll Sci Technol & Med, Blackett Lab, London SW7 2BZ, England. Univ Calif Los Alamos Natl Lab, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. Univ Arizona, Lunar & Planetary Lab, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. Int Space Sci Inst, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland. Univ Kiel, Inst Expt & Angew Phys, D-24118 Kiel, Germany. RP Balogh, A (reprint author), Univ London Imperial Coll Sci Technol & Med, Blackett Lab, Prince Consort Rd, London SW7 2BZ, England. NR 0 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 0 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0038-6308 J9 SPACE SCI REV JI Space Sci. Rev. PY 1999 VL 89 IS 1-2 BP 1 EP 3 DI 10.1023/A:1005203608266 PG 3 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 286AV UT WOS:000085422200001 ER PT J AU Gosling, JT Pizzo, VJ AF Gosling, JT Pizzo, VJ TI Formation and evolution of corotating interaction regions and their three dimensional structure SO SPACE SCIENCE REVIEWS LA English DT Review ID SOLAR-WIND STREAM; LARGE HELIOCENTRIC DISTANCES; HELIOSPHERIC CURRENT SHEET; HIGH HELIOGRAPHIC LATITUDES; QUASI-STEADY DYNAMICS; OUTER HELIOSPHERE; 3-DIMENSIONAL MODEL; CORONAL STREAMERS; HYDRODYNAMIC STREAMS; ULYSSES OBSERVATIONS AB Corotating interaction regions are a consequence of spatial variability in the coronal expansion and solar rotation, which cause solar wind flows of different speeds to become radially aligned. Compressive interaction regions are produced where high-speed wind runs into slower plasma ahead. When the flow pattern emanating from the Sun is roughly time-stationary these compression regions form spirals in the solar equatorial plane that corotate with the Sun, hence the name corotating interaction regions, or CIRs. The leading edge of a CIR is a forward pressure wave that propagates into the slower plasma ahead, while the trailing edge is a reverse pressure wave that propagates back into the trailing high-speed flow. At large heliocentric distances the pressure waves bounding a CIR commonly steepen into forward and reverse shocks. Spatial variation in the solar wind outflow from the Sun is a consequence of the solar magnetic field, which modulates the coronal expansion. Because the magnetic equator of the Sun is commonly both warped and tilted with respect to the heliographic equator, CIRs commonly have substantial north-south tilts that are opposed in the northern and southern hemispheres. Thus, with increasing heliocentric distance the forward waves in both hemispheres propagate toward and eventually across the solar equatorial plane, while the reverse shocks propagate poleward to higher latitudes. This paper provides an overview of observations and numerical models that describe the physical origin and radial evolution of these complex three-dimensional (3-D) heliospheric structures. C1 Los Alamos Natl Lab, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. NOAA, Space Environm Ctr, Boulder, CO USA. RP Gosling, JT (reprint author), Los Alamos Natl Lab, MS D466, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. EM jgosling@lan1.gov; vpizzo@sel.noaa.gov NR 65 TC 179 Z9 180 U1 2 U2 8 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0038-6308 J9 SPACE SCI REV JI Space Sci. Rev. PY 1999 VL 89 IS 1-2 BP 21 EP 52 DI 10.1023/A:1005291711900 PG 32 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 286AV UT WOS:000085422200003 ER PT J AU Crooker, NU Gosling, JT Bothmer, V Forsyth, RJ Gazis, PR Hewish, A Horbury, TS Intriligator, DS Jokipii, JR Kota, J Lazarus, AJ Lee, MA Lucek, E Marsch, E Posner, A Richardson, IG Roelof, EC Schmidt, JM Siscoe, GL Tsurutani, BT Wimmer-Schweingruber, RF AF Crooker, NU Gosling, JT Bothmer, V Forsyth, RJ Gazis, PR Hewish, A Horbury, TS Intriligator, DS Jokipii, JR Kota, J Lazarus, AJ Lee, MA Lucek, E Marsch, E Posner, A Richardson, IG Roelof, EC Schmidt, JM Siscoe, GL Tsurutani, BT Wimmer-Schweingruber, RF CA Working Grp 2 TI CIR morphology, turbulence, discontinuities, and energetic particles - Report of Working Group 2 SO SPACE SCIENCE REVIEWS LA English DT Review ID COROTATING INTERACTION REGIONS; HELIOSPHERIC CURRENT SHEET; SOLAR-WIND STREAM; ULYSSES OBSERVATIONS; CORONAL STREAMERS; COSMIC-RAYS; 1 AU; INTERPLANETARY ACCELERATION; SECTOR BOUNDARIES; ECLIPTIC-PLANE AB Corotating interaction regions (CIRs) in the middle heliosphere have distinct morphological features and associated patterns of turbulence and energetic particles. This report summarizes current understanding of those features and patterns, discusses how they can vary from case to case and with distance from the Sun and possible causes of those variations, presents an analytical model of the morphological features found in earlier qualitative models and numerical simulations, and identifies aspects of the features and patterns that have yet to be resolved. C1 Boston Univ, Ctr Space Phys, Boston, MA 02215 USA. Los Alamos Natl Lab, Los Alamos, NM USA. Univ Kiel, Kiel, Germany. Univ London Imperial Coll Sci Technol & Med, Blackett Lab, London, England. NASA, San Jose State Univ Fdn, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. Univ Cambridge, Cavendish Lab, Mullard Radio Astron Observ, Cambridge CB3 0HE, England. Carmel Res Ctr, Santa Monica, CA USA. Univ Arizona, Dept Planetary Sci, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. Univ Arizona, Dept Astron, Tucson, AZ USA. MIT, Ctr Space Res, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA. Univ New Hampshire, Ctr Space Sci, Durham, NH 03824 USA. Max Planck Inst Aeron, Katlenburg Lindau, Germany. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. Univ Maryland, Dept Astron, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. Johns Hopkins Univ, Appl Phys Lab, Laurel, MD USA. CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA USA. Univ Bern, Inst Phys, Bern, Switzerland. RP Crooker, NU (reprint author), Boston Univ, Ctr Space Phys, Boston, MA 02215 USA. EM crooker@buasta.bu.edu; jgosling@lan1.gov; vbothmer@kernphysik.uni-kiel.de; r.forsyth@ic.ac.uk; gazis@arwen.arc.nasa.gov; ah120@mrao.cam.ac.uk; t.horbury@qmw.ac.uk; DevrieI@aol.com; jokipii@lpl.arizona.edu; kota@lpl.arizona.edu; ajl@space.mit.edu; marty.lee@unh.edu; e.lucek@ic.ac.uk; marsch@linax1.dnet.gwdg.de; aposner@kernphysik.uni-kiel.de; richardson@lheavx.gsfc.nasa.gov; edmond.roelof@jhuapl.edu; j.m.schmidt@ic.ac.uk; btsurutani@jplsp2.jpl.nasa.gov; wimmer@phim.unibe.ch OI Schmidt, Joachim/0000-0002-7927-0665; Richardson, Ian/0000-0002-3855-3634 NR 72 TC 55 Z9 55 U1 0 U2 2 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0038-6308 J9 SPACE SCI REV JI Space Sci. Rev. PY 1999 VL 89 IS 1-2 BP 179 EP 220 DI 10.1023/A:1005253526438 PG 42 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 286AV UT WOS:000085422200012 ER PT J AU Mason, GM Von Steiger, R Decker, RB Desai, MI Dwyer, JR Fisk, LA Gloeckler, G Gosling, JT Hilchenbach, M Kallenbach, R Keppler, E Klecker, B Kunow, H Mann, G Richardson, IG Sanderson, TR Simnett, GM Wang, YM Wimmer-Schweingruber, RF Franz, M Mazur, JE AF Mason, GM Von Steiger, R Decker, RB Desai, MI Dwyer, JR Fisk, LA Gloeckler, G Gosling, JT Hilchenbach, M Kallenbach, R Keppler, E Klecker, B Kunow, H Mann, G Richardson, IG Sanderson, TR Simnett, GM Wang, YM Wimmer-Schweingruber, RF Franz, M Mazur, JE CA Working Grp 6 TI Origin, injection, and acceleration of CIR particles: Observations - Report of Working Group 6 SO SPACE SCIENCE REVIEWS LA English DT Review ID COROTATING INTERACTION REGIONS; ROTATING INTERACTION REGIONS; HIGH HELIOGRAPHIC LATITUDES; SOLAR-WIND STREAM; EARTHS BOW SHOCK; MAGNETIC-FIELD; ENERGETIC PARTICLES; ULYSSES OBSERVATIONS; ECLIPTIC-PLANE; IONS UPSTREAM AB This report emphasizes new observational aspects of CIR ions revealed by advanced instruments launched on the Ulysses, WIND, SOHO, and ACE spacecraft, and by the unique vantage point of Ulysses which carried out the first survey of Corotating Interaction Region (CIR) properties over a very wide range of heliolatitudes. With this more complete observational picture established, this review is the basis to consider the status of theoretical models on origin, injection, and acceleration of CIR particles reported by Scholer, Mann et al. (1999) in this volume. C1 Univ Maryland, Dept Astron, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. Univ Maryland, Inst Phys Sci & Technol, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. Int Space Sci Inst, Bern, Switzerland. Johns Hopkins Univ, Appl Phys Lab, Laurel, MD USA. Univ Michigan, Dept Atmospher & Space Sci, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. Los Alamos Natl Lab, Los Alamos, NM USA. Max Planck Inst Aeron, Katlenburg Lindau, Germany. Max Planck Inst Extraterr Phys, D-37075 Garching, Germany. Univ Kiel, Kiel, Germany. Inst Astrophys, Potsdam, Germany. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. ESA, ESTEC, Dept Space Sci, Noordwijk, Netherlands. Univ Birmingham, Dept Phys & Astron, Birmingham, W Midlands, England. USN, EO Hulburt Ctr Space Res, Res Lab, Washington, DC 20375 USA. Univ Bern, Inst Phys, Bern, Switzerland. Queen Mary Univ London, London E1 4NS, England. Aerosp Corp, Los Angeles, CA 90009 USA. RP Mason, GM (reprint author), Univ Maryland, Dept Phys, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. EM Glenn.Mason@umail.umd.edu; vonsteiger@issi.unibe.ch; robert.decker@jhuapl.edu; desai@uleiss.umd.edu; dwyer@uleis.umd.edu; lafisk@umich.edu; gg10@pop.umail.umd.edu; jgosling@lan1.gov; hilchenbach@roland4.mpae.gwdg.de; kallenbach@issi.unibe.ch; keppler@pgate2.mpae.gwdg.de; bek@mpesmp.mpe-garching.mpg.de; kunow@kernphysik.uni-kiel.de; gmann@aip.de; richardson@lheavx.gsfc.nasa.gov; sanderson@estso3.estec.esa.nl; gms@star.sr.bham.ac.uk; ywang@yucca.nrl.navy.mil; wimmer@phim.unibe.ch RI Von Steiger, Rudolf/F-6822-2011; OI Von Steiger, Rudolf/0000-0002-3350-0023; Richardson, Ian/0000-0002-3855-3634 NR 65 TC 29 Z9 29 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0038-6308 J9 SPACE SCI REV JI Space Sci. Rev. PY 1999 VL 89 IS 1-2 BP 327 EP 367 DI 10.1023/A:1005278214143 PG 41 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 286AV UT WOS:000085422200016 ER PT J AU Guhathakurta, M Sittler, EC McComas, D AF Guhathakurta, M Sittler, EC McComas, D TI Semi-empirical MHD model of the solar wind and its comparison with Ulysses SO SPACE SCIENCE REVIEWS LA English DT Review ID CORONA; PARAMETERS; DISRUPTION AB We have developed a 2D semi-empirical model (Sittler and Guhathakurta 1999) of the corona and the interplanetary medium using the time independent MHD equations and assuming azimuthal symmetry, utilizing the SOHO, Spartan and Ulysses observations. The model uses as inputs (1) an empirically derived global electron density distribution using LASCO, Mark III and Spartan white light observations and in situ observations of the Ulysses spacecraft, and (2) an empirical model of the coronal magnetic field topology using SOHO/LASCO and EIT observations. The model requires an estimate of solar wind velocity as a function of latitude at 1 AU and the radial component of the magnetic field at 1 AU, for which we use Ulysses plasma and magnetic field data results respectively. The model makes estimates as a function of radial distance and latitude of various fluid parameters of the plasma such as flow velocity V, temperature T-eff, and heat flux Q(eff) which are derived from the equations of conservation of mass, momentum and energy, respectively, in the rotating frame of the Sun. The term "effective" indicates possible wave contributions. The model can be used as a planning tool for such missions as Solar Probe and provide an empirical framework for theoretical models of the salar corona and salar wind. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. LANL, Los Alamos, NM USA. RP NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Code 682, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. EM lika@tristang.gsfc.nasa.gov NR 18 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0038-6308 EI 1572-9672 J9 SPACE SCI REV JI Space Sci. Rev. PY 1999 VL 87 IS 1-2 BP 199 EP 206 DI 10.1023/A:1005140232401 PG 8 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 239YL UT WOS:000082798000028 ER PT S AU Priedhorsky, W Brandt, S Borozdin, K Black, K AF Priedhorsky, W Brandt, S Borozdin, K Black, K BE ElGenk, MS TI Implementing an all-sky x-ray camera on Space Station SO SPACE TECHNOLOGY AND APPLICATIONS INTERNATIONAL FORUM - 1999, PTS ONE AND TWO SE AIP CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 1999 Space Technology and Applications International Forum (STAIF-99) - Opportunities and Challenges for the New Millennium CY JAN 31-FEB 04, 1999 CL ALBUQUERQUE, NM SP Boeing Co, Lockheed Martin Astronaut, NASA, USAF, Air Force Res Lab, US DOE, IAF 99, Amsterdam, Amer Inst Chem Engineers, AIAA, Amer Astronaut Soc, ASME Int, Amer Inst Aeronaut & Astronaut, Amer Inst Chem Engineers, Heat Transfer & Energ Convers Div, Amer Nucl Soc, Trin Sect, Amer Soc Mech Engineers, Nucl Engn Div & Heat Transfer Div, Inst Elect & Electr Engineers Inc, Nucl & Plasma Sci Soc, NASA Natl Space Grant Coll & Fellowship Program, New Mexico Space Grant Consortium, Profess Aerosp Contractors Assoc C1 Univ Calif Los Alamos Natl Lab, Los Alamos, NM USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1NO1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0094-243X BN 1-56396-846-0 J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 1999 VL 458 BP 169 EP 169 PG 1 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Thermodynamics; Engineering, Multidisciplinary; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Multidisciplinary Sciences; Nuclear Science & Technology; Remote Sensing; Physics, Applied; Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Engineering; Thermodynamics; Geology; Science & Technology - Other Topics; Nuclear Science & Technology; Remote Sensing; Physics GA BM78K UT WOS:000079755200026 ER PT S AU Nelson, WR AF Nelson, WR BE ElGenk, MS TI Applying lessons learned to enhance human performance and reduce human error for ISS operations SO SPACE TECHNOLOGY AND APPLICATIONS INTERNATIONAL FORUM - 1999, PTS ONE AND TWO SE AIP CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 1999 Space Technology and Applications International Forum (STAIF-99) - Opportunities and Challenges for the New Millennium CY JAN 31-FEB 04, 1999 CL ALBUQUERQUE, NM SP Boeing Co, Lockheed Martin Astronaut, NASA, USAF, Air Force Res Lab, US DOE, IAF 99, Amsterdam, Amer Inst Chem Engineers, AIAA, Amer Astronaut Soc, ASME Int, Amer Inst Aeronaut & Astronaut, Amer Inst Chem Engineers, Heat Transfer & Energ Convers Div, Amer Nucl Soc, Trin Sect, Amer Soc Mech Engineers, Nucl Engn Div & Heat Transfer Div, Inst Elect & Electr Engineers Inc, Nucl & Plasma Sci Soc, NASA Natl Space Grant Coll & Fellowship Program, New Mexico Space Grant Consortium, Profess Aerosp Contractors Assoc AB A major component of reliability, safety, and mission success for space missions is ensuring that the humans involved (flight crew, ground crew, mission control, etc.) perform their tasks and functions as required. This includes compliance with training and procedures during normal conditions, and successful compensation when malfunctions or unexpected conditions occur. A very significant issue that affects human performance in space flight is human error. Human enters can invalidate carefully designed equipment and procedures. If certain errors combine with equipment failures or design flaws, mission failure or loss of life can occur. The control of human error during operation of the international Space Station (ISS) will be critical to the overall success of the program. As experience from Mir operations has shown, human performance plays a vital role in the success or failure of long duration space missions. The Department of Energy's Idaho National Engineering and Environmental Laboratory (INEEL) is developing a systematic approach to enhance human performance and reduce human errors for ISS operations. This approach is based on the systematic identification and evaluation of lessons learned from past space missions such as Mir to enhance the design and operation of ISS. This paper will describe previous INEEL research on human error sponsored by NASA and how it can be applied to enhance human reliability for ISS. C1 Idaho Natl Engn & Environm Lab, Idaho Falls, ID 83415 USA. RP Nelson, WR (reprint author), Idaho Natl Engn & Environm Lab, POB 1625, Idaho Falls, ID 83415 USA. NR 1 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1NO1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0094-243X BN 1-56396-846-0 J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 1999 VL 458 BP 420 EP 425 PG 6 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Thermodynamics; Engineering, Multidisciplinary; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Multidisciplinary Sciences; Nuclear Science & Technology; Remote Sensing; Physics, Applied; Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Engineering; Thermodynamics; Geology; Science & Technology - Other Topics; Nuclear Science & Technology; Remote Sensing; Physics GA BM78K UT WOS:000079755200071 ER PT S AU Luker, SM Wyant, FJ Nelson, RC Button, RM AF Luker, SM Wyant, FJ Nelson, RC Button, RM BE ElGenk, MS TI Evaluation of the ISUS power management and distribution system under operational conditions SO SPACE TECHNOLOGY AND APPLICATIONS INTERNATIONAL FORUM - 1999, PTS ONE AND TWO SE AIP CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 1999 Space Technology and Applications International Forum (STAIF-99) - Opportunities and Challenges for the New Millennium CY JAN 31-FEB 04, 1999 CL ALBUQUERQUE, NM SP Boeing Co, Lockheed Martin Astronaut, NASA, USAF, Air Force Res Lab, US DOE, IAF 99, Amsterdam, Amer Inst Chem Engineers, AIAA, Amer Astronaut Soc, ASME Int, Amer Inst Aeronaut & Astronaut, Amer Inst Chem Engineers, Heat Transfer & Energ Convers Div, Amer Nucl Soc, Trin Sect, Amer Soc Mech Engineers, Nucl Engn Div & Heat Transfer Div, Inst Elect & Electr Engineers Inc, Nucl & Plasma Sci Soc, NASA Natl Space Grant Coll & Fellowship Program, New Mexico Space Grant Consortium, Profess Aerosp Contractors Assoc AB An operational evaluation of the Integrated Solar Upper Stage (ISUS) power management and distribution (PMAD) system was conducted as part of the Engine Ground Demonstration thermionic power system test program-START-3. START-3 testing took place at the Baikal Test Stand, located in the University of New Mexico's Energy Conversion Research Laboratory at the New Mexico Engineering Research Institute in Albuquerque, NM. One objective of this test was to evaluate the operational performance of the ISUS PMAD system developed by the NASA Lewis Research Center. Tests of the PMAD with the ISUS diode string demonstrated that the PMAD could regulate the output of an array of thermionic converters within the design requirements and could be modified to optimize performance for diode strings of fewer than 16 diodes. C1 Sandia Natl Labs, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. RP Luker, SM (reprint author), Sandia Natl Labs, POB 5800, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. NR 2 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1NO1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0094-243X BN 1-56396-846-0 J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 1999 VL 458 BP 667 EP 672 PG 6 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Thermodynamics; Engineering, Multidisciplinary; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Multidisciplinary Sciences; Nuclear Science & Technology; Remote Sensing; Physics, Applied; Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Engineering; Thermodynamics; Geology; Science & Technology - Other Topics; Nuclear Science & Technology; Remote Sensing; Physics GA BM78K UT WOS:000079755200105 ER PT S AU Wyant, FJ Luke, JR Luchau, DW AF Wyant, FJ Luke, JR Luchau, DW BE ElGenk, MS TI START-3: Operational evaluations of the ISUS engine ground demonstration thermionic power system SO SPACE TECHNOLOGY AND APPLICATIONS INTERNATIONAL FORUM - 1999, PTS ONE AND TWO SE AIP CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 1999 Space Technology and Applications International Forum (STAIF-99) - Opportunities and Challenges for the New Millennium CY JAN 31-FEB 04, 1999 CL ALBUQUERQUE, NM SP Boeing Co, Lockheed Martin Astronaut, NASA, USAF, Air Force Res Lab, US DOE, IAF 99, Amsterdam, Amer Inst Chem Engineers, AIAA, Amer Astronaut Soc, ASME Int, Amer Inst Aeronaut & Astronaut, Amer Inst Chem Engineers, Heat Transfer & Energ Convers Div, Amer Nucl Soc, Trin Sect, Amer Soc Mech Engineers, Nucl Engn Div & Heat Transfer Div, Inst Elect & Electr Engineers Inc, Nucl & Plasma Sci Soc, NASA Natl Space Grant Coll & Fellowship Program, New Mexico Space Grant Consortium, Profess Aerosp Contractors Assoc AB START-3 was a test program conducted in order to demonstrate and characterize the operational performance of the prototype Integrated Solar Upper Stage (ISUS) thermionic power system. The test device consisted of a graphite thermal storage unit, multilayer foil insulation, and sixteen thermionic converters electrically connected in a series array. Several thermal input conditions were achieved during the test, which resulted in measuring converter performance at average converter hot shoe temperatures in the range of 1600 K to 2000 K. Results indicate that the thermionic converters did not perform as well as expected in the array configuration. Follow-on testing of the individual sixteen converters is currently being performed. C1 Sandia Natl Labs, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. RP Wyant, FJ (reprint author), Sandia Natl Labs, POB 5800, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. NR 1 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1NO1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0094-243X BN 1-56396-846-0 J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 1999 VL 458 BP 673 EP 678 PG 6 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Thermodynamics; Engineering, Multidisciplinary; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Multidisciplinary Sciences; Nuclear Science & Technology; Remote Sensing; Physics, Applied; Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Engineering; Thermodynamics; Geology; Science & Technology - Other Topics; Nuclear Science & Technology; Remote Sensing; Physics GA BM78K UT WOS:000079755200106 ER PT S AU Adams, BT Houts, MG Poston, DI Reid, RS Nikolaev, YV Ponomarev-Stepnoi, NN Poliakov, DN Yermoshin, M Chitaykin, VI Ionkin, VI Almambetov, AK Kuptsov, GA Rusanov, AE AF Adams, BT Houts, MG Poston, DI Reid, RS Nikolaev, YV Ponomarev-Stepnoi, NN Poliakov, DN Yermoshin, M Chitaykin, VI Ionkin, VI Almambetov, AK Kuptsov, GA Rusanov, AE BE ElGenk, MS TI The feasibility of near-term low-cost space nuclear power SO SPACE TECHNOLOGY AND APPLICATIONS INTERNATIONAL FORUM - 1999, PTS ONE AND TWO SE AIP CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 1999 Space Technology and Applications International Forum (STAIF-99) - Opportunities and Challenges for the New Millennium CY JAN 31-FEB 04, 1999 CL ALBUQUERQUE, NM SP Boeing Co, Lockheed Martin Astronaut, NASA, USAF, Air Force Res Lab, US DOE, IAF 99, Amsterdam, Amer Inst Chem Engineers, AIAA, Amer Astronaut Soc, ASME Int, Amer Inst Aeronaut & Astronaut, Amer Inst Chem Engineers, Heat Transfer & Energ Convers Div, Amer Nucl Soc, Trin Sect, Amer Soc Mech Engineers, Nucl Engn Div & Heat Transfer Div, Inst Elect & Electr Engineers Inc, Nucl & Plasma Sci Soc, NASA Natl Space Grant Coll & Fellowship Program, New Mexico Space Grant Consortium, Profess Aerosp Contractors Assoc AB The Heatpipe Power System (HPS) and Heatpipe Bimodal System (HBS) both have been proposed as potential near-term, low-cost, space fission power systems, with the latter option adding the capability for spacecraft propulsion. In this context the phrase "near term" has referred to having a flight-ready system available for launch within 5 yr. The term "low cost" implies that the initial system could be developed and produced for less than $100M, with subsequent production in the range of $20M per system. A study has been conducted to develop a cost and schedule estimate to design, produce, and qualify a flight-ready HPS/HBS reactor and the associated shield and power conversion system. The conclusion of this study is that the HPS/HBS concepts qualify as near-term, low-cost, space fission power system options within the current state of technology. C1 Univ Calif Los Alamos Natl Lab, Nucl Syst Design & Anal Grp, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. RP Adams, BT (reprint author), Univ Calif Los Alamos Natl Lab, Nucl Syst Design & Anal Grp, POB 1663, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. NR 20 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1NO1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0094-243X BN 1-56396-846-0 J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 1999 VL 458 BP 1189 EP 1196 PG 8 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Thermodynamics; Engineering, Multidisciplinary; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Multidisciplinary Sciences; Nuclear Science & Technology; Remote Sensing; Physics, Applied; Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Engineering; Thermodynamics; Geology; Science & Technology - Other Topics; Nuclear Science & Technology; Remote Sensing; Physics GA BM78K UT WOS:000079755200181 ER PT S AU Poston, DI Houts, MG Emrich, WJ AF Poston, DI Houts, MG Emrich, WJ BE ElGenk, MS TI Development status of the heatpipe power and bimodal systems SO SPACE TECHNOLOGY AND APPLICATIONS INTERNATIONAL FORUM - 1999, PTS ONE AND TWO SE AIP CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 1999 Space Technology and Applications International Forum (STAIF-99) - Opportunities and Challenges for the New Millennium CY JAN 31-FEB 04, 1999 CL ALBUQUERQUE, NM SP Boeing Co, Lockheed Martin Astronaut, NASA, USAF, Air Force Res Lab, US DOE, IAF 99, Amsterdam, Amer Inst Chem Engineers, AIAA, Amer Astronaut Soc, ASME Int, Amer Inst Aeronaut & Astronaut, Amer Inst Chem Engineers, Heat Transfer & Energ Convers Div, Amer Nucl Soc, Trin Sect, Amer Soc Mech Engineers, Nucl Engn Div & Heat Transfer Div, Inst Elect & Electr Engineers Inc, Nucl & Plasma Sci Soc, NASA Natl Space Grant Coll & Fellowship Program, New Mexico Space Grant Consortium, Profess Aerosp Contractors Assoc AB Space fission power systems can potentially enhance or enable ambitious lunar and Martian surface missions. Research into space fission power systems has been ongoing (at various levels) since the 1950s, but to date the United States (US) has flown only one space fission system, SNAP-10A, in 1965. Cost and development time have been significant reasons why space fission systems have not been used by the US. High cost acid long development time are not inherent to the use of space fission power. However, high cost and Long development time are inherent to any program that tries to do too much at once. Nearly all US space fission power programs have attempted to field systems capable of high power, even though more modest systems had not yet been flown. All of these programs have failed to fly a space fission system. Relatively low power (10 to 100 kWe) fission systems may be useful for near-term lunar and Martian surface missions, including missions in which in situ resource utilization is a priority. Such systems may also be useful for deep-space science missions and other missions. These systems can be significantly less expensive to develop than high power systems. Experience gained in the development of low-power space fission systems can then be used to enable cost-effective development of high-power (>1000 kWe) fission systems. The Heatpipe Power System (HPS) is a potential, near-term, low-cost space fission power system. The Heatpipe Bimodal System (HBS) is a potential, near-term, low-cost Space fission power and/or propulsion system. Both systems will be composed of independent modules, and all components use existing technology and operate within the existing database. The HPS and HBS have relatively few system integration issues; thus, the successful development of a module is a significant step toward verifying system feasibility and performance estimates. A prototypic HPS module was fabricated, and initial testing was completed in April 1997. All test objectives were accomplished, demonstrating the basic feasibility of the HPS. Fabrication of an HBS module is under way, and testing should begin in 1999. C1 Univ Calif Los Alamos Natl Lab, Nucl Syst Design & Anal Grp, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. RP Poston, DI (reprint author), Univ Calif Los Alamos Natl Lab, Nucl Syst Design & Anal Grp, POB 1663, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. NR 8 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1NO1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0094-243X BN 1-56396-846-0 J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 1999 VL 458 BP 1197 EP 1204 PG 8 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Thermodynamics; Engineering, Multidisciplinary; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Multidisciplinary Sciences; Nuclear Science & Technology; Remote Sensing; Physics, Applied; Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Engineering; Thermodynamics; Geology; Science & Technology - Other Topics; Nuclear Science & Technology; Remote Sensing; Physics GA BM78K UT WOS:000079755200182 ER PT S AU Zuppero, A Larson, TK Schnitzler, BG Werner, JE Rice, JW Hill, TJ Richins, WD Parlier, L AF Zuppero, A Larson, TK Schnitzler, BG Werner, JE Rice, JW Hill, TJ Richins, WD Parlier, L BE ElGenk, MS TI Origin of how steam rockets can reduce space transport cost by orders of magnitude SO SPACE TECHNOLOGY AND APPLICATIONS INTERNATIONAL FORUM - 1999, PTS ONE AND TWO SE AIP Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 1999 Space Technology and Applications International Forum (STAIF-99) - Opportunities and Challenges for the New Millennium CY JAN 31-FEB 04, 1999 CL ALBUQUERQUE, NM SP Boeing Co, Lockheed Martin Astronaut, NASA, USAF, Air Force Res Lab, US DOE, IAF 99, Amsterdam, Amer Inst Chem Engineers, AIAA, Amer Astronaut Soc, ASME Int, Amer Inst Aeronaut & Astronaut, Amer Inst Chem Engineers, Heat Transfer & Energ Convers Div, Amer Nucl Soc, Trin Sect, Amer Soc Mech Engineers, Nucl Engn Div & Heat Transfer Div, Inst Elect & Electr Engineers Inc, Nucl & Plasma Sci Soc, NASA Natl Space Grant Coll & Fellowship Program, New Mexico Space Grant Consortium, Profess Aerosp Contractors Assoc ID LUNAR PROSPECTOR AB A brief sketch shows the origin of why and how thermal rocket propulsion has the unique potential to dramatically reduce the cost of space transportation for most inner solar system missions of interest. Orders of magnitude reduction in cost are apparently possible when compared to all processes requiring electrolysis for the production of rocket fuels or propellants and to all electric propulsion systems. An order of magnitude advantage can be attributed to rocket propellant tank factors associated with storing water propellant, compared to cryogenic liquids. An order of magnitude can also be attributed to the simplicity of the extraction and processing of ice on the lunar surface, into an easily stored, noncryogenic rocket propellant (water). A nuclear heated thermal rocket can deliver thousands of times its mass to Low Earth Orbit from the Lunar surface, providing the equivalent to orders of magnitude drop in launch cost for mass in Earth orbit. Mass includes water ice. These cost reductions depend (exponentially) on the mission delta-v requirements being less than about 6 km/s, or about 3 times the specific velocity of steam rockets (2 km/s, from Isp 200 sec). Such missions include: from the lunar surface to Low Lunar Orbit, (LLO), from LLO to lunar escape, from Low Earth Orbit (LEO) to Geosynchronous Orbit (GEO), from LEO to Earth Escape, from LEO to Mars Transfer Orbit, from LLO to GEO, missions returning payloads from about 10% of the periodic comets using propulsive capture to orbits around Earth itself, and fast, 100 day missions from Lunar Escape to Mars. All the assertions depend entirely and completely on the existence of abundant, nearly pure ice at the permanently dark North and South Poles of the Moon. C1 Idaho Natl Lab, Lockheed Martin Idaho Technol, Idaho Falls, ID 83415 USA. RP Zuppero, A (reprint author), Idaho Natl Lab, Lockheed Martin Idaho Technol, Idaho Falls, ID 83415 USA. NR 15 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 1 U2 1 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1NO1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0094-243X BN 1-56396-846-0 J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 1999 VL 458 BP 1211 EP 1216 PG 6 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Thermodynamics; Engineering, Multidisciplinary; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Multidisciplinary Sciences; Nuclear Science & Technology; Remote Sensing; Physics, Applied; Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Engineering; Thermodynamics; Geology; Science & Technology - Other Topics; Nuclear Science & Technology; Remote Sensing; Physics GA BM78K UT WOS:000079755200184 ER PT S AU Lipinski, RJ Lenard, RX Wright, SA West, JL AF Lipinski, RJ Lenard, RX Wright, SA West, JL BE ElGenk, MS TI A fission-powered interstellar precursor mission SO SPACE TECHNOLOGY AND APPLICATIONS INTERNATIONAL FORUM - 1999, PTS ONE AND TWO SE AIP CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 1999 Space Technology and Applications International Forum (STAIF-99) - Opportunities and Challenges for the New Millennium CY JAN 31-FEB 04, 1999 CL ALBUQUERQUE, NM SP Boeing Co, Lockheed Martin Astronaut, NASA, USAF, Air Force Res Lab, US DOE, IAF 99, Amsterdam, Amer Inst Chem Engineers, AIAA, Amer Astronaut Soc, ASME Int, Amer Inst Aeronaut & Astronaut, Amer Inst Chem Engineers, Heat Transfer & Energ Convers Div, Amer Nucl Soc, Trin Sect, Amer Soc Mech Engineers, Nucl Engn Div & Heat Transfer Div, Inst Elect & Electr Engineers Inc, Nucl & Plasma Sci Soc, NASA Natl Space Grant Coll & Fellowship Program, New Mexico Space Grant Consortium, Profess Aerosp Contractors Assoc AB An "interstellar precursor mission" lays the groundwork for eventual interstellar exploration by studying the interstellar medium and by stretching technologies that have potential application for eventual interstellar exploration. The numerous scientific goals for such a mission include generating a 3-D stellar map of our galaxy, studying Kuiper-belt and Oort cloud objects, and observing distant objects using the sun's gravitational lens as the primary of an enormous telescope. System equations are developed for a space tug which propels a 2500-kg scientific payload to 550 astronomical units in about 20 years. The tug to transport this payload uses electric propulsion with an Isp of 15,000 seconds and a fission reactor with a closed Brayton cycle to generate the electricity. The optimal configuration may be to thrust for only about 6 years and then coast for the remaining 14 years. This spacecraft does not require any physics breakthroughs or major advances in technology. The fission power system can be engineered and built by drawing upon known technologies developed for related systems over the past 40 years. The tug system would eventually reach 1000 a.u in 33 years, and would have adequate power to relay large amounts of data throughout its journey. C1 Sandia Natl Labs, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. RP Lipinski, RJ (reprint author), Sandia Natl Labs, MS-1146,POB 5800, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. NR 6 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 1 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1NO1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0094-243X BN 1-56396-846-0 J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 1999 VL 458 BP 1247 EP 1254 PG 8 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Thermodynamics; Engineering, Multidisciplinary; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Multidisciplinary Sciences; Nuclear Science & Technology; Remote Sensing; Physics, Applied; Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Engineering; Thermodynamics; Geology; Science & Technology - Other Topics; Nuclear Science & Technology; Remote Sensing; Physics GA BM78K UT WOS:000079755200190 ER PT S AU King, DB Luke, JR Wyant, FJ AF King, DB Luke, JR Wyant, FJ BE ElGenk, MS TI Results from the microminiature thermionic converter demonstration testing program SO SPACE TECHNOLOGY AND APPLICATIONS INTERNATIONAL FORUM - 1999, PTS ONE AND TWO SE AIP CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 1999 Space Technology and Applications International Forum (STAIF-99) - Opportunities and Challenges for the New Millennium CY JAN 31-FEB 04, 1999 CL ALBUQUERQUE, NM SP Boeing Co, Lockheed Martin Astronaut, NASA, USAF, Air Force Res Lab, US DOE, IAF 99, Amsterdam, Amer Inst Chem Engineers, AIAA, Amer Astronaut Soc, ASME Int, Amer Inst Aeronaut & Astronaut, Amer Inst Chem Engineers, Heat Transfer & Energ Convers Div, Amer Nucl Soc, Trin Sect, Amer Soc Mech Engineers, Nucl Engn Div & Heat Transfer Div, Inst Elect & Electr Engineers Inc, Nucl & Plasma Sci Soc, NASA Natl Space Grant Coll & Fellowship Program, New Mexico Space Grant Consortium, Profess Aerosp Contractors Assoc AB Research is in progress to develop microminiature thermionic converters (MTCs) with high energy conversion efficiencies and variable operating temperatures using semiconductor integrated circuit (IC) fabrication methods. The use of IC techniques allows the fabrication of MTCs with cathode to anode spacing of several microns or less and with anode and cathode materials that will have work functions ranging from 1 eV to 3 eV. The small cathode to anode spacing and variable electrode work functions should allow the conversion of heat energy to relatively large current densities (up to tens of Amps/cm(2)) at relatively high conversion efficiencies (15-25%). C1 Sandia Natl Labs, Int Nucl Safety Dept, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. RP King, DB (reprint author), Sandia Natl Labs, Int Nucl Safety Dept, MS-0744, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. NR 2 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1NO1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0094-243X BN 1-56396-846-0 J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 1999 VL 458 BP 1432 EP 1437 PG 6 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Thermodynamics; Engineering, Multidisciplinary; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Multidisciplinary Sciences; Nuclear Science & Technology; Remote Sensing; Physics, Applied; Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Engineering; Thermodynamics; Geology; Science & Technology - Other Topics; Nuclear Science & Technology; Remote Sensing; Physics GA BM78K UT WOS:000079755200219 ER PT S AU Zavadil, KR Ruffner, JH King, DB AF Zavadil, KR Ruffner, JH King, DB BE ElGenk, MS TI Characterization of sputter deposited thin film scandate cathodes for miniaturized thermionic converter applications SO SPACE TECHNOLOGY AND APPLICATIONS INTERNATIONAL FORUM - 1999, PTS ONE AND TWO SE AIP CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 1999 Space Technology and Applications International Forum (STAIF-99) - Opportunities and Challenges for the New Millennium CY JAN 31-FEB 04, 1999 CL ALBUQUERQUE, NM SP Boeing Co, Lockheed Martin Astronaut, NASA, USAF, Air Force Res Lab, US DOE, IAF 99, Amsterdam, Amer Inst Chem Engineers, AIAA, Amer Astronaut Soc, ASME Int, Amer Inst Aeronaut & Astronaut, Amer Inst Chem Engineers, Heat Transfer & Energ Convers Div, Amer Nucl Soc, Trin Sect, Amer Soc Mech Engineers, Nucl Engn Div & Heat Transfer Div, Inst Elect & Electr Engineers Inc, Nucl & Plasma Sci Soc, NASA Natl Space Grant Coll & Fellowship Program, New Mexico Space Grant Consortium, Profess Aerosp Contractors Assoc AB We have successfully developed a method for fabricating scandate-based thermionic emitters in thin film form. The primary goal of our effort is to develop thin film emitters that exhibit low work function, high intrinsic electron emissivity, minimum thermal activation properties and that can be readily incorporated into a microgap converter. Our approach has been to incorporate BaSrO into a Sc2O3 matrix using rf sputtering to produce thin films. Diode testing has shown the resulting films to be electron emissive at temperatures as low as 900 K with current densities of 0.1 mA.cm(-2) at 1100 K and saturation voltages. We calculate an approximate maximum work function of 1.8 eV and an apparent emission constant (Richardson's constant, A*) of 36 mA.cm(-2).K-2. Film compositional and structural analysis shows that a significant surface and subsurface alkaline earth hydroxide phase can form and probably explains the limited utilization and stability of Ba and its surface complexes. The flexibility inherent in sputter deposition suggests alternate strategies for eliminating undesirable phases and optimizing thin film emitter properties. C1 Sandia Natl Labs, Mat & Proc Sci Ctr, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. RP Zavadil, KR (reprint author), Sandia Natl Labs, Mat & Proc Sci Ctr, POB 5800, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. NR 8 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1NO1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0094-243X BN 1-56396-846-0 J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 1999 VL 458 BP 1438 EP 1443 PG 6 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Thermodynamics; Engineering, Multidisciplinary; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Multidisciplinary Sciences; Nuclear Science & Technology; Remote Sensing; Physics, Applied; Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Engineering; Thermodynamics; Geology; Science & Technology - Other Topics; Nuclear Science & Technology; Remote Sensing; Physics GA BM78K UT WOS:000079755200220 ER PT S AU Lipinski, RJ Wright, SA Lenard, RX Harms, GA AF Lipinski, RJ Wright, SA Lenard, RX Harms, GA BE ElGenk, MS TI A gas-cooled reactor surface power system SO SPACE TECHNOLOGY AND APPLICATIONS INTERNATIONAL FORUM - 1999, PTS ONE AND TWO SE AIP CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 1999 Space Technology and Applications International Forum (STAIF-99) - Opportunities and Challenges for the New Millennium CY JAN 31-FEB 04, 1999 CL ALBUQUERQUE, NM SP Boeing Co, Lockheed Martin Astronaut, NASA, USAF, Air Force Res Lab, US DOE, IAF 99, Amsterdam, Amer Inst Chem Engineers, AIAA, Amer Astronaut Soc, ASME Int, Amer Inst Aeronaut & Astronaut, Amer Inst Chem Engineers, Heat Transfer & Energ Convers Div, Amer Nucl Soc, Trin Sect, Amer Soc Mech Engineers, Nucl Engn Div & Heat Transfer Div, Inst Elect & Electr Engineers Inc, Nucl & Plasma Sci Soc, NASA Natl Space Grant Coll & Fellowship Program, New Mexico Space Grant Consortium, Profess Aerosp Contractors Assoc AB A human outpost on Mars requires plentiful power to assure survival of the astronauts. Anywhere from 50 to 500 kW of electric power (kWe) will be needed, depending on the number of astronauts, level of scientific activity, and life-cycle closure desired. This paper describes a 250-kWe power system based on a gas-cooled nuclear reactor with a recuperated closed Brayton cycle conversion system. The design draws upon the extensive data and engineering experience developed under the various high-temperature gas cooled reactor programs and under the SP-100 program. The reactor core is similar in power and size to the research reactors found on numerous university campuses. The fuel is uranium nitride clad in Nb1%Zr, which has been extensively tested under the SP-100 program. The fuel rods are arranged in a hexagonal array within a BeO block. The BeO softens the spectrum, allowing better use of the fuel and stabilizing the geometry against deformation during impact or other loadings. The system has a negative temperature feedback coefficient so that the power level will automatically follow a variable load without the need for continuous adjustment of control elements. Waste heat is removed by an air-cooled heat exchanger using cold Martian air. The amount of radioactivity in the reactor at launch is very small (less than a Curie, and about equal to a truckload of uranium ore). The system will need to be engineered so that criticality can not occur for any launch accident. This system is also adaptable for electric propulsion or life-support during transit to and from Mars. C1 Sandia Natl Labs, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. RP Lipinski, RJ (reprint author), Sandia Natl Labs, POB 5800,MS-1146, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. NR 4 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 1 U2 1 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1NO1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0094-243X BN 1-56396-846-0 J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 1999 VL 458 BP 1470 EP 1475 PG 6 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Thermodynamics; Engineering, Multidisciplinary; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Multidisciplinary Sciences; Nuclear Science & Technology; Remote Sensing; Physics, Applied; Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Engineering; Thermodynamics; Geology; Science & Technology - Other Topics; Nuclear Science & Technology; Remote Sensing; Physics GA BM78K UT WOS:000079755200225 ER PT S AU Houts, MG Poston, DI Trellue, HR Baca, JA Lipinski, RJ AF Houts, MG Poston, DI Trellue, HR Baca, JA Lipinski, RJ BE ElGenk, MS TI Planetary surface reactor shielding using indigenous materials SO SPACE TECHNOLOGY AND APPLICATIONS INTERNATIONAL FORUM - 1999, PTS ONE AND TWO SE AIP CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 1999 Space Technology and Applications International Forum (STAIF-99) - Opportunities and Challenges for the New Millennium CY JAN 31-FEB 04, 1999 CL ALBUQUERQUE, NM SP Boeing Co, Lockheed Martin Astronaut, NASA, USAF, Air Force Res Lab, US DOE, IAF 99, Amsterdam, Amer Inst Chem Engineers, AIAA, Amer Astronaut Soc, ASME Int, Amer Inst Aeronaut & Astronaut, Amer Inst Chem Engineers, Heat Transfer & Energ Convers Div, Amer Nucl Soc, Trin Sect, Amer Soc Mech Engineers, Nucl Engn Div & Heat Transfer Div, Inst Elect & Electr Engineers Inc, Nucl & Plasma Sci Soc, NASA Natl Space Grant Coll & Fellowship Program, New Mexico Space Grant Consortium, Profess Aerosp Contractors Assoc AB The exploration and development of Mars will require abundant surface power. Nuclear reactors are a low-cost, low-mass means of providing that power. A significant fraction of the nuclear power system mass is radiation shielding necessary for protecting humans and/or equipment from radiation emitted by the reactor. For planetary surface missions, it may be desirable to provide some or all of the required shielding from indigenous materials. This paper examines shielding options that utilize either purely indigenous materials or a combination of indigenous and nonindigenous materials. C1 Univ Calif Los Alamos Natl Lab, Nucl Syst Design & Anal Grp, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. RP Houts, MG (reprint author), Univ Calif Los Alamos Natl Lab, Nucl Syst Design & Anal Grp, POB 1663, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. NR 3 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1NO1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0094-243X BN 1-56396-846-0 J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 1999 VL 458 BP 1476 EP 1479 PG 4 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Thermodynamics; Engineering, Multidisciplinary; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Multidisciplinary Sciences; Nuclear Science & Technology; Remote Sensing; Physics, Applied; Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Engineering; Thermodynamics; Geology; Science & Technology - Other Topics; Nuclear Science & Technology; Remote Sensing; Physics GA BM78K UT WOS:000079755200226 ER PT S AU Pansoy-Hjelvik, ME Silver, GL Reimus, MAH Ramsey, KB AF Pansoy-Hjelvik, ME Silver, GL Reimus, MAH Ramsey, KB BE ElGenk, MS TI Nitrate anion exchange in (238)Pu aqueous scrap recovery operations SO SPACE TECHNOLOGY AND APPLICATIONS INTERNATIONAL FORUM - 1999, PTS ONE AND TWO SE AIP Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 1999 Space Technology and Applications International Forum (STAIF-99) - Opportunities and Challenges for the New Millennium CY JAN 31-FEB 04, 1999 CL ALBUQUERQUE, NM SP Boeing Co, Lockheed Martin Astronaut, NASA, USAF, Air Force Res Lab, US DOE, IAF 99, Amsterdam, Amer Inst Chem Engineers, AIAA, Amer Astronaut Soc, ASME Int, Amer Inst Aeronaut & Astronaut, Amer Inst Chem Engineers, Heat Transfer & Energ Convers Div, Amer Nucl Soc, Trin Sect, Amer Soc Mech Engineers, Nucl Engn Div & Heat Transfer Div, Inst Elect & Electr Engineers Inc, Nucl & Plasma Sci Soc, NASA Natl Space Grant Coll & Fellowship Program, New Mexico Space Grant Consortium, Profess Aerosp Contractors Assoc AB Strong base, nitrate anion exchange (IX) is crucial to the the purification of (238)Pu solution feedstocks with gross levels of impurities. This paper discusses the work involved in bench scale experiments to optimize the nitrate anion exchange process. In particular, results are presented of experiments conducted to a) demonstrate that high levels of impurities can be separated from (238)Pu solutions via nitrate anion exchange and, b) work out chemical pretreatment methodology to adjust and maintain (238)Pu in the IV oxidation state to optimize the Pu(IV)-hexanitrato anionic complex sorption to Reillex-HPQ resin. Additional experiments performed to determine the best chemical treatment methodology to enhance recovery of sorbed Pu from the resin and VIS-NIR absorption studies to determine the steady state equilibrium of Pu(IV), Pu(III), and Pu(VI) in nitric acid are discussed. C1 Los Alamos Natl Lab, Los Alamos, NM 87544 USA. RP Pansoy-Hjelvik, ME (reprint author), Los Alamos Natl Lab, POB 1663,MS E502, Los Alamos, NM 87544 USA. EM meph@lanl.gov NR 2 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 1 U2 1 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1NO1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0094-243X BN 1-56396-846-0 J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 1999 VL 458 BP 1555 EP 1559 PG 5 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Thermodynamics; Engineering, Multidisciplinary; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Multidisciplinary Sciences; Nuclear Science & Technology; Remote Sensing; Physics, Applied; Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Engineering; Thermodynamics; Geology; Science & Technology - Other Topics; Nuclear Science & Technology; Remote Sensing; Physics GA BM78K UT WOS:000079755200236 ER PT S AU Reimus, MAH Silver, GL Pansoy-Hjelvik, L Ramsey, KB AF Reimus, MAH Silver, GL Pansoy-Hjelvik, L Ramsey, KB BE ElGenk, MS TI Containment of nitric acid solutions of plutonium-238 SO SPACE TECHNOLOGY AND APPLICATIONS INTERNATIONAL FORUM - 1999, PTS ONE AND TWO SE AIP CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 1999 Space Technology and Applications International Forum (STAIF-99) - Opportunities and Challenges for the New Millennium CY JAN 31-FEB 04, 1999 CL ALBUQUERQUE, NM SP Boeing Co, Lockheed Martin Astronaut, NASA, USAF, Air Force Res Lab, US DOE, IAF 99, Amsterdam, Amer Inst Chem Engineers, AIAA, Amer Astronaut Soc, ASME Int, Amer Inst Aeronaut & Astronaut, Amer Inst Chem Engineers, Heat Transfer & Energ Convers Div, Amer Nucl Soc, Trin Sect, Amer Soc Mech Engineers, Nucl Engn Div & Heat Transfer Div, Inst Elect & Electr Engineers Inc, Nucl & Plasma Sci Soc, NASA Natl Space Grant Coll & Fellowship Program, New Mexico Space Grant Consortium, Profess Aerosp Contractors Assoc AB The corrosion of various metals that could be used to contain nitric acid solutions of Pu-238 has been studied. Tantalum and tantalum/2.5% tungsten resisted the test solvent better than 304L stainless steel and several INCONEL alloys. The solvent used to imitate nitric acid solutions of Pu-238 contained 70% nitric acid, hydrofluoric acid, and ammonium hexanitratocerate. C1 Univ Calif Los Alamos Natl Lab, Los Alamos, NM 87544 USA. RP Reimus, MAH (reprint author), Univ Calif Los Alamos Natl Lab, POB 1663,MS E502, Los Alamos, NM 87544 USA. NR 5 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1NO1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0094-243X BN 1-56396-846-0 J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 1999 VL 458 BP 1560 EP 1563 PG 4 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Thermodynamics; Engineering, Multidisciplinary; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Multidisciplinary Sciences; Nuclear Science & Technology; Remote Sensing; Physics, Applied; Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Engineering; Thermodynamics; Geology; Science & Technology - Other Topics; Nuclear Science & Technology; Remote Sensing; Physics GA BM78K UT WOS:000079755200237 ER PT S AU Pace, JC Baskett, RL AF Pace, JC Baskett, RL BE ElGenk, MS TI ARAC's operational support of the Cassini launch SO SPACE TECHNOLOGY AND APPLICATIONS INTERNATIONAL FORUM - 1999, PTS ONE AND TWO SE AIP CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 1999 Space Technology and Applications International Forum (STAIF-99) - Opportunities and Challenges for the New Millennium CY JAN 31-FEB 04, 1999 CL ALBUQUERQUE, NM SP Boeing Co, Lockheed Martin Astronaut, NASA, USAF, Air Force Res Lab, US DOE, IAF 99, Amsterdam, Amer Inst Chem Engineers, AIAA, Amer Astronaut Soc, ASME Int, Amer Inst Aeronaut & Astronaut, Amer Inst Chem Engineers, Heat Transfer & Energ Convers Div, Amer Nucl Soc, Trin Sect, Amer Soc Mech Engineers, Nucl Engn Div & Heat Transfer Div, Inst Elect & Electr Engineers Inc, Nucl & Plasma Sci Soc, NASA Natl Space Grant Coll & Fellowship Program, New Mexico Space Grant Consortium, Profess Aerosp Contractors Assoc AB The Atmospheric Release Advisory Capability (ARAC) program at the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL) was the U.S. Department of Energy atmospheric modeling resource used for the contingency of potential radiological releases during the launch of the Cassini mission. The ARAC Center at LLNL forecasted detailed weather conditions and delivered consequence assessments for potential accident scenarios to NASA before and during launch operations. A key aspect of ARAC's support was to acquire a variety of meteorological data for use in both forecast and real-time model calculations. ARAC acquired electronically two types of real-time observed meteorological data: I) the full set of on-site towers and profilers via the Cape Canaveral Air Station (CCAS) Meteorological Interactive Data Display System (MIDDS), and 2) routine regional airport observations (delivered to the ARAC Center from the Air Force Weather Agency). We also used two forecasted data sources: I) the U.S. Air Force 45th Weather Squadron at CCAS forecasted soundings for launch time, and 2) the Navy Operational Regional Atmospheric Prediction System (NORAPS) prognostic model which ARAC ran over the Cape. The NORAPS runs produced derailed 24-hr forecasts of 3-D wind fields. ARAC used default radiological accident source terms involving the potential destruction of Cassini's Radioisotope Thermoelectric Generators (RTGs) during 3 phases: 1) before the launch, 2) during the first 5 sec after ignition, and 3) from 5 to 143 sec after ignition. ARAC successfully developed and delivered dose and deposition plots at 24 hours, 3 hours, and 30 minutes before each of the launch windows. C1 Univ Calif Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Div Atmospher Sci, Livermore, CA 94551 USA. RP Pace, JC (reprint author), Univ Calif Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Div Atmospher Sci, Livermore, CA 94551 USA. NR 3 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1NO1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0094-243X BN 1-56396-846-0 J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 1999 VL 458 BP 1576 EP 1580 PG 5 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Thermodynamics; Engineering, Multidisciplinary; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Multidisciplinary Sciences; Nuclear Science & Technology; Remote Sensing; Physics, Applied; Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Engineering; Thermodynamics; Geology; Science & Technology - Other Topics; Nuclear Science & Technology; Remote Sensing; Physics GA BM78K UT WOS:000079755200240 ER PT S AU Jones, JP Beckerman, M AF Jones, JP Beckerman, M BE Bishop, RH Mackison, DL Culp, RD Evans, MJ TI Determination and modeling of error densities in ephemeris prediction SO SPACEFLIGHT MECHANICS 1999, VOL 102, PTS I AND II SE ADVANCES IN THE ASTRONAUTICAL SCIENCES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 9th Annual Space Flight Mechanics Meeting CY FEB 07-10, 1999 CL BRECKENRIDGE, CO SP Amer Astronaut Soc, Amer Inst Aeronaut & Astronaut AB In this paper we present results of a study of the distribution of errors in the positions predicted by a Special Perturbations orbit propagator for a population of 14 low-earth orbiting satellites. In our study we performed differential corrections and generated ephemerides using data acquired from the US space surveillance network under a high tasking protocol. Errors in the along-track, radial and cross-track directions were extracted by aligning and combining 72-hour ephemerides calculated sequentially for periods of time spanning several months for each satellite. The along-track errors dominate and, together with the radial errors, increase uniformly in time. The growth rate for the along-track errors is correlated with the decay rate of the semi-major axis and the growth rate for the radial errors is correlated with eccentricity. C1 Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Div Math & Comp Sci, Complex Dynam Syst Grp, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. RP Jones, JP (reprint author), Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Div Math & Comp Sci, Complex Dynam Syst Grp, POB 2008, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. NR 9 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU UNIVELT INC PI SAN DIEGO PA PO BOX 28130, SAN DIEGO, CA 92128 USA SN 1081-6003 BN 0-87703-458-3 J9 ADV ASTRONAUT SCI PY 1999 VL 102 BP 1083 EP 1096 PN 1&2 PG 14 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA BN45R UT WOS:000081956900068 ER PT S AU Glenzer, SH AF Glenzer, SH BE Herman, RM TI X-ray spectroscopy from fusion plasmas SO SPECTRAL LINE SHAPES, VOL 10: 14TH ICSLS SE AIP CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 14th International Conference on Spectral Line Shapes CY JUN 22-26, 1998 CL STATE COLL, PA SP Penn State Univ, Corning Inc, Lambda Phys Inc, Thorlabs Inc, Int Union Pure & Appl Phys ID INERTIAL-CONFINEMENT-FUSION; LASER-PRODUCED PLASMA; ELECTRON-TEMPERATURE; HOHLRAUM PLASMAS; THOMSON SCATTERING; INDIRECTLY DRIVEN; RAMAN BACKSCATTER; RADIATION DRIVE; LIGHT; TARGETS AB Our understanding of laser energy coupling into laser-driven inertial confinement fusion targets largely depends on our ability to accurately measure and simulate the plasma conditions in the underdense corona and in high density capsule implosions. X-ray spectroscopy is an important technique which has been applied to measure the total absorption of laser energy into the fusion target, the fraction of laser energy absorbed by hot electrons, and the conditions in the fusion capsule in terms of density and temperature. These parameters provide critical benchmarking data for performance studies of the fusion target and for radiation-hydrodynamic and laser-plasma interaction simulations. Using x-ray spectroscopic techniques for these tasks has required its application to non-standard conditions where kinetics models have not been extensively tested. In particular, for the conditions in high density implosions, where electron temperatures achieve 1 - 2 keV and electron densities reach 10 (24) cm(-3) evolving on time scales of < 1 ns, no independent non-spectroscopic measurements of plasma parameters are available. For these reasons, we have performed experiments in open-geometry gas bag plasmas at densities of 10 (21) cm(-3) and which are independently diagnosed with Thomson scattering and stimulated Raman scattering. We find that kinetics modeling is in good agreement with measured intensities of the dielectronic satellites of the He-beta line (n=1-3) of Ar XVII. Applying these findings to the experimental results of capsule implosions provides additional evidence of temperature gradients at peak compression. C1 Univ Calif Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA 94551 USA. RP Glenzer, SH (reprint author), Univ Calif Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, L-399,POB 808, Livermore, CA 94551 USA. NR 57 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 1 U2 1 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1NO1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0094-243X BN 1-56396-754-5 J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 1999 VL 467 BP 49 EP 63 PG 15 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Physics, Fluids & Plasmas; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Physics GA BM95D UT WOS:000080238100005 ER PT S AU Savchenko, VI Fisch, NJ Panteleev, AA Starostin, AN AF Savchenko, VI Fisch, NJ Panteleev, AA Starostin, AN BE Herman, RM TI Quantum interference and thermodynamic equilibrium between the gas of three-level atoms and the photon gas SO SPECTRAL LINE SHAPES, VOL 10: 14TH ICSLS SE AIP CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 14th International Conference on Spectral Line Shapes CY JUN 22-26, 1998 CL STATE COLL, PA SP Penn State Univ, Corning Inc, Lambda Phys Inc, Thorlabs Inc, Int Union Pure & Appl Phys AB We consider the influence of quantum interference on the state of thermodynamic equilibrium between atoms and the photon gas. We show, that this interference leads to nonzero non-diagonal elements of the atomic density matrix. These elements in turn modify the emissivity of the medium, which acquires a zero point at a certain frequency and has a red wing with higher intensity. C1 Princeton Univ, Plasma Phys Lab, Princeton, NJ 08543 USA. RP Savchenko, VI (reprint author), Princeton Univ, Plasma Phys Lab, POB 451, Princeton, NJ 08543 USA. NR 1 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1NO1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0094-243X BN 1-56396-754-5 J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 1999 VL 467 BP 339 EP 340 PG 2 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Physics, Fluids & Plasmas; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Physics GA BM95D UT WOS:000080238100058 ER PT J AU Stump, NA Haire, RG Peterson, JR AF Stump, NA Haire, RG Peterson, JR TI Variation in the luminescence lifetimes of EuCl3 center dot nH(2)O (n=0,1,2,3,6) SO SPECTROSCOPY LETTERS LA English DT Article DE Eu3+ ion luminescence; luminescence lifetime; EuCl3 center dot nH(2)O not greater than or equal to ID ANHYDROUS EUCL3 AB Eu3+ ion emission spectra and luminescence lifetimes were investigated for EuCl3. nH(2)O (n=0,1,2,3,6). Each compound exhibited a characteristic set of emission bands and a specific luminescence lifetime. The number of water molecules and chloride ions coordinated to the Eu3+ ion in these materials was estimated from the observed lifetimes, spectroscopic implications, and expected lanthanide coordination numbers. Approximation of the observed luminescence decay constant for each material was possible through the use of arithmetic terms associated with both the complexed water molecules and the complexed chloride ions which make up the inner-coordination sphere of the Eu3+ ion. C1 Winston Salem State Univ, Dept Phys Sci, Winston Salem, NC 27110 USA. Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Div Chem & Analyt Sci, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. Univ Tennessee, Dept Chem, Knoxville, TN 37996 USA. RP Stump, NA (reprint author), Winston Salem State Univ, Dept Phys Sci, 601 Martin Luther King Jr Dr, Winston Salem, NC 27110 USA. NR 9 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 1 U2 3 PU MARCEL DEKKER INC PI NEW YORK PA 270 MADISON AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10016 USA SN 0038-7010 J9 SPECTROSC LETT JI Spectr. Lett. PY 1999 VL 32 IS 5 BP 737 EP 746 DI 10.1080/00387019909350022 PG 10 WC Spectroscopy SC Spectroscopy GA 243WV UT WOS:000083021200004 ER PT S AU Ettinger, M Hoyer, P AF Ettinger, M Hoyer, P BE Meinel, C Tison, S TI On quantum algorithms for noncommutative hidden subgroups SO STACS'99 - 16TH ANNUAL SYMPOSIUM ON THEORETICAL ASPECTS OF COMPUTER SCIENCE SE LECTURE NOTES IN COMPUTER SCIENCE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 16th Annual Symposium on Theoretical Aspects of Computer Science CY MAR 04-06, 1999 CL TRIER, GERMANY SP Gessel Informatik, Special Interest Grp Theoret Comp Sci, Masion Informat Math Discretes AB Quantum algorithms for factoring and finding discrete logarithms have previously been generalized to finding hidden subgroups of finite Abelian groups. This paper explores the possibility of extending this general viewpoint to finding hidden subgroups of noncommutative groups. We present a quantum algorithm for the special case of dihedral groups which determines the hidden subgroup in a linear number of calls to the input function. We also explore the difficulties of developing an algorithm to process the data to explicitly calculate a generating set for the subgroup. A general framework for the noncommutative hidden subgroup problem is discussed and we indicate future research directions. C1 Univ Calif Los Alamos Natl Lab, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. Odense Univ, Dept Math & Comp Sci, DK-5230 Odense M, Denmark. RP Ettinger, M (reprint author), Univ Calif Los Alamos Natl Lab, Mail Stop B-230, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. OI Hoyer, Peter/0000-0001-9877-268X NR 16 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG BERLIN PI BERLIN PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, D-14197 BERLIN, GERMANY SN 0302-9743 BN 3-540-65691-X J9 LECT NOTES COMPUT SC PY 1999 VL 1563 BP 478 EP 487 PG 10 WC Computer Science, Theory & Methods SC Computer Science GA BP76J UT WOS:000086093800045 ER PT B AU Han, J Crawford, M AF Han, J Crawford, M BE Buckley, DN Chu, SNG Ren, F TI MOCVD growth of AlGaInN for UV emitters SO STATE-OF-THE-ART PROGRAM ON COMPOUND SEMICONDUCTORS (SOTAPOCS XXXI) SE ELECTROCHEMICAL SOCIETY SERIES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 31st State-of-the-Art Program on Compound Semiconductors, at the Joint International Meeting of the Electrochemical-Society/Electrochemical-Society-of-Japan CY OCT 17-22, 1999 CL HONOLULU, HI SP Electrochem Soc Inc, Electrochem Soc Japan, Japan Soc Appl Phys, Electrochem Soc, Electr Div AB Issues related to the growth of nitride-based UV emitters are investigated in this work. More than 100 times of improved in the optical efficiency of the GaN active region can be attained with a combination of raising the growth pressure and introducing a small amount of indium. The unique issue in the UV emitter concerning the use of ALGaN far confinement and the associated tensile cracking is also investigated. We showed that the quaternary AlGaInN is potentially capable of providing confinement to GaN and GaN:In active regions while maintaining lattice matching to GaN, unlike the AlGaN ternary system. C1 Sandia Natl Labs, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. RP Han, J (reprint author), Sandia Natl Labs, POB 5800, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. NR 11 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 2 PU ELECTROCHEMICAL SOCIETY INC PI PENNINGTON PA 65 S MAIN ST, PENNINGTON, NJ 08534-2839 USA BN 1-56677-240-0 J9 ELEC SOC S PY 1999 VL 99 IS 17 BP 8 EP 14 PG 7 WC Electrochemistry; Physics, Condensed Matter SC Electrochemistry; Physics GA BN80W UT WOS:000082998800002 ER PT B AU Moon, JS Simmons, JA Wendt, JR Hietala, VM Reno, JL Baca, WE Blount, MA AF Moon, JS Simmons, JA Wendt, JR Hietala, VM Reno, JL Baca, WE Blount, MA BE Buckley, DN Chu, SNG Ren, F TI Dual-side wafer processing and resonant tunneling transistor applications SO STATE-OF-THE-ART PROGRAM ON COMPOUND SEMICONDUCTORS (SOTAPOCS XXXI) SE ELECTROCHEMICAL SOCIETY SERIES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 31st State-of-the-Art Program on Compound Semiconductors, at the Joint International Meeting of the Electrochemical-Society/Electrochemical-Society-of-Japan CY OCT 17-22, 1999 CL HONOLULU, HI SP Electrochem Soc Inc, Electrochem Soc Japan, Japan Soc Appl Phys, Electrochem Soc, Electr Div ID QUANTUM-WELL; ROOM-TEMPERATURE; HETEROSTRUCTURES; DEVICES AB We describe dual-side wafer processing and its application to resonant tunneling transistors in a planar configuration. The fabrication technique utilizes a never flip-chip, wafer thinning process called epoxy-bond and stop-etch (EBASE) process, where the substrate material is removed by selective wet etching and stopped at an etch-stop layer. This EBASE method results in a semiconductor epitaxial layer that is typically less than a micron thick and has a minor-finish, allowing backside gates to be placed in close proximity to frontside gates. Utilizing this technique, a resonant tunneling transistor - the double electron layer tunneling transistor (DELTT) - can be fabricated in a fully planar configuration, where the tunneling between two selectively-contacted 2DEGs in GaAs or InGaAs quantum webs is modulated by surface Schottky gate. Low temperature electrical characterization yields source-drain I-V curves with a gate-tunable negative differential resistance. C1 Sandia Natl Labs, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. RP Moon, JS (reprint author), Sandia Natl Labs, POB 5800, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. NR 15 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELECTROCHEMICAL SOCIETY INC PI PENNINGTON PA 65 S MAIN ST, PENNINGTON, NJ 08534-2839 USA BN 1-56677-240-0 J9 ELEC SOC S PY 1999 VL 99 IS 17 BP 158 EP 168 PG 11 WC Electrochemistry; Physics, Condensed Matter SC Electrochemistry; Physics GA BN80W UT WOS:000082998800019 ER PT B AU Chang, PC Baca, AG Klem, JF Hafich, MJ Ashby, CIH Hietala, VM AF Chang, PC Baca, AG Klem, JF Hafich, MJ Ashby, CIH Hietala, VM BE Buckley, DN Chu, SNG Ren, F TI Comparison of InP/InGaAs HBT and InAlAs/InGaAs HBT for ULP applications SO STATE-OF-THE-ART PROGRAM ON COMPOUND SEMICONDUCTORS (SOTAPOCS XXXI) SE ELECTROCHEMICAL SOCIETY SERIES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 31st State-of-the-Art Program on Compound Semiconductors, at the Joint International Meeting of the Electrochemical-Society/Electrochemical-Society-of-Japan CY OCT 17-22, 1999 CL HONOLULU, HI SP Electrochem Soc Inc, Electrochem Soc Japan, Japan Soc Appl Phys, Electrochem Soc, Electr Div ID HETEROJUNCTION BIPOLAR-TRANSISTORS; SUBCOLLECTOR; PERFORMANCE; EPITAXY AB The increased demand for portable electronics has lead to the need for higher performance and efficiency. Devices operating at less than 50 mu W of power are defined as ultra-low-power (ULP) devices. New progress has been achieved on InP/InGaAs HBT and InAlAs/InGaAs HBT optimized for ULP applications, f(T) values of 2.2 GHz, and f(MAX) values of 20 GHz have been obtained for HBTs operating at less than 40 mu W. Current gain is greater than 45 with the device operating at less than 20 mu A on a 2.5 x 5 mu m(2) device. These devices have been significantly improved over the previously reported MOCVD grown InP/InGaAs ULP HBT which has f(MAX) of 10 GHz operating in the ultra-low-power level. The improvements has been attributed to the reduction of base dopant diffussion associated with Zn doping. C1 Sandia Natl Labs, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. RP Chang, PC (reprint author), Sandia Natl Labs, POB 5800, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. NR 11 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELECTROCHEMICAL SOCIETY INC PI PENNINGTON PA 65 S MAIN ST, PENNINGTON, NJ 08534-2839 USA BN 1-56677-240-0 J9 ELEC SOC S PY 1999 VL 99 IS 17 BP 177 EP 184 PG 8 WC Electrochemistry; Physics, Condensed Matter SC Electrochemistry; Physics GA BN80W UT WOS:000082998800021 ER PT B AU Sloan, LR Hietala, VM Chao, PC Kong, W AF Sloan, LR Hietala, VM Chao, PC Kong, W BE Buckley, DN Chu, SNG Ren, F TI High-efficiency, low-voltage, compound semiconductor devices for microwave and mm-wave power amplifiers SO STATE-OF-THE-ART PROGRAM ON COMPOUND SEMICONDUCTORS (SOTAPOCS XXXI) SE ELECTROCHEMICAL SOCIETY SERIES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 31st State-of-the-Art Program on Compound Semiconductors, at the Joint International Meeting of the Electrochemical-Society/Electrochemical-Society-of-Japan CY OCT 17-22, 1999 CL HONOLULU, HI SP Electrochem Soc Inc, Electrochem Soc Japan, Japan Soc Appl Phys, Electrochem Soc, Electr Div AB Improvements in the last decade in materials growth, device processing, characterization, and circuit design have enabled solid-state power performance through 122 GHz. Although originally targeted for applications at mm-wave frequencies, InP HEMTs could become the preferred device for frequencies as low as 800 MHz. The quest for mm-wave performance has benefited the microwave frequency regime with higher efficiency and power densities at lower operating voltages. State-of-the-art microwave performance at lower operating voltage is key to fabricating smaller, lighter-weight systems in the battery-operated arena of commercial and defense electronics. This paper describes an InP HEMT technology being investigated for many power and low-noise amplifier applications from UHF to W-band frequencies. Specifically the technology demonstrated 640 mW/mm power density, 27 dB gain, and 84% PAE at L-band with a bias of 3.0 volts. Based on the author's literature search, this is record efficiency at L-band with a bias of less than 5 volts. C1 Sandia Natl Labs, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. RP Sloan, LR (reprint author), Sandia Natl Labs, POB 5800, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. NR 6 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELECTROCHEMICAL SOCIETY INC PI PENNINGTON PA 65 S MAIN ST, PENNINGTON, NJ 08534-2839 USA BN 1-56677-240-0 J9 ELEC SOC S PY 1999 VL 99 IS 17 BP 201 EP 207 PG 7 WC Electrochemistry; Physics, Condensed Matter SC Electrochemistry; Physics GA BN80W UT WOS:000082998800024 ER PT S AU Brown, TM Ferguson, HC Stanford, SA Deharveng, JM AF Brown, TM Ferguson, HC Stanford, SA Deharveng, JM BE Whitelock, P Cannon, R TI Color-luminosity relations for the resolved hot stellar populations in the centers of M31 and M32 SO STELLAR CONTENT OF LOCAL GROUP GALAXIES SE IAU SYMPOSIA LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 192nd Symposium of the International-Astronomical-Union CY SEP 07-11, 1998 CL CAPE TOWN, SOUTH AFRICA SP Int Astron Union, S Africa Observ, Abdus Salam Int Ctr Theoret Phys, Univ Cape Town, AngloGold Corp, Fdn Res Dev ID ELLIPTIC GALAXIES; ULTRAVIOLET; EVOLUTION; ORIGIN; STARS AB We present Faint Object Camera (FOC) ultraviolet images of the central 14 x 14" of Messier 31 and Messier 32. The hot stellar population detected in the composite UV spectra of these galaxies is partially resolved into stars, and we measure their colors and apparent magnitudes. We detect 433 stars in M31 and 138 stars in M32, down to limits of m(F275W) = 25.5 mag and m(F175W) = 24.5 mag. We investigate the luminosity functions of the sources, their spatial distribution, their color-magnitude diagrams, and their total integrated far-UV flux. Although M32 has a weaker UV upturn than M31, the luminosity functions and color-magnitude diagrams of M31 and M32 are surprisingly similar, and are inconsistent with a majority contribution from any of the following: post-AGB stars more massive than 0.56 Mcircle dot, main sequence stars, or blue stragglers. The luminosity functions and color-magnitude diagrams are consistent with a dominant population of stars evolving from the extreme horizontal branch (EHB) along tracks of mass 0.47-0.53 Mcircle dot. These stars are well below the detection limits of our images while on the zero-age EHB, but become detectable while in the more luminous (but shorter) post-HB phases. Our observations require that only a very small fraction of the main sequence population (2% in M31 and 0.5% in M32) in these two galaxies evolve though the EHB and post-EHB phases, with the remainder rapidly evolving through bright post-AGB evolution with few resolved stars expected in the small field of view covered by the FOC. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Astron & Solar Phys Lab, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. Space Telescope Sci Inst, Baltimore, MD 21218 USA. Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Inst Geophys & Planetary Phys, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. CNRS, Astron Spatiale Lab, F-13376 Marseille 12, France. RP Brown, TM (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Astron & Solar Phys Lab, Code 681, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. NR 13 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU ASTRONOMICAL SOC PACIFIC PI SAN FRANCISCO PA 390 ASHTON AVE, SAN FRANCISCO, CA 94112 USA SN 0074-1809 BN 1-886733-82-1 J9 IAU SYMP PY 1999 IS 192 BP 195 EP 202 PG 8 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA BU33A UT WOS:000175705000027 ER PT B AU Simonen, FA Khaleel, MA AF Simonen, FA Khaleel, MA BE Spencer, BF Johnson, EA TI Effects of service inspections and flaw sizing errors on the reliability of vessels SO STOCHASTIC STRUCTURAL DYNAMICS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 4th International Conference on Stochastic Structural Dynamics (SSD 98) CY AUG 06-08, 1998 CL NOTRE DAME, IN SP US Natl Sci Fdn, Univ Notre Dame AB This paper describes probabilistic fracture mechanics calculations that simulate fatigue crack growth, flaw detection, flaw sizing accuracy, and the impacts of flaw acceptance criteria. The numerical implementation of the model is based on a Latin Hypercube approach. Calculations have been performed for a range of parameters. For representative values of flaw detection probability, flaw sizing errors, and flaw acceptance criteria, detection capability is the most limiting factor with regard to the ability of the inservice inspections to reduce leak probabilities. However, gross sizing errors or significant relaxation of current flaw acceptance standards could negate the benefits of outstanding probability of detection capabilities. C1 Pacific NW Natl Lab, Richland, WA 99352 USA. RP Simonen, FA (reprint author), Pacific NW Natl Lab, Richland, WA 99352 USA. NR 10 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU A A BALKEMA PUBLISHERS PI LEIDEN PA SCHIPHOLWEG 107C, PO BOX 447, 2316 XC LEIDEN, NETHERLANDS BN 90-5809-024-8 PY 1999 BP 463 EP 470 PG 8 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Engineering, Marine; Engineering, Civil; Engineering, Mechanical; Mathematics, Applied; Mechanics SC Engineering; Mathematics; Mechanics GA BM94G UT WOS:000080198100063 ER PT B AU Farrar, CR Duffey, TA Doebling, SW Nix, DA AF Farrar, CR Duffey, TA Doebling, SW Nix, DA BE Chang, FK TI A statistical pattern recognition paradigm for vibration-based structural health monitoring SO STRUCTURAL HEALTH MONTORING 2000 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2nd International Workshop on Structural Health Monitoring CY SEP 08-10, 1999 CL STANFORD UNIV, STANFORD, CA SP USAF Off Sci Res, USA Res Off, Fed Highway Adm, Natl Sci Fdn HO STANFORD UNIV AB The process of implementing a damage detection strategy for aerospace, civil and mechanical engineering systems is often referred to as structural health monitoring. Vibration-based damage detection is a tool that is receiving considerable attention from the research community for such monitoring. Recent research has recognized that the process of vibration-based structural health monitoring is fundamentally one of statistical pattern recognition and this paradigm is described in detail. This process is composed of four portions: 1.) Operational evaluation; 2.) Data acquisition and cleansing; 3.) Feature selection and data compression, and 4.) Statistical model development. A general discussion of each portion of the profess is presented. In addition, issues associated with each portion of the process are identified and briefly discussed. C1 Univ Calif Los Alamos Natl Lab, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. RP Farrar, CR (reprint author), Univ Calif Los Alamos Natl Lab, POB 1663, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. NR 12 TC 17 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 3 PU TECHNOMIC PUBL CO INC PI LANCASTER PA 851 NEW HOLLAND AVE, BOX 3535, LANCASTER, PA 17604 USA BN 1-56676-881-0 PY 1999 BP 764 EP 773 PG 10 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Engineering, Civil; Instruments & Instrumentation; Materials Science, Characterization & Testing SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation; Materials Science GA BP03P UT WOS:000083947300075 ER PT B AU Arav, N AF Arav, N BE Gaskell, CM Brandt, WN Dietrich, M DultzinHacyan, D Eracleous, M TI Are there clouds in the BLR? Keck observations of NGC 4151 SO STRUCTURE AND KINEMATICS OF QUASAR BROAD LINE REGIONS SE ASTRONOMICAL SOCIETY OF THE PACIFIC CONFERENCE SERIES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Meeting on Structure and Kinematics of Quasar Broad Line Regions CY MAR 23-26, 1998 CL LINCOLN, NE SP Astron Soc Pacific ID SHORT-TIMESCALE VARIABILITY; BROAD-LINE REGION; HIGH-RESOLUTION SPECTROSCOPY; ACTIVE GALACTIC NUCLEI; MULTIWAVELENGTH OBSERVATIONS; NGC-4151 AB We search for a direct signature of discrete "clouds" in the broad line region (BLR) of the Seyfert galaxy NGC 4151. For this purpose we apply cross correlation (CC) analysis to a high resolution KECK spectrum of the galaxy. No such signature is found in the data. In order for cloud models to be compatible with this result, there must be at least similar to 3 X 10(7) emitting clouds in the BLR, where the Limit is based on simulation of a homogeneous cloud population. More realistic distributions increase the lower Limit to above 10(8). These numbers are an order of magnitude improvement on our previous limit from Mrk 335, where the improvement comes from higher S/N, broader Lines, and refined simulations. Combined with the predicted upper limit for the number of emitting clouds in NGC 4151 (10(6) - 10(7)), the derived lower limit puts a strong constraint on the cloud scenario in the BLR of this object. Similar constraints can be placed on models where the emission originates in streams and sheets. Thus, this investigation suggests that the BELs in NGC 4151, and by extension in all AGNs, are not made of an ensemble of discrete independent emitters. C1 Univ Calif Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Inst Geophys & Planetary Phys, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. RP Arav, N (reprint author), Univ Calif Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Inst Geophys & Planetary Phys, L413,POB 808, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. NR 15 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU ASTRONOMICAL SOC PACIFIC PI SAN FRANCISCO PA 390 ASHTON AVE, SAN FRANCISCO, CA 94112 USA BN 1-886733-97-X J9 ASTR SOC P PY 1999 VL 175 BP 9 EP 14 PG 6 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA BP16L UT WOS:000084260300002 ER PT B AU Arav, N AF Arav, N BE Gaskell, CM Brandt, WN Dietrich, M DultzinHacyan, D Eracleous, M TI PG 0946+301: the rosetta stone of BALQSOs? SO STRUCTURE AND KINEMATICS OF QUASAR BROAD LINE REGIONS SE Astronomical Society of the Pacific Conference Series LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Meeting on Structure and Kinematics of Quasar Broad Line Regions CY MAR 23-26, 1998 CL LINCOLN, NE SP Astron Soc Pacific ID BROAD ABSORPTION-LINE; FE AB We describe the motivation and features of a multiwavelength spectroscopic campaign on broad absorption Line (BAL) QSO PG 0946+301. The main goal of this project is to determine the ionization equilibrium and abundances (IEA) in BAL outflows. Previous studies of IEA in BALQSOs were based on the assumption that the BALs are not saturated so that the column densities inferred from the apparent optical depths are realistic. This critical assumption is at odds with several recent observations and with analysis of existing data which indicate that the absorption troughs are heavily saturated even when they are not black. In addition, X-ray observations, which are important for constraining the ionizing continuum, were not available for those objects that had UV spectral data. Quantifying the level of saturation in the BALs necessitates UV spectroscopy with much higher S/N and broader spectral coverage than currently exist. After taking into account the capabilities of available observatories, our best hope for a substantial improvement in understanding the IEA in BALQSOs is to concentrate considerable observational resources on the most promising object. Our studies of available HST and ground-based spectra show that PG 0946+301 is by far the best candidate for such a program. This BALQSO is at least five times brighter, shortward of 1000 Angstrom rest frame, than any other object, and due to its low redshift it has an especially sparse Ly alpha forest. At the same time PG 0946+301 is a typical BALQSO and therefore its IEA should be representative. To this effect we are developing a multiwavelength spectroscopic campaign (UV, FUV, X-ray and optical) on BALQSO PG 0946+301. We discuss the goals and feasibility of each observational component: I-IST, FUSE, ASCA and ground-based. C1 Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Inst Geophys & Planetary Phys, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. RP Arav, N (reprint author), Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Inst Geophys & Planetary Phys, L413,POB 808, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. EM narav@igpp.llnl.gov NR 14 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU ASTRONOMICAL SOC PACIFIC PI SAN FRANCISCO PA 390 ASHTON AVE, SAN FRANCISCO, CA 94112 USA BN 1-886733-97-X J9 ASTR SOC P PY 1999 VL 175 BP 119 EP 124 PG 6 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA BP16L UT WOS:000084260300019 ER PT B AU Hadley, SW AF Hadley, SW GP IAEE IAEE TI The impact of carbon charges an generation mix with elasticity of demand: A case study SO STRUCTURE OF THE ENERGY INDUSTRIES: THE ONLY CONSTANT IS CHANGE, CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 20th Annual North American USAEE/IAEE Conference on the Structure of the Energy Industries - The Only Constant is Change CY AUG 29-SEP 01, 1999 CL ORLANDO, FL SP US Assoc Energy Econ, Int Assoc Energy Economists, Aramco Serv Co, Arthur Anderson LLC, Atlantic Richfield Co, Bechtel Consulting, BP Amoco Plc, Charles River Associates, Conoco Inc, EDS, Elect Power Res Inst, Exxon Corp, Reliant Energy Inc, Sandia Natl Labs, Energy Program, Sandia Natl Labs, Crit Infrastruct Program, TransCanada AB Carbon reduction policies that incorporate the cost of emissions in the variable cost of electricity (suck as carbon tares or caps with emissions trading) have an impact both on the day-to-day operations of power plants and the choice of technology for new plants. Customer response to the marginal-cost based prices will change the capacity and energy requirements, further altering the mix of technologies. To quantify the impacts of different carbon charges, we used the Oak Ridge Competitive Electricity Dispatch (ORCED) computer model. Concentrating on the ECAR region, we established a base set of generating plants and electricity demands for the year 2010 and applied different levels of carbon taxes. We then let ORCED modify the capacities of new and existing plants to minimize the avoidable cost of generation in the region. Using the calculated marginal-cost-based prices,,ve changed the electricity demand profile using assumed price elasticities. We then let ORCED again change capacities to meet the new demands at minimized costs. Our analysis indicates that significant reductions (>10%) in carbon emissions for ECAR will require carbon charges greater than $50/tC. If consumer demands are not changed because of price elasticity, greater savings are available at low carbon charges because combined cycle (CC) plants are built instead of combustion turbine (CT) plants. C1 Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. NR 9 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION FOR ENERGY ECONOMICS PI CLEVELAND PA 28790 CHAGRIN BLVD, SUITE 210, CLEVELAND, OH 44122 USA PY 1999 BP 20 EP 29 PG 10 WC Business; Economics; Environmental Studies SC Business & Economics; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA BP27D UT WOS:000084539600003 ER PT B AU Milligan, MR Artig, R AF Milligan, MR Artig, R GP IAEE IAEE TI Choosing wind power plant locations and sizes based on electric reliability measures using multiple year wind speed measurements SO STRUCTURE OF THE ENERGY INDUSTRIES: THE ONLY CONSTANT IS CHANGE, CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 20th Annual North American USAEE/IAEE Conference on the Structure of the Energy Industries - The Only Constant is Change CY AUG 29-SEP 01, 1999 CL ORLANDO, FL SP US Assoc Energy Econ, Int Assoc Energy Economists, Aramco Serv Co, Arthur Anderson LLC, Atlantic Richfield Co, Bechtel Consulting, BP Amoco Plc, Charles River Associates, Conoco Inc, EDS, Elect Power Res Inst, Exxon Corp, Reliant Energy Inc, Sandia Natl Labs, Energy Program, Sandia Natl Labs, Crit Infrastruct Program, TransCanada C1 Natl Renewable Energy Lab, Golden, CO 80401 USA. NR 5 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 2 PU INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION FOR ENERGY ECONOMICS PI CLEVELAND PA 28790 CHAGRIN BLVD, SUITE 210, CLEVELAND, OH 44122 USA PY 1999 BP 118 EP 126 PG 9 WC Business; Economics; Environmental Studies SC Business & Economics; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA BP27D UT WOS:000084539600014 ER PT B AU Santini, DJ Vyas, AD AF Santini, DJ Vyas, AD GP IAEE IAEE TI Commercial viability of hybrid vehicles: Best household use and cross national considerations SO STRUCTURE OF THE ENERGY INDUSTRIES: THE ONLY CONSTANT IS CHANGE, CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 20th Annual North American USAEE/IAEE Conference on the Structure of the Energy Industries - The Only Constant is Change CY AUG 29-SEP 01, 1999 CL ORLANDO, FL SP US Assoc Energy Econ, Int Assoc Energy Economists, Aramco Serv Co, Arthur Anderson LLC, Atlantic Richfield Co, Bechtel Consulting, BP Amoco Plc, Charles River Associates, Conoco Inc, EDS, Elect Power Res Inst, Exxon Corp, Reliant Energy Inc, Sandia Natl Labs, Energy Program, Sandia Natl Labs, Crit Infrastruct Program, TransCanada AB Japanese automakers have introduced hybrid passenger cars in Japan and will soon do so in the United States. In this paper, we report how we used early computer simulation model results to compare the commercial viability of a hypothetical near-term (next decade) hybrid mid-size passenger car configuration under varying fuel price and driving patterns. The fuel prices and driving patterns evaluated are designed to span likely values for major OECD nations. Two types of models are used. One allows the "design" of a hybrid to a specified set of performance requirements and the prediction of fuel economy under a number of possible driving patterns (called driving cycles). Another provides an estimate of the incremental cost of the hybrid in comparison to a comparably performing conventional vehicle. In this paper, the models are applied to predict the NPV cost of conventional gasoline-fueled vehicles vs. parallel hybrid vehicles. The parallel hybrids are assumed to (1) be produced at high volume, (2) use nickel metal hydride battery packs, and (3) have high-strength steel bodies. The conventional vehicle also is assumed to have a high- strength steel body. The simulated vehicles are held constant in many respects, including 0-60 time, engine type, aerodynamic drag coefficient, tire rolling resistance, and frontal area. The hybrids analyzed use the minimum size battery pack and motor to meet specified 0-60 times. A key characteristic affecting commercial viability is noted and quantified: that hybrids achieve the most pronounced fuel economy increase (best use) in slow, average-speed, stop-and-go driving; but when households consistently drive these vehicles under these conditions, they tend to travel fewer miles than average vehicles. We find that hours driven is a more valuable measure than miles. Estimates are developed concerning hours of use of household vehicles versus driving cycle, and the pattern of minimum NPV incremental cost (or benefit) of selecting the hybrid over the conventional vehicle at various fuel prices is illustrated. These results are based on data from various OECD nations on fuel price, annual miles of travel per vehicle, and driving cycles assumed to be applicable in those nations. Scatter in results plotted as a function of average speed, related to details of driving cycles and the vehicles selected for analysis, is discussed. C1 Argonne Natl Lab, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. NR 25 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION FOR ENERGY ECONOMICS PI CLEVELAND PA 28790 CHAGRIN BLVD, SUITE 210, CLEVELAND, OH 44122 USA PY 1999 BP 235 EP 244 PG 10 WC Business; Economics; Environmental Studies SC Business & Economics; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA BP27D UT WOS:000084539600026 ER PT B AU Kline, DM Laitner, JA AF Kline, DM Laitner, JA GP IAEE IAEE TI Policies to enhance technology diffusion and market transformation SO STRUCTURE OF THE ENERGY INDUSTRIES: THE ONLY CONSTANT IS CHANGE, CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 20th Annual North American USAEE/IAEE Conference on the Structure of the Energy Industries - The Only Constant is Change CY AUG 29-SEP 01, 1999 CL ORLANDO, FL SP US Assoc Energy Econ, Int Assoc Energy Economists, Aramco Serv Co, Arthur Anderson LLC, Atlantic Richfield Co, Bechtel Consulting, BP Amoco Plc, Charles River Associates, Conoco Inc, EDS, Elect Power Res Inst, Exxon Corp, Reliant Energy Inc, Sandia Natl Labs, Energy Program, Sandia Natl Labs, Crit Infrastruct Program, TransCanada AB A number of recent studies have examined the impact of policies on the market penetration of emerging energy technologies. For example, several studies have considered the technology impact of climate change policies (Interlaboratory Working Group 1997, PCAST 1997, US DOE 1998). These climate change studies consider a common core group of policies: increased research and development effort; pricing provisions such as carbon taxes or cap-and-trade programs or marginal cost pricing; and regulatory measures, e.g., renewable portfolio standards. Another class of measures relates less directly to the economics and performance of emerging technologies and more directly to the diffusion process. These "diffusion-oriented" policies address questions of whether potential adopters know about, understand, and have confidence in the new technologies as they become available. Diffusion policies form an important adjunct to the core, price-and performance-oriented policies. The diffusion oriented policies are less often included in climate change strategy and other policy analysis. They include a variety of measures to provide information, demonstrate and certify projects, and exploit key niche markets through public-private partnerships. In order to illustrate this observation about technology diffusion and related policies, this paper focuses on the electricity generation sector. Policies that address diffusion directly can have a significant impact on the market success of emerging technologies, especially in the early stages. Because these early stages are crucial to long-term success, diffusion-oriented policies could make a critical difference in achieving the desired market transformation. C1 Natl Renewable Energy Lab, Golden, CO 80401 USA. NR 16 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION FOR ENERGY ECONOMICS PI CLEVELAND PA 28790 CHAGRIN BLVD, SUITE 210, CLEVELAND, OH 44122 USA PY 1999 BP 255 EP 264 PG 10 WC Business; Economics; Environmental Studies SC Business & Economics; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA BP27D UT WOS:000084539600028 ER PT B AU Santini, DJ AF Santini, DJ GP IAEE IAEE TI The petroleum problem: The tip of another iceberg? SO STRUCTURE OF THE ENERGY INDUSTRIES: THE ONLY CONSTANT IS CHANGE, CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 20th Annual North American USAEE/IAEE Conference on the Structure of the Energy Industries - The Only Constant is Change CY AUG 29-SEP 01, 1999 CL ORLANDO, FL SP US Assoc Energy Econ, Int Assoc Energy Economists, Aramco Serv Co, Arthur Anderson LLC, Atlantic Richfield Co, Bechtel Consulting, BP Amoco Plc, Charles River Associates, Conoco Inc, EDS, Elect Power Res Inst, Exxon Corp, Reliant Energy Inc, Sandia Natl Labs, Energy Program, Sandia Natl Labs, Crit Infrastruct Program, TransCanada AB In 1986 and 1988, Santini developed a quantitative indicator of forthcoming oil price shocks (positive and negative), based on the history of U.S. oil consumption, production, and prices. That indicator - a three-year average difference of rate of growth of U.S. oil consumption and oil production in excess of one standard deviation from a fitted linear trend line - subsequently showed up on the positive side of the ledger in 1987, '88, and '89. It was accompanied, after a slight delay, by a 46% real oil price increase in 1988-90. This paper provides the first update on the behavior of the indicator since 1992, including the first statistical estimates of the asserted relationship. A discussion of crude oil price change implications of the sharp early 1999 widening of the indicator's value, if continued, is provided. Past statements on the technical and economic difficulty in reversing a widening of the indicator are reviewed and reexamined in a contemporary context. Implications of the low elasticity of response of the transportation sector to oil price shocks is discussed. The apparent emerging increase in susceptibility to cartel action is examined. A separate theory-less statistical model of oil price movements (Santini 1988), which also indicates an imminent sharp rise in real oil prices ton the order of a doubling) is noted. The value of the indicator may well have been diminished due to the nation's relative decline in world production and consumption. The relative importance of OPEC output fluctuations in causing prior oil price shocks is examined. It is conceded that the indicator is likely to be a less robust predictor of oil price movements in the next century. World oil consumption and production growth rates, if based on accurate data, should provide a better indication for the future. Accordingly, recent world output changes are examined in addition to the behavior of the United States based indicator. C1 Argonne Natl Lab, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. NR 21 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION FOR ENERGY ECONOMICS PI CLEVELAND PA 28790 CHAGRIN BLVD, SUITE 210, CLEVELAND, OH 44122 USA PY 1999 BP 468 EP 477 PG 10 WC Business; Economics; Environmental Studies SC Business & Economics; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA BP27D UT WOS:000084539600051 ER PT S AU Miller, GH Culbertson, SC Mobley, J DiMarzio, C Vo-Dinh, T AF Miller, GH Culbertson, SC Mobley, J DiMarzio, C Vo-Dinh, T BE Nguyen, C TI Near infrared (NIR) emitter/detector probe for sensing buried objects and landmines SO SUBSURFACE SENSORS AND APPLICATIONS SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Subsurface Sensors and Applications CY JUL 19-21, 1999 CL DENVER, CO SP SPIE AB The detection of landmines and buried objects requires methods that can cover large areas rapidly while providing the required sensitivity to detect the optical and spectroscopic contrasts in soil properties that can reveal their presence. These conditions on contrast and coverage can be met try capturing images of the soil at wavelengths which are sensitive to the properties modified by the presence of buried objects. In this work we investigate both NIR scanning methods which may have some utility for the detection problem. For the scanning method, we acquire data point-by-point over a two-dimensional grid with a single emitter/detector probe. The soil (or sand) above a shallow buried object can be differentiated from the surrounding soil by detecting the difference in relative water content. Moist soil absorbs more near-infrared (NIR) incident light than dry soil. A light-emitting diode (LED) operating at 900 nm and a photodiode sensitive to NIR radiation formed the emitter/detector (ED) probe used in this study. The ED probe was mounted side-by-side and scanned over a surface in a two-dimensional grid as readings were collected point-by-point. The results indicated that this simple NIR emitter/detector probe discriminated between soils of varying water contents with an imaging resolution of 4 millimeters. To illustrate how imaging techniques can be used in this application, the fluorescence image of a landmine casing is presented. The results illustrate the potential of these two approaches for detection of landmines and bu ried objects. C1 Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. RP Vo-Dinh, T (reprint author), Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. NR 1 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-3238-5 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 1999 VL 3752 BP 307 EP 313 DI 10.1117/12.365712 PG 7 WC Engineering, Multidisciplinary SC Engineering GA BN95D UT WOS:000083637300032 ER PT S AU Lehman, SK Chambers, DH Candy, JV AF Lehman, SK Chambers, DH Candy, JV BE Nguyen, C TI Spectral partitioning in diffraction tomography SO SUBSURFACE SENSORS AND APPLICATIONS SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Subsurface Sensors and Applications CY JUL 19-21, 1999 CL DENVER, CO SP SPIE DE diffraction tomography; evanescent fields; beam-forming AB The scattering mechanism of diffraction tomography is described by the integral form of the Helmholtz equation. The goal of diffraction tomography is to invert this equation in order to reconstruct the object function from the measured scattered fields. During the forward propagation process, the spatial spectrum of the object under investigation is "smeared," by a convolution in the spectral domain, across the propagating and evanescent regions of the received field. Hence, care must be taken in performing the reconstruction, as the object's spectral information has been moved into regions where it may be considered to be noise rather than useful information. This mill reduce the quality and resolution of the reconstruction. We show how; the object's spectrum can be partitioned into resolvable and non-resolvable parts based upon the cutoff between the propagating and evanescent fields. Operating under the Born approximation, we develop a beamforming on transmit approach to direct the energy into either the propagating or evanescent parts of the spectrum. In this manner, we may individually interrogate the propagating and evanescent regions of the object spectrum. C1 Univ Calif Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. RP Lehman, SK (reprint author), Univ Calif Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. NR 7 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-3238-5 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 1999 VL 3752 BP 314 EP 325 DI 10.1117/12.365713 PG 12 WC Engineering, Multidisciplinary SC Engineering GA BN95D UT WOS:000083637300033 ER PT S AU Feldman, WC AF Feldman, WC BE Burch, JL Carovillano, RL Antiochos, SK TI Unresolved questions about the structure and dynamics of the extended solar corona SO SUN-EARTH PLASMA CONNECTIONS SE Geophysical Monograph Series LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Toward Solar Max 2000 - The Present Achievements and Future Opportunities of ISTP and GEM Workshop CY FEB 10-13, 1998 CL YOSEMITE NATL PARK, CA ID SUPRATHERMAL TAIL STRENGTHS; PHYSICAL-PROPERTIES; WIND; TEMPERATURE; ELECTRON; HOLE; ION; ACCELERATION; CONSTRAINTS; NETWORK AB The most basic questions about the physical state of the solar corona remain unanswered after more than 50 years of study through remote-sensing observations. Although we know it to have temperatures that exceed 10(6) K, we do not know the linkage of mechanisms that both provide and dissipate the energy flux needed to sustain its existence. An abbreviated sample of basic questions is: What is the role of magnetic activity in the generation of plasma energy flux that may heat the corona? What are the size scales and temporal cadence of this activity? What is the role of suprathermal electrons generated by this activity in heating overlying layers? What is the role of waves in coronal heating processes? Do they provide the primary energy input from sources close to the photosphere or are they secondary to interactions in the corona between fine-scale plasma jets driven by, e.g. magnetic activity, that may lead to large-scale Alfven and fast-mode waves, fast-mode shocks and plasma instabilities? If so, what drives the plasma jets and how do their properties depend on, and also shape, the macroscopic structure of the corona? How does the mix of semicoherent wave packets generated by the interaction between plasma jets evolve into a turbulent flow? What is the feedback of this turbulence on the suprathermal particle population and how does the energy flux that this population carries evolve with heliocentric distance? What mix of processes in the corona differentiate between low and high speed solar wind? C1 Los Alamos Natl Lab, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. RP Feldman, WC (reprint author), Los Alamos Natl Lab, MS-D466, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. EM wfeldman@lanl.gov NR 51 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0065-8448 BN 0-87590-092-5 J9 GEOPHYS MONOGR SER PY 1999 VL 109 BP 121 EP 128 PG 8 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geochemistry & Geophysics; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Physics, Fluids & Plasmas SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geochemistry & Geophysics; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Physics GA BN13C UT WOS:000080795900012 ER PT J AU Fisher, LM Kalinov, AV Savel'ev, SE Voloshin, IF Haldar, P Balachandran, U AF Fisher, LM Kalinov, AV Savel'ev, SE Voloshin, IF Haldar, P Balachandran, U TI Losses in Bi-2223/Ag tapes and in the 1kA AC transmission line model SO SUPERCONDUCTOR SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article AB We present here results of our study of the 5 m Long AC transmission line model with 1 kA current capability at 77 K. Primary attention was paid to the current characteristics and AC losses in individual tapes and in the core of the cable. Problems of tape transposition are considered. Our study was undertaken in several stages. At the beginning, we investigated current capability and AC losses in individual Bi-2223/Ag tapes. The goal was to determine how many tapes were needed to construct a 5 m long transmission line model with a current capability of approximate to 1 kA; we then evaluated total AC losses in the model. Subsequently, we designed a current core for the power cable and a cryogenic envelope to test the cable's performance. C1 All Russian Elect Engn Inst, Moscow, Russia. Intermagnet Gen Corp, Latham, NY 12110 USA. Argonne Natl Lab, Div Energy Technol, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. RP Fisher, LM (reprint author), All Russian Elect Engn Inst, Moscow, Russia. RI Savel'ev, Sergey/A-5876-2011; Kalinov, Alexey/F-1832-2017 OI Savel'ev, Sergey/0000-0003-2771-230X; Kalinov, Alexey/0000-0003-4988-8330 NR 8 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IOP PUBLISHING LTD PI BRISTOL PA DIRAC HOUSE, TEMPLE BACK, BRISTOL BS1 6BE, ENGLAND SN 0953-2048 J9 SUPERCOND SCI TECH JI Supercond. Sci. Technol. PD JAN PY 1999 VL 12 IS 1 BP 24 EP 35 DI 10.1088/0953-2048/12/1/006 PG 12 WC Physics, Applied; Physics, Condensed Matter SC Physics GA 164FF UT WOS:000078451800006 ER PT J AU Lillard, RS Butt, DP Baker, NP Walter, KC Nastasi, M AF Lillard, RS Butt, DP Baker, NP Walter, KC Nastasi, M TI Advances in PSII deposited DLC coatings for use as barriers to corrosion SO SURFACE ENGINEERING LA English DT Article ID SOURCE ION-IMPLANTATION; CARBON-COATED NICKEL; CHLORIDE AB Plasma source ion implantation (PSII) is a non-line of sight process for implanting complex shaped targets without the need for complex fixturing. The breakdown initiation of materials coated with diamondlike carbon (DLC) produced by PSII occurs at defects in the DLC, which expose the underlying material, thus establishing a galvanic couple between the coating and exposed material at the base of the defect. Fitting and oxidation of the base metal leads to the development of mechanical stress in the coating and eventually spallation of the coating. This paper presents current progress in attempting to mitigate the breakdown of these coatings by implanting the par ent material before coating with DLC. Ideally the parent material would be implanted with chromium or molybdenum, which are known to improve corrosion resistance, however the necessary organormetallics needed to implant these materials with PSII are not yet available. Here the effects of carbon, nitrogen, and boron implantation on the susceptibility of PSII DLC coated mild steel to breakdown are reported. (C) 1999 IoM Communications Ltd. C1 Univ Calif Los Alamos Natl Lab, Div Mat Sci & Technol, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. RP Lillard, RS (reprint author), Univ Calif Los Alamos Natl Lab, Div Mat Sci & Technol, POB 1663,MS G755, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. RI Butt, Darryl/B-7480-2008 OI Butt, Darryl/0000-0003-4501-8864 NR 11 TC 7 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 0 PU INST MATERIALS PI LONDON PA 1 CARLTON HOUSE TERRACE, LONDON SW1Y 5DB, ENGLAND SN 0267-0844 J9 SURFACE ENG JI Surf. Eng. PY 1999 VL 15 IS 3 BP 221 EP 224 DI 10.1179/026708499101516551 PG 4 WC Materials Science, Coatings & Films SC Materials Science GA 238NK UT WOS:000082716200007 ER PT J AU Erdemir, A Eryilmaz, OL Fenske, GR AF Erdemir, A Eryilmaz, OL Fenske, GR TI Self-replenishing solid lubricant films on boron carbide SO SURFACE ENGINEERING LA English DT Article ID FRICTION; WEAR; BEHAVIOR; SURFACES; COATINGS; STEEL AB This study introduces a simple annealing procedure that leads to the formation of a self-replenishing solid lubricant film on bulk boron carbide (B4C) and its coatings. The procedure uses short duration annealing at 800 degrees C far 15 min. Subsequently, the specimens are cooled to room temperature and tested in a pin on disc machine. During annealing, B4C reacts with oxygen in air and forms a glasslike boron oxide (B2O3) layer an the exposed surface. Eventually, this layer reacts spontaneously with moisture in the surrounding air, thus farming a thin baric acid (H3BO3) film. The friction coefficients of 440C steel and zirconia pins against this film are 0.04-0.06. Electron microscopy and Raman spectroscopy were used to elucidate the formation and self-lubricating mechanisms of this solid boundary film on sliding B4C surfaces. (C) 1999 IoM Communications Ltd. C1 Argonne Natl Lab, Tribol Sect, Div Energy Technol, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. RP Erdemir, A (reprint author), Istanbul Tech Univ, Dept Engn Met, TR-80626 Istanbul, Turkey. NR 19 TC 27 Z9 27 U1 2 U2 9 PU INST MATERIALS PI LONDON PA 1 CARLTON HOUSE TERRACE, LONDON SW1Y 5DB, ENGLAND SN 0267-0844 J9 SURFACE ENG JI Surf. Eng. PY 1999 VL 15 IS 4 BP 291 EP 295 DI 10.1179/026708499101516605 PG 5 WC Materials Science, Coatings & Films SC Materials Science GA 238NL UT WOS:000082716300004 ER PT J AU Erdemir, A AF Erdemir, A TI Multifunctional, ultralow friction, and ultralow wear coatings: challenges for the next millennium SO SURFACE ENGINEERING LA English DT Editorial Material C1 Argonne Natl Lab, Div Energy Technol, Tribol Sect, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. RP Erdemir, A (reprint author), Argonne Natl Lab, Div Energy Technol, Tribol Sect, 9700 S Cass Ave, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. NR 0 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU INST MATERIALS PI LONDON PA 1 CARLTON HOUSE TERRACE, LONDON SW1Y 5DB, ENGLAND SN 0267-0844 J9 SURFACE ENG JI Surf. Eng. PY 1999 VL 15 IS 5 BP 353 EP 354 PG 2 WC Materials Science, Coatings & Films SC Materials Science GA 266GX UT WOS:000084293200001 ER PT B AU Lowndes, DH Merkulov, VI Pedraza, AJ Fowlkes, JD Puretzky, AA Geohegan, DB Jellison, GE AF Lowndes, DH Merkulov, VI Pedraza, AJ Fowlkes, JD Puretzky, AA Geohegan, DB Jellison, GE BE Kumar, A Chung, YW Moore, JJ Smugeresky, JE TI Surface engineering of silicon and carbon by pulsed laser ablation SO SURFACE ENGINEERING: SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY I LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Surface Engineering - Science and Technology I held at the 1999 TMS Annual Meeting CY FEB 28-MAR 04, 1999 CL SAN DIEGO, CA SP Minerals Met & Mat Soc, Mat Proc & Mfg Div ID DIAMOND-LIKE CARBON; TETRAHEDRAL AMORPHOUS-CARBON; EXCIMER-LASER; RAMAN-SPECTRA; FILM GROWTH; THIN-FILMS; ION ENERGY; KRF-LASER; DEPOSITION; ARC AB Experiments are described in which a focused pulsed-excimer laser beam is used either to ablate a graphite target and deposit hydrogen-free amorphous carbon films, or to directly texture a silicon surface and produce arrays of high-aspect-ratio silicon microcolumns. In the first case, diamond-like carbon (or tetrahedral amorphous carbon, ta-C) films were deposited with the experimental conditions selected so that the masses and kinetic energies of incident carbon species were reasonably well controlled. Striking systematic changes in ta-C film properties were found. The sp(3)-bonded carbon fraction, the valence electron density, and the optical (Tauc) energy gap all reach their maximum values in films deposited at a carbon ion kinetic energy of similar to 90 eV. Tapping-mode atomic force microscope measurements also reveal that films deposited at 90 eV are extremely smooth (rms roughness similar to 1 Angstrom over several hundred nm) and relatively free of particulates, while the surface roughness increases in films deposited at significantly lower energies. In the second set of experiments, dense arrays of high-aspect-ratio silicon microcolumns similar to 20-40 mu m tall and similar to 2 mu m in diameter were formed by cumulative nanosecond pulsed excimer laser irradiation of silicon wafers in air and other oxygen-containing atmospheres. It is proposed that microcolumn growth occurs through a combination of pulsed-laser melting of the tips of the columns and preferential redeposition of silicon on the molten tips from the ablated flux of silicon-rich vapor. The common theme in this research is that a focused pulsed-laser beam can be used quite generally to create an energetic flux, either the energetic carbon ions needed to form sp(3) (diamond-like) bonds or the overpressure of silicon-rich species needed for microcolumn growth. Thus, new materials synthesis opportunities result from the access to nonequilibrium growth conditions provided by pulsed-laser ablation. C1 Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Div Solid State, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. RP Lowndes, DH (reprint author), Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Div Solid State, POB 2008, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. RI Puretzky, Alexander/B-5567-2016; Geohegan, David/D-3599-2013 OI Puretzky, Alexander/0000-0002-9996-4429; Geohegan, David/0000-0003-0273-3139 NR 62 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU MINERALS, METALS & MATERIALS SOC PI WARRENDALE PA 184 THORN HILL RD, WARRENDALE, PA 15086-7514 USA BN 0-87339-427-5 PY 1999 BP 113 EP 126 PG 14 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering; Materials Science, Characterization & Testing; Materials Science, Coatings & Films SC Materials Science; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering GA BM95J UT WOS:000080238600011 ER PT S AU Pichot, F Gao, W Gregg, BA Ferrere, S Lee, SH Bullock, J Xu, Y Pitts, RJ Tracy, C Morrison, S Deb, SK Benson, DK Branz, HM AF Pichot, F Gao, W Gregg, BA Ferrere, S Lee, SH Bullock, J Xu, Y Pitts, RJ Tracy, C Morrison, S Deb, SK Benson, DK Branz, HM BE Lampert, CM TI Self-powered electrochromic coatings SO SWITCHABLE MATERIALS AND FLAT PANEL DISPLAYS SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Switchable Materials and Flat Panel Displays CY JUL 21-22, 1999 CL DENVER, CO SP SPIE ID SOLAR-CELL; TIO2 FILMS; WINDOWS; CONVERSION; DESIGN; LIGHT; DYE; ELECTROLYTES; ELECTRICITY; TEMPERATURE AB Large-scale electrochromic (EC) coatings for the control of glare and solar heat gain through windows are rapidly becoming commercially available. The new electrochromic windows will improve occupant comfort and reduce energy use for air-conditioning of the buildings in which they are installed. However, there will remain a very large number of buildings that could be beneficially fitted with the EC windows except for the high cost of replacing the existing windows and providing the needed electrical wiring. This retrofit market represents a large fraction of the approximately two billion square meters of existing building windows in the U. S. and a large fraction of the energy conservation potential of EC windows. This paper summarizes efforts at the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) to develop self-powered electrochromic window coatings that could be used for economical retrofit to existing building windows. The self-power is provided in either of two ways in separate approaches to the EC design: by very thin, nearly transparent a-silicon PV cells or by dye-sensitized titania half-cells built into the multi-layer structure of the window coating. The goal of both designs is the ability to incorporate the self-powered EC coating into a laminated flexible polymer film. This film could then be retrofited to a building window by bonding it to the interior surface and attaching it to local electronic controls that also derive their power from the windows that they control. Laboratory-scale prototype self-powered EC window coatings have been fabricated using both approaches. These are described and the remaining development challenges are discussed. C1 Natl Renewable Energy Lab, Golden, CO 80401 USA. RP Pichot, F (reprint author), Natl Renewable Energy Lab, 1617 Cole Blvd, Golden, CO 80401 USA. NR 32 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 3 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-3274-1 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 1999 VL 3788 BP 59 EP 68 DI 10.1117/12.365773 PG 10 WC Computer Science, Hardware & Architecture; Materials Science, Coatings & Films; Optics SC Computer Science; Materials Science; Optics GA BN98B UT WOS:000083742100008 ER PT B AU Klemm, RA AF Klemm, RA BE Ausloos, M Kurchinin, S TI The orbital symmetry of the order parameter in HTSC: The controversy continues SO SYMMETRY AND PAIRING IN SUPERCONDUCTORS SE NATO ADVANCED SCIENCE INSTITUTE SERIES, SUB-SERIES 3, HIGH TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT NATO Advanced Research Workshop on Symmetry and Pairing in Superconductors CY APR 29-MAY 02, 1998 CL YALTA, UKRAINE SP NATO ID T-C SUPERCONDUCTORS; <001>-TWIST GRAIN-BOUNDARIES; TUNNEL-JUNCTIONS; MAGNETIC-FIELD; PAIRING-STATE; BI2SR2CACU2O8+DELTA BICRYSTALS; LAYERED SUPERCONDUCTORS; PENETRATION DEPTH; YBA2CU3O7-DELTA; AXIS C1 Argonne Natl Lab, Div Mat Sci, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. RP Klemm, RA (reprint author), Argonne Natl Lab, Div Mat Sci, 9700 S Cass Ave, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. NR 77 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS BN 0-7923-5520-2 J9 NATO ASI 3 HIGH TECH PY 1999 VL 63 BP 161 EP 172 PG 12 WC Physics, Multidisciplinary; Physics, Condensed Matter; Physics, Nuclear SC Physics GA BM62Y UT WOS:000079306800015 ER PT J AU Volkow, ND Fowler, JS Gatley, SJ Dewey, SL Wang, GJ Logan, J Ding, YS Franceschi, D Gifford, A Morgan, A Pappas, N King, P AF Volkow, ND Fowler, JS Gatley, SJ Dewey, SL Wang, GJ Logan, J Ding, YS Franceschi, D Gifford, A Morgan, A Pappas, N King, P TI Comparable changes in synaptic dopamine induced by methylphenidate and by cocaine in the baboon brain SO SYNAPSE LA English DT Article DE positron emission tomography (PET); [C-11]raclopride; reinforcement; dopamine transporters; dopamine D2 receptors ID MEDIAL PREFRONTAL CORTEX; C-11 RACLOPRIDE; THREO-METHYLPHENIDATE; NUCLEUS-ACCUMBENS; RAT STRIATUM; INTRAVENOUS METHYLPHENIDATE; EXTRACELLULAR DOPAMINE; TRANSPORTER OCCUPANCY; INVIVO MICRODIALYSIS; ENDOGENOUS DOPAMINE AB Though the blockade of dopamine transporters (DAT) is associated with cocaine's and methylphenidate's reinforcing effects, it is the stimulation of dopamine (DA) receptors, achieved by increases in synaptic DA, that enables these effects to occur. Positron emission tomography (PET) and [C-11] raclopride were used to assess the levels of occupancy of DA D2 receptors by dopamine achieved by doses of cocaine or methylphenidate previously documented to block over 70% of DAT. Studies were performed in five baboons using a paired scan protocol designed to measure DA D2 receptor availability (Bmax/Kd) at baseline conditions and after intravenous administration of either cocaine or methylphenidate. Cocaine (1-2 mg/kg) or methylphenidate (0.5 mg/kg) administered 5 min prior to [C-11]raclopride decreased Bmax/Kd by 29 +/- 3% and 32 +/- 4%, respectively. Smaller reductions in Bmax/Kd (13% for cocaine given 30 min before [C-11]raclopride and 25 +/- 10% for methylphenidate given 40 min before [C-11]raclopride) were seen with longer periods between drug and radioligand. These observations are consistent with the slower striatal clearance kinetics of [C-11]methylphenidate than [C-11]cocaine observed in previous PET experiments and with the approximately twofold higher potency of methylphenidate than cocaine in in vitro experiments. Though the elevation of synaptic DA induced by >70% occupancy of DAT by these drugs lead to a modest increase in occupancy of D2 receptors (25-30%), further studies are required to assess if this is an underestimation because of differences in D2 receptor binding kinetics between raclopride and DA. Synapse 31:59-66, 1999. (C) 1999 Wiley-Liss, Inc. C1 Brookhaven Natl Lab, Dept Med, Upton, NY 11973 USA. Brookhaven Natl Lab, Dept Chem, Upton, NY 11973 USA. SUNY Stony Brook, Dept Psychiat, Stony Brook, NY 11794 USA. RP Volkow, ND (reprint author), Brookhaven Natl Lab, Dept Med, Upton, NY 11973 USA. EM volkow@bnl.gov FU NIDA NIH HHS [DA06278] NR 47 TC 48 Z9 48 U1 1 U2 3 PU WILEY-LISS PI NEW YORK PA DIV JOHN WILEY & SONS INC, 605 THIRD AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10158-0012 USA SN 0887-4476 J9 SYNAPSE JI Synapse PD JAN PY 1999 VL 31 IS 1 BP 59 EP 66 DI 10.1002/(SICI)1098-2396(199901)31:1<59::AID-SYN8>3.0.CO;2-Y PG 8 WC Neurosciences SC Neurosciences & Neurology GA 145KG UT WOS:000077369700008 PM 10025684 ER PT J AU Dewey, SL Brodie, JD Gerasimov, M Horan, B Gardner, EL Ashby, CR AF Dewey, SL Brodie, JD Gerasimov, M Horan, B Gardner, EL Ashby, CR TI A pharmacologic strategy for the treatment of nicotine addiction SO SYNAPSE LA English DT Article DE gamma vinyl-GABA (Vigabatrin); nicotine; conditioned place preference; positron emission tomography; microdialysis; treatment; substance abuse ID CONDITIONED PLACE PREFERENCE; POSITRON EMISSION TOMOGRAPHY; INDUCED DOPAMINE RELEASE; VENTRAL TEGMENTAL AREA; RAT NUCLEUS-ACCUMBENS; INTRAVENOUS NICOTINE; C-11 RACLOPRIDE; COCAINE; STIMULATION; DEPENDENCE AB Like many psychostimulant drugs, nicotine elevates extracellular and synaptic dopamine (DA) concentrations in the nucleus accumbens (NAc). This elevation has been linked to its reinforcing properties. Dopaminergic transmission within the NAc is modulated by gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA). Therefore, we examined the utility of gamma vinyl-GABA (GVG, Vigabatrin) for inhibiting nicotine's biochemical effects on NAc DA as well as its effects on behaviors associated with these biochemical changes. Given 2.5 hours prior to nicotine, GVG (75 mg/kg) had no effect on nicotine-induced increases in extracellular NAc DA. However, at 90 mg/kg, GVG significantly inhibited nicotine-induced increases by approximately 50% while at 100 or 150 mg/kg, GVG completely abolished nicotine-induced increases in both naive and chronically nicotine-treated animals, When given 12 or 24 hours prior to nicotine administration at a dose of 100 mg/kg, GVG-induced inhibition was diminished or abolished, respectively. In addition, at a dose of 18.15 mg/kg GVG abolished the expression of nicotine-induced conditioned place preference (CPP) while a dose of 75 mg/kg abolished the acquisition phase of CPP. Finally, using positron emission tomography (PET) and (11)C-raclopride in primates, GVG (100 mg/kg) abolished nicotine-induced increases in synaptic DA while having no effect on the rate of metabolism of the radiotracer or its regional distribution. Together, these data suggest that GVG may be useful for the treatment of nicotine addiction and further support the strategy of targeting the GABAergic system with a suicide inhibitor of GABA-transaminase for the treatment of drug addiction. Synapse 31:76-86, 1999. (C) 1999 Wiley-Liss, Inc. C1 St Johns Univ, Coll Pharm & Allied Hlth Profess, Dept Pharmaceut Hlth Sci, Jamaica, NY 11439 USA. Brookhaven Natl Lab, Dept Chem, Upton, NY 11973 USA. NYU, Sch Med, Dept Psychiat, New York, NY 10016 USA. Albert Einstein Coll Med, Dept Psychiat, Bronx, NY 10461 USA. Albert Einstein Coll Med, Dept Neurosci, Bronx, NY 10461 USA. RP Ashby, CR (reprint author), St Johns Univ, Coll Pharm & Allied Hlth Profess, Dept Pharmaceut Hlth Sci, 8000 Utopia Pkwy, Jamaica, NY 11439 USA. EM Crashby@ix.netcom.com FU NIDA NIH HHS [Y1-DA7047-01]; NIMH NIH HHS [MH49165]; PHS HHS [R2955155] NR 73 TC 129 Z9 130 U1 2 U2 3 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 0887-4476 J9 SYNAPSE JI Synapse PD JAN PY 1999 VL 31 IS 1 BP 76 EP 86 PG 11 WC Neurosciences SC Neurosciences & Neurology GA 145KG UT WOS:000077369700010 PM 10025686 ER PT B AU Bertsch, PM Schulze, DG AF Bertsch, PM Schulze, DG BE Schulze, DG Stucki, JW Bertsch, PM TI Obtaining access to synchrotron-based techniques SO SYNCHROTRON X-RAY METHODS IN CLAY SCIENCE SE CMS WORKSHOP LECTURES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 11th International Clay Conference CY JUN 14, 1997 CL CARLETON UNIV, OTTAWA, CANADA SP Clay Minerals Soc HO CARLETON UNIV C1 Univ Georgia, Savannah River Ecol Lab, Adv Analyt Ctr Environm Sci, Aiken, SC 29802 USA. RP Bertsch, PM (reprint author), Univ Georgia, Savannah River Ecol Lab, Adv Analyt Ctr Environm Sci, PO Drawer E, Aiken, SC 29802 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 1 PU CLAY MINERALS SOC PI BOULDER PA PO BOX 4416, BOULDER, CO 80306 USA BN 1-881208-09-5 J9 CMS WORK LECT PY 1999 VL 9 BP 240 EP 244 PG 5 WC Crystallography; Mineralogy SC Crystallography; Mineralogy GA BS53U UT WOS:000170263000010 ER PT J AU Finkelstein, J AF Finkelstein, J TI Space-time counterfactuals SO SYNTHESE LA English DT Article ID NONLOCAL CHARACTER; QUANTUM-THEORY; BELL THEOREM AB A definition is proposed to give precise meaning to the counterfactual statements that often appear in discussions of the implications of quantum mechanics. Of particular interest are counterfactual statements which involve events occurring at space-like separated points, which do not have an absolute time ordering. Some consequences of this definition are discussed. C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. RP Finkelstein, J (reprint author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, 1 Cyclotron Rd, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. NR 19 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 0 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0039-7857 J9 SYNTHESE JI Synthese PY 1999 VL 119 IS 3 BP 287 EP 298 DI 10.1023/A:1005286229775 PG 12 WC History & Philosophy Of Science; Philosophy SC History & Philosophy of Science; Philosophy GA 276EF UT WOS:000084862100003 ER PT S AU Gentry, SM Levenson, R AF Gentry, SM Levenson, R BE Cohn, GE Owicki, JC TI Biomedical applications of the Information-efficient Spectral Imaging Sensor (ISIS) SO SYSTEMS AND TECHNOLOGIES FOR CLINICAL DIAGNOSTICS AND DRUG DISCOVERY II, PROCEEDINGS OF SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Systems and Technologies for Clinical Diagnostics and Drug Discovery II CY JAN 24-25, 1999 CL SAN JOSE, CA SP SPIE, Int Biomed Opt Soc DE spectral imaging; dimensionality reduction; principal component; projection pursuit; basis pursuit; band selection; optimal spectral filter; tunable spectral filter AB The Information-efficient Spectral Imaging Sensor (ISIS) approach to spectral imaging seeks to bridge the gap between tuned multispectral and fixed hyperspectral imaging sensors. By allowing the definition of completely general spectral filter functions, truly optimal measurements can be made for a given task. These optimal measurements significantly improve signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and speed, minimize data volume and data rate, while preserving classification accuracy. The following paper investigates the application of the ISIS sensing approach in two sample biomedical applications: prostate and colon cancer screening. It is shown that in these applications, two to three optimal measurements are sufficient to capture the majority of classification information for critical sample constituents. In the prostate cancer example, the optimal measurements allow 8% relative improvement in classification accuracy of critical cell constituents over a red, green, blue (RGB) sensor. In the colon cancer example, use of optimal measurements boost the classification accuracy of critical cell constituents by 28% relative to the RGB sensor. In both cases, optimal measurements match the performance achieved by the entire hyperspectral data set. The paper concludes that an ISIS style spectral imager can acquire these optimal spectral images directly, allowing improved classification accuracy over an RGB sensor. Compared to a hyperspectral sensor, the ISIS approach can achieve similar classification accuracy using a significantly lower number of spectral samples, thus minimizing overall sample classification time and cost. C1 Sandia Natl Labs, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. RP Gentry, SM (reprint author), Sandia Natl Labs, POB 5800, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. NR 12 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-3073-0 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 1999 VL 3603 BP 129 EP 142 DI 10.1117/12.346734 PG 14 WC Chemistry, Medicinal; Engineering, Biomedical; Medical Laboratory Technology; Optics SC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Engineering; Medical Laboratory Technology; Optics GA BN04J UT WOS:000080481600014 ER PT B AU Bleil, RW AF Bleil, RW GP CSU CSU TI Integrating environmental requirements into project planning SO TAILINGS AND MINE WASTE '99 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 6th International Conference on Tailing and Mine Waste 99 CY JAN 24-27, 1999 CL COLORADO STATE UNIV, FT COLLINS, CO HO COLORADO STATE UNIV AB Proper integration of environmental compliance requirements into all phases of project management will result in an expedited, cost-effective approach. Integration should begin at the conceptual design phase of project planning. The approach presented in this paper mirrors the process effectively implemented by the U.S. Department of Energy's Grand Junction Office for the 24 sites identified in the Uranium Mill Tailings Radiation Control Act of 1978. The approach includes a system of identifying state, federal, and tribal regulatory requirements, negotiation issues and strategies, records requirements, training requirements, and budgeting techniques. Most importantly, the approach emphasizes a coordinated team effort among environmental scientists, regulatory agencies, project management, and the customer. This results in environmental regulatory requirements being accomplished on a "fast-track," in a cost-effective manner that meets project schedules and results in minimal risks to the environment and public health. C1 US Dept Energy, MACTEC, ERS, Grand Junction, CO USA. RP Bleil, RW (reprint author), US Dept Energy, MACTEC, ERS, Grand Junction, CO USA. NR 2 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU A A BALKEMA PUBLISHERS PI LEIDEN PA SCHIPHOLWEG 107C, PO BOX 447, 2316 XC LEIDEN, NETHERLANDS BN 90-5809-025-6 PY 1999 BP 107 EP 113 PG 7 WC Engineering, Environmental; Engineering, Geological; Mining & Mineral Processing SC Engineering; Mining & Mineral Processing GA BM25V UT WOS:000078186900013 ER PT B AU Kautsky, M AF Kautsky, M GP CSU CSU TI Hydrogeologic uncertainty and the design of a remedial well field SO TAILINGS AND MINE WASTE '99 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 6th International Conference on Tailing and Mine Waste 99 CY JAN 24-27, 1999 CL COLORADO STATE UNIV, FT COLLINS, CO HO COLORADO STATE UNIV AB Uncertainty concerning the nature of hydrogeologic conditions becomes apparent during engineering design of a remediation well field. Difficulties arise because subsurface conditions are seldom if ever, adequately defined to ascertain plume geometry, aquifer heterogeneity, geochemical conditions, and contaminant sources. The effects of hydrogeologic uncertainty on the design of a remediation well field are evaluated for a uranium mill tailings disposal cell near Tuba City, Arizona. Important parameters affecting the fate and transport of contaminants in the groundwater are the aquifer hydraulic conductivity, total and effective porosity, and sorption onto the solid phase. Site characterization data indicate that the performance of a remediation well field should be predictable using groundwater now modeling and particle tracking in combination with a phased implementation strategy; however, the eventual performance of the well field could be hampered by a large disparity between total and effective porosity. C1 US DOE, LLC, ERS, MACTEC, Grand Junct, CO USA. RP Kautsky, M (reprint author), US DOE, LLC, ERS, MACTEC, Grand Junct, CO USA. NR 13 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU A A BALKEMA PUBLISHERS PI LEIDEN PA SCHIPHOLWEG 107C, PO BOX 447, 2316 XC LEIDEN, NETHERLANDS BN 90-5809-025-6 PY 1999 BP 525 EP 534 PG 10 WC Engineering, Environmental; Engineering, Geological; Mining & Mineral Processing SC Engineering; Mining & Mineral Processing GA BM25V UT WOS:000078186900055 ER PT S AU Davidson, JR Hassig, NL Gilbert, RO Wilson, JE AF Davidson, JR Hassig, NL Gilbert, RO Wilson, JE GP TAPPI TAPPI TAPPI TI Data quality objectives and environmental sampling: On-the-spot expert help using software tools SO TAPPI INTERNATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL CONFERENCE, VOLS 1-3 SE TAPPI PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT TAPPI International Environmental Conference CY APR 18-21, 1999 CL NASHVILLE, TN SP TAPPI, USDA, Forest Serv, PAPTAC AB One of the major obstacles to planning and implementing an environmental sampling program is assembling the necessary software, technical information, and guidance documents in one place so that the time spent can be focused on the problem rather than searching for information and implementation software. This paper discusses two tools to help select and implement environmental sampling plans. SampTOOL and Visual Sample Plan (VSP), two software tools under development by the Pacific Northwest National Laboratory and Oak Ridge National Laboratory, will be demonstrated. Both tools support a Data Quality Objectives (DQO) approach to ensure the right type, quality, and quantity of data are gathered to permit confident decisions about remediation and environmental characterization needs. SampTOOL is a web-based software application for determining the best sampling design for certain types of environmental media contamination problems. SampTOOL is structured as a decision tree (flow chart) that can be accessed interactively over the Internet in conjunction with hard copy flow charts. Users are posed a series of questions about their site, the problem to be resolved with sampling data, and availability of supplemental information. SampTOOL uses the responses to narrow down the feasible sampling designs suited for this problem and identifies the best-matched design for the problem and sampling constraints. Once a sampling plan has been selected, Visual Sample Plan, a stand-alone Windows-95 program, can be used to overlay the recommend sampling design on a map of the site and the actual number and placement of the samples can be derived. Since this is done on-screen, the user can immediately see the implications of the various assumptions that go into a sampling design and interactively experiment with different scenarios. Finally, the sampling coordinates of the selected design can be exported to a GPS system to facilitate fieldwork. C1 Battelle Mem Inst, Pacific NW Labs, Richland, WA 99352 USA. RP Davidson, JR (reprint author), Battelle Mem Inst, Pacific NW Labs, POB 999, Richland, WA 99352 USA. NR 5 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU TAPPI PRESS PI ATLANTA PA TECHNOLOGY PARK, PO BOX 105113, ATLANTA, GA 30348 USA SN 1047-3033 BN 0-89852-736-8 J9 P TECH AS P PY 1999 BP 153 EP 160 PG 4 WC Engineering, Environmental; Engineering, Chemical; Materials Science, Paper & Wood SC Engineering; Materials Science GA BM95A UT WOS:000080237800025 ER PT S AU Marland, G Schlamadinger, B AF Marland, G Schlamadinger, B GP TAPPI TAPPI TAPPI TI Carbon sequestered, carbon displaced and the Kyoto context SO TAPPI INTERNATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL CONFERENCE, VOLS 1-3 SE TAPPI PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT TAPPI International Environmental Conference CY APR 18-21, 1999 CL NASHVILLE, TN SP TAPPI, USDA, Forest Serv, PAPTAC AB The integrated system that embraces forest management, forest products, and land-use change impacts the global carbon cycle - and hence the net emission of the greenhouse gas carbon dioxide - in four fundamental ways. Carbon is stored in living and dead biomass, carbon is stored in wood products and landfills, forest products substitute in the market place for products made from other materials, and forest harvests can be used wholly or partially to displace fossil fuels in the energy sector. implementation of the Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change would result in the creation of international markets for carbon dioxide emissions credits, but the current Kyoto text does not treat all carbon identically. We have developed a carbon accounting model, GORCAM, to examine a variety of scenarios for land management and the production of forest products. In this paper we explore, for two simple scenarios of forest management, the carbon flows that occur and how these might be accounted for under the Kyoto text. The Kyoto Protocol raises questions about what activities can result in emissions credits, which carbon reservoirs will be counted, who will receive the credits, and how much credit will be available? The Kyoto Protocol would sometimes give credits for carbon sequestered, but it would always give credits when fossil-fuel carbon dioxide emissions are displaced. C1 Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Div Environm Sci, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. RP Marland, G (reprint author), Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Div Environm Sci, POB 2008, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. NR 6 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 2 U2 3 PU TAPPI PRESS PI ATLANTA PA TECHNOLOGY PARK, PO BOX 105113, ATLANTA, GA 30348 USA SN 1047-3033 BN 0-89852-736-8 J9 P TECH AS P PY 1999 BP 283 EP 289 PG 3 WC Engineering, Environmental; Engineering, Chemical; Materials Science, Paper & Wood SC Engineering; Materials Science GA BM95A UT WOS:000080237800041 ER PT S AU Tsai, SP Pfromm, P Henry, MP Fracaro, AT AF Tsai, SP Pfromm, P Henry, MP Fracaro, AT GP TAPPI TAPPI TAPPI TI Recycling of water in bleached kraft pulp mills by using electrodialysis SO TAPPI INTERNATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL CONFERENCE, VOLS 1-3 SE TAPPI PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT TAPPI International Environmental Conference CY APR 18-21, 1999 CL NASHVILLE, TN SP TAPPI, USDA, Forest Serv, PAPTAC ID CLOSURE AB Conservation of water in bleached kraft pulp mills by recycling the bleach plant effluent directly without treatment will cause accumulation of inorganic "non-process elements" (NPEs) and serious operational problems. In this work, an electrodialysis process is being developed for recycling the acidic bleach plant effluent of bleached kraft pulp mills. In this process, electrodialysis functions as a selective kidney to remove inorganic NPEs from bleach plant effluents, before they reach the recovery cycle. Acidic bleach plant effluents from several mills using bleaching sequences based on chlorine dioxide were characterized. The total dissolved solids were mostly inorganic NPEs. Sodium was the predominant cation and chloride was present at significant levels in all these effluents. In laboratory electrodialysis experiments, selective removal of chloride and potentially harmful cations, such as potassium, calcium, and magnesium, were removed efficiently. Rejection of organic compounds was up to 98%. Electrodialysis was shown to be resistant to membrane fouling and scaling, in a 100-hour laboratory experiment. Based on a model mill with 1,000 ton/day pulp production, the economic analysis suggests that the energy cost of electrodialysis is less than $200/day, and the capital cost of the stack is about $500,000. C1 Argonne Natl Lab, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. RP Tsai, SP (reprint author), Argonne Natl Lab, 9700 S Cass Ave, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. NR 11 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU TAPPI PRESS PI ATLANTA PA TECHNOLOGY PARK, PO BOX 105113, ATLANTA, GA 30348 USA SN 1047-3033 BN 0-89852-736-8 J9 P TECH AS P PY 1999 BP 831 EP 838 PG 4 WC Engineering, Environmental; Engineering, Chemical; Materials Science, Paper & Wood SC Engineering; Materials Science GA BM95A UT WOS:000080237800100 ER PT S AU Sukamto, JH Rassat, SD Josephson, GJ Lawrence, WE Mendoza, DP Viswanathan, VV Hallen, RT Orth, RJ Lilga, MA Malmberg, BJ Gu, YX Edwards, LL AF Sukamto, JH Rassat, SD Josephson, GJ Lawrence, WE Mendoza, DP Viswanathan, VV Hallen, RT Orth, RJ Lilga, MA Malmberg, BJ Gu, YX Edwards, LL GP TAPPI TAPPI TAPPI TI Electrically switched ion exchange (ESIX) for the removal of potassium to enhance water recycle opportunities SO TAPPI INTERNATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL CONFERENCE, VOLS 1-3 SE TAPPI PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT TAPPI International Environmental Conference CY APR 18-21, 1999 CL NASHVILLE, TN SP TAPPI, USDA, Forest Serv, PAPTAC ID NICKEL ELECTRODE; RECOVERY; SURFACES; CHLORIDE; FILMS; CYCLE AB Electrically switched ion exchange (ESD), an electrochemical separation technique, is being developed at the Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL) for ion separations in industrial process and waste streams. ESIX provides an alternative separation method to conventional ion exchange technology. While ESIX is being developed for general ion separations [1,2], this paper focuses on the selective removal of potassium cations. Nickel hexacyanoferrate (NiHCF), an ESIX material, is shown to be selective for potassium over sodium with a separation factor of 24. In addition, NiHCF has been stabilized to over 15,000 cycles in a solution of electrostatic precipitator catch. To accurately model the impact of potassium and chloride buildup due to increased recycle of mill effluent streams, new simulation tools have been integrated into WinGEMS. Simulation is then used to evaluate recycle strategies and how new technologies like ESIX impact potassium and chloride levels throughout the mill. The Kraft recovery furnace simulation model has been enhanced to handle potassium and chloride compounds. Results from a full mill simulation show that using ESIX to treat the precipitator catch from the recovery boiler can lower the potassium levels in "as fired" black liquor by 35%, thus decreasing ash and dust stickiness. C1 Battelle Mem Inst, Pacific NW Labs, Richland, WA 99352 USA. RP Sukamto, JH (reprint author), Battelle Mem Inst, Pacific NW Labs, POB 999, Richland, WA 99352 USA. NR 19 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU TAPPI PRESS PI ATLANTA PA TECHNOLOGY PARK, PO BOX 105113, ATLANTA, GA 30348 USA SN 1047-3033 BN 0-89852-736-8 J9 P TECH AS P PY 1999 BP 839 EP 859 PG 5 WC Engineering, Environmental; Engineering, Chemical; Materials Science, Paper & Wood SC Engineering; Materials Science GA BM95A UT WOS:000080237800101 ER PT S AU Gell-Mann, M AF Gell-Mann, M BE Rossi, C Bastianoni, S Donati, A Archettini, N TI Fundamental sources of unpredictability SO TEMPOS IN SCIENCE AND NATURE: STRUCTURES, RELATIONS, AND COMPLEXITY SE ANNALS OF THE NEW YORK ACADEMY OF SCIENCES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Tempos in Science and Nature - Structures, Relations, and Complexity CY SEP 23-26, 1998 CL SIENA, ITALY SP Univ degli Studi Siena, Consorzio Interuniv CSGI, Monte Paschi Siena Bank, Italian Natl Res Council, Univ Siena, Consorzio Venezia Nuova, Whirlpool, Bruker, Oikos, Meta SpA, Camera Commercio Siena, Comune Siena C1 Santa Fe Inst, Santa Fe, NM 87501 USA. Univ Calif Los Alamos Natl Lab, Theory Div, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. Univ New Mexico, Dept Phys & Astron, Albuquerque, NM 87131 USA. RP Gell-Mann, M (reprint author), Santa Fe Inst, 1399 Hyde Pk Rd, Santa Fe, NM 87501 USA. NR 7 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 3 PU NEW YORK ACAD SCIENCES PI NEW YORK PA 2 EAST 63RD ST, NEW YORK, NY 10021 USA SN 0077-8923 BN 1-57331-196-0 J9 ANN NY ACAD SCI JI Ann.NY Acad.Sci. PY 1999 VL 879 BP 1 EP 7 DI 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1999.tb10401.x PG 7 WC Biology; Mathematics, Applied; Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics; Mathematics; Science & Technology - Other Topics GA BN32A UT WOS:000081587400001 ER PT S AU Vawter, GA Sullivan, C AF Vawter, GA Sullivan, C BE Hwu, RJ Wu, K TI RF and mm-wave photonics at Sandia National Laboratories SO TERAHERTZ AND GIGAHERTZ PHOTONICS SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Terahertz and Gigahertz Photonics CY JUL 19-23, 1999 CL DENVER, CO SP SPIE DE terahertz and gigahertz photonic components; integrated optics; Mach-Zehnder interferometer; diode laser; mode-locking; optical waveguide; AlGaAs; mm-wave; optoelectronic integrated circuit; OEIC; optical modulator ID SEMICONDUCTOR RING LASERS; LARGE-BANDWIDTH; PHOTODETECTORS; POWER AB RF and mm-wave photonic devices and circuits have been developed at Sandia National Laboratories for applications ranging from RF optical data links to optical generation of mm-wave frequencies. This talk will explore recent high-speed photonics technology developments at Sandia including: 1) A monolithic optical integrated circuit for all-optical generation of mm-waves. Using integrated mode-locked diode lasers, amplifiers, and detectors, frequencies between 30 GHz and 90 GHz are generated by a single monolithic (Al,Ga)As optical circuit less than 2mm in its largest dimension. 2) Development of polarization-maintaining, low-insertion-loss, low v-pi, Mach-Zehnder interferometer (MZI) modulators with DC-to-potentially-K-band modulation bandwidth. New low-loss polarization-maintaining waveguide designs using binary alloys have been shown to reduce polarization crosstalk in undoped (AI,Ga)As waveguides, yielding high extinction ratio (>40dB) and low on-chip loss <6dB) in Mach-Zehnder interferometers. RF drive voltage is reduced through use of 45mm-active length devices with modulator sensitivity, v-pi, less than 3V. C1 Sandia Natl Labs, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. RP Vawter, GA (reprint author), Sandia Natl Labs, POB 5800, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. NR 10 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-3281-4 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 1999 VL 3795 BP 10 EP 16 DI 10.1117/12.370190 PG 7 WC Computer Science, Hardware & Architecture; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Optics SC Computer Science; Engineering; Optics GA BP33W UT WOS:000084753700002 ER PT J AU Sotomayor, RE Ehling, UH Sega, GA AF Sotomayor, RE Ehling, UH Sega, GA TI Differential sensitivities of spermatogonial and postspermatogonial cell stages of the mouse to induction of unscheduled DNA synthesis by ethyl- and methyl-nitrosourea SO TERATOGENESIS CARCINOGENESIS AND MUTAGENESIS LA English DT Article DE UDS; spermatogonia; ENU; MNU; mice ID MALE-MICE; ALKYLATING-AGENTS; GERM-CELLS; LOCUS; ETHYLNITROSOUREA; METHANESULFONATE; SPERMATOCYTES; MUTAGENICITY; MUTATIONS; RADIATION AB An autoradiographic procedure was used to measure unscheduled DNA synthesis (UDS, DNA repair synthesis) in spermatogonial and postspermatogonial cell stages of mice after treatment with two doses of N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea (ENU) and N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNU). Significant levels of UDS were measured in type A spermatogonia, meiotic spermatocytes, round spermatids, and early elongating spermatids but not in mature spermatids. The extent of UDS varied according to the germ cell stage and the dose. At equimolar concentrations, MNU was more efficient than ENU in eliciting a UDS response in all germ cells. After ENU treatment, type A spermatogonia showed the highest UDS response, while round and elongating spermatids showed the lowest. After MNU treatment, pachytene spermatocytes exhibited the highest UDS response while type A spermatogonia showed the lowest. The high UDS response of type A spermatogonia to ENU parallels the well-known high mutational sensitivity of spermatogonia to this chemical. Similarly the high UDS response observed in meiotic spermatocytes and early spermatid stages after MNU treatment correlates with the high mutational sensitivity of postspermatogonial stages to MNU. Thus, the present results, like the specific locus mutation studies, indicate that ENU and MNU each has a unique effect on the spermatogenic cells. This effect is likely due to the different mechanism of action of ENU and MNU at the level of DNA and also to the physiological differences between different germ-cell stages. Teratogenesis Carcinog. Mutagen. 19:339-351, 1999. Published 1999 Wiley-Liss,Inc. C1 US FDA, Ctr Food Safety & Appl Nutr, Div Toxicol Res, Laurel, MD 20708 USA. GSF Forschungszentrum Umwelt & Gesundheit GMBH, Inst Saugetiergenet, Neuherberg, Germany. Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Div Chem & Analyt Sci, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. RP Sotomayor, RE (reprint author), US FDA, Ctr Food Safety & Appl Nutr, Div Toxicol Res, HFS-509,MOD-1,8301 Muirkirk Rd, Laurel, MD 20708 USA. NR 41 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 0 PU WILEY-LISS PI NEW YORK PA DIV JOHN WILEY & SONS INC, 605 THIRD AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10158-0012 USA SN 0270-3211 J9 TERATOGEN CARCIN MUT JI Teratogenesis Carcinog. Mutagen. PY 1999 VL 19 IS 5 BP 339 EP 351 DI 10.1002/(SICI)1520-6866(1999)19:5<339::AID-TCM4>3.0.CO;2-O PG 13 WC Oncology; Genetics & Heredity; Toxicology SC Oncology; Genetics & Heredity; Toxicology GA 240XC UT WOS:000082851500004 PM 10495451 ER PT J AU Taha, H Konopacki, S Gabersek, S AF Taha, H Konopacki, S Gabersek, S TI Impacts of large-scale surface modifications on meteorological conditions and energy use: A 10-region modeling study SO THEORETICAL AND APPLIED CLIMATOLOGY LA English DT Article ID OZONE AIR-QUALITY; ALBEDO; BASIN AB This paper summarizes results from a mesoscale modeling study to quantify the possible meteorological and energy-use impacts of large-scale increases in surface albedo and vegetative fraction. Ten regions in the U.S. were characterized and simulated in base- and modified-surface conditions. Time- and space-dependent meteorological variables were simulated for each region in four 3-day episodes to represent a range of seasonal variations. In terms of peak summer conditions, for example, the mesoscale simulations suggest that at 2 pm local time, urban areas in Los Angeles, New York, Chicago, Atlanta, Washington DC, and Philadelphia can be up to 2 degrees C warmer than their rural surrounds, whereas Dallas and Houston can be 1.5 degrees C and Phoenix up to 1 degrees C warmer than rural areas. Miami does not exhibit a significant heat island. The simulations also suggest that large-scale increases in albedo and vegetative fraction can result in spatially-averaged decreases in 2-pm air temperature of 0.5 to 1.5 degrees C during a typical summer day, depending on region. Using a simple interpolative procedure, a complete year of hourly weather data was created for each region (based on episodic meteorological simulation results) and input into energy-use models. The modified weather input was used to assess the effects of large-scale albedo and vegetative fraction changes on annual energy consumption in each of the ten areas targeted in this study. The simulations suggest annual electricity savings of between 1 and 6.7 kWhm(-2) (of roof area) in residential neighbor hoods and between 2 and 6.1 kWhm(-2) in office areas, depending on region. Annual gas penalties amount to up to 34.8 MJ m(-2) (of roof area) in residential neighborhoods and up to 21.1 MJ m(-2) in office areas. C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Environm Energy Technol Div, Heat Isl Project, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. RP Taha, H (reprint author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Environm Energy Technol Div, Heat Isl Project, MS 90-2000, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. NR 24 TC 44 Z9 44 U1 1 U2 17 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG WIEN PI VIENNA PA SACHSENPLATZ 4-6, PO BOX 89, A-1201 VIENNA, AUSTRIA SN 0177-798X J9 THEOR APPL CLIMATOL JI Theor. Appl. Climatol. PY 1999 VL 62 IS 3-4 BP 175 EP 185 DI 10.1007/s007040050082 PG 11 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 192KW UT WOS:000080078700007 ER PT J AU Zelenka, A Perez, R Seals, R Renne, D AF Zelenka, A Perez, R Seals, R Renne, D TI Effective accuracy of satellite-derived hourly irradiances SO THEORETICAL AND APPLIED CLIMATOLOGY LA English DT Article ID SOLAR-RADIATION; IMAGES AB Estimates of hourly global irradiance based on geostationary satellite data with a resolution of several (2 to 10) kilometres reproduce ground-measured values with a Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) of typically 20% to 25%. The different components of this RMSE have been enumerated by several authors but, due to the lack of adequate measurements, their respective importance is not well settled. In the present study we attempt to quantify these components from a practical point of view, that is from the point of view of users having to rely on time/site specific irradiance data. We conclude that the intrinsic, or "effective" RMSE is more along the line of 12%. This effective RMSE is the measure of the methodological imprecision (satellite-to-irradiance conversion models). The remaining part of the overall RMSE is the amount by which spatially averaged satellite-derived estimates are, by their very nature, bound to differ from ground-measured local insolation. C1 Swiss Meteorol Inst, CH-8044 Zurich, Switzerland. SUNY Albany, Atmospher Sci Res Ctr, CESTM, Albany, NY 12203 USA. Natl Renewable Energy Lab, Golden, CO 80401 USA. RP Zelenka, A (reprint author), Swiss Meteorol Inst, CH-8044 Zurich, Switzerland. NR 25 TC 126 Z9 129 U1 0 U2 8 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG WIEN PI VIENNA PA SACHSENPLATZ 4-6, PO BOX 89, A-1201 VIENNA, AUSTRIA SN 0177-798X J9 THEOR APPL CLIMATOL JI Theor. Appl. Climatol. PY 1999 VL 62 IS 3-4 BP 199 EP 207 DI 10.1007/s007040050084 PG 9 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 192KW UT WOS:000080078700009 ER PT J AU Hansen, DM Adams, DR Gracio, DK AF Hansen, DM Adams, DR Gracio, DK TI In the trenches with ObjectStore SO THEORY AND PRACTICE OF OBJECT SYSTEMS LA English DT Article AB This article discusses our experience with the ObjectStore object-oriented database management system from Object Design, Inc. We have been using ObjectStore since 1992 as the database management system at the core of two significant projects. This is a "war story" of sorts, and while we have been winning the war and succeeding with ObjectStore, the battles have not been easy. (C) 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. C1 Pacific NW Natl Lab, Richland, WA 99352 USA. RP Hansen, DM (reprint author), Pacific NW Natl Lab, Richland, WA 99352 USA. NR 3 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS INC PI NEW YORK PA 605 THIRD AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10158-0012 USA SN 1074-3227 J9 THEOR PRACT OBJ SYST JI Theory Pract. Object Syst. PY 1999 VL 5 IS 4 BP 201 EP 207 DI 10.1002/1096-9942(1999)5:4<201::AID-TAPO2>3.0.CO;2-6 PG 7 WC Computer Science, Hardware & Architecture; Computer Science, Software Engineering; Computer Science, Theory & Methods SC Computer Science GA 259WK UT WOS:000083916800002 ER PT B AU Beer, MA Hammett, GW AF Beer, MA Hammett, GW BE Connor, JW Sindoni, E Vaclavik, J TI The dynamics of small-scale turbulence-driven flows SO THEORY OF FUSION PLASMAS SE INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL OF PLASMA PHYSICS - PIERO CALDIROLA LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Joint Varenna-Lausanne International Workshop on the Theory of Fusion Plasmas CY AUG 31-SEP 04, 1998 CL VARENNA, ITALY SP Univ Milano, Dept Fis, Inst Fis Plasma CNR, Milano, Int Sch Plasma Phys, Piero Caldirola, Ctr Rech Phys Plasmas, Ecole Polytech Fed Lausanne, Assoc Euratom Suisse, Adm Provinciale Lecco, Commiss European Comm (CEC-EURATOM), Brussels, Belgium, Entr Nuove Tecnol, Energia Ambiente (ENEA), Camera Commercio lecco, Ctr Innovaz Lecco SPA. ID TOKAMAK TURBULENCE; SIMULATIONS; FLUCTUATIONS; ROTATION; PLASMAS; MODES AB We investigate the dynamics of small-scale turbulence-driven sheared E x B hows in nonlinear gyrofluid simulations. The importance of these zonal hows in the regulation of the turbulence was shown in our early simulations(1-3) and has been widely confirmed. Most of these hows experience fast collisionless linear damping, but there is a residual non-Maxwellian component of the how which is undamped(4) and scales with r/R. In our original treatment, we included collisionless damping terms which capture the fast collisionless damping of the damped components, but which do not accommodate the linearly undamped components. Here, we modify the gyrofluid closures to account for Pfirsch-Schluter heat flows. This modification allows a linearly undamped component of the E x B flows, and here we begin to assess its importance in nonlinear simulations. Our preliminary results indicate very near marginal stability zero-flux states can exist where the undamped zonal flows completely damp the turbulence, as shown in Ref. 5. But away from marginal stability, we find that retaining the undamped component of the how has very little effect. C1 Princeton Univ, Plasma Phys Lab, Princeton, NJ 08543 USA. RP Beer, MA (reprint author), Princeton Univ, Plasma Phys Lab, POB 451, Princeton, NJ 08543 USA. NR 16 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU EDITRICE COMPOSITORI PI BOLOGNA PA VIA STALINGRADO 97/2, 40128 BOLOGNA, ITALY BN 88-7794-167-7 J9 INT SCH PL PY 1999 VL 18 BP 19 EP 29 PG 11 WC Physics, Fluids & Plasmas SC Physics GA BM70G UT WOS:000079533600002 ER PT B AU Hahm, TS Lin, Z Lee, WW Tang, WM AF Hahm, TS Lin, Z Lee, WW Tang, WM BE Connor, JW Sindoni, E Vaclavik, J TI Reduction of turbulence by zonal flows SO THEORY OF FUSION PLASMAS SE INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL OF PLASMA PHYSICS - PIERO CALDIROLA LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Joint Varenna-Lausanne International Workshop on the Theory of Fusion Plasmas CY AUG 31-SEP 04, 1998 CL VARENNA, ITALY SP Univ Milano, Dept Fis, Inst Fis Plasma CNR, Milano, Int Sch Plasma Phys, Piero Caldirola, Ctr Rech Phys Plasmas, Ecole Polytech Fed Lausanne, Assoc Euratom Suisse, Adm Provinciale Lecco, Commiss European Comm (CEC-EURATOM), Brussels, Belgium, Entr Nuove Tecnol, Energia Ambiente (ENEA), Camera Commercio lecco, Ctr Innovaz Lecco SPA. ID REVERSED SHEAR PLASMAS; POLOIDAL ROTATION; TOKAMAKS; SIMULATIONS; TRANSPORT; DRIVEN AB Three-dimensional gyrokinetic simulations of ion temperature gradient driven turbulence in magnetically confined toroidal plasmas support the view that turbulence-driven fluctuating E x B zonal flows can significantly reduce turbulent transport. Random shearing of turbulent eddies by zonal flows is analytically studied. It is shown that the fast time varying components of E x B flows, while they typically contribute significantly to the instantaneous E x B shearing rate, are less effective in suppressing turbulence. This is because the shear flow pattern changes before the eddies get distorted enough. We analytically derive the effective E x B shearing rate capturing this important physics, thereby extending the theory of E x B shear suppression of turbulence in toroidal geometry [Phys. Plasmas 2, 1648 (1995)]. C1 Princeton Univ, Princeton Plasma Phys Lab, Princeton, NJ 08543 USA. RP Hahm, TS (reprint author), Princeton Univ, Princeton Plasma Phys Lab, POB 451, Princeton, NJ 08543 USA. NR 19 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU EDITRICE COMPOSITORI PI BOLOGNA PA VIA STALINGRADO 97/2, 40128 BOLOGNA, ITALY BN 88-7794-167-7 J9 INT SCH PL PY 1999 VL 18 BP 443 EP 448 PG 6 WC Physics, Fluids & Plasmas SC Physics GA BM70G UT WOS:000079533600036 ER PT B AU Batchelor, DB Carreras, BA Hirshman, SP Lynch, VE Lyon, JF Sanchez, R Spong, DA Whitson, JC AF Batchelor, DB Carreras, BA Hirshman, SP Lynch, VE Lyon, JF Sanchez, R Spong, DA Whitson, JC BE Connor, JW Sindoni, E Vaclavik, J TI Transport and stability properties of quasi-omnigeneous, low aspect ratio, hybrid stellarators SO THEORY OF FUSION PLASMAS SE INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL OF PLASMA PHYSICS - PIERO CALDIROLA LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Joint Varenna-Lausanne International Workshop on the Theory of Fusion Plasmas CY AUG 31-SEP 04, 1998 CL VARENNA, ITALY SP Univ Milano, Dept Fis, Inst Fis Plasma CNR, Milano, Int Sch Plasma Phys, Piero Caldirola, Ctr Rech Phys Plasmas, Ecole Polytech Fed Lausanne, Assoc Euratom Suisse, Adm Provinciale Lecco, Commiss European Comm (CEC-EURATOM), Brussels, Belgium, Entr Nuove Tecnol, Energia Ambiente (ENEA), Camera Commercio lecco, Ctr Innovaz Lecco SPA. ID FIELDS C1 Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. RP Batchelor, DB (reprint author), Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. RI Spong, Donald/C-6887-2012 OI Spong, Donald/0000-0003-2370-1873 NR 10 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU EDITRICE COMPOSITORI PI BOLOGNA PA VIA STALINGRADO 97/2, 40128 BOLOGNA, ITALY BN 88-7794-167-7 J9 INT SCH PL PY 1999 VL 18 BP 481 EP 486 PG 6 WC Physics, Fluids & Plasmas SC Physics GA BM70G UT WOS:000079533600042 ER PT J AU Murray, JD AF Murray, JD TI Genetic modification of animals in the next century SO THERIOGENOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 25th Annual Conference of the International-Embryo-Transfer-Society CY JAN, 1999 CL QUEBEC CITY, CANADA SP Int Embryo Transfer Soc ID MAMMARY-GLAND EXPRESSION; TRANSGENIC DAIRY-CATTLE; HIGH-LEVEL EXPRESSION; BOVINE KAPPA-CASEIN; HORMONE FUSION GENE; WHEY ACIDIC PROTEIN; MILK-COMPOSITION; BETA-CASEIN; CYSTEINE BIOSYNTHESIS; MAMMALIAN-CELLS AB Since the initial demonstration in 1982 of profound phenotypic effects stemming from the expression of a single transgene, genetic engineering has revolutionized fundamental biological and biomedical research. The application of transgenic technology to farm animals has held the promise of being able to improve animal agriculture significantly and has resulted in a new industry, i.e., the successful expression of foreign proteins in the mammary gland for the pharmaceutical industry. Work over the last few years in model species (e.g., the mouse) and new technical developments such as cloning have now set the stage for the initial application of transgenic technology for the improvement of farm animals. Major limitations that remain are the lack understanding of which genes we should transfer in order to alter quantitative production traits usefully and the low efficiency of producting transgenic founders. Furthermore, more research is needed concerning the consequences and potential problems arising from the integration of transgenes into populations with varying genetic backgrounds. Recent advances suggest that within the first decade of the 21st century the first transgenic animals will become available to the livestock industry, with acceptance depending upon their cost versus their potential economic benefit to the producers. (C) 1998 by Elsevier Science Inc. C1 Univ Calif Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Dept Anim Sci, Livermore, CA 95616 USA. Univ Calif Davis, Dept Populat Hlth & Reprod, Livermore, CA 95616 USA. NR 66 TC 11 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 6 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 655 AVENUE OF THE AMERICAS, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0093-691X J9 THERIOGENOLOGY JI Theriogenology PD JAN 1 PY 1999 VL 51 IS 1 BP 149 EP 159 DI 10.1016/S0093-691X(98)00238-6 PG 11 WC Reproductive Biology; Veterinary Sciences SC Reproductive Biology; Veterinary Sciences GA 154AM UT WOS:000077865900019 PM 10729069 ER PT S AU Sales, BC Chakoumakos, BC Mandrus, D Sharp, JW Dilley, NR Maple, MB AF Sales, BC Chakoumakos, BC Mandrus, D Sharp, JW Dilley, NR Maple, MB BE Tritt, TM Kanatzidis, MG Mahan, GD Lyon, HB TI Atomic displacement parameters: A useful tool in the search for new thermoelectric materials? SO THERMOELECTRIC MATERIALS 1998 - THE NEXT GENERATION MATERIALS FOR SMALL-SCALE REFRIGERATION AND POWER GENERATION APPLICATIONS SE MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY SYMPOSIUM PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Thermoelectric Materials 1998 - The Next Generation Materials for Small-Scale Refrigeration and Power Generation Applications CY NOV 30-DEC 03, 1998 CL BOSTON, MA SP Mat Res Soc ID LATTICE THERMAL-CONDUCTIVITY; LOW-TEMPERATURE PROPERTIES; CRYSTALS; SKUTTERUDITES; CLATHRATE; GE AB The atomic displacement parameters (ADPs) measure the mean-square displacement amplitude of an atom about its equilibrium position in a crystal. It is demonstrated that the ADPs can be used to identify crystalline solids with unusually low lattice thermal conductivties. A low lattice thermal conductivity is essential in the design of thermoelectric materials with improved efficiencies. The atomic displacement parameters (ADPs) have been measured using powder neutron diffraction as a function of temperature for several clathrate-like compounds (RxCo4-yFeySb12, where R= La, Ce, Yb or T1, x=0.22, 0.8, 1, y=0, 1;Tl2SnTe5 and Tl2GeTe5). The ADP data show that in each of the compounds one of the atoms is weakly bound and "rattles" within its atomic cage. This atomic "rattling" severely reduces the ability of these crystals to conduct heat and in some cases the lattice thermal conductivity approaches the theoretical minimum value. In many clathrate-like compounds, the ADP can also be used to estimate the Einstein frequency of the "rattler", and to predict the existence of localized vibrational modes. C1 Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Div Solid State, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. RP Sales, BC (reprint author), Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Div Solid State, POB 2008, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. RI Mandrus, David/H-3090-2014; Chakoumakos, Bryan/A-5601-2016 OI Chakoumakos, Bryan/0000-0002-7870-6543 NR 31 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 12 PU MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY PI WARRENDALE PA 506 KEYSTONE DRIVE, WARRENDALE, PA 15088-7563 USA SN 0272-9172 BN 1-55899-451-3 J9 MATER RES SOC SYMP P PY 1999 VL 545 BP 13 EP 21 PG 9 WC Thermodynamics; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Materials Science, Coatings & Films; Physics, Applied SC Thermodynamics; Materials Science; Physics GA BN11K UT WOS:000080751000002 ER PT S AU Freibert, F Migliori, A Darling, TW Trugman, SA AF Freibert, F Migliori, A Darling, TW Trugman, SA BE Tritt, TM Kanatzidis, MG Mahan, GD Lyon, HB TI Materials development for thermomagnetic cooling SO THERMOELECTRIC MATERIALS 1998 - THE NEXT GENERATION MATERIALS FOR SMALL-SCALE REFRIGERATION AND POWER GENERATION APPLICATIONS SE Materials Research Society Symposium Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Thermoelectric Materials 1998 - The Next Generation Materials for Small-Scale Refrigeration and Power Generation Applications CY NOV 30-DEC 03, 1998 CL BOSTON, MA SP Mat Res Soc AB We review thermoelectric effects in a magnetic field at a phenomenological level. The measurement problem is discussed in detail, and results are presented based on the time-dependent voltages developed by thermoelectric materials in zero field and in large magnetic fields. These time dependent voltages provide a direct and unambiguously accurate measurement of both the Peltier and Ettingshausen figures of merit, and can be used to obtain all the relevant transport including thermal conductivity. Discussion of the limiting performance of both Peltier and Ettingshausen coolers are discussed. Data are shown for Ettingshausen materials with part-per-million levels of Sn doping. Thought these materials exhibit high Ettingshausen figures of merit, Sn doping does not appear to improve performance. C1 Los Alamos Natl Lab, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. RP Freibert, F (reprint author), Los Alamos Natl Lab, MS K764, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. EM migliori@lanl.gov OI Freibert, Franz/0000-0003-4434-3446 NR 6 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU MATERIALS RESEARCH SOC PI WARRENDALE PA 506 KEYSTONE DRIVE, WARRENDALE, PA 15088-7563 USA SN 0272-9172 BN 1-55899-451-3 J9 MATER RES SOC SYMP P PY 1999 VL 545 BP 295 EP 302 PG 8 WC Thermodynamics; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Materials Science, Coatings & Films; Physics, Applied SC Thermodynamics; Materials Science; Physics GA BN11K UT WOS:000080751000040 ER PT S AU Wanlass, MW Carapella, JJ Duda, A Emery, K Gedvilas, L Moriarty, T Ward, S Webb, JD Wu, X Murray, CS AF Wanlass, MW Carapella, JJ Duda, A Emery, K Gedvilas, L Moriarty, T Ward, S Webb, JD Wu, X Murray, CS BE Coutts, TJ Benner, JP Allman, CS TI High-performance, 0.6-eV, Ga0.32In0.68As/InAs0.32P0.68 thermophotovoltaic converters and monolithically interconnected modules SO THERMOPHOTOVOLTAIC GENERATION OF ELECTRICITY: FOURTH NREL CONFERENCE SE AIP CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 4th NREL Conference on Thermophotovoltaic Generation of Electricity CY OCT 11-14, 1998 CL DENVER, CO SP Natl Renewable Engergy Lab AB Recent progress in the development of high-performance, 0.6-eV Ga0.32In0.68As/InAs0.32P0.68 thermophotovoltaic (TPV) converters and monolithically interconnected modules (MIMs) is described. The converter structure design is based on using a lattice-matched InAs0.32P0.68/Ga(0.32)In(0.68)AS/InAs0.32P0.68 double-heterostructure (DH) device, which is grown lattice-mismatched on an InP substrate, with an intervening compositionally step-graded region of InAsyP1-y. The Ga0.32In0.68As alloy has a room temperature band gap of similar to 0.6 eV and contains a p/n junction. The InAs0.32P0.68 layers have a room-temperature band gap of similar to 0.96 eV and serve as passivation/confinement layers for the Ga0.32In0.68As p/n junction. InAsyP1-y Step grades have yielded DH converters with superior electronic quality and performance characteristics. Details of the microstructure of the converters are presented. Converters prepared for this work were grown by atmospheric-pressure metalorganic vapor-phase epitaxy (APMOVPE) and were processed using a combination of photolithography. wet-chemical etching, and conventional metal and insulator deposition techniques. Excellent performance characteristics have been demonstrated for the 0.6-eV TPV converters. Additionally, the implementation of MIM technology in these converters has been highly successful. C1 Natl Renewable Energy Lab, Golden, CO 80401 USA. RP Wanlass, MW (reprint author), Natl Renewable Energy Lab, 1617 Cole Blvd, Golden, CO 80401 USA. NR 10 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1NO1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0094-243X BN 1-56396-828-2 J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 1999 VL 460 BP 132 EP 141 PG 10 WC Energy & Fuels; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Optics; Physics, Applied; Physics, Condensed Matter SC Energy & Fuels; Engineering; Optics; Physics GA BM77N UT WOS:000079730800013 ER PT S AU Webb, JD Gedvilas, LM Olson, MR Wu, X Duda, A Wanlass, MW Jones, KM AF Webb, JD Gedvilas, LM Olson, MR Wu, X Duda, A Wanlass, MW Jones, KM BE Coutts, TJ Benner, JP Allman, CS TI FTIR and FT-PL spectroscopic analysis of TPV materials and devices SO THERMOPHOTOVOLTAIC GENERATION OF ELECTRICITY: FOURTH NREL CONFERENCE SE AIP CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 4th NREL Conference on Thermophotovoltaic Generation of Electricity CY OCT 11-14, 1998 CL DENVER, CO SP Natl Renewable Engergy Lab ID ROOM-TEMPERATURE MEASUREMENT; PHOTOLUMINESCENCE SPECTRA; RAMAN SPECTROPHOTOMETER AB Fourier transform (FT) spectroscopic techniques are useful in determining properties of thermophotovoltaic (TPV) materials and devices. The III-V TPV absorber materials have energy bandgaps that can be optimized for conversion of the near-infrared radiation emitted by thermal sources in the 1000 degrees-1200 degrees C temperature range. The bandgaps of these materials can be measured at room temperature using FT-photoluminescence spectroscopy, which can be done with a modified FT-Raman spectrophotometer operating in the near-infrared spectral region. The intensities and bandwidths of the FT-PL spectra also provide information on the extent of non-radiative recombination and the compositional uniformity of the materials. To achieve adequate operating efficiencies, TPV converters must return sub-bandgap radiation to the thermal source. The percent reflectance of the device in the mid-infrared spectral region is therefore an important operating parameter that can be accurately measured using FT-infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy with total reflectance optical accessories. In this paper, we discuss applications of these techniques to TPV materials and devices, and variations on these approaches, such as scanning micro-FT-PL spectroscopy, that enable microanalysis of TPV device structures at the 1-100-mu m scale. C1 Natl Renewable Energy Lab, Golden, CO 80401 USA. RP Webb, JD (reprint author), Natl Renewable Energy Lab, 1617 Cole Blvd, Golden, CO 80401 USA. NR 16 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1NO1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0094-243X BN 1-56396-828-2 J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 1999 VL 460 BP 269 EP 281 PG 13 WC Energy & Fuels; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Optics; Physics, Applied; Physics, Condensed Matter SC Energy & Fuels; Engineering; Optics; Physics GA BM77N UT WOS:000079730800025 ER PT S AU Ahrenkiel, RK Ellingson, R Johnston, S Webb, J Carapella, J Wanlass, M AF Ahrenkiel, RK Ellingson, R Johnston, S Webb, J Carapella, J Wanlass, M BE Coutts, TJ Benner, JP Allman, CS TI Recombination lifetime of InxGa1-xAs alloys used in thermophotovoltaic converters SO THERMOPHOTOVOLTAIC GENERATION OF ELECTRICITY: FOURTH NREL CONFERENCE SE AIP CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 4th NREL Conference on Thermophotovoltaic Generation of Electricity CY OCT 11-14, 1998 CL DENVER, CO SP Natl Renewable Engergy Lab ID RADIATIVE RECOMBINATION; CARRIER LIFETIME; HETEROSTRUCTURES; INGAAS AB The family of ternary compounds of composition InxGa1-xAs ore of considerable interest for thermophotovoltaic energy converters. The recombination lifetimes of the various compositions are critical to the successful application of these materials as efficient conveners. Here we will describe experimental results on the composition. In0.53Ga0.47, that is lattice-marched to InP. We will also describe lifetime results on the compositions In0.68Ga0.32As, with a bandgap of 0.60 eV to compositions In0.78Ga0.22As with a bandgap of 0.50 eV. Double heterostructure confinement devices have been made over a range of both n- and p-type doping. These results are preliminary, but the goal is to obtain the radiative and Auger recombination coefficients for the alloys in this composition range. C1 Natl Renewable Energy Lab, Golden, CO 80401 USA. RP Ahrenkiel, RK (reprint author), Natl Renewable Energy Lab, 1617 Cole Blvd, Golden, CO 80401 USA. RI Ellingson, Randy/H-3424-2013 NR 13 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 1 U2 2 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1NO1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0094-243X BN 1-56396-828-2 J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 1999 VL 460 BP 282 EP 288 PG 7 WC Energy & Fuels; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Optics; Physics, Applied; Physics, Condensed Matter SC Energy & Fuels; Engineering; Optics; Physics GA BM77N UT WOS:000079730800026 ER PT S AU Moriarty, T Emery, K AF Moriarty, T Emery, K BE Coutts, TJ Benner, JP Allman, CS TI Thermophotovoltaic cell temperature measurement issues SO THERMOPHOTOVOLTAIC GENERATION OF ELECTRICITY: FOURTH NREL CONFERENCE SE AIP CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 4th NREL Conference on Thermophotovoltaic Generation of Electricity CY OCT 11-14, 1998 CL DENVER, CO SP Natl Renewable Engergy Lab AB The power produced by photovoltaic devices changes with temperature, ranging from 0.1% to nearly 1% per degrees Celsius depending on the structure. The temperature across the surface of TPV cells will vary depending on the amount of absorbed power. Thus the temperature over a region of a wafer where there is no cell will be different from a region of the wafer containing a cell with an antireflection coating and back surface reflector. Vacuum hold-downs or back surface probes may result in local hot spots. Bonding a cell to a heat sink may not be practical in a research environment, and a temperature gradient between the heat sink and space-charge region will still exist. Procedures for determining the current versus voltage (1-V) characteristics at a given temperature are discussed. For continuous illumination measurement systems, the temperature of the heat sink or backside of the device can be directly measured. The temperature can also be inferred by placing the sample at a known temperature in the dark, and monitoring the open-circuit voltage (V-oc) as a high-speed shutter is opened. The maximum V-oc from this method corresponds to the temperature in the dark and the plate temperature can then be lowered until this maximum V-oc is reached. The temperature can also be indirectly determined from the dark I-V characteristics assuming negligible series resistance in the ideal case that the voltage in the dark at a given current and temperature corresponds to the V-oc and short circuit voltage (I-sc) at that temperature. A high intensity flash simulator will produce negligible cell heating during the flash and therefore thee cell temperature may be easily set before the flash. C1 NREL, Golden, CO 80401 USA. RP Moriarty, T (reprint author), NREL, 1617 Cole Blvd, Golden, CO 80401 USA. NR 8 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1NO1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0094-243X BN 1-56396-828-2 J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 1999 VL 460 BP 301 EP 311 PG 11 WC Energy & Fuels; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Optics; Physics, Applied; Physics, Condensed Matter SC Energy & Fuels; Engineering; Optics; Physics GA BM77N UT WOS:000079730800028 ER PT S AU Wu, X Duda, A Carapella, JJ Ward, JS Webb, JD Wanlass, MW AF Wu, X Duda, A Carapella, JJ Ward, JS Webb, JD Wanlass, MW BE Coutts, TJ Benner, JP Allman, CS TI A study of contacts and back-surface reflectors for 0.6-eV Ga0.32In0.68As/InAs0.32P0.68 thermophotovoltaic monolithically interconnected modules SO THERMOPHOTOVOLTAIC GENERATION OF ELECTRICITY: FOURTH NREL CONFERENCE SE AIP CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 4th NREL Conference on Thermophotovoltaic Generation of Electricity CY OCT 11-14, 1998 CL DENVER, CO SP Natl Renewable Engergy Lab AB Thermophotovoltaic (TPV) systems have recently rekindled a high level of interest for a number of applications. In order to meet the requirement of low-temperature (similar to 1000 degrees C) TPV systems, 0.6-eV Ga0.32In0.68As/InAs0.32P0.68 TPV monolithically interconnected modules (MIMs) have been developed at the National Renewable energy Laboratory (NREL)[1]. The successful fabrication of Ga0.32In0.68As/InAs0.32P0.68 MIMs depends on developing and optimizing of several key processes. Some results regarding the chemical vapor deposition (CVD)-SiO2 insulating layer, selective chemical etch via sidewall profiles, double-layer antireflection coatings, and metallization via interconnects have previously been given elsewhere [2]. In this paper, we report on the study of contacts and back-surface reflectors. In the first part of this paper, Ti/Pd/Ag and Cr/Pd/Ag contact to n-InAs0.32P0.68 and p-Ga0.32In0.68As are investigated. The transfer length method (TLM) was used for measuring of specific contact resistance R-c. The dependence of R-c on different doping levels and different pre-treatment of the two semiconductors will be reported. Also, the adhesion and the thermal stability of Ti/Pd/Ag and Cr/Pd/Ag contacts to n-InAs0.32P0.68 and p-Ga0.32In0.68As will be presented. In the second part of this paper, we discuss an optimum back-surface reflector (BSR) that has been developed for 0.6-eV Ga0.32In0.68As/InAs0.32P0.68 TPV MIM devices. The optimum BSR consists of three layers: similar to 1300 Angstrom MEF2 (or similar to 1300 Angstrom CVD SiO2) dielectric layer, similar to 25 Angstrom Ti adhesion layer, and similar to 1500 Angstrom Au reflection layer. This optimum BSR has high reflectance, good adhesion? and excellent thermal stability. C1 Natl Renewable Energy Lab, Golden, CO 80401 USA. RP Wu, X (reprint author), Natl Renewable Energy Lab, Golden, CO 80401 USA. NR 1 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1NO1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0094-243X BN 1-56396-828-2 J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 1999 VL 460 BP 517 EP 524 PG 8 WC Energy & Fuels; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Optics; Physics, Applied; Physics, Condensed Matter SC Energy & Fuels; Engineering; Optics; Physics GA BM77N UT WOS:000079730800050 ER PT S AU Turler, D AF Turler, D BE LeMieux, DH Snell, JR TI Predicting the geometry and location of defects in adhesive and spot-welded lap joints using steady-state thermographic techniques SO THERMOSENSE XXI SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Thermosense XXI CY APR 06-08, 1999 CL ORLANDO, FL SP Soc Photo Opt Instrumentat Engineers DE thermography; lap joint; adhesive; spot welds; surface heat-transfer coefficient AB Development of nondestructive evaluation (NDE) methods for spot-welded and adhesive-bonded sheet metal joints is essential for widespread use of lightweight materials and new construction techniques in automotive applications. An important objective of research in progress is development of NDE methods to identify and characterize critical flaws in welded and adhesive-bonded joints. We used steady-state heat-flow and thermographic imaging techniques to rest welded and adhesive-bonded lap joints in steer and aluminum samples and in adhesive-bonded composite panels and to identify defective spot welds. The resulting surface-temperature maps or thermograms were used to detect voids and areas where the adhesive was not bonded. To better characterize defects in welds and adhesive layers, algorithms have been developed to post process temperature data, producing more accurate definition of the geometry and location of defects than in previous images. Classic heat-transfer theory was used to calculate the hear-flux equilibrium for each individual pixel on the thermograms. Convective and radiative surface heat-transfer coefficients were applied to compensate for the heat exchange between the sample and the environment. This post processing permits us to determine the locations of spot welds and the sizes of the weld nuggets in welded joints, and to clearly image voids in adhesive layers between joints. The effectiveness of the image-processing algorithms was investigated using data from laboratory experiments on test specimens with flaws of known size and location. In addition, the images of the defects produced with the new method were compared to results of two-dimensional heat transfer simulations through the same samples. The simulations were also used to determine boundary conditions for post processing of images. C1 Ernest Orlando Lawrence Berkeley Natl Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. RP Turler, D (reprint author), Ernest Orlando Lawrence Berkeley Natl Lab, MS53-101A,1 Cyclotron Rd, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. NR 8 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 2 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-3174-5 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 1999 VL 3700 BP 54 EP 62 DI 10.1117/12.342333 PG 9 WC Engineering, Mechanical; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics GA BM93Z UT WOS:000080193300009 ER PT S AU Pugh, R Huff, R AF Pugh, R Huff, R BE LeMieux, DH Snell, JR TI Transfer of infrared thermography predictive maintenance technologies to Soviet-designed nuclear power plants: experience at Chornobyl SO THERMOSENSE XXI SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Thermosense XXI CY APR 06-08, 1999 CL ORLANDO, FL SP Soc Photo Opt Instrumentat Engineers AB The importance of infrared (IR) technology and analysis in today's world of predictive maintenance and reliability-centered maintenance cannot be understated. The use of infrared is especially important in facilities that are required to maintain a high degree of equipment reliability because of plant of public safety concerns. As with all maintenance tools, particularly those used in predictive maintenance approaches, training plays a key role in their effectiveness and the benefit gained from their use. This paper details an effort to transfer IR technology to Soviet-designed nuclear power plants in Russia, Ukraine, and Lithuania. Delivery of this technology and post-delivery training activities have been completed recently at the Chornobyl nuclear power plant in Ukraine. Many interesting challenges were encountered during this effort. Hardware procurement and delivery of IR technology to a sensitive country were complicated by United States regulations. Freight and shipping infrastructure and host-country customs policies complicated hardware transport. Training activities were complicated by special hardware, software and training material translation needs, limited communication opportunities, and site logistical concerns. These challenges and others encountered while supplying the Chornobyl plant with state-of-the-art IR technology are described in this paper. C1 Pacific NW Natl Lab, Richland, WA 99352 USA. RP Pugh, R (reprint author), Pacific NW Natl Lab, POB 999,MS K5-20, Richland, WA 99352 USA. NR 2 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-3174-5 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 1999 VL 3700 BP 300 EP 310 DI 10.1117/12.342299 PG 11 WC Engineering, Mechanical; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics GA BM93Z UT WOS:000080193300037 ER PT S AU Dinwiddie, RB Blau, PJ AF Dinwiddie, RB Blau, PJ BE LeMieux, DH Snell, JR TI Time-resolved tribo-thermography SO THERMOSENSE XXI SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Thermosense XXI CY APR 06-08, 1999 CL ORLANDO, FL SP Soc Photo Opt Instrumentat Engineers DE tribology; friction; wear; pin-on-disk; thermography; microscopy; infrared camera AB Wear of coated surfaces tends to progress through a series of stages in which damage accumulates until the coating fails to protect its substrate. Depending on the coating system and the contact conditions, these stages can sometimes be detected as a series of discrete periods of changing frictional behavior or they can occur quite rapidly, leading to rapid removal of the coating. A new technique has been developed to capture magnified infrared (IR) images of a selected location on a moving wear surface and to synchronize these cycle-by-cycle images with the instantaneous friction force that occurs at the same location. A pin-on-disk tribometer has been used to demonstrate the principle, but other kinds of test geometries can also be used. Contrast in the IR images derives not only from the surface temperatures but also from the emissivity of surface features. A spatial calibration of the system allows the? measurement of the width of the wear path as a function of time. By studying a series of captured and friction-synchronized images, it is possible to observe the detailed progression of wear and the corresponding frictional transitions in a limitless variety of materials. Examples of several different materials, including, steel, aluminum, brass, and paint, will be used to illustrate the application of time-resolved microscopic tribo-thermography to coatings research. C1 Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. RP Dinwiddie, RB (reprint author), Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Bldg 4515, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. NR 2 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-3174-5 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 1999 VL 3700 BP 358 EP 368 DI 10.1117/12.342327 PG 11 WC Engineering, Mechanical; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics GA BM93Z UT WOS:000080193300043 ER PT S AU Wang, H Payzant, EA AF Wang, H Payzant, EA BE LeMieux, DH Snell, JR TI Infrared imaging of temperature distribution in a High Temperature X-ray Diffraction furnace SO THERMOSENSE XXI SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Thermosense XXI CY APR 06-08, 1999 CL ORLANDO, FL SP Soc Photo Opt Instrumentat Engineers DE infrared imaging; x-ray diffraction; HTXRD; strip heater ID TRANSFORMATIONS; OXIDE AB High Temperature X-ray Diffraction (HTXRD) is a very powerful tool for studies of reaction kinetics, phase transformations, and lattice thermal expansion of advanced materials. Accurate temperature measurement is a critical part of the technique. Traditionally, thermocouples, thermisters, and optical pyrometers have been used for temperature control and measurement, and temperature could only be measured at a single point. Infrared imaging was utilized in this study to characterize the thermal gradients resulting from various sample and furnace configurations in a commercial strip heater furnace. Furnace configurations include a metallic strip heater, with and without a secondary surround heater, or a surround heater alone. Sample configurations include low and high thermal conductivity powders and solids. The IR imaging results have been used to calibrate sample temperatures in the HTXRD furnace. C1 Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. RP Wang, H (reprint author), Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. RI Payzant, Edward/B-5449-2009; Wang, Hsin/A-1942-2013 OI Payzant, Edward/0000-0002-3447-2060; Wang, Hsin/0000-0003-2426-9867 NR 6 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-3174-5 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 1999 VL 3700 BP 377 EP 385 DI 10.1117/12.342329 PG 9 WC Engineering, Mechanical; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics GA BM93Z UT WOS:000080193300045 ER PT S AU Griffith, BT Arasteh, D AF Griffith, BT Arasteh, D BE LeMieux, DH Snell, JR TI Buildings research using infrared imaging radiometers with laboratory thermal chambers SO THERMOSENSE XXI SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Thermosense XXI CY APR 06-08, 1999 CL ORLANDO, FL SP Soc Photo Opt Instrumentat Engineers DE buildings; laboratory; thermography; quantitative thermography; validation AB Infrared thermal imagers are used at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory to study heat transfer through components of building thermal envelopes. Two thermal chambers maintain steady-state heat now through test specimens under environmental conditions for winter heating design. Infrared thermography is used to map surface temperatures on the specimens' warm side. Features of the quantitative thermography process include use of external reference emitters, complex background corrections, and spatial location markers. Typical uncertainties in the data are +/- 0.5 degrees C and 3 mm. Temperature controlled and directly measured external reference emitters are used to correct data from each thermal image. Complex background corrections use arrays of values for background thermal radiation in calculating temperatures of self-viewing surfaces. Temperature results are used to validate computer programs that predict heat flow including Finite-Element Analysis (FEA) conduction simulations and conjugate Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulations. Results are also used to study natural convection surface heat transfer. Example data show the distribution of temperatures down the center line of an insulated window. C1 Lawrence Berkeley Natl Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. RP Griffith, BT (reprint author), Lawrence Berkeley Natl Lab, MS 90-3111, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. NR 7 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-3174-5 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 1999 VL 3700 BP 502 EP 513 DI 10.1117/12.342320 PG 12 WC Engineering, Mechanical; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics GA BM93Z UT WOS:000080193300059 ER PT S AU Rothenberg, JE Browning, DF Wilcox, RB AF Rothenberg, JE Browning, DF Wilcox, RB BE Lowdermilk, WH TI The issue of FM to AM conversion on the National Ignition Facility SO THIRD INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON SOLID STATE LASERS FOR APPLICATION TO INERTIAL CONFINEMENT FUSION, PTS 1 AND 2 SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 3rd International Conference on Solid State Lasers for Application to Inertial Confinement Fusion CY JUN 07-12, 1998 CL MONTEREY, CA SP Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Commissariat Energie Atom DE beam smoothing; smoothing by spectral dispersion; laser plasma instabilities; inertial confinement fusion AB The National Ignition Facility (NIF) baseline configuration for inertial confinement fusion requires phase modulation for two purposes. First, similar to 1 Angstrom of frequency modulation (FM) bandwidth at low modulation frequency is required to suppress buildup of Stimulated Brioullin Scattering (SBS) in the large aperture laser optics. Also similar to 3 Angstrom or more bandwidth at high modulation frequency is required for smoothing of the speckle pattern illuminating the target by the smoothing by spectral dispersion method (SSD).(1) Ideally, imposition of bandwidth by pure phase modulation does not affect the: beam intensity. However, as a result of a large number of effects, the FM converts to amplitude modulation (AM). In general this adversely affects the laser performance, e.g. by reducing the margin against damage to the optics. In particular, very large conversion of FM to AM has been observed in the NIF all-fiber master oscillator and distribution systems. The various mechanisms leading to AM are analyzed and approaches to minimizing their effects are discussed. C1 Univ Calif Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA 94551 USA. RP Rothenberg, JE (reprint author), Univ Calif Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, POB 808,L-441, Livermore, CA 94551 USA. NR 1 TC 35 Z9 36 U1 0 U2 2 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-2951-1 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 1999 VL 3492 BP 51 EP 61 DI 10.1117/12.354253 PN 1&2 PG 11 WC Nuclear Science & Technology; Optics; Physics, Applied; Physics, Fluids & Plasmas SC Nuclear Science & Technology; Optics; Physics GA BN59D UT WOS:000082314000006 ER PT S AU Crane, JK Wilcox, RB Hopps, NW Browning, D Martinez, MD Moran, B Penko, F Rottenberg, JE Henesian, M Dane, CB Hackel, LA AF Crane, JK Wilcox, RB Hopps, NW Browning, D Martinez, MD Moran, B Penko, F Rottenberg, JE Henesian, M Dane, CB Hackel, LA BE Lowdermilk, WH TI Integrated operations of the National Ignition Facility (NIF) optical pulse generation development system SO THIRD INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON SOLID STATE LASERS FOR APPLICATION TO INERTIAL CONFINEMENT FUSION, PTS 1 AND 2 SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 3rd International Conference on Solid State Lasers for Application to Inertial Confinement Fusion CY JUN 07-12, 1998 CL MONTEREY, CA SP Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Commissariat Energie Atom AB We describe the Optical Pulse Generation (OPG) testbed, which is the integration of the MOR and Preamplifier Development Laboratories. We use this OPG testbed to develop and demonstrate the overall capabilities of the NIF laser system front end. We will present the measured energy and power output, temporal and spatial pulse shaping capability, FM bandwidth and dispersion for beam smoothing, and measurements of the pulse-to-pulse power variation of the OPG system and compare these results with the required system performance specifications. We will discuss the models that ate used to predict the system performance and how the OPG output requirements flow down to the subordinate subsystems within the OPG system. C1 Univ Calif Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA 94551 USA. RP Crane, JK (reprint author), Univ Calif Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, POB 808, Livermore, CA 94551 USA. NR 11 TC 3 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-2951-1 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 1999 VL 3492 BP 100 EP 111 DI 10.1117/12.354218 PN 1&2 PG 12 WC Nuclear Science & Technology; Optics; Physics, Applied; Physics, Fluids & Plasmas SC Nuclear Science & Technology; Optics; Physics GA BN59D UT WOS:000082314000010 ER PT S AU Rhodes, MA Fochs, S Biltoft, P Alger, T Funkhouser, B Boley, CD AF Rhodes, MA Fochs, S Biltoft, P Alger, T Funkhouser, B Boley, CD BE Lowdermilk, WH TI Plasma Electrode Pockels Cell for the National Ignition Facility SO THIRD INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON SOLID STATE LASERS FOR APPLICATION TO INERTIAL CONFINEMENT FUSION, PTS 1 AND 2 SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 3rd International Conference on Solid State Lasers for Application to Inertial Confinement Fusion CY JUN 07-12, 1998 CL MONTEREY, CA SP Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Commissariat Energie Atom DE plasma; Pockels Cell; laser fusion; high-voltage AB The National Ignition Facility (NIF), now under construction at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, will be the largest laser fusion facility ever built. The NIF laser architecture is based on a multi-pass power amplifier to reduce cost and maximize performance; A key component in this laser design is an optical switch that closes to trap the optical pulse in the cavity for four gain passes and then opens to divert the optical pulse out of the amplifier cavity. The switch is comprised of a Pockels cell and a polarizer and is unique because it handles a beam that is 40 cm x 40 cm square and allows close horizontal and vertical beam spacing. Conventional Pockels cells do not scale to such large apertures or the square shape required for close packing. Our switch is based on a Plasma-Electrode Pockels Cell (PEPC). C1 Univ Calif Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. RP Rhodes, MA (reprint author), Univ Calif Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. NR 3 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-2951-1 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 1999 VL 3492 BP 144 EP 147 DI 10.1117/12.354225 PN 1&2 PG 4 WC Nuclear Science & Technology; Optics; Physics, Applied; Physics, Fluids & Plasmas SC Nuclear Science & Technology; Optics; Physics GA BN59D UT WOS:000082314000016 ER PT S AU Feit, MD Genin, FY Rubenchik, AM Sheehan, LM Schwartz, S Kozlowski, MR AF Feit, MD Genin, FY Rubenchik, AM Sheehan, LM Schwartz, S Kozlowski, MR BE Lowdermilk, WH TI Statistical description of laser damage initiation in NIF and LMJ Optics at 355 nm SO THIRD INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON SOLID STATE LASERS FOR APPLICATION TO INERTIAL CONFINEMENT FUSION, PTS 1 AND 2 SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 3rd International Conference on Solid State Lasers for Application to Inertial Confinement Fusion CY JUN 07-12, 1998 CL MONTEREY, CA SP Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Commissariat Energie Atom DE laser initiated damage; statistics; large optics ID STRENGTH; SILICA AB Understanding the "extreme statistics" of failure at a weak link allows extrapolation of the results of small area laser damage tests to predict damage levels for the large areas pertinent to NIF/LMJ. Conceptually, it is important to focus on the fluence dependence of the surface density of damage sites. Results of different types of damage rests can be reported in terms of this sample characteristic property. C1 Univ Calif Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. RP Feit, MD (reprint author), Univ Calif Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Mail Stop L-477, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. RI Feit, Michael/A-4480-2009 NR 9 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 6 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-2951-1 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 1999 VL 3492 BP 188 EP 195 DI 10.1117/12.354232 PN 1&2 PG 8 WC Nuclear Science & Technology; Optics; Physics, Applied; Physics, Fluids & Plasmas SC Nuclear Science & Technology; Optics; Physics GA BN59D UT WOS:000082314000022 ER PT S AU Genin, FY Rubenchick, AM Burnham, AK Feit, MD Yoshiyama, J Fornier, A Cordillot, C Schirmann, D AF Genin, FY Rubenchick, AM Burnham, AK Feit, MD Yoshiyama, J Fornier, A Cordillot, C Schirmann, D BE Lowdermilk, WH TI Thin film contamination effects on laser-induced damage of fused silica surfaces at 355 nm SO THIRD INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON SOLID STATE LASERS FOR APPLICATION TO INERTIAL CONFINEMENT FUSION, PTS 1 AND 2 SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 3rd International Conference on Solid State Lasers for Application to Inertial Confinement Fusion CY JUN 07-12, 1998 CL MONTEREY, CA SP Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Commissariat Energie Atom DE UV laser damage; damage morphology; silica; contamination; cleanliness; target chamber; surface damage AB Fused silica windows were artificially contaminated to estimate the resistance of target chamber debris shields against laser damage during NIF operation. Uniform contamination thin films (1 to 5 nm thick) were prepared by sputtering various materials (Au, Al, Cu, and B4C). The loss of transmission of the samples was first measured. They were then tested at 355 nm in air with an 8-ns Nd:YAG laser. The damage morphologies were characterized by Nomarski optical microscopy and SEM. Both theory and experiments showed that metal contamination for films as thin as 1 nm leads to a substantial loss of transmission. The laser damage resistance dropped very uniformly across the entire surface (e.g. 6 J/cm(2) for 5 nm of Cu). The damage morphology characterization showed that contrary to clean silica, metal coated samples did not produce pits on the surface. B4C coated silica, on the other hand, led to a higher density of such damage pits. A model for light absorption in the thin film was coupled with a simple heat deposition and diffusion model to perform preliminary theoretical estimates of damage thresholds. The estimates of the loss due to light absorption and reflection pointed out significant differences between metals (e.g. Al and Au). The damage threshold predictions were in qualitative, agreement with experimental measurements. C1 Univ Calif Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. RP Genin, FY (reprint author), Univ Calif Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. RI Feit, Michael/A-4480-2009 NR 17 TC 1 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 2 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-2951-1 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 1999 VL 3492 BP 212 EP 218 DI 10.1117/12.354235 PN 1&2 PG 7 WC Nuclear Science & Technology; Optics; Physics, Applied; Physics, Fluids & Plasmas SC Nuclear Science & Technology; Optics; Physics GA BN59D UT WOS:000082314000025 ER PT S AU Thomas, IM Burnham, AK Ertel, JR Frieders, SC AF Thomas, IM Burnham, AK Ertel, JR Frieders, SC BE Lowdermilk, WH TI Method for reducing the effect of environmental contamination of sol-gel optical coatings SO THIRD INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON SOLID STATE LASERS FOR APPLICATION TO INERTIAL CONFINEMENT FUSION, PTS 1 AND 2 SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 3rd International Conference on Solid State Lasers for Application to Inertial Confinement Fusion CY JUN 07-12, 1998 CL MONTEREY, CA SP Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Commissariat Energie Atom DE antireflection coatings; sol-gel coatings; vacuum contamination; ammonia hardening; HMDS ID LASER; DAMAGE AB Antireflection (AR) coatings prepared from. colloidal suspensions of silica have a large surface area because of their porosity. The surface is quite polar and readily absorbs vapor contamination to the detriment of the optical performance and the laser damage threshold. This effect is particularly bad in "dirty" vacuum systems, such as target chambers. The polar surface is due to residual Si-OH and Si-ethoxyl groups formed as a result of the method of preparation of the coating suspension. We have now found that these groups can be removed by further treatment of the coating after preparation. This involves two steps, the first being exposure to ammonia and water vapor, which hydrolyses the ethoxyl groups to hydroxyl groups with the formation of more Si-OH groups. Some of these react further by self condensation to Si-O-Si linkages. The remaining Si-OH groups are removed in the second step by reaction with hexamethyl-disilazane (HMDS), which converts them to trimethylsilyl groups. The latter are completely nonpolar and substantially eliminate vapor absorption. We have carried out a series of tests involving exposure of treated and untreated coatings to various types of vapor contamination and followed the degree of contamination by the reduction in optical transmission. In all cases, the treated coatings showed a significant reduction in transmission loss. These tests also provide guidance as to which materials are acceptable for use in the National Ignition Facility (NIF). C1 Univ Calif Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA 94551 USA. RP Thomas, IM (reprint author), Univ Calif Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA 94551 USA. NR 8 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 1 U2 10 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-2951-1 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 1999 VL 3492 BP 220 EP 229 DI 10.1117/12.354236 PN 1&2 PG 10 WC Nuclear Science & Technology; Optics; Physics, Applied; Physics, Fluids & Plasmas SC Nuclear Science & Technology; Optics; Physics GA BN59D UT WOS:000082314000026 ER PT S AU Kozlowski, MR Maricle, S Mouser, R Schwartz, S Wegner, P Weiland, T AF Kozlowski, MR Maricle, S Mouser, R Schwartz, S Wegner, P Weiland, T BE Lowdermilk, WH TI 3 omega Damage threshold evaluation of final optics components using Beamlet Mule and off-line testing SO THIRD INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON SOLID STATE LASERS FOR APPLICATION TO INERTIAL CONFINEMENT FUSION, PTS 1 AND 2 SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 3rd International Conference on Solid State Lasers for Application to Inertial Confinement Fusion CY JUN 07-12, 1998 CL MONTEREY, CA SP Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Commissariat Energie Atom DE laser damage; fused silica; polishing; NIF; growth rate; defects; inclusions ID LASER AB A statistics-based model is being developed to predict the laser-damage-limited lifetime of UV optical components on the NIF laser. In order to provide data for the model, laser damage experiments were performed on the Beamlet laser system at LLNL. An early prototype NIF focus lens was exposed to twenty 351 nm pulses at an average fluence of 5 J/cm(2), 3ns. Using a high resolution optic inspection system a total of 353 damage sites was detected within the 1160 cm(2) beam aperture. Through inspections of the lens before, after and, in some cases, during the campaign, pulse to pulse damage growth rates were measured for damage initiating both on the surface and at bulk inclusions. Growth rates as high as 79 mu m/pulse (surface diameter) were observed for damage initiating at pre-existing scratches in the surface. For most damage sites on the optic, both surface and bulk, the damage growth rate was approximately 10 mu m/pulse. C1 Univ Calif Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA 94551 USA. RP Kozlowski, MR (reprint author), Univ Calif Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, 7000 E Ave, Livermore, CA 94551 USA. NR 3 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-2951-1 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 1999 VL 3492 BP 254 EP 261 DI 10.1117/12.354241 PN 1&2 PG 8 WC Nuclear Science & Technology; Optics; Physics, Applied; Physics, Fluids & Plasmas SC Nuclear Science & Technology; Optics; Physics GA BN59D UT WOS:000082314000030 ER PT S AU Bliss, ES Boege, SJ Boyd, RD Davis, DT Demaret, RD Feldman, M Gates, AJ Holdener, FR Knopp, CF Kyker, RD Lauman, CW McCarville, TJ Miller, JL Miller-Kamm, VJ Rivera, WE Salmon, JT Severyn, JR Sheem, SK Thomas, SW Thompson, CE Wang, DY Yoeman, MF Zacharias, RA Chocol, C Hollis, J Whitaker, D Brucker, J Bronisz, L Sheridan, T AF Bliss, ES Boege, SJ Boyd, RD Davis, DT Demaret, RD Feldman, M Gates, AJ Holdener, FR Knopp, CF Kyker, RD Lauman, CW McCarville, TJ Miller, JL Miller-Kamm, VJ Rivera, WE Salmon, JT Severyn, JR Sheem, SK Thomas, SW Thompson, CE Wang, DY Yoeman, MF Zacharias, RA Chocol, C Hollis, J Whitaker, D Brucker, J Bronisz, L Sheridan, T BE Lowdermilk, WH TI Design progress for the National Ignition Facility laser alignment and beam diagnostics SO THIRD INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON SOLID STATE LASERS FOR APPLICATION TO INERTIAL CONFINEMENT FUSION, PTS 1 AND 2 SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 3rd International Conference on Solid State Lasers for Application to Inertial Confinement Fusion CY JUN 07-12, 1998 CL MONTEREY, CA SP Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Commissariat Energie Atom DE laser; alignment; diagnostics; control; NIF; prototypes and inertial confinement fusion AB Earlier papers have described approaches to NIF alignment and laser diagnostics tasks.(1,2,3) Now, detailed design of alignment and diagnostic systems for the National Ignition Facility (NIF) laser is in its last year. Specifications are more detailed, additional analyses have been completed, Pro-E models have been developed, and prototypes of specific items have been built. In this paper we update top level concepts, illustrate specific areas of progress, and show design implementations as represented by prototype hardware. The alignment light source network has been fully defined. It utilizes an optimized number of lasers combined with fiber optic distribution to provide the chain alignment beams, system centering references, final spatial filter pinhole references, target alignment beams, and wavefront reference beams. The input and output sensors are being prototyped. They are located respectively in the front end just before beam injection into the full aperture chain and at the transport spatial filter, where the full energy infrared beam leaves the laser. The modularity of the input sensor is improved, and each output sensor mechanical package now incorporates instrumentation for four beams. Additional prototype hardware has been tested for function, and lifetime tests are underway. We report some initial results. C1 Univ Calif Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. RP Bliss, ES (reprint author), Univ Calif Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, POB 5508, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. NR 4 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-2951-1 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 1999 VL 3492 BP 285 EP 292 DI 10.1117/12.354244 PN 1&2 PG 8 WC Nuclear Science & Technology; Optics; Physics, Applied; Physics, Fluids & Plasmas SC Nuclear Science & Technology; Optics; Physics GA BN59D UT WOS:000082314000033 ER PT S AU Miller, JL English, RE Korniski, RJ Rodgers, JM AF Miller, JL English, RE Korniski, RJ Rodgers, JM BE Lowdermilk, WH TI Optical design of the National Ignition Facility main laser and switchyard/target area beam transport systems SO THIRD INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON SOLID STATE LASERS FOR APPLICATION TO INERTIAL CONFINEMENT FUSION, PTS 1 AND 2 SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 3rd International Conference on Solid State Lasers for Application to Inertial Confinement Fusion CY JUN 07-12, 1998 CL MONTEREY, CA SP Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Commissariat Energie Atom DE optical design; Nd : glass lasers; National Ignition Facility; large systems AB The optical design of the main laser and transport mirror sections of the National Ignition Facility are described. For the main laser the configuration, layout constraints, multiple beam arrangement, pinhole layout and beam paths, clear aperture budget, ray trace models, alignment constraints, lens designs, wavefront performance, and pupil aberrations are discussed. For the transport mirror system the layout, alignment controls and clear aperture budget are described. C1 Univ Calif Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. RP Miller, JL (reprint author), Univ Calif Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, POB 808,MS L-527, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-2951-1 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 1999 VL 3492 BP 294 EP 299 DI 10.1117/12.354140 PN 1&2 PG 6 WC Nuclear Science & Technology; Optics; Physics, Applied; Physics, Fluids & Plasmas SC Nuclear Science & Technology; Optics; Physics GA BN59D UT WOS:000082314000034 ER PT S AU Miller, JL English, RE Schweyen, J Peterson, G AF Miller, JL English, RE Schweyen, J Peterson, G BE Lowdermilk, WH TI National Ignition Facility main laser stray light analysis and control SO THIRD INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON SOLID STATE LASERS FOR APPLICATION TO INERTIAL CONFINEMENT FUSION, PTS 1 AND 2 SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 3rd International Conference on Solid State Lasers for Application to Inertial Confinement Fusion CY JUN 07-12, 1998 CL MONTEREY, CA SP Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Commissariat Energie Atom DE ghost analysis; stray light; Nd : glass lasers; National Ignition Facility AB Stray light analysis has been carried out for the main laser section of the National Ignition Facility main laser section using a comprehensive non-sequential ray trace model supplemented with additional ray trace and diffraction propagation modeling. This paper describes the analysis and control methodology, gives examples of ghost paths and required tilted lenses, baffles, absorbers, and beam dumps, and discusses analysis of stray light "pencil beams" in the system. C1 Univ Calif Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. RP Miller, JL (reprint author), Univ Calif Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, MS L-527,POB 808, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-2951-1 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 1999 VL 3492 BP 300 EP 305 DI 10.1117/12.354141 PN 1&2 PG 6 WC Nuclear Science & Technology; Optics; Physics, Applied; Physics, Fluids & Plasmas SC Nuclear Science & Technology; Optics; Physics GA BN59D UT WOS:000082314000035 ER PT S AU Hendrix, JL Schweyen, J Rowe, J Beer, G AF Hendrix, JL Schweyen, J Rowe, J Beer, G BE Lowdermilk, WH TI Ghost analysis visualization techniques for complex systems: Examples from the NIF Final Optics Assembly SO THIRD INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON SOLID STATE LASERS FOR APPLICATION TO INERTIAL CONFINEMENT FUSION, PTS 1 AND 2 SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 3rd International Conference on Solid State Lasers for Application to Inertial Confinement Fusion CY JUN 07-12, 1998 CL MONTEREY, CA SP Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Commissariat Energie Atom DE ghost analysis; stray light; National Ignition Facility (NIF); final optics AB The stray light or "ghost" analysis of the National Ignition Facility's (NIF) Final Optics Assembly (FOA) has proved to be one of the most complex ghost analyses ever attempted. The NIF FOA consists of a bundle of four beam lines that: 1) provides the vacuum seal to the target chamber, 2) converts 1 omega to 3 omega light, 3) focuses the light on the target, 4)separates a fraction of the 3 omega beam for energy diagnostics, 5) separates the three wavelengths to diffract unwanted 1 omega & 2 omega light away from the target, 6) provides spatial beam smoothing, and 7) provides a debris barrier between the target chamber and the switchyard mirrors. The three wavelengths of light and seven optical elements with three diffractive optic surfaces generate three million ghosts through 4(th) order. Approximately 24,000 of these ghosts have peak fluence exceeding 1 J/cm(2). The shear number of ghost paths requires a visualization method that allows overlapping ghosts on optics and mechanical components to be summed and then mapped to the optical and mechanical component surfaces in 3D space. This paper addresses the following aspects of the NIF Final Optics Ghost analysis: 1) materials issues for stray light mitigation, 2) limitations of current software tools (especially in modeling diffractive optics), 3) computer resource limitations affecting automated coherent raytracing, 4) folding the stray light analysis into the opto-mechanical design process,5) analysis and visualization tools from simple hand calculations to specialized stray light analysis computer codes, and 6) attempts at visualizing these ghosts using a CAD model and another using a high end data visualization software approach. C1 Univ Calif Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, AlliedSignal Inc Fed Mfg & Technol, Livermore, CA 94551 USA. RP Hendrix, JL (reprint author), Univ Calif Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, AlliedSignal Inc Fed Mfg & Technol, POB 808, Livermore, CA 94551 USA. NR 0 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 2 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-2951-1 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 1999 VL 3492 BP 306 EP 320 DI 10.1117/12.354142 PN 1&2 PG 15 WC Nuclear Science & Technology; Optics; Physics, Applied; Physics, Fluids & Plasmas SC Nuclear Science & Technology; Optics; Physics GA BN59D UT WOS:000082314000036 ER PT S AU Lawson, JK Auerbach, JM English, RE Henesian, MA Hunt, JT Sacks, RA Trenholme, JB Williams, WH Shoup, MJ Kelly, JH Cotton, CT AF Lawson, JK Auerbach, JM English, RE Henesian, MA Hunt, JT Sacks, RA Trenholme, JB Williams, WH Shoup, MJ Kelly, JH Cotton, CT BE Lowdermilk, WH TI NIF optical specifications - The importance of the RMS gradient SO THIRD INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON SOLID STATE LASERS FOR APPLICATION TO INERTIAL CONFINEMENT FUSION, PTS 1 AND 2 SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 3rd International Conference on Solid State Lasers for Application to Inertial Confinement Fusion CY JUN 07-12, 1998 CL MONTEREY, CA SP Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Commissariat Energie Atom DE optical specifications; ICF; solid-state lasers; phase gradient AB The performance of the National Ignition Facility (NIF), especially in terms of laser focusability, will be determined by several key factors. One of these key factors is the optical specification for the thousands of large aperture optics that will comprise the 192 beamlines, We have previously reported on the importance of the specification of the power spectral density (PSD) on NIF performance. Recently, we have been studying the importance of long spatial wavelength (>33 mm) phase errors on focusability. We have concluded that the preferred metric for determining the impact of these long spatial wavelength phase errors is the rms phase gradient. In this paper, we outline the overall approach to NIF optical specifications, detail the impact of the rms phase gradient on NIF focusability, discuss its trade-off with the PSD in determining the spot size, and review measurements of optics similar to those to be manufactured for NIF. C1 Univ Calif Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA 94551 USA. RP Lawson, JK (reprint author), Univ Calif Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA 94551 USA. RI Trenholme, John/M-4805-2016 OI Trenholme, John/0000-0003-3673-6653 NR 5 TC 15 Z9 22 U1 0 U2 8 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-2951-1 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 1999 VL 3492 BP 336 EP 343 DI 10.1117/12.354145 PN 1&2 PG 8 WC Nuclear Science & Technology; Optics; Physics, Applied; Physics, Fluids & Plasmas SC Nuclear Science & Technology; Optics; Physics GA BN59D UT WOS:000082314000039 ER PT S AU Sacks, R Auerbach, J Bliss, E Henesian, M Lawson, J Manes, K Renard, P Salmon, T Trenholme, J Williams, W Winters, S Zacharias, R AF Sacks, R Auerbach, J Bliss, E Henesian, M Lawson, J Manes, K Renard, P Salmon, T Trenholme, J Williams, W Winters, S Zacharias, R BE Lowdermilk, WH TI Application of adaptive optics for controlling the NIF laser performance and spot size SO THIRD INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON SOLID STATE LASERS FOR APPLICATION TO INERTIAL CONFINEMENT FUSION, PTS 1 AND 2 SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 3rd International Conference on Solid State Lasers for Application to Inertial Confinement Fusion CY JUN 07-12, 1998 CL MONTEREY, CA SP Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Commissariat Energie Atom AB The National ignition Facility (NIF) laser will use a 192-beam multi-pass architecture capable of delivering several MJ of UV energy in temporal pulse formats varying from sub-ns square to 20 ns precisely-defined high-contrast shapes, Each beam. wavefront will be subjected to effects of optics inhomogeneities, figuring errors, mounting distortions, prompt and slow thermal effects from flashlamps, driven and passive air-path turbulence, and gravity-driven deformations. A 39-actuator intra-cavity deformable mirror, controlled by data from a 77-lenslet Hartman sensor will be used to correct these wavefront aberrations and thus to assure that stringent farfield spot requirements are met. We have developed numerical models for the expected distortions, the operation of the adaptive optic system, and the anticipated effects on beam propagation, component damage, frequency conversion, and target-plane energy distribution. These models have been extensively validated against data from LLNL's Beamlet, and Amplab lasers. We review the expected beam wavefront aberrations and their potential for adverse effects on the laser performance, describe our model of the corrective system operation, and display our predictions for corrected-beam operation of the NIF laser. C1 Univ Calif Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. RP Sacks, R (reprint author), Univ Calif Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. RI Trenholme, John/M-4805-2016 OI Trenholme, John/0000-0003-3673-6653 NR 2 TC 3 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 2 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-2951-1 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 1999 VL 3492 BP 344 EP 354 DI 10.1117/12.354146 PN 1&2 PG 11 WC Nuclear Science & Technology; Optics; Physics, Applied; Physics, Fluids & Plasmas SC Nuclear Science & Technology; Optics; Physics GA BN59D UT WOS:000082314000040 ER PT S AU Williams, W AF Williams, W BE Lowdermilk, WH TI Simulations of a phase corrector plate for the National Ignition Facility SO THIRD INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON SOLID STATE LASERS FOR APPLICATION TO INERTIAL CONFINEMENT FUSION, PTS 1 AND 2 SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 3rd International Conference on Solid State Lasers for Application to Inertial Confinement Fusion CY JUN 07-12, 1998 CL MONTEREY, CA SP Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Commissariat Energie Atom DE phase corrector; adaptive optic; focal spot correction AB Simulations are presented on the effect of placing a static phase corrector plate in each beamline of the National Ignition Facility (NIF) to assist the adaptive optic in correcting beam phase aberrations. Results indicate that such a plate could significantly improve the focal spot, reducing a 3 omega, 80% spot half-angle from 21 to 8 mu rad for poorer-qualtiy optics, and 17 to 7 for better optics. Such a plate appears to be within the range of current fabrication technologies. It would have an alignment requiremnt of +/-0.5 mm, if placed in the front end. In NIF operation, the occasional replacement of laser slabs would slowly degrade the beam quality for a fixed corrector plate, with the spot size increasing from 8 to 15 mu rad after four new slabs for poorer optics, and 7 to 12 mu rad for better optics. The energy fraction clipped on the injection pinhole (+/-100 mu rad) would be <0.5% due to this pre-correction. C1 Univ Calif Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA 94551 USA. RP Williams, W (reprint author), Univ Calif Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA 94551 USA. NR 0 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-2951-1 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 1999 VL 3492 BP 355 EP 362 DI 10.1117/12.354147 PN 1&2 PG 8 WC Nuclear Science & Technology; Optics; Physics, Applied; Physics, Fluids & Plasmas SC Nuclear Science & Technology; Optics; Physics GA BN59D UT WOS:000082314000041 ER PT S AU Trummer, DJ Foley, RJ Shaw, GS AF Trummer, DJ Foley, RJ Shaw, GS BE Lowdermilk, WH TI Stability of optical elements in the NIF Target Area Building SO THIRD INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON SOLID STATE LASERS FOR APPLICATION TO INERTIAL CONFINEMENT FUSION, PTS 1 AND 2 SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 3rd International Conference on Solid State Lasers for Application to Inertial Confinement Fusion CY JUN 07-12, 1998 CL MONTEREY, CA SP Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Commissariat Energie Atom DE NIF; optics; mirrors; stability; ambient vibration; finite elements; laser AB The Target Area Building (TAB) of the National Ignition Facility (NIF) is 300 feet long, 100 feet wide, and 100 feet tall and is comprised of a cylindrical target building and two switchyard space frames. The reinforced concrete target building houses the target chamber, target positioner, turning mirrors, final optics assemblies, and diagnostics, while the steel switchyard space frames support turning mirrors and diagnostic equipment. Within the TAB, the 192 independent laser beams of the NIF laser system are required to be accurately positioned. In order to satisfy the engineering system requirement for optical system positioning (stability on target), the TAB must provide a stable platform for optical elements before and during a shot. This paper summarizes the stability analyses that were performed in support of the TAB and optical system design. Sources that influence optic stability are structural excitations, such as ambient and wind induced vibrations, and thermal transients, such as diurnal and HVAC temperature changes. A positioning error budget has been developed for the NIF project for use in the design and evaluation of structures which support optical elements. To satisfy the error budget requirements, vibrational stability will be achieved through a combination of facility design, optic support structure design, and passive damping. Thermal stability will be accomplished by using high thermal-mass concrete structures, conditioned air flow, and a reduction of heat sources. Finite element analysis has been used to evaluate the design of the TAB and optical support structures. A detailed structural model of the TAB that includes the target positioner, target chamber, turning mirrors, and diagnostics, has been used for stability evaluations. Finite element analyses covering ambient ground vibration, thermal loads, pressure fluctuations, and wind excitations have demonstrated that the current design of the TAB provides a stable platform for maintaining beam alignment. C1 Univ Calif Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. RP Trummer, DJ (reprint author), Univ Calif Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. NR 5 TC 12 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 4 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-2951-1 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 1999 VL 3492 BP 363 EP 371 DI 10.1117/12.354148 PN 1&2 PG 9 WC Nuclear Science & Technology; Optics; Physics, Applied; Physics, Fluids & Plasmas SC Nuclear Science & Technology; Optics; Physics GA BN59D UT WOS:000082314000042 ER PT S AU Runkel, M Jennings, R DeYoreo, J Sell, W Milam, D Zaitseva, N Carmen, L Williams, W AF Runkel, M Jennings, R DeYoreo, J Sell, W Milam, D Zaitseva, N Carmen, L Williams, W BE Lowdermilk, WH TI An overview of recent KDP damage experiments and implications for NIF tripler performance SO THIRD INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON SOLID STATE LASERS FOR APPLICATION TO INERTIAL CONFINEMENT FUSION, PTS 1 AND 2 SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 3rd International Conference on Solid State Lasers for Application to Inertial Confinement Fusion CY JUN 07-12, 1998 CL MONTEREY, CA SP Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Commissariat Energie Atom DE KDP; KD*P; laser damage; bulk damage AB Considerable attention has been paid over the years to the problem of growing high purity KDP and KD*P to meet damage threshold requirements of inertial confinement fusion (ICF) lasers at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL). The maximum fluence requirement for KD*P triplers on the National Ignition Facility (NIF) is 14.3 J/cm(2) at 351 nm in a 3 ns pulse; Currently KD*P (conventional or rapid grown) cannot meet this requirement without laser (pre)conditioning. In this overview, recent experiments to understand laser conditioning and damage phenomena in KDP and KD*P are discussed. These experiments have led to a fundamental revision of damage test methods and test result interpretation. In particular, the concept of a damage threshold has given way to measuring performance by damage distributions using beams of millimeter size. Automated R/1 (conditioned) damage tests have shown that the best rapidly grown KDP crystals exhibit the same damage distributions as the best conventionally grown KD*P. Continuous filtration of the growth solution and post-growth thermal annealing are shown to increase the damage performance as well. In addition, centimeter size beams from multijoule lasers were used to study stepwise laser conditioning in KDP. These tests show that an increase in the damage threshold of similar to 150% is attainable with 8 To 12 shots of increasing fluence. The experiments show that the damage density (pinpoints/mm(3)) evolves exponentially and once formed, the micron-sized bulk pinpoints remain stable in size with repeated shots. The information obtained from damage distributions and conditioning studies were used with model NIF spatial profiles to determine the probability of damage and the local pinpoint density generated in a tripler. Calculations based on test data have shown that, for well-conditioned, high-quality rapid growth KDP or conventional growth KD*P, the damage probability is less than 3%. Furthermore, the fluence profiles expected on NIF lead to only small numbers of generated pinpoints, which are not expected to adversely affect NIF operations. To check the validity of the results, the 37 cm KD*P tripler from the Beamlet laser was mapped for damage. The inspection revealed pinpoint densities on the order of these predicted by the damage evolution calculations. C1 Univ Calif Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. RP Runkel, M (reprint author), Univ Calif Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, POB 808,L-250, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. NR 14 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 3 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-2951-1 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 1999 VL 3492 BP 374 EP 385 DI 10.1117/12.354149 PN 1&2 PG 12 WC Nuclear Science & Technology; Optics; Physics, Applied; Physics, Fluids & Plasmas SC Nuclear Science & Technology; Optics; Physics GA BN59D UT WOS:000082314000043 ER PT S AU Wegner, PJ Auerbach, JM Barker, CE Burkhart, SC Couture, SA DeYoreo, JJ Hibbard, RL Liou, LM Norton, MA Whitman, PA Hackel, LA AF Wegner, PJ Auerbach, JM Barker, CE Burkhart, SC Couture, SA DeYoreo, JJ Hibbard, RL Liou, LM Norton, MA Whitman, PA Hackel, LA BE Lowdermilk, WH TI Frequency converter development for the National Ignition Facility SO THIRD INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON SOLID STATE LASERS FOR APPLICATION TO INERTIAL CONFINEMENT FUSION, PTS 1 AND 2 SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 3rd International Conference on Solid State Lasers for Application to Inertial Confinement Fusion CY JUN 07-12, 1998 CL MONTEREY, CA SP Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Commissariat Energie Atom DE harmonic generation; frequency conversion; nonlinear optics; ICF ID CRYSTALS AB The design of the National Ignition Facility (NSF) incorporates a type I/type Il third harmonic generator to convert the 1.053-mu m fundamental wavelength of the laser amplifier to a wavelength of 0.351 mu m for target irradiation. To understand and control the tolerances in the converter design, we have developed a comprehensive error budget that accounts for effects that are known to influence conversion efficiency, including variations in amplitude and phase of the incident laser pulse, temporal bandwidth of the incident laser pulse, crystal surface figure and bulk non-uniformities, angular alignment errors, Fresnel losses, polarization errors and crystal temperature variations. The error budget provides specifications for the detailed design of the NIF final optics assembly (FOA) and the fabrication of optical components. Validation is accomplished through both modeling and measurement, including full-scale Beamlet tests of a 37-cm aperture frequency converter in a NIF prototype final optics cell. The prototype cell incorporates full-perimeter clamping to support the crystals, and resides in a vacuum environment as per the NIF design. C1 Univ Calif Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. RP Wegner, PJ (reprint author), Univ Calif Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, POB 808,L-479, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. NR 18 TC 18 Z9 20 U1 2 U2 7 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-2951-1 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 1999 VL 3492 BP 392 EP 405 DI 10.1117/12.354152 PN 1&2 PG 14 WC Nuclear Science & Technology; Optics; Physics, Applied; Physics, Fluids & Plasmas SC Nuclear Science & Technology; Optics; Physics GA BN59D UT WOS:000082314000045 ER PT S AU Auerbach, JM Barker, CE Couture, SA Eimerl, D De Yoreo, JJ Hackel, LA Hibbard, RL Liou, LW Norton, MA Perfect, SA Wegner, PJ AF Auerbach, JM Barker, CE Couture, SA Eimerl, D De Yoreo, JJ Hackel, LA Hibbard, RL Liou, LW Norton, MA Perfect, SA Wegner, PJ BE Lowdermilk, WH TI Modeling of frequency doubling and tripling with converter refractive index spatial non-uniformities due to gravitational sag SO THIRD INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON SOLID STATE LASERS FOR APPLICATION TO INERTIAL CONFINEMENT FUSION, PTS 1 AND 2 SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 3rd International Conference on Solid State Lasers for Application to Inertial Confinement Fusion CY JUN 07-12, 1998 CL MONTEREY, CA SP Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Commissariat Energie Atom DE frequency conversion; ICF; nonlinear optics; KDP crystals AB Accurate predictions of the performance of frequency conversion requires knowledge of the spatial variation of departures from the phase-matching condition in the converter crystals. This variation is caused by processes such as crystal growth and crystal surface finishing. Gravitational sag and mounting configurations also lead to deformation and stresses which cause spatially varying departures from the phase-matching condition. We have modeled the effect of gravitational forces on conversion efficiency performance of horizontal converter crystals and have shown for the NIF mounting configurations that gravity has very little effect on conversion efficiency. C1 Univ Calif Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. RP Auerbach, JM (reprint author), Univ Calif Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, POB 808, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. NR 4 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 1 U2 3 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-2951-1 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 1999 VL 3492 BP 472 EP 479 DI 10.1117/12.354161 PN 1&2 PG 8 WC Nuclear Science & Technology; Optics; Physics, Applied; Physics, Fluids & Plasmas SC Nuclear Science & Technology; Optics; Physics GA BN59D UT WOS:000082314000053 ER PT S AU Murray, JE Milam, D Boley, CD Estabrook, KG Bonneau, F AF Murray, JE Milam, D Boley, CD Estabrook, KG Bonneau, F BE Lowdermilk, WH TI Spatial filter issues SO THIRD INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON SOLID STATE LASERS FOR APPLICATION TO INERTIAL CONFINEMENT FUSION, PTS 1 AND 2 SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 3rd International Conference on Solid State Lasers for Application to Inertial Confinement Fusion CY JUN 07-12, 1998 CL MONTEREY, CA SP Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Commissariat Energie Atom DE pinhole closure; spatial filters; pinhole; laser-induced plasma; spatial filter pressure; back reflections AB Beamlet measurements show that cone pinholes outperform other types tested with regard to both closure and back reflections. A +/-150 mu rad stainless steel cone remained open for a 15.5 kJ, 10:1 contrast shaped pulse with +/-7.5 mu rad of SSD divergence, which more than meets the requirements for a NIF ignition pulse. Measurements also showed the maximum tolerable pressures in the NIF spatial filters to be a few milliTorr, leading to recommendations of 0.1 and 0.6 mTorr for the NIF transport and cavity spatial filters, respectively. C1 Univ Calif Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. RP Murray, JE (reprint author), Univ Calif Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. NR 2 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 1 U2 3 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-2951-1 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 1999 VL 3492 BP 496 EP 503 DI 10.1117/12.354163 PN 1&2 PG 8 WC Nuclear Science & Technology; Optics; Physics, Applied; Physics, Fluids & Plasmas SC Nuclear Science & Technology; Optics; Physics GA BN59D UT WOS:000082314000055 ER PT S AU Milam, D Murray, JE Estabrook, KG Boley, CD Sell, WD Nielsen, ND Kirkwood, RK Zakharenkov, YA Afeyan, BB AF Milam, D Murray, JE Estabrook, KG Boley, CD Sell, WD Nielsen, ND Kirkwood, RK Zakharenkov, YA Afeyan, BB BE Lowdermilk, WH TI Pinhole closure measurements SO THIRD INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON SOLID STATE LASERS FOR APPLICATION TO INERTIAL CONFINEMENT FUSION, PTS 1 AND 2 SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 3rd International Conference on Solid State Lasers for Application to Inertial Confinement Fusion CY JUN 07-12, 1998 CL MONTEREY, CA SP Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Commissariat Energie Atom DE laser-induced plasma; carbon aluminum; iron; molybdenum; tantalum; absorbing glass; pinhole closure AB Spatial-filter pinholes and knife-edge samples were irradiated in vacuum by 1053-nm, 5-20 us pulses at intensities to 500 GW/cm(2). The knife-edge samples were fabricated of plastic, carbon, aluminum, stainless steel, molybdenum, tantalum, gold and an absorbing glass. Time-resolved two-beam interferometry with a 40-ns probe pulse was used to observe phase shifts in the expanding laser-induced plasma. For all of these materials, at any time during square-pulse irradiation, the phase shift fell exponentially with distance from the edge of the sample. The expansion was characterized by the propagation velocity V-2 pi of the contour for a 2 pi phase shift To within experimental error; V-2 pi was constant during irradiation at a particular intensity,and it increased linearly with intensity for intensities <300 GW/cm(2). For metal samples, V-2 pi exhibited an approximate M-0.5 dependence where M is the atomic mass. Plasmas of plastic, carbon and absorbing glass produced larger phase shifts, and expanded more rapidly, than plasmas of the heavy metals. The probe beam and interferometer were also used to observe the closing of pinholes. With planar pinholes, accumulation of on-axis plasma was observed along with the advance of plasma away from the edge of the hole. On-axis closure was not observed in square, 4-leaf pinholes. C1 Univ Calif Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. RP Milam, D (reprint author), Univ Calif Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. NR 2 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 1 U2 2 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-2951-1 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 1999 VL 3492 BP 504 EP 509 DI 10.1117/12.354164 PN 1&2 PG 6 WC Nuclear Science & Technology; Optics; Physics, Applied; Physics, Fluids & Plasmas SC Nuclear Science & Technology; Optics; Physics GA BN59D UT WOS:000082314000056 ER PT S AU Boley, CD Estabrook, KG Auerbach, JM Feit, MD Rubenchik, AM AF Boley, CD Estabrook, KG Auerbach, JM Feit, MD Rubenchik, AM BE Lowdermilk, WH TI Modeling of laser knife-edge and pinhole experiments SO THIRD INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON SOLID STATE LASERS FOR APPLICATION TO INERTIAL CONFINEMENT FUSION, PTS 1 AND 2 SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 3rd International Conference on Solid State Lasers for Application to Inertial Confinement Fusion CY JUN 07-12, 1998 CL MONTEREY, CA SP Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Commissariat Energie Atom AB We describe simulations of experiments involving laser illumination of a metallic knife edge in the Optical Sciences Laboratory (OSL) at LLNL, and pinhole closure in the Beamlet experiment at LLNL, The plasma evolution is modeled via LASNEX. In OSL, the calculated phases of a probe beam are found to exhibit the same behavior as in experiment but to be consistently larger. The motion of a given phase contour tends to decelerate at high intensities. At fixed intensity, the speed decreases with atomic mass. We then calculate the plasmas associated with 4-leaf pinholes on the Beamlet transport spatial filter. We employ a new propagation code to follow a realistic input beam through the entire spatial filter, including the plasmas. The detailed behavior of the output wavefronts is obtained. We show how closure depends on the orientation and material of the pinhole blades. As observed in experiment, a diamond orientation is preferable to a square orientation, and tantalum performs better than stainless steel. C1 Univ Calif Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. RP Boley, CD (reprint author), Univ Calif Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. RI Feit, Michael/A-4480-2009 NR 5 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-2951-1 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 1999 VL 3492 BP 524 EP 535 DI 10.1117/12.354166 PN 1&2 PG 12 WC Nuclear Science & Technology; Optics; Physics, Applied; Physics, Fluids & Plasmas SC Nuclear Science & Technology; Optics; Physics GA BN59D UT WOS:000082314000058 ER PT S AU Van Arsdall, PJ Bettenhausen, RC Holloway, FW Saroyan, RA Woodruff, JP AF Van Arsdall, PJ Bettenhausen, RC Holloway, FW Saroyan, RA Woodruff, JP BE Lowdermilk, WH TI National Ignition Facility Integrated Computer Control System SO THIRD INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON SOLID STATE LASERS FOR APPLICATION TO INERTIAL CONFINEMENT FUSION, PTS 1 AND 2 SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 3rd International Conference on Solid State Lasers for Application to Inertial Confinement Fusion CY JUN 07-12, 1998 CL MONTEREY, CA SP Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Commissariat Energie Atom DE distributed control system; CORBA; software engineering; framework; simulation; object-oriented AB The NIF design team is developing the Integrated Computer Control System (ICCS), which is based on an object-oriented software framework applicable to event-driven control systems. The framework provides an open, extensible architecture that is sufficiently abstract to construct future mission-critical control systems. The ICCS will become operational when the first 8 out of 192 beams are activated in mid 2000. The ICCS consists of 300 front-end processors attached to 60,000 control points coordinated by a supervisory system. Computers running either Solaris or VxWorks are networked over a hybrid configuration of switched fast Ethernet and asynchronous transfer mode (ATM). ATM carries digital motion video from sensors to operator consoles. Supervisory software is constructed by extending the reusable framework components for each specific application. The framework incorporates services for database persistence, system configuration, graphical user interface, status monitoring, event logging, scripting language, alert management, and access control. More than twenty collaborating software applications are derived from the common framework. The framework is interoperable among different kinds of computers and functions as a plug-in software bus by leveraging a common object request brokering architecture (CORBA). CORBA transparently distributes the software objects across the network Because: of the pivotal role played, CORBA was tested to ensure adequate performance. C1 Univ Calif Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA 94551 USA. RP Van Arsdall, PJ (reprint author), Univ Calif Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, POB 808,MS L-493, Livermore, CA 94551 USA. NR 3 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-2951-1 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 1999 VL 3492 BP 538 EP 548 DI 10.1117/12.354167 PN 1&2 PG 11 WC Nuclear Science & Technology; Optics; Physics, Applied; Physics, Fluids & Plasmas SC Nuclear Science & Technology; Optics; Physics GA BN59D UT WOS:000082314000059 ER PT S AU Rainer, F Dickson, RK Jennings, RT Kimmons, JF Maricle, SM Mouser, RP Schwartz, S Weinzapfel, CL AF Rainer, F Dickson, RK Jennings, RT Kimmons, JF Maricle, SM Mouser, RP Schwartz, S Weinzapfel, CL BE Lowdermilk, WH TI Development of practical damage-mapping and inspection systems SO THIRD INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON SOLID STATE LASERS FOR APPLICATION TO INERTIAL CONFINEMENT FUSION, PTS 1 AND 2 SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 3rd International Conference on Solid State Lasers for Application to Inertial Confinement Fusion CY JUN 07-12, 1998 CL MONTEREY, CA SP Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Commissariat Energie Atom DE damage; damage mapping; laser-induced damage; optics AB We have developed and are continuing to refine semi-automated technology for the detection and inspection of surface and bulk defects and damage in large laser optics.. Different manifestations of the DAMOCLES system (Damage- and Artifact Mapping Of Coherent-Laser-Exposed Substrates) provide an effective and economical means of being able to detect, map and characterize surface and bulk defects which may become precursors of massive damage in optics when subjected to high-fluence laser irradiation. Subsequent morphology and evolution of damage due to laser irradiation can be tracked efficiently. The strength of the Damocles system is that it allows for immediate visual observation of defects in an entire optic, which can range up to 1-meter dimensions, while also being able to provide digital map and magnified images of the defects with resolutions better than 5 mu m. C1 Univ Calif Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA 94551 USA. RP Rainer, F (reprint author), Univ Calif Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, POB 5508,L-487, Livermore, CA 94551 USA. NR 1 TC 8 Z9 9 U1 1 U2 6 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-2951-1 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 1999 VL 3492 BP 556 EP 563 DI 10.1117/12.354169 PN 1&2 PG 8 WC Nuclear Science & Technology; Optics; Physics, Applied; Physics, Fluids & Plasmas SC Nuclear Science & Technology; Optics; Physics GA BN59D UT WOS:000082314000061 ER PT S AU Van Wonterghem, BM Speck, DR Tiszauer, D Lane, MA AF Van Wonterghem, BM Speck, DR Tiszauer, D Lane, MA BE Lowdermilk, WH TI Start-up plan for the first NIF laser bundle: transition from single Beamlet prototype to 192-beamline laser facility SO THIRD INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON SOLID STATE LASERS FOR APPLICATION TO INERTIAL CONFINEMENT FUSION, PTS 1 AND 2 SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 3rd International Conference on Solid State Lasers for Application to Inertial Confinement Fusion CY JUN 07-12, 1998 CL MONTEREY, CA SP Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Commissariat Energie Atom AB The compact multi-pass laser design and the extensive use of optical component assemblies as line replaceable units (LRU) are essential to achieve the cost efficiency of the National Ignition Facility design. These design philosophies require a new approach to start-up operation of the NIF 192-beam-line high-energy laser compared to existing fusion laser facilities. The limited access to the beam-line optics and the limited on-line verification and maintenance capability require that extensive component verification and alignment take place in off-line facilities before the LRU's are installed in the laser structure. We are developing a detailed plan for the start-up of the NIF facility. This plan includes systematic off-line component and LRU verification tests, LRU installation and prealignment, and sub-system acceptance tests, followed by a well defined set of operational test procedures to verify integrated performance. During integrated performance testing laser performance parameters of individual beam lines will be verified using a precision diagnostic system located in the NIF switchyard. If additional on-line calibration or performance testing is required, the LRU based architecture can accommodate the insertion of specialized in-line diagnostic LRUs at locations that require such additional testing during start-up. Multiple beam focal spot characteristics on disk targets in the NIF target chamber will be examined using X-ray diagnostics. We will discuss the detailed plan for the startup of the first bundle of 8 beam lines, a laser system by itself similar in size and complexity to the LLNL Nova laser, The discussion will include the application of lessons learned from start-up and operation of the Beamlet prototype beam line during the last 4 years. Experience on the first bundle of beams is essential to optimize the start-up procedures to expeditiously deliver the 23 remaining laser bundles to the operations program at the rate of one bundle per month to complete the NIF facility. The plan that we describe supports a gradual transition from the present ICF program based upon the 10-beam Nova laser system to an ICF program based upon the 192-beam-line National Ignition Facility, with all 24 bundles being available for operation in FY04. This plan includes a schedule for a phased bundle-by-bundle completion of integrated operational test procedures and hand over of laser bundles to the program for experimental operations. The early start-up of one bundle provides early experimental capability two years before completion of the NIF Project, and experience that will be essential to complete this transition plan on schedule in a cost effective way. C1 Univ Calif Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA 94551 USA. RP Van Wonterghem, BM (reprint author), Univ Calif Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, POB 5508,L-493, Livermore, CA 94551 USA. NR 6 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-2951-1 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 1999 VL 3492 BP 573 EP 583 DI 10.1117/12.354171 PN 1&2 PG 11 WC Nuclear Science & Technology; Optics; Physics, Applied; Physics, Fluids & Plasmas SC Nuclear Science & Technology; Optics; Physics GA BN59D UT WOS:000082314000063 ER PT S AU Horvath, JA AF Horvath, JA BE Lowdermilk, WH TI Assembly and maintenance of full scale NIF amplifiers in the amplifier module prototype laboratory (AMPLAB) SO THIRD INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON SOLID STATE LASERS FOR APPLICATION TO INERTIAL CONFINEMENT FUSION, PTS 1 AND 2 SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 3rd International Conference on Solid State Lasers for Application to Inertial Confinement Fusion CY JUN 07-12, 1998 CL MONTEREY, CA SP Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Commissariat Energie Atom DE AMPLAB; amplifier; frame; FAU; LRU; cassette; flashlamp; slab; vehicle; SMIF AB Mechanical assembly and maintenance of the prototype National Ignition Facility amplifiers in the Amplifier Module Prototype Laboratory (AMPLAB) at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory requires specialized equipment designed to manipulate large and delicate amplifier components in a safe and clean manner. Observations made during the operation of this assembly and maintenance equipment in AMPLAB provide design guidance for similar tools being built for the National Ignition Facility. Fixtures used for amplifier frame installation, laser slab and flashlamp cassette assembly, transport, and installation, and in-situ blastshield exchange are presented. Examples include a vacuum slab gripper, slab handling clean crane, slab cassette assembly fixture, sealed transport vehicle for slab cassette movement between the cleanroom and amplifier, slab cassette transfer fixture between the cleanroom and transport vehicle, and equipment needed for frame assembly unit, blastshield, and flashlamp cassette installation and removal. The use of these tools for amplifier assembly, system reconfiguration, reflector replacement, and recovery from an abnormal occurrence such as a flashlamp explosion is described. Observations are made on the design and operation of these tools and their contribution to the final design of their NIF counterparts. C1 Univ Calif Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. RP Horvath, JA (reprint author), Univ Calif Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, MS L490, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. NR 3 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 6 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-2951-1 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 1999 VL 3492 BP 601 EP 608 DI 10.1117/12.354174 PN 1&2 PG 8 WC Nuclear Science & Technology; Optics; Physics, Applied; Physics, Fluids & Plasmas SC Nuclear Science & Technology; Optics; Physics GA BN59D UT WOS:000082314000066 ER PT S AU Stowers, IF Horvath, JA Menapace, JA Burnham, AK Letts, SA AF Stowers, IF Horvath, JA Menapace, JA Burnham, AK Letts, SA BE Lowdermilk, WH TI Achieving and maintaining cleanliness in NIF amplifiers SO THIRD INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON SOLID STATE LASERS FOR APPLICATION TO INERTIAL CONFINEMENT FUSION, PTS 1 AND 2 SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 3rd International Conference on Solid State Lasers for Application to Inertial Confinement Fusion CY JUN 07-12, 1998 CL MONTEREY, CA SP Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Commissariat Energie Atom DE optical cleanliness; glass crazing; MIL STD 1246C; damage maps; aerosols; flashlamp induced damage AB Cleanliness measurements made on AMPLAB prototype National Ignition Facility (NIF) laser amplifiers during assembly, cassette transfer, and amplifier operation are summarized. These measurements include particle counts from surface cleanliness assessments using filter swipe techniques and from airborne particle monitoring. Results are compared with similar measurements made on the Beamlet and Nova lasers and in flashlamp test fixtures. Observations of Class 100,000 aerosols after flashlamp firings are discussed. Comparisons are made between typical damage densities on laser amplifier optics from Novette, NOVA, Beamlet, and AMPLAB. C1 Univ Calif Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. RP Stowers, IF (reprint author), Univ Calif Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, POB 808,L-487, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. NR 24 TC 2 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 4 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-2951-1 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 1999 VL 3492 BP 609 EP 620 DI 10.1117/12.354175 PN 1&2 PG 12 WC Nuclear Science & Technology; Optics; Physics, Applied; Physics, Fluids & Plasmas SC Nuclear Science & Technology; Optics; Physics GA BN59D UT WOS:000082314000067 ER PT S AU Rotter, M Jancaitis, K Marshall, C Zapata, L Erlandson, A LeTouze, G Seznec, S AF Rotter, M Jancaitis, K Marshall, C Zapata, L Erlandson, A LeTouze, G Seznec, S BE Lowdermilk, WH TI Pump-induced wavefront distortion in prototypical NIF/LMJ amplifiers - Modeling and comparison with experiments SO THIRD INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON SOLID STATE LASERS FOR APPLICATION TO INERTIAL CONFINEMENT FUSION, PTS 1 AND 2 SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 3rd International Conference on Solid State Lasers for Application to Inertial Confinement Fusion CY JUN 07-12, 1998 CL MONTEREY, CA SP Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Commissariat Energie Atom AB In large-aperture laser amplifiers such as those envisioned for the National Ignition Facility (NIF) and Laser Megajoules (LMJ) lasers, the geometry is such that the front and back faces of the laser slab are heated unevenly by the pump process. This uneven heating results in a mechanical deformation of the laser slab and consequent internal stresses. The deformation and stresses, along with a temperature-dependent refractive index variation, result in phase variations across the laser beam (so-called pump-induced wavefront distortions). These phase variations lead to beam steering which may affect frequency conversion as well as energy-on-target. We have developed a model which allows us to estimate the pump-induced wavefront distortion for a given amplifier configuration as well as the spatially-resolved depolarization. The model is compared with experiments taken in our amplifier development laboratory, AMPLAB. C1 Univ Calif Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA 94551 USA. RP Rotter, M (reprint author), Univ Calif Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, POB 5508,L-477, Livermore, CA 94551 USA. NR 12 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 1 U2 4 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-2951-1 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 1999 VL 3492 BP 638 EP 659 DI 10.1117/12.354178 PN 1&2 PG 22 WC Nuclear Science & Technology; Optics; Physics, Applied; Physics, Fluids & Plasmas SC Nuclear Science & Technology; Optics; Physics GA BN59D UT WOS:000082314000070 ER PT S AU Sutton, S Erlandson, A London, R Manes, K Marshall, C Petty, C Pierce, R Smith, L Zapata, L Beullier, J Bicrel, B AF Sutton, S Erlandson, A London, R Manes, K Marshall, C Petty, C Pierce, R Smith, L Zapata, L Beullier, J Bicrel, B BE Lowdermilk, WH TI Thermal recovery of the NIF amplifiers SO THIRD INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON SOLID STATE LASERS FOR APPLICATION TO INERTIAL CONFINEMENT FUSION, PTS 1 AND 2 SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 3rd International Conference on Solid State Lasers for Application to Inertial Confinement Fusion CY JUN 07-12, 1998 CL MONTEREY, CA SP Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Commissariat Energie Atom DE National Ignition Facility; laser amplifiers; thermal distortions; gas cooling; thermal recovery; numerical simulations; experiments AB With approximately 99% of the electrical energy supplied to the National Ignition Facility (NIF) appearing as heat in the amplifiers, thermal recovery of the NIF system is a major consideration in the design process. The MF shot rate is one shot every 8 hours, with a goal of 4 hours between shots. This necessitates that thermal recovery take place in no more than 7 hours, with a goal of 3 hours for the accelerated shot rate. Residual optical distortions, which restrict the shot rate, are grouped into two discrete categories: (1) distortions associated with residual temperature gradients in the laser slabs, and (2) distortions associated with buoyantly driven convective currents in the amplifier cavity and beam-tube regions. Thermal recovery of the amplifiers is achieved by cooling the flashlamps and blastshields with a turbulent gas flow. The cooled blastshields then serve as a cold boundary to radiatively extract the residual heat deposited in the slabs and edge claddings. Advanced concepts, such as the use of slightly chilled gas to accelerate some aspects of recovery, are addressed. To quantify recovery rates of the amplifiers, experiments and numerical models are used to measure and calculate the temperatures and optical distortions in NIF-like amplifier elements. The calculation results are benchmarked against AMLAB temperature measurements, thus allowing a quantitative prediction of MF thermal recovery. These results indicate that the NIF requirement of 7 hour thermal recovery can be achieved with chilled temperature cooling gas. It is further shown that residual temperature gradient driven distortions in the slabs reach an acceptable level after 4 hours of thermal recovery. C1 Univ Calif Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. RP Sutton, S (reprint author), Univ Calif Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, POB 808,L-441, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. NR 5 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 2 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-2951-1 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 1999 VL 3492 BP 665 EP 675 DI 10.1117/12.354180 PN 1&2 PG 11 WC Nuclear Science & Technology; Optics; Physics, Applied; Physics, Fluids & Plasmas SC Nuclear Science & Technology; Optics; Physics GA BN59D UT WOS:000082314000072 ER PT S AU Zacharias, R Bliss, E Feldman, M Grey, A Henesian, M Koch, J Lawson, J Sacks, R Salmon, T Toeppen, J Van Atta, L Winters, S Woods, B LaFiandra, C Bruns, D AF Zacharias, R Bliss, E Feldman, M Grey, A Henesian, M Koch, J Lawson, J Sacks, R Salmon, T Toeppen, J Van Atta, L Winters, S Woods, B LaFiandra, C Bruns, D BE Lowdermilk, WH TI The National Ignition Facility (NIF) Wavefront Control System SO THIRD INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON SOLID STATE LASERS FOR APPLICATION TO INERTIAL CONFINEMENT FUSION, PTS 1 AND 2 SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 3rd International Conference on Solid State Lasers for Application to Inertial Confinement Fusion CY JUN 07-12, 1998 CL MONTEREY, CA SP Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Commissariat Energie Atom DE wavefront; adaptive optics; deformable mirror; NIF; lasers; and wavefront sensor AB A wavefront control system will be employed on Nn;to correct beam aberrations that otherwise would limit the minimum target fecal spot size. For most applications, NIF requires a focal spot that is a few times the diffraction limit. Sources of aberrations that must be corrected include prompt pump-induced distortions in the laser slabs, thermal distortions in the laser slabs from previous shots, manufacturing figure errors in the optics, beam off-axis effects, gas density variations, and gravity, mounting, and coating-induced optic distortions. The NIF Wavefront Control System consists of five subsystems: 1) a deformable mirror, 2) a wavefront sensor, 3) a computer controller, 4) a wavefront reference system, and 5) a system of fast actuators to allow the wavefront control system to operate to within one second of the laser shot. The system includes the capability for in situ calibrations and operates in closed loop prior to the shot. Shot wavefront data is recorded. This paper describes the function, realization, and performance of each wavefront control subsystem. Subsystem performance will be characterized by computer models and by test results. The focal spot improvement in the NIF laser system effected by the wavefront control system will be characterized through computer models. C1 Univ Calif Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. RP Zacharias, R (reprint author), Univ Calif Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, 700 East Ave, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. NR 11 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 2 U2 2 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-2951-1 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 1999 VL 3492 BP 678 EP 692 DI 10.1117/12.354181 PN 1&2 PG 15 WC Nuclear Science & Technology; Optics; Physics, Applied; Physics, Fluids & Plasmas SC Nuclear Science & Technology; Optics; Physics GA BN59D UT WOS:000082314000073 ER PT S AU Whitman, PK Burnham, AK Norton, M Genin, FY Scott, JM Hibbard, W Bletzer, K Anderson, AT Dixit, S AF Whitman, PK Burnham, AK Norton, M Genin, FY Scott, JM Hibbard, W Bletzer, K Anderson, AT Dixit, S BE Lowdermilk, WH TI Management of unconverted light for the National Ignition Facility target chamber SO THIRD INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON SOLID STATE LASERS FOR APPLICATION TO INERTIAL CONFINEMENT FUSION, PTS 1 AND 2 SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 3rd International Conference on Solid State Lasers for Application to Inertial Confinement Fusion CY JUN 07-12, 1998 CL MONTEREY, CA SP Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Commissariat Energie Atom AB The NIF target chamber beam dumps must survive high x-ray, laser, ion, and shrapnel exposures without excessive generation of vapors or particulate that will contaminate the final optics debris shields, thereby making the debris shields susceptible to subsequent laser damage. The beam dumps also must be compatible with attaining and maintaining the required target chamber vacuum and must not activate significantly under high neutron fluxes. Finally they must be developed, fabricated, and maintained for a reasonable cost. The primary challenge for the beam dump is to survive up to 20 J/cm(2) of 1 mu m light and 1 - 2 J/cm(2) of nominally 200 - 350 eV blackbody temperature x rays. Additional threats include target shrapnel, and other contamination issues. Designs which have been evaluated include louvered hot-pressed boron carbide (B4C) or stainless steel (SS) panels, in some cases covered with transparent Teflon film, and various combinations of inexpensive low thermal expansion glasses backed by inexpensive absorbing glass. Louvered designs can recondense a significant amount of ablated material that would otherwise escape into the target chamber. Transparent Teflon was evaluated as an alternative way to capture ablated material. The thin Teflon sheet would need to be replaced after each shot since it exhibits both laser damage and considerable xray ablation with each shot. Uncontaminated B4C, SS, and low thermal expansion glasses have reasonably small x-ray and laser ablation rates, although the glasses begin to fail catastrophically after 100 high fluence shots. Commercially available absorbing glasses require a pre-shield of either Teflon or low thermal expansion glass to prevent serious degradation by the x-ray fluence. Advantages of the hot-pressed B4C and SS over glass are their performance against microshrapnel, their relative indifference to contamination, and their ability to be refurbished by aggressive cleaning using CO2 pellets, glass beads, high pressure water or ultrasonic tanks. In addition the expected replacement rate to avoid catastrophic failure makes the glass option more costly. SS is less expensive, more easily formed into a louver design with high capture efficiency, and otherwise equivalent to B4C. Hence, it would be preferred as long as debris shield damage is not substantially greater for SS as compared to damage from an equivalent mass of contamination of B4C. If debris shield damage is problematic, the escape of SS could be mitigated by use of a transparent Teflon film. The Teflon film would require increased target chamber pumping and cleaning capability to accommodate the x-ray decomposition products from ablated polymer. C1 Univ Calif Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA 94551 USA. RP Whitman, PK (reprint author), Univ Calif Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA 94551 USA. NR 12 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-2951-1 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 1999 VL 3492 BP 718 EP 729 DI 10.1117/12.354186 PN 1&2 PG 12 WC Nuclear Science & Technology; Optics; Physics, Applied; Physics, Fluids & Plasmas SC Nuclear Science & Technology; Optics; Physics GA BN59D UT WOS:000082314000077 ER PT S AU Burnham, AK Gerassimenko, M Scott, JM Latkowski, JE Whitman, PK Genin, FY Hibbard, V Peterson, PE Tokheim, RE Curran, DR AF Burnham, AK Gerassimenko, M Scott, JM Latkowski, JE Whitman, PK Genin, FY Hibbard, V Peterson, PE Tokheim, RE Curran, DR BE Lowdermilk, WH TI Constraints on target chamber first wall and target designs that will enable NIF debris shields to survive SO THIRD INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON SOLID STATE LASERS FOR APPLICATION TO INERTIAL CONFINEMENT FUSION, PTS 1 AND 2 SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 3rd International Conference on Solid State Lasers for Application to Inertial Confinement Fusion CY JUN 07-12, 1998 CL MONTEREY, CA SP Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Commissariat Energie Atom DE x-ray ablation; National Ignition Facility; boron carbide; 409 stainless steel; laser beam dumps ID NATIONAL-IGNITION-FACILITY AB The National Ignition Facility target chamber interior materials and target designs themselves have to be compatible with survival of the final-optics debris shields. To meet the planned maintenance and refinishing rate, the contamination of the debris shields cannot exceed about 1 nm equivalent thickness per shot of total material. This implies that the target mass must be limited to no more than 1 gram and the ablated mass released to the chamber from all other components must not exceed 3 grams. In addition, the targets themselves must either completely vaporize or send any minor amounts of shrapnel towards the chamber waist to prevent excessive cratering of the debris shields. The constraints on the first-wall ablation require that it be louvered to provide passive collection of remobilized contamination, because the expected target debris will remobilize at a rate fast enough to require cleaning every 3 weeks, about three times more frequent than possible with planned robotics. Furthermore, a comparison of ablatants from B4C and stainless-steel louvers suggests that remobilization of target debris by x rays will be greater than of the base material in both cases, thereby reducing the performance advantage of clean B4C over much-cheaper stainless steel. Neutronics calculations indicate that activation of thin Ni-free stainless steel is not a significant source of maintenance personnel radiation dose. Consequently, the most attractive first wall design consists of stainless-steel louvers. Evaluation of various unconverted-light beam dump designs indicates that stainless steel louvers generate no more debris than other materials, so one single design can serve as both first wall and beam dumps, eliminating beam steering restrictions caused by size and location of the beam dumps. One reservation is that the allowable contamination rate of the debris shield is not yet completely understood. Consequently, it is likely that either a protruding beam tube, a rapid post-shot gas purge of the final optics assembly, or thin polymeric pre-shield will be required to prevent low-velocity contamination from reaching the debris shield. C1 Univ Calif Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA 94551 USA. RP Burnham, AK (reprint author), Univ Calif Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA 94551 USA. NR 15 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-2951-1 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 1999 VL 3492 BP 730 EP 739 DI 10.1117/12.354187 PN 1&2 PG 10 WC Nuclear Science & Technology; Optics; Physics, Applied; Physics, Fluids & Plasmas SC Nuclear Science & Technology; Optics; Physics GA BN59D UT WOS:000082314000078 ER PT S AU Suratwala, TI Campbell, JH Steele, WA Steele, RA AF Suratwala, TI Campbell, JH Steele, WA Steele, RA BE Lowdermilk, WH TI Fail-safe design for square vacuum-barrier windows SO THIRD INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON SOLID STATE LASERS FOR APPLICATION TO INERTIAL CONFINEMENT FUSION, PTS 1 AND 2 SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 3rd International Conference on Solid State Lasers for Application to Inertial Confinement Fusion CY JUN 07-12, 1998 CL MONTEREY, CA SP Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Commissariat Energie Atom DE glass fracture; spatial filter lens; laser damage; fused silica; National Ignition Facility (NIF); glass vacuum window design; implosion ID LARGE-APERTURE; LASER; PERFORMANCE AB Laser-induced damage on the tensile side of vacuum-barrier fused silica optics can result in catastrophic fracture. This fracture can lead to two possible modes of failure: a benign failure resulting in a slow ait leak into the vacuum chamber or an implosion. In previous work, we measured fracture in round vacuum windows and lenses and proposed a "fail-safe" design that would insure the benign failure mode by fracturing into only two parts, thus eliminating the possibility of implosion. In this paper we extend the previous work to include square vacuum-barrier windows and lenses. These results show that the expression developed describing the fracture area for round lenses: A(f) = 8.4x10(-5)sigma(p)(2)V(L) works equally well for square ones, where A(f) is the generated fracture area (cm(2)), sigma(p) the peak tensile stress (psi), and V-L the window or lens volume (liters). In addition, the effects of variable aperture size are considered, and we show that the maximum tensile stress (MPa) needed to generate a single, full-aperture fracture in a vacuum barrier optic scales as: sigma(p) = K-f/root(l(o)) where K-f is an empirically-determined constant equal to 3.79 MPa . m(1/2) far round optics and 3.32 MPa . m(1/2) for square ones, and l(o) is the characteristic dimension (diameter or side length) of the window. Comparison of our results with recent work by others researching the conditions at which only one fracture will propagate in a glass plate show good agreement. C1 Univ Calif Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA 94551 USA. RP Suratwala, TI (reprint author), Univ Calif Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, POB 808,L-500, Livermore, CA 94551 USA. RI Suratwala, Tayyab/A-9952-2013 OI Suratwala, Tayyab/0000-0001-9086-1039 NR 16 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-2951-1 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 1999 VL 3492 BP 740 EP 749 DI 10.1117/12.354188 PN 1&2 PG 10 WC Nuclear Science & Technology; Optics; Physics, Applied; Physics, Fluids & Plasmas SC Nuclear Science & Technology; Optics; Physics GA BN59D UT WOS:000082314000079 ER PT S AU Campbell, JH McLean, MJ Hawley-Fedder, R Suratwala, T Ficini-Dorn, G Trombert, JH AF Campbell, JH McLean, MJ Hawley-Fedder, R Suratwala, T Ficini-Dorn, G Trombert, JH BE Lowdermilk, WH TI Development of continuous glass melting for production of Nd-doped phosphate glasses for the NIF and LMJ laser systems SO THIRD INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON SOLID STATE LASERS FOR APPLICATION TO INERTIAL CONFINEMENT FUSION, PTS 1 AND 2 SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 3rd International Conference on Solid State Lasers for Application to Inertial Confinement Fusion CY JUN 07-12, 1998 CL MONTEREY, CA SP Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Commissariat Energie Atom AB The NIF and LMJ laser systems require about 3380 and 4752 Nd-doped laser glass slabs, respectively. Continuous laser glass melting and forming will be used for the first time to manufacture these slabs. Two vendors have been chosen to produce the glass: Hoya Corporation and Schott Glass Technologies. The laser glass melting systems that each of these two vendors have designed, built and tested are arguably the most advanced in the world. Production of the laser glass will begin on a pilot scale in the fall of 1998. C1 Univ Calif Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. RP Campbell, JH (reprint author), Univ Calif Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, POB 808, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. RI Suratwala, Tayyab/A-9952-2013 OI Suratwala, Tayyab/0000-0001-9086-1039 NR 14 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 3 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-2951-1 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 1999 VL 3492 BP 778 EP 786 DI 10.1117/12.354192 PN 1&2 PG 9 WC Nuclear Science & Technology; Optics; Physics, Applied; Physics, Fluids & Plasmas SC Nuclear Science & Technology; Optics; Physics GA BN59D UT WOS:000082314000083 ER PT S AU Kurnit, NA Letzring, SA Johnson, RP AF Kurnit, NA Letzring, SA Johnson, RP BE Lowdermilk, WH TI A high-damage-threshold pinhole for glass fusion laser applications SO THIRD INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON SOLID STATE LASERS FOR APPLICATION TO INERTIAL CONFINEMENT FUSION, PTS 1 AND 2 SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 3rd International Conference on Solid State Lasers for Application to Inertial Confinement Fusion CY JUN 07-12, 1998 CL MONTEREY, CA SP Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Commissariat Energie Atom DE spatial filters; optical breakdown; damage thresholds ID TRANSPARENT DIELECTRICS AB We are investigating methods to fabricate high-damage-threshold spatial-filter pinholes that might not be susceptible to plasma closure for relatively high energies and long pulses. These are based on the observation that grazing-incidence reflection from glass can withstand in excess of 5 kJ/cm(2) (normal to the beam) without plasma formation. The high damage threshold results from both the cos theta spreading of the energy across the surface and the reflection of a large fraction of the energy from the surface, thereby greatly reducing the field strength within the medium. C1 Univ Calif Los Alamos Natl Lab, Grp P24, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. RP Kurnit, NA (reprint author), Univ Calif Los Alamos Natl Lab, Grp P24, POB 1663,MS E526, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. NR 10 TC 2 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 2 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-2951-1 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 1999 VL 3492 BP 896 EP 900 DI 10.1117/12.354211 PN 1&2 PG 5 WC Nuclear Science & Technology; Optics; Physics, Applied; Physics, Fluids & Plasmas SC Nuclear Science & Technology; Optics; Physics GA BN59D UT WOS:000082314000102 ER PT S AU Norton, MA Boley, CD Murray, JE Sinz, K Neeb, K AF Norton, MA Boley, CD Murray, JE Sinz, K Neeb, K BE Lowdermilk, WH TI Long-lifetime, low-contamination metal beam dumps for NIF spatial filters SO THIRD INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON SOLID STATE LASERS FOR APPLICATION TO INERTIAL CONFINEMENT FUSION, PTS 1 AND 2 SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 3rd International Conference on Solid State Lasers for Application to Inertial Confinement Fusion CY JUN 07-12, 1998 CL MONTEREY, CA SP Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Commissariat Energie Atom AB The management of back reflections and leakage through the Pockels cell and polarizer switch in the National Ignition Facility (NIF) beamlines requires robust beam dumps that can operate unattended for thousands of shots within the confines of the vacuum spatial filters. Off-line experiments and modeling have been used to investigate the use of metal for these beam dumps. We conclude that a stainless steel beam dump will have sufficient lifetime and will safely absorb fluences in the required range, from 1 J/cm(2) to 4 kJ/cm(2), at 1 mu m. C1 Univ Calif Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. RP Norton, MA (reprint author), Univ Calif Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, POB 808,L-479, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. NR 2 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-2951-1 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 1999 VL 3492 BP 901 EP 911 DI 10.1117/12.354212 PN 1&2 PG 11 WC Nuclear Science & Technology; Optics; Physics, Applied; Physics, Fluids & Plasmas SC Nuclear Science & Technology; Optics; Physics GA BN59D UT WOS:000082314000103 ER PT S AU Thompson, CE Knopp, CF Decker, DE AF Thompson, CE Knopp, CF Decker, DE BE Lowdermilk, WH TI Optics damage inspection for the NIF SO THIRD INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON SOLID STATE LASERS FOR APPLICATION TO INERTIAL CONFINEMENT FUSION, PTS 1 AND 2 SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 3rd International Conference on Solid State Lasers for Application to Inertial Confinement Fusion CY JUN 07-12, 1998 CL MONTEREY, CA SP Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Commissariat Energie Atom DE NIF; optics damage inspection; dark-field imaging; Beamlet AB Two optics damage inspection systems will be implemented on the National Ignition Facility (NIF), one to inspect optics within the laser and transport sections and the other to inspect the final optics at the target chamber. Both systems use dark-field imaging technology to enhance defect contrast. Details of each system design will be provided. A functional optics damage inspection system prototype, using dark-field imaging technology, is currently in operation on the Beamlet laser. This system provides us with the opportunity to measure non-ideal optical surfaces expected to be present on NIF. Prototype details and performance will be presented. C1 Univ Calif Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. RP Thompson, CE (reprint author), Univ Calif Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, POB 808, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. NR 0 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 8 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-2951-1 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 1999 VL 3492 BP 921 EP 932 DI 10.1117/12.354215 PN 1&2 PG 12 WC Nuclear Science & Technology; Optics; Physics, Applied; Physics, Fluids & Plasmas SC Nuclear Science & Technology; Optics; Physics GA BN59D UT WOS:000082314000105 ER PT S AU Schwartz, S Jennings, RT Kimmons, JF Mouser, RP Weinzapfel, CL Kozlowski, MR Stolz, CJ Campbell, JH AF Schwartz, S Jennings, RT Kimmons, JF Mouser, RP Weinzapfel, CL Kozlowski, MR Stolz, CJ Campbell, JH BE Lowdermilk, WH TI Vendor-based laser damage metrology equipment supporting the National Ignition Facility SO THIRD INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON SOLID STATE LASERS FOR APPLICATION TO INERTIAL CONFINEMENT FUSION, PTS 1 AND 2 SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 3rd International Conference on Solid State Lasers for Application to Inertial Confinement Fusion CY JUN 07-12, 1998 CL MONTEREY, CA SP Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Commissariat Energie Atom DE laser damage; laser damage metrology; NIF metrology; National Ignition Facility; large area conditioning; laser glass damage tester; 3 omega damage testing AB A sizable laser damage metrology effort is required as part of optics production and installation for the 192 beam National Ignition Facility (NIF) laser. The large quantities, high damage thresholds, and large apertures of polished and coated optics necessitates vendor-based metrology equipment to assure component quality during production. This equipment must be optimized to provide the required information as rapidly as possible with limited operator experience. The damage metrology tools include: 1) platinum inclusion damage test systems for laser amplifier slabs, 2) laser conditioning stations for mirrors and polarizers, and 3) mapping and damage testing stations for UV transmissive optics. Each system includes a commercial Nd:YAG laser, a translation stage for the optics, and diagnostics to evaluate damage. The scanning parameters, optical layout, and diagnostics vary with the test fluences required and the damage morphologies expected. This paper describes the technical objectives and milestones involved in fulfilling these metrology requirements at multiple vendors. C1 Univ Calif Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA 94551 USA. RP Schwartz, S (reprint author), Univ Calif Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, POB 808,L-496, Livermore, CA 94551 USA. NR 4 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 3 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-2951-1 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 1999 VL 3492 BP 933 EP 938 DI 10.1117/12.354216 PN 1&2 PG 6 WC Nuclear Science & Technology; Optics; Physics, Applied; Physics, Fluids & Plasmas SC Nuclear Science & Technology; Optics; Physics GA BN59D UT WOS:000082314000106 ER PT S AU Rothenberg, JE Auerbach, JM Moran, BD Murray, JE Weiland, TL Wegner, PJ AF Rothenberg, JE Auerbach, JM Moran, BD Murray, JE Weiland, TL Wegner, PJ BE Lowdermilk, WH TI Implementation of smoothing by spectral dispersion on beamlet and NIF SO THIRD INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON SOLID STATE LASERS FOR APPLICATION TO INERTIAL CONFINEMENT FUSION, PTS 1 AND 2 SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 3rd International Conference on Solid State Lasers for Application to Inertial Confinement Fusion CY JUN 07-12, 1998 CL MONTEREY, CA SP Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Commissariat Energie Atom DE beam smoothing; smoothing by spectral dispersion; laser plasma instabilities; inertial confinement fusion ID LASER-BEAM; FUSION; INCOHERENCE AB The performance of the Beamlet laser with one dimensional smoothing by spectral dispersion (1D SSD) implemented is investigated. Measurements of the near field beam quality, nonlinear breakup, and transmission through spatial filter pinholes show a modest effect only at large SSD divergence. No measurable effect was found at the divergence level planned for indirect drive ignition experiments. The efficiency of conversion to the third harmonic was also measured with SSD present and found to be somewhat larger than expected from an ideal plane wave model. C1 Univ Calif Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA 94551 USA. RP Rothenberg, JE (reprint author), Univ Calif Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, POB 808,L-439, Livermore, CA 94551 USA. NR 10 TC 4 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-2951-1 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 1999 VL 3492 BP 970 EP 979 DI 10.1117/12.354249 PN 1&2 PG 10 WC Nuclear Science & Technology; Optics; Physics, Applied; Physics, Fluids & Plasmas SC Nuclear Science & Technology; Optics; Physics GA BN59D UT WOS:000082314000111 ER PT S AU Rothenberg, JE AF Rothenberg, JE BE Lowdermilk, WH TI Polarization smoothing for the national ignition facility SO THIRD INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON SOLID STATE LASERS FOR APPLICATION TO INERTIAL CONFINEMENT FUSION, PTS 1 AND 2 SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 3rd International Conference on Solid State Lasers for Application to Inertial Confinement Fusion CY JUN 07-12, 1998 CL MONTEREY, CA SP Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Commissariat Energie Atom DE beam smoothing; smoothing by spectral dispersion; inertial confinement fusion; laser plasma instabilities ID INERTIAL CONFINEMENT FUSION; ILLUMINATION; INCOHERENCE; SUPPRESSION; DISPERSION AB Polarization smoothing (PS) is the illumination of the target with two distinct and orthogonally polarized speckle patterns. Since these two polarizations do not interfere, the intensity patterns add incoherently and thus the contrast of the intensity nonuniformity can be reduced by a factor of root 2 in addition to any reduction achieved by temporal smoothing techniques. Smoothing by PS is completely effective on an instantaneous basis and is therefore of particular interest for the suppression of laser plasma instabilities, which have a very rapid response time. The various implementations of PS are considered, and their impact, in conjunction with temporal smoothing methods, on the spatial spectrum of the target illumination is analyzed. C1 Univ Calif Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA 94551 USA. RP Rothenberg, JE (reprint author), Univ Calif Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, POB 808,L-441, Livermore, CA 94551 USA. NR 17 TC 3 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-2951-1 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 1999 VL 3492 BP 980 EP 990 DI 10.1117/12.354250 PN 1&2 PG 11 WC Nuclear Science & Technology; Optics; Physics, Applied; Physics, Fluids & Plasmas SC Nuclear Science & Technology; Optics; Physics GA BN59D UT WOS:000082314000112 ER PT S AU Wegner, PJ Henesian, MA Salmon, JT Seppala, LG Weiland, TL Williams, WH Van Wonterghem, BM AF Wegner, PJ Henesian, MA Salmon, JT Seppala, LG Weiland, TL Williams, WH Van Wonterghem, BM BE Lowdermilk, WH TI Wavefront and divergence of the Beamlet prototype laser SO THIRD INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON SOLID STATE LASERS FOR APPLICATION TO INERTIAL CONFINEMENT FUSION, PTS 1 AND 2 SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 3rd International Conference on Solid State Lasers for Application to Inertial Confinement Fusion CY JUN 07-12, 1998 CL MONTEREY, CA SP Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Commissariat Energie Atom DE interferometry; adaptive optics; solid-state lasers; ICF ID INERTIAL CONFINEMENT FUSION; SYSTEMS AB We have measured the wavefront and the divergence of the Beamlet prototype laser under a variety of conditions. Emphasis of the tests was on quantifying best attainable divergence in the angular regime below 30 mu rad to benchmark propagation models that are used to set wavefront gradient specifications for NIF optical components. Performance with and without active wavefront correction was monitored with radial shearing interferometers that measured near-field wavefront at the input and output of the main amplifier with a spatial resolution of 1 cm, and cameras which measured the corresponding intensity distributions in the far field with am angular resolution of 0.3 mu rad. Details of the measurements are discussed and related to NIF focal spot requirements and optics specifications. C1 Univ Calif Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. RP Wegner, PJ (reprint author), Univ Calif Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, POB 808,L-479, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. NR 17 TC 11 Z9 15 U1 1 U2 6 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-2951-1 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 1999 VL 3492 BP 1019 EP 1030 DI 10.1117/12.354256 PN 1&2 PG 12 WC Nuclear Science & Technology; Optics; Physics, Applied; Physics, Fluids & Plasmas SC Nuclear Science & Technology; Optics; Physics GA BN59D UT WOS:000082314000117 ER PT S AU Martinez, MD Skulina, KM Deadrick, FJ Braucht, J Jones, B Hawkins, S Tilley, R Wing, R Crawford, J Browning, D Crane, JK Penko, F AF Martinez, MD Skulina, KM Deadrick, FJ Braucht, J Jones, B Hawkins, S Tilley, R Wing, R Crawford, J Browning, D Crane, JK Penko, F BE Lowdermilk, WH TI High gain Preamplifier Module (PAM) engineering prototype for the National Ignition Facility (NIF) laser system SO THIRD INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON SOLID STATE LASERS FOR APPLICATION TO INERTIAL CONFINEMENT FUSION, PTS 1 AND 2 SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 3rd International Conference on Solid State Lasers for Application to Inertial Confinement Fusion CY JUN 07-12, 1998 CL MONTEREY, CA SP Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Commissariat Energie Atom DE NIF; Nd : Glass; diode pumped; pre-amplifier; SSD AB We describe recent results and developments in the preamplifier module (PAM) engineering prototype located in NIF's front end or Optical Pulse Generation (OPG) system. This prototype uses the general laser design developed on a physics testbed((1,2)) and integrates NIF type packaging as well as controls and diagnostics. We will present laser, mechanical and electrical hardware designed and built to date as well as laser energetics measurements. C1 Univ Calif Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. RP Martinez, MD (reprint author), Univ Calif Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, MS L-483 7000 E Ave, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. NR 7 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-2951-1 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 1999 VL 3492 BP 1031 EP 1040 DI 10.1117/12.354248 PN 1&2 PG 10 WC Nuclear Science & Technology; Optics; Physics, Applied; Physics, Fluids & Plasmas SC Nuclear Science & Technology; Optics; Physics GA BN59D UT WOS:000082314000118 ER PT B AU Minniti, D Alcock, C Allsman, RA Alves, D Axelrod, TS Becker, AC Bennett, D Cook, KH Drake, AJ Freeman, KC Griest, K Lehner, M Marshall, S Peterson, B Pratt, M Quinn, P Rodgers, A Stubbs, C Sutherland, W Tomaney, A Vandehei, T Welch, DL AF Minniti, D Alcock, C Allsman, RA Alves, D Axelrod, TS Becker, AC Bennett, D Cook, KH Drake, AJ Freeman, KC Griest, K Lehner, M Marshall, S Peterson, B Pratt, M Quinn, P Rodgers, A Stubbs, C Sutherland, W Tomaney, A Vandehei, T Welch, DL CA MACHO Collaboration BE Gibson, BK Axelrod, TS Putman, ME TI MACHO RR Lyrae in the inner halo and bulge SO THIRD STROMLO SYMPOSIUM: THE GALACTIC HALO SE ASTRONOMICAL SOCIETY OF THE PACIFIC CONFERENCE SERIES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 3rd Stromlo Symposium on the Galactic Halo CY AUG 17-21, 1998 CL AUSTRALIAN ACAD SCI, CANBERRA, AUSTRALIA SP Astron Soc Pacific HO AUSTRALIAN ACAD SCI ID GALACTIC BULGE; STARS; VARIABLES; SCENARIO; CLUSTERS; GALAXY AB The RR Lyrae in the bulge have been proposed to be the oldest populations in the Milky Way, tracers of how the galaxy formed. We study here the distribution of similar to 1600 bulge RR Lyrae stars found by the MACHO Project. The RR Lyrae with Galactocentric radius 0.4 < R < 3 kpc show a density law that is consistent with the extension of the metal-poor stellar halo present in the outer regions of the Milky Way. C1 Univ Calif Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. RP Minniti, D (reprint author), Univ Calif Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. RI Stubbs, Christopher/C-2829-2012 OI Stubbs, Christopher/0000-0003-0347-1724 NR 21 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU ASTRONOMICAL SOC PACIFIC PI SAN FRANCISCO PA 390 ASHTON AVE, SAN FRANCISCO, CA 94112 USA BN 1-886733-86-4 J9 ASTR SOC P PY 1999 VL 165 BP 284 EP 289 PG 6 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA BN27W UT WOS:000081412400035 ER PT B AU Alcock, C Allsman, RA Alves, D Axelrod, TS Becker, AC Bennett, D Cook, KH Drake, AJ Freeman, KC Griest, K Lehner, M Marshall, S Minniti, D Peterson, B Pratt, M Quinn, P Rodgers, A Stubbs, C Sutherland, W Tomaney, A Vandehei, T Welch, DL AF Alcock, C Allsman, RA Alves, D Axelrod, TS Becker, AC Bennett, D Cook, KH Drake, AJ Freeman, KC Griest, K Lehner, M Marshall, S Minniti, D Peterson, B Pratt, M Quinn, P Rodgers, A Stubbs, C Sutherland, W Tomaney, A Vandehei, T Welch, DL CA MACHO Collaboration BE Gibson, BK Axelrod, TS Putman, ME TI Baryonic dark matter: The results from microlensing surveys SO THIRD STROMLO SYMPOSIUM: THE GALACTIC HALO SE ASTRONOMICAL SOCIETY OF THE PACIFIC CONFERENCE SERIES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 3rd Stromlo Symposium on the Galactic Halo CY AUG 17-21, 1998 CL AUSTRALIAN ACAD SCI, CANBERRA, AUSTRALIA SP Astron Soc Pacific HO AUSTRALIAN ACAD SCI ID LARGE-MAGELLANIC-CLOUD; GALACTIC HALO; MACHO PROJECT; MASS; LIMITS; EVENT; BULGE AB Baryonic material can exist in several dark forms: "planets," brown dwarfs, very old degenerate dwarf stars, and neutron stars. (Black holes are frequently added to this list, even though a black hole has no baryon number.) These objects, most of which emit some light but at levels below present day detection thresholds, are collectively known as Machos. Several groups have exploited the gravitational microlens signature to search for Machos in the dark halo of the Milky Way. Over 200 microlensing events have been reported (most by the MACHO Project, which uses the Great Melbourne Telescope near this conference site), of which about 20 are toward the Magellanic Clouds. The most straightforward interpretation of the results is that Machos make up between 20% and 100% of the dark matter in the halo, and that these objects weigh about 0.5 M.. Objects of substellar mass do not comprise much of the dark matter. Many alternative interpretations of these results have been proposed. We will discuss strategies for resolving the differences among these competing explanations. C1 Univ Calif Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. RP Alcock, C (reprint author), Univ Calif Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. RI Stubbs, Christopher/C-2829-2012 OI Stubbs, Christopher/0000-0003-0347-1724 NR 20 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 0 PU ASTRONOMICAL SOC PACIFIC PI SAN FRANCISCO PA 390 ASHTON AVE, SAN FRANCISCO, CA 94112 USA BN 1-886733-86-4 J9 ASTR SOC P PY 1999 VL 165 BP 362 EP 369 PG 8 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA BN27W UT WOS:000081412400047 ER PT J AU Nicholas, JB AF Nicholas, JB TI A theoretical explanation of solvent effects in zeolite catalysis SO TOPICS IN CATALYSIS LA English DT Article DE zeolite; density functional theory; solvation; ZSM-5; theoretical ID CHEMICAL-SHIFT CALCULATIONS; DENSITY-FUNCTIONAL THEORY; SOLID ACIDS; BASIS-SETS; NMR; EXCHANGE; CLUSTER; REACTIVITY; CHEMISTRY; ENERGIES AB In a previous study of solid acid catalysis (Nature (1998) 389, 832) we showed that the catalytic activity of zeolites could be increased by the coadsorption of "solvent" molecules, such as nitromethane. These coadsorbates do not participate directly in the reaction, but alter the environment within the zeolite such that reactivity is increased. In this work we provide further theoretical explanation of the increased reactivity observed upon coadsorption. We first use density functional theory (DFT) to study the proton affinity of acetone, and complexes of acetone with propane, bromomethane, nitromethane, nitroethane, nitropropane, and acetonitrile. We find that the proton affinity of acetone in the complexes is much higher than for acetone alone. Optimizations and frequency calculations at the B3LYP/6-311++G** level predict proton affinity increases that range from 0.9 kcal/mol for the acetone/propane complex to 12.8 kcal/mol for the acetone/acetonitrile complex. The increase in proton affinity due to the coadsorbed molecules is one of the causes of the increased reactivity observed experimentally. We also used DFT (B3LYP/DZVP2) to optimize the geometry of acetone and the acetone-nitromethane complex in contact with a cluster model of HZSM-5. There is greater proton transfer from the zeolite to acetone when nitromethane is present, as is reflected in the shorter distance between the acidic zeolite proton and the carbonyl carbon of acetone. Predictions of H-1 and C-13 NMR isotropic chemical shifts also indicate increased proton transfer to acetone in the presence of nitromethane. This further demonstrates how coadsorbates promote reactivity. C1 Pacific NW Lab, Environm Mol Sci Lab, Richland, WA 99352 USA. RP Nicholas, JB (reprint author), Pacific NW Lab, Environm Mol Sci Lab, POB 999, Richland, WA 99352 USA. NR 33 TC 32 Z9 34 U1 2 U2 11 PU BALTZER SCI PUBL BV PI BUSSUM PA PO BOX 221, 1400 AE BUSSUM, NETHERLANDS SN 1022-5528 J9 TOP CATAL JI Top. Catal. PY 1999 VL 9 IS 3-4 BP 181 EP 189 DI 10.1023/A:1019135227543 PG 9 WC Chemistry, Applied; Chemistry, Physical SC Chemistry GA 236JY UT WOS:000082597500006 ER PT J AU Gonzales, NO Chakraborty, AK Bell, AT AF Gonzales, NO Chakraborty, AK Bell, AT TI A density functional theory study of hydrogen recombination and hydrogen-deuterium exchange on Ga/H-ZSM-5 SO TOPICS IN CATALYSIS LA English DT Article DE Ga/H-ZSM-5; H2/D2 exchange; density functional theory ID ALKANE REACTIONS; GALLIUM; CATALYSTS; STATE; ZSM-5; ACTIVATION; METHANE; PROPANE; H-ZSM5 AB Density functional theory calculations have been carried out to determine the thermodynamic stability of various Ga species in gallium-exchanged ZSM-5, the thermodynamics of H-2 adsorption, and the most favorable pathway for H-2/D-2 exchange. The portion of the zeolite associated with Ga was represented by a cluster containing 7, 21, or 33 atoms. The B3LYP hybrid method was used to account for the effects of electron exchange and correlation. The most likely form of Ga expected in freshly exchanged and calcined ZSM-5 is ZGa(OH)(2). H-2 reduction of this species is projected to produce ZGa(H)(OH) and ZGa(H)(2). While the thermodynamics of H-2 desorption from ZGa(H)(2) are favorable, the process is projected to be slow because of a high activation barrier. The most favorable pathway for H-2/D-2 exchange over ZGa(H)(2) proceeds via Z(D)(Ga(H)(2)(D)) as an intermediate. Similar calculations have been carried out for H-2/D-2 exchange over H-ZSM-5. C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Div Mat Sci, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Chem Engn, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. RP Gonzales, NO (reprint author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Div Mat Sci, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. OI Bell, Alexis/0000-0002-5738-4645 NR 20 TC 39 Z9 39 U1 2 U2 13 PU BALTZER SCI PUBL BV PI BUSSUM PA PO BOX 221, 1400 AE BUSSUM, NETHERLANDS SN 1022-5528 J9 TOP CATAL JI Top. Catal. PY 1999 VL 9 IS 3-4 BP 207 EP 213 DI 10.1023/A:1019118823908 PG 7 WC Chemistry, Applied; Chemistry, Physical SC Chemistry GA 236JY UT WOS:000082597500008 ER PT J AU Somorjai, GA Su, XC McCrea, KR Rider, KB AF Somorjai, GA Su, XC McCrea, KR Rider, KB TI Molecular surface studies of adsorption and catalytic reaction on crystal (Pt, Rh) surfaces under high pressure conditions (atmospheres) using sum frequency generation (SFG) - surface vibrational spectroscopy and scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) SO TOPICS IN CATALYSIS LA English DT Article DE Pt(111); Rh(111); Pt(100); high pressure; SFG; STM; CO oxidation; CO adsorption; cyclohexene; hydrogenation; dehydrogenation; cyclohexadiene ID ENERGY LOSS SPECTROSCOPY; CO OXIDATION; PT(111); CHEMISORPTION; CYCLOHEXANE; DEHYDROGENATION; TEMPERATURE; SPECTRA; PT<111>; HREELS AB Sum frequency generation (SFG) - surface vibrational spectroscopy and the scanning tunneling microscope (STM) have been used to study adsorption and catalyzed surface reactions at high pressures and temperatures using (111) crystal surfaces of platinum and rhodium. The two techniques and the reaction chambers that were constructed to make these studies possible are described. STM and SFG studies of CO at high pressures reveal the high mobility of metal atoms, metal surface reconstruction, ordering in the adsorbed molecular layer, and new binding states for the molecule. CO oxidation occurs at high turnover rates on Pt(111). Different adsorbed species are observed above and below the ignition temperature. Some inhibit the reaction, and others are reaction intermediates since their surface concentration is proportional to the reaction rate. The dehydrogenation of cyclohexene on Pt(100) and Pt(111) proceeds through a 1,3-cyclohexadiene surface intermediate. The higher dehydrogenation rate is related to the higher surface concentration of these molecules on the (100) crystal face. C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Dept Chem, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Div Mat Sci, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. RP Somorjai, GA (reprint author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Dept Chem, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. NR 33 TC 22 Z9 22 U1 0 U2 14 PU BALTZER SCI PUBL BV PI BUSSUM PA PO BOX 221, 1400 AE BUSSUM, NETHERLANDS SN 1022-5528 J9 TOP CATAL JI Top. Catal. PY 1999 VL 8 IS 1-2 BP 23 EP 34 DI 10.1023/A:1019152909371 PG 12 WC Chemistry, Applied; Chemistry, Physical SC Chemistry GA 190QP UT WOS:000079975700003 ER PT J AU Koranyi, TI Magni, E Somorjai, GA AF Koranyi, TI Magni, E Somorjai, GA TI Surface science approach to the preparation and characterization of model Ziegler-Natta heterogeneous polymerization catalysts SO TOPICS IN CATALYSIS LA English DT Article DE Ziegler-Natta polymerization; model catalyst; gas-phase deposition; thin film; magnesium chloride; titanium chloride; AES; XPS; ISS; TPD ID CHLORIDE THIN-FILMS; FREQUENCY VIBRATIONAL SPECTROSCOPY; MAGNESIUM-CHLORIDE; TITANIUM CHLORIDE; STERIC CONTROL; GOLD; GENERATION; DEPOSITION; POLYPROPYLENE; MONOLAYER AB Ziegler-Natta heterogeneous catalytic systems are extensively used to polymerize ethylene and propylene. Some industrial catalysts consist of TiCl4 chemisorbed on activated MgCl2 and subsequently reduced and alkylated by reaction with an aluminum alkyl (generally AlEt3). Lewis bases are added to the catalytic systems to control the enantio-selectivity for the production of isotactic polypropylene. Our aim is to clarify the chemical composition of the active centers by modern surface science methods. Model catalysts are prepared in the form of ultra-thin films by gas-phase deposition on a gold foil in ultrahigh vacuum. Under these conditions, MgCl2 films grow to controlled thickness via a layer-by-layer mechanism, as revealed by AES and XPS. TiCl4 can be deposited on these films near room temperature by both electron irradiation-induced and metallic magnesium-induced chemical vapor deposition. Angle-resolved XPS studies indicate that these films consist of a few layers of TiCl2 with one monolayer of TiCl4 chemisorbed on its surface. The exposure of these titanium chloride films to the co-catalyst AlEt3 produces an active model Ziegler-Natta catalyst. XPS analysis reveals the presence of TiCl2Et on the catalyst surface: this is believed to be the active site. Prolonged reaction with the co-catalyst reduces the titanium sites to TiClEtn (n= 1 and/or 2). High molecular weight polyethylene and polypropylene are synthesized on these catalysts, as shown by Raman spectroscopy. Highly isotactic polypropylene is produced without need for stereo-regulating Lewis bases. C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Div Mat Sci, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Chem, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. RP Somorjai, GA (reprint author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Div Mat Sci, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. EM somorjai@socrates.berkeley.edu RI Koranyi, Tamas/F-2422-2011 OI Koranyi, Tamas/0000-0003-4728-0081 NR 38 TC 28 Z9 28 U1 1 U2 12 PU BALTZER SCI PUBL BV PI BUSSUM PA PO BOX 221, 1400 AE BUSSUM, NETHERLANDS SN 1022-5528 J9 TOP CATAL JI Top. Catal. PY 1999 VL 7 IS 1-4 BP 179 EP 185 DI 10.1023/A:1019159616214 PG 7 WC Chemistry, Applied; Chemistry, Physical SC Chemistry GA 183MP UT WOS:000079557600015 ER PT S AU Mukai, T Nieh, TG Watanabe, H Higashi, K AF Mukai, T Nieh, TG Watanabe, H Higashi, K BE Sakuma, T Aizawa, T Higashi, K TI Microstructure and superplastic properties in an ECAE Al-4Mg-0.5Sc alloy processed at elevated temperatures SO TOWARDS INNOVATION IN SUPERPLASTICITY II SE Materials Science Forum LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 2nd International Conference on Towards Innovation in Superplasticity CY SEP 21-24, 1998 CL KOBE, JAPAN DE equal-channel-angular-extrusion; thermomechanical process; grain structure; subgrain structure; m-value; uniform deformation ID STRAIN RATE SUPERPLASTICITY; AL-MG ALLOY; MECHANICAL-PROPERTIES; DEFORMATION AB Equal-channel-angular-extrusion(ECAE) was conducted to an Al-4Mg-0.5Sc alloy at two elevated temperatures of 473 and 673 K. The effect of processing temperature during heavily straining was investigated. Microstructural examinations revealed the formation of fine-grained(similar to 0.5 mu m) structure at a low operating temperature of 473K, whereas: a coarse-grain(similar to 25 mu m) was formed at 673 K. The material processed at 473 K exhibited the lon er flow stress with higher ductility and high strain rate sensitivity of 0.5 indicating the dominant deformation mechanism was grain boundary sliding. Finer grain structure exhibited the high-strain-rate superplasticity can be obtained at the lon:er processing temperature. The results indicate that the operating temperature has highly influenced the ECAE process. C1 Osaka Municipal Tech Res Inst, Joto Ku, Osaka 5368553, Japan. Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA 94551 USA. Osaka Prefecture Univ, Coll Engn, Sakai, Osaka 5998531, Japan. RP Osaka Municipal Tech Res Inst, Joto Ku, 1-6-50 Morinomiya, Osaka 5368553, Japan. RI Nieh, Tai-Gang/G-5912-2011; Mukai, Toshiji/F-9570-2014; Totsukawa, Nobuhisa/D-2028-2017 OI Nieh, Tai-Gang/0000-0002-2814-3746; Mukai, Toshiji/0000-0002-9628-5762; NR 11 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 0 PU TRANS TECH PUBLICATIONS LTD PI DURNTEN-ZURICH PA KREUZSTRASSE 10, 8635 DURNTEN-ZURICH, SWITZERLAND SN 0255-5476 BN 0-87849-828-1 J9 MATER SCI FORUM PY 1999 VL 304-3 BP 109 EP 114 PG 6 WC Materials Science, Ceramics; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Materials Science, Composites SC Materials Science GA BN52G UT WOS:000082112300016 ER PT S AU Nieh, TG Wadsworth, J AF Nieh, TG Wadsworth, J BE Sakuma, T Aizawa, T Higashi, K TI Recent advances in superplastic intermetallics with emphases on titanium and iron aluminides SO TOWARDS INNOVATION IN SUPERPLASTICITY II SE MATERIALS SCIENCE FORUM LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 2nd International Conference on Towards Innovation in Superplasticity CY SEP 21-24, 1998 CL KOBE, JAPAN DE fine grain size; microstructure; grain boundary; aluminides; silicides ID HIGH-TEMPERATURE; NICKEL SILICIDE; ALLOY; DEFORMATION; BEHAVIOR; COMPOUND; CREEP; WORKABILITY; DIFFUSION; MECHANISM AB Superplasticity has been demonstrated in many intermetailics, including nickel-base (Ni3Al, Ni3Si), titanium-base (Ti3Al, TiAl), and iron-base (Fe3Al, FeAl, Fe3Si) alloys. These alloys are primarily two-phase materials with fine and equiaxed grains. Exceptions are single-phase Ni-3(Si,Ti) and Ti-50Al, and some coarse-grained iron aluminides. In this paper, superplastic deformation behavior as well as microstructural characteristics in these alloys are presented. The general principles used for developing superplastic intermetallics are outlined. Special discussions are presented on the recent discoveries of low-temperature superplasticity in TiAl and superplasticity in coarse-grained iron aluminides. In the case of low-temperature superplasticity in TiAl, the phenomenon was observed at 800 degrees C as compared to the conventional temperature of 1000 degrees C. In the case of iron aluminides, superplasticity was recorded in unusually coarse-grained conditions (>100 mu m). The scientific and technological implications of these developments are discussed. C1 Univ Calif Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. RP Nieh, TG (reprint author), Univ Calif Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, L-353, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. RI Nieh, Tai-Gang/G-5912-2011 OI Nieh, Tai-Gang/0000-0002-2814-3746 NR 45 TC 4 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 3 PU TRANSTEC PUBLICATIONS LTD PI ZURICH-UETIKON PA BRANDRAIN 6, CH-8707 ZURICH-UETIKON, SWITZERLAND SN 0255-5476 BN 0-87849-828-1 J9 MATER SCI FORUM PY 1999 VL 304-3 BP 169 EP 176 PG 8 WC Materials Science, Ceramics; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Materials Science, Composites SC Materials Science GA BN52G UT WOS:000082112300025 ER PT S AU Watanabe, H Mukai, T Nieh, TG Higashi, K AF Watanabe, H Mukai, T Nieh, TG Higashi, K BE Sakuma, T Aizawa, T Higashi, K TI Observation of high-strain-rate superplasticity in ZK60 and SiCp/ZK60 composite SO TOWARDS INNOVATION IN SUPERPLASTICITY II SE MATERIALS SCIENCE FORUM LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 2nd International Conference on Towards Innovation in Superplasticity CY SEP 21-24, 1998 CL KOBE, JAPAN DE magnesium alloy; magnesium-based composite; high-strain-rate superplasticity; activation energy ID MAGNESIUM COMPOSITE; ALLOY; ZK60/SIC/17P; FLOW AB Superplastic properties of a 17vol% SIC particulate-reinforced ZK60 magnesium composite was investigated and compared with those of the unreinforced alloy. It was found that the composite, because of its microstructure, exhibited superplasticity (elongation-to-failure > 400%) at high strain rates (similar to 0.1 s(-1)). In addition, the material showed a high strain rate sensitivity of 0.5 and an activation energy of 81kJ/mol in the superplastic region. The unreinforced alloy also exhibited similar results. Direct comparison of the modulus-compensated stress as a function of diffusion- and grain size-compensated strain rate for two materials revealed that the normalized stress of the composite is similar to that of the unreinforced alloy. Based on these results, it was proposed that the dominant deformation mechanisms of both materials are grain boundary sliding accommodated by a grain boundary diffusion process. C1 Osaka Municipal Tech Res Inst, Joto Ku, Osaka 5368553, Japan. Univ Calif Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA 94551 USA. Univ Osaka Prefecture, Dept Met & Sci Mat, Sakai, Osaka 5998531, Japan. RP Watanabe, H (reprint author), Osaka Municipal Tech Res Inst, Joto Ku, 1-6-50 Morinomiya, Osaka 5368553, Japan. RI Nieh, Tai-Gang/G-5912-2011; Mukai, Toshiji/F-9570-2014; Totsukawa, Nobuhisa/D-2028-2017; OI Nieh, Tai-Gang/0000-0002-2814-3746; Mukai, Toshiji/0000-0002-9628-5762; Watanabe, Hiroyuki/0000-0002-4236-2945 NR 12 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 2 PU TRANSTEC PUBLICATIONS LTD PI ZURICH-UETIKON PA BRANDRAIN 6, CH-8707 ZURICH-UETIKON, SWITZERLAND SN 0255-5476 BN 0-87849-828-1 J9 MATER SCI FORUM PY 1999 VL 304-3 BP 297 EP 302 PG 6 WC Materials Science, Ceramics; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Materials Science, Composites SC Materials Science GA BN52G UT WOS:000082112300044 ER PT B AU Esser, J Nagel, K AF Esser, J Nagel, K BE Brilon, W Huber, F Schreckenberg, M Wallentowitz, H TI Census-based travel demand generation for transportation simulations SO TRAFFIC AND MOBILITY: SIMULATION-ECONOMICS-ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT International Workshop on Traffic and Mobility: Simulation-Economics-Environment CY SEP 30-OCT 02, 1998 CL RWTH AACHEN, INST KRAFTFAHRWESEN, AACHEN, GERMANY SP Siemens AG, Forsch Gesell Kraftfahrwesen Aachen HO RWTH AACHEN, INST KRAFTFAHRWESEN ID CELLULAR-AUTOMATA; TRAFFIC FLOW AB During the last decades, a lot of progress has been made in understanding the dynamics of traffic flow models. Real world applications of these models require the ability to model traffic in networks, which has been an important research topic lately. We focus on the problem of travel demand generation in transportation networks. Our investigations are based on real world data for the Portland/Oregon area. We present a microscopic approach for iterative activity assignment: exemplarily for home-to-work trips. It provides a method to generate real-world macroscopic data - in our case it is the travel time distribution resulting from census data - in a network traffic simulation under simulation feedback. The underlying assignment is based on a simple ansatz to split the probability of choosing a workplace in a particular distance into a term which describes the accessibility of workplaces, and the individuals' function of travel time acceptance. In combination with the census data, this approach provides the macroscopic acceptance function, which turns out to be an exponentially decaying function plus a 'repulsive' behavior for small travel times. Furthermore, these investigations demonstrate that iterative activity assignment on a microscopic level is computationally feasible even for realistically sized transportation systems. C1 Univ Calif Los Alamos Natl Lab, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. RP Esser, J (reprint author), Univ Calif Los Alamos Natl Lab, Mail Stop M997, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. NR 15 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 3 U2 4 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG BERLIN PI BERLIN PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, D-14197 BERLIN, GERMANY BN 3-540-66295-2 PY 1999 BP 135 EP 148 PG 14 WC Transportation; Transportation Science & Technology SC Transportation GA BR44E UT WOS:000166426400009 ER PT B AU Adler, TA Dogan, ON AF Adler, TA Dogan, ON GP AFS AFS TI Erosive wear and impact damage of high-CP white cast irons SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE AMERICAN FOUNDRYMEN'S SOCIETY, VOL 107 SE TRANSACTIONS OF THE AMERICAN FOUNDRYMEN'S SOCIETY LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 103rd Annual Meeting of the American-Foundrymen's-Society CY MAR 13-16, 1999 CL ST LOUIS, MO SP Amer Foundrymen's Soc ID SOLID PARTICLE IMPINGEMENT; INDENTATION; DEFORMATION; ALUMINUM; METALS; MODEL; HARD AB High-chromium white cast irons are used extensively in environments where small-particle impact causes considerable damage. In this study, three white cast irons with a variation in cai-bide volume fraction were impacted at normal incidence with a gas gun, and were eroded by spherical particles. Dynamic hardening was observed in the impact tests at law velocities, and dynamic softening was observed at high velocities. Cracking of the carbides and shear bands were observed in cross sections of the impacted specimens. The eutectic white cast ir on eroded at a higher rate than the hypoeutectic white cast ii-on. The results of the erasion experiments were interpreted in terms of a mechanism of platelet formation involving sti-ain localization. C1 US Dept Energy, Albany, OR USA. RP Adler, TA (reprint author), US Dept Energy, Albany, OR USA. NR 26 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER FOUNDRYMENS SOC PI DES PLAINES PA GOLF AND WOLF RDS, DES PLAINES, IL 60016 USA BN 0-87433-200-1 J9 TRAN AMER F PY 1999 VL 107 BP 495 EP 500 PG 6 WC Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering SC Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering GA BR28N UT WOS:000166023100072 ER PT S AU Lacks, SA AF Lacks, SA BE BroomeSmith, JK Baumberg, S Stirling, CJ Ward, FB TI DNA uptake by transformable bacteria SO TRANSPORT OF MOLECULES ACROSS MICROBIAL MEMBRANES SE SYMPOSIA OF THE SOCIETY FOR GENERAL MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 58th Symposium of the Society-for-General-Microbiology CY SEP, 1999 CL UNIV LEEDS, LEEDS, ENGLAND SP Soc Gen Microbiol HO UNIV LEEDS ID COMPETENCE TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR; HAEMOPHILUS-INFLUENZAE RD; COMPLETE GENOME SEQUENCE; BACILLUS-SUBTILIS; STREPTOCOCCUS-PNEUMONIAE; GENETIC-TRANSFORMATION; ESCHERICHIA-COLI; DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC-ACID; DIPLOCOCCUS-PNEUMONIAE; DONOR DNA C1 Brookhaven Natl Lab, Dept Biol, Upton, NY 11973 USA. RP Lacks, SA (reprint author), Brookhaven Natl Lab, Dept Biol, Upton, NY 11973 USA. NR 118 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 0 PU CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS PI CAMBRIDGE PA THE PITT BUILDING, TRUMPINGTON ST, CAMBRIDGE CB2 1RP, CAMBS, ENGLAND SN 0081-1394 BN 0-521-77270-2 J9 SYMP SOC GEN MICROBI JI Symp. Soc. Gen. Microbiol. PY 1999 VL 58 BP 138 EP 168 PG 31 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Microbiology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Microbiology GA BT59N UT WOS:000173445300008 ER PT B AU Esser, J Neubert, L Wahle, J Schreckenberg, M AF Esser, J Neubert, L Wahle, J Schreckenberg, M BE Ceder, A TI Microscopic online simulations of urban traffic SO TRANSPORTATION AND TRAFFIC THEORY LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 14th International Symposium on transportation and Traffic Theory CY JUL 20-23, 1999 CL JERUSALEM, ISRAEL ID CELLULAR-AUTOMATA; METASTABLE STATES; MODEL; FLOW C1 Univ Calif Los Alamos Natl Lab, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. NR 17 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU PERGAMON PRESS LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD LANGFORD LANE KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND BN 0-08-043448-7 PY 1999 BP 535 EP 554 PG 20 WC Transportation SC Transportation GA BP20R UT WOS:000084416000024 ER PT J AU Venigalla, MM Chatterjee, A Bronzini, MS AF Venigalla, MM Chatterjee, A Bronzini, MS TI A specialized equilibrium assignment algorithm for air quality modeling SO TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH PART D-TRANSPORT AND ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article DE air quality; traffic assignment; car travel; highway AB A multiple user class equilibrium assignment algorithm is formulated to determine vehicle trips and the vehicle miles of travel (VMT) in various operating modes on highway links. A heuristic solution algorithm based on the Frank-Wolfe decomposition of the equilibrium assignment problem is presented. The treatment of intrazonal trips, which are very important for emission studies is also discussed. The solution algorithm is implemented in a traffic assignment program for emission studies, referred to as TAPES. The use of the algorithm is demonstrated through a TAPES model case study on a Charlotte, NC network database for 1990 AM peak period. The operating mode mix of VMT in cold transient, hot transient and hot stabilized modes, also known as the mix of cold-starts, hot-starts and stabilized mode trips, is derived on a link by link basis. The results are aggregated by facility type and the location of link segments. It is observed that the operating mode fractions in transient and stabilized modes could vary widely across different facility types geographic locations. The aggregated operating mode fractions derived from the assignment analysis indicates that a lesser proportion of VMT operates in cold and hot transient modes when compared to the operating mode mix derived from the Federal Test Procedure (FTP). (C) 1998 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Wilbur Smith Associates, Columbia, SC 29202 USA. Univ Tennessee, Dept Civil Engn, Knoxville, TN 37996 USA. Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Ctr Transportat Studies, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. RP Venigalla, MM (reprint author), Wilbur Smith Associates, POB 92, Columbia, SC 29202 USA. NR 10 TC 9 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 0 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 1361-9209 J9 TRANSPORT RES D-TR E JI Transport. Res. Part D-Transport. Environ. PD JAN PY 1999 VL 4 IS 1 BP 29 EP 44 DI 10.1016/S1361-9209(98)00022-4 PG 16 WC Environmental Studies; Transportation; Transportation Science & Technology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Transportation GA 153DE UT WOS:000077817200003 ER PT S AU Holzscheiter, MH AF Holzscheiter, MH CA ATHENA collaboration BE Dubin, DHE Schneider, D TI Antihydrogen for tests of CPT and Lorentz invariance SO TRAPPED CHARGED PARTICLES AND FUNDAMENTALS PHYSICS SE AIP CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT International Conference on Trapped Charged Particles and Fundamental Physics CY AUG 31-SEP 04, 1998 CL PACIFIC GROVE, CA SP Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab ID PENNING TRAPS; ANTIPROTONS; POSITRONIUM; COLLISIONS; VIOLATION; SYSTEM; IONS AB Antihydrogen atoms, produced near rest, trapped in a magnetic well, and cooled to the lowest possible temperature (kinetic energy) could provide an extremely powerful tool for the search of violations of CPT and Lorentz invariants. We describe our plans to form a significant number of cold antihydrogen atoms for comparative precision spectroscopy of hydrogen and antihydrogen. C1 Univ Calif Los Alamos Natl Lab, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. RP Holzscheiter, MH (reprint author), Univ Calif Los Alamos Natl Lab, P-23,MS H803, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. NR 46 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1NO1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0094-243X BN 1-56396-776-6 J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 1999 VL 457 BP 65 EP 69 PG 5 WC Physics, Fluids & Plasmas; Physics, Multidisciplinary; Physics, Nuclear; Physics, Particles & Fields; Spectroscopy SC Physics; Spectroscopy GA BM77Q UT WOS:000079731200009 ER PT S AU Vieira, DJ Brice, SJ Crane, SG Goldschmidt, A Guckert, R Hime, A Tupa, D Zhao, X AF Vieira, DJ Brice, SJ Crane, SG Goldschmidt, A Guckert, R Hime, A Tupa, D Zhao, X BE Dubin, DHE Schneider, D TI Trapping Rb-82 for beta-decay parity violation measurements SO TRAPPED CHARGED PARTICLES AND FUNDAMENTALS PHYSICS SE AIP CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT International Conference on Trapped Charged Particles and Fundamental Physics CY AUG 31-SEP 04, 1998 CL PACIFIC GROVE, CA SP Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab ID MAGNETOOPTICAL TRAP; COLLECTION; ATOMS AB We report on the Los Alamos effort to measure the p-nuclear spin correlation function in the Gamow-Teller decay of polarized Rb-82 atoms confined in a time orbiting potential (TOP) magnetic trap as a means of probing the origin of parity violation in the electroweak interaction. As a first step in this experiment, we have recently trapped 6 million Rb-82 (t(1/2)=75 s) atoms in a magneto-optical trap (MOT) that is coupled to a mass separator. The hyperfine structure of the D-1 transition has been measured for the first time and the D-2 line has been remeasured with higher precision. Moreover, we have recently transferred radioactive atoms from one MOT to another MOT where they have been retrapped and accumulated due to the improved vacuum in the second MOT. We are currently working to optically pump these retrapped atoms into the desired weak-field-seeking, stretched magnetic substate and to load them into the pure magnetic moment TOP trap which will serve as a rotating beacon of spin-polarized nuclei. Using a single (or small set of) positron detectors, we will measure the beta p-nuclear spin asymmetry as a continuous function of both beta energy and beta-nuclear spin angle. Precise measurements initially at the 1% level are planned. C1 Univ Calif Los Alamos Natl Lab, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. RP Vieira, DJ (reprint author), Univ Calif Los Alamos Natl Lab, POB 1663, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. NR 8 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1NO1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0094-243X BN 1-56396-776-6 J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 1999 VL 457 BP 143 EP 147 PG 5 WC Physics, Fluids & Plasmas; Physics, Multidisciplinary; Physics, Nuclear; Physics, Particles & Fields; Spectroscopy SC Physics; Spectroscopy GA BM77Q UT WOS:000079731200020 ER PT S AU Steiger, J Beck, BR Gruber, L Church, DA Holder, JP Schneider, D AF Steiger, J Beck, BR Gruber, L Church, DA Holder, JP Schneider, D BE Dubin, DHE Schneider, D TI Coulomb clusters in RETRAP SO TRAPPED CHARGED PARTICLES AND FUNDAMENTALS PHYSICS SE AIP CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT International Conference on Trapped Charged Particles and Fundamental Physics CY AUG 31-SEP 04, 1998 CL PACIFIC GROVE, CA SP Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab ID PURE ELECTRON-PLASMA; ONE-COMPONENT PLASMA; ION PLASMA; PENNING TRAP; SEPARATION; STATE AB Storage rings and Penning traps are being used to study ions in their highest charge states. Both devices must have the capability for ion cooling in order to perform high precision measurements such as mass spectrometry and laser spectroscopy. This is accomplished in storage rings in a merged beam arrangement where a cold electron beam moves at the speed of the ions. In RETRAP, a Penning trap located at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, a sympathetic laser/ion cooling scheme has been implemented. In a first step, singly charged beryllium ions are cooled electronically by a tuned circuit and optically by a laser. Then hot, highly charged ions are merged into the cold Be plasma. By collisions, their kinetic energy is reduced to the temperature of the Be plasma. First experiments indicate that the highly charged ions form a strongly coupled plasma with a Coulomb coupling parameter exceeding 1000. C1 Univ Calif Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. RP Steiger, J (reprint author), Univ Calif Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, POB 808, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. NR 14 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1NO1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0094-243X BN 1-56396-776-6 J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 1999 VL 457 BP 284 EP 289 PG 6 WC Physics, Fluids & Plasmas; Physics, Multidisciplinary; Physics, Nuclear; Physics, Particles & Fields; Spectroscopy SC Physics; Spectroscopy GA BM77Q UT WOS:000079731200039 ER PT J AU Mural, RJ Parang, M Shah, M Snoddy, J Uberbacher, EC AF Mural, RJ Parang, M Shah, M Snoddy, J Uberbacher, EC TI The Genome Channel: a browser to a uniform first-pass annotation of genomic DNA SO TRENDS IN GENETICS LA English DT Article ID SEARCH TOOL; SEQUENCE C1 Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Div Life Sci, Computat Biol Sect, Oak Ridge, TN 37830 USA. RP Mural, RJ (reprint author), Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Div Life Sci, Computat Biol Sect, Oak Ridge, TN 37830 USA. NR 7 TC 12 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE LONDON PI LONDON PA 84 THEOBALDS RD, LONDON WC1X 8RR, ENGLAND SN 0168-9525 J9 TRENDS GENET JI Trends Genet. PD JAN PY 1999 VL 15 IS 1 BP 38 EP 39 DI 10.1016/S0168-9525(98)01624-2 PG 2 WC Genetics & Heredity SC Genetics & Heredity GA 181AV UT WOS:000079419200012 PM 10087933 ER PT S AU Kolb, EW Chung, DJH Riotto, A AF Kolb, EW Chung, DJH Riotto, A BE Falomir, H Saravi, REG Schaposnik, FA TI Wimpzillas! SO TRENDS IN THEORETICAL PHYSICS II SE AIP CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2nd Meeting on Trends in Theoretical Physics CY NOV 29-DEC 04, 1998 CL BUENOS AIRES, ARGENTINA ID ENERGY COSMIC-RAYS; PARTICLE-PRODUCTION; UNIVERSE; INFLATION; DECAY; BARYOGENESIS; GRAVITINO; COSMOLOGY AB There ate many reasons to believe the present mass density of the universe is dominated by a weakly interacting massive particle (WIMP), a fossil relic of the early universe. Theoretical ideas and experimental efforts have focused mostly on production and detection of thermal relics, with mass typically in the range a few GeV to a hundred GeV. Here, I will review scenarios for production of nonthermal dark matter. Since the masses of the nonthermal WIMPS are in the range 10(12) to 10(16) GeV, much larger than the mass of thermal wimpy WIMPS, they may be referred to as WIMPZILLAS. In searches for dark matter it may be well to remember that "size does matter." C1 Fermi Natl Accelerator Lab, Batavia, IL 60510 USA. RP Kolb, EW (reprint author), Fermi Natl Accelerator Lab, POB 500, Batavia, IL 60510 USA. NR 56 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1NO1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0094-243X BN 1-56396-894-0 J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 1999 VL 484 BP 91 EP 105 PG 15 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Physics, Multidisciplinary; Physics, Particles & Fields; Physics, Mathematical SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Physics GA BN58F UT WOS:000082307300007 ER PT J AU Shinn, ND Mayer, TM Michalske, TA AF Shinn, ND Mayer, TM Michalske, TA TI Structure-dependent viscoelastic properties of C-9-alkanethiol monolayers SO TRIBOLOGY LETTERS LA English DT Article DE alkanethiol; self-assembled monolayers; quartz crystal microbalance; viscoelasticity; kinetics; ellipsometry ID SELF-ASSEMBLED MONOLAYERS; QUARTZ-CRYSTAL MICROBALANCE; AU(111); SURFACES; GOLD; SPECTROSCOPY; ALKANETHIOLS; ADSORPTION; KINETICS; PHASES AB Quartz crystal microbalance techniques and in situ spectroscopic ellipsometry are used to probe the structure-dependent intrinsic viscoelastic properties of self-assembled CH3(CH2)(8)SH alkanethiol monolayers adsorbed from the gas phase onto Au(111)-textured substrates. Physisorbed molecules, mixed chemisorbed-fluid/solid phases and solid-phase domain boundaries make sequentially dominant contributions to the measured energy dissipation in the growing monolayer. Deviations from Langmuir adsorption kinetics reveal a precursor-mediated adsorption channel. These studies reveal the impact of structural heterogeneity in tribological studies of monolayer lubricants. C1 Sandia Natl Labs, Surface & Interface Sci Dept, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. RP Shinn, ND (reprint author), Sandia Natl Labs, Surface & Interface Sci Dept, POB 5800,Mail Stop 1421, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. NR 26 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 1 U2 2 PU BALTZER SCI PUBL BV PI BUSSUM PA PO BOX 221, 1400 AE BUSSUM, NETHERLANDS SN 1023-8883 J9 TRIBOL LETT JI Tribol. Lett. PY 1999 VL 7 IS 2-3 BP 67 EP 71 DI 10.1023/A:1019117319559 PG 5 WC Engineering, Chemical; Engineering, Mechanical SC Engineering GA 265ZV UT WOS:000084276900001 ER PT J AU Enachescu, M van den Oetelaar, RJA Carpick, RW Ogletree, DF Flipse, CFJ Salmeron, M AF Enachescu, M van den Oetelaar, RJA Carpick, RW Ogletree, DF Flipse, CFJ Salmeron, M TI Observation of proportionality between friction and contact area at the nanometer scale SO TRIBOLOGY LETTERS LA English DT Article DE nanotribology; friction; contact area; atomic force microscopy; diamond; tungsten carbide ID ATOMIC-FORCE MICROSCOPY; ULTRAHIGH-VACUUM; ELASTIC SPHERE; RIGID PLANE; SURFACE; ADHESION; SPECTROSCOPY; CALIBRATION; STICKING AB The nanotribological properties of a hydrogen-terminated diamond(111)/tungsten-carbide interface have been studied using ultra-high vacuum atomic force microscopy. Both friction and local contact conductance were measured as a function of applied load. The contact conductance experiments provide a direct and independent way of determining the contact area between the conductive tungsten-carbide AFM tip and the doped diamond sample. We demonstrate that the friction force is directly proportional to the real area of contact at the nanometer-scale. Furthermore, the relation between the contact area and load for this extremely hard heterocontact is found to be in excellent agreement with the Derjaguin-Muller-Toporov continuum mechanics model. C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Div Mat Sci, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. Univ Bucharest, Dept Phys, Bucharest, Romania. RP Salmeron, M (reprint author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Div Mat Sci, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. RI Enachescu, Marius/C-4963-2011; Ogletree, D Frank/D-9833-2016 OI Ogletree, D Frank/0000-0002-8159-0182 NR 37 TC 63 Z9 64 U1 1 U2 22 PU BALTZER SCI PUBL BV PI BUSSUM PA PO BOX 221, 1400 AE BUSSUM, NETHERLANDS SN 1023-8883 J9 TRIBOL LETT JI Tribol. Lett. PY 1999 VL 7 IS 2-3 BP 73 EP 78 DI 10.1023/A:1019173404538 PG 6 WC Engineering, Chemical; Engineering, Mechanical SC Engineering GA 265ZV UT WOS:000084276900002 ER PT J AU Carpick, RW Sasaki, DY Burns, AR AF Carpick, RW Sasaki, DY Burns, AR TI Large friction anisotropy of a polydiacetylene monolayer SO TRIBOLOGY LETTERS LA English DT Article DE atomic force microscopy; friction force microscopy; friction anisotropy; friction asymmetry; nanotribology; polydiacetylene; LB films; directional dependence; fluorescence ID ATOMIC-FORCE MICROSCOPY; SELF-ASSEMBLED MONOLAYERS; CHAIN-LENGTH DEPENDENCE; WATER-INTERFACE; MOLECULAR TILT; THIN-FILMS; BEHAVIOR; SURFACE; ALKANETHIOLS; FABRICATION AB Friction force microscopy measurements of a polydiacetylene monolayer film reveal a 300% friction anisotropy that is correlated with the film structure. The film consists of a monolayer of the red form of N-(2-ethanol)-10,12-pentacosadiynamide, prepared on a Langmuir trough and deposited on a mica substrate. As confirmed by atomic force microscopy and fluorescence microscopy, the monolayer consists of domains of linearly oriented conjugated backbones with pendant hydrocarbon side chains above and below the backbones. Maximum friction occurs when the sliding direction is perpendicular to the backbones. We propose that this effect is due to anisotropic film stiffness, which is a result of anisotropic side chain packing and/or anisotropic stiffness of the backbone itself. Friction anisotropy is therefore a sensitive, optically-independent indicator of polymer backbone direction and monolayer structural properties. C1 Sandia Natl Labs, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. RP Burns, AR (reprint author), Sandia Natl Labs, POB 5800, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. EM aburns@sandia.gov NR 42 TC 59 Z9 59 U1 1 U2 17 PU SPRINGER/PLENUM PUBLISHERS PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 1023-8883 J9 TRIBOL LETT JI Tribol. Lett. PY 1999 VL 7 IS 2-3 BP 79 EP 85 DI 10.1023/A:1019113218650 PG 7 WC Engineering, Chemical; Engineering, Mechanical SC Engineering GA 265ZV UT WOS:000084276900003 ER PT J AU Zhu, XY Houston, JE AF Zhu, XY Houston, JE TI Molecular lubricants for silicon-based microelectromechanical systems (MEMS): a novel assembly strategy SO TRIBOLOGY LETTERS LA English DT Article DE self-assembled monolayers; SAM; silicon; surface; MEMS ID ALKYLSILOXANE MONOLAYERS; SI(100)-2X1 SURFACE; POROUS SILICON; FUNCTIONALIZATION; TEMPERATURE; 1-ALKENES AB Microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) are poised to bring the next technology revolution. At present, many of these are fabricated from silicon using lithographic techniques developed in the microelectronics industry. Due to the large surface area to volume ratio on the micrometer scale, surface forces, such as adhesion and friction, are often detrimental to the fabrication and operation of MEMS devices. Thus, one of the key issues in MEMS is surface engineering to reduce adhesion and friction. Here, we present a general strategy for the efficient assembly of organic layers directly onto the silicon surface in both vacuum environment and solution phases via the robust Si-N or Si-O linkage. This is achieved by the reaction between an amine or alcohol functional group and a chlorinated Si surface. The resulting surface assemblies are thermally stable. Characterization by interfacial force microscope (IFM) reveals that these assemblies have very low surface energy and are mechanically stable. C1 Univ Minnesota, Dept Chem, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA. Sandia Natl Labs, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. RP Zhu, XY (reprint author), Univ Minnesota, Dept Chem, 207 Pleasant St SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA. NR 27 TC 30 Z9 31 U1 1 U2 7 PU BALTZER SCI PUBL BV PI BUSSUM PA PO BOX 221, 1400 AE BUSSUM, NETHERLANDS SN 1023-8883 J9 TRIBOL LETT JI Tribol. Lett. PY 1999 VL 7 IS 2-3 BP 87 EP 90 DI 10.1023/A:1019169303629 PG 4 WC Engineering, Chemical; Engineering, Mechanical SC Engineering GA 265ZV UT WOS:000084276900004 ER PT J AU Kiely, JD Houston, JE Mulder, JA Hsung, RP Zhu, XY AF Kiely, JD Houston, JE Mulder, JA Hsung, RP Zhu, XY TI Adhesion, deformation and friction for self-assembled monolayers on Au and Si surfaces SO TRIBOLOGY LETTERS LA English DT Article DE friction; self-assembled monolayers; hysteresis; alkanethiols; alkylsilanes; nanoindentation; IFM; aging ID ATOMIC-FORCE MICROSCOPY; CHAIN-LENGTH DEPENDENCE; ALKANETHIOLATE MONOLAYERS; GOLD; PHOTOOXIDATION; OXIDATION; SCALE; AU(111); SILVER; FILMS AB Using interfacial force microscopy (IFM), we investigated the tribological behavior of hexadecanethiol monolayers on Au and films of octadecyltrichlorosilane (ODTS), perfluorodecyltrichlorosilane (PFTS) and dodecane on Si. We observe a strong correlation between hysteresis in a compression cycle (measured via nanoindentation) and friction. Additionally, we suggest that the amount of hysteresis and friction in each film is related to its detailed molecular structure, especially the degree of molecular packing. C1 Sandia Natl Labs, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. Univ Minnesota, Dept Chem, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA. RP Kiely, JD (reprint author), Sandia Natl Labs, POB 5800, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. NR 28 TC 28 Z9 29 U1 0 U2 11 PU BALTZER SCI PUBL BV PI BUSSUM PA PO BOX 221, 1400 AE BUSSUM, NETHERLANDS SN 1023-8883 J9 TRIBOL LETT JI Tribol. Lett. PY 1999 VL 7 IS 2-3 BP 103 EP 107 DI 10.1023/A:1019109117742 PG 5 WC Engineering, Chemical; Engineering, Mechanical SC Engineering GA 265ZV UT WOS:000084276900006 ER PT J AU Mirmiran, S Tsukruk, VV Erdemir, A AF Mirmiran, S Tsukruk, VV Erdemir, A TI Nano-tribological and wear behavior of boric acid solid lubricant SO TRIBOLOGY TRANSACTIONS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 53rd Annual Meeting of the Society-of-Tribologists-and-Lubrication-Engineers CY MAY 17-21, 1998 CL DETROIT, MICHIGAN SP Soc Tribologists & Lubricat Engineers DE aluminum industry tribology; atomic force microscopy; boundary lubrication friction; boundary lubrication wear; adhesive wear; borides; lubricant disposal and recycling; contact mechanism surface roughness; friction mechanism; solid lubricants; solid lubrication mechanism; friction-reducing coating; microlubrication; solid lubricated wear; surface films/coating; surface modification; self-replenishing lubrication; boric acid; boric oxide ID FORMING SURFACES; SELF-LUBRICATION; FILMS AB One uses atomic force microscopy to explore the surface morphology, frictional characteristics (ie.,friction mapping) and surface adhesive forces of boric acid-treated aluminum surfaces. In earlier studies, boric acid was shown to be an effective solid lubricant providing 0.02 to 0.1 friction coefficients to the sliding surfaces of metallic and ceramic materials. In this study, the authors mainly focused on the friction and wear behavior of cleaved single crystals of boric acid. Tests were performed on uncoated and boric acid-coated surfaces of aluminum substrates, as well as the bulk boric acid material. The nano-scale wear of the boric acid crystals manifested itself in the displacement of atomic planes which, in turn, resulted in the formation of thr wont area grown by a spiral-growth mechanism. In addition, new crystals in the vicinity of the sliding contact areas were formed. These crystals formed by a spiral dislocation mechanism. The nanoscale friction measurements showed that the friction coefficient of a Si3N4 tip against the boric acid single crystal was in the range of 0.07 to 0.13, depending on the sliding direction with respect to the crystallographic orientation. The friction coefficients of the boric acid-coated aluminum substrates varied between 0.11 and 0.19. While these values were consistent with earlier findings and further demonstrated the lubricity of boric acid, they were higher than the previous measurements (i.e., 0.011-0.1) obtained on a pin-on-disk machine using steel or ceramic pins. An explanation is provided for this phenomenon. C1 Western Michigan Univ, Coll Engn & Appl Sci, Mat Sci & Surface Engn Lab, Kalamazoo, MI 49008 USA. Argonne Natl Lab, Tribol Sect, Div Energy Technol, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. RP Mirmiran, S (reprint author), Western Michigan Univ, Coll Engn & Appl Sci, Mat Sci & Surface Engn Lab, Kalamazoo, MI 49008 USA. NR 6 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 1 U2 4 PU SOC TRIBOLOGISTS & LUBRICATION ENGINEERS PI PARK RIDGE PA 840 BUSSE HIGHWAY, PARK RIDGE, IL 60068 USA SN 1040-2004 J9 TRIBOL T JI Tribol. Trans. PD JAN PY 1999 VL 42 IS 1 BP 180 EP 185 DI 10.1080/10402009908982206 PG 6 WC Engineering, Mechanical SC Engineering GA 168HT UT WOS:000078686700024 ER PT S AU Hankes, LV Schmaeler, M Jansen, CR Brown, RR AF Hankes, LV Schmaeler, M Jansen, CR Brown, RR BE Huether, G Kochen, W Simat, TJ Steinhart, H TI Vitamin effects on tryptophan-niacin metabolism in primary hepatoma patients SO TRYPTOPHAN, SEROTONIN AND MELATONIN: BASIC ASPECTS AND APPLICATIONS SE ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 9th Meeting of the International-Study-Group-for-Tryptophan-Research (ISTRY 98) CY OCT 10-14, 1998 CL UNIV HAMBURG, HAMBURG, GERMANY SP Fresenius AG, Amino, H Wilhelm Schaumann Stift, Ajinomoto Europe, Esparma, Deutsch Forsch Gemeinsch, Ardeypharm, Niddapharm, Wissensch Behorde, Hamburg HO UNIV HAMBURG AB Metabolism of C-14-labeled tryptophan and 3-hydroxyanthranilic acid were administered to early hepatoma patients to evaluate the conversion of these precursors to niacin metabolites and to assess the effect of dietary supplementation with vitamin B-6, riboflavin, thiamin and vitamin C on the extent of conversion. Expired labeled carbon dioxide and urinary excretion of picolinic acid (PA), quinolinic acid (QA), nicotinic acid (NA), N-1-methylnicotinamide (N1MeNAm) and N-1-methyl-2-pyridone-5-carboxamide (MPCA) were measured by carrier isolations. There were no consistent statistical differences in these conversions before and after vitamin supplementation, suggesting that the patients' nutrition was adequate and that none of the vitamins were rate-limiting under these conditions. C1 Brookhaven Natl Lab, Div Biochem, Med Res Ctr, Upton, NY 11973 USA. RP Hankes, LV (reprint author), Brookhaven Natl Lab, Div Biochem, Med Res Ctr, Upton, NY 11973 USA. NR 2 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC / PLENUM PUBL PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0065-2598 BN 0-306-46204-4 J9 ADV EXP MED BIOL JI Adv.Exp.Med.Biol. PY 1999 VL 467 BP 283 EP 287 PG 5 WC Chemistry, Analytical; Medicine, Research & Experimental; Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Psychiatry SC Chemistry; Research & Experimental Medicine; Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Psychiatry GA BP97A UT WOS:000086779600036 PM 10721067 ER PT B AU Springer, TE AF Springer, TE BE Savinell, RF Fenton, JM West, AC Scanlon, SL Weidner, J TI Applications of AC impedance to fuel cell modeling SO TUTORIALS IN ELECTROCHEMICAL ENGINEERING-MATHEMATICAL MODELING SE ELECTROCHEMICAL SOCIETY SERIES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT International Symposium on Tutorials in Electrochemical Engineering-Mathematical Modeling CY MAY 02-07, 1999 CL SEATTLE, WA SP Electrochem Soc ID ELECTRODES AB AC impedance has provided a useful diagnostic tool in the Los Alamos polymer electrolyte fuel cell (PEFC) program. The techniques we have used in ac impedance modeling and the corresponding results are reviewed. These techniques include equation implementation, model simplification and verification, least squares fitting, application of two-dimensional Laplace equation solvers handling complex interfacial boundary conditions, and interpretation of impedance features. C1 Univ Calif Los Alamos Natl Lab, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. RP Springer, TE (reprint author), Univ Calif Los Alamos Natl Lab, MS-D429, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. NR 12 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 1 U2 2 PU ELECTROCHEMICAL SOCIETY INC PI PENNINGTON PA 65 S MAIN ST, PENNINGTON, NJ 08534-2839 USA BN 1-56677-236-2 J9 ELEC SOC S PY 1999 VL 99 IS 14 BP 208 EP 221 PG 14 WC Electrochemistry; Engineering, Chemical; Mathematics, Applied SC Electrochemistry; Engineering; Mathematics GA BN84D UT WOS:000083149200015 ER PT B AU Freeman, MC Walbert, GF Brown, DK AF Freeman, MC Walbert, GF Brown, DK GP COUNCIL IND BOILER OWNERS COUNCIL IND BOILER OWNERS TI Combustion of HiMicro-processed coal/biomass fuels FETC CERF preliminary results SO TWELFTH ANNUAL NOX CONTROL CONFERENCE, PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 12th Annual NOx Control Conference CY MAR 15-17, 1999 CL DURHAM, NC SP Council Ind Boiler Owners, Tech Comm DE switchgrass; pine bark; coal; co-pulverized; reduced NOx emissions AB HiMicro Incorporated, an engineering company located in Richmond, Virginia, is developing specialized mills for pulverizing/micronizing coal and biomass solid fuels. The mills are of various types. FETC's pilot-scale 500,000 Btu/hr Combustion and Environmental Research Facility (CERF) is investigating biomass co-firing issues for pulverized coal (pc) applications. FETC and HiMicro have signed a Cooperative Research and Development Agreement (CRADA). Under the agreement, preliminary CERF firing tests were conducted during February 5-6, 1998. Tests of co-pulverized pine bark and switchgrass up to 25% (energy basis) with Pittsburgh seam coal were successful. The HiMicro-processed fuels were of a very fine size distribution and exhibited good combustion properties, in terms of fly ash loss-on-ignition and reduced NOx emissions compared to a normal pc grind Pittsburgh seam coal. Biomass particle sizes were an order of magnitude smaller than products of conventional machines. C1 US Dept Energy, Fed Energy Technol Ctr, Pittsburgh, PA 15236 USA. RP Freeman, MC (reprint author), US Dept Energy, Fed Energy Technol Ctr, POB 10940, Pittsburgh, PA 15236 USA. NR 2 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU COUNCIL INDUSTRIAL BOILER OWNERS PI BURKE PA 6035 BURKE CENTER PARKWAY, SUITE 360, BURKE, VA 22015 USA PY 1999 BP 201 EP 211 PG 11 WC Engineering, Multidisciplinary; Engineering, Chemical; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Engineering GA BN39U UT WOS:000081784600016 ER PT J AU Downing, KH Hendrickson, FM AF Downing, KH Hendrickson, FM TI Performance of a 2k CCD camera designed for electron crystallography at 400 kV SO ULTRAMICROSCOPY LA English DT Article DE CCD camera; electron crystallography ID MICROSCOPY; RESOLUTION; EFFICIENCY AB We discuss the performance of a charge-coupled device (CCD) camera that has been designed for use in electron crystallographic studies of proteins. There have been many previous publications describing the characteristics and performance of CCD-based cameras in electron microscopy; here we focus on characteristics relevant to protein studies at 400 kV. The low exposure that must be used in such studies produces a very poor signal-to-noise ratio, so any loss of signal-to-noise ratio in the recording process must be avoided. Images must contain a sufficient number of molecules to allow identification of the reciprocal lattice, thus requiring a large image format. Electron diffraction patterns may contain some spots with intensity around 10(-7) times that of the central beam, so the largest possible dynamic range is helpful. Some of the characteristics we discuss are most easily measured with crystals, but the conclusions also apply for other work such as single-particle analyses. The camera has been optimized for work at 400 kV with a P43 scintillator fiber-optically coupled to a CCD with 24 mu m pixels. The scintillator in this camera is thicker than generally used at lower voltages, which provides an adequate signal level but slightly degrades the resolution. Operation at 400 kV leads to a point spread function that is broader than the CCD pixel size. Images are thus binned by a factor of two to double the effective pixel size, with the resulting loss of a factor of two in the size of areas that can be recorded in a single frame. A large CCD with a 2048 x 2048 pixel array is used to compensate for this loss and provide a sufficient signal for the crystallographic image processing used in this work. Images and electron diffraction patterns recorded on the CCD are compared with data recorded on photographic film. While the quality of the images recorded on the CCD at the low exposures required in protein studies is not quite as good as that on film, electron diffraction data recorded on the CCD are superior to that on him. (C) 1999 Published by Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Div Life Sci, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. RP Downing, KH (reprint author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Donner Lab I326, 1 Cyclotron Rd, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. FU NIGMS NIH HHS [GM51487] NR 24 TC 40 Z9 43 U1 0 U2 4 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0304-3991 J9 ULTRAMICROSCOPY JI Ultramicroscopy PD JAN PY 1999 VL 75 IS 4 BP 215 EP 233 DI 10.1016/S0304-3991(98)00065-5 PG 19 WC Microscopy SC Microscopy GA 155FW UT WOS:000077936900003 PM 9919710 ER PT J AU Sinkler, W Marks, LD AF Sinkler, W Marks, LD TI Dynamical direct methods for everyone SO ULTRAMICROSCOPY LA English DT Article ID TRANSMISSION ELECTRON-DIFFRACTION; KINEMATICAL APPROXIMATION; SURFACE-STRUCTURES; VALIDITY AB Recent work has demonstrated that direct methods, using the minimum relative entropy approach, can be applied to strongly dynamical diffraction from bulk inorganic structures. In the present work, the possibility of using intensity data which is thickness averaged, as for a wedge-shaped specimen, is explored. It is shown that for structures which contain a large number of light atoms, well resolved in projection, use of direct methods with thickness averaged data, combined with limited phase information from high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) can indicate the positions of the light atoms. The possibility of using direct methods from thickness-averaged data allows the use of data from conventional microscopes without fine probe capabilities, and is also of importance for use of direct methods with beam-sensitive samples. (C) 1999 Published by Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Northwestern Univ, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, Evanston, IL 60208 USA. RP Sinkler, W (reprint author), Argonne Natl Lab, POB 2528, Idaho Falls, ID 83403 USA. EM wharton.sinkler@anlw.anlgov RI Marks, Laurence/B-7527-2009 NR 27 TC 46 Z9 47 U1 0 U2 5 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0304-3991 J9 ULTRAMICROSCOPY JI Ultramicroscopy PD JAN PY 1999 VL 75 IS 4 BP 251 EP 268 DI 10.1016/S0304-3991(98)00062-X PG 18 WC Microscopy SC Microscopy GA 155FW UT WOS:000077936900005 ER PT J AU Miller, DL Bao, SP Morris, JE AF Miller, DL Bao, SP Morris, JE TI Sonoporation of cultured cells in the rotating tube exposure system SO ULTRASOUND IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE ultrasound adverse effects; ultrasound contrast agent; gene transfection; ultrasonic cavitation; mechanical index ID IN-VITRO; MAMMALIAN-CELLS; CONTRAST AGENTS; GENE-TRANSFER; SHOCK-WAVES; ULTRASOUND; CAVITATION; PERMEABILIZATION; FREQUENCY; PLASMID AB Suspensions of Chinese hamster ovary cells were exposed to ultrasound in the presence of fluorescent dextran to determine the conditions needed for sonoporation with uptake of the large molecules, Albunex(R), a gas-body- based ultrasound contrast agent, was added to enhance cavitation. Ultrasound was continuous wave at frequencies of 1.0, 1.68, 2.25, 3.3, 5.3, and 7.15 MHz, Sterile 4.5-mL exposure chambers were rotated at 60 rpm to promote cavitation activity during the 1-min exposures. After exposure, cells were tested for sonoporation by counting fluorescent cells and for cell lysis by counting cells stained by trypan blue. Sonoporation was a sensitive bioeffects indicator that was detected at pressure amplitudes lower than were needed for transient cavitation or cavitation-induced cell lysis, For 10% Albunex, apparent thresholds for sonoporation, which were comparable to the levels required to perturb the gas bodies, were 0.084 MPa (spatial peak negative pressure amplitude) from 1.0-3.3 MHz and 0.27 MPa at 5.3 and 7.15 MHz. Sonoporation decreased slightly if the tube was not rotated. The effects increased for increasing Albunex concentration (with rotation), The plating efficiency of cells exposed to 0.2, MPa at 2.25 MHz and sorted by a flow cytometer was 19% (3.6% standard deviation [SD]) for fluorescent cells, compared to 67% (1% SD) for nonfluorescent exposed cells and 62% (6% SD) for sham-exposed cells. The reduced viability represents an important consideration for possible applications of sonoporation. (C) 1998 World Federation for Ultrasound in Medicine & Biology. C1 Univ Michigan, Med Ctr, Dept Radiol, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. Washington State Univ, US Transuranium & Uranium Registry, Richland, WA USA. Battelle Pacific NW Natl Lab, Richland, WA USA. RP Miller, DL (reprint author), Univ Michigan, Med Ctr, Dept Radiol, Room 3315 Kresge 3,200 Zina Pitcher Pl, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. RI WSU, USTUR/I-1056-2013 FU NCI NIH HHS [CA42947] NR 22 TC 78 Z9 87 U1 0 U2 9 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 655 AVENUE OF THE AMERICAS, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0301-5629 J9 ULTRASOUND MED BIOL JI Ultrasound Med. Biol. PD JAN PY 1999 VL 25 IS 1 BP 143 EP 149 DI 10.1016/S0301-5629(98)00137-9 PG 7 WC Acoustics; Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging SC Acoustics; Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging GA 151UQ UT WOS:000077739400012 PM 10048811 ER PT S AU McKee, R Walker, F Chisholm, M AF McKee, R Walker, F Chisholm, M BE Huff, HR Richter, CA Green, ML Lucovsky, G Hattori, T TI Crystalline oxides on silicon - Alternative dielectrics for advanced transistor technologies SO ULTRATHIN SIO2 AND HIGH-K MATERIALS FOR ULSI GATE DIELECTRICS SE MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY SYMPOSIUM PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Ultrathin SiO2 and High-K Materials for ULSI Gate Dielectrics, at the 1999 MRS Spring Meeting CY APR 05-08, 1999 CL SAN FRANCISCO, CA SP Mat Res Soc, Hitachi Ltd, Mitsubishi Elect Corp, NEC Corp, Texas Instruments, Tsukuba R&D Ctr, Toshiba Corp, Sony Corp ID PBTIO3 FILMS; GROWTH; SILICIDES; SI(100) AB Since the advent of the integrated circuit in 1959 and the introduction of MOS capacitors in the early '60's, electronic technology has relied on silica (SiO2) as the gate dielectric in a field effect transistor. However, silica-based transistor technology is approaching fundamental limits. Feature-size-reduction and the ever-demanding technology roadmaps have imposed scaling constraints on gate oxide thickness to the point where excessive tunneling currents make transistor design untenable; an alternative gate dielectric is needed. Crystalline oxides on silicon (COS), simply by virtue of their high dielectric constants, could fundamentally change the scaling laws for silicon-based transistor technology. More importantly, COS could provide the opportunity for an entirely new device physics based on anisotropic response of crystalline oxides grown commensurately on a semiconductor. In this paper, we report that high dielectric constant alkaline earth and perovskite oxides can be grown in perfect registry with silicon. Commensurate heteroepitaxy between the semiconductor and the oxide is established via a sequenced transition that uniquely addresses the thermodynamics of a layer-by-layer energy minimization at the interface. The perfection of the physical structure couples directly to the electrical structure, and we thus obtain the unparalleled result of an equivalent oxide thickness of less than 1 nm in a MOS capacitor. With this demonstration it is apparent that COS presents a functional alternative to SiO2. With COS, a transistor gate can not only exhibit a much higher dielectric response, but add entirely new capabilities such as logic-state retention with the anisotropic response of ferroelectric polarization in a ferro-gated device. COS is the basis for fundamental change in semiconductor technology. C1 Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. RP McKee, R (reprint author), Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. OI Walker, Frederick/0000-0002-8094-249X NR 29 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 2 PU MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY PI WARRENDALE PA 506 KEYSTONE DRIVE, WARRENDALE, PA 15088-7563 USA SN 0272-9172 BN 1-55899-474-2 J9 MATER RES SOC SYMP P PY 1999 VL 567 BP 415 EP 425 PG 11 WC Computer Science, Hardware & Architecture; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Materials Science, Coatings & Films SC Computer Science; Engineering; Materials Science GA BN72M UT WOS:000082728600057 ER PT S AU Sleefe, GE Ladd, MD McDonald, TS Elbring, GJ AF Sleefe, GE Ladd, MD McDonald, TS Elbring, GJ BE Carapezza, EM Law, DB Stalker, KT TI Acoustic and seismic modalities for unattended ground sensors SO UNATTENDED GROUND SENSOR TECHNOLOGIES AND APPLICATIONS SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Unattended Ground Sensor Technologies and Applications CY APR 08-09, 1999 CL ORLANDO, FL SP SPIE DE acoustic; seismic; sensor; phenomenology; unattended AB The use of acoustic and seismic modalities in unattended ground sensor systems has been an active area of research. However, a thorough study of the advantages and complementary aspects of the two modalities has not heretofore been considered. This paper provides a detailed description of both acoustic and seismic methods for unattended ground sensors. We discuss acoustic and seismic phenomenology; source mechanisms, propagation paths, attenuation, and sensing. These phenomena significantly impact the detection, identification, and localization objectives of unattended ground sensors. As such, certain applications will benefit from exploiting acoustic ground sensing, seismic ground sensing, or in some cases, both. A methodology is presented for selecting the preferred modality (acoustic and/or seismic) for a particular application. It is shown that the preferred modality significantly impacts the architecture of the ground sensor system. Important system architecture criteria such as transducer selection, data acquisition bandwidth, array geometry, and communications requirements are considered in this paper. Furthermore, the effects of seismo-acoustic and acousto-seismic interactions are addressed. It is shown that acoustic transducers may respond to seismic excitation, and seismic transducers often respond to acoustic excitation. In some instances, this dual-modality is of benefit. We also provide recommendations for minimizing seismic/acoustic cross talk for applications requiring independent seismic or acoustic modes. C1 Sandia Natl Labs, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. RP Sleefe, GE (reprint author), Sandia Natl Labs, MS 0859, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. NR 6 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 1 U2 3 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-3187-7 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 1999 VL 3713 BP 2 EP 9 DI 10.1117/12.357122 PG 8 WC Remote Sensing SC Remote Sensing GA BN69Z UT WOS:000082636000001 ER PT S AU Claassen, J Ladd, M Elbring, G AF Claassen, J Ladd, M Elbring, G BE Carapezza, EM Law, DB Stalker, KT TI The feasibility of monitoring continuous wave sources with seismic arrays SO UNATTENDED GROUND SENSOR TECHNOLOGIES AND APPLICATIONS SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Unattended Ground Sensor Technologies and Applications CY APR 08-09, 1999 CL ORLANDO, FL SP SPIE DE seismic array design; array processing; seismic propagation ID IDENTIFICATION; SIGNALS AB This paper identifies and explores the technical requirements and issues associated with remotely monitoring continuous wave (CW) sources with seismic arrays. Potential approaches to this monitoring problem will be suggested and partially evaluated to expose the monitoring challenges which arise when realistic local geologies and cultural noise sources are considered. The selective directionality and the adaptive noise cancellation properties of arrays are required to observe weak signals while suppressing a colored background punctuated with an unknown distribution of point and sometimes distributive sources. The array is also required to characterize the emitters and propagation environment so as to properly focus on the CW sources of interest while suppressing the remaining emitters. The proper application of arrays requires an appreciation of the complexity of propagation in a non-homogeneous earth. The heterogeneity often limits the available spatial coherence and therefore the size of the array. This adversely impacts the array gain and the array's ability to carefully resolve various emitters. Arrays must also contend with multipath induced by the source and the heterogeneous earth. If the array is to focus on an emitter and realize an enhancement in the signal to noise ratio, methods must be sought to coherently add the desired signal components while suppressing interference which may be correlated with the desired signal. The impact of these and other issues on array design and processing are described and discussed. C1 Sandia Natl Labs, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. RP Claassen, J (reprint author), Sandia Natl Labs, POB 5800, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. NR 12 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-3187-7 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 1999 VL 3713 BP 22 EP 32 DI 10.1117/12.357137 PG 11 WC Remote Sensing SC Remote Sensing GA BN69Z UT WOS:000082636000003 ER PT S AU Thomas, GA Frye-Mason, GC Bailey, C Warren, ME Fruetel, JA Wally, K Wu, J Kottenstette, RJ Heller, EJ AF Thomas, GA Frye-Mason, GC Bailey, C Warren, ME Fruetel, JA Wally, K Wu, J Kottenstette, RJ Heller, EJ BE Carapezza, EM Law, DB Stalker, KT TI mu ChemLab (TM) - an integrated microanalytical system for chemical analysis using parallel gas and liquid phase microseparations SO UNATTENDED GROUND SENSOR TECHNOLOGIES AND APPLICATIONS SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Unattended Ground Sensor Technologies and Applications CY APR 08-09, 1999 CL ORLANDO, FL SP SPIE DE mu ChemLab (TM); microanalytical systems; capillary chromatography; microseparations; gas chromatograph; GC; surface acoustic wave; SAW AB The ability to characterize suspect facilities for intelligence or counterforce purposes will rely heavily on the ability to identify chemical effluents from such facilities. Sandia is developing a complete micro-scale chemical analysis system named mu ChemLab(TM). This system will be extremely small and low power because of the utilization of integrated circuit fabrication techniques. The use of monolithic integration of such components as chemical preconcentration, separation, and detection, along with the eventual integration of micromachined primps and valves, will not only lead to a dramatic size reduction, but also lead to the dramatic cost reduction that has been realized with monolithic integration of electronics. It will become practical to deploy large numbers of unattended chemical analysis systems for sensing low concentration effluents at high priority targets. mu ChemLab(TM) uses an array of serial and parallel separations channels (columns), each of which separates compounds on the basis of different "orthogonal" chemical properties, followed by highly sensitive detection techniques: laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) in the liquid phase and arrays of acoustic wave devices in the gas phase. This array of separations will create a characteristic, highly specific signature for a compound. Identification of target species based on the combined results of multiple separations will have an extremely low false alarm rate because each separation is statistically independent. Because the separations will be run simultaneously in microchannels, analyses times are on the order of a few minutes. The necessary sample handling and detection systems will be implemented using microfabricated electronic, optical and fluidic components. C1 Sandia Natl Labs, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. RP Thomas, GA (reprint author), Sandia Natl Labs, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. NR 8 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-3187-7 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 1999 VL 3713 BP 66 EP 76 DI 10.1117/12.357145 PG 11 WC Remote Sensing SC Remote Sensing GA BN69Z UT WOS:000082636000007 ER PT S AU Cameron, SM Loubriel, GM Robinett, RD Stantz, KM Trahan, MW Wagner, JS AF Cameron, SM Loubriel, GM Robinett, RD Stantz, KM Trahan, MW Wagner, JS BE Carapezza, EM Law, DB Stalker, KT TI Adaptive remote-sensing techniques implementing swarms of mobile agents SO UNATTENDED GROUND SENSOR TECHNOLOGIES AND APPLICATIONS SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Unattended Ground Sensor Technologies and Applications CY APR 08-09, 1999 CL ORLANDO, FL SP SPIE DE emerging threats; bio/chemical hazards; ground-penetrating impulse radar; laser vibrometry; optical communications; physics-based swarm model; neural networks; genetic algorithms AB Measurement and signal intelligence (MASINT) of the battlespace has created new requirements in information management, communication and interoperability as they effect surveillance and situational awareness. In many situations, stand-off remote-sensing and hazard-interdiction techniques over realistic operational areas are often impractical and difficult to characterize. An alternative approach is to implement adaptive remote-sensing techniques with swarms of mobile agents employing collective behavior for optimization of mapping signatures and positional orientation (registration). We have expanded intelligent control theory using physics-based collective behavior models and genetic algorithms to produce a uniquely powerful implementation of distributed ground-based measurement incorporating both local collective behavior, and inter-operative global optimization far sensor fusion and mission oversight. By using a layered hierarchical control architecture to orchestrate adaptive reconfiguration of semiautonomous robotic agents, we can improve overall robustness and functionality in dynamic tactical environments without information bottlenecking. In our concept, each sensor is equipped with a miniaturized optical reflectance modulator which is interactively monitored as a remote transponder using a laser communication protocol from a remote mothership or operative. Robot data-sharing at the ground level can be leveraged with global evaluation criteria, including terrain overlays and remote imaging data. Information sharing and distributed intelligence opens up a new class of remote sensing applications in which small single-function autonomous observers at the local level can collectively optimize and measure large scale ground-level signatures. As the need for coverage and the number of agents grows to improve spatial resolution, cooperative behavior orchestrated by a global situational awareness umbrella will be an essential ingredient to offset increasing bandwidth requirements within the net. A system of this type is being developed which will be capable of sensitively detecting, tracking, and mapping spatial distributions of measurement signatures, which are nonstationary or obscured by clutter or interfering obstacles by virtue of adaptive reconfiguration This methodology is being used to field an, adaptive ground-penetrating impulse radar from a superposition of small radiating dipoles for detection of underground structures and to detect/remediate hazardous biological or chemical species in migrating plumes. C1 Sandia Natl Labs, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. RP Cameron, SM (reprint author), Sandia Natl Labs, POB 5800,MS-1188, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. NR 20 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 3 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-3187-7 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 1999 VL 3713 BP 160 EP 177 DI 10.1117/12.357131 PG 18 WC Remote Sensing SC Remote Sensing GA BN69Z UT WOS:000082636000016 ER PT S AU Feddema, JT Spletzer, BL AF Feddema, JT Spletzer, BL BE Carapezza, EM Law, DB Stalker, KT TI Probability of detection for cooperative sensor systems SO UNATTENDED GROUND SENSOR TECHNOLOGIES AND APPLICATIONS SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Unattended Ground Sensor Technologies and Applications CY APR 08-09, 1999 CL ORLANDO, FL SP SPIE DE cooperative systems; unattended ground sensors; sensor networks ID DISTRIBUTED DETECTION; MULTIPLE SENSORS AB In this paper, we quantify how communication increases the effective range of detection of unattended ground sensors. Statistical analysis is used to evaluate the probability of detection for multiple sensors using one, two, and infinite levels of cooperation. Levels of cooperation are defined as the levels of communication between sensors. One level of cooperation means that one sensor passes its state information to several other sensors within a limited communication range, but this information is not passed beyond this range. Two levels of cooperation means that the state information received by this first set of sensors is relayed to another set of sensors within their communication range. Infinite levels of cooperation means that the state information is further percolated out to all sensors within a communicating group. With large numbers of sensors, every sensor will have state information about every other sensor regardless of communication range. With smaller numbers of sensors, isolated groups may form, thus lowering the probability of information transfer. C1 Sandia Natl Labs, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. RP Feddema, JT (reprint author), Sandia Natl Labs, POB 5800,MS 1003, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. NR 7 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-3187-7 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 1999 VL 3713 BP 207 EP 217 DI 10.1117/12.357135 PG 11 WC Remote Sensing SC Remote Sensing GA BN69Z UT WOS:000082636000020 ER PT S AU Bois, FY AF Bois, FY BE Bailer, AJ Maltoni, C Bailar, JC Belpoggi, F Brazier, JV Soffritti, M TI Analysis of PBPK models for risk characterization SO UNCERTAINTY IN THE RISK ASSESSMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL AND OCCUPATIONAL HAZARDS SE ANNALS OF THE NEW YORK ACADEMY OF SCIENCES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT International Workshop on Uncertainty in the Risk Assessment of Environmental and Occupational Hazards CY SEP 24-26, 1998 CL BOLOGNA, ITALY SP European Fdn Oncol & Environm Sci B Ramazzini, Int Stat Inst, Miami Univ, Univ Chicago, Natl Ctr Toxicol Res, NIEHS, NIOSH, Akzo Nobel NV, Reg Agcy Prevent & Envoronm, Agcy Tox Subst & Dis Registry, Collegium Ramazzini, DSM ID PHARMACOKINETIC MODELS; POPULATION TOXICOKINETICS; METHYLENE-CHLORIDE; DRUG-METABOLISM; VARIABILITY; TETRACHLOROETHYLENE; BENZENE; DICHLOROMETHANE; HUMANS; IMPACT AB Adoption of a Bayesian framework for risk characterization permits the seamless integration of different kinds of information available in order to choose and parameterize risk models. It also becomes easy to disentangle uncertainty from variability, through hierarchical statistical modeling. Appropriate numerical techniques can be found, for example, in the recently developed arsenal of Markov chain, Monte Carlo simulations. The developments in this area can actually be viewed as extensions of the traditional or standard Monte Carlo methods for uncertainty analysis. Following a brief review of the techniques, examples of Bayesian analyses of physiologically-based pharmacokinetic models are presented for tetrachloroethylene and dichloromethane. The discussion touches on some open problems and perspectives for the proposed methods. C1 INERIS, F-60550 Verneuil En Halatte, France. Lawrence Berkeley Natl Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. RP Bois, FY (reprint author), INERIS, Parc Alata,BP2, F-60550 Verneuil En Halatte, France. RI Bois, Frederic/E-9241-2012 OI Bois, Frederic/0000-0002-4154-0391 NR 41 TC 30 Z9 31 U1 1 U2 4 PU NEW YORK ACAD SCIENCES PI NEW YORK PA 2 EAST 63RD ST, NEW YORK, NY 10021 USA SN 0077-8923 BN 1-57331-236-3 J9 ANN NY ACAD SCI JI Ann.NY Acad.Sci. PY 1999 VL 895 BP 317 EP 337 DI 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1999.tb08093.x PG 21 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Science & Technology - Other Topics GA BP49Z UT WOS:000085328100021 PM 10676425 ER PT B AU Panchal, CB Kuru, WC Ebert, WA Liao, CF Palen, JW AF Panchal, CB Kuru, WC Ebert, WA Liao, CF Palen, JW BE Bott, TR Melo, LF Panchal, CB Somerscales, EFC TI Threshold conditions for crude oil fouling SO UNDERSTANDING HEAT EXCHANGER FOULING AND ITS MITIGATION LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT International Conference on Understanding Heat Exchanger Fouling and Its Mitigation CY MAY, 1997 CL CASTELVECCHIO PAS, ITALY SP Univ Birmingham, Nat Sci Fdn, Engn Fdn, Heat Transfer & Fluid Flow Sci, Hyprotech, Amer Soc Mechan Engn, Heat Transfer Div, Amer Inst Chem Engn, Heat Transfer & Energy Convect Div DE crude oil; threshold; refining; preheat train; heat exchangers AB Laboratory and field data often show sudden changes in the fouling behavior suggesting that some sort of threshold conditions for fouling. The mechanisms controlling the threshold process are not fully understood. In this paper, five sets of crude-oil fouling data are compiled and a correlation is developed based on a previous investigation to cover a wide range of physical parameters. The new correlation predicts the rate of fouling as well as threshold fouling conditions for a majority of data points. C1 Argonne Natl Lab, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. RP Panchal, CB (reprint author), Argonne Natl Lab, 9700 S Cass Ave, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. NR 13 TC 22 Z9 24 U1 0 U2 7 PU BEGELL HOUSE, INC PI NEW YORK PA 145 MADISON AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10016 USA BN 1-56700-136-X PY 1999 BP 273 EP 281 PG 9 WC Engineering, Chemical SC Engineering GA BN86X UT WOS:000083284900026 ER PT B AU Panchal, CB Halpern, Y Kuru, WC Miller, G AF Panchal, CB Halpern, Y Kuru, WC Miller, G BE Bott, TR Melo, LF Panchal, CB Somerscales, EFC TI Mechanisms of iron sulfide formation in refining processes SO UNDERSTANDING HEAT EXCHANGER FOULING AND ITS MITIGATION LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT International Conference on Understanding Heat Exchanger Fouling and Its Mitigation CY MAY, 1997 CL CASTELVECCHIO PAS, ITALY SP Univ Birmingham, Nat Sci Fdn, Engn Fdn, Heat Transfer & Fluid Flow Sci, Hyprotech, Amer Soc Mechan Engn, Heat Transfer Div, Amer Inst Chem Engn, Heat Transfer & Energy Convect Div DE petroleum fouling; iron sulfide; refining AB Formation of iron sulfide is recognized as a key step in formation of fouling precursors in refinery operations. Iron may be naturally present in crude oils or generated by corrosion of pipe lines and process equipment. Limited data and analyses are available to quantify the effects of iron compounds on the rate of deposit formation. An investigation is carried out to understand the mechanisms for the formation of iron sulfide and polymeric deposition. A series of experiments are conducted to determine the effects of iron and sulfur compounds on the rate of fouling. The results show that the threshold fouling temperature can be linked to the decomposition temperature of iron salts of naphthenic acids. C1 Argonne Natl Lab, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. RP Panchal, CB (reprint author), Argonne Natl Lab, 9700 S Cass Ave, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. NR 10 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 5 PU BEGELL HOUSE, INC PI NEW YORK PA 145 MADISON AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10016 USA BN 1-56700-136-X PY 1999 BP 291 EP 297 PG 7 WC Engineering, Chemical SC Engineering GA BN86X UT WOS:000083284900028 ER PT B AU Panchal, CB Kuru, WC Liao, CF Ebert, WA Palen, JW AF Panchal, CB Kuru, WC Liao, CF Ebert, WA Palen, JW BE Bott, TR Melo, LF Panchal, CB Somerscales, EFC TI Development of high-temperature, high-pressure fouling units SO UNDERSTANDING HEAT EXCHANGER FOULING AND ITS MITIGATION LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT International Conference on Understanding Heat Exchanger Fouling and Its Mitigation CY MAY, 1997 CL CASTELVECCHIO PAS, ITALY SP Univ Birmingham, Nat Sci Fdn, Engn Fdn, Heat Transfer & Fluid Flow Sci, Hyprotech, Amer Soc Mechan Engn, Heat Transfer Div, Amer Inst Chem Engn, Heat Transfer & Energy Convect Div DE fouling apparatus; field tests; high temperature; high pressure; refining AB Fouling units are developed for laboratory and field fouling experiments. These include an autoclave-based apparatus for laboratory work and two skid-mounted units for field experiments. The laboratory unit is developed for high-temperature (500 degrees C) and high-pressure (70 atmospheres) conditions. Key modifications to the autoclave are the installation of a helical impeller in a flow tube and a fouling probe, which simulate the fluid dynamics and heat transfer of heat-exchange equipment. Two field test units are designed for installation into a refinery or a chemical plant. One is designed for two-phase flow of hydrogen and the product stream, and the other is designed for single-phase flow of crude oil. Each fouling unit contains a heat transfer monitor, various controls and instruments, and an onboard computer for acquiring data. Heat transfer and fouling data are presented for air and water, obtained at Argonne National Laboratory, and crude oil, obtained at the Shell Wood River refinery. C1 Argonne Natl Lab, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. RP Panchal, CB (reprint author), Argonne Natl Lab, 9700 S Cass Ave, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. NR 9 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 2 PU BEGELL HOUSE, INC PI NEW YORK PA 145 MADISON AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10016 USA BN 1-56700-136-X PY 1999 BP 359 EP 366 PG 8 WC Engineering, Chemical SC Engineering GA BN86X UT WOS:000083284900037 ER PT B AU Kuru, WC Panchal, CB AF Kuru, WC Panchal, CB BE Bott, TR Melo, LF Panchal, CB Somerscales, EFC TI Application of single-phase fouling data to two-phase flows SO UNDERSTANDING HEAT EXCHANGER FOULING AND ITS MITIGATION LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT International Conference on Understanding Heat Exchanger Fouling and Its Mitigation CY MAY, 1997 CL CASTELVECCHIO PAS, ITALY SP Univ Birmingham, Nat Sci Fdn, Engn Fdn, Heat Transfer & Fluid Flow Sci, Hyprotech, Amer Soc Mechan Engn, Heat Transfer Div, Amer Inst Chem Engn, Heat Transfer & Energy Convect Div DE two-phase fouling; threshold conditions; feed/effluent; heat exchangers ID HEAT-TRANSFER; MODEL AB A methodology to relate single-phase fouling data to two-phase flows is presented. The model depicts the reaction, which produces the fouling precursor, as occurring in the thermal-boundary layer. Within this layer, the fouling precursor either migrates to the wall and attaches itself or is driven into the bulk flow. The fouling rate equation is written as the net sum of the rate of deposition and the rate of removal. Coefficients of the fouling rate equation are determined from the single-phase fouling data of previous investigators, and inserted into fouling rate equations for different flow configurations for single- and two-phase flows. A discussion of the applicability of the present model towards applying single-phase data to a two-phase feed/effluent heat exchanger in the hydrotreating processes follows. C1 Argonne Natl Lab, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. RP Kuru, WC (reprint author), Argonne Natl Lab, 9700 S Cass Ave, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. NR 15 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU BEGELL HOUSE, INC PI NEW YORK PA 145 MADISON AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10016 USA BN 1-56700-136-X PY 1999 BP 411 EP 416 PG 6 WC Engineering, Chemical SC Engineering GA BN86X UT WOS:000083284900043 ER PT S AU Frenkel, AI Korshin, GV AF Frenkel, AI Korshin, GV BE Ghabbour, EA Davies, G TI A study of non-uniformity of metal-binding sites in humic substances by X-ray absorption spectroscopy SO UNDERSTANDING HUMIC SUBSTANCES: ADVANCED METHODS, PROPERTIES AND APPLICATIONS SE ROYAL SOCIETY OF CHEMISTRY SPECIAL PUBLICATIONS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 3rd Humic Substances Seminar CY MAR 22-23, 1999 CL NORTHEASTERN UNIV, BOSTON, MA SP Archtec Inc HO NORTHEASTERN UNIV ID ELECTRON-SPIN-RESONANCE; NEAR-EDGE STRUCTURE; AQUEOUS-SOLUTION; FINE-STRUCTURE; COPPER(II) COMPLEXES; ION BINDING; FULVIC-ACID; EXAFS; DISTORTION; PORPHYRIN C1 Brookhaven Natl Lab, Upton, NY 11973 USA. RP Frenkel, AI (reprint author), Brookhaven Natl Lab, Upton, NY 11973 USA. RI Frenkel, Anatoly/D-3311-2011 OI Frenkel, Anatoly/0000-0002-5451-1207 NR 29 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU ROYAL SOC CHEMISTRY PI CAMBRIDGE PA THOMAS GRAHAM HOUSE, SCIENCE PARK, CAMBRIDGE CB4 4WF, CAMBS, ENGLAND SN 0260-6291 BN 0-85404-799-9 J9 ROY SOC CH PY 1999 IS 247 BP 191 EP 201 PG 11 WC Chemistry, Organic; Instruments & Instrumentation SC Chemistry; Instruments & Instrumentation GA BP59U UT WOS:000085615800019 ER PT S AU Stantz, KM Cameron, SM Robinett, R Trahan, MW Wagner, JS AF Stantz, KM Cameron, SM Robinett, R Trahan, MW Wagner, JS BE Gerhart, GR Gunderson, RW Shoemaker, CM TI Dynamical behavior of multi-robot systems using lattice gas automata SO UNMANNED GROUND VEHICLE TECHNOLOGY SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Unmanned Ground Vehicle Technology CY APR 07-08, 1999 CL ORLANDO, FL SP SPIE DE physics-based models; lattice gas automata; hydrodynamics; nearest-neighbor topology; adaptability; stability; genetic algorithms; neuro-fuzzy network AB Recent attention has been given to the deployment of an adaptable sensor array realized by multi-robotic systems (or swarms). Our group has been studying the collective, autonomous behavior of these such systems and their applications in the area of remote-sensing and emerging threats. To accomplish such tasks, an interdisciplinary research effort at Sandia National Laboratories are conducting tests in the fields of sensor technology, robotics, and multi-agents architectures. Our goal is to coordinate a constellation of point sensors using unmanned robotic vehicles (e.g., RATLERs, Robotic Ah-Terrain Lunar Exploration Rover-class vehicles) that optimizes spatial coverage and multivariate signal analysis. An overall design methodology evolves complex collective behaviors realized through local interaction (kinetic) physics and artificial intelligence. Learning objectives incorporate real-time operational responses to environmental changes. This paper focuses on our recent work understanding the dynamics of many-body systems according to the physics-based hydrodynamic model of lattice gas automata. Three design features are investigated. One, for single-speed robots, a hexagonal nearest-neighbor interaction topology is necessary to preserve standard hydrodynamic flow. Two, adaptability, defined by the swarm's rate of deformation, can be controlled through the hydrodynamic viscosity term, which, in turn, is defined by the local robotic interaction rules. Three, due to the inherent nonlinearity of the dynamical equations describing large ensembles, stability criteria ensuring convergence to equilibrium states is developed by scaling information flow rates relative to a swarm's hydrodynamic flow rate. An initial test case simulates a swarm of twenty-five robots maneuvering past an obstacle while following a moving target. A genetic algorithm optimizes applied nearest-neighbor forces in each of five spatial regions distributed over the simulation domain. Armed with this knowledge, the swarm adapts by changing state in order to avoid the obstacle. Simulation results are qualitatively similar to a lattice gas. C1 Sandia Natl Labs, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. RP Stantz, KM (reprint author), Sandia Natl Labs, POB 5800,MS-1188, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. NR 33 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-3167-2 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 1999 VL 3693 BP 55 EP 65 DI 10.1117/12.354461 PG 11 WC Automation & Control Systems; Engineering, Civil SC Automation & Control Systems; Engineering GA BN68S UT WOS:000082586400006 ER PT S AU Kinoshita, RA Anderson, MO McKay, MD Willis, WD AF Kinoshita, RA Anderson, MO McKay, MD Willis, WD BE Gerhart, GR Gunderson, RW Shoemaker, CM TI The VirtualwindoW: A reconfigurable, modular, stereo vision system SO UNMANNED GROUND VEHICLE TECHNOLOGY SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Unmanned Ground Vehicle Technology CY APR 07-08, 1999 CL ORLANDO, FL SP SPIE DE virtual presence; stereo vision; system integration; reconfigurability; modular design; hands-free control; Commercial Off-The-Shelf (COTS) AB An important need while using unmanned vehicles is the ability for the remote operator or observer to easily and accurately perceive the operating environment. A classic problem in providing a complete representation of the remote work area is sensory overload or excessive complexity in the human-machine interface. In addition, remote operations often benefit from depth perception capability while viewing or manipulating objects. Thus, there is an on going effort within the remote and teleoperated robotic field to develop better human-machine interfaces. The Department of Energy's Idaho National Engineering and Environmental Laboratory (INEEL) has been researching methods to simplify the human-machine interface using atypical operator techniques. Initial telepresence research conducted at the INEEL developed and implemented a concept called the VirtualwindoW. This system minimized the complexity of remote stereo viewing controls and provided the operator the "feel" of viewing the environment, including depth perception, in a natural setting. The VirtualwindoW has shown that the human-machine interface can be simplified while increasing operator performance. This paper deals with the continuing research and development of the VirtualwindoW to provide a reconfigurable, modular system that easily utilizes commercially available off the shelf components. This adaptability is well suited to several aspects of unmanned vehicle applications, most notably environmental perception and vehicle control. C1 Lockheed Martin Idaho Technol Co, Idaho Natl Engn & Environm Lab, Robot Grp, Idaho Falls, ID 83415 USA. RP Kinoshita, RA (reprint author), Lockheed Martin Idaho Technol Co, Idaho Natl Engn & Environm Lab, Robot Grp, POB 1625, Idaho Falls, ID 83415 USA. NR 6 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-3167-2 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 1999 VL 3693 BP 162 EP 169 DI 10.1117/12.354444 PG 8 WC Automation & Control Systems; Engineering, Civil SC Automation & Control Systems; Engineering GA BN68S UT WOS:000082586400016 ER PT S AU Feddema, J Lewis, C Klarer, P AF Feddema, J Lewis, C Klarer, P BE Gerhart, GR Gunderson, RW Shoemaker, CM TI Control of multiple robotic sentry vehicles SO UNMANNED GROUND VEHICLE TECHNOLOGY SE Proceedings of SPIE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Unmanned Ground Vehicle Technology CY APR 07-08, 1999 CL ORLANDO, FL SP SPIE DE mobile robots; cooperative control; distributed autonomous systems ID NONHOLONOMIC MOBILE ROBOTS AB As part of a project for the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency, Sandia National Laboratories is developing and testing the feasibility of using of a cooperative team of robotic sentry vehicles to guard a perimeter and to perform surround and diversion tasks. This paper describes on-going activities in the development of these robotic sentry vehicles. To date, we have developed a robotic perimeter detection system which consists of eight "Roving All Terrain Lunar Explorer Rover" (RATLER(TM)) vehicles, a laptop-based base-station, and several Miniature Intrusion Detection Sensors (MIDS). A radio frequency receiver on each of the RATLER vehicles alerts the sentry vehicles of alarms from the hidden MIDS. When an alarm is received, each vehicle decides whether it should investigate the alarm based on the proximity of itself and the other vehicles to the alarm. As one vehicle attends an alarm, the other vehicles adjust their position around the perimeter to better prepare for another alarm. We have also demonstrated the ability to drive multiple vehicles in formation via tele-operation or by waypoint GPS navigation. This is currently being extended to include mission planning capabilities. At the base-station, the operator can draw on an aerial map the goal regions to be surrounded and the repulsive regions to be avoided. A potential field path planner automatically generates a path from the vehicles' current position to the goal regions while avoiding the repulsive regions and the other vehicles. This path is previewed to the operator before the regions are downloaded to the vehicles. The same potential field path planner resides on the vehicle, except additional repulsive forces from on-board proximity sensors guide the vehicle away from unplanned obstacles. C1 Sandia Natl Labs, Intelligent Syst & Robot Ctr, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. RP Sandia Natl Labs, Intelligent Syst & Robot Ctr, POB 5800, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. NR 14 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-3167-2 J9 PROC SPIE PY 1999 VL 3693 BP 212 EP 223 DI 10.1117/12.354450 PG 12 WC Automation & Control Systems; Engineering, Civil SC Automation & Control Systems; Engineering GA BN68S UT WOS:000082586400021 ER PT S AU McKay, MD Anderson, MO Kinoshita, RA Flann, NS AF McKay, MD Anderson, MO Kinoshita, RA Flann, NS BE Gerhart, GR Gunderson, RW Shoemaker, CM TI Intelligent navigation and multi-vehicle coordination SO UNMANNED GROUND VEHICLE TECHNOLOGY SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Unmanned Ground Vehicle Technology CY APR 07-08, 1999 CL ORLANDO, FL SP SPIE DE cooperative; robots; multi-agent; intelligent controller; intelligent assisted navigation AB The Idaho National Engineering and Environmental Laboratory (INEEL) and Utah State University's Center for Self-Organizing and Intelligent Systems have developed a team of autonomous robotic vehicles. This paper discusses the development of a strategy that uses a sophisticated, highly intelligent sensor platform to allow centralized coordination between smaller and inexpensive robots. The three components of the multi-agent cooperative scheme are small-scale robots, large-scale robots, and the central control station running a mission and path-planning software. The smaller robots are used for activities where the probability of loss increases, such as Unexploded Ordnance (UXO) or mine detonation. The research is aimed at building simple, inexpensive multi-agent vehicles and an intelligent navigation and multi-vehicle coordination system suitable for UXO, environmental remediation or mine detection. These simplified robots are capable of conducting hunting missions using low-cost positioning sensors and intelligent algorithms. Additionally, a larger sensor-rich intelligent system capable of transporting smaller units to outlying remote sites has been developed. The larger system interfaces to the central control station and provides navigation assistance to multiple low-cost vehicles. Finally, mission and path-planning software serves as the operator control unit, allowing central data collection, map creation and tracking, and an interface to the larger system as well as each smaller unit. The power of this scheme is the ability to scale to the appropriate level for the complexity of the mission. C1 Lockheed Martin Idaho Technol Co, Idaho Natl Engn & Environm Lab, Robot Grp, Idaho Falls, ID 83415 USA. RP McKay, MD (reprint author), Lockheed Martin Idaho Technol Co, Idaho Natl Engn & Environm Lab, Robot Grp, POB 1625, Idaho Falls, ID 83415 USA. NR 6 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-3167-2 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 1999 VL 3693 BP 233 EP 241 DI 10.1117/12.354452 PG 9 WC Automation & Control Systems; Engineering, Civil SC Automation & Control Systems; Engineering GA BN68S UT WOS:000082586400023 ER PT B AU Corbet, TF AF Corbet, TF GP OECD OECD TI Integration of hydrogeology and geochemistry of the Culebra Member of the rustler formation in the vicinity of the Waste Isolation Pilot Plant (USA) SO USE OF HYDROGEOCHEMICAL INFORMATION IN TESTING GROUNDWATER FLOW MODELS SE RADIOACTIVE WASTE MANAGEMENT LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Workshop on Use of Hydrogeochemical Information in Testing Groundwater Flow Models CY SEP 01-03, 1997 CL SWEDISH NUCL FUEL & WASTE MANAGEMENT CO, BORGHOLM, SWEDEN SP Nucl Energy Agcy, Grp Site Evaluat & Design Experiments Radioact Waste Disposal HO SWEDISH NUCL FUEL & WASTE MANAGEMENT CO AB Previous interpretations of geochemical data for groundwater flow in the Culebra Member of the Rustler Formation are reevaluated in light of a more recent conceptualization of regional groundwater flow in the vicinity of the Waste Isolation Pilot Plant. Past interpretations that groundwater flow paths and solute chemistry in the Culebra Member of the Rustler are inconsistent are based on the premise that groundwater flow in the Culebra is perfectly confined and that rock/water interactions along a flow path away from the Waste Isolation Pilot Plant site must transform more saline NaCl-type water to a more dilute CaSO4-type water. However, this paper demonstrates that a three-dimensional flow field that includes all members of the Rustler Formation does not require such a transformation. Instead, these water types are interpreted to have different recharge areas and travel paths to the Culebra. The solute chemistries of these waters are consistent with interactions with the rocks that occur along their respective flow paths to the Culebra. C1 Sandia Natl Labs, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. RP Corbet, TF (reprint author), Sandia Natl Labs, POB 5800, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. NR 16 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU NUCLEAR ENERGY AGENCY OECD PI PARIS 75775 PA 2 RUE ANDRE PASCAL, CEDEX 16 PARIS 75775, FRANCE BN 92-64-16153-8 J9 RADIOACT W PY 1999 BP 135 EP 149 PG 15 WC Engineering, Environmental; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Nuclear Science & Technology; Water Resources SC Engineering; Geology; Nuclear Science & Technology; Water Resources GA BP27E UT WOS:000084540400008 ER PT B AU Wolfsberg, AV Fabryka-Martin, JT Levy, SS AF Wolfsberg, AV Fabryka-Martin, JT Levy, SS GP OECD OECD TI Use of chlorine-36 and other geochemical data to test a groundwater flow model for Yucca Mountain, Nevada SO USE OF HYDROGEOCHEMICAL INFORMATION IN TESTING GROUNDWATER FLOW MODELS SE RADIOACTIVE WASTE MANAGEMENT LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Workshop on Use of Hydrogeochemical Information in Testing Groundwater Flow Models CY SEP 01-03, 1997 CL SWEDISH NUCL FUEL & WASTE MANAGEMENT CO, BORGHOLM, SWEDEN SP Nucl Energy Agcy, Grp Site Evaluat & Design Experiments Radioact Waste Disposal HO SWEDISH NUCL FUEL & WASTE MANAGEMENT CO AB Defining the spatial distribution and timing of subsurface fluid percolation is one of the most important factors determining long term performance of the potential high-level radioactive waste repository at Yucca Mountain, Nevada. The potential repository would be constructed at a depth of about 250 m below the surface within rocks of the Miocene (12.8-12.7 Ma) Paintbrush Group. This sequence of volcanic rocks is greater than 460 m thick and consists of two regionally extensive, densely welded, fractured pyroclastic flows that are separated by an interval of generally nonwelded, bedded pyroclastic deposits. The nonwelded interval of the Paintbrush Group (PTn), which overlies most of the potential repository, has high matrix porosities and permeabilities and is mostly unfractured. The Exploratory Studies Facility (ESF) is an 8-km long, 7.6-m diameter, tunnel excavated beneath Yucca Mountain to the level of the potential repository horizon in order to provide access for characterization of these rocks. The thickness of the nonwelded PTn unit overlying the ESF varies from about 20 to over 70 meters. Rapid fracture flow of water is expected to be pervasive in the welded units above and below the PTn; this expectation is supported by various geochemical, isotopic and other lines of evidence. Due to the higher porosity and low degree of fracturing of PTn rocks, matrix flow with very low vertical velocities would be expected to occur throughout most of this unit such that one would expect travel times on the order of several thousand years. However, several samples collected within the ESF have measured Cl-36/Cl ratios that record anthropogenic Cl-36 (bomb-pulse Cl-36), indicating that at least some fraction of the water has traversed the overlying PTn in 40 years or less and that flow is not confined to the matrix of that unit. The presence of a fast path transmitting bomb-pulse Cl-36 to depth appears to require the simultaneous presence of a structure (such as a fault) cutting the PTn and sufficiently high magnitude of surface infiltration to initiate and sustain at least a small component of fracture flow along the connected fracture path associated with the structure. The Cl-36 data have been simulated using the flow and transport model FEHM in order to establish bounds on infiltration rates at the site and to provide greater confidence in our understanding of unsaturated flow processes at the site by showing consistency between the observed and simulated data sets. An analogous effort simulating the distribution of porewater chloride concentrations is providing an independent means for confirming our conceptual model. C1 Univ Calif Los Alamos Natl Lab, Los Alamos, NM 87544 USA. RP Wolfsberg, AV (reprint author), Univ Calif Los Alamos Natl Lab, POB 1663,Mail Stop F665, Los Alamos, NM 87544 USA. NR 9 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU NUCLEAR ENERGY AGENCY OECD PI PARIS 75775 PA 2 RUE ANDRE PASCAL, CEDEX 16 PARIS 75775, FRANCE BN 92-64-16153-8 J9 RADIOACT W PY 1999 BP 243 EP 255 PG 13 WC Engineering, Environmental; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Nuclear Science & Technology; Water Resources SC Engineering; Geology; Nuclear Science & Technology; Water Resources GA BP27E UT WOS:000084540400015 ER PT S AU Weinberg, S AF Weinberg, S BE Bearn, AG TI The laws of nature SO USEFUL KNOWLEDGE: THE AMERICAN PHILOSOPHICAL SOCIETY MILLENNIUM PROGRAM SE MEMOIRS OF THE AMERICAN PHILOSOPHICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Millennium Meeting of the American-Philosophical-Society CY APR 21-22, 1999 CL PHILADELPHIA, PA SP Amer Philosoph Soc C1 Stanford Linear Accelerator Ctr, Stanford, CA 94309 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER PHILOSOPHICAL SOC PI PHILADELPHIA PA INDEPENDENCE SQUARE, PO BOX 40227-5227, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 0065-9738 BN 0-87169-234-1 J9 MEM A PHILO PY 1999 VL 234 BP 3 EP 10 PG 8 WC Humanities, Multidisciplinary; History & Philosophy Of Science; Multidisciplinary Sciences; Social Sciences, Interdisciplinary SC Arts & Humanities - Other Topics; History & Philosophy of Science; Science & Technology - Other Topics; Social Sciences - Other Topics GA BP30P UT WOS:000084629400001 ER PT B AU Thompson, M Johnston, W Mudumbai, S Hoo, G Jackson, K Essiari, A AF Thompson, M Johnston, W Mudumbai, S Hoo, G Jackson, K Essiari, A GP USENIX ASSOC USENIX ASSOC USENIX ASSOC TI Certificate-based access control for widely distributed resources SO USENIX ASSOCIATION PROCEEDINGS OF THE EIGHTH USENIX SECURITY SYMPOSIUM (SECURITY '99) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 8th USENIX Security Symposium (Security 99) CY AUG 23-26, 1999 CL WASHINGTON, D.C. SP USENIX Assoc, CERT Coordinat Ctr AB We have implemented and deployed an access control mechanism that uses digitally-signed certificates to define and enforce an access policy for a set of distributed resources that have multiple, independent and geographically dispersed stakeholders. The stakeholders assert their access requirements in use-condition certificates and designate those trusted to attest to the corresponding user attributes. Users are identified by X.509 identity certificates. During a request to use a resource, a policy engine collects all the relevant certificates and decides if the user satisfies all the requirements. This paper describes the model, architecture and implementation of this system. It also includes some preliminary performance measurements and our plans for future development of the system. C1 Ernest Orlando Lawrence Berkeley Natl Lab, Div Informat & Comp Sci, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. RP Thompson, M (reprint author), Ernest Orlando Lawrence Berkeley Natl Lab, Div Informat & Comp Sci, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. NR 17 TC 24 Z9 28 U1 0 U2 0 PU USENIX ASSOC PI BERKELEY PA SUITE 215, 2560 NINTH ST, BERKELEY, CA 94710 USA BN 1-880446-28-6 PY 1999 BP 215 EP 227 PG 13 WC Computer Science, Software Engineering SC Computer Science GA BN78C UT WOS:000082926600017 ER PT S AU Guzik, JA Cox, AN Despain, KM Soukup, MS AF Guzik, JA Cox, AN Despain, KM Soukup, MS BE Wolf, B Stahl, O Fullerton, AW TI Pulsation hydrodynamics of luminous blue variables and pulsation-driven winds SO VARIABLE AND NON-SPHERICAL STELLAR WINDS IN LUMINOUS HOT STARS SE Lecture Notes in Physics LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IAU Colloquium 169 on Variable and Non Spherical Stellar Winds in Luminous Hot Stars CY JUN 15-19, 1998 CL HEIDELBERG, GERMANY SP IAU, German Res Council ID STELLAR; MODELS; STARS; MASS AB Many physical factors, including radial and nonradial pulsation, rotation, radiation pressure, convection, magnetic fields, or dynamical instabilities may play important roles in the hydrodynamics of Luminous Blue Variables. We review the current status of hydrodynamic modeling of LBV envelopes, and describe results of our models using the one-dimensional nonlinear hydrodynamics code of Ostlie and Cox. We find that the models pulsate in several simultaneous radial modes, driven by the helium and Fe ionization kappa effect. The pulsations have quasi-periods between 5 and 80 days, with radial velocity amplitudes of 50-200 km/sec, and may be identified with the LBV microvariations. In some cases, depending on luminosity-to-mass ratio and helium abundance, deep layers in the model can periodically exceed the Eddington luminosity limit. The key to exceeding L-E is the inclusion of the time dependence of convection: Near the regions of opacity peaks produced by Fe and helium ionization, convection is turning on and off during each pulsation cycle. If convection cannot turn on rapidly enough to transport the required luminosity through the region, the Eddington limit is exceeded. If this region of the star is sufficiently adiabatic, an "outburst" may occur. In the hydrodynamic models, an outburst is indicated by the photospheric radial velocity suddenly becoming very large, and the photospheric radius increasing monotonically over several pulsation cycles. Such pulsation-triggered outbursts may be responsible for the driving of variable, nonspherical winds. If large and infrequent enough, these outbursts may be identified with the classic LBV eruptions accompanied by episodic mass loss. C1 Los Alamos Natl Lab, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. RP Los Alamos Natl Lab, POB 1663, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. EM joy@lanl.gov NR 23 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG BERLIN PI BERLIN PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, D-14197 BERLIN, GERMANY SN 0075-8450 BN 3-540-65702-9 J9 LECT NOTES PHYS PY 1999 VL 523 BP 337 EP 344 PG 8 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA BP35R UT WOS:000084832300053 ER PT S AU Briggs, RD Armendariz, MG Geib, KM Choquette, KD Serkland, DK AF Briggs, RD Armendariz, MG Geib, KM Choquette, KD Serkland, DK BE Choquette, KD Lei, C TI Fabrication, packaging, and performance of VCSELs and photodetectors for space applications SO VERTICAL-CAVITY SURFACE-EMITTING LASERS III SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Vertical-Cavity Surface-Emitting Lasers III CY JAN 25-26, 1999 CL SAN JOSE, CA SP SPIE, Def Adv Res Projects Agency DE vertical cavity surface emitting lasers (VCSELs); resonant cavity photodetectors (RCPDs); optocouplers; space; radiation; proton ID SURFACE-EMITTING LASERS AB Optocouplers are used for a variety of applications aboard spacecraft including electrical isolation, switching and power transfer. Commercially available light emitting diode (LED)-based optocouplers have experienced severe degradation of light output due to extensive displacement damage occurring in the semiconductor lattice caused by energetic proton bombardment. A new optocoupler has been designed and fabricated which utilizes vertical cavity surface emitting laser (VCSEL) and resonant cavity photodetector (RCPD) technologies for the optocoupler emitter and detector, respectively. Linear arrays of selectively oxidized GaAs/AlGaAs VCSELs and RCPDs, each designed to operate at a wavelength of 850nm, were fabricated using an airbridge contacting scheme. The airbridged contacts were designed to improve packaging yields and device reliability by eliminating the use of a polyimide planarizing layer which provided poor adhesion to the bond pad metallization. Details of the airbridged optocoupler fabrication process are reported. Discrete VCSEL and RCPD devices were characterized at temperatures between -100 degrees C to 100 degrees C. Devices were packaged in a face-to-face configuration to form a single channel optocoupler and its performance was evaluated under conditions of high-energy proton bombardment. C1 Sandia Natl Labs, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. RP Briggs, RD (reprint author), Sandia Natl Labs, POB 5800, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. NR 9 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-3097-8 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 1999 VL 3627 BP 40 EP 46 DI 10.1117/12.347105 PG 7 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Optics SC Engineering; Optics GA BN09T UT WOS:000080680800005 ER PT S AU Choquette, KD Barton, JS Geib, KM Allerman, AA Hindi, JJ AF Choquette, KD Barton, JS Geib, KM Allerman, AA Hindi, JJ BE Choquette, KD Lei, C TI Short wavelength bottom-emitting VCSELs SO VERTICAL-CAVITY SURFACE-EMITTING LASERS III SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Vertical-Cavity Surface-Emitting Lasers III CY JAN 25-26, 1999 CL SAN JOSE, CA SP SPIE, Def Adv Res Projects Agency DE vertical cavity surface emitting lasers (VCSELs); wafer bonding; wafer fusion; bottom-emitting ID VERTICAL-CAVITY LASERS AB The fabrication and performance of selectively oxidized 850 nm vertical cavity surface emitting laser (VCSEL) diodes which emit through transparent GaP substrates is reported. Emission through the substrate is advantageous for many VCSEL configurations, such as for the incorporation of optical elements in the substrate or flip-chip integration to microelectronic circuitry. The short wavelength bottom-emitting VCSELs are fabricated by wafer fusion using an inert gas low temperature annealing process. The electrical characteristics of n- and p-type GaAs/GaAs and GaAs/GaP wafer bonded interfaces have been examined to optimize the annealing temperature. A significant reduction of the current-voltage characteristics of the VCSELs bonded to GaP substrates has been achieved whereby the bottom-emitting VCSELs show similar threshold voltage as compared to top-emitting lasers. C1 Sandia Natl Labs, Ctr Compound Semicond Sci & Technol, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. RP Choquette, KD (reprint author), Sandia Natl Labs, Ctr Compound Semicond Sci & Technol, POB 5800, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. NR 7 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-3097-8 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 1999 VL 3627 BP 56 EP 59 DI 10.1117/12.347107 PG 4 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Optics SC Engineering; Optics GA BN09T UT WOS:000080680800007 ER PT B AU Drucker, H AF Drucker, H BE Hermann, C Jacobson, HK Moffat, AS TI The vulnerability of the networks that we live by SO VIOLENT CONFLICT IN THE 21ST CENTURY: CAUSES, INSTRUMENTS, AND MITIGATION LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Violent Conflict in the 21st Century CY DEC 05-07, 1997 CL OAK BROOK, IL SP Midwest Consortium Int Secur Studies C1 Argonne Natl Lab, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER ACAD ARTS & SCI PI CAMBRIDGE PA 136 IRVING ST, CAMBRIDGE, MA 02138 USA BN 0-87724-013-2 PY 1999 BP 23 EP 36 PG 14 WC International Relations; Political Science SC International Relations; Government & Law GA BW95D UT WOS:000183728100002 ER PT B AU Panofsky, WKH AF Panofsky, WKH BE Hermann, C Jacobson, HK Moffat, AS TI Weapons of mass destruction and the physical heritage of the cold war: Two examples of adverse impacts of technology on US security SO VIOLENT CONFLICT IN THE 21ST CENTURY: CAUSES, INSTRUMENTS, AND MITIGATION LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Violent Conflict in the 21st Century CY DEC 05-07, 1997 CL OAK BROOK, IL SP Midwest Consortium Int Secur Studies C1 Stanford Univ, Stanford Linear Accelerator Ctr, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER ACAD ARTS & SCI PI CAMBRIDGE PA 136 IRVING ST, CAMBRIDGE, MA 02138 USA BN 0-87724-013-2 PY 1999 BP 37 EP 65 PG 29 WC International Relations; Political Science SC International Relations; Government & Law GA BW95D UT WOS:000183728100003 ER PT S AU Keahey, TA AF Keahey, TA BE Erbacher, RF Chen, PC Wittenbrink, CM TI Visualization of high-dimensional clusters using nonlinear magnification SO VISUAL DATA EXPLORATION AND ANLYSIS VI SE Proceedings of SPIE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Visual Data Exploration and Analysis VI CY JAN 27-29, 1999 CL SAN JOSE, CA SP SPIE, Soc Imaging Sci & Technol DE data visualization; nonlinear magnification; multivariate visualization; data mining AB This paper describes a visualization system which has been used as part of a data-mining effort to detect fraud and abuse within state medicare programs. The data-mining process generates a:set of N attributes for each medicare provider and beneficiary in the state; these attributes can be numeric, categorical, or derived from the scoring process of the data-mining routines, The attribute list can be considered as an N-dimensional space, which is subsequently partitioned into some fixed number of cluster partitions. The sparse nature of the clustered space provides room for the simultaneous visualization of more than 3 dimensions; examples in the paper will show 6-dimensional visualization. This ability to view higher dimensional data allows the data-mining researcher to compare the clustering effectiveness of the different attributes. Transparency based rendering is also used in conjunction with filtering techniques to provide selective rendering of only those data which are of greatest interest. Nonlinear magnification techniques are used to stretch the N-dimensional space to allow focus on one or more regions of interest while still allowing a view of the global context. The magnification can either be applied globally, or in a constrained fashion to expand individual clusters within the space. C1 Los Alamos Natl Lab, Los Alamos, NM 87501 USA. RP Keahey, TA (reprint author), Los Alamos Natl Lab, MS B287, Los Alamos, NM 87501 USA. EM keahey@lanl.gov NR 14 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-3114-1 J9 PROC SPIE PY 1999 VL 3643 BP 228 EP 235 DI 10.1117/12.342839 PG 8 WC Computer Science, Cybernetics; Computer Science, Software Engineering; Optics SC Computer Science; Optics GA BM86U UT WOS:000079967800024 ER PT B AU Farrington, RB Anderson, R Blake, DM Burch, SD Cuddy, MR Keyser, MA Rugh, JP AF Farrington, RB Anderson, R Blake, DM Burch, SD Cuddy, MR Keyser, MA Rugh, JP GP INSTITUT MECH ENGINEERS INSTITUT MECH ENGINEERS TI Challenges and potential solutions for reducing climate control loads in conventional and hybrid electric vehicles SO VTMS 4: VEHICLE THERMAL MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 1999 Vehicle Thermal Management Systems Conference (VTMS 4) CY MAY 24-26, 1999 CL LONDON, ENGLAND SP Inst Mech Engineers, SAE Int, Behr GmbH & Co, Valeo, Thermal Dynam Corp, Ricardo Consulting Engineers, Steyr Daimler Puch AG, AVL, Calson Technol Ctr Europe DE air conditioning; thermal comfort; energy efficiency; fuel economy; air cleaning AB The National Renewable Energy Laboratory, a U.S. Department of Energy national laboratory, is collaborating with U.S. automotive manufacturers to develop innovative techniques to reduce national fuel consumption and vehicle tailpipe emissions by reducing vehicle climate control loads. A new U.S. emissions test, the Supplemental Federal Test Procedure (SFTP), will soon begin measuring tailpipe emissions with the air conditioning system operating. Modeled results show that emissions of oxides of nitrogen (NOx) and carbon monoxide (CO) more than double during the air conditioning part of the SFTP. Reducing the transmittance of the glazing can have a greater impact on the cabin soak temperature than ventilating the vehicle during a hot soak. Reducing the amount of outside air can decrease cooling and heating loads but requires that the recirculated air be cleaned. We discuss a photocatalytic oxidation air-cleaning process for removing volatile organic compounds and bioareosols. We conclude with an example of modeling the thermal comfort of the occupants. An auxiliary load increase of only 400 Watts (W) results in a 0.4 km/L (1 mpg) decrease for a conventional 11.9-L/100-km (28-mpg) vehicle. if every vehicle in the United States were to save only 0.4 km/L (1 mpg), $4 billion (U.S. dollars) would be saved annually in gasoline and oil costs. Further information can be found at http://www.ctts.nrel.gov/auxload.html. C1 Natl Renewable Energy Lab, Golden, CO 80401 USA. RP Farrington, RB (reprint author), Natl Renewable Energy Lab, Golden, CO 80401 USA. NR 5 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 3 PU PROFESSIONAL ENGINEERING PUBLISHING LTD PI WESTMINISTER PA 1 BIRDCAGE WALK, WESTMINISTER SW1H 9JJ, ENGLAND BN 1-86058-218-4 PY 1999 BP 199 EP 213 PG 3 WC Engineering, Mechanical; Transportation SC Engineering; Transportation GA BN37N UT WOS:000081720500017 ER PT B AU Pesaran, AA Burch, S Keyser, M AF Pesaran, AA Burch, S Keyser, M GP INSTITUT MECH ENGINEERS INSTITUT MECH ENGINEERS TI An approach for designing thermal management systems for electric and hybrid vehicle battery packs SO VTMS 4: VEHICLE THERMAL MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 1999 Vehicle Thermal Management Systems Conference (VTMS 4) CY MAY 24-26, 1999 CL LONDON, ENGLAND SP Inst Mech Engineers, SAE Int, Behr GmbH & Co, Valeo, Thermal Dynam Corp, Ricardo Consulting Engineers, Steyr Daimler Puch AG, AVL, Calson Technol Ctr Europe DE hybrid electric vehicles; electric vehicles; batteries; battery packs; thermal analysis; thermal management AB xIf battery packs for electric vehicles (EVs) and hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) are to operate effectively in all climates, thermal management of the packs is essential. In this paper, we will review a systematic approach for designing and evaluating battery pack thermal management systems. A thermal management system using air as the heat transfer medium is less complicated than a system using liquid cooling/heating. Generally, for parallel HEVs, an air thermal management system is adequate, whereas for EVs and series HEVs, liquid-based systems may be required for optimum thermal performance. Further information on battery thermal management can be found on the Web site www.ctts.nrel.gov/BTM. C1 Natl Renewable Energy Lab, Golden, CO 80401 USA. RP Pesaran, AA (reprint author), Natl Renewable Energy Lab, Golden, CO 80401 USA. NR 5 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 1 U2 9 PU PROFESSIONAL ENGINEERING PUBLISHING LTD PI WESTMINISTER PA 1 BIRDCAGE WALK, WESTMINISTER SW1H 9JJ, ENGLAND BN 1-86058-218-4 PY 1999 BP 331 EP 346 PG 6 WC Engineering, Mechanical; Transportation SC Engineering; Transportation GA BN37N UT WOS:000081720500028 ER PT B AU Wambsganss, MW AF Wambsganss, MW GP INSTITUT MECH ENGINEERS INSTITUT MECH ENGINEERS TI Thermal management in heavy vehicles: a review identifying issues and research requirements SO VTMS 4: VEHICLE THERMAL MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 1999 Vehicle Thermal Management Systems Conference (VTMS 4) CY MAY 24-26, 1999 CL LONDON, ENGLAND SP Inst Mech Engineers, SAE Int, Behr GmbH & Co, Valeo, Thermal Dynam Corp, Ricardo Consulting Engineers, Steyr Daimler Puch AG, AVL, Calson Technol Ctr Europe DE thermal management; heat exchangers; fans; pumps; heat transfer; trucks AB Thermal management in heavy vehicles is cross-cutting because it directly or indirectly affects engine performance, fuel economy, safety and reliability, engine/component life, driver comfort, materials selection, emissions, maintenance, and aerodynamics. It follows that thermal management is critical to the design of large (class 6-8) trucks, especially in optimizing for energy efficiency and emissions reduction. Heat rejection requirements are expected to increase, and it is industry's goal to develop new, innovative, high-performance cooling systems that occupy less space and are lightweight and cost-competitive. The state of the art in heavy vehicle thermal management is reviewed, and issues and research areas are identified. C1 Argonne Natl Lab, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. RP Wambsganss, MW (reprint author), Argonne Natl Lab, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. NR 21 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU PROFESSIONAL ENGINEERING PUBLISHING LTD PI WESTMINISTER PA 1 BIRDCAGE WALK, WESTMINISTER SW1H 9JJ, ENGLAND BN 1-86058-218-4 PY 1999 BP 651 EP 664 PG 6 WC Engineering, Mechanical; Transportation SC Engineering; Transportation GA BN37N UT WOS:000081720500053 ER PT J AU Law, JD Brewer, KN Herbst, RS Todd, TA Wood, DJ AF Law, JD Brewer, KN Herbst, RS Todd, TA Wood, DJ TI Development and demonstration of solvent extraction processes for the separation of radionuclides from acidic radioactive waste SO WASTE MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE long-lived radionuclides; transuranic elements; solvent extraction processes ID METAL-IONS; STRONTIUM; DERIVATIVES; STREAMS; ALKALI; SR-90; SREX AB The presence of long-lived radionuclides presents a challenge to the management of radioactive wastes. Immobilization of these radionuclides must be accomplished prior to long-term, permanent disposal. Separation of the radionuclides from the waste solutions has the potential of significantly decreasing the costs associated with the immobilization and disposal of the radioactive waste by minimizing waste volumes. Several solvent extraction processes have been developed and demonstrated at the Idaho National Engineering and Environmental Laboratory for the separation of transuranic elements (TRUs), Sr-90, and/or Cs-137 from acidic radioactive waste solutions. The Transuranic Extraction (TRUEX) and phosphine oxide (POR) processes for the separation of TRUs, the Strontium Extraction (SREX) process for the separation of Sr-90, the chlorinated cobalt dicarbollide (ChCoDiC) process for the separation of Cs-137 and Sr-90, and a universal solvent extraction process for the simultaneous separation of TRUs, Sr-90, and Cs-137 have all been demonstrated in centrifugal contactors using actual radioactive waste solutions. This article summarizes the most recent results of each of the flowsheet demonstrations and allows for comparison of the technologies. The successful demonstration of these solvent extraction processes indicates that they are all viable for the treatment of acidic radioactive waste solutions. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Lockheed Martin Idaho Technol, Idaho Natl Engn & Environm Lab, Idaho Falls, ID 83415 USA. RP Law, JD (reprint author), Lockheed Martin Idaho Technol, Idaho Natl Engn & Environm Lab, POB 1625, Idaho Falls, ID 83415 USA. EM jdlaw@inel.gov RI Todd, Terry /O-4930-2016; OI Todd, Terry /0000-0003-1324-6950; Law, Jack/0000-0001-7085-7542 NR 30 TC 73 Z9 73 U1 0 U2 5 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0956-053X J9 WASTE MANAGE JI Waste Manage. PY 1999 VL 19 IS 1 BP 27 EP 37 DI 10.1016/S0956-053X(98)00120-2 PG 11 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 185EM UT WOS:000079655200003 ER PT J AU Liekhus, KJ Connolly, MJ AF Liekhus, KJ Connolly, MJ TI Estimation of volatile organic compounds (VOC) concentration within inner void volume of vented waste drums SO WASTE MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article AB A test program has been conducted to demonstrate that the concentration of volatile organic compounds (VOC)s within the innermost layer of confinement in a vented waste drum can be estimated using a model incorporating diffusion and permeation transport principles as well as limited waste drum sampling data. A. waste drum is assumed to contain a vented rigid polymer liner that holds waste packaged in multiple layers of polymer bags. The model consists of a series of material balance equations describing steady-state VOC transport from each distinct void volume in the drum. The primary model input is the measured drum headspace VOC concentration. Model parameters are determined or estimated based on available process knowledge. This paper summarizes the experimental measurements and model predictions of 13 VOCs in three different drum configurations in vented waste drums. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Lockheed Martin Idaho Technol Co, Idaho Natl Engn & Environm Lab, Idaho Falls, ID 83415 USA. RP Liekhus, KJ (reprint author), Lockheed Martin Idaho Technol Co, Idaho Natl Engn & Environm Lab, Idaho Falls, ID 83415 USA. NR 6 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 1 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0956-053X J9 WASTE MANAGE JI Waste Manage. PY 1999 VL 19 IS 3 BP 199 EP 206 DI 10.1016/S0956-053X(99)00049-5 PG 8 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 193QL UT WOS:000080147600002 ER PT J AU Hartmann, T Paviet-Hartmann, P Rubin, JB Fitzsimmons, MR Sickafus, KE AF Hartmann, T Paviet-Hartmann, P Rubin, JB Fitzsimmons, MR Sickafus, KE TI The effect of supercritical carbon dioxide treatment on the leachability and structure of cemented radioactive waste-forms SO WASTE MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE supercritical carbonation; portland cement; waste-form; leachability AB The former process for the cementation of transuranic (TRU) low-level wastes poses several technical problems. Specifically in the US a TRU waste-form has not yet passed the Waste Isolation Pilot Plant prohibition for free liquid. For this reason, treatment of the portland cement based waste-form with supercritical carbon dioxide SCCO2 is shown to satisfy regulations. The effect of SCCO2 treatment by applying different CO2 pressure and temperature conditions (8.4 MPa < p < 28 MPa, 35 degrees C < T < 62 degrees C) on the leachability, phase constitution, and microstructure of surrogate-doped portland cement type I/II samples is presented. Leaching studies were performed using a synthetic groundwater leaching procedure. Changes in phase constitution of the major crystalline phases (Ca(OH)(2), CaCO3) as well as the microstructure were measured by X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy. SCCO2 treatment at 8.4 MPa and 35 degrees C can be shown as the most promising conditions to satisfy the requirements of the Department of Transportation (DOT) and to enhance the natural aging reaction of cement paste by carbonation, combined with the lowest release rates of the surrogates Th-232 and (EU)-E-151/153. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Calif Los Alamos Natl Lab, Div Mat Sci & Technol, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. Chem Sci & Technol Div, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. Univ Calif Los Alamos Natl Lab, Los Alamos Neutron Sci Ctr, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. RP Hartmann, T (reprint author), Univ Calif Los Alamos Natl Lab, Div Mat Sci & Technol, MST8,Mail Stop J514, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. RI Lujan Center, LANL/G-4896-2012 NR 21 TC 25 Z9 27 U1 2 U2 8 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0956-053X J9 WASTE MANAGE JI Waste Manage. PY 1999 VL 19 IS 5 BP 355 EP 361 DI 10.1016/S0956-053X(99)00138-5 PG 7 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 227XA UT WOS:000082104200006 ER PT J AU Spence, RD Gilliam, TM Mattus, CH Mattus, AJ AF Spence, RD Gilliam, TM Mattus, CH Mattus, AJ TI Laboratory stabilization/solidification of surrogate and actual mixed-waste sludge in glass and grout SO WASTE MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE stabilization; solidification; grout; glass; mixed waste; RCRA metals; Cs-137; Sr-85 ID LEVEL NUCLEAR WASTE; PHOSPHATE-GLASS AB Grout and glass formulations were developed for the stabilization of highly radioactive tank sludges. These formulations were tested in the laboratory with a surrogate and with a sample of an actual mixed waste tank sludge. The grout formulation was tested at wet-sludge loadings of 50-60 wt%, giving a volume increase of about 40-50 vol%. Dried sludge was vitrified into glass at waste oxide loadings of 40-50 wt%, giving a volume decrease of about 50-60 vol%. The Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) metals included in surrogate testing were Ag, Ba, Cd, Cr, Ni Pb, Se, Tl and Hg. Since vitrification would volatilize, not stabilize mercury, it was not included in the surrogates vitrified. The actual sludge sample was only characteristically hazardous for mercury by the toxic characteristic leaching procedure (TCLP) but exceeded the Universal Treatment Standard (UTS) limit for chromium. The grout and glass formulations stabilized these RCRA metals within UTS limits. In addition, a grout leachability index of about 9-10 was measured for both (SR)-S-85 and Cs-137, meeting the recommended requirement of > 6. The glass leachability index was estimated to be > 18 for cold cesium and strontium. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Div Chem Technol, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. RP Spence, RD (reprint author), Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Div Chem Technol, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. RI Mattus, Catherine/E-5591-2017 OI Mattus, Catherine/0000-0002-4574-1588 NR 26 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 6 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0956-053X J9 WASTE MANAGE JI Waste Manage. PY 1999 VL 19 IS 7-8 BP 453 EP 465 DI 10.1016/S0956-053X(99)00237-8 PG 13 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 256XL UT WOS:000083751700002 ER PT J AU Tucker, MD Barton, LL Thomson, BM Wagener, BM Aragon, A AF Tucker, MD Barton, LL Thomson, BM Wagener, BM Aragon, A TI Treatment of waste containing EDTA by chemical oxidation SO WASTE MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE EDTA; Fenton's reaction; mixed waste ID ETHYLENEDIAMINETETRAACETIC ACID EDTA; DESULFOVIBRIO-DESULFURICANS; NATURAL-WATERS; REDUCTION; DEGRADATION; NTA; MO AB Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) is a chelating agent that has been extensively used to enhance the solubilization of heavy metal cations and release of EDTA contributes to environmental problems. EDTA is recalcitrant to microbial metabolism and chemical oxidation is considered a possible method of remedial treatment. The use of the commercially available process of MIOX Corporation generates mixed oxidants on site and this solution is markedly effective in the destruction of the chelating characteristic and the decarboxylation of EDTA. When measuring the release of C-14 from carboxyl labeled EDTA, the mixed oxidant solution was comparable to the Fenton's reaction over a broad pH range. The presence of Mn2+, Cr3+, Or Fe3+ at levels equal to that of EDTA stimulated the rate of EDTA decomposition; however, the rate of EDTA breakdown was inhibited when the concentration of Cr3+ or Mn2+ exceeded the concentration of EDTA. The treatment pf Co2+-EDTA or Cu2+-EDTA with mixed oxidants in the presence of ultra violet light resulted in the loss of chelation ability of EDTA. In the absence of chelated metals, over 75% of the chelation property of a 70 mM EDTA solution was destroyed in 45 min. The reaction products resulting from the use of mixed oxidants added to EDTA were non-toxic to bacteria and should not contribute to additional environmental problems. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Univ New Mexico, Dept Biol, Albuquerque, NM 87131 USA. Sandia Natl Labs, Albuquerque, NM 88185 USA. Univ New Mexico, Dept Civil Engn, Albuquerque, NM 87131 USA. RP Barton, LL (reprint author), Univ New Mexico, Dept Biol, Albuquerque, NM 87131 USA. NR 23 TC 38 Z9 42 U1 2 U2 25 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0956-053X J9 WASTE MANAGE JI Waste Manage. PY 1999 VL 19 IS 7-8 BP 477 EP 482 DI 10.1016/S0956-053X(99)00235-4 PG 6 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 256XL UT WOS:000083751700004 ER PT B AU Beauheim, RL Larson, KW AF Beauheim, RL Larson, KW GP NEA NEA TI Lessons learned from WIPP site characterization, performance assessment, and regulatory review related to radionuclide migration through water-conducting features SO WATER CONDUCTING FEATURES IN RADIONUCLIDE MIGRATION SE RADIOACTIVE WASTE MANAGEMENT LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Workshop on Characterisation of Water-Conducting Features and their Representation in Models of Radionuclide Migration CY JUN 10-12, 1998 CL BARCELONA, SPAIN SP Spanish Natl Agency Radioactive Waste AB Many lessons have been learned over the past 24 years as the Waste Isolation Pilot Plant (WIPP) project has progressed from initial site characterization to final licensing that may be of relevance to other nuclear-waste-disposal projects. These lessons pertain to the manner in which field and laboratory investigations are planned, how experiments:are interpreted, how conceptual and numerical models are developed and simplified, and how defensibility and credibility are achieved and maintained. These lessons include: 1) Site characterization and performance assessment (PA) should evolve together through an iterative process, with neither activity completely dominating the other. 2) Defensibility and credibility require a much greater-depth of understanding than can be represented in PA models. 3) Experimentalists should be directly involved in model and parameter abstraction and simplification for PA. 4) External expert review should be incorporated at all stages of a project, not just after an experiment or modelling activity is completed. 5) Key individuals should be retained for the life of a project, or a process must be-established to transfer their working knowledge to new individuals. 6) An effective QA program-needs to be stable and consistent for the duration of a project and focus on best scientific practices. All of these lessons relate to the key point that consideration must be given from the earliest planning stages to maximizing the defensibility and credibility of all work. C1 Sandia Natl Labs, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. RP Beauheim, RL (reprint author), Sandia Natl Labs, MS 0735,POB 5800, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. NR 4 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU ORGANIZATION ECONOMIC COOPERATION & DEVELOPMENT PI PARIS PA 2, RUE ANDRE PASCAL, CEDEX 16, 75775 PARIS, FRANCE BN 92-64-17124-X J9 RADIOACT W PY 1999 BP 253 EP 258 PG 4 WC Engineering, Environmental; Nuclear Science & Technology SC Engineering; Nuclear Science & Technology GA BP04C UT WOS:000083950800016 ER PT B AU Beauheim, RL Roberts, RM AF Beauheim, RL Roberts, RM GP NEA NEA TI Flow-dimension analysis of hydraulic tests to characterize water-conducting features SO WATER CONDUCTING FEATURES IN RADIONUCLIDE MIGRATION SE RADIOACTIVE WASTE MANAGEMENT LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Workshop on Characterisation of Water-Conducting Features and their Representation in Models of Radionuclide Migration CY JUN 10-12, 1998 CL BARCELONA, SPAIN SP Spanish Natl Agency Radioactive Waste AB Most analytical solutions and computer codes for well-test analysis assume a radial flow geometry around a well even though actual flow geometries can be quite different, particularly in fractured media. Accurate estimation of hydraulic parameters requires knowledge of the flow geometry. Flow dimensions, representing the combined effects of flow geometry and variations in hydraulic properties, can be interpreted from the late-time slope of the pressure derivative on a log-log plot. However, the interpreted flow dimensions could be caused by an infinite number of flow geometry and hydraulic property combinations. Identifying:the correct flow geometry so that appropriate hydraulic properties can be calculated is a:difficult process, requiring additional information from a variety of sources. Defining a "conservative" model for a system with nonradial flow dimensions is problematic at best. Errors are compounded when hydraulic properties interpreted by force-fitting radial models to tests in nonradial systems are used in flow and transport models that also fail to take proper account of flow geometry. Whatever the flow dimension of a system might be, proper test interpretation and careful model construction,: calibration, and testing are required to provide accurate modelling of flow and transport in that system. C1 Sandia Natl Labs, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. RP Beauheim, RL (reprint author), Sandia Natl Labs, MS 0735,POB 5800, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. NR 4 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU ORGANIZATION ECONOMIC COOPERATION & DEVELOPMENT PI PARIS PA 2, RUE ANDRE PASCAL, CEDEX 16, 75775 PARIS, FRANCE BN 92-64-17124-X J9 RADIOACT W PY 1999 BP 287 EP 294 PG 4 WC Engineering, Environmental; Nuclear Science & Technology SC Engineering; Nuclear Science & Technology GA BP04C UT WOS:000083950800019 ER PT J AU Boopathy, R Manning, J AF Boopathy, R Manning, J TI Surfactant-enhanced bioremediation of soil contaminated with 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene in soil slurry reactors SO WATER ENVIRONMENT RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene; soil slurry; bioremediation; co-metabolism; surfactant; monooleate ID NITROAROMATIC COMPOUNDS; TRANSFORMATION; EXPLOSIVES; TNT AB The addition of food-grade surfactants could improve the use of native soil bacteria to biodegrade explosives-contaminated soil under co-metabolic conditions by enhancing the rates of explosives' desorption from soil, thus increasing the bioavailability of explosives for microbial degradation. The objective of this study is to decrease residence time in the reactor, thereby increasing output and reducing cleanup costs. In this study, Tween 80 (monooleate) served not only as a surfactant but also as the carbon substrate for soil microorganisms. Four 2-L soil slurry reactors were operated in batch mode with soil containing 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT). Results indicated that TNT was removed in all reactors except the control (no added carbon source). The reactor enriched with surfactant and molasses performed better than reactors with either molasses or surfactant alone. The TNT and its metabolite, 4-amino-2,6-dinitrotoluene, were removed faster in the reactor with surfactant plus molasses (35 days) than in the reactor with molasses alone as carbon source (45 days). A radiolabeling study of the mass balance of TNT in the slurry reactors showed substantial mineralization of TNT to carbon dioxide. C1 Argonne Natl Lab, Div Environm Res, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. RP Boopathy, R (reprint author), Argonne Natl Lab, Div Environm Res, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. NR 20 TC 26 Z9 32 U1 1 U2 2 PU WATER ENVIRONMENT FEDERATION PI ALEXANDRIA PA 601 WYTHE ST, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314-1994 USA SN 1061-4303 J9 WATER ENVIRON RES JI Water Environ. Res. PD JAN-FEB PY 1999 VL 71 IS 1 BP 119 EP 124 DI 10.2175/106143099X121580 PG 6 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences; Limnology; Water Resources SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Water Resources GA 170GT UT WOS:000078798500017 ER PT J AU Vasco, DW Datta-Gupta, A AF Vasco, DW Datta-Gupta, A TI Asymptotic solutions for solute transport: A formalism for tracer tomography SO WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID HETEROGENEOUS PERMEABLE MEDIA; POROUS-MEDIA; CONTAMINANT TRANSPORT; STOCHASTIC-ANALYSIS; PARAMETER-IDENTIFICATION; GROUNDWATER REMEDIATION; SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS; INVERSE PROBLEM; WAVE-EQUATION; FLOW AB An asymptotic approach to the solution of the transport equation, in the limit of rapid spatial and temporal variation, produces an extremely efficient formalism for the inversion of tracer data. The technique provides tracer concentration sensitivities to porosity, permeability, and pressure gradient variations in just a single simulation run. The calculated sensitivities compare well with those derived using a numerical perturbation method, at a fraction of the computational requirements. An application to a conservative tracer test at Hill Air Force Base in Utah indicates the efficiency and utility of the approach for characterizing three-dimensional variations in flow properties. On the basis of tracer concentration histories at 12 multilevel samplers and three extraction wells, some 44 tracer curves in all, significant small-scale variability in permeability is inferred. In general, the permeability is found to decrease as the lower boundary of the aquifer is approached. The permeability trends we find are consistent with tracer swept volume calculations based upon a moment analysis. C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Div Earth Sci, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. Texas A&M Univ, Dept Petr Engn, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. RP Vasco, DW (reprint author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Div Earth Sci, Bldg 90,1 Cyclotron Rd, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. RI Vasco, Donald/I-3167-2016 OI Vasco, Donald/0000-0003-1210-8628 NR 56 TC 56 Z9 56 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0043-1397 J9 WATER RESOUR RES JI Water Resour. Res. PD JAN PY 1999 VL 35 IS 1 BP 1 EP 16 DI 10.1029/98WR02742 PG 16 WC Environmental Sciences; Limnology; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Water Resources GA 158PK UT WOS:000078123800001 ER PT J AU Wildenschild, D Jensen, KH AF Wildenschild, D Jensen, KH TI Laboratory investigations of effective flow behavior in unsaturated heterogeneous sands SO WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID 2 FIELD SOILS; SPATIAL VARIABILITY; PHYSICAL PARAMETERS; STOCHASTIC-ANALYSIS; EXPERIMENTAL METHODOLOGY; HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY; CHLORIDE MIGRATION; SURFACE HYDROLOGY; SOLUTE TRANSPORT; STRATIFIED SOILS AB Two-dimensional unsaturated flow and transport through heterogeneous sand was investigated under controlled laboratory conditions. The unsaturated hydraulic conductivity of five homogeneous sands and three heterogeneous systems composed of these five sands was measured using a steady state flux controlled method. The heterogeneous sand systems were established in a laboratory tank for three realizations of random distributions of the homogeneous sands comprising a system of 207 grid cells. The water flux was controlled at the upper boundary, while a suction was applied at the lower boundary such that on the average a uniform pressure profile was established and gravity flow applied. Solute breakthrough curves measured at discrete points in the tank using time domain reflectometry, as well as dye tracer paths, showed that flow and transport took place in a very tortuous pattern where several grid cells were completely bypassed. The degree of tortuosity appeared to be dependent on the degree of saturation, as the tortuosity increased with decreasing saturation. Despite the tortuous flow patterns, we found that the effective unsaturated hydraulic conductivity as well as the retention curves for the three realizations of the heterogeneous sand were quite similar, thus suggesting that this type of heterogeneous flow system can be treated as an equivalent homogeneous medium characterized by effective parameters. C1 Tech Univ Denmark, Dept Hydrodynam & Water Resources, DK-2800 Lyngby, Denmark. RP Wildenschild, D (reprint author), Univ Calif Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Dept Earth & Environm Sci, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. RI Jensen, Karsten/E-3469-2015; OI Jensen, Karsten/0000-0003-4020-0050; Wildenschild, Dorthe/0000-0002-6504-7817 NR 35 TC 52 Z9 53 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0043-1397 J9 WATER RESOUR RES JI Water Resour. Res. PD JAN PY 1999 VL 35 IS 1 BP 17 EP 27 DI 10.1029/98WR01958 PG 11 WC Environmental Sciences; Limnology; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Water Resources GA 158PK UT WOS:000078123800002 ER PT J AU Wildenschild, D Jensen, KH AF Wildenschild, D Jensen, KH TI Numerical modeling of observed effective flow behavior in unsaturated heterogeneous sands SO WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID SPATIALLY-VARIABLE FIELDS; SOIL HYDRAULIC-PROPERTIES; STEP OUTFLOW EXPERIMENTS; SOLUTE TRANSPORT; PARAMETER-ESTIMATION; PHYSICAL PARAMETERS; STOCHASTIC-ANALYSIS; WATER-FLOW; CAPILLARY-PRESSURE; STRATIFIED SOILS AB The concept of effective parameters has been introduced in recent years to represent the spatial variability of natural soils in numerical simulation models. In the present study, effective hydraulic properties of unsaturated flow were investigated for the case of a two-dimensional heterogeneous laboratory tank. Hydraulic parameter estimates obtained from simple statistical averages, inverse procedures, and a stochastic theory were compared to effective retention and hydraulic conductivity characteristics measured for the whole tank at steady state. The applicability of the effective parameter estimates was investigated by comparing transient flow events monitored in the laboratory tank with simulated results based on those estimates. Capillary suction measurements were simulated reasonably well using several straight forward arithmetic and geometric statistical averaging approaches, whereas most averaging approaches simulated too slow a response in the outflow rate. An alternative approach involving a combination of arithmetic and geometric averaging of the measured values more closely simulated the observed relatively fast changes in outflow rate. Generally, the simulations based on the measurements of effective properties performed quite well, indicating that the fundamental concept of effective parameters may be valid for this type of heterogeneous soil system. C1 Tech Univ Denmark, Dept Hydrodynam & Water Resources, DK-2800 Lyngby, Denmark. RP Wildenschild, D (reprint author), Univ Calif Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Dept Earth & Environm Sci, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. RI Jensen, Karsten/E-3469-2015; OI Jensen, Karsten/0000-0003-4020-0050; Wildenschild, Dorthe/0000-0002-6504-7817 NR 42 TC 31 Z9 31 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0043-1397 J9 WATER RESOUR RES JI Water Resour. Res. PD JAN PY 1999 VL 35 IS 1 BP 29 EP 42 DI 10.1029/98WR01959 PG 14 WC Environmental Sciences; Limnology; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Water Resources GA 158PK UT WOS:000078123800003 ER PT J AU Tidwell, VC Gutjahr, AL Wilson, JL AF Tidwell, VC Gutjahr, AL Wilson, JL TI What does an instrument measure? Empirical spatial weighting functions calculated from permeability data sets measured on multiple sample supports SO WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID SCALE; FLOW; MEDIA AB With the aid of linear filter theory we analyze 13,824 permeability measurements to empirically address the question, What does an instrument measure? By measure we mean the sample support or sample volume associated with an instrument, as well as how the instrument spatially weights the heterogeneities comprising that sample support. Although the theoretical aspects of linear filter analysis are well documented, physical data for testing the filtering behavior of an instrument, particularly in the context of porous media flow, are rare to nonexistent. Our exploration makes use of permeability data measured with a minipermeameter on a block of Berea sandstone. Data were collected according to a uniform grid that was resampled with tip seals of increasing size (i.e., increasing sample support). Spatial weighting (filter) functions characterizing the minipermeameter measurements were then calculated directly from the permeability data sets. In this paper we limit our presentation to one of the six rock faces, consisting of 2304 measurements, as the general results for each rock face are similar. We found that the empirical weighting functions are consistent with the basic physics of the minipermeameter measurement. They decay as a nonlinear functon of radial distance from the center of the tip seal, consistent with the divergent flow geometry imposed by the minipermeameter. The magnitude of the weighting function decreases while its breadth increases with increasing tip seal size, reflecting the increasing sample support. We further demonstrate, both empirically and theoretically, that nonadditive properties like permeability are amenable to linear filter analysis under certain limiting conditions (i.e., small variances). Specifically, the weighting function is independent of the power average employed in its calculation (e.g., arithmetic versus harmonic average). Finally, we examine the implications of these results for other instruments commonly employed in hydraulic testing (e.g., slug and pump tests). C1 Sandia Natl Labs, Geohydrol Dept, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. New Mexico Inst Min & Technol, Dept Math, Socorro, NM 87801 USA. New Mexico Inst Min & Technol, Earth & Environm Sci Dept, Socorro, NM 87801 USA. RP Tidwell, VC (reprint author), Sandia Natl Labs, Geohydrol Dept, Mail Stop 0735, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. NR 23 TC 21 Z9 21 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0043-1397 J9 WATER RESOUR RES JI Water Resour. Res. PD JAN PY 1999 VL 35 IS 1 BP 43 EP 54 DI 10.1029/1998WR900011 PG 12 WC Environmental Sciences; Limnology; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Water Resources GA 158PK UT WOS:000078123800004 ER PT J AU Sun, Y Petersen, JN Clement, TP Skeen, RS AF Sun, Y Petersen, JN Clement, TP Skeen, RS TI Development of analytical solutions for multispecies transport with serial and parallel reactions SO WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID METHANOGENIC CONDITIONS; RADIAL DISPERSION; INJECTION; ETHYLENE; DECAY AB A direct method for transforming multiple solute transport equations, coupled by linear, series, and/or parallel first-order, irreversible reactions, into a series of simple transport equations having known solutions is developed. Using this method, previously published analytical solutions to single-species transport problems, in which the transported species reacts with first-order kinetics, can be used to derive analytical solutions to multispecies transport systems with parallel, serial, and combined reaction networks. This new method overcomes many of the limitations that were implicit in previously published methods. In particular, the number of species that can be described is unlimited, and the reaction stoichiometry does not have to be unimolar. To illustrate the method, an analytical solution is derived for a five-species serial-parallel reactive transport system. The analytical solution obtained for this problem is compared with a numerical solution obtained with a previously developed code. This analytical method is applicable to the verification of new numerical codes. C1 Pacific NW Lab, Bioproc Grp, Richland, WA 99352 USA. Washington State Univ, Ctr Multiphase Environm Res, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. RP Sun, Y (reprint author), Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Weiss Associates, POB 808,L206, Livermore, CA 94551 USA. RI Petersen, James/B-8924-2008; Sun, Yunwei/C-9751-2010 NR 25 TC 70 Z9 72 U1 1 U2 11 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0043-1397 J9 WATER RESOUR RES JI Water Resour. Res. PD JAN PY 1999 VL 35 IS 1 BP 185 EP 190 DI 10.1029/1998WR900003 PG 6 WC Environmental Sciences; Limnology; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Water Resources GA 158PK UT WOS:000078123800016 ER PT J AU Wigmosta, MS Lettenmaier, DP AF Wigmosta, MS Lettenmaier, DP TI A comparison of simplified methods for routing topographically driven subsurface flow SO WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID TOPMODEL; TERRAIN; RUNOFF; AREAS; MODEL; EVAPOTRANSPIRATION; SIMILARITY; DYNAMICS; NETWORKS; SCALE AB The relative performance of an explicit grid cell by grid cell approach and a statistical-dynamical method widely used in Topmodel for modeling topographically driven subsurface flow was evaluated using a series of numerical experiments. Both approaches were compared with analytical solutions to the kinematic wave equation for flow down an inclined plane of constant slope. The hillslope discharge and water table profiles simulated by the explicit method were in good agreement with the analytical solution in all test cases. The statistical-dynamical method converged to the correct steady state solution but failed to reproduce accurately transient conditions. The two algorithms were also compared using topography and observed hourly precipitation for the U.S. Department of Agriculture Mahantango, Pennsylvania, research catchment. The percent root-mean-square-difference in hourly discharge between the two methods for a 1 year simulation ranged from 20% to several hundred percent. The agreement in discharge between the two methods was best for deep soils, high surface conductivity, and large values of the power law exponent describing the decay in vertical hydraulic conductivity with depth. "Calibration" of the statistical-dynamical model to discharge simulated by the explicit method was most effective for soils with low power law exponents. However, even in the calibrated cases, there were large discrepancies between local water table depths simulated by the two models. C1 Pacific NW Lab, Richland, WA 99352 USA. Univ Washington, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. RP Wigmosta, MS (reprint author), Pacific NW Lab, POB 999, Richland, WA 99352 USA. RI lettenmaier, dennis/F-8780-2011 OI lettenmaier, dennis/0000-0003-3317-1327 NR 21 TC 62 Z9 66 U1 1 U2 13 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0043-1397 J9 WATER RESOUR RES JI Water Resour. Res. PD JAN PY 1999 VL 35 IS 1 BP 255 EP 264 DI 10.1029/1998WR900017 PG 10 WC Environmental Sciences; Limnology; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Water Resources GA 158PK UT WOS:000078123800023 ER PT J AU Davisson, ML Smith, DK Kenneally, J Rose, TP AF Davisson, ML Smith, DK Kenneally, J Rose, TP TI Isotope hydrology of southern Nevada groundwater: Stable isotopes and radiocarbon SO WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID GREAT-BASIN; UNITED-STATES; SACRAMENTO VALLEY; HYDROGEN ISOTOPE; VEIN CALCITE; DEVILS-HOLE; CARBON; PRECIPITATION; CALIFORNIA; SYSTEMS AB A new delta(18)O map of southern Nevada groundwater shows a systematic decrease in delta(18)O of similar to 5 parts per thousand from 36 degrees to 39 degrees N latitude. The variation is consistent with higher-latitude recharge following continuous flow paths along north-south trending graben valleys and systematically increasing in delta(18)O due to mixing with lower-latitude, higher-delta(18)O recharge. The data do not suggest that large masses of groundwater with unusually low delta(18)O values were recharged during the last pluvial period as suggested by previous workers. Many delta(18)O-delta D pairs in groundwater indicate variable amounts of evaporation relative to the global meteoric water line. The precipitation rate and type (rain versus snow) for a given geographic area controls the extent of evaporation. A "model" delta(18)O value was calculated from evaporated groundwaters by subtracting postcloud evaporation. The distribution of these model delta(18)O values suggest new regional groundwater flow paths previously undocumented. Dissolved inorganic carbon in groundwaters collected from deep regional flow systems typically has low C-14 concentrations (less than or equal to 12% modern carbon). In contrast, groundwaters collected from the carbonate rock of the Spring Mountains and alluvium of Forty Mile Canyon have higher C-14 contents, indicating more recent recharge. Because of nonlinear mixing of C-14, groundwater in the regional flow system likely acquired most of its observable C-14 from mixtures of young, locally recharged groundwater. C1 Univ Calif Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Istope Sci Div, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. RP Davisson, ML (reprint author), Univ Calif Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Istope Sci Div, POB 808 L-231, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. NR 71 TC 37 Z9 37 U1 1 U2 9 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0043-1397 J9 WATER RESOUR RES JI Water Resour. Res. PD JAN PY 1999 VL 35 IS 1 BP 279 EP 294 DI 10.1029/1998WR900040 PG 16 WC Environmental Sciences; Limnology; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Water Resources GA 158PK UT WOS:000078123800025 ER PT J AU Gilbert, ES Khlebnikov, A Meyer-Ilse, W Keasling, JD AF Gilbert, ES Khlebnikov, A Meyer-Ilse, W Keasling, JD TI Use of soft X-ray microscopy for analysis of early-stage biofilm formation SO WATER SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT International Specialty Conference on Microbial Ecology of Biofilms - Concepts, Tools and Applications CY OCT 08-10, 1998 CL LAKE BLUFF, ILLINOIS DE microscopy; imaging; colonization; spatial distribution; biofilm structure ID EXPRESSION; COMMUNITY AB Soft X-ray microscopy (SXM) using synchrotron radiation is a newly-available technology for high resolution imaging of hydrated specimens, making it potentially valuable for the study of biofilms. In this research, SXM was used to investigate bacterial spatial distribution and biofilm structure during the early stages of colonization of an exposed surface. Pseudomonas putida DMP-1 formed a closely-packed monolayer on a silicon nitride substratum after 24 hours of growth. The initial development of a multilayer, interlocking structure was observed. The soft X-ray images were taken with the XM-1 transmission X-ray microscope, located at the Center for X-ray Optics, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. The results indicate the potential of SXM to provide new insights for the study of biofilms. (C) 1999 IAWQ Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Chem Engn, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Ctr Xray Opt, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. RP Gilbert, ES (reprint author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Chem Engn, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. RI Keasling, Jay/J-9162-2012; KHLEBNIKOV, ARTEM/K-4780-2012 OI Keasling, Jay/0000-0003-4170-6088; KHLEBNIKOV, ARTEM/0000-0002-1866-234X NR 10 TC 17 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 2 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0273-1223 J9 WATER SCI TECHNOL JI Water Sci. Technol. PY 1999 VL 39 IS 7 BP 269 EP 272 DI 10.1016/S0273-1223(99)00177-8 PG 4 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences; Water Resources SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Water Resources GA 201QX UT WOS:000080607500035 ER PT J AU Clements, BE AF Clements, BE TI Comparison of the nonhomogenized dynamic method of cells and a hydrodynamic calculation for wave propagation SO WAVE MOTION LA English DT Article ID COMPOSITE-MATERIALS AB The performance of the nonhomogenized dynamic method of cells (NHDMOC) theory is compared to a standard finite-difference Lagrangian hydrodynamic calculation. The NHDMOC is based on a truncated Legendre expansion for the particle displacement field. In the present work, the expansion is kept to third-order. The NHDMOC and hydrodynamic theories differ in that the former uses a finite-difference solution to update the time dependence of the equations, whereas the latter uses finite-difference solutions for both the temporal and spatial variables. Both theories are used to model longitudinal shock-wave propagation in steel, arising from high-velocity planar impact. To achieve the same high-quality resolution of the stress and particle velocity profiles, the NHDMOC consistently requires coarser spatial and temporal grids. The NHDMOC is also less dependent on artificial viscosity to control unphysical, high frequency, oscillations in the numerical solutions of the theory. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Calif Los Alamos Natl Lab, Div Theoret, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. RP Clements, BE (reprint author), Univ Calif Los Alamos Natl Lab, Div Theoret, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. NR 12 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0165-2125 J9 WAVE MOTION JI Wave Motion PD JAN PY 1999 VL 29 IS 1 BP 47 EP 61 DI 10.1016/S0165-2125(98)00023-7 PG 15 WC Acoustics; Mechanics; Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Acoustics; Mechanics; Physics GA 142RT UT WOS:000077214700004 ER PT S AU Davis, AB Marshak, A Clothiaux, E AF Davis, AB Marshak, A Clothiaux, E BE Szu, HH TI Anisotropic multi-resolution analysis in 2D, application to long-range correlations in cloud mm-radar fields SO WAVELET APPLICATIONS VI SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Wavelet Applications VI CY APR 06-08, 1999 CL ORLANDO, FL SP Soc Photo Opt Instrumentat Engineers DE 2D multi-resolution analysis; wavelet transforms; statistical anisotropy; long-range correlations; scale-invariance; multifractal analysis; random cascade models; "1/f" noises; clouds; mm-radar ID LIQUID WATER DISTRIBUTIONS; MULTIFRACTAL FORMALISM; MARINE STRATOCUMULUS; SCALE-INVARIANCE; TURBULENCE; WAVELETS; MODELS; ISSUES AB Taking a wavelet standpoint, we survey on the one hand various approaches to multifractal analysis, as a means of characterizing long-range correlations in data, and an the other hand various ways of statistically measuring anisotropy in 2D fields. In both instances, we present new and related techniques: (i) a simple multifractal analysis methodology based on Discrete Wavelet Transforms (DWTs), and (ii) a specific DWT adapted to strongly anisotropic fields sampled on rectangular grids with large aspect ratios. This DWT uses a tensor product of the standard dyadic Haar basis (dividing ratio 2) and a nonstandard triadic counterpart (dividing ratio 3) which includes the famous "French top-hat" wavelet. The new DWT is amenable to an anisotropic version of Multi-Resolution Analysis (MRA) in image processing where the natural support of the field is 2(n) pixels (vertically) by 3(n) pixels (horizontally), n being the number of levels in the MRA. The complete 2D basis has one scaling function and five wavelets. The new MRA is used in synthesis mode to generate random multifractal fields that mimic quite realistically the structure and distribution of boundary-layer clouds even though only a few parameters are used to control statistically the wavelet coefficients of the liquid water density field. C1 Univ Calif Los Alamos Natl Lab, Space & Remote Sensing Sci Grp, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. RP Davis, AB (reprint author), Univ Calif Los Alamos Natl Lab, Space & Remote Sensing Sci Grp, POB 1663, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. NR 20 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-3197-4 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 1999 VL 3723 BP 194 EP 207 DI 10.1117/12.342928 PG 14 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Remote Sensing; Optics SC Engineering; Remote Sensing; Optics GA BM94B UT WOS:000080194100019 ER PT J AU Goretta, KC Burdt, ML Cuber, MM Perry, LA Singh, D Wagh, AS Routbort, JL Weber, WJ AF Goretta, KC Burdt, ML Cuber, MM Perry, LA Singh, D Wagh, AS Routbort, JL Weber, WJ TI Solid-particle erosion of Portland cement and concrete SO WEAR LA English DT Article DE solid-particle erosion; Portland cement; concrete ID CERAMICS; GLASS AB Solid-particle erosion of Portland cement and Portland-cement-based concrete, and for comparison a nuclear-waste glass, was studied. Using angular Al2O3 erodents of mean diameter approximate to 42, 63, 143, and 390 mu m impacting at 20 and 90 degrees to the surface at 50 m/s, we found the erosion rate to be a strong function of erodent size. Erosion rates of the three targets by rounded SiO2 sand erodent of mean diameter approximate to 450 mu m were generally different from those for the approximate to 390 mu m Al2O3 erodent. The glass response was characteristic of a classic brittle material; rates were highest at 90 degrees impact. For the cement, degradation due to local heating and consequent H2O loss may have contributed to material loss, and erosion rates were highest at 20 degrees impact. Material loss in concrete was caused by a combination of fracture mechanisms. (C) 1999 Published by Elsevier Science S.A. All rights reserved. C1 Argonne Natl Lab, Div Energy Technol, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. Pacific NW Lab, Richland, WA 99352 USA. RP Goretta, KC (reprint author), Argonne Natl Lab, Div Energy Technol, 9700 S Cass Ave,Bldg 200, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. EM goretta@anl.gov RI Weber, William/A-4177-2008; OI Weber, William/0000-0002-9017-7365; Wagh, Arun/0000-0002-8678-7574 NR 26 TC 17 Z9 22 U1 0 U2 6 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE SA PI LAUSANNE PA PO BOX 564, 1001 LAUSANNE, SWITZERLAND SN 0043-1648 J9 WEAR JI Wear PD JAN PY 1999 VL 224 IS 1 BP 106 EP 112 DI 10.1016/S0043-1648(98)00339-1 PG 7 WC Engineering, Mechanical; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Engineering; Materials Science GA 168JK UT WOS:000078688300012 ER PT J AU Banovic, SW DuPont, JN Tortorelli, PF Marder, AR AF Banovic, SW DuPont, JN Tortorelli, PF Marder, AR TI The role of aluminum on the weldability and sulfidation behavior of iron-aluminum cladding SO WELDING JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID FE-AL ALLOYS; ENVIRONMENTAL EMBRITTLEMENT AB Single-pass welds and multiple-pass cladding of Fe-Al alloys were deposited on carbon steel substrates using the gas tungsten are and gas metal are welding processes. The effect of alloy composition on cold cracking susceptibility was assessed using a dye penetrant technique. The high-temperature (600 degrees C) sulfidation behavior of low-Al alloys (5-10 wt-% Al), which exhibited good weldabilty, was examined using a thermogravimetric balance in a moderately reducing 0.1% H2S-3.0% H-2-bal. Ar gas. Microstructural characterization was conducted by light optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, electron probe microanalysis and Knoop hardness testing. By varying the welding parameters, a range of dilution levels was achieved that resulted in fusion zone compositions with 3-30 wt-% Al. Under these processing conditions, cracking of the Fe-Al cladding is directly related to the aluminum concentration within the deposit. Cracking of the cladding was seen to have occurred by both inter- and transgranular modes for deposits containing greater than 10 wt-% Al. Below this composition limit, cracking did not occur. According to the Fe-Al phase diagram, this composition indicates the microstructural transition from the single-phase region of disordered solid solution (a) to the two-phase region of alpha + ordered Fe,AI. The ordered structures of Fe3Al and FeAl have been found to be more susceptible to environmental embrittlement, which has been seen to be the source of the cladding cracking problem. In terms of sulfidation behavior, alloys containing 5-10 wt-% Al exhibited corrosion rates significantly lower than carbon steel and 304 stainless steel. The results of this work indicate that Fe-Al cladding containing 5-10 wt-% AI shows potential promise for applications requiring a combination of weldability and sulfidation resistance in moderately reducing environments. C1 Lehigh Univ, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, Bethlehem, PA 18015 USA. Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Oak Ridge, TN USA. RP Banovic, SW (reprint author), Lehigh Univ, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, Bethlehem, PA 18015 USA. NR 33 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER WELDING SOC PI MIAMI PA PO BOX 351040, MIAMI, FL 33135 USA SN 0043-2296 J9 WELD J JI Weld. J. PD JAN PY 1999 VL 78 IS 1 BP 23S EP 30S PG 8 WC Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering SC Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering GA 156FE UT WOS:000077990300012 ER PT S AU Benamara, M Liliental-Weber, Z Swider, W Washburn, J Dupuis, RD Grudowski, PA Eiting, CJ Yang, JW Khan, MA AF Benamara, M Liliental-Weber, Z Swider, W Washburn, J Dupuis, RD Grudowski, PA Eiting, CJ Yang, JW Khan, MA BE Binari, SC Burk, AA Melloch, MR Nguyen, C TI Atomic scale analysis of InGaN multi-quantum wells SO WIDE-BANDGAP SEMICONDUCTORS FOR HIGH-POWER, HIGH-FREQUENCY AND HIGH-TEMPERATURE APPLICATIONS-1999 SE MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY SYMPOSIUM PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Wide-Bandgap Semiconductors for High-Power, High-Frequency and High-Temperature Applications-1999 at the 1999 MRS Spring Meeting CY APR 05-08, 1999 CL SAN FRANCISCO, CA SP Mat Res Soc, Air Force Res Labs, DARPA, ODDR&E(R), Army Res Off AB InGaN multiquantum wells grown by MOCVD on GaN have been investigated by transmission electron microscopy techniques and numerical analysis of high resolution (HREM) images. One objective of this research was to correlate the atomic structure and emission mechanisms of InGaN quantum well The studied layers contained 13% or 20% In. It was shown that GaN/InGaN interfaces are rather rough and exhibit an oscillating contrast. Structural defects were found on these interfaces. The relative c-lattice parameter variation in the well was determined using numerical processing of HREM images. The lattice spacings appear to be larger than that expected from Vegard's law suggesting the presence of a biaxial strain. Further observations also revealed a redistribution of In within the well. Instead of a continous In-rich layer, quantum dots were often observed along the well with a regular spacing. The formation of these In-rich dots was not intented and their presence suggests either a periodic modulation of strain along the well or In-rich cluster formation. C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. RP Benamara, M (reprint author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. RI Liliental-Weber, Zuzanna/H-8006-2012 NR 13 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 1 PU MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY PI WARRENDALE PA 506 KEYSTONE DRIVE, WARRENDALE, PA 15088-7563 USA SN 0272-9172 BN 1-55899-479-3 J9 MATER RES SOC SYMP P PY 1999 VL 572 BP 357 EP 362 PG 6 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Physics, Condensed Matter SC Materials Science; Physics GA BN81E UT WOS:000083014400056 ER PT S AU Liliental-Weber, Z Benamara, M Ruvimov, S Mazur, JH Washburn, J Grzegory, I Porowski, S AF Liliental-Weber, Z Benamara, M Ruvimov, S Mazur, JH Washburn, J Grzegory, I Porowski, S BE Binari, SC Burk, AA Melloch, MR Nguyen, C TI TEM study of Mg-doped bulk GaN crystals SO WIDE-BANDGAP SEMICONDUCTORS FOR HIGH-POWER, HIGH-FREQUENCY AND HIGH-TEMPERATURE APPLICATIONS-1999 SE MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY SYMPOSIUM PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Wide-Bandgap Semiconductors for High-Power, High-Frequency and High-Temperature Applications-1999 at the 1999 MRS Spring Meeting CY APR 05-08, 1999 CL SAN FRANCISCO, CA SP Mat Res Soc, Air Force Res Labs, DARPA, ODDR&E(R), Army Res Off ID ALUMINUM NITRIDE; OXYGEN; POLYTYPOIDS; PRESSURE AB Transmission electron microscopy was applied to cross-sectioned samples to study surface morphology, sample polarity and defect distribution in bulk GaN samples doped with Mg. These crystals were grown from a Ga melt under high hydrostatic pressure of Nitrogen. It was shown that the types of defects and their distribution along the c-axis depends strongly on sample polarity. Based on this finding the growth rate along the c-axis for the two polar directions was compared and shown to be approximately ten times larger for Ga polarity than for N-polarity. In the part of the crystals with Ga polarity pyramidal defects with a base consisting of high energy stacking faults were found. The parts of the crystals grown with N-polarity were either defect free or contained regularly spaced stacking faults. Growth of these regularly spaced cubic monolayers is polarity dependent; this structure was formed only for the growth with N polarity and only for the crystals doped with Mg. Formation of this superstructure is similar to the polytypoid structure formed in AlN crystals rich in oxygen. It is also likely that oxygen can decorate the cubic monolayers and compensate Mg. This newly observed structure may shed light on the difficulties of p-doping in GaN:Mg. C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Div Sci Mat, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. RP Liliental-Weber, Z (reprint author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Div Sci Mat, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. RI Liliental-Weber, Zuzanna/H-8006-2012 NR 14 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 3 U2 7 PU MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY PI WARRENDALE PA 506 KEYSTONE DRIVE, WARRENDALE, PA 15088-7563 USA SN 0272-9172 BN 1-55899-479-3 J9 MATER RES SOC SYMP P PY 1999 VL 572 BP 363 EP 368 PG 6 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Physics, Condensed Matter SC Materials Science; Physics GA BN81E UT WOS:000083014400057 ER PT B AU Oh, CH Lacy, JM AF Oh, CH Lacy, JM BE Larsen, A Larose, GL Livesey, FM TI Numerical calculations of wind flow in a full-scale wind test facility SO WIND ENGINEERING INTO THE 21ST CENTURY, VOLS 1-3 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 10th International Conference on Wind Engineering (10ICWE) CY JUN 21-24, 1999 CL COPENHAGEN, DENMARK SP Danish Maritime Inst, COWI Consulting Engineers & Planners, Monberg & Thorsen A S, Kobenhavns Kommune, Scandinavian Airlines Syst, Danish Tech Res Council, Dantec A S, MSC Nordic, COWI Fdn AB Numerical studies on wind flow around the Texas Tech University (TTU) Wind Engineering Research Field Laboratory (WERFL) building were conducted. The main focus of this paper is wind loads on the TTU building in the INEEL proposed Windstorm Simulation Center. The results are presented in the form of distributions of static pressure, dynamic pressure, pressure coefficients, and velocity vectors on the surface and the vicinity of the TTU building. C1 Lockheed Martin Idaho Technol Co, Idaho Natl Engn & Environm Lab, Idaho Falls, ID USA. RP Oh, CH (reprint author), Lockheed Martin Idaho Technol Co, Idaho Natl Engn & Environm Lab, Idaho Falls, ID USA. NR 5 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU A A BALKEMA PUBLISHERS PI LEIDEN PA SCHIPHOLWEG 107C, PO BOX 447, 2316 XC LEIDEN, NETHERLANDS BN 90-5809-059-0 PY 1999 BP 1315 EP 1319 PG 5 WC Construction & Building Technology; Energy & Fuels; Engineering, Civil SC Construction & Building Technology; Energy & Fuels; Engineering GA BN41H UT WOS:000081857400180 ER PT S AU Hendrickson, L AF Hendrickson, L BE Lindroos, M TI Summary of present ABS Systems SO WORKSHOP ON AUTOMATED BEAM STEERING AND SHAPING (ABS), PROCEEDINGS SE C E R N REPORTS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Workshop on Automated Beam Steering and Shaping (ABS) CY DEC 14-16, 1998 CL GENEVA, SWITZERLAND SP CERN AB The session on present ABS Systems is summarized. A variety of systems have been created, but there are many common elements, including algorithms, operational challenges, and goals. Similarities and differences between the systems are noted, and highlights of various talks are described. C1 SLAC, Stanford, CA USA. RP Hendrickson, L (reprint author), SLAC, Stanford, CA USA. NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU C E R N PI GENEVA PA MEYRIN, CH-1211 GENEVA, SWITZERLAND SN 0007-8328 BN 92-9083-151-X J9 CERN REPORT PY 1999 VL 99 IS 7 BP 1 EP 11 PG 11 WC Physics, Nuclear SC Physics GA BP04W UT WOS:000083968900002 ER PT S AU Chao, YC AF Chao, YC BE Lindroos, M TI Orbit correction methods - Basic formulation, current application at Jeffersonn Lab, and future possibilities SO WORKSHOP ON AUTOMATED BEAM STEERING AND SHAPING (ABS), PROCEEDINGS SE C E R N REPORTS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Workshop on Automated Beam Steering and Shaping (ABS) CY DEC 14-16, 1998 CL GENEVA, SWITZERLAND SP CERN AB A. Orbit Correction System Optimization: Recipes for optimizing an orbit correction system configuration at the design level are presented. Linear algebraic tools are applied to various flavors of response matrices to uniformly control unobservability, uncorrectability, and response matrix singularity. Application at Jefferson Lab is discussed. B. Orbit Correction at Jefferson Lab: Unique challenges posed by orbit correction, as well as algorithms and tools developed at the CEBAF accelerator at Jefferson Lab are discussed. C. Orbit interpretation and Virtual Monitors: A new approach to developing an orbit correction package with software structural, algorithmic and operational advantages is introduced. It consists of an orbit interpretation module, a virtual monitor module, and a generic steering engine. Mathematical formulation, algorithms prototyped and tested on simulated and real data, and future possibilities are discussed. C1 Thomas Jefferson Natl Accelerator Facil, Newport News, VA 23606 USA. RP Chao, YC (reprint author), Thomas Jefferson Natl Accelerator Facil, Newport News, VA 23606 USA. NR 5 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU C E R N PI GENEVA PA MEYRIN, CH-1211 GENEVA, SWITZERLAND SN 0007-8328 BN 92-9083-151-X J9 CERN REPORT PY 1999 VL 99 IS 7 BP 27 EP 41 PG 15 WC Physics, Nuclear SC Physics GA BP04W UT WOS:000083968900005 ER PT S AU Brown, K Niederer, J Pilat, F Satogata, T Tafti, AA Tepikian, S Tsoupas, N van Zeijts, J AF Brown, K Niederer, J Pilat, F Satogata, T Tafti, AA Tepikian, S Tsoupas, N van Zeijts, J BE Lindroos, M TI The RHIC/AGS online model environments SO WORKSHOP ON AUTOMATED BEAM STEERING AND SHAPING (ABS), PROCEEDINGS SE C E R N REPORTS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Workshop on Automated Beam Steering and Shaping (ABS) CY DEC 14-16, 1998 CL GENEVA, SWITZERLAND SP CERN C1 Brookhaven Natl Lab, Upton, NY 11973 USA. RP Brown, K (reprint author), Brookhaven Natl Lab, Upton, NY 11973 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU C E R N PI GENEVA PA MEYRIN, CH-1211 GENEVA, SWITZERLAND SN 0007-8328 BN 92-9083-151-X J9 CERN REPORT PY 1999 VL 99 IS 7 BP 44 EP 44 PG 1 WC Physics, Nuclear SC Physics GA BP04W UT WOS:000083968900007 ER PT S AU Hendrickson, L Raimondi, P AF Hendrickson, L Raimondi, P BE Lindroos, M TI Automated tuning and feedback systems at the SLC SO WORKSHOP ON AUTOMATED BEAM STEERING AND SHAPING (ABS), PROCEEDINGS SE C E R N REPORTS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Workshop on Automated Beam Steering and Shaping (ABS) CY DEC 14-16, 1998 CL GENEVA, SWITZERLAND SP CERN C1 SLAC, Stanford, CA USA. RP Hendrickson, L (reprint author), SLAC, Stanford, CA USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 1 PU C E R N PI GENEVA PA MEYRIN, CH-1211 GENEVA, SWITZERLAND SN 0007-8328 BN 92-9083-151-X J9 CERN REPORT PY 1999 VL 99 IS 7 BP 46 EP 46 PG 1 WC Physics, Nuclear SC Physics GA BP04W UT WOS:000083968900009 ER PT S AU Watson, W AF Watson, W BE Lindroos, M TI Summary of software and databases for ABS SO WORKSHOP ON AUTOMATED BEAM STEERING AND SHAPING (ABS), PROCEEDINGS SE C E R N REPORTS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Workshop on Automated Beam Steering and Shaping (ABS) CY DEC 14-16, 1998 CL GENEVA, SWITZERLAND SP CERN C1 Thomas Jefferson Natl Accelerator Facil, Newport News, VA 23606 USA. RP Watson, W (reprint author), Thomas Jefferson Natl Accelerator Facil, Newport News, VA 23606 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU C E R N PI GENEVA PA MEYRIN, CH-1211 GENEVA, SWITZERLAND SN 0007-8328 BN 92-9083-151-X J9 CERN REPORT PY 1999 VL 99 IS 7 BP 93 EP 96 PG 4 WC Physics, Nuclear SC Physics GA BP04W UT WOS:000083968900025 ER PT S AU Engell, K AF Engell, K BE Lindroos, M TI Automated beam steering software SO WORKSHOP ON AUTOMATED BEAM STEERING AND SHAPING (ABS), PROCEEDINGS SE C E R N REPORTS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Workshop on Automated Beam Steering and Shaping (ABS) CY DEC 14-16, 1998 CL GENEVA, SWITZERLAND SP CERN C1 Fermi Natl Accelerator Lab, Batavia, IL 60510 USA. RP Engell, K (reprint author), Fermi Natl Accelerator Lab, Batavia, IL 60510 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU C E R N PI GENEVA PA MEYRIN, CH-1211 GENEVA, SWITZERLAND SN 0007-8328 BN 92-9083-151-X J9 CERN REPORT PY 1999 VL 99 IS 7 BP 105 EP 105 PG 1 WC Physics, Nuclear SC Physics GA BP04W UT WOS:000083968900027 ER PT S AU Tenenbaum, P AF Tenenbaum, P BE Lindroos, M TI Beam-based alignment and steering of the Next Linear Collider main linac SO WORKSHOP ON AUTOMATED BEAM STEERING AND SHAPING (ABS), PROCEEDINGS SE C E R N REPORTS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Workshop on Automated Beam Steering and Shaping (ABS) CY DEC 14-16, 1998 CL GENEVA, SWITZERLAND SP CERN AB In order to achieve the design luminosity of the Next Linear Collider, the main linac must accelerate trains of bunches from 10 GeV to 500 GeV while preserving vertical normalized emittances on the order of 0.05 mm.mrad. We describe a set of simulation studies, performed using the program LIAR, comparing several algorithms for steering the main linac; the algorithms are compared on the basis of emittance preservation, convergence speed, and sensitivity to BNS phase profile. The effects of an ATL mechanism during the steering procedure are also studied. C1 Stanford Linear Accelerator Ctr, Stanford, CA 94309 USA. RP Tenenbaum, P (reprint author), Stanford Linear Accelerator Ctr, Stanford, CA 94309 USA. NR 6 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU C E R N PI GENEVA PA MEYRIN, CH-1211 GENEVA, SWITZERLAND SN 0007-8328 BN 92-9083-151-X J9 CERN REPORT PY 1999 VL 99 IS 7 BP 111 EP 116 PG 6 WC Physics, Nuclear SC Physics GA BP04W UT WOS:000083968900033 ER PT S AU Roser, T AF Roser, T BE Roser, T Zhang, SY TI High intensity beam operation of the Brookhaven AGS SO WORKSHOP ON INSTABILITIES OF HIGH INTENSITY HADRON BEAMS IN RINGS SE AIP CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Workshop on Instabilities of High Intensity Hadron Beams in Rings CY JUN 28-JUL 01, 1999 CL BROOKHAVEN NATL LAB, UPTON, NY SP Spallat Neutron Source HO BROOKHAVEN NATL LAB AB For the last few years the Brookhaven AGS has operated at record proton intensities. This high beam intensity allowed for the simultaneous operation of several high precision rare kaon decay experiments. The record beam intensities were achieved after the AGS Booster was commissioned and a transition jump system, a powerful transverse damper, and an rf upgrade in the AGS were completed. The intensity is presently limited by space charge effects at both Booster and AGS injection and transverse instabilities in the AGS. C1 Brookhaven Natl Lab, AGS Dept, Upton, NY 11973 USA. RP Roser, T (reprint author), Brookhaven Natl Lab, AGS Dept, Upton, NY 11973 USA. NR 7 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1NO1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0094-243X BN 1-56396-910-6 J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 1999 VL 496 BP 22 EP 29 PG 8 WC Physics, Particles & Fields SC Physics GA BP29Y UT WOS:000084618400003 ER PT S AU Chou, WR AF Chou, WR BE Roser, T Zhang, SY TI Proton driver study at Fermilab SO WORKSHOP ON INSTABILITIES OF HIGH INTENSITY HADRON BEAMS IN RINGS SE AIP CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Workshop on Instabilities of High Intensity Hadron Beams in Rings CY JUN 28-JUL 01, 1999 CL BROOKHAVEN NATL LAB, UPTON, NY SP Spallat Neutron Source HO BROOKHAVEN NATL LAB AB Fermilab has started the design work of a high intensity proton source called the proton driver. It would provide a 4 MW proton beam to the target for muon production. This paper discusses the basic features of this machine and the associated accelerator physics and design issues. C1 Univ Res Assoc Inc, Fermi Natl Accelerator Lab, Batavia, IL 60510 USA. RP Chou, WR (reprint author), Univ Res Assoc Inc, Fermi Natl Accelerator Lab, POB 500, Batavia, IL 60510 USA. NR 2 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1NO1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0094-243X BN 1-56396-910-6 J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 1999 VL 496 BP 30 EP 39 PG 10 WC Physics, Particles & Fields SC Physics GA BP29Y UT WOS:000084618400004 ER PT S AU Ng, KY Burov, AV AF Ng, KY Burov, AV BE Roser, T Zhang, SY TI Stability issues of low-energy intense beams SO WORKSHOP ON INSTABILITIES OF HIGH INTENSITY HADRON BEAMS IN RINGS SE AIP CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Workshop on Instabilities of High Intensity Hadron Beams in Rings CY JUN 28-JUL 01, 1999 CL BROOKHAVEN NATL LAB, UPTON, NY SP Spallat Neutron Source HO BROOKHAVEN NATL LAB AB Some stability issues of low-energy intense beams are discussed. These include inductor tuners for the cancellation of the longitudinal space-charge induced potential-well distortion and their consequences, transient beamloading and possible feed-forward alleviation, coherent and incoherent transverse tune shifts, as well as the impact of transverse space charge on transverse mode-coupling instability. C1 Univ Res Assoc Inc, Fermi Natl Accelerator Lab, Batavia, IL 60510 USA. RP Ng, KY (reprint author), Univ Res Assoc Inc, Fermi Natl Accelerator Lab, POB 500, Batavia, IL 60510 USA. NR 19 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1NO1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0094-243X BN 1-56396-910-6 J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 1999 VL 496 BP 49 EP 63 PG 15 WC Physics, Particles & Fields SC Physics GA BP29Y UT WOS:000084618400006 ER PT S AU Zhang, SY AF Zhang, SY BE Roser, T Zhang, SY TI Instability issues at the SNS storage ring SO WORKSHOP ON INSTABILITIES OF HIGH INTENSITY HADRON BEAMS IN RINGS SE AIP CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Workshop on Instabilities of High Intensity Hadron Beams in Rings CY JUN 28-JUL 01, 1999 CL BROOKHAVEN NATL LAB, UPTON, NY SP Spallat Neutron Source HO BROOKHAVEN NATL LAB AB The impedance and beam instability issues of the SNS storage ring is reviewed, and the effort toward solutions at the BNL is reported. Some unsettled issues will be raised, indicating the direction of planned works. C1 Brookhaven Natl Lab, Upton, NY 11973 USA. RP Zhang, SY (reprint author), Brookhaven Natl Lab, Upton, NY 11973 USA. NR 23 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1NO1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0094-243X BN 1-56396-910-6 J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 1999 VL 496 BP 136 EP 150 PG 15 WC Physics, Particles & Fields SC Physics GA BP29Y UT WOS:000084618400013 ER PT S AU Wei, J AF Wei, J BE Roser, T Zhang, SY TI Intensity dependent effects in RHIC SO WORKSHOP ON INSTABILITIES OF HIGH INTENSITY HADRON BEAMS IN RINGS SE AIP Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Workshop on Instabilities of High Intensity Hadron Beams in Rings CY JUN 28-JUL 01, 1999 CL BROOKHAVEN NATL LAB, UPTON, NY SP Spallat Neutron Source HO BROOKHAVEN NATL LAB AB The Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC) is currently under commissioning after a seven-year construction cycle. Unlike conventional hadron colliders, this machine accelerates, stores, and collides heavy ion beams of various combinations of species. The dominant intensity dependent effects are intra-beam scattering at both injection and storage, and complications caused by crossing transition at a slow ramp rate. In this paper, we present theoretical formalisms that have been used for our study, and discuss mechanisms, impacts, and compensation methods including beam cooling and transition jump schemes. Effects of space charge, beam-beam, and ring impedances are also summarized. C1 Brookhaven Natl Lab, Upton, NY 11973 USA. RP Wei, J (reprint author), Brookhaven Natl Lab, Upton, NY 11973 USA. EM wei1@bnl.gov NR 26 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1NO1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0094-243X BN 1-56396-910-6 J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 1999 VL 496 BP 197 EP 212 PG 16 WC Physics, Particles & Fields SC Physics GA BP29Y UT WOS:000084618400017 ER PT S AU Ng, KY Norem, J AF Ng, KY Norem, J BE Roser, T Zhang, SY TI Short-bunch production and microwave instability near transition SO WORKSHOP ON INSTABILITIES OF HIGH INTENSITY HADRON BEAMS IN RINGS SE AIP CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Workshop on Instabilities of High Intensity Hadron Beams in Rings CY JUN 28-JUL 01, 1999 CL BROOKHAVEN NATL LAB, UPTON, NY SP Spallat Neutron Source HO BROOKHAVEN NATL LAB AB Some methods of making short bunches are reviewed. The experiment performed at the Brookhaven AGS for bunching near transition is reported. Microwave instability for coasting beam and bunched beam near transition is discussed and simulations are presented. C1 Univ Res Assoc Inc, Fermi Natl Accelerator Lab, Batavia, IL 60510 USA. RP Ng, KY (reprint author), Univ Res Assoc Inc, Fermi Natl Accelerator Lab, POB 500, Batavia, IL 60510 USA. NR 7 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1NO1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0094-243X BN 1-56396-910-6 J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 1999 VL 496 BP 213 EP 227 PG 15 WC Physics, Particles & Fields SC Physics GA BP29Y UT WOS:000084618400018 ER PT S AU Blaskiewicz, M AF Blaskiewicz, M BE Roser, T Zhang, SY TI Convergence of basis expansions SO WORKSHOP ON INSTABILITIES OF HIGH INTENSITY HADRON BEAMS IN RINGS SE AIP CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Workshop on Instabilities of High Intensity Hadron Beams in Rings CY JUN 28-JUL 01, 1999 CL BROOKHAVEN NATL LAB, UPTON, NY SP Spallat Neutron Source HO BROOKHAVEN NATL LAB AB An exactly solvable model of longitudinal bunched beam stability is used to test the convergence of the basis expansion formalism. It is found that basis expansions can predict instability for equations that have no unstable solutions. C1 Brookhaven Natl Lab, AGS Dept, Upton, NY 11973 USA. RP Blaskiewicz, M (reprint author), Brookhaven Natl Lab, AGS Dept, Bldg 1005S, Upton, NY 11973 USA. NR 12 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1NO1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0094-243X BN 1-56396-910-6 J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 1999 VL 496 BP 231 EP 239 PG 9 WC Physics, Particles & Fields SC Physics GA BP29Y UT WOS:000084618400019 ER PT S AU Heifets, S AF Heifets, S BE Roser, T Zhang, SY TI Non-linear mode coupling and saw-tooth instability SO WORKSHOP ON INSTABILITIES OF HIGH INTENSITY HADRON BEAMS IN RINGS SE AIP CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Workshop on Instabilities of High Intensity Hadron Beams in Rings CY JUN 28-JUL 01, 1999 CL BROOKHAVEN NATL LAB, UPTON, NY SP Spallat Neutron Source HO BROOKHAVEN NATL LAB AB Dynamics of the longitudinal relaxation oscillations of a single bunch above the threshold of microwave instability is discussed. C1 Stanford Univ, Stanford Linear Accelerator Ctr, Stanford, CA 94309 USA. RP Heifets, S (reprint author), Stanford Univ, Stanford Linear Accelerator Ctr, POB 4349, Stanford, CA 94309 USA. NR 13 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1NO1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0094-243X BN 1-56396-910-6 J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 1999 VL 496 BP 240 EP 255 PG 16 WC Physics, Particles & Fields SC Physics GA BP29Y UT WOS:000084618400020 ER PT S AU Hahn, H AF Hahn, H BE Roser, T Zhang, SY TI The coupling impedance of the RHIC injection kicker system SO WORKSHOP ON INSTABILITIES OF HIGH INTENSITY HADRON BEAMS IN RINGS SE AIP CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Workshop on Instabilities of High Intensity Hadron Beams in Rings CY JUN 28-JUL 01, 1999 CL BROOKHAVEN NATL LAB, UPTON, NY SP Spallat Neutron Source HO BROOKHAVEN NATL LAB AB In this paper, results from impedance measurements on the RHIC injection kickers are reported. The kicker is configured as a "C" cross section magnet with interleaved ferrite and high-permittivity dielectric sections to achieve a, travelling wave structure. The impedance was measured using the wire method in which a resistive match provides a smooth transition from the network analyzer to the reference line in the set-up. Accurate results are obtained by interpreting the forward scattering coefficient via the log-formula. The four kickers with their ceramic beam tubes contribute a Z/n = 0.22 Omega/ring in the interesting frequency range from 0.1 to 1 GHz, and less above. At frequencies above similar to 100 MHz, the impedance is ferrite dominated and not affected by the kicker terminations. Below 100 MHz, the Blumlein pulser with the similar to 75 m feeding cables is visible in the impedance but makes no significant contribution to the results. The measurements show that the kicker coupling impedance is tolerable without the need for impedance reducing measures. C1 Brookhaven Natl Lab, Upton, NY 11973 USA. RP Hahn, H (reprint author), Brookhaven Natl Lab, Upton, NY 11973 USA. NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1NO1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0094-243X BN 1-56396-910-6 J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 1999 VL 496 BP 266 EP 275 PG 10 WC Physics, Particles & Fields SC Physics GA BP29Y UT WOS:000084618400022 ER PT S AU Wang, JG AF Wang, JG BE Roser, T Zhang, SY TI Longitudinal space charge impedance SO WORKSHOP ON INSTABILITIES OF HIGH INTENSITY HADRON BEAMS IN RINGS SE AIP CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Workshop on Instabilities of High Intensity Hadron Beams in Rings CY JUN 28-JUL 01, 1999 CL BROOKHAVEN NATL LAB, UPTON, NY SP Spallat Neutron Source HO BROOKHAVEN NATL LAB ID DOMINATED BEAMS AB We review the definition and concepts of the longitudinal space charge impedance, and the formulas for its calculations. The conditions, limitations, and corrections in applying these formulas are discussed. Especially, we emphasize the Various geometry factors associated with this parameter. C1 Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. RP Wang, JG (reprint author), Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. NR 15 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1NO1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0094-243X BN 1-56396-910-6 J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 1999 VL 496 BP 276 EP 284 PG 9 WC Physics, Particles & Fields SC Physics GA BP29Y UT WOS:000084618400023 ER PT S AU Dooling, JC Brumwell, FR McMichael, GE AF Dooling, JC Brumwell, FR McMichael, GE BE Roser, T Zhang, SY TI Impedance considerations for the Intense Pulsed Neutron Source (IPNS) Rapid Cycling Synchrotron (RCS) SO WORKSHOP ON INSTABILITIES OF HIGH INTENSITY HADRON BEAMS IN RINGS SE AIP CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Workshop on Instabilities of High Intensity Hadron Beams in Rings CY JUN 28-JUL 01, 1999 CL BROOKHAVEN NATL LAB, UPTON, NY SP Spallat Neutron Source HO BROOKHAVEN NATL LAB AB The use of Second Harmonic (SH) rf is being investigated to increase the RCS current limit. Hofmann-Pedersen distributions are employed to provide analytical guidance. The SH phase theta, is optimized using a numerical analysis to maximize transmission and minimize instabilities. The effect of the RCS stainless steel liner on the impedance of the machine is also discussed. C1 Argonne Natl Lab, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. RP Dooling, JC (reprint author), Argonne Natl Lab, 9700 S Cass Ave, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. NR 9 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1NO1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0094-243X BN 1-56396-910-6 J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 1999 VL 496 BP 285 EP 294 PG 10 WC Physics, Particles & Fields SC Physics GA BP29Y UT WOS:000084618400024 ER PT S AU Qin, H Davidson, RC Lee, WWL AF Qin, H Davidson, RC Lee, WWL BE Roser, T Zhang, SY TI 3D multispecies nonlinear perturbative particle simulations of collective instabilities in intense particle beams SO WORKSHOP ON INSTABILITIES OF HIGH INTENSITY HADRON BEAMS IN RINGS SE AIP CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Workshop on Instabilities of High Intensity Hadron Beams in Rings CY JUN 28-JUL 01, 1999 CL BROOKHAVEN NATL LAB, UPTON, NY SP Spallat Neutron Source HO BROOKHAVEN NATL LAB ID DELTA-F SIMULATION; FOCUSING FIELD; STABILITY THEOREM; PROPAGATION AB Collective instabilities in intense charged particle beams described self-consistently by the Vlasov-Maxwell equations are studied using a 3D multispecies nonlinear perturbative particle simulation method. The electron-proton (e-p) two-stream instability is observed in the simulations carried out with the newly-developed Beam Equilibrium Stability and Transport (BEST) code. This code provides an effective numerical tool to investigate collective instabilities, periodically-focused beam propagation in alternating-gradient focusing fields, halo formation, and other important nonlinear processes in intense beam propagation. C1 Princeton Univ, Plasma Phys Lab, Princeton, NJ 08543 USA. RP Qin, H (reprint author), Princeton Univ, Plasma Phys Lab, POB 451, Princeton, NJ 08543 USA. NR 19 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1NO1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0094-243X BN 1-56396-910-6 J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 1999 VL 496 BP 295 EP 304 PG 10 WC Physics, Particles & Fields SC Physics GA BP29Y UT WOS:000084618400025 ER PT S AU Wang, TSF AF Wang, TSF BE Roser, T Zhang, SY TI A simple simulation of electron-proton instability SO WORKSHOP ON INSTABILITIES OF HIGH INTENSITY HADRON BEAMS IN RINGS SE AIP CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Workshop on Instabilities of High Intensity Hadron Beams in Rings CY JUN 28-JUL 01, 1999 CL BROOKHAVEN NATL LAB, UPTON, NY SP Spallat Neutron Source HO BROOKHAVEN NATL LAB AB A computer program has been implemented for simulating the electron-proton instability of a partially neutralized long proton bunch. The simulation is based on a theoretical model that considers the motions of the proton-beam centroid and macro-particles representing electrons as well as the contribution of secondary emission of electrons due to impingement of particles on the beam pipe. Preliminary results from simulating the e-p instability in the PSR are consistent with earlier studies using the centroid model and qualitatively agree well with experimental observations. It is found that enhancement of the instability due to the electron multiplication occurs only when oscillation of the proton beam has grown to large amplitude. This simulation program can be also used to find the beam-intensity threshold for multipactoring. C1 Univ Calif Los Alamos Natl Lab, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. RP Wang, TSF (reprint author), Univ Calif Los Alamos Natl Lab, POB 1663, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. NR 13 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1NO1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0094-243X BN 1-56396-910-6 J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 1999 VL 496 BP 305 EP 314 PG 10 WC Physics, Particles & Fields SC Physics GA BP29Y UT WOS:000084618400026 ER PT S AU Danilov, V Aleksandrov, A Galambos, J Jeon, D Holmes, J Olsen, D AF Danilov, V Aleksandrov, A Galambos, J Jeon, D Holmes, J Olsen, D BE Roser, T Zhang, SY TI Multipacting on the trailing edge of proton beam bunches in the PSR and SNS SO WORKSHOP ON INSTABILITIES OF HIGH INTENSITY HADRON BEAMS IN RINGS SE AIP CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Workshop on Instabilities of High Intensity Hadron Beams in Rings CY JUN 28-JUL 01, 1999 CL BROOKHAVEN NATL LAB, UPTON, NY SP Spallat Neutron Source HO BROOKHAVEN NATL LAB AB The Proton Storage Ring (PSR) in Los Alamos has a fast intensity-limiting instability, which may result from an electron cloud interaction with the circulating proton beam leading to a transverse mode coupling instability. The most probable mechanism of the electron creation is multipacting. Though the effect depends on many parameters, a model is presented which predicts a large electron creation in the vacuum chamber. A comparison of this effect between the PSR in Los Alamos and the Spallation Neutron Source (SNS) in Oak Ridge is given. In addition, several possibilities to reduce multipactor are discussed. C1 Oak Ridge Natl Lab, SNS Project, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. RP Danilov, V (reprint author), Oak Ridge Natl Lab, SNS Project, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. NR 5 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 1 U2 1 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1NO1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0094-243X BN 1-56396-910-6 J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 1999 VL 496 BP 315 EP 320 PG 6 WC Physics, Particles & Fields SC Physics GA BP29Y UT WOS:000084618400027 ER PT S AU Blaskiewicz, M AF Blaskiewicz, M BE Roser, T Zhang, SY TI The fast loss electron proton instability SO WORKSHOP ON INSTABILITIES OF HIGH INTENSITY HADRON BEAMS IN RINGS SE AIP CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Workshop on Instabilities of High Intensity Hadron Beams in Rings CY JUN 28-JUL 01, 1999 CL BROOKHAVEN NATL LAB, UPTON, NY SP Spallat Neutron Source HO BROOKHAVEN NATL LAB AB The fast loss electron proton instability is studied both experimentally and theoretically. It is shown that electron multi-pactoring is required for fast beam loss. C1 Brookhaven Natl Lab, AGS Dept, Upton, NY 11973 USA. RP Blaskiewicz, M (reprint author), Brookhaven Natl Lab, AGS Dept, Upton, NY 11973 USA. NR 11 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1NO1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0094-243X BN 1-56396-910-6 J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 1999 VL 496 BP 321 EP 330 PG 10 WC Physics, Particles & Fields SC Physics GA BP29Y UT WOS:000084618400028 ER PT S AU Sebek, J Limborg, C AF Sebek, J Limborg, C BE Roser, T Zhang, SY TI Longitudinal relaxation oscillations induced by HOMs SO WORKSHOP ON INSTABILITIES OF HIGH INTENSITY HADRON BEAMS IN RINGS SE AIP CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Workshop on Instabilities of High Intensity Hadron Beams in Rings CY JUN 28-JUL 01, 1999 CL BROOKHAVEN NATL LAB, UPTON, NY SP Spallat Neutron Source HO BROOKHAVEN NATL LAB AB Taking advantage of the vastly different time scales of the problem, a simple analytical model of HOM induced relaxation oscillations has been developed. First a continuous approximation of the impulsive discrete forces is made. Then only the components of the force with the synchrotron frequency are retained to describe the slowly varying amplitude and frequency of the relaxation oscillation. A two particle version of this model reproduces the main characteristics of the system. C1 Stanford Linear Accelerator Ctr, SSRL, Stanford, CA 94309 USA. RP Sebek, J (reprint author), Stanford Linear Accelerator Ctr, SSRL, Stanford, CA 94309 USA. NR 6 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1NO1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0094-243X BN 1-56396-910-6 J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 1999 VL 496 BP 331 EP 340 PG 10 WC Physics, Particles & Fields SC Physics GA BP29Y UT WOS:000084618400029 ER PT S AU Stupakov, GV AF Stupakov, GV BE Roser, T Zhang, SY TI Surface impedance and synchronous modes SO WORKSHOP ON INSTABILITIES OF HIGH INTENSITY HADRON BEAMS IN RINGS SE AIP CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Workshop on Instabilities of High Intensity Hadron Beams in Rings CY JUN 28-JUL 01, 1999 CL BROOKHAVEN NATL LAB, UPTON, NY SP Spallat Neutron Source HO BROOKHAVEN NATL LAB ID COUPLING IMPEDANCE AB The concept of the surface impedance is applicable to the case, when obstacles on the surface of a vacuum chamber are small compared to characteristic dimensions of the problem. We apply this concept to the calculation of a synchronous mode that can propagate in a tube with slightly corrugated walls. We also show that such a mode can propagate in a pipe with a rough surface, or a perforated pipe with a large number of holes. C1 Stanford Univ, Stanford Linear Accelerator Ctr, Stanford, CA 94309 USA. RP Stupakov, GV (reprint author), Stanford Univ, Stanford Linear Accelerator Ctr, POB 4349, Stanford, CA 94309 USA. NR 18 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1NO1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0094-243X BN 1-56396-910-6 J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 1999 VL 496 BP 341 EP 350 PG 10 WC Physics, Particles & Fields SC Physics GA BP29Y UT WOS:000084618400030 ER PT S AU Tzenov, SI AF Tzenov, SI BE Roser, T Zhang, SY TI Nonlinear longitudinal waves in high energy stored beams SO WORKSHOP ON INSTABILITIES OF HIGH INTENSITY HADRON BEAMS IN RINGS SE AIP CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Workshop on Instabilities of High Intensity Hadron Beams in Rings CY JUN 28-JUL 01, 1999 CL BROOKHAVEN NATL LAB, UPTON, NY SP Spallat Neutron Source HO BROOKHAVEN NATL LAB AB We solve the Vlasov equation for the longitudinal distribution function and find stationary wave patterns when the distribution in the energy error is Maxwellian. In the long wavelength limit a stability criterion for linear waves has been obtained and a Korteweg-de Vries- Burgers equation for the relevant hydrodynamic quantities has been derived. C1 Stanford Univ, Stanford Linear Accelerator Ctr, Stanford, CA 94309 USA. RP Tzenov, SI (reprint author), Stanford Univ, Stanford Linear Accelerator Ctr, Stanford, CA 94309 USA. NR 8 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1NO1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0094-243X BN 1-56396-910-6 J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 1999 VL 496 BP 351 EP 360 PG 10 WC Physics, Particles & Fields SC Physics GA BP29Y UT WOS:000084618400031 ER PT S AU Kurennoy, SS AF Kurennoy, SS BE Roser, T Zhang, SY TI Space-charge impedance calculations in long-wavelength approximation SO WORKSHOP ON INSTABILITIES OF HIGH INTENSITY HADRON BEAMS IN RINGS SE AIP CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Workshop on Instabilities of High Intensity Hadron Beams in Rings CY JUN 28-JUL 01, 1999 CL BROOKHAVEN NATL LAB, UPTON, NY SP Spallat Neutron Source HO BROOKHAVEN NATL LAB AB Space-charge impedance calculations for smooth vacuum chambers with an arbitrary cross-section and perfectly conducting walls are considered in the long-wavelength approximation, when wb/(beta gamma c) much less than 1, where b is a typical transverse size. For the SNS beam energies beta gamma less than or equal to 1.8, and the wavelengths are long when lambda much greater than b. Within the long-wavelength approximation, the fields can be found by solving a 2-D electrostatic problem. Two examples are presented: the space-charge impedance of screening wires (RF-cage) and of a ceramic chamber with inner metal stripes. In addition, we explore the transverse space-charge impedance of a circular pipe with account of betatron oscillations in a wide frequency range. C1 Univ Calif Los Alamos Natl Lab, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. RP Kurennoy, SS (reprint author), Univ Calif Los Alamos Natl Lab, POB 1663, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. NR 11 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1NO1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0094-243X BN 1-56396-910-6 J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 1999 VL 496 BP 361 EP 370 PG 10 WC Physics, Particles & Fields SC Physics GA BP29Y UT WOS:000084618400032 ER PT S AU Dooling, JC Brumwell, FR McMichael, GE AF Dooling, JC Brumwell, FR McMichael, GE BE Roser, T Zhang, SY TI Bunch stabilization using rf phase modulation in the Intense Pulse Neutron Source (IPNS) Rapid Cycling Synchrotron (RCS) SO WORKSHOP ON INSTABILITIES OF HIGH INTENSITY HADRON BEAMS IN RINGS SE AIP CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Workshop on Instabilities of High Intensity Hadron Beams in Rings CY JUN 28-JUL 01, 1999 CL BROOKHAVEN NATL LAB, UPTON, NY SP Spallat Neutron Source HO BROOKHAVEN NATL LAB ID MOTION AB Phase modulation (PM) is used to increase the current limit in the IPNS RCS. A device referred to as a scrambler introduces a small oscillating phase between the two RCS rf cavities at approximately twice the synchrotron frequency, f(s). The modulation introduced by the scrambler generates longitudinal oscillations in the bunch at 2f(s). Modulations in the bunch are also observed transversely indicating a coupling between longitudinal and transverse motion. Comparing PM with amplitude modulation (AM), coupling to the beam is roughly equivalent at 2f(s). C1 Argonne Natl Lab, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. RP Dooling, JC (reprint author), Argonne Natl Lab, 9700 S Cass Ave, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. NR 11 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1NO1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0094-243X BN 1-56396-910-6 J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 1999 VL 496 BP 371 EP 380 PG 10 WC Physics, Particles & Fields SC Physics GA BP29Y UT WOS:000084618400033 ER PT S AU Heifets, S Stupakov, G Danilov, V AF Heifets, S Stupakov, G Danilov, V BE Roser, T Zhang, SY TI Comment to the kinematics of e-p multipactoring SO WORKSHOP ON INSTABILITIES OF HIGH INTENSITY HADRON BEAMS IN RINGS SE AIP CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Workshop on Instabilities of High Intensity Hadron Beams in Rings CY JUN 28-JUL 01, 1999 CL BROOKHAVEN NATL LAB, UPTON, NY SP Spallat Neutron Source HO BROOKHAVEN NATL LAB AB Simple comments are given on the mechanism of e-p multipactoring. We emphasize that beam instability is a factor which may be important for this effect. The comments are results of the discussion which authors have during the Workshop. C1 Stanford Univ, Stanford Linear Accelerator Ctr, Stanford, CA 94309 USA. RP Heifets, S (reprint author), Stanford Univ, Stanford Linear Accelerator Ctr, POB 4349, Stanford, CA 94309 USA. NR 4 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1NO1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0094-243X BN 1-56396-910-6 J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 1999 VL 496 BP 381 EP 382 PG 2 WC Physics, Particles & Fields SC Physics GA BP29Y UT WOS:000084618400034 ER PT S AU Blaskiewicz, M Dooling, J Dyachkov, A Fedotov, A Gluckstern, R Hahn, H Huang, H Kurennoy, S Linnecar, T Shaposhnikova, E Stupakov, G Toyama, T Wang, JG Weng, WT Zhang, SY Zotter, B AF Blaskiewicz, M Dooling, J Dyachkov, A Fedotov, A Gluckstern, R Hahn, H Huang, H Kurennoy, S Linnecar, T Shaposhnikova, E Stupakov, G Toyama, T Wang, JG Weng, WT Zhang, SY Zotter, B BE Roser, T Zhang, SY TI Impedance group summary SO WORKSHOP ON INSTABILITIES OF HIGH INTENSITY HADRON BEAMS IN RINGS SE AIP CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Workshop on Instabilities of High Intensity Hadron Beams in Rings CY JUN 28-JUL 01, 1999 CL BROOKHAVEN NATL LAB, UPTON, NY SP Spallat Neutron Source HO BROOKHAVEN NATL LAB C1 Brookhaven Natl Lab, Upton, NY 11973 USA. RP Blaskiewicz, M (reprint author), Brookhaven Natl Lab, Bldg 911B, Upton, NY 11973 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1NO1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0094-243X BN 1-56396-910-6 J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 1999 VL 496 BP 385 EP 390 PG 6 WC Physics, Particles & Fields SC Physics GA BP29Y UT WOS:000084618400035 ER PT S AU Brennan, M Brown, K Cappi, R Chou, W Linnecar, T Prior, C Rees, G Roser, T Shaposhnikova, E Yoshi, M VanAsselt, W AF Brennan, M Brown, K Cappi, R Chou, W Linnecar, T Prior, C Rees, G Roser, T Shaposhnikova, E Yoshi, M VanAsselt, W BE Roser, T Zhang, SY TI Short high-intensity bunches group summary SO WORKSHOP ON INSTABILITIES OF HIGH INTENSITY HADRON BEAMS IN RINGS SE AIP CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Workshop on Instabilities of High Intensity Hadron Beams in Rings CY JUN 28-JUL 01, 1999 CL BROOKHAVEN NATL LAB, UPTON, NY SP Spallat Neutron Source HO BROOKHAVEN NATL LAB C1 Brookhaven Natl Lab, Upton, NY 11973 USA. RP Brennan, M (reprint author), Brookhaven Natl Lab, Bldg 911B, Upton, NY 11973 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1NO1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0094-243X BN 1-56396-910-6 J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 1999 VL 496 BP 407 EP 410 PG 4 WC Physics, Particles & Fields SC Physics GA BP29Y UT WOS:000084618400037 ER PT S AU Hoisie, A Lubeck, O Wasserman, H AF Hoisie, A Lubeck, O Wasserman, H BE Cooperman, G Jessen, E Michler, G TI Performance analysis of wavefront algorithms on very-large scale distributed systems SO WORKSHOP ON WIDE AREA NETWORKS AND HIGH PERFORMANCE COMPUTING SE Lecture Notes in Control and Information Sciences LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Workshop on High Performance Computing and Gigabit Wide Area Networks CY SEP 01-05, 1998 CL ESSEN UNIV, INST EXPTL MATH, ESSEN, GERMANY HO ESSEN UNIV, INST EXPTL MATH AB We present a model for the parallel performance of algorithms that consist of concurrent, two-dimensional wavefronts implemented in a message passing environment. The model combines the separate contributions of computation and communication wavefronts. We validate the model on three important supercomputer systems, on up to 500 processors. We use data from a deterministic particle transport application taken from the ASCI workload, although the model is general to any wavefront algorithm implemented on a 2-D processor domain. We also use the validated model to make estimates of performance and scalability of wavefront algorithms on 100-TFLOPS computer systems expected to be in existence within the next decade as part of the ASCI program and elsewhere. On such machines our analysis shows that, contrary to conventional wisdom, inter-processor commmuication performance is not the bottleneck. Single-node efficiency is the dominant factor. C1 Los Alamos Natl Lab, Sci Comp Grp, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. RP Los Alamos Natl Lab, Sci Comp Grp, POB 1663, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. EM hoisie@lanl.gov; oml@lanl.gov; hjw@lanl.gov NR 19 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG LONDON LTD PI GODALMING PA SWEETAPPLE HOUSE CATTESHALL RD FARNCOMBE, GODALMING GU7 1NH, SURREY, ENGLAND SN 0170-8643 BN 1-85233-642-0 J9 LECT NOTES CONTR INF PY 1999 VL 249 BP 171 EP 187 PG 17 WC Automation & Control Systems; Computer Science, Information Systems SC Automation & Control Systems; Computer Science GA BU01M UT WOS:000174706600013 ER PT B AU Petrie, G Perry, EM AF Petrie, G Perry, EM BE Torres, M Sanchez, B Wills, E TI Large area change detection optimized with spatial attributes SO WORLD MULTICONFERENCE ON SYSTEMICS, CYBERNETICS AND INFORMATICS, VOL 8, PROCEEDINGS: CONCEPTS AND APPLICATIONS OF SYSTEMICS, CYBERNETICS AND INFORMATICS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT World Multiconference on Systemics, Cybernetics and Informatics/5th International Conference on Information Systems, Analysis and Synthesis (ISAS 99) CY JUL 31-AUG 04, 1999 CL ORLANDO, FL SP Int Inst Informat & System, IEEE Comp Soc, Venezuela Chapter, World Org System & Cybernet, Int Federat Syst Res, Int Soc Syst Sci, Int Syst Inst, CUST, Int Inst Av Studies Syst Res & Cybernet, Soc Appl Syst Res, Cybernet & Human Knowing, Cent Univ Venezuela, Simon Bolivar Univ DE image change detection; mufti-temporal image processing AB An important remote sensing activity is monitoring very broad areas of the earth's surface, with diverse physical and cultural characteristics, for consequential changes over time. This inherently difficult effort can be further complicated by limited budget, human resources, and time. To help meet these challenges, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory has been developing a change detection methodology that is optimized for broad area search. This methodology exploits not only the remotely-measured spectral changes, but also the context or spatial information. Its development was motivated by previous work which strongly suggested that by synergistically combining 'orthogonal' spatial and spectral information it would be possible to greatly increase the identification and characterization of subtle changes. This methodology can be conveniently broken down into 5 steps of: 1. Identifying raw (spectral) differences, 2. Grouping individual change pixels into objects, 3. Calculating geometric attributes for each object, 4. Adding GIS attributes to each object, and 5. Performing rule based selection on the attributed objects The eventual product is a GIS layer with objects ranked by likelihood of significant change (as defined by the particular application). These rankings can in turn be used to optimize expensive sensor systems and human analysis resources that could not normally be applied to large areas because of cost and time considerations. In this paper we describe these methods and provide example based on satellite imagery. C1 Pacific NW Natl Labs, Remote Sensing Grp, Richland, WA 99353 USA. RP Petrie, G (reprint author), Pacific NW Natl Labs, Remote Sensing Grp, Richland, WA 99353 USA. NR 4 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 1 PU INT INST INFORMATICS & SYSTEMICS PI ORLANDO PA 14269 LORD BARCLAY DR, ORLANDO, FL 32837 USA BN 980-07-5919-0 PY 1999 BP 330 EP 334 PG 5 WC Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence; Computer Science, Cybernetics; Computer Science, Information Systems; Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications SC Computer Science GA BU36Y UT WOS:000175785400054 ER PT S AU Dunn, J Osterheld, AL Shlyaptsev, VN Li, YL Nilsen, J Shepherd, R Da Silva, LB AF Dunn, J Osterheld, AL Shlyaptsev, VN Li, YL Nilsen, J Shepherd, R Da Silva, LB BE Kato, Y Takuma, H Daido, H TI Progress in table-top transient collisional excitation x-ray lasers at LLNL SO X-RAY LASERS 1998 SE INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS CONFERENCE SERIES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 6th International Conference on X-Ray Lasers CY AUG 31-SEP 04, 1998 CL KYOTO, JAPAN SP Japan Atomic Energy Res Inst, Osaka Univ, Japan Soc Appl Phys, Laser Soc Japan ID GAIN; AMPLIFICATION; NM AB We present progress in experiments for high efficiency Ne-like and Ni-like ion x-ray lasers using the transient collisional excitation scheme. Experimental results have been obtained on the COMET 15 TW table-top laser system at the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL). The plasma formation, ionization and collisional excitation of the x-ray laser have been optimized using two sequential laser pulses of 600 ps and 1 ps duration with an optional pre-pulse. We have observed high gains up to 55 cm(-1) in Ne-like and Ni-like ion schemes for various atomic numbers. We report strong output for the 4d - 4p line in lower Z Ni-like ion sequence for Mo to Y, lasing from similar to 190 Angstrom to 240 Angstrom, by pumping with less than 5 J energy on target. C1 Univ Calif Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, ILSA, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. Univ Calif Davis Livermore, Dept Appl Sci, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. RP Dunn, J (reprint author), Univ Calif Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, ILSA, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. NR 19 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 1 U2 1 PU IOP PUBLISHING LTD PI BRISTOL PA TECHNO HOUSE, REDCLIFFE WAY, BRISTOL, ENGLAND BS1 6NX SN 0951-3248 BN 0-7503-0592-4 J9 INST PHYS CONF SER PY 1999 VL 159 BP 51 EP 58 PG 8 WC Optics; Physics, Applied; Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Optics; Physics GA BM90P UT WOS:000080081900010 ER PT S AU Zhang, J Wolfrum, E MacPhee, A Lin, J Key, MH Lewis, CLS Nilsen, J O'Rourke, RMN Smith, R Tallents, GJ Wark, JS AF Zhang, J Wolfrum, E MacPhee, A Lin, J Key, MH Lewis, CLS Nilsen, J O'Rourke, RMN Smith, R Tallents, GJ Wark, JS BE Kato, Y Takuma, H Daido, H TI Experiments of the saturated Ni-like x-ray lasers driven by a double 75 ps laser pulse SO X-RAY LASERS 1998 SE INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS CONFERENCE SERIES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 6th International Conference on X-Ray Lasers CY AUG 31-SEP 04, 1998 CL KYOTO, JAPAN SP Japan Atomic Energy Res Inst, Osaka Univ, Japan Soc Appl Phys, Laser Soc Japan ID XUV LASER; NM; IONS; OUTPUT AB We report here the experiments of the saturated Ni-like x-ray lasers at 14 -6 nm from a refraction compensating double target driven at 20 TW.cm(-2) by a pair of 75 ps Nd-glass laser pulses separated by 2.2 ns. The output source size as well as the time history, divergence, energy and spatial profile of the output beams of the Ni-like x-ray lasers have been fully characterised. The narrow divergence (similar to 1 mrad), short pulse duration (similar to 40 ps), high efficiency (similar to 10(-6)) and high brightness (similar to 10(25) photons.s(-1).mm(-2).mrad(-2) of these Ni-like x-ray lasers make them ideal candidates for x-ray laser applications. C1 Univ Oxford, Dept Phys, Oxford OX1 3PU, England. Queens Univ Belfast, Dept Pure & Appl Phys, Belfast BT7 1NN, Antrim, North Ireland. Univ Essex, Dept Phys, Colchester CO4 3SQ, Essex, England. Univ Calif Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. RP Zhang, J (reprint author), Chinese Acad Sci, Inst Phys, POB 603, Beijing 100080, Peoples R China. NR 16 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU IOP PUBLISHING LTD PI BRISTOL PA TECHNO HOUSE, REDCLIFFE WAY, BRISTOL, ENGLAND BS1 6NX SN 0951-3248 BN 0-7503-0592-4 J9 INST PHYS CONF SER PY 1999 VL 159 BP 67 EP 70 PG 4 WC Optics; Physics, Applied; Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Optics; Physics GA BM90P UT WOS:000080081900012 ER PT S AU Daido, H Sebban, S Sakaya, N Norimatsu, T Jitsuno, T Yoon, GY Mima, K Kato, Y Wang, S Gu, Y Huang, G Tang, H Murai, K Klisnick, A Zeitoun, P Butzbach, R Uschmann, I Vollbrecht, M Foerster, E Nilsen, J Zhang, G Desai, T Takenaka, H Koike, F Namikawa, K Arakawa, E AF Daido, H Sebban, S Sakaya, N Norimatsu, T Jitsuno, T Yoon, GY Mima, K Kato, Y Wang, S Gu, Y Huang, G Tang, H Murai, K Klisnick, A Zeitoun, P Butzbach, R Uschmann, I Vollbrecht, M Foerster, E Nilsen, J Zhang, G Desai, T Takenaka, H Koike, F Namikawa, K Arakawa, E BE Kato, Y Takuma, H Daido, H TI High brightness Ni-like soft x-ray lasers for various applications SO X-RAY LASERS 1998 SE INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS CONFERENCE SERIES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 6th International Conference on X-Ray Lasers CY AUG 31-SEP 04, 1998 CL KYOTO, JAPAN SP Japan Atomic Energy Res Inst, Osaka Univ, Japan Soc Appl Phys, Laser Soc Japan ID 7.9 NM; TARGET; IONS; LINE AB we report experimental results on Ni-like x-ray lasers at the wavelength range between 14 nm and 4 nm. The performance of x-ray lasing pumped by a train of 100 ps pulses was investigated. Double pass amplification using a soft x-ray mirror was tested at 7.9 nm. Based on these results, two curved targets were placed in series to double the gain length. Two opposing laser beams irradiated the double targets with a suitable time difference for traveling wave pumping. Most of the time, the on-axis spectra of the x-ray laser emission were measured with 2 grazing-incidence spectrometers placed on opposite sides with a soft x-ray CCD on one side and a streak camera on another side for angle resolved (but time-integrated) and time-resolved measurements, respectively. The double target amplification was successfully demonstrated with two beam irradiation for Ag, Nd, Yb, Hf and Ta lasing. The x-ray laser intensity amplified along the traveling wave has increased over an order of magnitude in comparison to that against the traveling wave with significant reduction of beam divergence. The higher atomic number x-ray lasing strongly depends upon the transverse distance of the two targets. We estimated absolute photon flux from the x-ray lasers using calibrated grazing incidence spectrometer and CCD. Based on the experimental results we will discuss on the applications of super high brightness soft x-ray source. C1 Osaka Univ, Inst Laser Engn, Osaka 5650871, Japan. Natl Lab High Power Lasers & Phys, Shanghai, Peoples R China. MITI, AIST, Osaka Natl Res Inst, Osaka 5638577, Japan. Univ Paris Sud, LSAI, F-91405 Orsay, France. Univ Jena, D-07743 Jena, Germany. Univ Calif Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA 94551 USA. Inst Appl Phys & Computat Math, Beijing 100088, Peoples R China. Ctr Adv Technol, Indore, Madhya Pradesh, India. NTT AT, Musashino, Tokyo 180, Japan. Tokyo Gakugei Univ, Dept Phys, Koganei, Tokyo 18488501, Japan. Kitasato Univ, Sch Med, Phys Lab, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 228, Japan. RP Daido, H (reprint author), Osaka Univ, Inst Laser Engn, Osaka 5650871, Japan. RI Klisnick, Annie/C-5532-2008; Klisnick, Annie/F-1152-2011; Norimatsu, Takayoshi/I-5710-2015; Mima, Kunioki/H-9014-2016 NR 13 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 2 PU IOP PUBLISHING LTD PI BRISTOL PA TECHNO HOUSE, REDCLIFFE WAY, BRISTOL, ENGLAND BS1 6NX SN 0951-3248 BN 0-7503-0592-4 J9 INST PHYS CONF SER PY 1999 VL 159 BP 83 EP 90 PG 8 WC Optics; Physics, Applied; Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Optics; Physics GA BM90P UT WOS:000080081900016 ER PT S AU Nilsen, J Li, YL Dunn, J Osterheld, AL AF Nilsen, J Li, YL Dunn, J Osterheld, AL BE Kato, Y Takuma, H Daido, H TI Progress in understanding the short-pulse-driven collisional X-ray lasers SO X-RAY LASERS 1998 SE INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS CONFERENCE SERIES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 6th International Conference on X-Ray Lasers CY AUG 31-SEP 04, 1998 CL KYOTO, JAPAN SP Japan Atomic Energy Res Inst, Osaka Univ, Japan Soc Appl Phys, Laser Soc Japan ID TRANSIENT GAIN; AMPLIFICATION; TRANSITIONS AB Recently, the technique of using a nsec pulse to preform and ionize the plasma followed by a psec pulse to heat the plasma has enabled low-Z neon-like and nickel-like ions to lase driven by small lasers with only ten joules of energy. In this work we model recent experiments done using the COMET laser at LLNL to illuminate 1 cm long slab targets of Ti with a 4.8 J, 800 ps prepulse followed 1.6 nsec later by a 6 J, 1 psec drive pulse. The LASNEX code is used to calculate the hydrodynamic evolution of the plasma and provide the temperatures and densities to the XRASER code, which then does the kinetics calculations to determine the gain. The temporal and spatial evolution of the plasma is studied both with and without radiation transport included for the 3d and 3s --> 2p Ne-like Ti resonance lines. Large regions with gains greater than 80 cm(-1) are predicted for the 3p S-1(0) --> 3s P-1(1) Ne-like Ti laser line at 326 Angstrom. Given the large gain and large gradients in these plasmas, we do propagation calculations including refraction to understand which regions have the right combination of high gain and low gradients to contribute to the X-ray laser output. Calculations are also presented using different delays between the long and short pulse and different widths for the short pulse to provide better insight for optimizing the laser output. In addition to the standard 326 A laser line, high gain is also predicted and observed for the 3d P-1(1) --> 3p P-1(1) laser line at 301 Angstrom in Ne-like Ti. We present calculations with and without radiation transport included on the strong 3d P-1(1) --> 2p S-1(0) resonance line to better understand this self photopumping effect. We also look at the analog transition in Ni-like ions to understand if self photopumping may also play a role in Ni-like ions. High gain is predicted on the 3d(9) 4f P-1(1) --> 3d(9) 4d P-1(1) Ni-like transition and this line has recently been observed at 226 Angstrom in Ni-like Mo. C1 Univ Calif Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. RP Nilsen, J (reprint author), Univ Calif Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. NR 6 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU IOP PUBLISHING LTD PI BRISTOL PA TECHNO HOUSE, REDCLIFFE WAY, BRISTOL, ENGLAND BS1 6NX SN 0951-3248 BN 0-7503-0592-4 J9 INST PHYS CONF SER PY 1999 VL 159 BP 123 EP 130 PG 8 WC Optics; Physics, Applied; Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Optics; Physics GA BM90P UT WOS:000080081900024 ER PT S AU Osterheld, AL Dunn, J Shlyaptsev, VN AF Osterheld, AL Dunn, J Shlyaptsev, VN BE Kato, Y Takuma, H Daido, H TI Characterization of transient gain x-ray lasers SO X-RAY LASERS 1998 SE INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS CONFERENCE SERIES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 6th International Conference on X-Ray Lasers CY AUG 31-SEP 04, 1998 CL KYOTO, JAPAN SP Japan Atomic Energy Res Inst, Osaka Univ, Japan Soc Appl Phys, Laser Soc Japan AB We have performed numerical simulations of the transient collisional excitation Ni-like Pd 4d --> 4p J = 0 --> 147 Angstrom laser transition recently observed at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL). The high gain similar to 35 cm(-1) results from the experiment are compared with detailed modeling simulations from the 1-D RADEX code in order to better understand the main physics issues affecting the measured gain and x-ray laser propagation along the plasma column. Simulations indicate that the transient gain lifetime associated with the short pulse pumping and refraction of the x-ray laser beam out of the gain region are the main detrimental effects. Gain lifetimes of similar to 7 ps (1/e decay) are inferred from the smoothly changing gain experimental observations and are in good agreement with the simulations. Furthermore, the modeling results indicate the presence of a longer-lived but lower gain later in time associated with the transition from transient to quasi-steady state excitation. C1 Univ Calif Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. Univ Calif Davis Livermore, Dept Appl Sci, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. RP Osterheld, AL (reprint author), Univ Calif Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. NR 7 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU IOP PUBLISHING LTD PI BRISTOL PA TECHNO HOUSE, REDCLIFFE WAY, BRISTOL, ENGLAND BS1 6NX SN 0951-3248 BN 0-7503-0592-4 J9 INST PHYS CONF SER PY 1999 VL 159 BP 131 EP 134 PG 4 WC Optics; Physics, Applied; Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Optics; Physics GA BM90P UT WOS:000080081900025 ER PT S AU Nilsen, J Li, YL Dunn, J Osterheld, AL AF Nilsen, J Li, YL Dunn, J Osterheld, AL BE Kato, Y Takuma, H Daido, H TI Measuring the wavelengths of the Ni-like 4d(1)S(0)-> 4p(1)P(1) and 4f(1)P(1)-> 4d(1)P(1) X-ray laser lines SO X-RAY LASERS 1998 SE INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS CONFERENCE SERIES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 6th International Conference on X-Ray Lasers CY AUG 31-SEP 04, 1998 CL KYOTO, JAPAN SP Japan Atomic Energy Res Inst, Osaka Univ, Japan Soc Appl Phys, Laser Soc Japan AB In this work we present measurements of the wavelengths of the nickel-like 3d(9) 4d S-1(0) --> 3d9 4p P-1(1) X-ray laser line in several low-Z nickel-like ions ranging from yttrium (Z=39) to cadmium (Z=48). With the help of these laser results, we identify this line to very high accuracy in nonlasing plasmas from gallium (Z=31) to molybdenum (Z=42). The measured wavelengths are compared with optimized level calculations using the multi-configuration Dirac-Fock code of Grant et al. As an example, for yttrium, we calculate a wavelength of 240.2 Angstrom, and measure wavelengths of 240.11 +/- 0.30 Angstrom in the lasing plasma and 240.135 +/- 0.015 Angstrom in the nonlasing plasma. Accurate values of these wavelengths are essential for performing plasma imaging and interferometry experiments with multilayer optics which use the X-ray laser to backlight other plasmas. These results also provide important atomic data which is currently missing about the energy of the 4d S-1(0) level in the Ni I sequence and help guide experimentalists who are looking for lasing in these materials for the first time. We also observe lasing on the nickel-like 3d(9) 4f P-1(1) --> 3d(9) 4d P-1(1) X-ray laser line in Zr, Nb, and Mo and present measured wavelengths for these ions as well as predicted values for other nearby ions. C1 Univ Calif Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. Russian Acad Sci, Inst Spect, Troitsk 142092, Moscow Region, Russia. RP Nilsen, J (reprint author), Univ Calif Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. NR 4 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU IOP PUBLISHING LTD PI BRISTOL PA TECHNO HOUSE, REDCLIFFE WAY, BRISTOL, ENGLAND BS1 6NX SN 0951-3248 BN 0-7503-0592-4 J9 INST PHYS CONF SER PY 1999 VL 159 BP 135 EP 138 PG 4 WC Optics; Physics, Applied; Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Optics; Physics GA BM90P UT WOS:000080081900026 ER PT S AU Bender, HA Grantham, SE Shlyaptsev, VN Rocca, JJ Richardson, MC Silfvast, WT AF Bender, HA Grantham, SE Shlyaptsev, VN Rocca, JJ Richardson, MC Silfvast, WT BE Kato, Y Takuma, H Daido, H TI High resolution temporal & spatial mapping of the electron density in a capillary discharge pumped soft x-ray laser amplifier using sub-ps optical interferometry SO X-RAY LASERS 1998 SE INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS CONFERENCE SERIES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 6th International Conference on X-Ray Lasers CY AUG 31-SEP 04, 1998 CL KYOTO, JAPAN SP Japan Atomic Energy Res Inst, Osaka Univ, Japan Soc Appl Phys, Laser Soc Japan AB We report the results of experiments that directly probe the spatial and temporal evolution of the electron density in a capillary discharge soft x-ray amplifier. A sub-ps laser at 422 nm was used in combination with a Mach-Zehnder interferometer to perform pulsed laser interferometry of a capillary discharge amplifier operated at the conditions observed to produce gain in Ne-like Ar at 46.9 nm. A sequence of interferograms was obtained which maps the entire evolution of the electron density distribution during excitation by a fast current pulse. C1 Univ Cent Florida, Ctr Res & Educ Opt & Lasers, Orlando, FL 32816 USA. Univ Calif Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. Colorado State Univ, Dept Elect Engn, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. RP Bender, HA (reprint author), Univ Cent Florida, Ctr Res & Educ Opt & Lasers, Orlando, FL 32816 USA. NR 6 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU IOP PUBLISHING LTD PI BRISTOL PA TECHNO HOUSE, REDCLIFFE WAY, BRISTOL, ENGLAND BS1 6NX SN 0951-3248 BN 0-7503-0592-4 J9 INST PHYS CONF SER PY 1999 VL 159 BP 167 EP 170 PG 4 WC Optics; Physics, Applied; Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Optics; Physics GA BM90P UT WOS:000080081900034 ER PT S AU Osterheld, AL Shlyaptsev, V Dunn, J Rocca, JJ Marconi, MC Moreno, CH Gonzales, JJ Frati, M Nickles, PV Kalashnikov, MP Sandner, W AF Osterheld, AL Shlyaptsev, V Dunn, J Rocca, JJ Marconi, MC Moreno, CH Gonzales, JJ Frati, M Nickles, PV Kalashnikov, MP Sandner, W BE Kato, Y Takuma, H Daido, H TI Modeling of laser produced plasma and Z-pinch X-ray lasers SO X-RAY LASERS 1998 SE INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS CONFERENCE SERIES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 6th International Conference on X-Ray Lasers CY AUG 31-SEP 04, 1998 CL KYOTO, JAPAN SP Japan Atomic Energy Res Inst, Osaka Univ, Japan Soc Appl Phys, Laser Soc Japan ID 2-DIMENSIONAL NEAR-FIELD; TRANSIENT GAIN; PREPULSE TECHNIQUE; AMPLIFICATION; NM AB In this work we describe our theoretical activities in two directions of interest. First, we discuss progress in modeling laser produced plasmas mostly related to transient collisional excitation scheme experiments with Ne- and recently with Ni-like ions. Calculations related to the delay between laser pulses, transient gain duration and hybrid laser/capillary approach are described in more detail. Second, the capillary discharge plasma research, extended to wider range of currents and rise-times has been outlined. We have systematically evaluated the major plasma and atomic kinetic properties by comparing near- and far-field X-ray laser output with that for the capillary Argon X-ray laser operating under typical current values. Consistent with the experiment insight was obtained for the 469 Angstrom X-ray laser shadowgraphy experiments with very small kiloamp currents. At higher currents, as much as similar to 200 kA, we evaluated plasma temperature, density and compared x-ray source size and emitted spectra. C1 Univ Calif Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. Colorado State Univ, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. Max Born Inst, Berlin, Germany. UC Davis, ILSA, Davis, CA USA. RP Osterheld, AL (reprint author), Univ Calif Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. NR 24 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 1 PU IOP PUBLISHING LTD PI BRISTOL PA TECHNO HOUSE, REDCLIFFE WAY, BRISTOL, ENGLAND BS1 6NX SN 0951-3248 BN 0-7503-0592-4 J9 INST PHYS CONF SER PY 1999 VL 159 BP 353 EP 362 PG 10 WC Optics; Physics, Applied; Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Optics; Physics GA BM90P UT WOS:000080081900073 ER PT S AU More, R Kato, T AF More, R Kato, T BE Kato, Y Takuma, H Daido, H TI Near LTE linear symmetric response matrix with a collisional radiative model for He-like Al ions SO X-RAY LASERS 1998 SE INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS CONFERENCE SERIES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 6th International Conference on X-Ray Lasers CY AUG 31-SEP 04, 1998 CL KYOTO, JAPAN SP Japan Atomic Energy Res Inst, Osaka Univ, Japan Soc Appl Phys, Laser Soc Japan ID PLASMAS AB This paper establishes a connection between atomic kinetics and nonequilibrium thermodynamics, using a collisional-radiative model modified to include line absorption. Steady-state emission is calculated for He-like aluminum immersed in a specified radiation field having fixed deviations from a Planck spectrum. The calculated net emission is presented as a NLTE response matrix. In agreement with a rigorous general rule of non-equilibrium thermodynamics, the linear response is symmetric. We compute the response matrix for 1% and +/- 50% changes in the photon temperature and find linear response over a surprisingly large range. C1 Univ Calif Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. Natl Inst Fus Sci, Gifu, Japan. RP More, R (reprint author), Univ Calif Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. NR 4 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU IOP PUBLISHING LTD PI BRISTOL PA TECHNO HOUSE, REDCLIFFE WAY, BRISTOL, ENGLAND BS1 6NX SN 0951-3248 BN 0-7503-0592-4 J9 INST PHYS CONF SER PY 1999 VL 159 BP 411 EP 414 PG 4 WC Optics; Physics, Applied; Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Optics; Physics GA BM90P UT WOS:000080081900084 ER PT S AU Nilsen, J Moreno, JC Barbee, TW Da Silva, LB AF Nilsen, J Moreno, JC Barbee, TW Da Silva, LB BE Kato, Y Takuma, H Daido, H TI 2D spatial gain profiles in multiple-pulse driven Ne-like Ge lasers SO X-RAY LASERS 1998 SE INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS CONFERENCE SERIES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 6th International Conference on X-Ray Lasers CY AUG 31-SEP 04, 1998 CL KYOTO, JAPAN SP Japan Atomic Energy Res Inst, Osaka Univ, Japan Soc Appl Phys, Laser Soc Japan ID X-RAY LASER AB In this paper, we present the direct spatial measurement of the two-dimensional gain profiles for the Ne-like Ge 196 Angstrom laser line using a slab target illuminated by the multiple pulse technique. To understand the spatial dependence for Ge plasmas driven by a series of 100 ps pulses 400 ps apart we did a series of Nova experiments backlighting short Ge amplifiers. Two-dimensional, high-resolution, spatial images of the 196 A laser emission from the output aperture of the amplifiers were measured to determine the spatial position of the gain. The amplifier lengths were chosen to be short enough to avoid the significant refraction effects which have dominated the analysis of previous near field imaging experiments. To assure good temporal overlap, the traveling wave geometry was used to illuminate both the amplifier and backfighter. The amplifier design included a wire fiducial that provided an absolute spatial reference and avoided the usual difficulty of determining the location of the target surface. We compare the measured spatial gain profiles with simulations done using LASNEX, which calculates the hydrodynamic evolution of the plasma, and XRASER, which uses the temperatures and densities from LASNEX to do the gain and kinetics calculations. These experiments are the last X-ray laser experiments done on Nova and represent the end of an era. C1 Univ Calif Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. RP Nilsen, J (reprint author), Univ Calif Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. NR 5 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU IOP PUBLISHING LTD PI BRISTOL PA TECHNO HOUSE, REDCLIFFE WAY, BRISTOL, ENGLAND BS1 6NX SN 0951-3248 BN 0-7503-0592-4 J9 INST PHYS CONF SER PY 1999 VL 159 BP 475 EP 478 PG 4 WC Optics; Physics, Applied; Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Optics; Physics GA BM90P UT WOS:000080081900100 ER PT S AU Hutchinson, MHR Ditmire, T Springate, E Tisch, JWG Mason, MB Marangos, JP Smith, RA AF Hutchinson, MHR Ditmire, T Springate, E Tisch, JWG Mason, MB Marangos, JP Smith, RA BE Kato, Y Takuma, H Daido, H TI The interaction of femtosecond, high-intensity laser pulses with clusters SO X-RAY LASERS 1998 SE INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS CONFERENCE SERIES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 6th International Conference on X-Ray Lasers CY AUG 31-SEP 04, 1998 CL KYOTO, JAPAN SP Japan Atomic Energy Res Inst, Osaka Univ, Japan Soc Appl Phys, Laser Soc Japan ID ATOMIC CLUSTERS; XE CLUSTERS; IRRADIATION; EXPLOSION; PLASMAS; GAS AB The interaction of an intense laser pulse of sub picosecond duration with clusters of noble gas atoms is discussed. The clusters absorb the radiation strongly and dissociate, giving rise to energetic electrons and ions. C1 Univ London Imperial Coll Sci Technol & Med, Blackett Lab, London SW 2BZ, England. Rutherford Appleton Lab, Cent Laser Facil, Didcot OX11 0QX, Oxon, England. Univ Calif Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA 94551 USA. RP Hutchinson, MHR (reprint author), Univ London Imperial Coll Sci Technol & Med, Blackett Lab, Prince Consort Rd, London SW 2BZ, England. NR 16 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 1 PU IOP PUBLISHING LTD PI BRISTOL PA TECHNO HOUSE, REDCLIFFE WAY, BRISTOL, ENGLAND BS1 6NX SN 0951-3248 BN 0-7503-0592-4 J9 INST PHYS CONF SER PY 1999 VL 159 BP 507 EP 514 PG 8 WC Optics; Physics, Applied; Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Optics; Physics GA BM90P UT WOS:000080081900108 ER PT S AU Levashov, VE Uspenskii, YA Vinogradov, AV Fedorenko, AI Kondratenko, VV Pershin, YP Zubarev, EN Mrowka, S Schafers, F AF Levashov, VE Uspenskii, YA Vinogradov, AV Fedorenko, AI Kondratenko, VV Pershin, YP Zubarev, EN Mrowka, S Schafers, F BE Kato, Y Takuma, H Daido, H TI Sc-Si normal incidence mirrors for a VUV interval of 35-50 nm SO X-RAY LASERS 1998 SE INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS CONFERENCE SERIES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 6th International Conference on X-Ray Lasers CY AUG 31-SEP 04, 1998 CL KYOTO, JAPAN SP Japan Atomic Energy Res Inst, Osaka Univ, Japan Soc Appl Phys, Laser Soc Japan ID MULTILAYER MIRRORS AB The Sc/Si multilayers are suggested as high-reflectivity coatings for a VUV interval of 35-50 nm. Fabricated mirrors show the normal incidence reflectivity of 30-50 % which is high enough to effectively manipulate the beams of synchrotron radiation and compact discharge and laser driven X-ray lasers. The obtained values are not, however, limiting for the Sc/Si coatings. Theoretical estimations as well as electron microscopy studies of Sc-Si interfaces indicate a large potential for a further rise of the reflectivity. C1 Russian Acad Sci, PN Lebedev Phys Inst, Moscow 117924, Russia. Kharkiv State Polytech Univ, UA-310002 Kharkiv, Ukraine. Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Ctr Xray Opt, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. BESSY, Berlin, Germany. RP Levashov, VE (reprint author), Russian Acad Sci, PN Lebedev Phys Inst, Leninskii Prosp 53, Moscow 117924, Russia. RI Uspenskii, Yurii/L-6205-2015; Vinogradov, Alexander/M-5331-2015 NR 11 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU IOP PUBLISHING LTD PI BRISTOL PA TECHNO HOUSE, REDCLIFFE WAY, BRISTOL, ENGLAND BS1 6NX SN 0951-3248 BN 0-7503-0592-4 J9 INST PHYS CONF SER PY 1999 VL 159 BP 593 EP 599 PG 7 WC Optics; Physics, Applied; Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Optics; Physics GA BM90P UT WOS:000080081900126 ER PT S AU Wolfrum, E Wark, JS Zhang, J O'Rourke, N Keenan, R Lewis, CLS MacPhee, AG Kalantar, D Key, MH Remington, BA Neely, D Djaoui, A Rose, SJ Eker, G Lin, J Smith, R Tallents, GJ AF Wolfrum, E Wark, JS Zhang, J O'Rourke, N Keenan, R Lewis, CLS MacPhee, AG Kalantar, D Key, MH Remington, BA Neely, D Djaoui, A Rose, SJ Eker, G Lin, J Smith, R Tallents, GJ BE Kato, Y Takuma, H Daido, H TI X-ray laser radiography of hydrodynamic perturbations due to laser imprint SO X-RAY LASERS 1998 SE INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS CONFERENCE SERIES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 6th International Conference on X-Ray Lasers CY AUG 31-SEP 04, 1998 CL KYOTO, JAPAN SP Japan Atomic Energy Res Inst, Osaka Univ, Japan Soc Appl Phys, Laser Soc Japan ID PLASMA; DRIVE; BEAM AB Extreme ultraviolet (XUV) laser radiography is a technique that allows the investigation of hydrodynamic perturbations with high spatial and temporal resolution. A Ne-like Ge XUV laser with wavelength lambda = 19.6 nm was used as a backlighter for 2 pm thick Al foils, and a Ni-like Sm XUV laser at lambda = 7.3 nm for 2 pm thick CH foils. The imprinted modulation and growth due to a low intensity (I = 5.0(12) to 1.5.10(13) W/cm(2)) 0.53 mu m drive beam incident on the thin foils has been determined. Smoothing techniques were used to minimise the optical perturbations, and the growth rates for the different smoothing schemes are compared. Moreover, single mode perturbation with I = 15, 30, 70 and 90 mu m wavelengths have been investigated to gain better insight into the physical processes of imprinting. XUV laser radiography is also suitable to determine the change in opacity for shock compressed materials. For the investigated conditions, the opacity of Al increases by a factor of 1.4 to 1.6, depending on the drive intensity. C1 Univ Oxford, Clarendon Lab, Oxford OX1 3PU, England. Queens Univ Belfast, Sch Math & Phys, Belfast BT7 1NN, Antrim, North Ireland. Univ Calif Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. Rutherford Appleton Lab, Cent Laser Facil, Didcot OX11 0QX, Oxon, England. Univ Essex, Dept Phys, Colchester CO4 3SQ, Essex, England. RP Wolfrum, E (reprint author), Univ Oxford, Clarendon Lab, Parks Rd, Oxford OX1 3PU, England. NR 14 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 4 PU IOP PUBLISHING LTD PI BRISTOL PA TECHNO HOUSE, REDCLIFFE WAY, BRISTOL, ENGLAND BS1 6NX SN 0951-3248 BN 0-7503-0592-4 J9 INST PHYS CONF SER PY 1999 VL 159 BP 657 EP 663 PG 7 WC Optics; Physics, Applied; Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Optics; Physics GA BM90P UT WOS:000080081900142 ER PT S AU Assoufid, L Mills, D Macrander, A Tajiri, G AF Assoufid, L Mills, D Macrander, A Tajiri, G BE Khounsary, AM Freund, AK Ishikawa, T Srajer, G Lang, J TI Is colder better? - Exploring the feasibility of liquid-helium-cooled optics SO X-RAY OPTICS DESIGN, PERFORMANCE, AND APPLICATIONS SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on X-Ray Optics, Design, Performance, and Applications CY JUL 20-21, 1999 CL DENVER, CO SP SPIE DE single-silicon crystal monochromators; silicon optics; liquid helium; cryogenic cooling; high heat load; synchrotron radiation ID MONOCHROMATORS; THIN AB Both simulations and recent experiments conducted at the Advanced Photon Source showed that the performance of liquid-nitrogen-cooled single-silicon crystal monochromators can degrade in a very rapid nonlinear fashion as the power and/or power density is increased. As a further step towards improving the performance of silicon optics, we propose cooling with liquid helium, which dramatically improves the thermal properties of silicon beyond that of liquid nitrogen and brings the performance of single silicon-crystal-based synchrotron radiation optics up to the ultimate limit. The benefits of liquid helium cooling as well as some of the associated technical challenges will be discussed, and results of thermal and structural finite elements simulations comparing the performance of silicon monochromators cooled with liquid nitrogen and helium will be given. C1 Argonne Natl Lab, Adv Photon Source, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. RP Assoufid, L (reprint author), Argonne Natl Lab, Adv Photon Source, 9700 S Cass Ave, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. NR 16 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-3259-8 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 1999 VL 3773 BP 39 EP 48 DI 10.1117/12.370108 PG 10 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics GA BP12K UT WOS:000084197600005 ER PT S AU Khounsary, A AF Khounsary, A BE Khounsary, AM Freund, AK Ishikawa, T Srajer, G Lang, J TI Thermal management of next-generation contact-cooled synchrotron x-ray mirrors SO X-RAY OPTICS DESIGN, PERFORMANCE, AND APPLICATIONS SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on X-Ray Optics, Design, Performance, and Applications CY JUL 20-21, 1999 CL DENVER, CO SP SPIE DE mirror; x-ray; optics; cooling; optimization; contact-cooled; design; synchrotron; high heat flux; thermal management AB In the past decade, several third-generation synchrotron x-ray sources have been constructed and commissioned around the world. Many of the major problems in the development and design of the optical components capable of handling the extremely high heat loads of the generated x-ray beams have been resolved. It is expected, however, that in the next few years even more powerful x-ray beams will be produced at these facilities, for example, by increasing the particle beam current. In this paper, the design of a next generation of synchrotron x-ray mirrors is discussed. It is shown that contact-cooled mirrors capable of handing x-ray beam heat fluxes in excess of 500 W/mm(2) (more than three times the present level) can be designed. The limiting factor in these mirrors is thermal stress rather than thermally induced slope error. C1 Argonne Natl Lab, Adv Photon Source, Expt Expt Facil, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. RP Khounsary, A (reprint author), Argonne Natl Lab, Adv Photon Source, Expt Expt Facil, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. NR 6 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-3259-8 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 1999 VL 3773 BP 78 EP 87 DI 10.1117/12.370114 PG 10 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics GA BP12K UT WOS:000084197600009 ER PT S AU Macrander, AT Als-Nielsen, J Liu, C Krasnicki, S Maj, J Mancini, D Erdmann, J Gaarde, P AF Macrander, AT Als-Nielsen, J Liu, C Krasnicki, S Maj, J Mancini, D Erdmann, J Gaarde, P BE Khounsary, AM Freund, AK Ishikawa, T Srajer, G Lang, J TI Laterally graded multilayer double-monochromator SO X-RAY OPTICS DESIGN, PERFORMANCE, AND APPLICATIONS SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on X-Ray Optics, Design, Performance, and Applications CY JUL 20-21, 1999 CL DENVER, CO SP SPIE DE x-ray monochromator; multilayers; graded AB We describe a tunable multilayer monochromator with an adjustable bandpass to be used for reflectivity and grazing incidence diffraction studies on surfaces at energies near 10 keV. Multilayers have a bandpass typically 100 times larger than the Si (111)reflection, and by using multilayers an experimenter can significantly increase data collection rates over those available with a Si monochromator. The transmission through 1 and 2 laterally graded multilayer (LGML) reflections was recorded versus photon energy. The identical LGMLs were comprised of 60 bilayers of W and C on 100 x 25 x 3 mm float glass with a bilayer spacing varying from 35 to 60 Angstrom. The average gradient was 0.27 Angstrom/mm along the long dimension, The rms deviation of the data for the bilayer spacing from a linear fit was 0.36 Angstrom. Data were obtained for a nondispersive (+/-) double-multilayer arrangement. The relative bandpass width (FWHM) when the two multilayers exposed the same bilayer spacing was measured to be 2.2% with a transmission of 78.7 +/- 1.6%. This value is consistent with the transmission of 88.9% that we also measured for a single LGML at HASYLAB beamline D4. The bandpass was tunable in the range 1.1% to 2.2%. C1 Argonne Natl Lab, Adv Photon Source, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. RP Macrander, AT (reprint author), Argonne Natl Lab, Adv Photon Source, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. NR 3 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 1 U2 1 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-3259-8 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 1999 VL 3773 BP 100 EP 106 DI 10.1117/12.370084 PG 7 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics GA BP12K UT WOS:000084197600011 ER PT S AU Qian, SN Takacs, P AF Qian, SN Takacs, P BE Khounsary, AM Freund, AK Ishikawa, T Srajer, G Lang, J TI Sub-mu rad angular stability measurements by use of Long-Trace-Profiler-based systems SO X-RAY OPTICS DESIGN, PERFORMANCE, AND APPLICATIONS SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on X-Ray Optics, Design, Performance, and Applications CY JUL 20-21, 1999 CL DENVER, CO SP SPIE DE anglular stability; sub-mu rad; precise measurement; long trace profiler; LTP; temperature stability AB High accuracy angle measurement at the sub-mu rad level requires extremely high instrument stability. in order to reach sub-mu rad stability (0.1 are second or less) over long time periods, it is necessary to maintain the test object and almost all of the optical components in the measuring instrument in very steady positions. However, mechanical force relaxation, thermal expansion, and asymmetric structures produce angular and Linear displacements in the system, resulting in angular measurement error. A Long-Trace-Profiler (LTP)-based stable equipment is used to test precision angular stability with sub-mu rad resolution. Long term stability over 15 hours has been measured on different kind of mechanical structures. Temperature monitoring during the tests is extremely important. Some test results showing the effects of thermal variations are presented, which indicate that temperature stability on the older of 0.1 degrees C is absolutely necessary for repeatable sub-mu rad measurements. The optical method, using optics with an even number of reflecting surfaces (for example, a right angle prism, pentaprism, or rhomboid prism) to reduce the influence of existing angular displacement, is introduced and the comparison measurement is presented. An optical fiber transfer line is able to reduce the laser angular shift from about 10 mu rad to a level of 0.3 mu rad rms. Careful system configuration, design and operation are very important for the sub-mu rad angle stability. C1 Brookhaven Natl Lab, Upton, NY 11973 USA. RP Qian, SN (reprint author), Brookhaven Natl Lab, Upton, NY 11973 USA. NR 7 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-3259-8 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 1999 VL 3773 BP 158 EP 166 DI 10.1117/12.370088 PG 9 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics GA BP12K UT WOS:000084197600018 ER PT S AU Tatchyn, R AF Tatchyn, R BE Khounsary, AM Freund, AK Ishikawa, T Srajer, G Lang, J TI Synchrotron radiation optics in the short pulse limit: Design implications for the SLAC Linac Coherent Light Source (LCLS) SO X-RAY OPTICS DESIGN, PERFORMANCE, AND APPLICATIONS SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on X-Ray Optics, Design, Performance, and Applications CY JUL 20-21, 1999 CL DENVER, CO SP SPIE DE Free-Electron Laser (FEL); X-Ray Free-Electron Laser (XRFEL); laser; Self-Amplified Spontaneous Emission; (SASE); Linac Coherent Light Source (LCLS); spontaneous synchrotron radiation; phase space; emittance; coherence; brightness; degeneracy parameter; ultra-short pulse; index of refraction; mirror; multilayer; crystal; diffraction; grating; monochromator; spectrometer; interferometer ID FREE-ELECTRON LASER; DIELECTRIC MIRRORS; FEMTOSECOND; DISPERSION; NOISE AB In recent years, a number of studies have been conducted on the source properties of linac-driven X-Ray Free-Electron Lasers (XRFELs) operating in the Self-Amplified Spontaneous Emission (SASE) regime. In longitudinal phase space the output of such devices typically consists of a randomly-distributed train of fully-transversely-coherent micropulses of randomly varying intensity and an average length (corresponding to the coherence length) two to three orders of magnitude smaller than the transverse diameter of the beam. Total pulse lengths are typically of the same order of size as the beam diameter. Both of these properties can be shown to significantly impact the performance of otherwise conventional synchrotron radiation optics (viz., miners, lenses, zone plates, crystals, multilayers, etc.) designed to filter or modulate the phase space parameters of the radiation pulses. This, in turn, can influence the design and performance of beam line instrumentation (viz., monochromators, spectrometers, etc.) employed to match the phase space acceptance of an experiment to an XRFEL, source. In this paper we outline a preliminary investigation of short-pulse effects on the performance and design of selected optical components and instrumentation for the proposed 1.5 Angstrom SLAC Linac Coherent Light Source (LCLS) and discuss the implication of our results for critical applications such as microfocusing and monochromatization. C1 Stanford Linear Accelerator Ctr, Synchrotron Radiat Lab, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. RP Tatchyn, R (reprint author), Stanford Linear Accelerator Ctr, Synchrotron Radiat Lab, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. NR 38 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-3259-8 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 1999 VL 3773 BP 180 EP 191 DI 10.1117/12.370109 PG 12 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics GA BP12K UT WOS:000084197600020 ER PT S AU Montano, PA Li, YW Ruett, U Beno, MA Jennings, G Kimball, CW AF Montano, PA Li, YW Ruett, U Beno, MA Jennings, G Kimball, CW BE Khounsary, AM Freund, AK Ishikawa, T Srajer, G Lang, J TI Magnetic X-ray measurements using the elliptical multipole wiggler SO X-RAY OPTICS DESIGN, PERFORMANCE, AND APPLICATIONS SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on X-Ray Optics, Design, Performance, and Applications CY JUL 20-21, 1999 CL DENVER, CO SP SPIE DE Compton scattering; polarization; insertion device; elliptical multipole wiggler; x-rays; synchrotron; flux; magnetic; helicity ID POLARIZED SYNCHROTRON RADIATION; COMPTON-SCATTERING; ACCUMULATION RING; IRON; ELECTRONS; DESIGN AB The EMW at the BESSRC beam lines at the APS provides high photon flux at high energies with the capability of producing circular polarization on axis. We observe a high degree of circularly polarized x-rays at such energies. The polarization and frequency tunability of the elliptical multipole wiggler (EMW) is an ideal source for many magnetic measurements from X-ray Magnetic Circular Dichroism (XMCD) to Compton scattering experiments. We performed Compton scattering measurements to determine the polarization and photon flux at the sample as a function of the deflection parameters K-y and K-x. We used for our measurements a Si (220) Laue monochromator providing simultaneous photon energies at 50 keV, 100 keV and 150 keV. Magnetic Compton Profiles were determined by either switching the magnet polarity or the photon helicity. The results obtained using Fe (110) single crystals were very similar. C1 Argonne Natl Lab, Div Mat Sci, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. RP Montano, PA (reprint author), Argonne Natl Lab, Div Mat Sci, 9700 S Cass Ave, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. NR 15 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-3259-8 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 1999 VL 3773 BP 262 EP 274 DI 10.1117/12.370099 PG 13 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics GA BP12K UT WOS:000084197600028 ER PT S AU Liedahl, DA AF Liedahl, DA BE VanParadijs, J Bleeker, JAM TI The X-ray spectral properties of photoionized plasmas and transient plasmas SO X-RAY SPECTROSCOPY IN ASTROPHYSICS SE Lecture Notes in Physics LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 10th Summer School of the European-Astrophysics-Doctoral-Network (EADN) CY SEP 22-OCT 03, 1997 CL UNIV AMSTERDAM, ASTRON INST ANTON PANNEKOEK, AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SP European Astrophys Doctoral Network, European Union, SOCRATES Programme, European Union, Training & Moblilty Researchers Programme, Space Res Org Netherlands, Astron Inst Anton Pannekoek, Granholm Fdn Sweden HO UNIV AMSTERDAM, ASTRON INST ANTON PANNEKOEK ID HIGHLY IONIZED IRON; ACTIVE GALACTIC NUCLEI; IONIZATION EQUILIBRIUM; ACCRETION DISK; LINE EMISSION; COMPTON-SCATTERING; CROSS-SECTIONS; COLD MATTER; RADIATION; SOLAR AB I present the fundamental concepts of X-ray spectral formation in Xray photoionized plasmas and transient plasmas, emphasizing the role of atomic kinetics in determining the attendant spectral characteristics. Objects which harbor compact sites of hard X-ray production - active galactic nuclei, X-ray binaries, and cataclysmic variables - are the domains of photoionized plasmas. With a focus on the basic elements of discrete spectroscopy, I discuss the unique properties of X-ray spectra in such environments. As a prelude, an introduction to the theory of Comptonization is provided, including a full derivation of the Kompaneets Equation, and its application to heating and cooling in X-ray nebulae. In the discussions on line spectroscopy, the mechanisms behind various plasma diagnostics are described, including recombination continua, Delta n = 0 dielectronic recombination, density diagnostics, and K alpha fluorescence. The second topic of this chapter, the effect on X-ray spectra of time-dependent ionization conditions, is restricted to ionizing plasmas dominated by electron-ion impact processes. This scenario is motivated by impulsively heated plasmas, such as occur in supernova remnants and solar flares. Treated in this way, transient ionization is an extension of collisional ionization equilibrium. I present the fundamentals of ionization dynamics, followed by a numerical solution of the ionization equations for oxygen, a case study intended to illustrate the spectroscopic consequences of rapid ionization. C1 Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Dept Phys & Space Technol, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. RP Liedahl, DA (reprint author), Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Dept Phys & Space Technol, POB 808,L-41, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. NR 102 TC 67 Z9 67 U1 1 U2 1 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG BERLIN PI BERLIN PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, D-14197 BERLIN, GERMANY SN 0075-8450 BN 3-540-65548-4 J9 LECT NOTES PHYS PY 1999 VL 520 BP 189 EP 268 PG 80 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Physics, Fluids & Plasmas; Spectroscopy SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Physics; Spectroscopy GA BP90U UT WOS:000086564400003 ER PT B AU Schultz, IR Hayton, WL AF Schultz, IR Hayton, WL BE Smith, DJ Gingerich, WH BeconiBarker, MG TI Predicting the toxicokinetics of trifluralin in rainbow trout using clearance-volume pharmacokinetic models SO XENOBIOTICS IN FISH LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT International Symposium on Xenobiotic Pharmacokinetics and Metabolism by Fish held at the Annual Meeting of the American-Chemical-Society CY APR 01-02, 1998 CL DALLAS, TX SP Amer Chem Soc ID SALMO-GAIRDNERI; PENTACHLOROPHENOL; METABOLISM; INVITRO AB Trifluralin (TF) is a lipophilic, pre-emergent herbicide widely used in agriculture and known to bioconcentrate in fish. We have characterized the accumulation of TF in rainbow trout under a variety of experimental conditions. Our approach has been to use static water exposure systems and intravascular dosing in combination with clearance-volume pharmacokinetic (CV-PK) models to obtain quantitative estimates of uptake clearance, apparent volume of distribution and elimination due to xenobiotic metabolism. This paper will briefly discuss pertinent physicochemical data for TF and review the toxicokinetics of TF in rainbow trout. Emphasis will be placed on physiological interpretations of TF model parameters and practical aspects of modeling TF toxicokinetics with CV-PK models. C1 Battelle PNNL, Mol Biosci Div, Richland, WA 99352 USA. RP Schultz, IR (reprint author), Battelle PNNL, Mol Biosci Div, POB 999-P7-56, Richland, WA 99352 USA. NR 33 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC/PLENUM PUBL PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA BN 0-306-46189-7 PY 1999 BP 133 EP 148 PG 16 WC Chemistry, Analytical; Environmental Sciences SC Chemistry; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA BQ66R UT WOS:000089123700010 ER PT J AU Meier, A Selmarten, D Hanna, M Nozik, A Siemoneit, K Reineke-Koch, R Memming, R AF Meier, A Selmarten, D Hanna, M Nozik, A Siemoneit, K Reineke-Koch, R Memming, R TI Ultrafast electrochemical charge-transfer reactions at III-V semiconductor-molecule interfaces SO ZEITSCHRIFT FUR PHYSIKALISCHE CHEMIE-INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH IN PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY & CHEMICAL PHYSICS LA English DT Article DE GaAs; impedance; charge-transfer; adsorption; cobaltocene-cobaltocenium ID TRANSFER RATE CONSTANTS; N-TYPE GAAS; ELECTRON-TRANSFER REACTIONS; LIQUID INTERFACES; IMPEDANCE SPECTROSCOPY; ACETONITRILE; DEPENDENCE; METHANOL; JUNCTIONS; KINETICS AB The kinetics of the majority charge-transfer between GaAs and the cobaltocene-co-baltocenium (Co(Cp)(2)(+/0)) redox system in acetonitrile has been studied in the dark using electrochemical impedance spectroscopic (EIS) and current-voltage techniques. Additionally conducted quartz crystal microbalance measurements reveal that the Co(Cp)(2)(+/0) molecules physisorb at the GaAs surface. The physisorption of the redox molecules is in a,agreement with the electrochemical investigations and has to be considered for the development of a model describing the overall charge-transfer. The charge-transfer model will be briefly discussed. A detailed analysis of the EIS based on the model leads to the conclusion that the electron transfer from the GaAs conduction band to the adsorbed Co(Cp)(2)(+/0) molecules and the subsequent electron transfer to the redox species in solution are so fast, that the transport of electrons through the space charge region of the semiconductor becomes the current limiting mechanism. C1 Natl Renewable Energy Lab, Golden, CO 80401 USA. Inst Solarenergieforsch, D-30165 Hannover, Germany. RP Meier, A (reprint author), Natl Renewable Energy Lab, 1617 Cole Blvd, Golden, CO 80401 USA. RI Nozik, Arthur/A-1481-2012; Nozik, Arthur/P-2641-2016 NR 27 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 4 PU R OLDENBOURG VERLAG PI MUNICH PA LEKTORAT M/N, K BERBER-NERLINGER, POSTFACH 80 13 60, D-81613 MUNICH, GERMANY SN 0942-9352 J9 Z PHYS CHEM JI Z. Phys. Chemie-Int. J. Res. Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. PY 1999 VL 213 BP 117 EP 128 PN 2 PG 12 WC Chemistry, Physical SC Chemistry GA 276VN UT WOS:000084898200001 ER PT J AU Gregg, BA Zaban, A Ferrere, S AF Gregg, BA Zaban, A Ferrere, S TI Dye sensitized solar cells: Energetic considerations and applications SO ZEITSCHRIFT FUR PHYSIKALISCHE CHEMIE-INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH IN PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY & CHEMICAL PHYSICS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 12th International Conference on Photochemical Conversion and Storage of Solar Energy CY AUG 09-14, 1998 CL BERLIN, GERMANY DE dye sensitizaiton; nanoporous; solar cell; TiO2; photoelectrochromic ID TIO2 ELECTRODES; TRANSPORT; FILMS; LIGHT AB The high concentration of electrolyte ions permeating the nanoporous films of dye sensitized solar cells eliminates all but nanoscopic electric fields in the solution and in the TiO2. The only substantial electric field is expected to occur at the TiO2/solution interface, and it is primarily across this interface that the photopotential drops in operating cells. In the dark, the low conductivity of the TiO2, and the high conductivity of the solution ensure that applied potentials drop over only a small fraction of the nanoporous TiO2 film near the substrate electrode. Therefore, measurements in the dark cannot be directly compared to measurements under illumination because the latter access most or all of the TiO2 film. The sensitizing dye is located partially inside the electrochemical double layer at the TiO2/solution interface and so its redox potential is not fixed relative to either the TiO2 or the solution. If the dye is mostly inside the double layer, its potential will tend to follow that of the TiO2; if it is mostly outside, it will be almost independent of the TiO2. Different photovoltage-limiting kinetic steps can result in these two cases. The narrow absorption spectra of many dyes provides the dye cells with a natural advantage over conventional solar cells in applications such as photoelectrochromic windows and power windows. C1 Natl Renewable Energy Lab, Golden, CO 80401 USA. RP Gregg, BA (reprint author), Natl Renewable Energy Lab, 1617 Cole Blvd, Golden, CO 80401 USA. NR 19 TC 20 Z9 20 U1 1 U2 10 PU R OLDENBOURG VERLAG PI MUNICH PA LEKTORAT M/N, K BERBER-NERLINGER, POSTFACH 80 13 60, D-81613 MUNICH, GERMANY SN 0942-9352 J9 Z PHYS CHEM JI Z. Phys. Chemie-Int. J. Res. Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. PY 1999 VL 212 BP 11 EP 22 PN 1 PG 12 WC Chemistry, Physical SC Chemistry GA 238RP UT WOS:000082724700002 ER EF