FN Thomson Reuters Web of Science™ VR 1.0 PT J AU BAYLISS, P CHEN, KQ CRIDDLE, AJ DESBOROUGH, GA AF BAYLISS, P CHEN, KQ CRIDDLE, AJ DESBOROUGH, GA TI MINERAL NOMENCLATURE - SULRHODITE SO MINERALOGICAL MAGAZINE LA English DT Note DE SULPHODITE; BOWIEITE; NOMENCLATURE C1 CHINESE ACAD GEOL SCI,INST MINERAL DEPOSITS,BEIJING,PEOPLES R CHINA. NAT HIST MUSEUM,DEPT MINERAL,LONDON SW7 2BD,ENGLAND. US GEOL SURVEY,DENVER,CO 80225. RP BAYLISS, P (reprint author), UNIV CALGARY,DEPT GEOL & GEOPHYS,CALGARY T2N 1N4,ALBERTA,CANADA. NR 4 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 1 PU MINERALOGICAL SOCIETY PI LONDON PA 41 QUEENS GATE, LONDON, ENGLAND SW7 5HR SN 0026-461X J9 MINERAL MAG JI Mineral. Mag. PD MAR PY 1992 VL 56 IS 382 BP 125 EP 126 DI 10.1180/minmag.1992.056.382.21 PG 2 WC Mineralogy SC Mineralogy GA HH863 UT WOS:A1992HH86300020 ER PT J AU VITOUSEK, PM APLET, G TURNER, D LOCKWOOD, JJ AF VITOUSEK, PM APLET, G TURNER, D LOCKWOOD, JJ TI THE MAUNA-LOA ENVIRONMENTAL MATRIX - FOLIAR AND SOIL NUTRIENTS SO OECOLOGIA LA English DT Article DE PRIMARY SUCCESSION; ECOSYSTEM STRUCTURE; HAWAIIAN ISLANDS; METROSIDEROS-POLYMORPHA; SOIL CARBON ID HAWAIIAN METROSIDEROS; MONTANE RAINFOREST; FOREST; SUCCESSION; PATTERNS; CLIMATE; CARBON AB The accumulation of total carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus in soils, available soil nutrients, and foliar nutrients in the native dominant Metrosideros polymorpha were determined across a wide elevational range on 9 lava flows on Mauna Loa, Hawai'i. The flows included a young (< 140 y) and an old (> 2800 y) 'a'a (rough surface texture) and pahoehoe (smooth) flow on the wet east and dry northwest side of the mountain. Soil element pools and nutrient availability increased with flow age independent of climate. The dry sites accumulated organic matter and nutrients more slowly than comparable wet sites, but relative nutrient availability to plants (as indicated by soil assays and foliar nutrients) was greater in the dry sites. Accumulation of soil organic matter and nutrients occurred most rapidly in lower-elevation sites on the young flows, but the largest accumulations occurred at higher elevations on old flows. The range of sites sampled represents a complete and largely independent matrix of major factors governing ecosystem structure and function. C1 US GEOL SURVEY,HAWAII VOLCANO OBSERV,VOLCANO,HI 96718. RP VITOUSEK, PM (reprint author), STANFORD UNIV,DEPT BIOL SCI,STANFORD,CA 94305, USA. NR 39 TC 93 Z9 99 U1 0 U2 6 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 SN 0029-8549 J9 OECOLOGIA JI Oecologia PD MAR PY 1992 VL 89 IS 3 BP 372 EP 382 PG 11 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA HJ153 UT WOS:A1992HJ15300010 PM 28313086 ER PT J AU MOGK, DW MUELLER, PA WOODEN, JL AF MOGK, DW MUELLER, PA WOODEN, JL TI THE NATURE OF ARCHEAN TERRANE BOUNDARIES - AN EXAMPLE FROM THE NORTHERN WYOMING PROVINCE SO PRECAMBRIAN RESEARCH LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT LIMPOPO WORKSHOP ON GRANULITES AND DEEP CRUSTAL TECTONICS CY JUN 21-JUL 01, 1990 CL SOUTH AFRICA ID BEARTOOTH MOUNTAINS; SOUTHERN-AFRICA; CENTRAL ZONE; EVOLUTION; MONTANA; TECTONICS; CRUST; BELT AB The Archean northern Wyoming Province can be subdivided into two geologically distinct terranes, the Beartooth-Bighorn magmatic terrane (BBMT) and the Montana metasedimentary terrane (MMT). The BBMT is characterized by voluminous Late Archean (2.90-2.74 Ga) magmatic rocks (primarily tonalite, trondhjemite, and granite); metasedimentary rocks are preserved only as small, rare enclaves in this magmatic terrane. The magmatic rocks typically have geochemical and isotopic signatures that suggest petrogenesis in a continental magmatic arc environment. The MMT, as exposed in the northern Gallatin and Madison Ranges, is dominated by Middle Archean trondhjemitic gneisses (3.2-3.0 Ga); metasedimentary rocks, however, are significantly more abundant than in the BBMT. Each terrane has experienced a separate and distinct geologic history since at least 3.6 Ga ago based on differences in metamorphic and structural styles, composition of magmatic and metasupracrustal rocks, and isotopic ages; consequently, these may be described as discrete terranes in the Cordilleran sense. Nonetheless, highly radiogenic and distinctive Pb-Pb isotopic signatures in rocks of all ages in both terranes indicate that the two terranes share a significant aspect of their history. This suggests that these two Early to Middle Archean crustal blocks, that initially evolved as part of a larger crustal province, experienced different geologic histories from at least 3.6 Ga until their juxtaposition in the Late Archean (between 2.75 to 2.55 Ga ago). Consequently, the boundary between the BBMT and MMT appears to separate terranes that are not likely to be exotic in the sense of their Phanerozoic counterparts. Other Archean provinces do appear to contain crustal blocks with different isotopic signatures (e.g. West Greenland, India, South Africa). The use of the term exotic, therefore, must be cautious in situations where geographic indicators such as paleontologic and/or paleomagnetic data are not available. In these cases, isotopic signatures are one of the most useful features for assessing overall genetic relations amongst geologically distinct terranes. C1 UNIV FLORIDA,DEPT GEOL,GAINESVILLE,FL 32611. US GEOL SURVEY,ISOTOPE GEOL BRANCH MS937,MENLO PK,CA 94025. RP MOGK, DW (reprint author), MONTANA STATE UNIV,DEPT EARTH SCI,BOZEMAN,MT 59717, USA. OI Mueller, Paul/0000-0003-2608-193X NR 52 TC 36 Z9 36 U1 0 U2 6 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0301-9268 J9 PRECAMBRIAN RES JI Precambrian Res. PD MAR PY 1992 VL 55 IS 1-4 BP 155 EP 168 DI 10.1016/0301-9268(92)90020-O PG 14 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA HM233 UT WOS:A1992HM23300013 ER PT J AU RIEHLE, JR MANN, DH PETEET, DM ENGSTROM, DR BREW, DA MEYER, CE AF RIEHLE, JR MANN, DH PETEET, DM ENGSTROM, DR BREW, DA MEYER, CE TI THE MOUNT EDGECUMBE TEPHRA DEPOSITS, A MARKER HORIZON IN SOUTHEASTERN ALASKA NEAR THE PLEISTOCENE HOLOCENE BOUNDARY SO QUATERNARY RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID ASH C1 UNIV WASHINGTON,QUATERNARY RES CTR,SEATTLE,WA 98195. UNIV MINNESOTA,LIMNOL RES CTR,MINNEAPOLIS,MN 55455. US GEOL SURVEY,MENLO PK,CA 94025. GODDARD INST SPACE STUDIES,NEW YORK,NY 10025. RP RIEHLE, JR (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,4200 UNIV DR,ANCHORAGE,AK 99508, USA. NR 18 TC 16 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 0 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC JNL-COMP SUBSCRIPTIONS PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 SN 0033-5894 J9 QUATERNARY RES JI Quat. Res. PD MAR PY 1992 VL 37 IS 2 BP 183 EP 202 DI 10.1016/0033-5894(92)90081-S PG 20 WC Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Physical Geography; Geology GA HH406 UT WOS:A1992HH40600004 ER PT J AU NOWAK, RM AF NOWAK, RM TI TRAIL OF THE WOLF SO SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN LA English DT Letter RP NOWAK, RM (reprint author), US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,OFF SCI AUTHOR,WASHINGTON,DC 20240, USA. NR 1 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 3 PU SCI AMERICAN INC PI NEW YORK PA 415 MADISON AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10017 SN 0036-8733 J9 SCI AM JI Sci.Am. PD MAR PY 1992 VL 266 IS 3 BP 8 EP 8 PG 1 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA HE863 UT WOS:A1992HE86300004 ER PT J AU MITCHELL, CA CUSTER, TW ZWANK, PJ AF MITCHELL, CA CUSTER, TW ZWANK, PJ TI REDHEAD DUCK BEHAVIOR ON LOWER LAGUNA MADRE AND ADJACENT PONDS OF SOUTHERN TEXAS SO SOUTHWESTERN NATURALIST LA English DT Article AB Behavior of redheads (Aythya americana) during winter was studied on the hypersaline lower Laguna Madre and adjacent freshwater to brackish water ponds of southern Texas, On Laguna Madre, feeding (46%) and sleeping (37%) were the most common behaviors. Redheads fed more during early morning (64%) than during the rest of the day (40%); feeding activity was negatively correlated with temperature. Redheads fed more often by dipping (58%) than by tipping (25%), diving (16%), or gleaning (0.1 %). Water depth was least where they fed by dipping (16 cm), greatest where diving (75 cm), and intermediate where tipping (26 cm). Feeding sequences averaged 5.3 s for dipping, 8.1 s for tipping, and 19.2 s for diving. Redheads usually were present on freshwater to brackish water ponds adjacent to Laguna Madre only during daylight hours, and use of those areas declined as winter progressed. Sleeping (75%) was the most frequent behavior at ponds, followed by preening (10%), swimming (10%), and feeding (0.4%). Because redheads fed almost exclusively on shoalgrass while dipping and tipping in shallow water and shoalgrass meadows have declined in the lower Laguna Madre, proper management of the remaining shoalgrass habitat is necessary to ensure that this area remains the major wintering area for redheads. RP MITCHELL, CA (reprint author), LOUISIANA STATE UNIV,SCH FORESTRY WILDLIFE & FISHERIES,US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,BATON ROUGE,LA 70803, USA. NR 0 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 5 PU SOUTHWESTERN ASSN NATURALISTS PI SAN MARCOS PA SOUTHWEST TEXAS STATE UNIV, DEPT BIOLOGY, 601 UNIVERSITY DR, SAN MARCOS, TX 78666 SN 0038-4909 J9 SOUTHWEST NAT JI Southw. Natural. PD MAR PY 1992 VL 37 IS 1 BP 65 EP 72 DI 10.2307/3672148 PG 8 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA HQ393 UT WOS:A1992HQ39300010 ER PT J AU REISENBICHLER, RR MCINTYRE, JD SOLAZZI, MF LANDINO, SW AF REISENBICHLER, RR MCINTYRE, JD SOLAZZI, MF LANDINO, SW TI GENETIC-VARIATION IN STEELHEAD OF OREGON AND NORTHERN CALIFORNIA SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE AMERICAN FISHERIES SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID SALMON ONCORHYNCHUS-TSHAWYTSCHA; CHINOOK SALMON; REPRODUCTIVE SUCCESS; CUTTHROAT TROUT; POPULATIONS; GAIRDNERI; HATCHERY; LOCI; FISH; WASHINGTON AB Steelhead Oncorhynchus mykiss from various sites between the Columbia River and the Mad River, California, were genetically characterized at 10 protein-coding loci or pairs of loci by starch gel electrophoresis. Fish from coastal streams differed from fish east of the Cascade Mountains and from fish of the Willamette River (a tributary of the Columbia River, west of the Cascade Mountains). Coastal steelhead from the northern part of the study area differed from those in the southern part. Genetic differentiation within and among drainages was not statistically significant; however, gene diversity analysis and the life history of steelhead suggested that fish from different drainages should be considered as separate populations. Genetic variation among fish in separate drainages was similar to that reported in northwestern Washington and less than that reported in British Columbia. Allele frequencies varied significantly among year-classes. Genetic variation within samples accounted for 98.3% of the total genetic variation observed in this study. Most hatchery populations differed from wild populations, suggesting that conservation of genetic diversity among and within wild populations could be facilitated by altering hatchery programs. RP REISENBICHLER, RR (reprint author), US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,NATL FISHERIES RES CTR,BLDG 204,NAVAL STN PUGET SOUND,SEATTLE,WA 98115, USA. NR 60 TC 29 Z9 29 U1 1 U2 5 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 SN 0002-8487 J9 T AM FISH SOC JI Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. PD MAR PY 1992 VL 121 IS 2 BP 158 EP 169 DI 10.1577/1548-8659(1992)121<0158:GVISOO>2.3.CO;2 PG 12 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA JH778 UT WOS:A1992JH77800002 ER PT J AU MCALLISTER, KW MCALLISTER, PE SIMON, RC WERNER, JK AF MCALLISTER, KW MCALLISTER, PE SIMON, RC WERNER, JK TI PERFORMANCE OF 9 EXTERNAL TAGS ON HATCHERY-REARED RAINBOW-TROUT SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE AMERICAN FISHERIES SOCIETY LA English DT Article AB We evaluated nine commercially available tags to determine their suitability for marking yearling rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss reared in raceways and circular tanks. The tags tested were Floy vinyl tubing tags FD-67 anchor, FT-2 dart, FT-4 cinch-up, and FT-4 lock-on; modified Carlin; modified Petersen disk; Monel strap 4-1005; Monel butt end 4-1242; and Stoffel fish seal. After 9 months, tag losses from raceway fish were lowest (8%) for the FT-4 lock-on tag; in tanks, none of the FT-2 dart, FT-4 cinch-up, FT-4 lock-on, or the Monel butt end tags were lost. At 90 d after tagging, raceway fish marked with the Monel strap or the modified Carlin tags showed significantly less growth than did fish marked with the FD-67 anchor tag; the converse was true for fish in tanks. After 9 months, raceway fish marked with the Monel butt end tag and tank fish marked with the FD-67 anchor tag were least injured. Injury was greater in raceways than in tanks for all tag types. Judged by overall performance, the FD-67 anchor was the most effective tag for fish maintained in raceways and the FT-4 cinch-up was a suitable alternative; the FT-2 dart, FT-4 cinch-up, and Monel butt end tags were equally suitable for fish in tank culture. C1 US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,NATL FISH HLTH RES LAB,KEARNEYSVILLE,WV 25430. US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,FISH CULTURE RES LAB,KEARNEYSVILLE,WV 25430. NO MICHIGAN UNIV,DEPT BIOL,MARQUETTE,MI 49855. NR 14 TC 37 Z9 38 U1 0 U2 5 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 SN 0002-8487 J9 T AM FISH SOC JI Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. PD MAR PY 1992 VL 121 IS 2 BP 192 EP 198 DI 10.1577/1548-8659(1992)121<0192:PONETO>2.3.CO;2 PG 7 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA JH778 UT WOS:A1992JH77800005 ER PT J AU HARTMAN, KJ MARGRAF, FJ AF HARTMAN, KJ MARGRAF, FJ TI EFFECTS OF PREY AND PREDATOR ABUNDANCES ON PREY CONSUMPTION AND GROWTH OF WALLEYES IN WESTERN LAKE ERIE SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE AMERICAN FISHERIES SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID STIZOSTEDION-VITREUM-VITREUM; YELLOW PERCH; ONEIDA-LAKE; NEW-YORK; TEMPERATURE; SURVIVAL; FISH AB Declining growth and delayed age at maturity of walleye Stizostedion vitreum from 1965 to 1984 indicated that the species' large Lake Erie population was taxing the capacity of the prey fish community to support it. We examined the effects of prey and predator abundances on walleye diets and estimated the total predatory demand of age-0 through age-6 walleyes in western Lake Erie during 1986-1988. Walleye diets reflected prey fish abundances. Gizzard shad Dorosoma cepedianum and shiners (emerald shiner Notropis atherinoides and spottail shiner N. hudsonius) were the major prey in years when they were abundant. In years when these prey species-especially gizzard shad-were not abundant, walleyes consumed more white perch Morone americana and (to a lesser degree) yellow perch Perca flavescens. Total consumption by the walleye population was relatively constant, ranging from 83,700 tonnes in 1987 to 94,300 tonnes in 1986. Bioenergetics modeling showed that greater fishing mortality imposed on strong walleye year-classes could reduce competition among older cohorts; however, because diets of age-0 and age-1 walleyes differ from diets of older fish, few prey made available by greater harvests would be used by small walleyes to increase their growth. Walleye density and gizzard shad availability interact to influence prey consumption and walleye growth in western Lake Erie. High predatory demand and reduced growth of walleyes occur when large walleye year-classes predominate. C1 OHIO STATE UNIV,ENVIRONM BIOL PROGRAM,COLUMBUS,OH 43210. US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,OHIO COOPERAT FISH & WILDLIFE RES UNIT,COLUMBUS,OH 43210. NR 28 TC 89 Z9 93 U1 2 U2 16 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 SN 0002-8487 J9 T AM FISH SOC JI Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. PD MAR PY 1992 VL 121 IS 2 BP 245 EP 260 DI 10.1577/1548-8659(1992)121<0245:EOPAPA>2.3.CO;2 PG 16 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA JH778 UT WOS:A1992JH77800010 ER PT J AU CHUNG, SO WARD, AD SCHALK, CW AF CHUNG, SO WARD, AD SCHALK, CW TI EVALUATION OF THE HYDROLOGIC COMPONENT OF THE ADAPT WATER-TABLE MANAGEMENT MODEL SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE ASAE LA English DT Article DE WATER TABLE MANAGEMENT; RUNOFF; TILE DRAINAGE; SEEPAGE; MACROPORE FLOW; MODEL AB A subsurface, water table management model ADAPT (Agricultural Drainage and Pesticide Transport) has been developed by combining drainage and subirrigation algorithms from DRAINMOD with the GLEAMS model. In addition, the model incorporates improved snow melt and runoff algorithms, macropore flow due to cracking, and deep seepage. Theory for the hydrologic components of the model is presented together with an evaluation of the model using data from a long-term field experiment at Castalia in North Central Ohio. Predicted surface runoff, subsurface drainage, and combined surface and subsurface drainage are compared with the field observations. In general, the model predictions are within the range of the variations of the observed replications. Sensitivity analysis shows that surface runoff estimates are sensitive to changes in curve number, while subsurface drainage flows are sensitive to deep seepage estimates. Model input requirements are not excessive and the model gives reasonable estimates of the hydrologic component of water table management systems. ADAPT can be used in designing water table management systems and does not require extensive calibration. The pesticide component of ADAPT is currently being evaluated and development of a nutrient component has been initiated. C1 US GEOL SURVEY,COLUMBUS,OH. RP CHUNG, SO (reprint author), OHIO STATE UNIV,DEPT AGR ENGN,COLUMBUS,OH 43210, USA. NR 15 TC 62 Z9 64 U1 0 U2 6 PU AMER SOC AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERS PI ST JOSEPH PA 2950 NILES RD, ST JOSEPH, MI 49085-9659 SN 0001-2351 J9 T ASAE JI Trans. ASAE PD MAR-APR PY 1992 VL 35 IS 2 BP 571 EP 579 PG 9 WC Agricultural Engineering SC Agriculture GA JH765 UT WOS:A1992JH76500027 ER PT J AU SEE, RB NAFTZ, DL QUALLS, CL AF SEE, RB NAFTZ, DL QUALLS, CL TI GIS-ASSISTED REGRESSION-ANALYSIS TO IDENTIFY SOURCES OF SELENIUM IN STREAMS SO WATER RESOURCES BULLETIN LA English DT Article DE SELENIUM; IRRIGATION DRAINAGE; GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEM AB Using a geographic information system, a regression model has been developed to identify and to assess potential sources of selenium in the Kendrick Reclamation Project Area, Wyoming. A variety of spatially distributed factors was examined to determine which factors are most likely to affect selenium discharge in tributaries to the North Platte River. Areas of Upper Cretaceous Cody Shale and Quaternary alluvial deposits and irrigated land, length of irrigation canals, and boundaries of hydrologic subbasins of the major tributaries to the North Platte River were digitized and stored in a geographic information system. Selenium concentrations in samples of soil, plant material, ground water, and surface water were determined and evaluated. The location of all sampling sites was digitized and stored in the geographic information system, together with the selenium concentrations in samples. A regression model was developed using stepwise multiple regression of median selenium discharges on the physical and chemical characteristics of hydrologic subbasins. Results indicate that the intensity of irrigation in a hydrologic subbasin, as determined by area of irrigated land and length of irrigation delivery canals, accounts for the largest variation in median selenium discharges among subbasins. Tributaries draining hydrologic subbasins with greater intensity of irrigation result in greater selenium discharges to the North Platte River than do tributaries draining subbasins with lesser intensity of irrigation. RP SEE, RB (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,2617 E LINCOLNWAY,SUITE B,CHEYENNE,WY 82001, USA. NR 15 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER WATER RESOURCES ASSOC PI HERNDON PA 950 HERNDON PARKWAY SUITE 300, HERNDON, VA 20170-5531 SN 0043-1370 J9 WATER RESOUR BULL JI Water Resour. Bull. PD MAR-APR PY 1992 VL 28 IS 2 BP 315 EP 330 PG 16 WC Engineering, Civil; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Engineering; Geology; Water Resources GA JF797 UT WOS:A1992JF79700007 ER PT J AU MAJOR, JJ PIERSON, TC AF MAJOR, JJ PIERSON, TC TI DEBRIS FLOW RHEOLOGY - EXPERIMENTAL-ANALYSIS OF FINE-GRAINED SLURRIES SO WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID DENSE SUSPENSIONS; GRANULAR FLOWS; YIELD STRESS; VISCOMETERS; BEHAVIOR; FLUIDS AB The rheology of slurries consisting of less-than-or-equal-to 2-mm sediment from a natural debris flow deposit was measured using a wide-gap concentric-cylinder viscometer. The influence of sediment concentration and size and distribution of grains on the bulk rheological behavior of the slurries was evaluated at concentrations ranging from 0.44 to 0.66. The slurries exhibit diverse rheological behavior. At shear rates above 5 s-1 the behavior approaches that of a Bingham material; below 5 s-1, sand exerts more influence and slurry behavior deviates from the Bingham idealization. Sand grain interactions dominate the mechanical behavior when sand concentration exceeds 0.2; transient fluctuations in measured torque, time-dependent decay of torque, and hysteresis effects are observed. Grain rubbing, interlocking, and collision cause changes in packing density, particle distribution, grain orientation, and formation and destruction of grain clusters, which may explain the observed behavior. Yield strength and plastic viscosity exhibit order-of-magnitude variation when sediment concentration changes as little as 2-4%. Owing to these complexities, it is unlikely that debris flows can be characterized by a single rheological model. RP MAJOR, JJ (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,CASCADES VOLCANO OBSERV,5400 MACARTHUR BLVD,VANCOUVER,WA 98661, USA. OI Major, Jon/0000-0003-2449-4466 NR 50 TC 163 Z9 169 U1 3 U2 26 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 SN 0043-1397 J9 WATER RESOUR RES JI Water Resour. Res. PD MAR PY 1992 VL 28 IS 3 BP 841 EP 857 DI 10.1029/91WR02834 PG 17 WC Environmental Sciences; Limnology; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Water Resources GA HG175 UT WOS:A1992HG17500024 ER PT J AU PITLICK, J AF PITLICK, J TI FLOW RESISTANCE UNDER CONDITIONS OF INTENSE GRAVEL TRANSPORT SO WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID HIGH-GRADIENT STREAMS; GEOMETRIC SIMILARITY; TEMPORAL VARIATIONS; HYDRAULIC RESEARCH; MOUNTAIN RIVERS; BED ROUGHNESS; MIGRATION; SEDIMENT; RATES; BEDFORMS AB A study of flow resistance was undertaken in a channelized reach of the North Fork Toutle River, downstream of Mount St. Helens, Washington. Hydraulic and sediment transport data were collected in flows with velocities up to 3 m/s and shear stresses up to 7 times the critical value needed for bed load transport. Details of the flow structure as revealed in vertical velocity profiles indicate that weak bed load transport over a plane gravel bed has little effect on flow resistance. The plane gravel bed persists up to stresses approximately 3 times critical, at which point, irregular bed forms appear. Bed forms greatly increase flow resistance and cause velocity profiles to become distorted. The latter arises as an effect of flows becoming depth-limited as bed form amplitude increases. At very high rates of bed load transport, an upper stage plane bed appeared. Velocity profiles measured in these flows match the law of the wall closely, with the equivalent roughness being well represented by k(s) = 3D84 of the bed load. The effects noted here will be important in very large floods or in rivers that are not free to widen, such as those cut into bedrock. C1 US GEOL SURVEY,CASCADES VOLCANO OBSERV,VANCOUVER,WA. NR 52 TC 60 Z9 60 U1 2 U2 4 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 SN 0043-1397 J9 WATER RESOUR RES JI Water Resour. Res. PD MAR PY 1992 VL 28 IS 3 BP 891 EP 903 DI 10.1029/91WR02932 PG 13 WC Environmental Sciences; Limnology; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Water Resources GA HG175 UT WOS:A1992HG17500028 ER PT J AU IVERSON, RM REID, ME AF IVERSON, RM REID, ME TI GRAVITY-DRIVEN GROUNDWATER-FLOW AND SLOPE FAILURE POTENTIAL .1. ELASTIC EFFECTIVE-STRESS MODEL SO WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH LA English DT Article AB Hilly or mountainous topography influences gravity-driven groundwater flow and the consequent distribution of effective stress in shallow subsurface environments. Effective stress, in turn, influences the potential for slope failure. To evaluate these influences, we formulate a two-dimensional, steady state, poroelastic model. The governing equations incorporate groundwater effects as body forces, and they demonstrate that spatially uniform pore pressure changes do not influence effective stresses. We implement the model using two finite element codes. As an illustrative case, we calculate the groundwater flow field, total body force field, and effective stress field in a straight, homogeneous hillslope. The total body force and effective stress fields show that groundwater flow can influence shear stresses as well as effective normal stresses. In most parts of the hillslope, groundwater flow significantly increases the Coulomb failure potential PHI, which we define as the ratio of maximum shear stress to mean effective normal stress. Groundwater flow also shifts the locus of greatest failure potential toward the slope toe. However, the effects of groundwater flow on failure potential are less pronounced than might be anticipated on the basis of a simpler, one-dimensional, limit equilibrium analysis. This is a consequence of continuity, compatibility, and boundary constraints on the two-dimensional flow and stress fields, and it points to important differences between our elastic continuum model and limit equilibrium models commonly used to assess slope stability. RP IVERSON, RM (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,CASCADES VOLCANO OBSERV,5400 MACARTHUR BLVD,VANCOUVER,WA 98661, USA. NR 57 TC 68 Z9 70 U1 0 U2 15 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 SN 0043-1397 J9 WATER RESOUR RES JI Water Resour. Res. PD MAR PY 1992 VL 28 IS 3 BP 925 EP 938 DI 10.1029/91WR02694 PG 14 WC Environmental Sciences; Limnology; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Water Resources GA HG175 UT WOS:A1992HG17500031 ER PT J AU REID, ME IVERSON, RM AF REID, ME IVERSON, RM TI GRAVITY-DRIVEN GROUNDWATER-FLOW AND SLOPE FAILURE POTENTIAL .2. EFFECTS OF SLOPE MORPHOLOGY, MATERIAL PROPERTIES, AND HYDRAULIC HETEROGENEITY SO WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH LA English DT Article AB Hillslope morphology, material properties, and hydraulic heterogeneities influence the role of groundwater flow in provoking slope instability. We evaluate these influences quantitatively by employing the elastic effective stress model and Coulomb failure potential concept described in our companion paper (Iverson and Reid, this issue). Sensitivity analyses show that of four dimensionless quantities that control model results (i.e., Poisson's ratio, porosity, topographic profile, and hydraulic conductivity contrast), slope profiles and hydraulic conductivity contrasts have the most pronounced and diverse effects on groundwater seepage forces, effective stresses, and slope failure potentials. Gravity-driven groundwater flow strongly influences the shape of equilibrium hillslopes, which we define as those with uniform near-surface failure potentials. For homogeneous slopes with no groundwater flow, equilibrium hillslope profiles are straight; but with gravity-driven flow, equilibrium profiles are concave or convex-concave, and the largest failure potentials exist near the bases of convex slopes. In heterogeneous slopes, relatively slight hydraulic conductivity contrasts of less than 1 order of magnitude markedly affect the seepage force field and slope failure potential. Maximum effects occur if conductivity contrasts are of four orders of magnitude or more, and large hydraulic gradients commonly result in particularly large failure potentials just upslope from where low-conductivity layers intersect the ground surface. C1 US GEOL SURVEY,CASCADES VOLCANO OBSERV,VANCOUVER,WA 98661. NR 26 TC 65 Z9 66 U1 1 U2 10 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 SN 0043-1397 J9 WATER RESOUR RES JI Water Resour. Res. PD MAR PY 1992 VL 28 IS 3 BP 939 EP 950 DI 10.1029/91WR02695 PG 12 WC Environmental Sciences; Limnology; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Water Resources GA HG175 UT WOS:A1992HG17500032 ER PT J AU MURPHY, RK AF MURPHY, RK TI LONG-EARED OWL INGESTS NESTLINGS FECES SO WILSON BULLETIN LA English DT Note RP MURPHY, RK (reprint author), US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,NO PRAIRIE WILDLIFE RES CTR,RR1 BOX 96C,JAESTOWN,ND 58401, USA. NR 9 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU WILSON ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC PI ANN ARBOR PA MUSEUM OF ZOOLOGY UNIV MICHIGAN, ANN ARBOR, MI 48109 SN 0043-5643 J9 WILSON BULL JI Wilson Bull. PD MAR PY 1992 VL 104 IS 1 BP 192 EP 193 PG 2 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA HJ931 UT WOS:A1992HJ93100025 ER PT J AU CHIOCCI, FL NORMARK, WR AF CHIOCCI, FL NORMARK, WR TI EFFECT OF SEA-LEVEL VARIATION ON UPPER-SLOPE DEPOSITIONAL PROCESSES OFFSHORE OF TIBER DELTA, TYRRHENIAN SEA, ITALY SO MARINE GEOLOGY LA English DT Article ID BASIN AB The upper slope and outer shelf in front of the Tiber River mouth (east-central Tyrrhenian Sea) exhibits a series of about 15 gullies that are not clearly related to present-day erosional or depositional processes. An extensive, high-resolution, seismic-reflection profiling survey of a 450 km2 area in front of the Tiber delta shows several generations of similar features within the older depositional sequences underlying the outer continental shelf. The gully relief appears dominantly depositional, probably developed during lowstand periods when the Tiber River mouth was relatively near the shelf break. The position of the gullied intervals, including those on the modern slope relict from the last lowstand, shows a successive northward shift with time. This northward shift indicates continued tilting of this part of the eastern Tyrrhenian continental margin, probably resulting from a continued subsidence to the north. C1 US GEOL SURVEY,MENLO PK,CA 94025. RP CHIOCCI, FL (reprint author), CNR,CTR STUDIO GEOL TECN,VIA EUDOSSIANA 18,I-00184 ROME,ITALY. NR 36 TC 26 Z9 27 U1 0 U2 3 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0025-3227 J9 MAR GEOL JI Mar. Geol. PD FEB 29 PY 1992 VL 104 IS 1-4 BP 109 EP 122 DI 10.1016/0025-3227(92)90087-X PG 14 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Oceanography SC Geology; Oceanography GA HN773 UT WOS:A1992HN77300007 ER PT J AU MOSS, ME AF MOSS, ME TI BAYESIAN RELATIVE INFORMATION MEASURE - A TOOL FOR ANALYZING THE OUTPUTS OF GENERAL-CIRCULATION MODELS SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article ID AMAZON DEFORESTATION; CLIMATE AB Mathematical models that generate scenarios containing no temporal correspondence to time series of actual occurrences are difficult to evaluate. One such class of models consists of atmospheric General Circulation Models (GCM), which have an additional drawback that the temporal and spatial scales of their outputs do not match those of the actual observations of the simulated phenomena. The problem of disparate scales can be ameliorated by aggregating both the model output and the observed data to commensurate scales. However, this approach does not permit quantitative testing at scales less than the least common level of aggregation. The lack of paired observations in the aggregated time series makes standard statistical methods either invalid or ineffective in testing the validity of a GCM. One approach to resolving this quandary is the use of a relative information measure, which is based on the uncertainties contained in the histograms of the aggregations of both the model output and the data base. Each interval of each histogram is analyzed, from a Bayesian perspective, as a binomial probability. For the data-based histogram, the reciprocal of the sum of the variances of the posterior distributions of probability in each interval is denoted as its information content. For the model-based histogram, the reciprocal of the sum of the expected mean squared errors of the posterior distributions in each interval likewise is its information content. The expected mean squared error, which accounts for potential biases in the GCM, is computed as the expectation of the squared differences between the data-based and the model-based posterior distributions for each interval. The ratio of the information content of the model-based histogram to that of the data-based histogram is the relative information of the model. A 5-year monthly precipitation time series for January at a single node of the current version of the Community Climate Model including the Biosphere Atmosphere Transfer Scheme contains 7.5 % of the information in the most recent 30 years of data in the Climatological Data Set assembled by the National Climate Data Center (NCDC). If the 5-year simulation were extended, its relative information content could be expected to approach 11.5 %. For July monthly precipitation, the 5-year simulation contained 13.7 % of the information of the NCDC data base and had a limit of 39.3 % for extremely long simulations. Aggregation of two adjacent cells at the same latitude showed some improvements in relative information, but longitudinal aggregation with two additional adjacent cells showed improvement for January precipitation, but degraded information for July precipitation. RP MOSS, ME (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY, 1675 S W ANKLAM RD, TUCSON, AZ 85745 USA. NR 19 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 1 U2 1 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD FEB 28 PY 1992 VL 97 IS D3 BP 2743 EP 2755 PG 13 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA HG561 UT WOS:A1992HG56100007 ER PT J AU HAY, LE MCCABE, GJ WOLOCK, DM AYERS, MA AF HAY, LE MCCABE, GJ WOLOCK, DM AYERS, MA TI USE OF WEATHER TYPES TO DISAGGREGATE GENERAL-CIRCULATION MODEL PREDICTIONS SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article AB General circulation models (GCMs) simulate climatic conditions with a grid cell resolution on the order of 100,000 km2. This resolution is inadequate to assess the effects of climatic change on water resources at a regional scale. A method has been developed that uses weather-type analysis as a tool to spatially disaggregate GCM predictions to make them useful for water resource studies. The method has been applied to the Delaware River basin to predict the effects of doubling atmospheric carbon dioxide on precipitation patterns in the region. An application of the technique to the Delaware River basin indicates that future climatic conditions will show minimal changes in weather-type frequency, implying that air circulation patterns will remain unchanged. Results of this study indicate that changes in regional precipitation patterns under a doubling of atmospheric carbon dioxide will be a result of within-type changes in weather characteristics. C1 US GEOL SURVEY, DIV WATER RESOURCES, RESTON, VA 22092 USA. US GEOL SURVEY, DIV WATER RESOURCES, LAWRENCE, KS 66049 USA. RP HAY, LE (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY, DENVER FED CTR, DIV WATER RESOURCES, BOX 25046, MS 412, DENVER, CO 80225 USA. NR 13 TC 48 Z9 48 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD FEB 28 PY 1992 VL 97 IS D3 BP 2781 EP 2790 PG 10 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA HG561 UT WOS:A1992HG56100011 ER PT J AU VACCARO, JJ AF VACCARO, JJ TI SENSITIVITY OF GROUNDWATER RECHARGE ESTIMATES TO CLIMATE VARIABILITY AND CHANGE, COLUMBIA PLATEAU, WASHINGTON SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article ID SOIL-MOISTURE; EVAPOTRANSPIRATION; BALANCE; MODELS AB The sensitivity of groundwater recharge estimates was investigated for the semiarid Ellensburg basin, located on the Columbia Plateau, Washington, to historic and projected climatic regimes. Recharge was estimated for predevelopment and current (1980s) land use conditions using a daily energy-soil-water balance model. A synthetic daily weather generator was used to simulate lengthy sequences with parameters estimated from subsets of the historical record that were unusually wet and unusually dry. Comparison of recharge estimates corresponding to relatively wet and dry periods showed that recharge for predevelopment land use varies considerably within the range of climatic conditions observed in the 87-year historical observation period. Recharge variations for present land use conditions were less sensitive to the same range of historical climatic conditions because of irrigation. The estimated recharge based on the 87-year historical climatology was compared with adjustments to the historical precipitation and temperature records for the same record to reflect CO2-doubling climates as projected by general circulation models (GCMs). Two GCM scenarios were considered: an average of conditions for three different GCMs with CO2 doubling, and a most severe "maximum" case. For the average GCM scenario, predevelopment recharge increased, and current recharge decreased. Also considered was the sensitivity of recharge to the variability of climate within the historical and adjusted historical records. Predevelopment and current recharge were less and more sensitive, respectively, to the climate variability for the average GCM scenario as compared to the variability within the historical record. For the maximum GCM scenario, recharge for both predevelopment and current land use decreased, and the sensitivity to the CO2-related climate change was larger than sensitivity to the variability in the historical and adjusted historical climate records. RP VACCARO, JJ (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY, DIV WATER RESOURCES,PACIFIC NW DIST,WASHINGTON OFF, 1201 PACIFIC AVE, SUITE 600, TACOMA, WA 98402 USA. NR 35 TC 26 Z9 26 U1 1 U2 6 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD FEB 28 PY 1992 VL 97 IS D3 BP 2821 EP 2833 PG 13 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA HG561 UT WOS:A1992HG56100014 ER PT J AU HORAN, MF MORGAN, JW WALKER, RJ GROSSMAN, JN AF HORAN, MF MORGAN, JW WALKER, RJ GROSSMAN, JN TI RHENIUM-OSMIUM ISOTOPE CONSTRAINTS ON THE AGE OF IRON-METEORITES SO SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID RE-187-OS-187 SYSTEMATICS; HALF-LIFE; SILVER; RE-187; LEAD AB Rhenium and osmium concentrations and the osmium isotopic compositions of iron meteorites were determined by negative thermal ionization mass spectrometry. Data for the IIA iron meteorites define an isochron with an uncertainty of approximately +/- 31 million years for meteorites approximately 4500 million years old. Although an absolute rhenium-osmium closure age for this iron group cannot be as precisely constrained because of uncertainty in the decay constant of Re-187 an age of 4460 million years ago is the minimum permitted by combined uncertainties. These age constraints imply that the parent body of the IIAB magmatic irons melted and subsequently cooled within 100 million years after the formation of the oldest portions of chondrites. Other iron meteorites plot above the IIA isochron, indicating that the planetary bodies represented by these iron groups may have cooled significantly later than the parent body of the IIA irons. C1 UNIV MARYLAND,DEPT GEOL,ISOTOPE GEOCHEM LAB,COLLEGE PK,MD 20742. RP HORAN, MF (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,MAILSTOP 981,RESTON,VA 22092, USA. RI Walker, Richard/K-6869-2016 OI Walker, Richard/0000-0003-0348-2407 NR 24 TC 48 Z9 49 U1 0 U2 8 PU AMER ASSOC ADVANCEMENT SCIENCE PI WASHINGTON PA 1200 NEW YORK AVE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 SN 0036-8075 J9 SCIENCE JI Science PD FEB 28 PY 1992 VL 255 IS 5048 BP 1118 EP 1121 DI 10.1126/science.255.5048.1118 PG 4 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA HF632 UT WOS:A1992HF63200038 PM 17817787 ER PT J AU HOFFMAN, D SANDERSON, C PENDLETON, G AF HOFFMAN, D SANDERSON, C PENDLETON, G TI INTERACTIVE EFFECTS OF ARSENATE, SELENIUM AND DIETARY-PROTEIN IN MALLARD (ANAS-PLATYRHYNCHOS) DUCKS SO FASEB JOURNAL LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,PATUXENT WILDLIFE RES CTR,LAUREL,MD 20708. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU FEDERATION AMER SOC EXP BIOL PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-3998 SN 0892-6638 J9 FASEB J JI Faseb J. PD FEB 26 PY 1992 VL 6 IS 4 BP A1398 EP A1398 PN 1 PG 1 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biology; Cell Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics; Cell Biology GA HG719 UT WOS:A1992HG71902675 ER PT J AU JARVI, SI GOTO, R GEE, GF BRILES, WE MILLER, MM AF JARVI, SI GOTO, R GEE, GF BRILES, WE MILLER, MM TI GENETIC DIVERSITY OF MAJOR HISTOCOMPATIBILITY GENES IN CRANES SO FASEB JOURNAL LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 CITY HOPE NATL MED CTR,BECKMAN RES INT,DUARTE,CA 91010. NO ILLINOIS UNIV,DE KALB,IL 60115. US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,PATUXENT WILDLIFE RES CTR,LAUREL,MD 20708. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU FEDERATION AMER SOC EXP BIOL PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-3998 SN 0892-6638 J9 FASEB J JI Faseb J. PD FEB 26 PY 1992 VL 6 IS 4 BP A1145 EP A1145 PN 1 PG 1 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biology; Cell Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics; Cell Biology GA HG719 UT WOS:A1992HG71901209 ER PT J AU DRAKE, DE CACCHIONE, DA GRANT, WD AF DRAKE, DE CACCHIONE, DA GRANT, WD TI SHEAR-STRESS AND BED ROUGHNESS ESTIMATES FOR COMBINED WAVE AND CURRENT FLOWS OVER A RIPPLED BED SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-OCEANS LA English DT Article ID CALIFORNIA CONTINENTAL-SHELF; BOTTOM BOUNDARY-LAYER; SEDIMENT; DYNAMICS; PREDICTIONS AB High-quality bottom boundary layer measurements and bottom photographs were obtained over a sand substrate during a 10-day deployment of the GEOPROBE tripod at an inner shelf (35-m water depth) location off northern California. The seafloor surrounding the tripod was composed of well-sorted medium-grained (mean diameter, 0.25 mm) sand which was formed into symmetrical wave ripples with heights of 3-4 cm and wavelengths of 22-30 cm. Mean velocity profiles in the region from 23 cm to 102 cm above the rippled bed were highly logarithmic (R > 0.95) approximately 30% of the time. Nineteen profiles exhibiting R > 0.997 were analyzed to obtain the shear velocity (U*c) and roughness length (Z0c) for the mean current. The near-bottom flow field was composed of quasi-steady currents (up to 12 cm s-1 at z = 102 cm) and wave-induced, oscillatory currents (up to 14 cm s-1). The data-derived estimates of U*c and Z0c were 0.3-0.93 cm s-1 and 0.82-1.5 cm, respectively. The mean shear estimates are 50-100% larger than those predicted using a drag coefficient (C(D)) of 3 x 10(-3) that is typical for rough boundaries, and the roughness lengths are up to an order of magnitude larger than the maximum expected values based on the observed wave-rippled bottom. These results indicate the importance of the combined flow turbulent interaction in producing a large apparent Z0c. However, comparison of the shear and roughness estimates derived from the velocity profile analysis to predictions made by the combined flow model of Grant and Madsen (1979) show that direct application of the wave-ripple roughness equation of Grant and Madsen (1982) yields large overestimates of z0c and U*c. Selecting the physical roughness length k(b) (= 30z0) that produced the best agreement with the data resulted in z0 values ranging from 0.03 to 0.43 cm. Moreover, a direct correlation exists between these physical roughness estimates and the angle (theta(cr)) formed by the mean current and the trend of the wave ripple crests. A simple linear relationship between k(b) and theta(cr) is suggested by our limited data set. C1 WOODS HOLE OCEANOG INST,DEPT OCEAN ENGN,WOODS HOLE,MA 02543. RP DRAKE, DE (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,345 MIDDLEFIELD RD,MENLO PK,CA 94025, USA. NR 31 TC 31 Z9 31 U1 1 U2 7 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 SN 0148-0227 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-OCEANS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans PD FEB 15 PY 1992 VL 97 IS C2 BP 2319 EP 2326 DI 10.1029/91JC02764 PG 8 WC Oceanography SC Oceanography GA HE091 UT WOS:A1992HE09100015 ER PT J AU ATWATER, BF AF ATWATER, BF TI GEOLOGIC EVIDENCE FOR EARTHQUAKES DURING THE PAST 2000 YEARS ALONG THE COPALIS RIVER, SOUTHERN COASTAL WASHINGTON SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SOLID EARTH LA English DT Article ID CASCADIA SUBDUCTION ZONE; RADIOCARBON TIME SCALE; FUCA PLATE BENEATH; NORTHERN OREGON; NANKAI TROUGH; SEA-LEVEL; CALIBRATION; DEFORMATION; MECHANISMS; SEISMICITY AB Evidence for several prehistoric earthquakes is present in deposits less than 2000 years old that crop out at the Copalis River estuary (47-degrees-07.2'N, 124-degrees-09.7'W). The deposits show that land subsided decimeters into the intertidal zone on as many as three occasions and that sand vented while the land underwent little or no subsidence on another occasion. The evidence for earthquake-induced subsidence consists of buried marsh and forest soils that evince sudden estuarine submergence attended on at least one occasion by a landward directed surge of sandy water. This combination of submergence and surge implies subsidence and tsunami. Exposed evidence for subsidence and tsunami along the Copalis River is strong for a time within a few decades of 300 years ago, moderate for a time 1400-1900 years ago, and weak (subsidence) or lacking (tsunami) for an intermediate time also about 1400-1900 years ago. The history of sudden submergence and tsunami in the past 2000 years at the Copalis River estuary resembles that shown by buried soils farther south in coastal Washington at Grays Harbor and Willapa Bay. The history can be explained most simply by great (Mw of 8 or 9) thrust earthquakes at the boundary between the Juan de Fuca and North America plates, with one or two earthquakes occurring 1400-1900 years ago and another close to 300 years ago. The evidence for earthquake-induced venting along the Copalis River consists of sand intrusions and vented-sand volcanoes. The sand rose through muddy estuarine deposits at least 3 m thick, entraining these deposits in fragments as much as 0.3 m long. Intrusion occurred at one or more times in the past 2000 years, and at least some of the venting occurred 900-1300 years ago. The sand bodies do not imply artesian flow of flood-pressured groundwater because the sand vented forcefully and infrequently through a lowland that probably lacked natural levees. The earthquake implied by the venting of sand 900-1300 years ago could have come from a source below, above, or at the boundary between the Juan de Fuca and North America plates. If from the subducted Juan de Fuca plate the implied earthquake was farther west or larger than the largest earthquakes within that plate during the past 100 years. Evidence permitting a source within the North America plate includes a fault scarp, an uplifted tideflat, and landslides near Puget Sound dating from the interval 700-1700 years ago. A plate boundary source would explain buried soils whose estuarine submergence and burial imply coseismic subsidence for parts of coastal Washington in the interval 600-1300 years ago. However, stratigraphy shows that little or no coseismic subsidence occurred along the Copalis River during the venting 900-1300 years ago. If a plate boundary earthquake struck coastal Washington 900-1300 years ago, the earthquake produced a different distribution of land level change than did the plate boundary earthquakes inferred for 1400-1900 and 300 years ago. RP ATWATER, BF (reprint author), UNIV WASHINGTON,DEPT GEOL SCI,US GEOL SURVEY,AJ-20,SEATTLE,WA 98195, USA. NR 77 TC 149 Z9 151 U1 1 U2 21 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 SN 0148-0227 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-SOL EA JI J. Geophys. Res.-Solid Earth PD FEB 10 PY 1992 VL 97 IS B2 BP 1901 EP 1919 DI 10.1029/91JB02346 PG 19 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA HD477 UT WOS:A1992HD47700018 ER PT J AU BEAUDOIN, BC FUIS, GS MOONEY, WD NOKLEBERG, WJ CHRISTENSEN, NI AF BEAUDOIN, BC FUIS, GS MOONEY, WD NOKLEBERG, WJ CHRISTENSEN, NI TI THIN, LOW-VELOCITY CRUST BENEATH THE SOUTHERN YUKON-TANANA TERRANE, EAST CENTRAL ALASKA - RESULTS FROM TRANS-ALASKA CRUSTAL TRANSECT REFRACTION WIDE-ANGLE REFLECTION DATA SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SOLID EARTH LA English DT Article ID LOWER CONTINENTAL-CRUST; SHEAR-WAVE VELOCITIES; SEISMIC VELOCITIES; SYNTHETIC SEISMOGRAMS; TECTONIC SIGNIFICANCE; CRYSTALLINE TERRANE; AUGEN GNEISS; DENALI-FAULT; ROCKS; EVOLUTION AB A seismic refraction/wide-angle reflection survey for the Trans-Alaska Crustal Transect program reveals a thin, reflective crust beneath the southern Yukon-Tanana terrane (YTT) in east central Alaska. These data are the first detailed refraction survey of the southern YTT and compose a 130-km-long reversed profile along the Alaska and Richardson highways. Results from this study indicate that low-velocity (less-than-or-equal-to 6.4 km/s) rocks extend to approximately 27 km in depth. Based on these low velocities and an average Poisson's ratio of 0.23 determined for depths of less-than-or-equal-to 27 km, an overall silicic composition is interpreted for this portion of the crust beneath the Yukon-Tanana terrane. From approximately 8 to 27 km depth the crust exhibits an increase in reflectivity. This middle to lower crustal reflectivity is modeled as alternating high- and low-velocity lamellae with an average velocity of 6.1 km/s at 10 km depth to an average velocity of 6.4 km/s at 27 km depth. Beneath these reflective, low-velocity rocks a 3- to 5-km-thick, 7.0 km/s basal crustal layer produces a prominent reflection that extends to offsets of up to 280 km. The crust-mantle boundary, modeled at an average depth of 30 km, produces a variable PmP reflection, which may indicate lateral heterogeneity of this boundary, and a weak and emergent Pn refraction with a velocity of 8.2 km/s. We interpret the crustal section as follows: the low-velocity rocks of the southern YTT extend from the surface to depths of approximately 10 km; underthrust Mesozoic flysch of the Kahiltna terrane, rocks of the Gravina arc, and basement of the Wrangellia(?) terrane extend from 10 to 27 km depth; a 3- to 5-km-thick layer of mantle-derived mafic rocks, relic oceanic crust, or Wrangellia(?) terrane lower crust extends from 27 to approximately 30 km depth; a tectonically young Moho beneath the southern YTT is found at an average depth of 30 km; and it is underlain by a mantle that may be relatively cool and/or olivine rich. In this interpretation, the Yukon-Tanana terrane is a thin-skinned terrane. Our results indicate that tectonic, and possibly magmatic, underplating has played a significant role in crustal growth for central Alaska. C1 PURDUE UNIV, DEPT EARTH & ATMOSPHER SCI, W LAFAYETTE, IN 47907 USA. US GEOL SURVEY, MENLO PK, CA 94025 USA. RP STANFORD UNIV, DEPT GEOPHYS, STANFORD, CA 94305 USA. OI Fuis, Gary/0000-0002-3078-1544 NR 89 TC 43 Z9 43 U1 0 U2 6 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-9313 EI 2169-9356 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-SOL EA JI J. Geophys. Res.-Solid Earth PD FEB 10 PY 1992 VL 97 IS B2 BP 1921 EP 1942 DI 10.1029/91JB02881 PG 22 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA HD477 UT WOS:A1992HD47700019 ER PT J AU SAVAGE, JC LISOWSKI, M PRESCOTT, WH AF SAVAGE, JC LISOWSKI, M PRESCOTT, WH TI STRAIN ACCUMULATION ACROSS THE WASATCH FAULT NEAR OGDEN, UTAH SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SOLID EARTH LA English DT Article ID LAKE BONNEVILLE; RANGE PROVINCE; UPPER MANTLE; BASIN; DEFORMATION; EARTHQUAKES; TECTONICS AB Deformation of a 70 by 40-km trilateration network spanning the north trending Wasatch fault near Ogden, Utah, has been monitored from 1972 through 1990. All but nine of the 200 measurements are consistent with deformation that is linear in time. We presume that those nine observations are contaminated by some blunder in making the measurements and that deformation is linear in time. The strain rate over the 1972-1990 interval across a 40-km-wide zone west of the Wasatch fault (hanging wall block) is adequately approximated by a 0.04 +/- 0.01-mu-strain/yr N85-degrees-E +/- 5-degrees uniaxial extension. Adequate coverage of the footwall block is available only over the 1981-1990 interval, and the strain rate across a 30-km-wide zone there is approximated by a 0.07 +/- 0.03-mu-strain/yr N20-degrees-E +/- 12-degrees uniaxial extension. The observed extension of the hanging wall block in the direction normal to fault strike suggests that the Wasatch fault may be listric; a planar fault would produce a zone of contraction normal to the fault at the surface of the hanging wall block. The component of extension parallel to fault strike observed on the footwall block is unexplained. RP SAVAGE, JC (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,345 MIDDLEFIELD RD,MS-977,MENLO PK,CA 94025, USA. NR 26 TC 18 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 SN 0148-0227 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-SOL EA JI J. Geophys. Res.-Solid Earth PD FEB 10 PY 1992 VL 97 IS B2 BP 2071 EP 2083 DI 10.1029/91JB02798 PG 13 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA HD477 UT WOS:A1992HD47700029 ER PT J AU LINDE, AT GLADWIN, MT JOHNSTON, MJS AF LINDE, AT GLADWIN, MT JOHNSTON, MJS TI THE LOMA-PRIETA EARTHQUAKE, 1989 AND EARTH STRAIN TIDAL AMPLITUDES - AN UNSUCCESSFUL SEARCH FOR ASSOCIATED CHANGES SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article ID DILATANCY AB The Loma Prieta earthquake of 1989 provided an opportunity for a sensitive test of suggestions that earthquakes may be preceded by variations in Earth tidal strain amplitudes. Such variations have been proposed as providing an advantageous technique for detecting precursory changes in elastic parameters in a seismogenic zone. We have analyzed data from two borehole strainmeters continuously operating within 40 km of the epicenter and within about 10 km of the southern end of the rupture. We are unable to identify any precursory changes in M2 and O1 tidal amplitudes and estimate that any large scale changes in Young's modulus must have been less than about 2%. If these results apply generally, we would conclude that variations in elastic material properties prior to earthquakes do not occur throughout substantial volumes of the subsequent hypocentral region. C1 UNIV QUEENSLAND,DEPT PHYS,BRISBANE,QLD 4072,AUSTRALIA. US GEOL SURVEY,MENLO PK,CA 94025. RP LINDE, AT (reprint author), CARNEGIE INST WASHINGTON,DEPT TERR MAGNETISM,5241 BROAD BRANCH RD NW,WASHINGTON,DC 20015, USA. NR 16 TC 10 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 SN 0094-8276 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD FEB 7 PY 1992 VL 19 IS 3 BP 317 EP 320 DI 10.1029/91GL03135 PG 4 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA HC979 UT WOS:A1992HC97900025 ER PT J AU HAGSTRUM, JT SEDLOCK, RL AF HAGSTRUM, JT SEDLOCK, RL TI PALEOMAGNETISM OF MESOZOIC RED CHERT FROM CEDROS ISLAND AND THE SAN-BENITO ISLANDS, BAJA-CALIFORNIA, MEXICO REVISITED SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article ID REMAGNETIZATION; ROCKS AB Previous paleomagnetic study of Mesozoic subduction-complex rocks on Cedros Island and the San Benito Islands, Mexico, shows that these rocks have been remagnetized; a single-polarity magnetization was found in chert sections and underlying pillow basalt deposited during a mixed-polarity interval of the geomagnetic field. Reanalysis of the Cedros and San Benito chert samples (101 total) shows that 13 samples also retain a high blocking-temperature component of magnetization (600-degrees to 680-degrees-C) indicating a polarity stratigraphy and deposition of the bedded chert near 2-degrees +/- 3-degrees paleolatitude. These data are similar to those for red chert in California and Japan implying that many of the Mesozoic ophiolitic chert sequences now exposed around the Pacific rim were initially deposited within the equatorial zone of high biologic productivity. These new data also support accretion of the Cedros and San Benito chert to the American margin at tropical paleolatitudes requiring significant north-ward translation (and clockwise rotation) to bring them to their present position with respect to the continental interior. C1 UNIV MISSOURI,DEPT GEOL SCI,COLUMBIA,MO 65211. RP HAGSTRUM, JT (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,345 MIDDLEFIELD RD,MS 937,MENLO PK,CA 94025, USA. NR 15 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 SN 0094-8276 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD FEB 7 PY 1992 VL 19 IS 3 BP 329 EP 332 DI 10.1029/91GL02692 PG 4 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA HC979 UT WOS:A1992HC97900028 ER PT J AU KRUGER, MB JEANLOZ, R PASTERNAK, MP TAYLOR, RD SNYDER, BS STACY, AM BOHLEN, SR AF KRUGER, MB JEANLOZ, R PASTERNAK, MP TAYLOR, RD SNYDER, BS STACY, AM BOHLEN, SR TI ANTIFERROMAGNETISM IN PRESSURE-AMORPHIZED FE2SIO4 SO SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID FAYALITE; GLASSES AB Amorphous FeSiO4 synthesized at elevated pressures exhibits a Neel transition at a temperature identical to that observed in the crystalline form, T(N) = 65 (+/- 2) kelvin at zero pressure. This behavior contrasts sharply with observations on other disordered systems, such as spin glasses, which characteristically exhibit strong "frustration" of the spins and consequent marked suppression of the Neel transition. C1 US GEOL SURVEY,MENLO PK,CA 94025. UNIV CALIF LOS ALAMOS SCI LAB,DIV PHYS,LOS ALAMOS,NM 87545. TEL AVIV UNIV,SCH PHYS & ASTRON,IL-69978 TEL AVIV,ISRAEL. UNIV CALIF BERKELEY,DEPT CHEM,BERKELEY,CA 94720. UNIV CALIF BERKELEY,DEPT GEOL & GEOPHYS,BERKELEY,CA 94720. RP KRUGER, MB (reprint author), UNIV CALIF BERKELEY,DEPT PHYS,BERKELEY,CA 94720, USA. NR 27 TC 18 Z9 18 U1 1 U2 9 PU AMER ASSOC ADVANCEMENT SCIENCE PI WASHINGTON PA 1200 NEW YORK AVE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 SN 0036-8075 J9 SCIENCE JI Science PD FEB 7 PY 1992 VL 255 IS 5045 BP 703 EP 705 DI 10.1126/science.255.5045.703 PG 3 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA HC506 UT WOS:A1992HC50600033 PM 17756949 ER PT J AU CLARKE, SH AF CLARKE, SH TI GEOLOGY OF THE EEL RIVER BASIN AND ADJACENT REGION - IMPLICATIONS FOR LATE CENOZOIC TECTONICS OF THE SOUTHERN CASCADIA SUBDUCTION ZONE AND MENDOCINO TRIPLE JUNCTION SO AAPG BULLETIN LA English DT Article ID BENEATH NORTHERN CALIFORNIA; GORDA PLATE; ROCKS; SEDIMENTOLOGY; STRATIGRAPHY; COMPLEX; UPLIFT AB Two upper Cenozoic depositional sequences of prinicipally marine strata about 4000 m thick overlie accreted basement terranes of the Central and Coastal belts of the Franciscan Complex in the onshore-offshore Eel River basin of northwestern California. The older depositional sequence is early to middle Miocene in age and represents slope basin and slope-blanket deposition, whereas the younger sequence, late Miocene to middle Pleistocene in age, consists largely of forearc basin deposits. Youthful tectonic activity related to Gorda-North American plate convergence indicates an active Cascadia subduction zone and strong partial coupling between these plates. Structures of the northeastern margin of the Eel River basin are principally north-northwest-trending, east-northeast-dipping thrust and reverse faults that form imbricate thrust fans. Many faults merge downward into sole thrusts that extend to or near the Gorda-North American plate interface. In the southern part of the region, these structures have been modified by northward encroachment of the Pacific plate. The Coastal belt fault, the early Tertiary accretionary suture between the Franciscan Central and Coastal belts, can be traced from Arcata Bay northward offshore to the southern Oregon border. It is tentatively extended farther northward based on aeromagnetic data to an offshore position west of Cape Blanco. Thereafter, it may coincide with the offshore Fulmar fault. If so, die Franciscan Coastal belt in California is correlative with the offshore Fulmar terrane in Oregon. The Cascadia subduction zone (CSZ) does not join the Mendocino transform fault at die commonly depicted offshore location of the Mendocino triple junction (MTJ). Instead, the CSZ extends southeastward around the southern Eel River basin and shoreward along Mendocino Canyon to join the Petrolia shear zone. Similarly, the Mendocino fault may extend shoreward via Mattole Canyon and join the Cooskie shear zone. These two shear zones intersect onshore north of the King Range, and the area of their intersection is the probable location of the MTJ. RP CLARKE, SH (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY, BRANCH PACIFIC MARINE GEOL, 345 MIDDLEFIELD RD, MS 999, MENLO PK, CA 94025 USA. NR 94 TC 66 Z9 66 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER ASSOC PETROLEUM GEOLOGIST PI TULSA PA 1444 S BOULDER AVE, PO BOX 979, TULSA, OK 74119-3604 USA SN 0149-1423 J9 AAPG BULL JI AAPG Bull. PD FEB PY 1992 VL 76 IS 2 BP 199 EP 224 PG 26 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA HC081 UT WOS:A1992HC08100004 ER PT J AU CONKLIN, DJ MOWBRAY, RC GINGERICH, WH AF CONKLIN, DJ MOWBRAY, RC GINGERICH, WH TI EFFECTS OF CHRONIC EXPOSURE TO SOFT, ACIDIC WATER ON GILL DEVELOPMENT AND CHLORIDE CELL NUMBERS IN EMBRYO-LARVAL BROOK TROUT, SALVELINUS-FONTINALIS SO AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article DE GILL DEVELOPMENT; ACIDIC WATER; SOFT WATER; CHLORIDE CELLS; BROOK TROUT ID SALMO-GAIRDNERI RICHARDSON; RAINBOW-TROUT; SECONDARY LAMELLAE; FATHEAD MINNOWS; CALCIUM-UPTAKE; TERM EXPOSURE; LOW PH; ALUMINUM; MORPHOLOGY; FISH AB Recruitment failure is considered to be a major factor contributing to the decline of fish populations in soft, acidic waters; direct mortality of embryo-larval fishes has been postulated as a major cause of the decline. Little is understood of the physiological consequences to embryo-larval fishes of prolonged exposure to soft, acidic waters, however, dysfunction of respiratory and ionoregulatory processes is suspected. In order to evaluate the effects of acid exposure on the respiratory and ionoregulatory systems of developing brook trout, Salvelinus fontinalis, differences in gill morphology and numbers of chloride cells were compared between groups of developing embryo-larval fish continuously exposed to moderately hard well water (130.0 mg.l-1 as CaCO3, pH 7.94) or to reconstituted soft, acidic water (4.4 mg.l-1 as CaCO3, pH 5.25) designed to mimic acidic waters of northern Wisconsin acidified lakes. Exposures were maintained for up to 48 days (82 days after fertilization) during critical periods of growth and differentiation of branchial structures. The second right gill arch of each fish was examined for changes in the development of filaments and lamellae and for differences in numbers of chloride cells. Gills of fish that developed in soft, acidic water contained greater numbers of normal and degenerating chloride cells, exhibited hyperplasia of primary epithelium and multiple fusions of adjacent filaments and lamellar epithelium than the gills of control fish. Filament and lamellar lengths and numbers of lamellae per filament were significantly less (P < 0.05) in fish that developed in soft, acidic water than in fish exposed to well water. C1 US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,NATL FISHERIES RES CTR,LA CROSSE,WI 54602. UNIV WISCONSIN,DEPT BIOL & MICROBIOL,LA CROSSE,WI 54601. NR 36 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0166-445X J9 AQUAT TOXICOL JI Aquat. Toxicol. PD FEB PY 1992 VL 22 IS 1 BP 39 EP 52 DI 10.1016/0166-445X(92)90034-K PG 14 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Toxicology SC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Toxicology GA HJ924 UT WOS:A1992HJ92400003 ER PT J AU FELIX, NA RAYNOLDS, MK JORGENSON, JC DUBOIS, KE AF FELIX, NA RAYNOLDS, MK JORGENSON, JC DUBOIS, KE TI RESISTANCE AND RESILIENCE OF TUNDRA PLANT-COMMUNITIES TO DISTURBANCE BY WINTER SEISMIC VEHICLES SO ARCTIC AND ALPINE RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID NORTHEASTERN ALASKA; VEGETATION; STABILITY; TERRAIN; USA AB Effects of winter seismic exploration on arctic tundra were evaluated on the coastal plain of the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge, four to five growing seasons after disturbance. Plant cover, active layer depths, and track depression were measured at plots representing major tundra plant communities and different levels of initial disturbance. Results are compared with the initial effects reported earlier. Little resilience was seen in any vegetation type, with no clearly decreasing trends in community dissimilarity (differences in species cover values between disturbed and control areas). Active layer depths remained greater on plots in all nonriparian vegetation types, and most plots still had visible trails. Decreases in plant cover persisted on most plots, although a few species showed recovery or increases in cover above predisturbance level. Moist sedge-shrub tundra and dryas terraces had the largest community dissimilarities initially, showing the least resistance to high levels of winter vehicle disturbance. Community dissimilarity continued to increase for five seasons in moist sedge-shrub tundra, with species composition changing to higher sedge cover and lower shrub cover. The resilience amplitude may have been exceeded on four plots which had significant track depression. RP FELIX, NA (reprint author), US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,ARCT NATL WILDLIFE REFUGE,101 12TH AVE,BOX 20,FAIRBANKS,AK 99701, USA. NR 43 TC 20 Z9 20 U1 1 U2 12 PU INST ARCTIC ALPINE RES PI BOULDER PA UNIV COLORADO, BOULDER, CO 80309 SN 0004-0851 J9 ARCTIC ALPINE RES JI Arct. Alp. Res. PD FEB PY 1992 VL 24 IS 1 BP 69 EP 77 DI 10.2307/1551322 PG 9 WC Environmental Sciences; Geography SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Geography GA HF862 UT WOS:A1992HF86200008 ER PT J AU NICHOLS, JD AF NICHOLS, JD TI CAPTURE-RECAPTURE MODELS SO BIOSCIENCE LA English DT Article ID AGE-DEPENDENT SURVIVAL; TIME-SPECIFIC SURVIVAL; POPULATION-SIZE; ROBUST ESTIMATION; MARK RECAPTURE; BAND-RECOVERY; RATES; PROBABILITIES; CATCHABILITY; RESIGHTINGS RP US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV, PATUXENT WILDLIFE RES CTR, MIGRATORY BIRD RES BRANCH, LAUREL, MD 20708 USA. NR 67 TC 246 Z9 259 U1 5 U2 64 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS PI OXFORD PA GREAT CLARENDON ST, OXFORD OX2 6DP, ENGLAND SN 0006-3568 EI 1525-3244 J9 BIOSCIENCE JI Bioscience PD FEB PY 1992 VL 42 IS 2 BP 94 EP 102 DI 10.2307/1311650 PG 9 WC Biology SC Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics GA HB004 UT WOS:A1992HB00400009 ER PT J AU HANKS, TC JOHNSTON, AC AF HANKS, TC JOHNSTON, AC TI COMMON FEATURES OF THE EXCITATION AND PROPAGATION OF STRONG GROUND MOTION FOR NORTH-AMERICAN EARTHQUAKES SO BULLETIN OF THE SEISMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA LA English DT Article ID EASTERN-UNITED-STATES; SOUTHERN-CALIFORNIA; SOURCE PARAMETERS; KERN COUNTY; ATTENUATION; STRESS; MAGNITUDES; MOMENTS; MODELS; FAULT AB The central matter of this investigation is the commonly held belief that eastern North America (ENA) earthquakes are felt to much greater distances, at all levels of intensity, than their western U.S. (WUS) counterparts of the same source strength. By comparing the areas enclosed by Modified Mercalli intensities I to III (felt), IV, V, VI, and VII for ENA and WUS earthquakes at the same source strength, we find that this proposition is mostly false at damaging levels of ground motion (intensities VI to VII and greater). For M less-than-or-equal-to 7, neither should such differences exist, if strong ground motion is confined to R less-than-or-similar-to 150 km and arrives principally as body waves and if ENA and WUS earthquakes share the same average stress drop. In fact, observable differences in the areas enclosed by intensity VI (A(VI)) for ENA and WUS earthquakes at the same M point to slight but significant differences in stress drop, the ENA earthquakes having stress drops a factor of about 2 higher. Only for the largest earthquakes, M greater-than-or-equal-to 7 1/2 as the 1811 to 1812 New Madrid and 1886 Charleston earthquakes seem to be, can strong ground motion propagate to much greater distances as low-loss, higher-mode surface waves in ENA relative to WUS. The strong dependence of high-frequency strong ground motion on stress drop and its weak dependences on M admit the possibility that the 1811 to 1812 events and the 1886 Charleston earthquakes are no larger than M = 6 1/2 to 7, provided that their stress drops are higher than average by a factor of 2 or so. C1 MEMPHIS STATE UNIV, CTR EARTHQUAKE RES & INFORMAT, MEMPHIS, TN 38152 USA. RP US GEOL SURVEY, 345 MIDDLEFIELD RD, MENLO PK, CA 94025 USA. NR 52 TC 77 Z9 78 U1 0 U2 3 PU SEISMOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI ALBANY PA 400 EVELYN AVE, SUITE 201, ALBANY, CA 94706-1375 USA SN 0037-1106 EI 1943-3573 J9 B SEISMOL SOC AM JI Bull. Seismol. Soc. Amer. PD FEB PY 1992 VL 82 IS 1 BP 1 EP 23 PG 23 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA HC008 UT WOS:A1992HC00800001 ER PT J AU BROCKMAN, SR BOLLINGER, GA AF BROCKMAN, SR BOLLINGER, GA TI Q-ESTIMATES ALONG THE WASATCH FRONT IN UTAH DERIVED FROM SG AND LG WAVE AMPLITUDES SO BULLETIN OF THE SEISMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA LA English DT Article ID WESTERN UNITED-STATES; ML SCALE; CODA-Q; CALIFORNIA; ATTENUATION AB This study develops estimates for the attenuation of peak vertical ground motions using a conventional, least-squares regression model applied to unfiltered and bandpass-filtered ground-motion data. The input data are from 88 earthquakes (1.0 less-than-or-equal-to M less-than-or-equal-to epicentral distance range 10 to 450 km) located along the Utah-Idaho border and propagating Sg and Lg waves southward to seismograph stations along the Wasatch front in north central Utah. The regression model includes parameters to account for geometric spreading, anelastic attenuation with a power-law-frequency dependence, source, size, and station site effects. The maximum ground-motion amplitudes are derived from waves arriving about 3 sec, on the average, after the S-wave arrivals and are interpreted to be Sg in close (roughly 100 km or two crustal thicknesses) and Lg at greater distances. Accordingly, geometric spreading coefficients of 1.0 and 0.9 for body waves (Sg) and 0.83 (5/6) for higher-mode, Airy-phase surface waves (Lg) are chosen for testing. Similarly, a range of initial values of the power dependence of the attenuation (0.5 to 0.9) are also tested. The suite of estimates that result from regressing the amplitude data, while employing the family of fixed parameter values, leads to the following O model: Q(f) = 9.7f0.80 for 3 Hz less-than-or-equal-to f less-than-or-equal-to 10 Hz. These results are important to the estimation of the seismic hazard for the study area. This pronounced level of attenuation, comparable to that found in California, has been reported in previous investigations of the study area using PSRV spectra, intensity attenuation and fall-off of Wood - Anderson seismogram amplitudes. C1 VIRGINIA POLYTECH INST & STATE UNIV,BLACKSBURG,VA 24061. RP BROCKMAN, SR (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,DENVER FED CTR,GEOL RISK ASSESSMENT BRANCH,POB 25046,MAIL STOP 966,DENVER,CO 80225, USA. NR 21 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 1 PU SEISMOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI EL CERRITO PA PLAZA PROFESSIONAL BLDG, SUITE 201, EL CERRITO, CA 94530 SN 0037-1106 J9 B SEISMOL SOC AM JI Bull. Seismol. Soc. Amer. PD FEB PY 1992 VL 82 IS 1 BP 135 EP 147 PG 13 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA HC008 UT WOS:A1992HC00800008 ER PT J AU SIPKIN, SA LERNERLAM, AL AF SIPKIN, SA LERNERLAM, AL TI PULSE-SHAPE DISTORTION INTRODUCED BY BROAD-BAND DECONVOLUTION SO BULLETIN OF THE SEISMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA LA English DT Article ID BAND SEISMOGRAMS AB The availability of broadband digitally recorded seismic data has led to an increasing number of studies using data from which the instrument transfer function has been deconvolved. In most studies, it is assumed that raw ground motion is the quantity that remains after deconvolution. After deconvolving the instrument transfer function, however, seismograms are usually high-pass filtered to remove low-frequency noise caused by very long-period signals outside the frequency band of interest or instabilities in the instrument response at low frequencies. In some cases, data must also be low-pass filtered to remove high-frequency noise from various sources. Both of these operations are usually performed using either zero-phase (acausal) or minimum-phase (causal) filters. Use of these filters can lead to either bias or increased uncertainty in the results, especially when taking integral measures of the displacement pulse. We present a deconvolution method, based on Backus-Gilbert inverse theory, that regularizes the time-domain deconvolution problem and thus mitigates any low-frequency instabilities. We apply a roughening constraint that minimizes the long-period components of the deconvolved signal along with the misfit to the data, emphasizing the higher frequencies at the expense of low frequencies. Thus, the operator acts like a high-pass filter but is controlled by a trade-off parameter that depends on the ratio of the model variance to the residual variance, rather than an ad hoc selection of a filter corner frequency. The resulting deconvolved signal retains a higher fidelity to the original ground motion than that obtained using a postprocess high-pass filter and eliminates much of the bias introduced by such a filter. A smoothing operator can also be introduced that effectively applies a low-pass filter. This smoothing is useful in the presence of blue noise, or if inferences about source complexity are to be made from the roughness of the deconvolved signal. C1 COLUMBIA UNIV,LAMONT DOHERTY GEOL OBSERV,PALISADES,NY 10964. RP SIPKIN, SA (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,DENVER FED CTR,MS 967,BOX 25046,DENVER,CO 80225, USA. NR 21 TC 19 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 1 PU SEISMOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI EL CERRITO PA PLAZA PROFESSIONAL BLDG, SUITE 201, EL CERRITO, CA 94530 SN 0037-1106 J9 B SEISMOL SOC AM JI Bull. Seismol. Soc. Amer. PD FEB PY 1992 VL 82 IS 1 BP 238 EP 258 PG 21 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA HC008 UT WOS:A1992HC00800014 ER PT J AU RAVEN, KG NOVAKOWSKI, KS YAGER, RM HEYSTEE, RJ AF RAVEN, KG NOVAKOWSKI, KS YAGER, RM HEYSTEE, RJ TI SUPERNORMAL FLUID PRESSURES IN SEDIMENTARY-ROCKS OF SOUTHERN ONTARIO - WESTERN NEW-YORK-STATE SO CANADIAN GEOTECHNICAL JOURNAL LA English DT Article DE SUPERNORMAL FLUID PRESSURE; SEDIMENTARY ROCKS; GAS MIGRATION ID GROUNDWATER-FLOW; GENERATION; CANADA; GAS; HYDROGEOLOGY; RESERVOIRS; MIGRATION; MECHANISM; STRESSES; MODEL AB Fluid pressures up to 1.7 times greater than hydrostatic have been measured in argillaceous Paleozoic rocks of low permeability in southern Ontario and western New York State. These supernormal formation fluid pressures were measured at depths of 50-310 m using submersible pressure transducers with straddle packers and multiple-packer casings isolating the test intervals. Measurements were obtained over periods of 7-46 months following casing installations. The pressure measurements from 11 monitoring wells are compiled and supporting hydrogeologic data for 5 selected wells are used as examples to illustrate the occurrence of supernormal fluid pressures in the Ordovician, Silurian, and Devonian sedimentary sequence of southern Ontario and western New York State. Possible explanations for the occurrence of supernormal fluid pressures in sedimentary rock are evaluated considering the available geologic and hydrogeologic information obtained from the monitoring wells. Based on this review, it is hypothesized that gas migration and accumulation from deeper distant sources via permeable vertical pathways is the most plausible explanation for the observed fluid pressures, although secondary contributions from local neotectonic activity are also possible. The implications of such supernormal fluid pressures on regional groundwater flow in sedimentary rocks and related activities such as waste disposal in sedimentary rock are briefly discussed. C1 ENVIRONM CANADA,NATL WATER RES INST,BURLINGTON L7R 4A6,ONTARIO,CANADA. US GEOL SURVEY,ITHACA,NY 14850. ONTARIO HYDRO,TORONTO M5G 1X6,ONTARIO,CANADA. RP RAVEN, KG (reprint author), RAVEN BECK ENVIRONM LTD,265 CARLING AVE,SUITE 208,OTTAWA K1S 2E1,ONTARIO,CANADA. NR 58 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 2 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA ON K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0008-3674 J9 CAN GEOTECH J JI Can. Geotech. J. PD FEB PY 1992 VL 29 IS 1 BP 80 EP 93 DI 10.1139/t92-009 PG 14 WC Engineering, Geological; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Engineering; Geology GA HL577 UT WOS:A1992HL57700009 ER PT J AU KREMENTZ, DG STOTTS, DB PENDLETON, GW HINES, JE STOTTS, VD AF KREMENTZ, DG STOTTS, DB PENDLETON, GW HINES, JE STOTTS, VD TI COMPARATIVE PRODUCTIVITY OF AMERICAN BLACK DUCKS AND MALLARDS NESTING ON CHESAPEAKE BAY ISLANDS SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF ZOOLOGY-REVUE CANADIENNE DE ZOOLOGIE LA English DT Article ID RECOVERY RATES; POPULATION; SURVIVAL; SUCCESS; MODEL AB We estimated laying dates, clutch sizes, and nest success rates of sympatrically breeding populations of American black ducks (Anas rubripes) and mallards (Anas platyrhynchos) on Chesapeake Bay islands between 1986 and 1989. Neither average laying date nor clutch size differed between black ducks and mallards. Nest success rates were higher for mallards in 2 of 4 years, but were area dependent. C1 US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,PATUXENT WILDLIFE RES CTR,LAUREL,MD 20708. NR 23 TC 9 Z9 11 U1 1 U2 2 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA ON K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0008-4301 J9 CAN J ZOOL JI Can. J. Zool.-Rev. Can. Zool. PD FEB PY 1992 VL 70 IS 2 BP 225 EP 228 DI 10.1139/z92-035 PG 4 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA HR073 UT WOS:A1992HR07300005 ER PT J AU Hostetler, SW Giorgi, F AF Hostetler, S. W. Giorgi, F. TI Use of a regional atmospheric model to simulate lake-atmosphere feedbacks associated with Pleistocene Lakes Lahontan and Bonneville SO CLIMATE DYNAMICS LA English DT Article AB A regional model of the atmosphere (version 4 of the NCAR mesoscale model, MM4) was used to assess whether lake-effect precipitation was a significant component of the late-Pleistocene hydrologic budgets of Lakes Lahontan and Bonneville. Control simulations for January and July of 1979 were made using MM4, and the Pleistocene highstand surface areas of the lakes were added to the model and the simulations repeated. In the January simulations, 18% of the moisture added to the modeled atmosphere by Lake Lahontan returned to the Lahontan basin as precipitation, while 32% of the water evaporated from Lake Bonneville fell as precipitation over the Bonneville basin. In the July simulations, 7% of the moisture added to the modeled atmosphere by Lake Lahontan returned to the Lahontan basin as precipitation, and 4% of the water evaporated from Lake Bonneville fell as precipitation over the Bonneville basin. An additonal January simulation was made with the lake surface areas set at one-half their highstand extents (the average surface area 20 to 15 ka BP). Results from this simulation were similar to the simulation with the highstand lakes, indicating lake-effect precipitation could have been a significant component of the hyrologic budgets of the lakes before and during the highstand period. C1 [Hostetler, S. W.] Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, US Geol Survey, Boulder, CO 80307 USA. RP Hostetler, SW (reprint author), Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, US Geol Survey, POB 3000, Boulder, CO 80307 USA. RI Giorgi, Filippo/C-3169-2013 FU U.S. National Science Foundation FX The National Center for Atmospheric Research is sponsored by the U.S. National Science Foundation NR 22 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0930-7575 EI 1432-0894 J9 CLIM DYNAM JI Clim. Dyn. PD FEB PY 1992 VL 7 IS 1 BP 39 EP 44 PG 6 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA V04TC UT WOS:000207079700004 ER PT J AU HOSTETLER, SW GIORGI, F AF HOSTETLER, SW GIORGI, F TI USE OF A REGIONAL ATMOSPHERIC MODEL TO SIMULATE LAKE-ATMOSPHERE FEEDBACKS ASSOCIATED WITH PLEISTOCENE LAKES LAHONTAN AND BONNEVILLE SO CLIMATE DYNAMICS LA English DT Article ID LEVEL; EVAPORATION; BASIN AB A regional model of the atmosphere (version 4 of the NCAR mesoscale model, MM4) was used to assess whether lake-effect precipitation was a significant component of the late-Pleistocene hydrologic budgets of Lakes Lahontan and Bonneville. Control simulations for January and July of 1979 were made using MM4, and the Pleistocene highstand surface areas of the lakes were added to the model and the simulations repeated. In the January simulations, 18% of the moisture added to the modeled atmosphere by Lake Lahontan returned to the Lahontan basin as precipitation, while 32% of the water evaporated from Lake Bonneville fell as precipitation over the Bonneville basin. In the July simulations, 7% of the moisture added to the modeled atmosphere by Lake Lahontan returned to the Lahontan basin as precipitation, and 4% of the water evaporated from Lake Bonneville fell as precipitation over the Bonneville basin. An additonal January simulation was made with the lake surface areas set at onehalf their highstand extents (the average surface area 20 to 15 ka BP). Results from this simulation were similar to the simulation with the highstand lakes, indicating lake-effect precipitation could have been a significant component of the hydrologic budgets of the lakes before and during the highstand period. C1 NATL CTR ATMOSPHER RES, US GEOL SURVEY, BOULDER, CO 80307 USA. NR 22 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0930-7575 EI 1432-0894 J9 CLIM DYNAM JI Clim. Dyn. PD FEB PY 1992 VL 7 IS 1 BP 39 EP 44 PG 6 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA HE112 UT WOS:A1992HE11200004 ER PT J AU MCCABE, GJ WOLOCK, DM AF MCCABE, GJ WOLOCK, DM TI EFFECTS OF CLIMATIC-CHANGE AND CLIMATIC VARIABILITY ON THE THORNTHWAITE MOISTURE INDEX IN THE DELAWARE RIVER BASIN SO CLIMATIC CHANGE LA English DT Article ID ATMOSPHERIC CO2; INCREASES AB The Thornthwaite moisture index is useful as an indicator of the supply of water in an area relative to the demand under prevailing climatic conditions. This study examines the effects of long-term changes in climate (temperature and precipitation) on the Thornthwaite moisture index in the Delaware River basin. Temperature and precipitation estimates for doubled-CO2 conditions derived from three general circulation models (GCMs) are used to study the response of the moisture index for steady-state doubled-CO2 conditions and for gradual changes from present to doubled-CO2 conditions. Results of the study indicate that temperature and precipitation under doubled-CO2 conditions will cause the Thornthwaite moisture index to decrease, implying significantly drier conditions in the Delaware River basin than currently exist. The amount of decrease depends, however, on the GCM climatic-change scenario used. The results also indicate that future changes in the moisture index will be partly masked by natural year-to-year variability in temperature and precipitation. RP MCCABE, GJ (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,810 BEAR TAVERN RD,W TRENTON,NJ 08628, USA. NR 17 TC 21 Z9 23 U1 0 U2 0 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0165-0009 J9 CLIMATIC CHANGE JI Clim. Change PD FEB PY 1992 VL 20 IS 2 BP 143 EP 153 DI 10.1007/BF00154172 PG 11 WC Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA HJ194 UT WOS:A1992HJ19400004 ER PT J AU LANCTOT, RB QUANG, PX AF LANCTOT, RB QUANG, PX TI DENSITY OF LOONS IN CENTRAL ALASKA SO CONDOR LA English DT Note DE COMMON, PACIFIC, AND RED-THROATED LOON; YUKON FLATS NATIONAL WILDLIFE REFUGE; DENSITY; AERIAL SURVEY; ALASKA ID COMMON-LOONS C1 US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,YUKON FLATS NATL WILDLIFE REFUGE,FAIRBANKS,AK 99701. UNIV ALASKA,DEPT MATH SCI,FAIRBANKS,AK 99775. NR 30 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 2 PU COOPER ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC PI LAWRENCE PA ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC NORTH AMER PO BOX 1897, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 SN 0010-5422 J9 CONDOR JI Condor PD FEB PY 1992 VL 94 IS 1 BP 282 EP 286 DI 10.2307/1368819 PG 5 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA HJ661 UT WOS:A1992HJ66100029 ER PT J AU NICHOLS, DJ BROWN, JL ATTREP, M ORTH, CJ AF NICHOLS, DJ BROWN, JL ATTREP, M ORTH, CJ TI A NEW CRETACEOUS TERTIARY BOUNDARY LOCALITY IN THE WESTERN POWDER RIVER BASIN, WYOMING - BIOLOGICAL AND GEOLOGICAL IMPLICATIONS SO CRETACEOUS RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE CRETACEOUS TERTIARY BOUNDARY; EXTINCTION; PALYNOMORPHS; IRIDIUM ID MONTANA C1 LOS ALAMOS NATL LAB,LOS ALAMOS,NM 87545. RP NICHOLS, DJ (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,MS 919,BOX 25046,DENVER,CO 80225, USA. NR 33 TC 29 Z9 32 U1 0 U2 2 PU ACADEMIC PRESS LTD PI LONDON PA 24-28 OVAL RD, LONDON, ENGLAND NW1 7DX SN 0195-6671 J9 CRETACEOUS RES JI Cretac. Res. PD FEB PY 1992 VL 13 IS 1 BP 3 EP 30 DI 10.1016/0195-6671(92)90026-M PG 28 WC Geology; Paleontology SC Geology; Paleontology GA JD873 UT WOS:A1992JD87300002 ER PT J AU GENIN, A PAULL, CK DILLON, WP AF GENIN, A PAULL, CK DILLON, WP TI ANOMALOUS ABUNDANCES OF DEEP-SEA FAUNA ON A ROCKY BOTTOM EXPOSED TO STRONG CURRENTS SO DEEP-SEA RESEARCH PART A-OCEANOGRAPHIC RESEARCH PAPERS LA English DT Article ID NORTH PACIFIC SEAMOUNTS; BIOLOGICAL COMMUNITIES; FLORIDA ESCARPMENT; WESTERN BOUNDARY; WATER MOTION; MOVEMENT; ANIMALS; CORALS; REEF; FLOW AB Unusually high abundances of sponges and gorgonian corals, covering as much as 25% of the bottom, occur at depths greater than 3.5 km on the Blake Spur, a rocky cliff-dominated feature on the western Atlantic continental margin. This is the first report of such high abundances of megafauna from a non-hydrothermal or otherwise chemosynthetically enriched site in abyssal depths. Animal densities at other steep rocky sites at similar depths are usually lower by more than an order of magnitude. The deep slope of the Blake Spur is exposed to the vigorous Western Boundary Undercurrent, with local flow speeds that may exceed 100 cm s-1. Currents can control this anomalous animal abundance by removing sediments and by enhancing fluxes, rather than concentrations, of food particles to the dominant suspension feeders. C1 UNIV N CAROLINA,DEPT GEOL,CHAPEL HILL,NC 27599. US GEOL SURVEY,WOODS HOLE,MA 02543. RP GENIN, A (reprint author), HEBREW UNIV JERUSALEM,H STEINITZ MARINE BIOL LAB,POB 469,ELAT,ISRAEL. NR 45 TC 29 Z9 29 U1 0 U2 0 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 0198-0149 J9 DEEP-SEA RES PD FEB PY 1992 VL 39 IS 2A BP 293 EP & DI 10.1016/0198-0149(92)90110-F PG 0 WC Oceanography SC Oceanography GA HH586 UT WOS:A1992HH58600012 ER PT J AU MORGAN, JW WALKER, RJ GROSSMAN, JN AF MORGAN, JW WALKER, RJ GROSSMAN, JN TI RHENIUM-OSMIUM ISOTOPE SYSTEMATICS IN METEORITES .1. MAGMATIC IRON METEORITE GROUP-IIAB AND GROUP-IIIAB SO EARTH AND PLANETARY SCIENCE LETTERS LA English DT Article ID RE-187-OS-187 SYSTEMATICS; SOLAR-SYSTEM; HALF-LIFE; I-XE; SILICATE; RE-187; PD-107; SILVER; AGE; RU AB Using resonance ionization mass spectrometry (RIMS). Re and Os abundances were determined by isotope dilution (ID) and Os-187/Os-186 ratios measured in nineteen iron meteorites: eight from group IIAB, ten from group IIIAB, and Treysa (IIIB anomalous). Abundances range from 1.4 to 4800 ppb Re, and from 13 to 65000 ppb Os, and generally agree well with previous ID and neutron activation (NAA) results. The Re and Os data suggest that abundance trends in these iron groups may be entirely explained by fractional crystallization. Addition of late-formed metal to produce Re-Os variation in the B subgroups is not essential but cannot be excluded. Whole-rock isochrons for the IIAB and IIIAB groups are statistically indistinguishable. Pooled data yield an initial Os-187/Os-186 of 0.794 +/- 0.010, with a slope of (7.92 +/- 0.20) x 10(-2) corresponding to a magmatic iron meteorite age of 4.65 +/- 0.11 Ga (using a decay constant of 1.64 x 10(-11) a-1). Given the errors in the slope and half life, this age does not differ significantly from the canonical chondrite age of 4.56 Ga, but could be as young as 4.46 Ga. RP MORGAN, JW (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,MAIL STOP 981,RESTON,VA 22092, USA. RI Walker, Richard/K-6869-2016 OI Walker, Richard/0000-0003-0348-2407 NR 40 TC 30 Z9 35 U1 1 U2 4 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0012-821X J9 EARTH PLANET SC LETT JI Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. PD FEB PY 1992 VL 108 IS 4 BP 191 EP 202 DI 10.1016/0012-821X(92)90022-N PG 12 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA HJ288 UT WOS:A1992HJ28800003 ER PT J AU NICHOLS, JD SAUER, JR POLLOCK, KH HESTBECK, JB AF NICHOLS, JD SAUER, JR POLLOCK, KH HESTBECK, JB TI ESTIMATING TRANSITION-PROBABILITIES FOR STAGE-BASED POPULATION PROJECTION MATRICES USING CAPTURE RECAPTURE DATA SO ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE CAPTURE RECAPTURE MODELS; MICROTUS-PENNSYLVANICUS; MULTISTATE MODELS; PARAMETER ESTIMATION; POLLOCK ROBUST DESIGN; STAGE-BASED POPULATION PROJECTION MATRICES; STAGE TRANSITION PROBABILITIES ID MICROTUS-PENNSYLVANICUS; UNEQUAL CATCHABILITY; SURVIVAL; SIZE; DYNAMICS; RATES; RECOVERY; EXAMPLE; GROWTH; AGE AB In stage-based demography, animals are often categorized into size (or mass) classes, and size-based probabilities of surviving and changing mass classes must be estimated before demographic analyses can be conducted. In this paper, we develop two procedures for the estimation of mass transition probabilities from capture-recapture data. The first approach uses a multistate capture-recapture model that is parameterized directly with the transition probabilities of interest. Maximum likelihood estimates are then obtained numerically using program SURVIV. The second approach involves a modification of Pollock's robust design. Estimation proceeds by conditioning on animals caught in a particular class at time i, and then using closed models to estimate the number of these that are alive in other classes at i + 1. Both methods are illustrated by application to meadow vole, Microtus pennsylvanicus, capture-recapture data. The two methods produced reasonable estimates that were similar. Advantages of these two approaches include the directness of estimation, the absence of need for restrictive assumptions about the independence of survival and growth, the testability of assumptions, and the testability of related hypotheses of ecological interest (e.g., the hypothesis of temporal variation in transition probabilities). C1 N CAROLINA STATE UNIV, INST STAT, RALEIGH, NC 27695 USA. RP US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV, PATUXENT WILDLIFE RES CTR, LAUREL, MD 20708 USA. NR 32 TC 112 Z9 112 U1 1 U2 19 PU ECOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 1990 M STREET NW, STE 700, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0012-9658 EI 1939-9170 J9 ECOLOGY JI Ecology PD FEB PY 1992 VL 73 IS 1 BP 306 EP 312 DI 10.2307/1938741 PG 7 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA HC842 UT WOS:A1992HC84200026 ER PT J AU RUTHERFORD, DW CHIOU, CT KILE, DE AF RUTHERFORD, DW CHIOU, CT KILE, DE TI INFLUENCE OF SOIL ORGANIC-MATTER COMPOSITION ON THE PARTITION OF ORGANIC-COMPOUNDS SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID HUMIC MATERIALS; SORPTION; POLLUTANTS AB The sorption at room temperature of benzene and carbon tetrachloride from water on three high-organic-content soils (muck, peat, and extracted peat) and on cellulose was determined in order to evaluate the effect of sorbent polarity on the solute partition coefficients. The isotherms are highly linear for both solutes on all the organic matter samples, which is consistent with a partition model. For both solutes, the extracted peat shows the greatest sorption capacity while the cellulose shows the lowest capacity; the difference correlates with the polar-to-nonpolar group ratio [(O + N)/C] of the sorbent samples. The relative increase of solute partition coefficient (K(om)) with a decrease of sample polar content is similar for both solutes, and the limiting sorption capacity on a given organic matter sample is comparable between the solutes. This observation suggests that one can estimate the polarity effect of a sample of soil organic matter (SOM) on K(om) of various nonpolar solutes by determining the partition coefficient of single nonpolar solute when compositional analysis of the SOM is not available. The observed dependence of K(om) on sample polarity is used to account for the variation of K(om) values of individual compounds on different soils that results from change in the polar group content of SOM. On the assumption that the carbon content of SOM in "ordinary soils" is 53-63%, the calculated variation of K(om) is a factor of approximately 3. This value is in agreement with the limit of variation of most K(om) data with soils of relatively high SOM contents. C1 US GEOL SURVEY,DENVER FED CTR,BOX 25046,MS 408,DENVER,CO 80225. RI Chiou, Cary/C-3203-2013 NR 28 TC 234 Z9 246 U1 6 U2 37 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0013-936X J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD FEB PY 1992 VL 26 IS 2 BP 336 EP 340 DI 10.1021/es00026a014 PG 5 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA HB871 UT WOS:A1992HB87100021 ER PT J AU HARVEY, RW GARABEDIAN, S AF HARVEY, RW GARABEDIAN, S TI USE OF COLLOID FILTRATION THEORY IN MODELING MOVEMENT OF BACTERIA THROUGH A CONTAMINATED SANDY AQUIFER - REPLY SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Letter C1 US GEOL SURVEY,DIV WATER RESOURCES,MARLBOROUGH,MA 01752. RP HARVEY, RW (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,DIV WATER RESOURCES,BOULDER,CO 80303, USA. RI Harvey, Ronald/C-5783-2013 OI Harvey, Ronald/0000-0002-2791-8503 NR 7 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0013-936X J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD FEB PY 1992 VL 26 IS 2 BP 401 EP 402 DI 10.1021/es00026a026 PG 2 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA HB871 UT WOS:A1992HB87100033 ER PT J AU CHIOU, CT LEE, JF BOYD, SA AF CHIOU, CT LEE, JF BOYD, SA TI THE SURFACE-AREA OF SOIL ORGANIC-MATTER - REPLY SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Letter ID SORPTION; VAPORS C1 NATL CENT UNIV,GRAD INST ENVIRONM ENGN,CHUNGLI 32054,TAIWAN. MICHIGAN STATE UNIV,DEPT CROP & SOIL SCI,E LANSING,MI 48824. RP CHIOU, CT (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,DENVER FED CTR,DIV WATER RESOURCES,BOX 25046,MS 408,DENVER,CO 80225, USA. RI Chiou, Cary/C-3203-2013; Boyd, Stephen/G-5819-2010 NR 10 TC 12 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0013-936X J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD FEB PY 1992 VL 26 IS 2 BP 404 EP 406 DI 10.1021/es00026a028 PG 3 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA HB871 UT WOS:A1992HB87100035 ER PT J AU HELLER, PL TABOR, RW ONEIL, JR PEVEAR, DR SHAFIQULLAH, M WINSLOW, NS AF HELLER, PL TABOR, RW ONEIL, JR PEVEAR, DR SHAFIQULLAH, M WINSLOW, NS TI ISOTOPIC PROVENANCE OF PALEOGENE SANDSTONES FROM THE ACCRETIONARY CORE OF THE OLYMPIC MOUNTAINS, WASHINGTON SO GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA BULLETIN LA English DT Article ID SOUTHERN BRITISH-COLUMBIA; OREGON COAST RANGE; RB-SR; NORTHERN CALIFORNIA; MONASHEE-MOUNTAINS; METAMORPHIC ROCKS; PACIFIC NORTHWEST; TECTONIC ROTATION; DETRITAL MODES; WESTERN OREGON AB Conventional modal sandstone data from Paleogene units of the Pacific Northwest are not precise enough to pinpoint source areas and constrain displacement histories of accreted sedimentary terranes. Isotopic provenance study, used in conjunction with traditional basin-analysis techniques, provides a powerful means of identifying source areas. Analysis of Rb-Sr data in both whole-rock and detrital white micas of Paleogene sandstones from allochthonous units in the eastern core of the Olympic Mountains and coeval autochthonous sandstones from coastal Pacific Northwest shows that the Needles-Gray Wolf and Grand Valley lithic assemblages of the core came from the same source as sandstones of the Chuckanut Formation and Puget Group in northern Washington. The source of these units is isotopically distinct from the source for units farther south, such as the Tyee Formation in Oregon. Chemical compositions, conventional K-Ar age determinations, and oxygen- and hydrogen-isotope compositions of white micas support this conclusion. Similar analyses of sandstones from the Western Olympic lithic assemblage and the Yakutat terrane of southeastern Alaska suggest that these two units have a similar source, but that they differ slightly from sandstones of the eastern Olympic core and autochthonous Washington units. The overall composition of sandstones (lithic arkosic), and the very high initial-Sr values (> 0.710), moderately high delta-O-18 values (approximately +9) and Mesozoic age for detrital white mica of Olympic core rocks and sandstone of the Yakutat terrane suggest a source in the high-rank metamorphic and plutonic rocks from the eastern part of the Omineca Crystaline Belt in southeastern British Columbia. Furthermore, rapid uplift of this source area during Eocene time is consistent with the depositional age of the Olympic rocks. Sediment derived from this source area was transported westward by major river systems that crossed the low-lying North Cascade Range and supplied the deposits of the autochthonous units of the northern Washington coast and the offshore equivalents before the latter were accreted to form the Olympic core. Limited data from the Yakutat terrane suggest that it lay offshore of southern British Columbia sometime during middle Eocene to early Oligocene time, consistent with paleomagnetic and some paleontologic interpretations, and subsequently migrated northward by plate motions. C1 US GEOL SURVEY,MENLO PK,CA 94025. UNIV MICHIGAN,DEPT GEOL SCI,ANN ARBOR,MI 48109. EXXON PROD RES CO,HOUSTON,TX 77252. UNIV ARIZONA,DEPT GEOSCI,TUCSON,AZ 85721. UNIV WYOMING,DEPT GEOL & GEOPHYS,LARAMIE,WY 82070. RP HELLER, PL (reprint author), UNIV WYOMING,DEPT GEOL & GEOPHYS,LARAMIE,WY 82071, USA. NR 89 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 1 U2 4 PU GEOLOGICAL SOC AMERICA PI BOULDER PA PO BOX 9140 3300 PENROSE PLACE, BOULDER, CO 80301 SN 0016-7606 J9 GEOL SOC AM BULL JI Geol. Soc. Am. Bull. PD FEB PY 1992 VL 104 IS 2 BP 140 EP 153 DI 10.1130/0016-7606(1992)104<0140:IPOPSF>2.3.CO;2 PG 14 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA HC055 UT WOS:A1992HC05500002 ER PT J AU LAW, BE AF LAW, BE TI THERMAL MATURITY PATTERNS OF CRETACEOUS AND TERTIARY ROCKS, SAN-JUAN BASIN, COLORADO AND NEW-MEXICO SO GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA BULLETIN LA English DT Article ID 4 CORNERS AREA; HEAT-FLOW; HISTORY; MATURATION; REFLECTANCE; MOUNTAINS; PLATEAU; TIME AB Horizontal and vertical thermal maturity patterns and time-temperature modeling of Cretaceous and Tertiary rocks in the San Juan Basin of southwestern Colorado and northwestern. New Mexico indicate that the high levels of thermal maturity in the northern part of the basin are due to either (1) convective heat transfer associated with a deeply buried heat source located directly below the northern part of the basin or (2) the circulation of relatively hot fluids into the basin from a heat source north of the basin located near the San Juan Mountains. Vitrinite-reflectance (R(m)) well profiles through Cretaceous and Tertiary rocks in the basin are commonly nonlinear, with two to four segments haivng different gradients. The different gradients most likely represent the combined effects of contrasting thermal conductivities associated with lithologic variations and differences in heat transfer processes (conductive versus convective). Time-temperature and kinetic modeling of nonlinear R(m) profiles indicates that present-day heat flow is insufficient to account for the measured levels of thermal maturity. Furthermore, in order to match the nonlinear R(m) profiles, it is necessary to assign artifically high thermal-conductivity values to some of the stratigraphic units. These unrealistically high thermal conductivities are interpreted as evidence of convective heat transfer. RP LAW, BE (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,DENVER FED CTR,BOX 25046,MS 971,DENVER,CO 80225, USA. NR 49 TC 19 Z9 25 U1 0 U2 0 PU GEOLOGICAL SOC AMERICA PI BOULDER PA PO BOX 9140 3300 PENROSE PLACE, BOULDER, CO 80301 SN 0016-7606 J9 GEOL SOC AM BULL JI Geol. Soc. Am. Bull. PD FEB PY 1992 VL 104 IS 2 BP 192 EP 207 DI 10.1130/0016-7606(1992)104<0192:TMPOCA>2.3.CO;2 PG 16 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA HC055 UT WOS:A1992HC05500006 ER PT J AU AITCHISON, JC IRELAND, TR BLAKE, MC FLOOD, PG AF AITCHISON, JC IRELAND, TR BLAKE, MC FLOOD, PG TI 530 MA ZIRCON AGE FOR OPHIOLITE FROM THE NEW-ENGLAND OROGEN - OLDEST ROCKS KNOWN FROM EASTERN AUSTRALIA SO GEOLOGY LA English DT Article ID FOLD BELT; TECTONIC SIGNIFICANCE; SUBDUCTION COMPLEX; GEOCHEMISTRY; PROVENANCE AB New ion microprobe data provide constraints on the timing of formation of ophiolitic rocks in the New England tectonic collage in eastern Australia. Results for analyses of magmatic zircons from plagiogranite of the Weraerai terrane ophiolite at Upper Bingara give a Pb-206/U-238 age of 530 +/- 6 Ma (2-sigma). This plagiogranite is the oldest rock from eastern Australia yet identified. Existing tectonic models suggest that progressively younger crust was accreted to the eastern margin of Gondwanan Australia throughout the Paleozoic. This cannot be reconciled easily with the Cambrian age for these ophiolitic rocks, which are juxtaposed between Devonian terranes and are at least 1000 km east of the nearest lithologically similar rocks of comparable age. We speculate that younger, thin-skinned terranes may have been thrust westward over the continental freeboard of eastern Australia during the late Paleozoic. C1 AUSTRALIAN NATL UNIV,RES SCH EARTH SCI,CANBERRA,ACT 2601,AUSTRALIA. US GEOL SURVEY,MENLO PK,CA 94025. UNIV NEW ENGLAND,DEPT GEOL & GEOPHYS,ARMIDALE,NSW 2351,AUSTRALIA. RP AITCHISON, JC (reprint author), UNIV SYDNEY,DEPT GEOL & GEOPHYS,SYDNEY,NSW 2006,AUSTRALIA. RI Ireland, Trevor/A-4993-2008; Aitchison, Jonathan/D-3046-2009 OI Ireland, Trevor/0000-0001-7617-3889; Aitchison, Jonathan/0000-0002-3659-5849 NR 26 TC 37 Z9 41 U1 0 U2 3 PU GEOLOGICAL SOC AMERICA PI BOULDER PA PO BOX 9140 3300 PENROSE PLACE, BOULDER, CO 80301 SN 0091-7613 J9 GEOLOGY JI Geology PD FEB PY 1992 VL 20 IS 2 BP 125 EP 128 DI 10.1130/0091-7613(1992)020<0125:MZAFOF>2.3.CO;2 PG 4 WC Geology SC Geology GA HC054 UT WOS:A1992HC05400007 ER PT J AU FINKELMAN, R AF FINKELMAN, R TI COAL SO GEOTIMES LA English DT Article RP FINKELMAN, R (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,956 NATL CTR,RESTON,VA 22092, USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER GEOLOGICAL INST PI ALEXANDRIA PA 4220 KING ST, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22302-1507 SN 0016-8556 J9 GEOTIMES JI Geotimes PD FEB PY 1992 VL 37 IS 2 BP 14 EP 14 PG 1 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA HC764 UT WOS:A1992HC76400005 ER PT J AU MILLER, WR AF MILLER, WR TI EXPLORATION GEOCHEMISTRY SO GEOTIMES LA English DT Article RP MILLER, WR (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,BOX 25046,DENVER,CO 80225, USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER GEOLOGICAL INST PI ALEXANDRIA PA 4220 KING ST, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22302-1507 SN 0016-8556 J9 GEOTIMES JI Geotimes PD FEB PY 1992 VL 37 IS 2 BP 22 EP 22 PG 1 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA HC764 UT WOS:A1992HC76400013 ER PT J AU MOLNIA, BF AF MOLNIA, BF TI POLAR RESEARCH SO GEOTIMES LA English DT Article RP MOLNIA, BF (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,RESTON,VA 22092, USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER GEOLOGICAL INST PI ALEXANDRIA PA 4220 KING ST, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22302-1507 SN 0016-8556 J9 GEOTIMES JI Geotimes PD FEB PY 1992 VL 37 IS 2 BP 37 EP 38 PG 2 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA HC764 UT WOS:A1992HC76400030 ER PT J AU LAWRENCE, EP WANTY, RB NYBERG, P AF LAWRENCE, EP WANTY, RB NYBERG, P TI CONTRIBUTION OF RN-222 IN DOMESTIC WATER-SUPPLIES TO RN-222 IN INDOOR AIR IN COLORADO HOMES SO HEALTH PHYSICS LA English DT Article DE RN-222; GROUNDWATER; AIR SAMPLING; MONITORS, RADON ID DRINKING-WATER; RADON; RISKS AB The contribution of Rn-222 from domestic water wells to indoor air was investigated in a study of 28 houses near Conifer, CO. Air concentrations determined by alpha-track detectors (ATDs) and continuous radon monitors were compared with the predictions of a single-cell model. In many of the houses, the water supply was shown to contribute significantly to levels of indoor Rn-222. The data from the ATD study were augmented with a continuous monitoring study of a house near Lyons, CO. The well water in that house has the highest known concentration of Rn-222 in water yet reported (93 MBq m-3). The temporal pattern in the indoor Rn-222 concentration corresponds to water-use records. In general, it is difficult to quantify the proportion of indoor radon attributable to water use. Several lines of evidence suggest that the single-cell model underestimates this proportion. Continuous-monitoring data, although useful, are impractical due to the cost of the equipment. We propose a protocol for Rn-222 measurement based on three simultaneous integrating radon detectors that may help estimate the proportion of indoor Rn-222 derived from the water supply. C1 US GEOL SURVEY, DENVER FED CTR, MS 916, DENVER, CO 80225 USA. GERAGHTY & MILLER INC, DENVER, CO 80202 USA. US EPA, DENVER, CO 80202 USA. NR 15 TC 18 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 0 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 0017-9078 EI 1538-5159 J9 HEALTH PHYS JI Health Phys. PD FEB PY 1992 VL 62 IS 2 BP 171 EP 177 DI 10.1097/00004032-199202000-00007 PG 7 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Nuclear Science & Technology; Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Nuclear Science & Technology; Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging GA HA640 UT WOS:A1992HA64000008 PM 1730559 ER PT J AU KELLEY, KD KELLEY, DL AF KELLEY, KD KELLEY, DL TI RECONNAISSANCE EXPLORATION GEOCHEMISTRY IN THE CENTRAL BROOKS RANGE, NORTHERN ALASKA - IMPLICATIONS FOR EXPLORATION OF SEDIMENT-HOSTED ZINC-LEAD-SILVER DEPOSITS SO JOURNAL OF GEOCHEMICAL EXPLORATION LA English DT Article ID AMBLER DISTRICT; GEOLOGY; PROSPECT; CREEK AB A reconnaissance geochemical survey was conducted in the southern Killik River quadrangle, central Brooks Range, northern Alaska. The Brooks Range lies within the zone of continuous permafrost which may partially inhibit chemical weathering and oxidation. The minus 30-mesh and nonmagnetic heavy-mineral concentrate fractions of sediment samples were chosen as the sample media for the survey so that mechanical rather than chemical dispersion patterns would be enhanced. A total of 263 sites were sampled within the southern half of the Killik River quadrangle at an average sample density of approximately one sample per 12 km2. All samples were submitted for multi-element analyses. In the western and central Brooks Range, several known sediment-hosted Zn-Pb-Ag(-Ba) deposits occur within a belt of Paleozoic rocks of the Endicott Mountains allochthon. Exploration for this type of deposit in the Brook Range is difficult, due to the inherently high background values for Ba, Zn and Pb in shale and the common occurrence of metamorphic quartz-calcite veins, many of which contain traces of sulfide minerals. Stream sediments derived from these sources produce numerous geochemical anomalies which are not necessarily associated with significant mineralization. R-mode factor analysis provides a means of distinguishing between element associations related to lithology and those related to possible mineralization. Factor analysis applied to the multi-element data from the southern Killik River quadrangle resulted in the discovery of two additional Zn-Pb-Ag mineral occurrences of considerable areal extent which are 80-100 km east of any previously known deposit. These have been informally named the Kady and Vidlee. Several lithogeochemical element associations, or factors, and three factors which represent sulfide mineralization were identified: Ag-Pb-Zn (galena and sphalerite) and Fe-Ni-Co-Cu (pyrite +/- chalcopyrite) in the concentrate samples and Cd-Zn-Pb-As-Mn in the sediment samples. The distribution of high scores for each individual mineralization factor outlined several relatively large (200-250 km2) geochemically favorable areas. When the distribution of high scores for all three factors were superimposed, samples characterized by high scores for one or both of the concentrate mineralization factors and the mineralization factor in sediments define basin areas of approximately 48 and 64 km2 surrounding Kady and Vidlee, respectively. C1 COLORADO SCH MINES,DEPT GEOL & GEOL ENGN,GOLDEN,CO 80401. RP KELLEY, KD (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,DENVER FED CTR,BOX 25046,MAIL STOP 973,DENVER,CO 80225, USA. NR 37 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 2 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0375-6742 J9 J GEOCHEM EXPLOR JI J. Geochem. Explor. PD FEB PY 1992 VL 42 IS 2-3 BP 273 EP 300 DI 10.1016/0375-6742(92)90028-7 PG 28 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA HF303 UT WOS:A1992HF30300004 ER PT J AU MILLER, WR FICKLIN, WH MCHUGH, JB AF MILLER, WR FICKLIN, WH MCHUGH, JB TI GEOCHEMICAL-EXPLORATION FOR COPPER-NICKEL DEPOSITS IN THE COOL-HUMID CLIMATE OF NORTHEASTERN MINNESOTA SO JOURNAL OF GEOCHEMICAL EXPLORATION LA English DT Article ID NATURAL-WATERS; METAL AB Water was used as a medium for geochemical exploration to detect copper-nickel mineralization along the basal zone of the Duluth Complex. Ni2+ is the most important pathfinder for the detection of the mineralized rocks, followed by Cu2+ and SO4(2-) and to a lesser extent Mg2+ and SiO2. A normalized sum plot using these species defines the mineralization more consistently than a single-element plot, mainly because the absence of one variable does not significantly influence the normalized sum value. A hydrogeochemical survey was conducted in an area of known copper-nickel mineralization in the cool-humid climate of northeastern Minnesota. The area is covered with glacial drift, and wetlands are abundant. Modeling of the chemistry of waters indicates that the waters are oxidizing and have a pH of 7 or less. The most important pathfinder species in the waters, Cu2+, Ni2+, and SO4(2-), are derived from the simple weathering of sulfide minerals and are mobile in the waters in this environment. Plots of Cu and Ni concentrations in soils show that Cu followed by Ni are the most useful indicator elements for delineating copper-nickel mineralization. The ability of soils and water to delineate the mineralization supports the use of both media for geochemical exploration in this cool-humid environment. In the wetlands, abundant water is available and soils are scarce or absent; where soils are abundant, waters are generally scarce or absent. The use of both media is recommended for geochemical exploration in this environment. RP MILLER, WR (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,BOX 25046,DENVER,CO 80225, USA. NR 32 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0375-6742 J9 J GEOCHEM EXPLOR JI J. Geochem. Explor. PD FEB PY 1992 VL 42 IS 2-3 BP 327 EP 344 DI 10.1016/0375-6742(92)90030-C PG 18 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA HF303 UT WOS:A1992HF30300006 ER PT J AU MCHUGH, JB OLEARY, RM AF MCHUGH, JB OLEARY, RM TI BIAS IN THE ANALYSIS OF GEOLOGICAL-MATERIALS FOR GOLD USING CURRENT METHODS - COMMENT SO JOURNAL OF GEOCHEMICAL EXPLORATION LA English DT Note RP MCHUGH, JB (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,DENVER FED CTR,GEOCHEM BRANCH,BOX 25046,MS 973,DENVER,CO 80225, USA. NR 4 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0375-6742 J9 J GEOCHEM EXPLOR JI J. Geochem. Explor. PD FEB PY 1992 VL 42 IS 2-3 BP 387 EP 388 DI 10.1016/0375-6742(92)90035-7 PG 2 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA HF303 UT WOS:A1992HF30300011 ER PT J AU BARNES, CG BARNES, MA KISTLER, RW AF BARNES, CG BARNES, MA KISTLER, RW TI PETROLOGY OF THE CARIBOU MOUNTAIN PLUTON, KLAMATH MOUNTAINS, CALIFORNIA SO JOURNAL OF PETROLOGY LA English DT Article ID WOOLEY CREEK BATHOLITH; CENTRAL SIERRA-NEVADA; NORTHERN CALIFORNIA; ZIRCON SATURATION; VOLCANIC-ROCKS; TRACE-ELEMENT; HORNBLENDE; OREGON; GEOCHEMISTRY; GEOBAROMETER AB The Caribou Mountain pluton is a small trondhjemitic body that intruded semipelitic schist of the Stuart Fork terrane in late Middle Jurassic to Early Cretaceous time. Its emplacement followed the intrusion of an adjoining body of hornblende quartz diorite called the Middle Fork pluton and the mode of its emplacement was as an asymmetric ballooning diapir (Davis, 1963), as shown by concentric foliation, radial late-stage dikes, foliated enclaves, and folded blocks of schlieren-banded onalite. Coarse-grained hornblende-bearing trondhjemite is the dominant rock type in the Caribou Mountain pluton, and it is called the 'main trondhjemite'. It was followed by medium-grained 'late trondhjemite' and by late-stage trondhjemitic and granodioritic dikes. All the trondhjemitic rock types are characterized by low alkali contents, high light rare earth elements, low initial Sr-87/Sr-86, and low delta-O-18. However, the late trondhjemite has higher Na2O and a higher initial Sr-87/Sr-86 value than the main trondhjemite, and the two units cannot be related by fractional crystallization. The late granodioritic dikes are richer in Ba, Rb, Y, and Sc than the late trondhjemite and probably reflect assimilation of Stuart Fork metasedimentary rocks by late-stage trondhjemite magma. Mafic enclaves in the main trondhjemite contain xenocrysts of quartz and plagioclase derived from the host by magma mixing. The enclaves have K2O, Ba, and Rb content similar to, or higher than those of the host rocks. Their rare earth element (REE) patterns display strong middle REE enrichment caused by accumulation of hornblende, probably as the result of filter pressing. The main trondhjemite cannot be derived from Middle Fork magma because the initial Sr-87/Sr-86 of the Middle Fork pluton is lower than that of the trondhjemite. The absence of parental mafic magmas of appropriate composition suggests that the Caribou Mountain trondhjemitic magmas formed by partial melting of an amphibolitic source rock compositionally similar to low-K tholeiite. C1 US GEOL SURVEY,MENLO PK,CA 94025. RP BARNES, CG (reprint author), TEXAS TECH UNIV,DEPT GEOSCI,LUBBOCK,TX 79409, USA. NR 44 TC 19 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 2 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS UNITED KINGDOM PI OXFORD PA WALTON ST JOURNALS DEPT, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX2 6DP SN 0022-3530 J9 J PETROL JI J. Petrol. PD FEB PY 1992 VL 33 IS 1 BP 95 EP 124 PG 30 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA HF450 UT WOS:A1992HF45000003 ER PT J AU KEITH, TEC THOMPSON, JM HUTCHINSON, RA WHITE, LD AF KEITH, TEC THOMPSON, JM HUTCHINSON, RA WHITE, LD TI GEOCHEMISTRY OF WATERS IN THE VALLEY-OF-TEN-THOUSAND-SMOKES REGION, ALASKA SO JOURNAL OF VOLCANOLOGY AND GEOTHERMAL RESEARCH LA English DT Article AB Meteoric waters from cold springs and streams outside of the 1912 eruptive deposits filling the Valley of Ten Thousand Smokes (VTTS) and in the upper parts of the two major rivers draining the 1912 deposits have similar chemical trends. Thermal springs issue in the mid-valley area along a 300-m lateral section of ash-flow tuff, and range in temperature from 21 to 29.8-degrees-C in early summer and from 15 to 17-degrees-C in mid-summer. Concentrations of major and minor chemical constituents in the thermal waters are nearly identical regardless of temperature. Waters in the downvalley parts of the rivers draining the 1921 deposits are mainly mixtures of cold meteoric waters and thermal waters of which the mid-valley thermal spring waters are representative. The weathering reactions of cold waters with the 1912 deposits appear to have stabilized and add only subordinate amounts of chemical constituents to the rivers relative to those contributed by the thermal waters. Isotopic data indicate that the mid-valley thermal spring waters are meteoric, but data is inconclusive regarding the heat source. The thermal waters could be either from a shallow part of a hydrothermal system beneath the 1912 vent region or from an incompletely cooled, welded tuff lens deep in the 1912 ash-flow sheet of the upper River Lethe area. Bicarbonate-sulfate waters resulting from interaction of near-surface waters and the cooling 1953-1968 southwest Trident plug issue from thermal springs south of Katmai Pass and near Mageik Creek, although the Mageik Creek spring waters are from a well-established, more deeply circulating hydrothermal system. Katmai caldera lake waters are a result of acid gases from vigorous drowned dissolving in lake waters composed of snowmelt and precipitation. C1 NATL PK SERV,YELLOWSTONE NATL PK,WY 82190. RP KEITH, TEC (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,MIDDLEFIELD RD 345,MENLO PK,CA 94025, USA. NR 55 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 3 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0377-0273 J9 J VOLCANOL GEOTH RES JI J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res. PD FEB PY 1992 VL 49 IS 3-4 BP 209 EP 231 DI 10.1016/0377-0273(92)90015-6 PG 23 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA HN504 UT WOS:A1992HN50400003 ER PT J AU WHITE, AF CHUMA, NJ GOFF, F AF WHITE, AF CHUMA, NJ GOFF, F TI MASS-TRANSFER CONSTRAINTS ON THE CHEMICAL EVOLUTION OF AN ACTIVE HYDROTHERMAL SYSTEM, VALLES-CALDERA, NEW-MEXICO SO JOURNAL OF VOLCANOLOGY AND GEOTHERMAL RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID BACA GEOTHERMAL SYSTEM; OXYGEN ISOTOPE; MINERAL EQUILIBRIA; JEMEZ MOUNTAINS; LA-PRIMAVERA; WATERS; RESERVOIR; FIELD; FLUIDS; ROCK AB Partial equilibrium conditions occur between fluids and secondary minerals in the Valles hydrothermal system, contained principally in the Tertiary rhyolitic Bandelier Tuff. The mass transfer processes are governed by reactive phase compositions, surface areas, water-rock ratios, reaction rates, and fluid residence times. Experimental dissolution of the vitric phase of the tuff was congruent with respect to Cl in the solid and produced reaction rates which obeyed a general Arrhenius release rate between 250 and 300-degrees-C. The O-18 differences between reacted and unreacted rock and fluids, and mass balances calculations involving Cl in the glass phase, produced comparable water-rock ratios of unity, confirming the importance of irreversible reaction of the vitric tuff. A fluid residence time of approximately 2 x 10(3) years, determined from fluid reservoir volume and discharge rates, is less than 0.2% of the total age of the hydrothermal system and denotes a geochemically and isotopically open system. Mass transfer calculations generally replicated observed reservoir pH, P(CO2), and P(O2) conditions, cation concentrations, and the secondary mineral assemblage between 250 and 300-degrees-C. The only extraneous component required to maintain observed calcite saturation and high P(CO2) pressures was carbon presumably derived from underlying Paleozoic limestones. Phase rule constraints indicate that Cl was the only incompatible aqueous component not controlled by mineral equilibrium. Concentrations of Cl in the reservoir directly reflect mass transport rates as evidenced by correlations between anomalously high Cl concentrations in the fluids and tuff in the Valles caldera relative to other hydrothermal systems in rhyolitic rocks. C1 UNIV CALIF LOS ALAMOS SCI LAB,LOS ALAMOS,NM 87545. UNIV CALIF BERKELEY,LAWRENCE BERKELEY LAB,BERKELEY,CA 94720. RP WHITE, AF (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,345 MIDDLEFIELD RD,MS 420,MENLO PK,CA 94025, USA. NR 72 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 2 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0377-0273 J9 J VOLCANOL GEOTH RES JI J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res. PD FEB PY 1992 VL 49 IS 3-4 BP 233 EP 253 DI 10.1016/0377-0273(92)90016-7 PG 21 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA HN504 UT WOS:A1992HN50400004 ER PT J AU DILLON, WP AUSTIN, JA SCANLON, KM EDGAR, NT PARSON, LM AF DILLON, WP AUSTIN, JA SCANLON, KM EDGAR, NT PARSON, LM TI ACCRETIONARY MARGIN OF NORTH-WESTERN HISPANIOLA - MORPHOLOGY, STRUCTURE AND DEVELOPMENT OF PART OF THE NORTHERN CARIBBEAN PLATE BOUNDARY SO MARINE AND PETROLEUM GEOLOGY LA English DT Article DE HISPANIOLA, CARIBBEAN; CONVERGENT MARGINS; PLATE BOUNDARY INTERACTIONS AB Broad-range side-scan sonar (GLORIA) images and single- and multi-channel seismic reflection profiles demonstrate that the margin of north-western Hispaniola has experienced compression as a consequence of oblique North American-Caribbean plate convergence. Two principal morphological or structural types of accretionary wedges are observed along this margin. The first type is characterized by a gently sloping (almost-equal-to 4-degrees) sea floor and generally margin-parallel linear sets of sea-floor ridges that gradually deepen towards the flat Hispaniola Basin floor to the north. The ridges are caused by an internal structure consisting of broad anticlines bounded by thrust faults that dip southwards beneath Hispaniola. Anticlines form at the base of the slope and are eventually sheared and underthrust beneath the slope. In contrast, the second type of accretionary wedge exhibits a steeper (almost-equal-to 6-16-degrees) sea-floor slope characterized by local slumping and a more abrupt morphological transition to the adjacent basin. The internal structure appears chaotic on seismic reflection profiles and probably consists of tight folds and closely spaced faults. We suggest that changes in sea-floor declivity and internal structure may result from variations in the dip or frictional resistance of the decollement, or possibly from changes in the cohesive strength of the wedge sediments. The observed pattern of thickening of Hispaniola Basin turbidites towards the insular margin suggests differential southwards tilting of the Hispaniola Basin strata, probably in response to North America-Caribbean plate interactions since the Early Tertiary. Based upon indirect age control from adjacent parts of the northern Caribbean plate boundary, we infer a Late Eocene to Early Miocene episode of transcurrent motion (i.e. little or no tilting), an Early Miocene to Late Pliocene period of oblique convergence (i.e. increased tilt) during which the accretionary wedge began to be constructed, and a Late Pliocene to Recent episode of increased convergence (i.e. twice the Miocene to Pliocene tilt), which has led to rapid uplift and erosion of sediment sources on the margin and on Hispaniola, generating a submarine fan at the base of the insular slope. RP DILLON, WP (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,ATLANTIC MARINE GEOL BRANCH,WOODS HOLE,MA 02543, USA. RI Austin, James/G-6135-2010 NR 0 TC 19 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 3 PU BUTTERWORTH-HEINEMANN LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, OXON, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 0264-8172 J9 MAR PETROL GEOL JI Mar. Pet. Geol. PD FEB PY 1992 VL 9 IS 1 BP 70 EP & DI 10.1016/0264-8172(92)90005-Y PG 0 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA HA985 UT WOS:A1992HA98500004 ER PT J AU RYAN, HF COLEMAN, PJ AF RYAN, HF COLEMAN, PJ TI COMPOSITE TRANSFORM CONVERGENT PLATE BOUNDARIES - DESCRIPTION AND DISCUSSION SO MARINE AND PETROLEUM GEOLOGY LA English DT Article DE COMPOSITE TRANSFORM CONVERGENT PLATE BOUNDARIES; BASIN FORMATION; FAULT SYSTEMS AB The leading edge of the overriding plate at an obliquely convergent boundary is commonly sliced by a system of strike-slip faults. This fault system is often structurally complex, and may show correspondingly uneven strain effects, with great vertical and translational shifts of the component blocks of the fault system. The stress pattern and strain effects vary along the length of the system and change through time. These margins are considered to be composite transform-convergent (CTC) plate boundaries. Examples are given of structures formed along three CTC boundaries: the Aleutian Ridge, the Solomon Islands, and the Philippines. The dynamism of the fault system along a CTC boundary can enhance vertical tectonism and basin formation. This concept provides a framework for the evaluation of petroleum resources related to basin formation, and mineral exploration related to igneous activity associated with transtensional processes. RP RYAN, HF (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,345 MIDDLEFIELD RD,MENLO PK,CA 94025, USA. NR 0 TC 29 Z9 29 U1 0 U2 4 PU BUTTERWORTH-HEINEMANN LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, OXON, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 0264-8172 J9 MAR PETROL GEOL JI Mar. Pet. Geol. PD FEB PY 1992 VL 9 IS 1 BP 89 EP 97 DI 10.1016/0264-8172(92)90006-Z PG 9 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA HA985 UT WOS:A1992HA98500005 ER PT J AU HATCH, SA SANGER, GA AF HATCH, SA SANGER, GA TI PUFFINS AS SAMPLERS OF JUVENILE POLLOCK AND OTHER FORAGE FISH IN THE GULF OF ALASKA SO MARINE ECOLOGY PROGRESS SERIES LA English DT Article ID FRATERCULA-ARCTICA; THERAGRA-CHALCOGRAMMA; WALLEYE POLLOCK; YOUNG PUFFINS; PELAGIC FISH; FOOD; CORMORANTS; SUCCESS; GANNETS; ISLAND AB We sampled the nestling diets of tufted puffins Fratercula cirrhata and horned puffins F. corniculata in 3 years at colonies from the north-central Gulf of Alaska to the eastern Aleutian Islands, Alaska, USA. Overall, tufted puffins consumed (by weight) 41% sandlance Ammodytes hexapterus, 22% capelin Mallotus villosus, 19% walleye pollock Theragra chalcogramma, 13% other fish, and 5% invertebrates, whereas horned puffins took 85% sandlance, 4% capelin, 2% pollock, 8% other fish, and < 1% invertebrates. All of the pollock consumed were young of the year, whereas 4 year-classes of capelin were present, from young of the year through spawning adults. Puffins took mostly first-year sandlance, but fish in their second year or older were also common at colonies near Kodiak, Alaska. The importance of juvenile pollock in the diet of tufted puffins varied geographically from little or no use in the north-central Gulf and Kodiak areas to moderate use (5 to 20%) in the Semidi and Shumagin Islands to heavy use (25 to 75%) in the Sandman Reefs and eastern Aleutians. An estimated 11 billion pollock were consumed by tufted puffins throughout the region in 1986. The proportion of pollock in puffin diets at the Semidi Islands was strongly correlated with independent estimates of cohort strength in 3 years. Puffins may thus provide a useful index of distribution and year-class abundance of first-year pollock, a species that currently supports an important commercial fishery in the Gulf of Alaska. RP HATCH, SA (reprint author), ALASKA FISH & WILDLIFE RES CTR, US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV, 1011 E TUDOR RD, ANCHORAGE, AK 99503 USA. NR 49 TC 75 Z9 78 U1 1 U2 3 PU INTER-RESEARCH PI OLDENDORF LUHE PA NORDBUNTE 23, D-21385 OLDENDORF LUHE, GERMANY SN 0171-8630 J9 MAR ECOL PROG SER JI Mar. Ecol.-Prog. Ser. PD FEB PY 1992 VL 80 IS 1 BP 1 EP 14 DI 10.3354/meps080001 PG 14 WC Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA HK393 UT WOS:A1992HK39300001 ER PT J AU HUGGETT, QJ COOPER, AK SOMERS, ML STUBBS, AR AF HUGGETT, QJ COOPER, AK SOMERS, ML STUBBS, AR TI INTERFERENCE-FRINGES ON GLORIA SIDE-SCAN SONAR IMAGES FROM THE BERING SEA AND THEIR IMPLICATIONS SO MARINE GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCHES LA English DT Article DE SIDE-SCAN SONAR; INTERFERENCE FRINGES; SEDIMENT LAYERS; THIN FILMS; BERING SEA AB GLORIA side-scan sonographs from the Bering Sea Basin show a complex pattern of interference fringes sub-parallel to the ship's track. Surveys along the same trackline made in 1986 and 1987 show nearly identical patterns. It is concluded from this that the interference patterns are caused by features in the shallow subsurface rather than in the water column. The fringes are interpreted as a thin-layer interference effect that occurs when some of the sound reaching the seafloor passes through it and is reflected off a subsurface layer. The backscattered sound interferes (constructively or desctructively) with the reflected sound. Constructive/destructive interference occurs when the difference in the length of the two soundpaths is a whole/half multiple of GLORIA's 25 cm wavelength. Thus as range from the ship increases, sound moves in and out of phase causing bands of greater and lesser intensity on the GLORIA sonograph. Fluctuations (or 'wiggles') of the fringes on the GLORIA sonographs relate to changes in layer thickness. In principle, a simple three dimensional image of the subsurface layer may be obtained using GLORIA and bathymetric data from adjacent (parallel) ship's tracks. These patterns have also been indentified in images from two other systems; SeaMARC II (12 kHz) long-range sonar, and TOBI (30 kHz) deep-towed sonar. In these, and other cases world-wide, the fringes do not appear with the same persistence as those seen in the Bering Sea. C1 US GEOL SURVEY,MENLO PK,CA 94301. RP HUGGETT, QJ (reprint author), INST OCEANOG SCI,DEACON LAB,BROOK RD,GODALMING GU8 5UB,SURREY,ENGLAND. NR 15 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 2 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0025-3235 J9 MAR GEOPHYS RES JI Mar. Geophys. Res. PD FEB PY 1992 VL 14 IS 1 BP 47 EP 63 DI 10.1007/BF01674065 PG 17 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Oceanography SC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Oceanography GA HN713 UT WOS:A1992HN71300003 ER PT J AU PEREIRA, WE HOSTETTLER, FD RAPP, JB AF PEREIRA, WE HOSTETTLER, FD RAPP, JB TI BIOACCUMULATION OF HYDROCARBONS DERIVED FROM TERRESTRIAL AND ANTHROPOGENIC SOURCES IN THE ASIAN CLAM, POTAMOCORBULA-AMURENSIS, IN SAN-FRANCISCO BAY ESTUARY SO MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN LA English DT Article ID REMARKABLE INVASION; SEDIMENTS; CALIFORNIA; POLLUTANTS; USA; OIL AB An assessment was made in Suisun Bay, California, of the distributions of hydrocarbons in estuarine bed and suspended sediments and in the recently introduced asian clam, Potamocorbula amurensis. Sediments and clams were contaminated with hydrocarbons derived from petrogenic and pyrogenic sources. Distributions of alkanes and of hopane and sterane biomarkers in sediments and clams were similar, indicating that petroleum hydrocarbons associated with sediments are bioavailable to Potamocorbula amurensis. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the sediments and clams were derived mainly from combustion sources. Potamocorbula amurensis is therefore a useful bioindicator of hydrocarbon contamination, and may be used as a biomonitor of hydrocarbon pollution in San Francisco Bay. RP US GEOL SURVEY, 345 MIDDLEFIELD RD, MENLO PK, CA 95025 USA. NR 34 TC 16 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 1 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0025-326X EI 1879-3363 J9 MAR POLLUT BULL JI Mar. Pollut. Bull. PD FEB PY 1992 VL 24 IS 2 BP 103 EP 109 DI 10.1016/0025-326X(92)90738-R PG 7 WC Environmental Sciences; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA HJ319 UT WOS:A1992HJ31900012 ER PT J AU GRAY, SC HEIN, JR HAUSMANN, R RADTKE, U AF GRAY, SC HEIN, JR HAUSMANN, R RADTKE, U TI GEOCHRONOLOGY AND SUBSURFACE STRATIGRAPHY OF PUKAPUKA AND RAKAHANGA ATOLLS, COOK ISLANDS - LATE QUATERNARY REEF GROWTH AND SEA-LEVEL HISTORY SO PALAEOGEOGRAPHY PALAEOCLIMATOLOGY PALAEOECOLOGY LA English DT Article ID ENEWETAK-ATOLL; WEST-INDIES; FRENCH-POLYNESIA; AUSTRAL ISLANDS; MURUROA ATOLL; SOUTHERN COOK; U-SERIES; AGES; BARBADOS; HOLOCENE AB Eustatic sea-level cycles superposed on thermal subsidence of an atoll produce layers of high sea-level reefs separated by erosional unconformities. Coral samples from these reefs from cores drilled to 50 m beneath the lagoons of Pukapuka and Rakahanga atolls, northern Cook Islands give electron spin resonance (ESR) and U-series ages ranging from the Holocene to 600,000 yr B.P. Subgroups of these ages and the stratigraphic position of their bounding unconformities define at least 5 periods of reef growth and high sea-level (0-9000 yr B.P., 125,000-180,000 yr B.P., 180,000-230,000 yr B.P., 300,000-460,000 yr B.P., 460,000-650,000 yr B.P.). Only two ages fall within error of the last interglacial high sea-level stand (approximately 125,000-135,000 yr B.P.). This paucity of ages may result from extensive erosion of the last interglacial reef. In addition, post-depositional isotope exchange may have altered the time ages of three coral samples to apparent ages that fall within glacial stage 6. For the record to be preserved, vertical accretion during rising sea-level must compensate for surface lowering from erosion during sea-level lowstands and subsidence of the atoll; erosion rates (6-63 cm/1000 yr) can therefore be calculated from reef accretion rates (100-400 cm/1000 yr), subsidence rates (2-6 cm/1000 yr), and the duration of island submergence (8-15% of the last 600,000 yr). The stratigraphy of coral ages indicates island subsidence rates of 4.5 +/- 2.8 cm/1000 yr for both islands. A model of reef growth and erosion based on the stratigraphy of the Cook Islands atolls suggests average subsidence and erosion rates of between 3-6 and 15-20 cm/1000 yr, respectively. C1 UNIV DUSSELDORF,INST GEOG,W-4000 DUSSELDORF 1,GERMANY. RP GRAY, SC (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,MENLO PK,CA 94025, USA. NR 97 TC 27 Z9 27 U1 0 U2 6 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0031-0182 J9 PALAEOGEOGR PALAEOCL JI Paleogeogr. Paleoclimatol. Paleoecol. PD FEB PY 1992 VL 91 IS 3-4 BP 377 EP 394 DI 10.1016/0031-0182(92)90078-J PG 18 WC Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Paleontology SC Physical Geography; Geology; Paleontology GA HN942 UT WOS:A1992HN94200012 ER PT J AU COBBAN, WA KENNEDY, WJ AF COBBAN, WA KENNEDY, WJ TI CAMPANIAN TRACHYSCAPHITES-SPINIGER AMMONITE FAUNA IN NORTH-EAST TEXAS SO PALAEONTOLOGY LA English DT Review AB A horizon 46 m above the base of the Ozan Formation in the North Sulphur River north-west of Ladonia in Fannin County, Texas, yielded a fauna of Pachydiscus (Pachydiscus) paulsoni (Young, 1963), Eupachydiscus grossouvrei (Kossmat, 1898), Placenticeras sp., Menabites (Delawarella) delawarensis (Morton, 1830), M. (D.) danei (Young, 1963), M. (D.) vanuxemi (Morton, 1830), M. (D.) sp., Glyptoxoceras sp., Baculites sp. group of aquilaensis Reeside, 1927, Scaphites (Scaphites) sp. group of hippocrepis (DeKay, 1828), Trachyscaphites spiniger spiniger (Schluter, 1872), and T. densicostatus sp. nov., together with the bivalve Inoceramus (Endocostea) balticus Bohm, 1909. The presence of T. spiniger spiniger, previously known only from western Europe and the USSR, dates the assemblage as early but not earliest late Campanian in a north-west European sense, while stratigraphic relationships to other Gulf Coast Campanian faunas suggest it to be younger than the early Campanian zone of Scaphites hippocrepis III and older than the middle Campanian zone of Baculites mclearni of the US Western Interior. The Western Interior lower-middle Campanian boundary and the European lower-upper Campanian boundary are approximately coincident; this level can be dated at 80 Ma approximately on the basis of radiometric dates from Western Interior bentonites. C1 UNIV MUSEUM, OXFORD, ENGLAND. RP COBBAN, WA (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY, DENVER, CO 80225 USA. NR 104 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 0 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ USA SN 0031-0239 EI 1475-4983 J9 PALAEONTOLOGY JI Paleontology PD FEB PY 1992 VL 35 BP 63 EP 93 PN 1 PG 31 WC Paleontology SC Paleontology GA HK303 UT WOS:A1992HK30300005 ER PT J AU Hein, JR Bohrson, WA Schulz, MS Noble, M Clague, DA AF Hein, James R. Bohrson, Wendy A. Schulz, Marjorie S. Noble, Marlene Clague, David A. TI VARIATIONS IN THE FINE-SCALE COMPOSITION OF A CENTRAL PACIFIC FERROMANGANESE CRUST: PALEOCEANOGRAPHIC IMPLICATIONS SO PALEOCEANOGRAPHY LA English DT Article AB A 47-to 60-mm-thick Fe-Mn crust from Horizon Guyot (water depth 1800-1780 m), central Pacific, was used to evaluate the potential of crusts as recorders of Neogene paleoceanographic and paleoclimatic conditions. The chemical composition was determined by microprobe for 16 elements from a polished thin section. Three analyse was made per millimeter and averaged to give the composition of each millimeter. T he age of the crust was determined by measuring the strontium isotope composition of the crust and comparing it with the Tertiary seawater curve. The crust represents 18.5 m.y. of growth of Fe and Mn oxyhydroxides. The crust is composed of alternating botryoidal and laminated layers. T he botryoidal layers formed during the same time intervals that widespread Neogene deep-sea hiatuses were forming in bottom sediments. The botryoidal layers represent growth during times of intensified deepwater flow, whereas the l aminated intervals represent more quiescent conditions. T. he correspondence between the botryoidal layers and the Neogene hiatuses is so strong that we were able to choose a variable growth rate m del over a constant growth rate model for the crust. Chemical changes in the crust take two forms. The first is represented by broad changes in the composition defined chiefly by fourth-order polynomial fits to the chemical profiles of each element with depth in the crust. The second is high-frequency changes in composition. The broader changes occurred primarily at about 15, 11.5, 7.4, 6.4, 5.2, and 4.6 Ma, which may correlate with major changes in paleoceanographic circulation and development of ice caps at the poles. The periods of the high-frequency changes may reflect climatic changes that resulted from orbital forcing. These high-frequency changes may correspond to the high-order eccentricity periods of 3.47, 2.04, and 1.31 m.y. C1 [Hein, James R.; Schulz, Marjorie S.; Noble, Marlene; Clague, David A.] US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. [Bohrson, Wendy A.] Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Earth & Space Sci, Los Angeles, CA 90024 USA. RP Hein, JR (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Ms 999,345 Middlefield Rd, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. OI Schulz, Marjorie/0000-0001-5597-6447 NR 56 TC 51 Z9 69 U1 2 U2 3 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0883-8305 J9 PALEOCEANOGRAPHY JI Paleoceanography PD FEB PY 1992 VL 7 IS 1 BP 63 EP 77 DI 10.1029/91PA02936 PG 15 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Oceanography; Paleontology SC Geology; Oceanography; Paleontology GA V23KB UT WOS:000208340600004 ER PT J AU LIGHT, DL AF LIGHT, DL TI THE NEW CAMERA CALIBRATION SYSTEM AT THE US-GEOLOGICAL-SURVEY SO PHOTOGRAMMETRIC ENGINEERING AND REMOTE SENSING LA English DT Article AB Modern computerized photogrammetric instruments are capable of utilizing both radial and decentering camera calibration parameters which can increase plotting accuracy over that of older analog instrumentation technology from previous decades. Also, recent design improvements in aerial cameras have minimized distortions and increased the resolving power of camera systems, which should improve the performance of the overall photogrammetric process. In concert with these improvements, the Geological Survey has adopted the rigorous mathematical model for camera calibration developed by Duane Brown. An explanation of the Geological Survey's calibration facility and the additional calibration parameters now being provided in the USGS calibration certificate are reviewed. RP LIGHT, DL (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,511 NATL CTR,RESTON,VA 22092, USA. NR 16 TC 11 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC PHOTOGRAMMETRY PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 210, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2160 SN 0099-1112 J9 PHOTOGRAMM ENG REM S JI Photogramm. Eng. Remote Sens. PD FEB PY 1992 VL 58 IS 2 BP 185 EP 188 PG 4 WC Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Physical Geography; Geology; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA HC440 UT WOS:A1992HC44000001 ER PT J AU SIPKIN, SA NEEDHAM, RE AF SIPKIN, SA NEEDHAM, RE TI MOMENT-TENSOR SOLUTIONS ESTIMATED USING OPTIMAL FILTER THEORY - GLOBAL SEISMICITY, 1990 SO PHYSICS OF THE EARTH AND PLANETARY INTERIORS LA English DT Letter ID EARTHQUAKE SOURCE PARAMETERS; WAVEFORM DATA; INVERSION AB Moment-tensor solutions, estimated using optimal filter theory, are listed for 114 moderate-to-large size earthquakes occurring during 1990. RP SIPKIN, SA (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,MS 967,BOX 25046,DFC,DENVER,CO 80225, USA. NR 7 TC 20 Z9 20 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0031-9201 J9 PHYS EARTH PLANET IN JI Phys. Earth Planet. Inter. PD FEB PY 1992 VL 70 IS 1-2 BP 16 EP 21 DI 10.1016/0031-9201(92)90157-Q PG 6 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA HE338 UT WOS:A1992HE33800003 ER PT J AU TROUTMAN, BM KARLINGER, MR AF TROUTMAN, BM KARLINGER, MR TI GIBBS DISTRIBUTION ON DRAINAGE NETWORKS SO WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID REGIONAL HYDROLOGIC ANALYSIS; RANDOM CHANNEL NETWORKS; RIVER NETWORKS; STREAM NETWORKS; LATTICE ANIMALS; ELEVATION; MODELS; INFORMATION; PERCOLATION; SIMULATION AB We propose a spatial stochastic model for drainage networks defined on a square lattice of points. The probability of a particular spanning tree s draining a given basin represented by a set of lattice points is proportional to exp [-beta-H(s)], where beta is a parameter to be estimated and H(s) is defined to be the difference between total flow distance to the outlet through the drainage tree and total distance along shortest paths to the outlet. Thus H(s) is a global measure of sinuosity of the channels constituting the drainage tree. This probability distribution on trees is known as Gibbs' distribution and is well known in statistical mechanical contexts. The distribution with beta = 0 (a uniform distribution) has been studied in a previous paper by the authors and was found to yield networks that are too sinuous. In this paper, beta is allowed to be greater than zero, which produces more realistic networks that are not as sinuous. The question of spatial variability of beta is addressed from an equilibrium point of view using ideas from statistical mechanics. To examine the question of spatial variability, the parameter-beta is defined in a Bayesian sense and allowed to vary randomly from basin to basin. In a case study we express beta in terms of a log linear model with three independent variables: pixel size (grid spacing), drainage area, and average channel slope. We then estimate the parameters of this model with a set of 50 drainage trees obtained using digital elevation data for Willow Creek in Montana. Parameter estimates indicate that beta tends to vary directly with slope and inversely with drainage area, which suggests heterogeneities within larger basins that are not adequately accounted for by Gibbs' distribution with a constant parameter value. RP TROUTMAN, BM (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,DENVER FED CTR,DENVER,CO 80225, USA. NR 57 TC 20 Z9 20 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 SN 0043-1397 J9 WATER RESOUR RES JI Water Resour. Res. PD FEB PY 1992 VL 28 IS 2 BP 563 EP 577 DI 10.1029/91WR02648 PG 15 WC Environmental Sciences; Limnology; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Water Resources GA HC352 UT WOS:A1992HC35200021 ER PT J AU KOETSIER, P BRYAN, CF AF KOETSIER, P BRYAN, CF TI DIEL, SIZE-DIFFERENTIAL DRIFT PATTERNS OF 3 MACROINVERTEBRATE SPECIES IN THE LOWER MISSISSIPPI RIVER, LOUISIANA (USA) SO HYDROBIOLOGIA LA English DT Article DE INVERTEBRATE DRIFT; TURBIDITY; MISSISSIPPI RIVER; SIZE-SELECTIVE PREDATION ID MAYFLY NYMPHS; STREAM DRIFT; PREDATION; TROUT; PREY; SCULPINS; INSECTS AB We explored macroinvertebrate size-differential drift in the lower Mississippi River (a 9th order system). Because this river system is highly turbid, we hypothesized that visually-dependent vertebrate predators feeding on drifting organisms would be at a disadvantage. Thus, size-differential drift should not occur. For one 24-hour period in both January and April, six drift nets were used to sample surface drift. Nets were emptied once every four hours. Individual intra-ocular distances of three macroinvertebrate species (Hydropsyche orris: Trichoptera, Hexagenia limbata: Ephemeroptera, Macrobrachium ohione: Crustacea) were measured. Percentages of size classes in the drift were determined. In both months, large individuals of H. orris and H. limbata were prevalent in the nocturnal but scarce in the diurnal drift. In January, large M. ohione drifted regardless of time. In April, large M. ohione predominated the nocturnal drift. Our results could not be attributed solely to vertebrate predator avoidance. Other mechanisms such as diel microhabitat migration and current velocity may have accounted for the results. C1 LOUISIANA STATE UNIV,DEPT FORESTRY WILDLIFE & FISHERIES,BATON ROUGE,LA 70803. LOUISIANA STATE UNIV,US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,BATON ROUGE,LA 70803. NR 22 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 2 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0018-8158 J9 HYDROBIOLOGIA JI Hydrobiologia PD JAN 31 PY 1992 VL 228 IS 3 BP 225 EP 230 DI 10.1007/BF00006589 PG 6 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Marine & Freshwater Biology GA HG700 UT WOS:A1992HG70000006 ER PT J AU BELTON, MJS HEAD, JW PIETERS, CM GREELEY, R MCEWEN, AS NEUKUM, G KLAASEN, KP ANGER, CD CARR, MH CHAPMAN, CR DAVIES, ME FANALE, FP GIERASCH, PJ GREENBERG, R INGERSOLL, AP JOHNSON, T PACZKOWSKI, B PILCHER, CB VEVERKA, J AF BELTON, MJS HEAD, JW PIETERS, CM GREELEY, R MCEWEN, AS NEUKUM, G KLAASEN, KP ANGER, CD CARR, MH CHAPMAN, CR DAVIES, ME FANALE, FP GIERASCH, PJ GREENBERG, R INGERSOLL, AP JOHNSON, T PACZKOWSKI, B PILCHER, CB VEVERKA, J TI LUNAR IMPACT BASINS AND CRUSTAL HETEROGENEITY - NEW WESTERN LIMB AND FAR SIDE DATA FROM GALILEO SO SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID ORIENTALE; DEPOSITS AB Multispectral images Of the lunar western limb and far side obtained from Galileo reveal the compositional nature of several prominent lunar features and provide new information on lunar evolution. The data reveal that the ejecta from the Orientale impact basin (900 kilometers in diameter) lying outside the Cordillera Mountains was excavated from the crust, not the mantle, and covers pre-Orientale terrain that consisted of both highland materials and relatively large expanses of ancient mare basalts. The inside of the far side South Pole - Aitken basin (> 2000 kilometers in diameter) has low albedo, red color, and a relatively high abundance of iron- and magnesium-rich materials. These features suggest that the impact may have penetrated into the deep crust or lunar mantle or that the basin contains ancient mare basalts that were later covered by highlands ejecta. C1 CALTECH,PASADENA,CA 91125. ITRES RES LTD,CALGARY T2E 7H7,ALBERTA,CANADA. NASA HEADQUARTERS,WASHINGTON,DC 20546. BROWN UNIV,PROVIDENCE,RI 02912. ARIZONA STATE UNIV,TEMPE,AZ 85287. US GEOL SURVEY,FLAGSTAFF,AZ 86001. DFVLR,W-8031 OBERPFAFFENHOFEN,GERMANY. CALTECH,JET PROP LAB,PASADENA,CA 91109. US GEOL SURVEY,MENLO PK,CA 94025. SCI APPLICAT INT CORP,INST PLANETARY SCI,TUCSON,AZ 85719. RAND CORP,SANTA MONICA,CA 90406. UNIV HAWAII,HONOLULU,HI 96822. CORNELL UNIV,ITHACA,NY 14853. UNIV ARIZONA,TUCSON,AZ 85721. RP BELTON, MJS (reprint author), NATL OPT ASTRON OBSERV,TUCSON,AZ 85719, USA. NR 37 TC 62 Z9 63 U1 1 U2 2 PU AMER ASSOC ADVANCEMENT SCIENCE PI WASHINGTON PA 1200 NEW YORK AVE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 SN 0036-8075 J9 SCIENCE JI Science PD JAN 31 PY 1992 VL 255 IS 5044 BP 570 EP 576 DI 10.1126/science.255.5044.570 PG 7 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA HB531 UT WOS:A1992HB53100036 PM 17792379 ER PT J AU ANDERSON, DP MORITOMO, T DEGROOTH, R AF ANDERSON, DP MORITOMO, T DEGROOTH, R TI NEUTROPHIL, GLASS-ADHERENT, NITROBLUE TETRAZOLIUM ASSAY GIVES EARLY INDICATION OF IMMUNIZATION EFFECTIVENESS IN RAINBOW-TROUT SO VETERINARY IMMUNOLOGY AND IMMUNOPATHOLOGY LA English DT Article ID PHAGOCYTIC-CELLS; MACROPHAGES; INVITRO; STRESS AB Neutrophil activity in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) is increased upon antigenic stimulation with the Yersinia ruckeri O-antigen bacterin. The characteristics of neutrophil attachment to glass and nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT) staining were used to determine the effectiveness of immunization programs with fingerling rainbow trout. Fish immunized by intraperitoncal injection with doses of 100, 10, or 1-mu-g of the bacterin showed the highest responses in that order in numbers of glass adherent, NBT-positive neutrophils. Studies on the kinetics of the occurrence of numbers of glass-adherent, NBT-positive staining cells from the fish injected with the 10-mu-g dose showed the numbers of positive cells were largest on Day 2 after injection. The specific immune response was confirmed by demonstrating the presence of plaque-forming cells by the passive hemolytic plaque assay and the rise in humoral antibody titers by passive hemagglutination 12 days after injection. The effects of immunization in trout could be detected earlier by using the neutrophil glass adherence and NBT reduction assays than by using assays based on observations of the specific immune response. C1 NIHON UNIV,FISH PATHOL LAB,FUJISAWA,KANAGAWA,JAPAN. AGR UNIV WAGENINGEN,DEPT EXPTL ANIM MORPHOL & CELL BIOL,6700 AH WAGENINGEN,NETHERLANDS. RP ANDERSON, DP (reprint author), US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,NATL FISH HLTH RES LAB,BOX 700,KEARNEYSVILLE,WV 25430, USA. NR 21 TC 74 Z9 85 U1 0 U2 6 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0165-2427 J9 VET IMMUNOL IMMUNOP JI Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol. PD JAN 31 PY 1992 VL 30 IS 4 BP 419 EP 429 DI 10.1016/0165-2427(92)90110-C PG 11 WC Immunology; Veterinary Sciences SC Immunology; Veterinary Sciences GA HB668 UT WOS:A1992HB66800009 PM 1546446 ER PT J AU TARDUNO, JA LOWRIE, W SLITER, WV BRALOWER, TJ HELLER, F AF TARDUNO, JA LOWRIE, W SLITER, WV BRALOWER, TJ HELLER, F TI REVERSED POLARITY CHARACTERISTIC MAGNETIZATIONS IN THE ALBIAN CONTESSA SECTION, UMBRIAN APENNINES, ITALY - IMPLICATIONS FOR THE EXISTENCE OF A MIDCRETACEOUS MIXED POLARITY INTERVAL SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SOLID EARTH LA English DT Article ID PALEOCENE MAGNETIC STRATIGRAPHY; PELAGIC CARBONATE ROCKS; LATE PALEOZOIC REMAGNETIZATION; DRILLING PROJECT LEG-79; TIME SCALE; NORTH-AMERICA; GUBBIO; LIMESTONES; PALEOMAGNETISM; PENINSULA AB Paleomagnetic and paleontologic data from the Valle della Contessa (Umbrian Apennines, Italy) span a 14 m.y. gap in previous magnetostratigraphic sections and reveal several intervals of reversed characteristic remanent magnetization (ChRM) in limestones and marls of the Albian Marne a Fucoidi. Rock magnetic data indicate that the reversed ChRM is carried by hematite having high unblocking temperatures (approximately 625-690-degrees-C). Hematite with these unblocking temperatures also carries a normal polarity ChRM in other intervals. A potential bias towards the identification of normal polarity is present since at every horizon measured a normal polarity component, carried by magnetite and hematite, is isolated at lower unblocking temperatures (approximately 300-600-degrees-C). Bulk magnetic properties vary throughout the measured section. In the portion containing most of the reversed ChRM intervals, hematite is the dominant carrier of natural remanent magnetization, while magnetite is the dominant carrier stratigraphically above and below. These changes correspond approximately with lithology. The zone of dominant hematite magnetization is marked by reddish bands (pigmentary hematite) which can be correlated throughout Umbria and are thought to record changes in the oxidation state of the seafloor during deposition. Two models may account for the observed magnetization directions. The reversed magnetizations may record a remagnetization which occurred at least 18 m.y. after deposition, while the beds were still flat-lying, in reversed polarity chron 33R (83-79 Ma) or later. If the reversed ChRM represents a remagnetization, the process is potentially of great importance since it can produce magnetization patterns which resemble polarity intervals. Alternatively, the reversed magnetizations may have been acquired during intense seafloor oxidation episodes during the mid-Albian (107-104 Ma) and may record unrecognized intervals of reversed geomagnetic field polarity. Milankovitch-like bedding cyclicity can be used to tune the sedimentation rate and obtain estimates of the duration of the potential reversed intervals. Using these estimates, two of the potential reversed polarity intervals are of sufficient duration (> 100 kyr) to be recognizable in both detailed stratigraphic sections and marine magnetic anomaly surveys. A primary magnetization model predicts that several intervals of reversed magnetization should be found near the boundary of the Biticinella breggiensis and Ticinella primula foraminiferal zones and within the Prediscosphaera cretacea nannofossil zone on a worldwide basis. C1 SWISS FED INST TECHNOL,INST GEOPHYS,CH-8093 ZURICH,SWITZERLAND. US GEOL SURVEY,MENLO PK,CA 94025. UNIV N CAROLINA,DEPT GEOL,CHAPEL HILL,NC 27599. RP TARDUNO, JA (reprint author), UNIV CALIF SAN DIEGO,SCRIPPS INST OCEANOG,DIV GEOL RES,LA JOLLA,CA 92093, USA. NR 71 TC 33 Z9 37 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 SN 0148-0227 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-SOL EA JI J. Geophys. Res.-Solid Earth PD JAN 10 PY 1992 VL 97 IS B1 BP 241 EP 271 DI 10.1029/91JB02257 PG 31 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA GY778 UT WOS:A1992GY77800003 ER PT J AU BRYANT, AS JONES, LM AF BRYANT, AS JONES, LM TI ANOMALOUSLY DEEP CRUSTAL EARTHQUAKES IN THE VENTURA BASIN, SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SOLID EARTH LA English DT Article ID WESTERN TRANSVERSE RANGES; SAN-ANDREAS FAULT; HEAT-FLOW; FOCAL MECHANISMS; SEISMIC RISK; DEPTH; KINEMATICS; ZONE AB Earthquakes at depths of 20-30 km occur beneath the Ventura Basin in southern California. The epicentral distribution of deep seismicity outlines an east trending ellipse which corresponds closely with the mapped Santa Clara Syncline, the main structural element of the Ventura basin with 15 km thickness of sediments. Clear Pn and Pg phases are seen for even the deepest earthquakes which demonstrate that these earthquakes are occurring within the crust. Travel time curves from shallow and deep earthquakes in the western Transverse Ranges require that the depth to the Moho under the Ventura basin must be depressed by 7-10 km relative to the surrounding area, indicating crustal thickening of 20-35%. Other researchers have shown that the Ventura basin has the lowest heat flow in western California. Thus, low heat flow, exceptionally thick (15 km) sediments, rapid shortening of the crust, the deep earthquakes, and a depressed Moho all coincide within a small area, strongly suggesting a common cause for all five phenomena. The confinement of the deep earthquakes and depressed Moho to the Ventura region suggests that the rapid shortening of the Ventura basin is anomalous and not representative of the rate of shortening across all of the western Transverse Ranges. RP BRYANT, AS (reprint author), CALTECH,US GEOL SURVEY,SEISMOL LAB 252-21,PASADENA,CA 91125, USA. NR 34 TC 25 Z9 26 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 SN 0148-0227 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-SOL EA JI J. Geophys. Res.-Solid Earth PD JAN 10 PY 1992 VL 97 IS B1 BP 437 EP 447 DI 10.1029/91JB02286 PG 11 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA GY778 UT WOS:A1992GY77800012 ER PT J AU CLARKE, SH CARVER, GA AF CLARKE, SH CARVER, GA TI LATE HOLOCENE TECTONICS AND PALEOSEISMICITY, SOUTHERN CASCADIA SUBDUCTION ZONE SO SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID NORTHWESTERN UNITED-STATES; NORTHERN CALIFORNIA; EARTHQUAKES; CALIBRATION; PLATE; FAULT AB Holocene deformation indicative of large subduction-zone earthquakes has occurred on two large thrust fault systems in the Humboldt Bay region of northern California. Displaced stratigraphic markers record three offsets of 5 to 7 meters each on the Little Salmon fault during the past 1700 years. Smaller and less frequent Holocene displacements have occurred in the Mad River fault zone. Elsewhere, as many as five episodes Of sudden subsidence of marsh peats and fossil forests and uplift of marine terraces are recorded. Carbon- 14 dates suggest that the faulting, subsidence, and uplift events were synchronous. Relations between magnitude and various fault-offset parameters indicate that earthquakes accompanying displacements on the Little Salmon fault had magnitudes of at least 7.6 to 7.8. More likely this faulting accompanied rupture of the boundary between the Gorda and North American plates, and magnitudes were about 8.4 or greater. C1 HUMBOLDT STATE UNIV,DEPT GEOL,ARCATA,CA 95521. RP CLARKE, SH (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,BRANCH PACIFIC MARINE GEOL,345 MIDDLEFIELD RD,MAIL STOP 999,MENLO PK,CA 94025, USA. NR 37 TC 78 Z9 79 U1 1 U2 6 PU AMER ASSOC ADVANCEMENT SCIENCE PI WASHINGTON PA 1200 NEW YORK AVE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 SN 0036-8075 J9 SCIENCE JI Science PD JAN 10 PY 1992 VL 255 IS 5041 BP 188 EP 192 DI 10.1126/science.255.5041.188 PG 5 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA GY704 UT WOS:A1992GY70400033 PM 17756070 ER PT B AU GELLIS, A AF GELLIS, A BE Klett, CTO TI Decreasing trends of suspended sediment concentrations at selected streamflow stations in New Mexico SO 36TH ANNUAL NEW MEXICO WATER CONFERENCE, PROCEEDINGS: AGENCIES AND SCIENCE WORKING FOR THE FUTURE SE WRRI REPORT LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 36th Annual New Mexico Water Conference - Agencies and Science Working for the Future CY NOV 07-08, 1991 CL NEW MEXICO STATE UNIV, LAS CRUCES, NM SP New Mexico Water Resources Res Inst HO NEW MEXICO STATE UNIV C1 US GEOL SURVEY,ALBUQUERQUE,NM 87110. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU NEW MEXICO WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH INSTITUTE PI LAS CRUCES PA NEW MEXICO STATE UNIV, LAS CRUCES, NM 88003 J9 WRRI REP PY 1992 IS 265 BP 77 EP 93 PG 17 WC Water Resources SC Water Resources GA BD59R UT WOS:A1992BD59R00013 ER PT J AU KONIKOW, LF BREDEHOEFT, JD AF KONIKOW, LF BREDEHOEFT, JD TI GROUNDWATER MODELS CANNOT BE VALIDATED SO ADVANCES IN WATER RESOURCES LA English DT Article AB Ground-water models are embodiments of scientific hypotheses. As such, the models cannot be proven or validated, but only tested and invalidated. However, model testing and the evaluation of predictive errors lead to improved models and a better understanding of the problem at hand. In applying ground-water models to field problems, errors arise from conceptual deficiencies, numerical errors, and inadequate parameter estimation. Case histories of model applications to the Dakota Aquifer, South Dakota, to bedded salts in New Mexico, and to the upper Coachella Valley, California, illustrate that calibration produces a nonunique solution and that validation, per se, is a futile objective. Although models are definitely valuable tools for analyzing ground-water systems, their predictive accuracy is limited. The terms validation and verification are misleading and their use in ground-water science should be abandoned in favor of more meaningful model-assessment descriptors. RP KONIKOW, LF (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,431 NATL CTR,RESTON,VA 22092, USA. NR 0 TC 290 Z9 293 U1 6 U2 44 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, OXON, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 0309-1708 J9 ADV WATER RESOUR JI Adv. Water Resour. PY 1992 VL 15 IS 1 BP 75 EP 83 DI 10.1016/0309-1708(92)90033-X PG 9 WC Water Resources SC Water Resources GA JF265 UT WOS:A1992JF26500007 ER PT J AU BREDEHOEFT, JD KONIKOW, LF AF BREDEHOEFT, JD KONIKOW, LF TI GROUNDWATER MODELS CANNOT BE VALIDATED - REPLY SO ADVANCES IN WATER RESOURCES LA English DT Editorial Material RP BREDEHOEFT, JD (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,345 MIDDLEFIELD RD,MS 439,MENLO PK,CA 94025, USA. NR 0 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 1 U2 3 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, OXON, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 0309-1708 J9 ADV WATER RESOUR JI Adv. Water Resour. PY 1992 VL 15 IS 6 BP 371 EP 372 DI 10.1016/0309-1708(92)90004-L PG 2 WC Water Resources SC Water Resources GA LE511 UT WOS:A1992LE51100004 ER PT J AU SIMONSON, TD NEVES, RJ AF SIMONSON, TD NEVES, RJ TI HABITAT SUITABILITY AND REPRODUCTIVE TRAITS OF THE ORANGEFIN MADTOM-NOTURUS-GILBERTI (PISCES, ICTALURIDAE) SO AMERICAN MIDLAND NATURALIST LA English DT Article ID LIFE-HISTORY; ECOLOGY AB The orangefin madtom (Noturus gilberti), a candidate species for federal protection in Virginia and North Carolina, was sampled at 256 sites to characterize its habitat, species associations and reproductive traits. Only the Roanoke darter (Percina roanoka) consistently co-occurred with the orangefin madtom. Several fish species: Nocomis spp., Phoxinus oreas, Clinostomus funduloides and Notropis cerasinus, and crayfish were negatively associated with its presence at sites. Sand and silt levels were significantly lower at sites with orangefin madtoms, whereas small cobble, local gradient and water depth were significantly higher. Discriminant function analysis provided a predictive model that correctly classified 85% of the sites which contained this species. Spawning of the orangefin madtom occurred from late April through June at water temperatures from 18-22 C. Age 2 adults were the primary spawners of the three age groups in the population. Estimated longevity for this species is 24-28 mo. C1 VIRGINIA POLYTECH INST & STATE UNIV,US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,BLACKSBURG,VA 24061. NR 28 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 7 PU AMER MIDLAND NATURALIST PI NOTRE DAME PA UNIV NOTRE DAME, BOX 369, ROOM 295 GLSC, NOTRE DAME, IN 46556 SN 0003-0031 J9 AM MIDL NAT JI Am. Midl. Nat. PD JAN PY 1992 VL 127 IS 1 BP 115 EP 124 DI 10.2307/2426327 PG 10 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA GZ653 UT WOS:A1992GZ65300012 ER PT J AU POWELL, RE WELDON, RJ AF POWELL, RE WELDON, RJ TI EVOLUTION OF THE SAN-ANDREAS FAULT SO ANNUAL REVIEW OF EARTH AND PLANETARY SCIENCES LA English DT Review DE TECTONICS; CALIFORNIA; STRUCTURE ID NORTHWESTWARDLY YOUNGER AGE; WESTERN TRANSVERSE RANGES; SOUTHERN-CALIFORNIA; STRIKE-SLIP; PLATE MOTIONS; TECTONIC ROTATION; VOLCANIC-ROCKS; GARLOCK FAULT; MOJAVE DESERT; ZONE C1 UNIV OREGON,DEPT GEOL SCI,EUGENE,OR 97403. RP POWELL, RE (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,US COURTHOUSE,SPOKANE,WA 99201, USA. NR 159 TC 51 Z9 51 U1 0 U2 4 PU ANNUAL REVIEWS INC PI PALO ALTO PA 4139 EL CAMINO WAY, PO BOX 10139, PALO ALTO, CA 94303-0139 SN 0084-6597 J9 ANNU REV EARTH PL SC JI Annu. Rev. Earth Planet. Sci. PY 1992 VL 20 BP 431 EP 468 DI 10.1146/annurev.ea.20.050192.002243 PG 38 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geology GA HT974 UT WOS:A1992HT97400016 ER PT J AU STEINBERG, NA BLUM, JS HOCHSTEIN, L OREMLAND, RS AF STEINBERG, NA BLUM, JS HOCHSTEIN, L OREMLAND, RS TI NITRATE IS A PREFERRED ELECTRON-ACCEPTOR FOR GROWTH OF FRESH-WATER SELENATE-RESPIRING BACTERIA SO APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Note ID SELENIUM; REDUCTION; SEDIMENTS; RESPIRATION; ACETYLENE; CULTURE AB An anaerobic, freshwater enrichment grew with either nitrate or selenate as an electron acceptor. With both ions present, nitrate reduction preceded selenate reduction. An isolate from the enrichment grew on either ion, but the presence of nitrate precluded the reduction of selenate. Stock cultures of denitrifiers grew anaerobically on nitrate but not on selenate. C1 US GEOL SURVEY,345 MIDDLEFIELD RD,MENLO PK,CA 94025. NASA,AMES RES CTR,MOFFETT FIELD,CA 94035. NR 22 TC 40 Z9 40 U1 1 U2 6 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1325 MASSACHUSETTS AVENUE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005-4171 SN 0099-2240 J9 APPL ENVIRON MICROB JI Appl. Environ. Microbiol. PD JAN PY 1992 VL 58 IS 1 BP 426 EP 428 PG 3 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology GA GY253 UT WOS:A1992GY25300067 PM 16348638 ER PT J AU WATTEN, BJ AF WATTEN, BJ TI MODELING THE EFFECTS OF SEQUENTIAL REARING ON THE POTENTIAL PRODUCTION OF CONTROLLED ENVIRONMENT FISH-CULTURE SYSTEMS SO AQUACULTURAL ENGINEERING LA English DT Article ID WATER AB The production potential of an aquaculture system can be achieved only if the feed carrying capacity (kilograms per day) of the system is maintained at the maximum acceptable rate throughout the rearing period Continuous production of fish through successive stocking and harvesting provides a higher mean feeding rate than conventional batch culture methods. Algorithms were developed to optimize sequential fish production given the feed carrying capacity of the system, rearing period (RP), length offish at stocking (L(t=0), growth rate (DELTAL), feed conversion (FC), and mortality rate (Z). Algorithm use indicates that production per rearing period increases at a diminishing rate with the number (n) of stocking-harvesting intervals. For example, using rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss), where RP= 270 d, L(t=0) = 7.6 cm; DELTAL= 0.086 cm/d, FC= 1.8, and Z = 0.0, the increase in production over than predicted with the batch method (n = 1) for selected values of n was as follows: 44% (n = 2), 65% (n = 3), 87% (n = 5), 98% (n = 7), 104% (n = 9), and 110% (n = 12). Improvements in production with n > 1 diminish with a greater L(t=0) or Z, but increase with RP or DELTAL. Sequential rearing can substantially reduce the water flow required to achieve a chosen production goal. RP WATTEN, BJ (reprint author), US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,NATL FISHERY RES & DEV LAB,RD 4,BOX 63,WELLSBORO,PA 16901, USA. NR 21 TC 7 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, OXON, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 0144-8609 J9 AQUACULT ENG JI Aquac. Eng. PY 1992 VL 11 IS 1 BP 33 EP 46 DI 10.1016/0144-8609(92)90019-T PG 14 WC Agricultural Engineering; Fisheries SC Agriculture; Fisheries GA JQ696 UT WOS:A1992JQ69600003 ER PT J AU HOFFMAN, DJ SANDERSON, CJ LECAPTAIN, LJ CROMARTIE, E PENDLETON, GW AF HOFFMAN, DJ SANDERSON, CJ LECAPTAIN, LJ CROMARTIE, E PENDLETON, GW TI INTERACTIVE EFFECTS OF ARSENATE, SELENIUM, AND DIETARY-PROTEIN ON SURVIVAL, GROWTH, AND PHYSIOLOGY IN MALLARD DUCKLINGS SO ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article ID HEPATIC GLUTATHIONE METABOLISM; AMERICAN KESTRELS; TOXICITY; TISSUE; BIRDS; SELENOMETHIONINE; REPRODUCTION; PEROXIDASE; ADDITIONS; REDUCTASE AB High concentrations of arsenic (As) and selenium (Se) have been found in aquatic food chains associated with irrigation drainwater. Total biomass of invertebrates, a major source of protein for wild ducklings, may vary in environments that are contaminated with selenium. Day-old mallard (Anas platyrhynchos) ducklings received an untreated diet (controls) containing 22% protein or diets containing 15 ppm Se (as selenomethionine), 60 ppm Se, 200 ppm As (as sodium arsenate), 15 ppm Se with 200 ppm As, or 60 ppm Se with 200 ppm As. In a concurrent experiment, the same sequence was repeated with a protein-restricted (7%) but isocaloric diet. After 4 weeks, blood and tissue samples were collected for biochemical and histological examination. With 22% protein and 60 ppm Se in the diet, duckling survival and growth was reduced and livers had histopathological lesions. Arsenic alone caused some reduction in growth. Antagonistic interactive effects occurred between As and Se, including complete to partial alleviation of the following Se effects: mortality, impaired growth, hepatic lesions and lipid peroxidation, and altered glutathione and thiol status. With 7% protein, survival and growth of controls was less than that with 22% protein, Se (60 ppm) caused 100% mortality, and As (200 ppm) caused mortality, decreased growth, and liver histopathology. These findings suggest the potential for antagonistic effects of Se and As on duckling survival, growth, and physiology with adequate dietary protein but more severe toxicological effects when dietary protein is diminished. RP HOFFMAN, DJ (reprint author), US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,PATUXENT WILDLIFE RES CTR,LAUREL,MD 20708, USA. NR 50 TC 41 Z9 42 U1 0 U2 4 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 SN 0090-4341 J9 ARCH ENVIRON CON TOX JI Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. PD JAN PY 1992 VL 22 IS 1 BP 55 EP 62 PG 8 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA GU995 UT WOS:A1992GU99500009 PM 1554253 ER PT J AU NAKAMOTO, RJ HASSLER, TJ AF NAKAMOTO, RJ HASSLER, TJ TI SELENIUM AND OTHER TRACE-ELEMENTS IN BLUEGILLS FROM AGRICULTURAL RETURN FLOWS IN THE SAN JOAQUIN VALLEY, CALIFORNIA SO ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article ID LEPOMIS-MACROCHIRUS; FISH; SURVIVAL; COPPER; REPRODUCTION; ACCUMULATION; TOXICITY; TISSUES; FLOOR; LIFE AB The effects of water quality and exposure to trace elements in irrigation return flows on bluegills (Lepomis macrochirus) were studied in the Merced River and Salt Slough, tributaries to the San Joaquin River, California, during 1988. Our study revealed that conductivity, turbidity, pH, total filterable residue, total hardness, and alkalinity were significantly greater in the Salt Slough, which receives tile drainage, then in the Merced River, which does not receive tile drainage. The concentrations of all trace elements, except aluminum and selenium, were below levels that are expected to have significant chronic toxic effects on bluegills. Selenium body burdens in bluegills from the Salt Slough have increased over fourfold since 1973. Age 1 bluegills from the Salt Slough were significantly shorter than age 1 bluegills from the Merced River. No other significant differences were noted in length by age. The mean length of age 1 bluegills from the Merced River has been increasing since 1983. In contrast, the length of age 1 bluegills from the Salt Slough has been decreasing. Fecundity of bluegills was lower in the Salt Slough than in the Merced River. The concurrent rise in selenium body burdens in bluegills from the Salt Slough and the decreasing total length of age 1 bluegills suggest a causal link between the two. In addition, the apparent depressed fecundity may also be related to the increased body burdens of selenium. C1 HUMBOLDT STATE UNIV,US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,CALIF COOPERAT FISHERY RES UNIT,ARCATA,CA 95521. NR 44 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 2 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 SN 0090-4341 J9 ARCH ENVIRON CON TOX JI Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. PD JAN PY 1992 VL 22 IS 1 BP 88 EP 98 PG 11 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA GU995 UT WOS:A1992GU99500013 PM 1554258 ER PT J AU HANDEL, CM GILL, RE AF HANDEL, CM GILL, RE TI ROOSTING BEHAVIOR OF PREMIGRATORY DUNLINS (CALIDRIS-ALPINA) SO AUK LA English DT Article ID BANC-DARGUIN; WINTERING WADERS; RAPTOR PREDATION; SHOREBIRDS; MAURITANIA; POPULATION; MOVEMENTS; ECOLOGY; BIRDS AB We studied roosting behavior of Dunlins (Calidris alpina) during late summer along the coast of the Yukon-Kuskokwim Delta, Alaska, in relation to tidal cycle, time of day, time of season, and occurrence of predators. Within Angyoyaravak Bay, peak populations of 70,000-100,000 Dunlins occur each year. The major diurnal roost sites were adjacent to intertidal feeding areas, provided an unobstructed view of predators, and were close to shallow waters used for bathing. At one site studied intensively, roosting flocks formed at high water consistently during the day but rarely at night. On about 75% of the days, Dunlins also came to the roost at dawn and dusk when the tide was low. The size of the roosting flock, the length of time birds spent at the roost site, and behavior at the roost site were highly variable throughout the season and significantly affected by both tide level and time of day. Roosting behavior changed significantly between early and late August, as Dunlins underwent heavy wing and body molt, and began premigratory fattening. The reaction of Dunlins to potential predators, the formation of roosting flocks in response to light cues, and seasonal changes in social behavior at the roost site suggested that communal roosting behavior may be related not only to the risk of predation but also to behavior during migration. RP HANDEL, CM (reprint author), US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,ALASKA FISH & WILDLIFE RES CTR,1011 E TUDOR RD,ANCHORAGE,AK 99503, USA. NR 71 TC 19 Z9 20 U1 1 U2 5 PU AMER ORNITHOLOGISTS UNION PI LAWRENCE PA ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC NORTH AMER PO BOX 1897, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 SN 0004-8038 J9 AUK JI AUK PD JAN PY 1992 VL 109 IS 1 BP 57 EP 72 PG 16 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA HQ212 UT WOS:A1992HQ21200005 ER PT J AU LAYBOURNE, RC SABO, BA MORNINGSTAR, A AF LAYBOURNE, RC SABO, BA MORNINGSTAR, A TI BASIC TECHNIQUE FOR PREPARATION OF DOWN FOR EXAMINATION WITH THE SCANNING ELECTRON-MICROSCOPE SO AUK LA English DT Note ID FEATHERS C1 US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,NATL FISH & WILDLIFE FORENS LAB,ASHLAND,OR 97520. RP LAYBOURNE, RC (reprint author), SMITHSONIAN INST,DIV BIRDS,WASHINGTON,DC 20560, USA. NR 9 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER ORNITHOLOGISTS UNION PI LAWRENCE PA ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC NORTH AMER PO BOX 1897, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 SN 0004-8038 J9 AUK JI AUK PD JAN PY 1992 VL 109 IS 1 BP 195 EP 197 PG 3 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA HQ212 UT WOS:A1992HQ21200023 ER PT J AU METEYER, CU MOHAMMED, HO CHIN, RP BICKFORD, AA TRAMPEL, DW KLEIN, PN AF METEYER, CU MOHAMMED, HO CHIN, RP BICKFORD, AA TRAMPEL, DW KLEIN, PN TI RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN AGE OF FLOCK SEROCONVERSION TO HEMORRHAGIC ENTERITIS VIRUS AND APPEARANCE OF ADENOVIRAL INCLUSIONS IN THE SPLEEN AND RENAL TUBULE EPITHELIA OF TURKEYS SO AVIAN DISEASES LA English DT Article ID PARTICLES; BODIES AB A retrospective study was conducted to evaluate the temporal relationship between flock seroconversion to hemorrhagic enteritis virus (HEV) and the appearance of adenoviral inclusions in the spleen and renal tubular epithelium. The study was conducted on samples of turkey poults submitted to the Fresno Branch of the California Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory System during May to December 1988. The study included 78 submissions (four to eight poults per submission) of ages ranging from 6 to 15 weeks. Sera were tested for antibodies to HEV using the agar gel immunodiffusion test. Spleen and kidney samples were examined by light microscopy for the presence of inclusions in the mononuclear phagocytes of the spleen or in the renal tubular epithelium of the kidney. Logistic regression statistical analysis was used to evaluate the association between the age of the bird and the likelihood of the presence of inclusions in the spleen and kidney, as well as the likelihood of seroconversion to HEV. A significant association (P < 0.05) was found between the presence of splenic inclusion bodies and the age of the bird. The probability of splenic inclusions was higher in younger birds (6 weeks of age), and decreased as the birds became older, approaching zero at 11 weeks of age. The kidney inclusions were significantly associated with age. The probability of detecting the inclusions increased with age, reached a maximum at 10 weeks, and then declined, approaching zero by 14 weeks. However, the probability of seroconversion to HEV increased significantly with age up to 10 weeks and then remained positive throughout the remainder of the study period. C1 CORNELL UNIV,NEW YORK STATE COLL VET MED,DEPT CLIN SCI,ITHACA,NY 14853. UNIV CALIF DAVIS,CALIF VET DIAGNOST LAB SYST,TURLOCK BRANCH LAB,TURLOCK,CA 95381. IOWA STATE UNIV SCI & TECHNOL,AMES,IA 50011. US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,PATUXENT WILDLIFE RES CTR,LAUREL,MD 20708. RP METEYER, CU (reprint author), UNIV CALIF DAVIS,CALIF VET DIAGNOST LAB SYST,FRESNO BRANCH LAB,2789 S ORANGE AVE,FRESNO,CA 93725, USA. NR 18 TC 8 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER ASSOC AVIAN PATHOLOGISTS PI KENNETT SQ PA UNIV PENN, NEW BOLTON CENTER, KENNETT SQ, PA 19348-1692 SN 0005-2086 J9 AVIAN DIS JI Avian Dis. PD JAN-MAR PY 1992 VL 36 IS 1 BP 88 EP 96 DI 10.2307/1591721 PG 9 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA HH007 UT WOS:A1992HH00700016 PM 1314556 ER PT J AU BART, J FORSMAN, ED AF BART, J FORSMAN, ED TI DEPENDENCE OF NORTHERN SPOTTED OWLS STRIX-OCCIDENTALIS-CAURINA ON OLD-GROWTH FORESTS IN THE WESTERN USA SO BIOLOGICAL CONSERVATION LA English DT Article AB Habitat requirements of northern spotted owls Strix occidentalis caurina have become the focus of a major controversy over how much old-growth forest in the western United States should be preserved. Analysis of three large data sets showed that the subspecies was rare or absent in areas with little older (i.e. >80-year-old) forest but with extensive stands nearing harvest age. The owls were also rare in areas with the small amounts of old-growth typically left after harvest operations. Old-growth stands in Wilderness Areas supported sparse populations of northern spotted owls, and their reproductive success was only about half that of owls outside Wilderness Areas. The results indicate that timber harvest operations, as currently practiced, lead to declines in numbers of northern spotted owls, and that currently protected old-growth stands are unlikely to provide enough high-quality habitat to maintain self-supporting populations of northern spotted owls. C1 OHIO STATE UNIV,DEPT ZOOL,COLUMBUS,OH 43210. US FOREST SERV,FORESTRY SCI LAB,OLYMPIA,WA 98502. RP BART, J (reprint author), OHIO STATE UNIV,US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,OHIO COOPERAT FISH & WILDLIFE RES UNIT,COLUMBUS,OH 43210, USA. NR 12 TC 33 Z9 33 U1 4 U2 22 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, OXON, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 0006-3207 J9 BIOL CONSERV JI Biol. Conserv. PY 1992 VL 62 IS 2 BP 95 EP 100 DI 10.1016/0006-3207(92)90930-L PG 6 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA JG091 UT WOS:A1992JG09100003 ER PT J AU ANDRUS, RE KARLIN, EF TALBOT, SS AF ANDRUS, RE KARLIN, EF TALBOT, SS TI RARE AND ENDANGERED SPHAGNUM SPECIES IN NORTH-AMERICA SO BIOLOGICAL CONSERVATION LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT SYMP ON ENDANGERED BRYOPHYTES IN EUROPE - CAUSES AND CONSERVATION CY SEP 24-28, 1990 CL UPPSALA, SWEDEN SP SWEDISH ENVIRONM PROTECT AGCY, WORLD WIDE FUND NAT, SWEDISH UNIV AGR SCI, SWEDISH SOC CONSERVAT NAT AB Thirty taxa of Sphagnum are considered rare (R), vulnerable (V) or endangered (E) in North America, the lower 48 United States, Canada or Alaska. Six species are classified endangered or vulnerable at a global level. Maps indicating the known distribution of 18 taxa are presented. The percentage of Sphagnum taxa considered R, V or E seems lower than that for bryophytes in general. Sphagnum species should be protected because of their potential value as indicators of global warming and atmospheric pollution. C1 RAMAPO COLL,SCH THEORET & APPL SCI,MAHWAH,NJ 07430. US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,ANCHORAGE,AK 99503. RP ANDRUS, RE (reprint author), SUNY BINGHAMTON,DEPT GEOL SCI & ENVIRONM STUDIES,BINGHAMTON,NY 13902, USA. OI Karlin, Eric/0000-0003-4218-8825 NR 20 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, OXON, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 0006-3207 J9 BIOL CONSERV JI Biol. Conserv. PY 1992 VL 59 IS 2-3 BP 247 EP 254 DI 10.1016/0006-3207(92)90592-B PG 8 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA HP535 UT WOS:A1992HP53500031 ER PT J AU Reilly, P Tevyaw, K AF Reilly, P Tevyaw, K BE Covel, J TI Curriculum-based school programming: A training model by the National Park Service and the US Fish and Wildlife Service SO BRIDGES TO UNDERSTANDING LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 1992 National Interpreters Workshop on Bridges to Understanding - Spanning the Gap Between Talk and Action CY NOV 05-10, 1992 CL SANTA CLARA, CA SP Natl Assoc Interpretat DE training; education; curriculum; program development C1 US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,OFF TRAINING & EDUC,WASHINGTON,DC. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU NATIONAL ASSOCIATION INTERPRETATION PI FT COLLINS PA PO BOX 1892, FT COLLINS, CO 80522 PY 1992 BP 90 EP 92 PG 3 WC Education & Educational Research SC Education & Educational Research GA BE83V UT WOS:A1992BE83V00029 ER PT B AU Ady, J Reilly, P AF Ady, J Reilly, P BE Covel, J TI Education and outreach in the US Fish and Wildlife Service for school and youth audiences SO BRIDGES TO UNDERSTANDING LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 1992 National Interpreters Workshop on Bridges to Understanding - Spanning the Gap Between Talk and Action CY NOV 05-10, 1992 CL SANTA CLARA, CA SP Natl Assoc Interpretat DE environmental education; wetlands; endangered species; wildlife management; reading primers; curriculum; habitat; student materials C1 US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,OFF EDUC & TRAINING,WASHINGTON,DC. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 2 PU NATIONAL ASSOCIATION INTERPRETATION PI FT COLLINS PA PO BOX 1892, FT COLLINS, CO 80522 PY 1992 BP 97 EP 100 PG 4 WC Education & Educational Research SC Education & Educational Research GA BE83V UT WOS:A1992BE83V00032 ER PT J AU HILDRETH, W DRAKE, RE AF HILDRETH, W DRAKE, RE TI VOLCAN QUIZAPU, CHILEAN ANDES SO BULLETIN OF VOLCANOLOGY LA English DT Article AB Quizapu is a flank vent of the basalt-to-rhyodacite Holocene stratocone, Cerro Azul, and lies at the focus of a complex Quaternary volcanic field on the Andean volcanic front. The Quizapu vent originated in 1846 when 5 km3 of hornblende-dacite magma erupted effusively with little accompanying tephra. Between approximately 1907 and 1932, phreatic and strombolian activity reamed out a deep crater, from which 4 km3 of dacite magma identical to that of 1846 fed the great plinian event of 10-11 April 1932. Although a total of > 9 km3 of magma was thus released in 86 years, there is no discernible subsidence. As the pre-plinian crater was lined by massive lavas, 1932 enlargement was limited and the total plinian deposit contains only approximately 0.4 wt % lithics. Areas of 5-cm and 1-cm isopachs for compacted 1932 fallout are about half of those estimated in the 1930's, yielding a revised ejecta volume of approximately 9.5 km3. A strong inflection near the 10-cm isopach (downwind approximately 110 km) on a plot of log Thickness vs Area 1/2 reflects slow settling of fine plinian ash - not of coignimbrite ash, as the volume of pyroclastic flows was trivial (< 0.01 km3). About 17 vol.% of the fallout lies beyond the 1-cm isopach, and approximately 82 wt% of the ejecta are finer than 1 mm. At least 18 hours of steady plinian activity produced an exceptionally uniform fall deposit. Observed column height (27-30 km) and average mass eruption rate (1.5 x 10(8) kg/s) compare well with values for height and peak intensity calculated from published eruption models. The progressive "aeolian fractionation" of downwind ash (for which Quizapu is widely cited) is complicated by the large compositional range of 1932 juvenile pumice (52-70% SiO2). The eruption began with andesitic scoria and ended with basaltic scoria, but > 95% of the ejecta are dacitic pumice (67-68% SiO2); minor andesitic scoria and frothier rhyodacite pumice (70% SiO2) accompanied the dominant dacite. Phenocrysts (pl > hb approximately opx > mt > ilm approximately cpx) are similar in both abundance and composition in the 1846 (effusive) and 1932 (plinian) dacites. Despite the contrast in mode of eruption, bulk compositions are also indistinguishable. The only difference so far identified is a lower range of delta-D values for 1846 hornblende, consistent with pre-eruptive degassing of the effusive batch. RP HILDRETH, W (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,MENLO PK,CA 94025, USA. NR 0 TC 131 Z9 133 U1 3 U2 13 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 SN 0258-8900 J9 B VOLCANOL JI Bull. Volcanol. PD JAN PY 1992 VL 54 IS 2 BP 93 EP 125 DI 10.1007/BF00278002 PG 33 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA HC193 UT WOS:A1992HC19300001 ER PT J AU PALLISTER, JS HOBLITT, RP CRANDELL, DR MULLINEAUX, DR AF PALLISTER, JS HOBLITT, RP CRANDELL, DR MULLINEAUX, DR TI MOUNT ST HELENS A DECADE AFTER THE 1980 ERUPTIONS - MAGMATIC MODELS, CHEMICAL-CYCLES, AND A REVISED HAZARDS ASSESSMENT SO BULLETIN OF VOLCANOLOGY LA English DT Article AB Available geophysical and geologic data provide a simplified model of the current magmatic plumbing system of Mount St. Helens (MSH). This model and new geochemical data are the basis for the revised hazards assessment presented here. The assessment is weighted by the style of eruptions and the chemistry of magmas erupted during the past 500 years, the interval for which the most detailed stratigraphic and geochemical data are available. This interval includes the Kalama (A. D. 1480-1770s?), Goat Rocks (A.D. 1800-1857), and current eruptive periods. In each of these periods, silica content decreased, then increased. The Kalama is a large amplitude chemical cycle (SiO2:57%-67%), produced by mixing of arc dacite, which is depleted in high field-strength and incompatible elements, with enriched (OIB-like) basalt. The Goat Rocks and current cycles are of small amplitude (SiO2:61%-64% and 62%-65%) and are related to the fluid dynamics of magma withdrawal from a zoned reservoir. The cyclic behavior is used to forecast future activity. The 1980-1986 chemical cycle, and consequently the current eruptive period, appears to be virtually complete. This inference is supported by the progressively decreasing volumes and volatile contents of magma erupted since 1980, both changes that suggest a decreasing potential for a major explosive eruption in the near future. However, recent changes in seismicity and a series of small gas-release explosions (beginning in late 1989 and accompanied by eruption of a minor fraction of relatively low-silica tephra on 6 January and 5 November 1990) suggest that the current eruptive period may continue to produce small explosions and that a small amount of magma may still be present within the conduit. The gas-release explosions occur without warning and pose a continuing hazard, especially in the crater area. An eruption as large or larger than that of 18 May 1980 (approximately 0.5 km3 dense-rock equivalent) probably will occur only if magma rises from an inferred deep (greater-than-or-equal-to 7 km), relative large (5-7 km3) reservoir. A conservative approach to hazard assessment is to assume that this deep magma is rich in volatiles and capable of erupting explosively to produce voluminous fall deposits and pyroclastic flows. Warning of such an eruption is expectable, however, because magma ascent would probably be accompanied by shallow seismicity that could be detected by the existing seismic-monitoring system. A future large-volume eruption (greater-than-or-equal-to 0.1 km3) is virtually certain; the eruptive history of the past 500 years indicates the probability of a large explosive eruption is at least 1% annually. Intervals between large eruptions at Mount St. Helens have varied widely; consequently, we cannot confidently forecast whether the next large eruption will be years, decades, or farther in the future. However, we can forecast the types of hazards, and the areas that will be most affected by future large-volume eruptions, as well as hazards associated with the approaching end of the current eruptive period. RP PALLISTER, JS (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,DENVER FED CTR,BOX 25046,MS 903,DENVER,CO 80225, USA. NR 0 TC 79 Z9 79 U1 3 U2 14 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 SN 0258-8900 J9 B VOLCANOL JI Bull. Volcanol. PD JAN PY 1992 VL 54 IS 2 BP 126 EP 146 DI 10.1007/BF00278003 PG 21 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA HC193 UT WOS:A1992HC19300002 ER PT J AU FIERSTEIN, J NATHENSON, M AF FIERSTEIN, J NATHENSON, M TI ANOTHER LOOK AT THE CALCULATION OF FALLOUT TEPHRA VOLUMES SO BULLETIN OF VOLCANOLOGY LA English DT Article AB The calculation of volumes of fallout tephra layers is difficult because of the nonlinear dependence of thickness on area and because of the extrapolations required at the vent and in distal regions. Calculation using the trapezoidal rule, straight lines on log-log plots of area versus thickness, straight lines on plots of log thickness versus area 1/2, and the crystal-concentration method are reviewed and the problems with each method discussed. The method using straight lines on plots of log thickness versus area 1/2 is the most geologically reasonable because most deposits thin exponentially from source and therefore plot as straight lines using these coordinates. Errors and uncertainties in previous derivations for using this method are discussed and more general formulas presented. The method is also used to gain perspective on the "missing" distal volumes calculated by the crystal-concentration method compared to those calculated based only on isopach data. RP FIERSTEIN, J (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,MENLO PK,CA 94025, USA. OI Nathenson, Manuel/0000-0002-5216-984X NR 0 TC 250 Z9 252 U1 2 U2 22 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 SN 0258-8900 J9 B VOLCANOL JI Bull. Volcanol. PD JAN PY 1992 VL 54 IS 2 BP 156 EP 167 DI 10.1007/BF00278005 PG 12 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA HC193 UT WOS:A1992HC19300004 ER PT J AU HARLOW, HJ LINDZEY, FG VANSICKLE, WD GERN, WA AF HARLOW, HJ LINDZEY, FG VANSICKLE, WD GERN, WA TI STRESS RESPONSE OF COUGARS TO NONLETHAL PURSUIT BY HUNTERS SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF ZOOLOGY-REVUE CANADIENNE DE ZOOLOGIE LA English DT Article ID CARDIAC FREQUENCY; CORTISOL-LEVELS; CORTICOSTERONE; PROGESTERONE; PATTERNS; DENSITY; DEER AB Five cougars (Felis concolor) were captured and an adrenal response test was administered by injecting synthetic adrenocorticotropic hormone and monitoring plasma cortisol levels at 15-min intervals for 120 min. Three were selected for treatment and chased 5 or 6 more times to simulate the stress they might experience during a pursuit-only season; the other two served as controls and were chased only once more, at recapture. The adrenal response test was administered again at recapture. The cougars in the treatment group had a lowered plasma cortisol profile after the simulated pursuit season, indicating an altered physiological response of the adrenals to the stress of repeated chases. C1 US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,WYOMING COOPERAT FISH & WILDLIFE RES UNIT,LARAMIE,WY 82071. RP HARLOW, HJ (reprint author), UNIV WYOMING,DEPT ZOOL & PHYSIOL,BOX 3166,UNIV STN,LARAMIE,WY 82071, USA. NR 25 TC 17 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 4 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA ON K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0008-4301 J9 CAN J ZOOL JI Can. J. Zool.-Rev. Can. Zool. PD JAN PY 1992 VL 70 IS 1 BP 136 EP 139 DI 10.1139/z92-020 PG 4 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA HK935 UT WOS:A1992HK93500020 ER PT J AU Bradbury, JP AF Bradbury, J. Platt TI Late Cenozoic lacustrine and climatic environments at Tule Lake, northern Great Basin, USA SO CLIMATE DYNAMICS LA English DT Article AB Cores of lake sediment to a depth of 334 m in the town of Tulelake, Siskiyou County, northern California, document the late Cenozoic paleolimnologic and paleoclimatic history of the northwestern edge of the Great Basin. The cores have been dated by radiometric, tephrochronologic and paleomagnetic analyses. Lacustrine diatoms are abundant throughout the record and document a nearly continuous paleolimnologic history of the Tule Lake basin for the last 3 Myr. During most of this time, this basin (Tule Lake) was a relatively deep, extensive lake. Except for a drier (and cooler?) interval recorded by Fragilaria species about 2.4 Ma, the Pliocene is characterized by a dominance of planktonic Aulacoseira solida implying a warm monomictic lake under a climatic regime of low seasonality. Much of the Pleistocene is dominated by Stephanodiscus and Fragilaria species suggesting a cooler, often drier, and highly variable climate. Benthic diatoms typical of alkaline-enriched saline waters commonly appear after 1.0 Ma, and tephrochronology indicates slow deposition and possible hiatuses between about 0.6 and 0.2 Ma. The chronology of even-numbered oxygen isotope stages approximately matches fluctuations in the abundance of Fragilaria since 800 ka indicating that glacial periods were expressed as drier environments at Tule Lake. Glacial and interglacial environments since 150 ka were distinct from, and more variable than, those occurring earlier. The last full glacial period was very dry, but shortly thereafter Tule Lake became a deep, cool lacustrine system indicating a substantial increase in precipitation. Aulacoseira ambigua characterized the latest glacial and Holocene record of Tule Lake. Its distribution indicates that warmer and wetter climates began about 15 ka in this part of the Great Basin. Diatom concentration fluctuates at 41 000 year intervals between 3.0 and 2.5 Ma and at approximately 100000 year intervals after 1.0 Ma. In the late Pliocene and early Pleistocene, Aulacoseira solida percentages wax and wane in an approximately 400 000 year cycle. The possible response of Tule Lake diatom communities to orbitally-induced insolation cycles underscores the importance of this record for the study of late Cenozoic paleoclimate change. C1 US Geol Survey, Fed Ctr, Denver, CO 80225 USA. RP Bradbury, JP (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Fed Ctr, MS 919,Box 25046, Denver, CO 80225 USA. NR 41 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0930-7575 EI 1432-0894 J9 CLIM DYNAM JI Clim. Dyn. PD JAN PY 1992 VL 6 IS 3-4 BP 275 EP 285 PG 11 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA V04TB UT WOS:000207079600019 ER PT J AU NIETHAMMER, KR MEGYESI, JL HU, D AF NIETHAMMER, KR MEGYESI, JL HU, D TI INCUBATION PERIODS FOR 12 SEABIRD SPECIES AT FRENCH FRIGATE SHOALS, HAWAII SO COLONIAL WATERBIRDS LA English DT Note DE CHARADRIIFORMES; HAWAIIAN ISLANDS; INCUBATION LENGTHS; PELECANIFORMES; PROCELLARIIFORMES; SEABIRDS AB We present incubation periods for Black-footed Albatross (Diomedea nigripes), Laysan Albatross (D. immutabilis), Wedge-tailed Shearwater (Puffinus pacificus), Christmas Shearwater (P. nativitatis), Red-tailed Tropicbird (Phaethon rubricauda), Red-footed Booby (Sula sula), Great Frigatebird (Fregata minor), Gray-backed Tern (Sterna lunata), Sooty Tern (S. fuscata), Brown Noddy (Anous stolidus), Black Noddy (A. minutus), and White Tern (Gygis alba) nesting at French Frigate Shoals, Hawaii, and compare them with those from other published sources. RP NIETHAMMER, KR (reprint author), US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,POB 50167,HONOLULU,HI 96850, USA. NR 0 TC 4 Z9 5 U1 3 U2 9 PU COLONIAL WATERBIRD SOC PI WASHINGTON PA NATL MUSEUM NATURAL HISTORY SMITHSONIAN INST, WASHINGTON, DC 20560 SN 0738-6028 J9 COLON WATERBIRD JI Colon. Waterbirds PY 1992 VL 15 IS 1 BP 124 EP 127 DI 10.2307/1521361 PG 4 WC Ecology; Ornithology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Zoology GA KF120 UT WOS:A1992KF12000014 ER PT J AU NIETHAMMER, KR BALAZS, GH NAKAI, GL MCDERMOND, DK AF NIETHAMMER, KR BALAZS, GH NAKAI, GL MCDERMOND, DK TI GREAT FRIGATEBIRD (FREGATA-MINOR) PREDATION - NOT A FACTOR IN HATCHLING GREEN TURTLE (CHELONIA-MYDAS) SURVIVAL AT FRENCH FRIGATE SHOALS, HAWAII SO COLONIAL WATERBIRDS LA English DT Note DE CHELONIA-MYDAS; FREGATA-MINOR; GREAT FRIGATEBIRD; GREEN TURTLE; HAWAIIAN ISLANDS; PREDATION AB Frigatebirds are known predators of sea turtle hatchlings at several locations worldwide. At certain localities this predation might excerbate the already endangered status of these marine reptiles. French Frigate Shoals, Hawaii is where over 90% of all Hawaiian green turtle (Chelonia mydas) breeding occurs and is the site of a large Great Frigatebird (Fregata minor) colony. Frigatebird predation was not a factor in hatchling survival at this location. We found no evidence of green turtle hatchlings in the stomach contents of 200 Great Frigatebirds sampled during peak periods of hatchling emergence in 1988 and 1989. RP NIETHAMMER, KR (reprint author), US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,POB 50167,HONOLULU,HI 96850, USA. NR 0 TC 1 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 1 PU COLONIAL WATERBIRD SOC PI WASHINGTON PA NATL MUSEUM NATURAL HISTORY SMITHSONIAN INST, WASHINGTON, DC 20560 SN 0738-6028 J9 COLON WATERBIRD JI Colon. Waterbirds PY 1992 VL 15 IS 1 BP 128 EP 131 DI 10.2307/1521362 PG 4 WC Ecology; Ornithology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Zoology GA KF120 UT WOS:A1992KF12000015 ER PT J AU SIDLE, JG CARLSON, DE KIRSCH, EM DINAN, JJ AF SIDLE, JG CARLSON, DE KIRSCH, EM DINAN, JJ TI FLOODING - MORTALITY AND HABITAT RENEWAL FOR LEAST TERNS AND PIPING PLOVERS SO COLONIAL WATERBIRDS LA English DT Note DE CHARADRIUS-MELODUS; FLOODING; HABITAT; LEAST TERN; MORTALITY; PIPING PLOVER; STERNA-ANTILLARUM AB We observed extensive mortality (eggs and chicks) of the endangered interior population of the Least Tern (Sterna antillarum) and threatened Piping Plover (Charadrius melodus) caused by natural flooding during the 1990 breeding season along the Platte River, Nebraska. Aerial videography of the Platte River before and after the flood revealed a 78% reduction of perennial vegetation on sandbars. The flood scoured vegetation from sandbars and greatly increased the amount of barren sandbar habitat that nesting Least Terns and Piping Plovers use. A review of river gauging station data indicated that flooding of the 1990 magnitude or greater can be expected to occur about once every nine years. We recommend a review of the annual operating plans of managed rivers to account for the effects of dam discharges on Least Terns and Piping Plovers. RP SIDLE, JG (reprint author), US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,203 W 2ND ST,GRAND ISL,NE 68801, USA. NR 0 TC 29 Z9 30 U1 0 U2 3 PU COLONIAL WATERBIRD SOC PI WASHINGTON PA NATL MUSEUM NATURAL HISTORY SMITHSONIAN INST, WASHINGTON, DC 20560 SN 0738-6028 J9 COLON WATERBIRD JI Colon. Waterbirds PY 1992 VL 15 IS 1 BP 132 EP 136 DI 10.2307/1521363 PG 5 WC Ecology; Ornithology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Zoology GA KF120 UT WOS:A1992KF12000016 ER PT J AU WALTERS, RA AF WALTERS, RA TI A 3-DIMENSIONAL, FINITE-ELEMENT MODEL FOR COASTAL AND ESTUARINE CIRCULATION SO CONTINENTAL SHELF RESEARCH LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT WORKSHOP OF THE JOINT NUMERICAL SEA MODELLING GROUP ON MATHEMATICAL MODELLING OF THE SEA AND SURROUNDING CONTINENTAL SHELF SEA ( JONSMOD 90 ) CY APR, 1990 CL PROUDMAN OCEANOG LAB, BIRKENHEAD, ENGLAND SP JOINT NUMERICAL SEA MODELLING GRP HO PROUDMAN OCEANOG LAB ID SOUTHERN NORTH-SEA; ENGLISH-CHANNEL; TIDAL MODEL; HYDRODYNAMICS; CURRENTS; TIDES AB This paper describes the development and application of a three-dimensional model for coastal and estuarine circulation. The model uses a harmonic expansion in time and a finite element discretization in space. All nonlinear terms are retained, including quadratic bottom stress, advection and wave transport (continuity nonlinearity). The equations are solved as a global and a focal problem, where the global problem is the solution of the wave equation formulation of-the shallow water equations, and the local problem is the solution of the momentum equation for the vertical velocity profile. These equations are coupled to the advection-diffusion equation for salt so that density gradient forcing is included in the momentum equations. The model is applied to a study of Delaware Bay, U.S.A., where salinity intrusion is the primary focus. RP WALTERS, RA (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,TACOMA,WA 98416, USA. NR 28 TC 47 Z9 48 U1 0 U2 1 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 0278-4343 J9 CONT SHELF RES JI Cont. Shelf Res. PD JAN PY 1992 VL 12 IS 1 BP 83 EP 102 DI 10.1016/0278-4343(92)90007-7 PG 20 WC Oceanography SC Oceanography GA HB684 UT WOS:A1992HB68400006 ER PT J AU BARTH, AP WOODEN, JL MAY, DJ AF BARTH, AP WOODEN, JL MAY, DJ TI SMALL-SCALE HETEROGENEITY OF PHANEROZOIC LOWER CRUST - EVIDENCE FROM ISOTOPIC AND GEOCHEMICAL SYSTEMATICS OF MIDCRETACEOUS GRANULITE GNEISSES, SAN GABRIEL MOUNTAINS, SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA SO CONTRIBUTIONS TO MINERALOGY AND PETROLOGY LA English DT Article ID WESTERN UNITED-STATES; CENTRAL SIERRA-NEVADA; LOFOTEN-VESTERALEN; MELTING RELATIONS; MANTLE EVOLUTION; LEAD; ROCKS; NEODYMIUM; ND; SR AB An elongate belt of mid-Cretaceous, compositionally banded gneisses and granulites is exposed in Cucamonga terrane, in the southeastern foothills of the San Gabriel Mountains of southern California. Banded gneisses include mafic granulites of two geochemical types: type 1 rocks are similar to high Al arc basalts and andesites but have higher HFSE (high-field-strength-element) abundances and extremely variable LILE (large-ion-lithophile-element) abundances, while type 2 rocks are relatively low in Al and similar to alkali rich MOR (mid-ocean-ridge) or intraplate basalts. Intercalated with mafic granulites are paragneisses which include felsic granulites, aluminous gneisses, marble, and calc-silicate gneisses. Type 1 mafic granulites and calcic trondhjemitic pegmatites also occur as cross-cutting, synmetamorphic dikes or small plutons. Small-scale heterogeneity of deep continental crust is indicated by the lithologic and isotopic diversity of intercalated ortho- and paragneisses exposed in Cucamonga terrane. Geochemical and isotopic data indicate that K, Rb, and U depletion and Sm/Nd fractionation were associated with biotite +/- muscovite dehydration reactions in type 1 mafic granulites and aluminous gneisses during high-grade metamorphism. Field relations and model initial isotopic ratios imply a wide range of protolith ages, ranging from Early Proterozoic to Phanerozoic. C1 US GEOL SURVEY,MENLO PK,CA 94025. BOWLING GREEN STATE UNIV,DEPT GEOL,BOWLING GREEN,OH 43403. UNIV SO CALIF,LOS ANGELES,CA 90089. RP BARTH, AP (reprint author), INDIANA UNIV PURDUE UNIV,DEPT GEOL,INDIANAPOLIS,IN 46202, USA. NR 76 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 SN 0010-7999 J9 CONTRIB MINERAL PETR JI Contrib. Mineral. Petrol. PD JAN PY 1992 VL 109 IS 3 BP 394 EP 407 DI 10.1007/BF00283327 PG 14 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Mineralogy SC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Mineralogy GA HA821 UT WOS:A1992HA82100010 ER PT J AU BRENNER, IB TAYLOR, HE AF BRENNER, IB TAYLOR, HE TI A CRITICAL-REVIEW OF INDUCTIVELY COUPLED PLASMA-MASS SPECTROMETRY FOR GEOANALYSIS, GEOCHEMISTRY, AND HYDROLOGY .1. ANALYTICAL PERFORMANCE SO CRITICAL REVIEWS IN ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY LA English DT Review DE INDUCTIVELY COUPLED PLASMA-MASS SPECTROMETRY; INDUCTIVELY COUPLED PLASMA EMISSION SPECTROMETRY; GEOCHEMISTRY; GEOANALYSIS; TRACE ELEMENTS ID ATOMIC EMISSION-SPECTROMETRY; SILICA-IMMOBILIZED 8-HYDROXYQUINOLINE; FLOW-INJECTION ANALYSIS; RARE-EARTH ELEMENTS; ION-EXCHANGE COLUMN; TRACE-METALS; PRE-CONCENTRATION; SEA-WATER; ICP-MS; ABSORPTION SPECTROMETRY AB Present-day inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) instrumentation is described briefly. Emphasis is placed on performance characteristics for geoanalysis, geochemistry, and hydrology. Applications where ICP-MS would be indispensable are indicated. Determination of geochemically diagnostic trace elements (such as the rare earth elements [REE], U and Th), of isotope ratios for fingerprinting, tracer and other geo-isotope applications, and benchmark isotope dilution determinations are considered to be typical priority applications for ICP-MS. It is concluded that ICP-MS furnishes unique geoanalytical and environmental data that are not readily provided by conventional spectroscopic (emission and absorption) techniques. C1 US GEOL SURVEY,DENVER FED CTR,DENVER,CO 80255. RP BRENNER, IB (reprint author), GEOL SURVEY ISRAEL,30 MALKHE ISRAEL ST,IL-95501 JERUSALEM,ISRAEL. NR 57 TC 26 Z9 26 U1 1 U2 5 PU CRC PRESS INC PI BOCA RATON PA 2000 CORPORATE BLVD NW, JOURNALS CUSTOMER SERVICE, BOCA RATON, FL 33431 SN 1040-8347 J9 CRIT REV ANAL CHEM JI Crit. Rev. Anal. Chem. PY 1992 VL 23 IS 5 BP 355 EP 367 DI 10.1080/10408349208051650 PG 13 WC Chemistry, Analytical SC Chemistry GA KF494 UT WOS:A1992KF49400002 ER PT J AU KOSOBOKOV, VG HELEY, JH KEILISBOROK, VI DEWEY, JW KHOKHLOV, AV AF KOSOBOKOV, VG HELEY, JH KEILISBOROK, VI DEWEY, JW KHOKHLOV, AV TI THE TEST OF AN INTERMEDIATE-TERM EARTHQUAKE PREDICTION ALGORITHM - THE DESIGN OF REAL-TIME MONITORING AND RETROACTIVE APPLICATION SO DOKLADY AKADEMII NAUK LA Russian DT Article C1 US GEOL SURVEY,NATL EARTHQUAKE INFORMAT CTR,DENVER,CO 80225. RP KOSOBOKOV, VG (reprint author), INT INST THEORY EARTHQUAKE PREDICT & MATH GEOPHYS,MOSCOW,USSR. RI Khokhlov, Andrey/H-4712-2016 NR 7 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU MEZHDUNARODNAYA KNIGA PI MOSCOW PA 39 DIMITROVA UL., 113095 MOSCOW, RUSSIA SN 0869-5652 J9 DOKL AKAD NAUK+ JI Dokl. Akad. Nauk PY 1992 VL 325 IS 1 BP 46 EP 48 PG 3 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA JY902 UT WOS:A1992JY90200009 ER PT J AU ROSEN, HN KAYIHAN, F AF ROSEN, HN KAYIHAN, F TI SPECIAL ISSUE ON DRYING OF WOOD - EDITORIAL SO DRYING TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Editorial Material C1 WEYERHAEUSER CO,TACOMA,WA 98401. RP ROSEN, HN (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,WASHINGTON,DC 20242, USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU MARCEL DEKKER INC PI NEW YORK PA 270 MADISON AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10016 SN 0737-3937 J9 DRY TECHNOL JI Dry. Technol. PY 1992 VL 10 IS 5 BP R7 EP R7 PG 1 WC Engineering, Chemical; Engineering, Mechanical SC Engineering GA JR650 UT WOS:A1992JR65000001 ER PT J AU HEMLEY, JJ CYGAN, GL FEIN, JB ROBINSON, GR DANGELO, WM AF HEMLEY, JJ CYGAN, GL FEIN, JB ROBINSON, GR DANGELO, WM TI HYDROTHERMAL ORE-FORMING PROCESSES IN THE LIGHT OF STUDIES IN ROCK-BUFFERED SYSTEMS .1. IRON-COPPER-ZINC-LEAD SULFIDE SOLUBILITY RELATIONS SO ECONOMIC GEOLOGY AND THE BULLETIN OF THE SOCIETY OF ECONOMIC GEOLOGISTS LA English DT Article ID THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES; HIGH-PRESSURES; THEORETICAL PREDICTION; AQUEOUS-ELECTROLYTES; 350-DEGREES-C; 300-DEGREES-C; TEMPERATURES; SPHALERITE; COMPLEXES; CHLORIDE AB Experimental studies, using cold-seal and extraction vessel techniques, were conducted on Fe, Pb, Zn, and Cu sulfide solubilities in cholride solutions at temperatures from 300-degrees to 700-degrees-C and pressures from 0.5 to 2 kbars. The solutions were buffered in pH by a quartz monzonite and the pure potassium feldspar-muscovite-quartz assemblage and in f(s)2-f(o)2 largely by the assemblage pyrite-pyrrhotite-magnetite. Solubilities increase with increasing temperature and total chloride, and decrease with increasing pressure. The rise in solubility is particularly steep between 300-degrees and 500-degrees-C and between 1,000 and 500 bars. With increasing temperature at any given pressure, or with decreasing pressure at any given temperature, metal solubility eventually passes through a maximum due to increasing competition for chloride by the alkali, hydrogen, and base metal ions and because intersection with a two-fluid region eventually occurs. In that portion of the two-fluid region encountered in the study, metal solubilities in the brine were very high, but solubilities in the gas phase also were significant. In a system controlled by the potassium feldspar-muscovite-quartz buffer, 1-m total Cl-, and the assemblage pyrite-pyrrhotite-magnetite-sphalerite-galena-chalcopyrite, solubilities in ppm at 1 kbar and 300-degrees, 400-degrees, and 500-degrees-C were 237, 1,216, and 5,636, for Fe; 51, 613, and 3,105 for Pb; 36, 423, and 2,649 for Zn; and 11, 40, and 113 for Cu, respectively. At 400-degrees-C, 0.5 and 2 kbars, the values were 2,627 and 500 for Fe; 1,262 and 194 for Pb; 983 and 120 for Zn; and 60 and 29 for Cu, respectively. All of the above were in the single-fluid region. Single-metal solubilities also were investigated to assess the influence of iron on the solubility of the other metals and to corroborate preliminary dissociation constants for the metal chloride complexes involved. The effect of increasing chloride concentration on solubility reflects primarily a shift to lower pH via the silicate buffer reactions. The effect of decreasing pressure reflects primarily the relative change in the dissociation constants of the chloride complexes involved. Increasing sulfur fugacity lowers solubility, but in systems controlled at relatively low values by an f(s)2 buffer or wall-rock sulfidation reactions, solutions of high metal content relative to reduced sulfur will tend to develop at high chloride concentrations. Similarity in behavior with respect to the temperature and pressure of Fe, Zn, and Pb sulfide solubilities points to similarity in chloride speciation, and the neutral species appear to be dominant in the high-temperature region. At 500-degrees-C and 1 kbar, the log K(D) values for FeCl2-degrees, PbCl2-degrees, and CuCl-degrees are, respectively, -8.76, -9.14, -10.86, and -6.22. C1 UNIV EDINBURGH,GRANT INST GEOL,EDINBURGH EH9 8JW,SCOTLAND. RP HEMLEY, JJ (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,RESTON,VA 22092, USA. NR 47 TC 165 Z9 188 U1 7 U2 37 PU ECONOMIC GEOLOGY PUBL CO PI EL PASO PA UNIV TEXAS AT EL PASO ROOM 202 QUINN HALL, EL PASO, TX 79968 SN 0361-0128 J9 ECON GEOL BULL SOC JI Econ. Geol. Bull. Soc. Econ. Geol. PD JAN-FEB PY 1992 VL 87 IS 1 BP 1 EP 22 PG 22 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA HD783 UT WOS:A1992HD78300001 ER PT J AU HEMLEY, JJ HUNT, JP AF HEMLEY, JJ HUNT, JP TI HYDROTHERMAL ORE-FORMING PROCESSES IN THE LIGHT OF STUDIES IN ROCK-BUFFERED SYSTEMS .2. SOME GENERAL GEOLOGIC APPLICATIONS SO ECONOMIC GEOLOGY AND THE BULLETIN OF THE SOCIETY OF ECONOMIC GEOLOGISTS LA English DT Article ID PORPHYRY COPPER-DEPOSITS; MINERALIZATION; FLUID; MAGMA; MODEL; ENVIRONMENT; INCLUSIONS; SILICATES; COLORADO; MINERALS AB The experimental metal solubilities for rock-buffered hydrothermal systems, reported by Hemley et al. (1992), provide important insights into the acquisition, transport, and deposition of metals in real hydrothermal systems that produced base metal ore deposits. Water-rock reactions that determine pH, together with total chloride and changes in temperature and fluid pressure, play significant roles in controlling the solubility of metals and determining where metals are fixed to form ore deposits. Hydrothermal systems circulate fluids and heat, and the transport path of a hydrothermal fluid is likely to lie somewhere between an adiabatic (no heat loss to adjacent rocks) and a geothermal (complete thermal equilibrium with adjacent rock) path. The transport path of the hydrothermal fluids emanating from, or circulating near, deep-seated crystallizing plutons can be approximated by a quasi-adiabatic pressure-temperature path. In such a quasi-adiabatic setting, the pressure effect on rock-buffered metal solubilities is significant and allows metal transport over long distances because the trend of decreasing metal solubility with decreasing pressure. The high-temperature portion of a quasi-adiabatic hydrothermal system will tend to leach metals from the rock and fix K and Na in feldspars. The source of the extracted metals may be late-stage magmatic melt, trace metals distributed in the lattice of silicate minerals destroyed during rock metasomatism, and/or small amounts of base metal sulfides disseminated throughout a given rock. Deposition of metals in hydrothermal systems occurs where changes such as cooling, pH increase due to rock alteration, boiling, or fluid mixing cause the aqueous metal concentration to exceed saturation. Relative metal transport concentrations, the availability of sulfur, the disposition of the saturation surfaces relative to each other, and the interplay of these variables through time are the major factors controlling the pattern of metal deposition (and nondeposition). Metal zoning results from deposition occurring at successive saturation surfaces. Zoning is not a reflection simply of relative solubility but of the manner of intersection of transport concentration paths with those surfaces. The experimental results are consistent with the typical outward zonation of Cu-Zn-Pb observed in porphyry coppers, Butte-type base metal vein deposits, skarns, and massive sulfides. Implications to mineralization patterns in Mississippi Valley-type, sedimentary Cu, and other low-temperature deposits are also of interest, with due recognition of the greater uncertainty regarding speciation and attainment of equilibrium in those environments. In such deposits, a probable outward zoning of Cu-Zn-Pb-Fe is suggested from the results. Saturation surfaces will tend to migrate outward and inward in prograde and retrograde time, respectively, controlled by either temperature or chemical variables. This, in turn, gives rise to zone migration and, where one zone encroaches on another, the appropriate apparent paragenetic relations. Such textural implications are incorrect, however, unless viewed within the context of the overall mineralization process. Additional controls bearing on metal precipitation sequence and coprecipitation, the presence or absence of zoning, reversals in zoning, sulfidation state, and timing relations between alteration and metallization are implicit in the results and are discussed. RP HEMLEY, JJ (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY, RESTON, VA 22092 USA. NR 69 TC 98 Z9 110 U1 2 U2 18 PU SOC ECONOMIC GEOLOGISTS, INC PI LITTLETON PA 7811 SCHAFFER PARKWAY, LITTLETON, CO 80127 USA SN 0361-0128 J9 ECON GEOL BULL SOC JI Econ. Geol. Bull. Soc. Econ. Geol. PD JAN-FEB PY 1992 VL 87 IS 1 BP 23 EP 43 PG 21 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA HD783 UT WOS:A1992HD78300002 ER PT J AU CONRAD, JE MCKEE, EH AF CONRAD, JE MCKEE, EH TI AR-40/AR-39 DATING OF VEIN AMPHIBOLE FROM THE BAYAN OBO IRON-RARE EARTH ELEMENT-NIOBIUM DEPOSIT, INNER-MONGOLIA, CHINA - CONSTRAINTS ON MINERALIZATION AND DEPOSITION OF THE BAYAN OBO GROUP SO ECONOMIC GEOLOGY AND THE BULLETIN OF THE SOCIETY OF ECONOMIC GEOLOGISTS LA English DT Note ID DIFFUSION RP CONRAD, JE (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,MENLO PK,CA 94025, USA. NR 21 TC 16 Z9 24 U1 0 U2 2 PU ECONOMIC GEOLOGY PUBL CO PI EL PASO PA UNIV TEXAS AT EL PASO ROOM 202 QUINN HALL, EL PASO, TX 79968 SN 0361-0128 J9 ECON GEOL BULL SOC JI Econ. Geol. Bull. Soc. Econ. Geol. PD JAN-FEB PY 1992 VL 87 IS 1 BP 185 EP 188 PG 4 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA HD783 UT WOS:A1992HD78300011 ER PT J AU CHUNG, CF JEFFERSON, CW SINGER, DA AF CHUNG, CF JEFFERSON, CW SINGER, DA TI A QUANTITATIVE LINK AMONG MINERAL-DEPOSIT MODELING, GEOSCIENCE MAPPING, AND EXPLORATION-RESOURCE ASSESSMENT SO ECONOMIC GEOLOGY AND THE BULLETIN OF THE SOCIETY OF ECONOMIC GEOLOGISTS LA English DT Note C1 US GEOL SURVEY,MENLO PK,CA 94025. RP CHUNG, CF (reprint author), GEOL SURVEY CANADA,601 BOOTH ST,OTTAWA K1A 0E8,ONTARIO,CANADA. NR 17 TC 7 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 0 PU ECONOMIC GEOLOGY PUBL CO PI EL PASO PA UNIV TEXAS AT EL PASO ROOM 202 QUINN HALL, EL PASO, TX 79968 SN 0361-0128 J9 ECON GEOL BULL SOC JI Econ. Geol. Bull. Soc. Econ. Geol. PD JAN-FEB PY 1992 VL 87 IS 1 BP 194 EP 197 PG 4 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA HD783 UT WOS:A1992HD78300013 ER PT J AU MALCOLM, RL MACCARTHY, P AF MALCOLM, RL MACCARTHY, P TI QUANTITATIVE-EVALUATION OF XAD-8 AND XAD-4 RESINS USED IN TANDEM FOR REMOVING ORGANIC SOLUTES FROM WATER SO ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL LA English DT Article AB The combined XAD-8 and XAD-4 resin procedure for the isolation of dissolved organic solutes from water was found to isolate 85% or more of the organic solutes from Lake Skjervatjern in Norway. Approximately 65% of the dissolved organic carbon (DOC) was first removed on XAD-8 resin, and then an additional 20% of the DOC was removed on XAD-4 resin. Approximately 15% of the DOC solutes (primarily hydrophilic neutrals) were not sorbed or concentrated by the procedure. Of the 65% of the solutes removed on XAD-8 resin, 40% were fulvic acids, 16% were humic acids, and 9% were hydrophobic neutrals. Approximately 20% of the hydrophilic solutes that pass through the XAD-8 resin were sorbed solutes on the second resin, XAD-4 (i.e., they were hydrophobic relative to the XAD-4 resin). The fraction sorbed on XAD-4 resin was called XAD-4 acids because it represented approximately 85-90% of the hydrophilic XAD-8 acid fraction according to the original XAD-8 fractionation procedure. The recovery of hydrophobic acids (fulvic acids and humic acids) and the hydrophobic neutral fraction from XAD-8 resin was essentially quantitative at 96%, 98%, and 86%, respectively. The recovery of XAD-4 acids from the XAD-4 resin was only about 50%. The exact reason for this moderately low recovery is unknown, but could result from pi-pi bonding between these organic solutes and the aromatic matrix of XAD-4. The hydrophobic/hydrophilic solute separation on XAD-8 resin for water from background Side A and Side B of the lake was almost identical at 65 and 67%, respectively. This result suggested that both sides of the lake are similar in organic chemical composition even though the DOC variation from side to side is 20%. RP MALCOLM, RL (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,BOX 25046,MAIL STOP 408,DENVER,CO 80002, USA. NR 0 TC 160 Z9 176 U1 2 U2 37 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 0160-4120 J9 ENVIRON INT JI Environ. Int. PY 1992 VL 18 IS 6 BP 597 EP 607 DI 10.1016/0160-4120(92)90027-2 PG 11 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA KA019 UT WOS:A1992KA01900008 ER PT J AU MALCOLM, RL AF MALCOLM, RL TI C-13-NMR SPECTRA AND CONTACT TIME EXPERIMENT FOR SKJERVATJERN FULVIC AND HUMIC ACIDS SO ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL LA English DT Article AB The T(CP) and T1p time constants for Skjervatjern fulvic and humic acids were determined to be short with T(CP) values ranging from 0.14 ms to 0.53 ms and T1p values ranging from 3.3 ms to 5.9 ms. T(CP) or T1p time constants at a contact time of 1 ms are favorable for quantification of C-13-NMR spectra. Because of the short T(CP) values, correction factors for signal intensity for various regions of the C-13-NMR spectra would be necessary at contact times greater than 1.1 ms or less than 0.9 ms. T(CP) and T1p values have a limited non-homogeneity within Skjervatjern fulvic and humic acids. A pulse delay or repeat time of 700 ms is more than adequate for quantification of these C-13-NMR spectra. Paramagnetic effects in these humic substances are precluded due to low inorganic ash contents, low contents of Fe, Mn, and Co, and low organic free-radical contents. The observed T(CP) values suggest that all the carbon types in Skjervatjern fulvic and humic acids are fully cross-polarized before significant proton relaxation occurs. The C-13-NMR spectra for Skjervatjern fulvic acid is similar to most aquatic fulvic acids as it is predominantly aliphatic, low in aromaticity (fa1 = 24), low in phenolic content, high in carboxyl content, and has no resolution of a methoxyl peak. The C-13-NMR spectra for Skjervatjern humic acid is also similar to most other aquatic humic acids in that it is also predominantly aliphatic, high in aromaticity (fa1 = 38), moderate in phenolic content, moderate in carboxyl content, and has a clear resolution of a methoxyl carbon region. After the consideration of the necessary C-13-NMR experimental conditions, these spectra are considered to be quantitative. With careful consideration of the previously determined C-13-NMR experimental conditions, quantitative spectra can be obtained for humic substances in the future from the HUMEX site. Possible changes in humic substances due to acidification should be determined from C-13-NMR data. RP MALCOLM, RL (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,BOX 25046,MAIL STOP 408,DENVER,CO 80225, USA. NR 0 TC 21 Z9 21 U1 1 U2 2 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 0160-4120 J9 ENVIRON INT JI Environ. Int. PY 1992 VL 18 IS 6 BP 609 EP 620 DI 10.1016/0160-4120(92)90028-3 PG 12 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA KA019 UT WOS:A1992KA01900009 ER PT J AU CLARK, DR AF CLARK, DR TI ORGANOCHLORINES AND HEAVY-METALS IN 17-YEAR CICADAS POSE NO APPARENT DIETARY THREAT TO BIRDS SO ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT LA English DT Article AB Organochlorine and heavy metal concentrations in 17-year cicadas from Prince Georges and Anne Arundel Counties, Maryland, were well below levels known to be harmful to birds. Cicadas contained concentrations of metals similar to or less than other local invertebrates except they contained more copper than did earthworms. Copper and lead concentrations in cicadas from one site may have been elevated by sewage plant effluent deposited during river floodings. Cicadas from the median of a major highway did not contain more lead than cicadas from non-traffic sites. RP CLARK, DR (reprint author), US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV, PATUXENT WILDLIFE RES CTR, LAUREL, MD 20708 USA. NR 0 TC 1 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 2 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0167-6369 EI 1573-2959 J9 ENVIRON MONIT ASSESS JI Environ. Monit. Assess. PD JAN PY 1992 VL 20 IS 1 BP 47 EP 54 DI 10.1007/BF00396520 PG 8 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA HF102 UT WOS:A1992HF10200005 PM 24234029 ER PT J AU CECIL, LD GESELL, TF AF CECIL, LD GESELL, TF TI SAMPLING AND ANALYSIS FOR RN-222 DISSOLVED IN GROUND-WATER AND SURFACE-WATER SO ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT LA English DT Article AB Radon-222 is a naturally occurring radioactive gas in the uranium-238 decay series that has traditionally been called, simply, radon. The lung cancer risks associated with the inhalation of radon decay products have been well documented by epidemiological studies on populations of uranium miners. The realization that radon is a public health hazard has raised the need for sampling and analytical guidelines for field personnel. Several sampling and analytical methods are being used to document radon concentrations in ground water and surface water worldwide but no convenient, single set of guidelines is available. Three different sampling and analytical methods - bubbler, liquid scintillation, and field screening - are discussed in this paper. The bubbler and liquid scintillation methods have high accuracy and precision, and small analytical method detection limits of 0.2 and 10 pCi/l (picocuries per liter), respectively. The field screening method generally is used as a qualitative reconnaissance tool. C1 US DOE,RADIOL & ENVIRONM SCI LAB,IDAHO FALLS,ID 83402. RP CECIL, LD (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,IDAHO NATL ENGN LAB,PROJECT OFF,POB 2230,IDAHO FALLS,ID 83402, USA. NR 0 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 3 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0167-6369 J9 ENVIRON MONIT ASSESS JI Environ. Monit. Assess. PD JAN PY 1992 VL 20 IS 1 BP 55 EP 66 DI 10.1007/BF00396521 PG 12 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA HF102 UT WOS:A1992HF10200006 PM 24234030 ER PT J AU KNOBEL, LL CECIL, LD WEGNER, SJ MOORE, LL AF KNOBEL, LL CECIL, LD WEGNER, SJ MOORE, LL TI COMPARISON OF THE EFFECTS OF FILTRATION AND PRESERVATION METHODS ON ANALYSES FOR SR-90 IN GROUND-WATER SO ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT LA English DT Article AB From 1952 to 1988, about 140 curies of strontium-90 were discharged in liquid waste to disposal ponds and wells at the INEL (Idaho National Engineering Laboratory). Water from four wells was sampled as part of the U.S. Geological Survey's quality-assurance program to evaluate the effects of filtration and preservation methods on strontium-90 concentrations in ground water at the INEL. Water from each well was filtered through either a 0.45-or a 0.1-micrometer membrane filter; unfiltered samples also were collected. Two sets of filtered and two sets of unfiltered water samples were collected at each well. One of the two sets of water samples was field acidified. Strontium-90 concentrations ranged from below the reporting level to 52 +/- 4 picocuries per liter. Descriptive statistics were used to determine reproducibility of the analytical results for strontium-90 concentrations in water from each well. Comparisons were made with unfiltered, acidified samples at each well. Analytical results for strontium-90 concentrations in water from well 88 were not in statistical agreement between the unfiltered, acidified sample and the filtered (0.45 micrometer), acidified sample. The strontium-90 concentration for water from well 88 was less than the reporting level. For water from wells with strontium-90 concentrations at or above the reporting level, 94 percent or more of the strontium-90 is in true solution or in colloidal particles smaller than 0.1 micrometer. These results suggest that changes in filtration and preservation methods used for sample collection do not significantly affect reproducibility of strontium-90 analyses in ground water at the INEL. C1 US DOE,RADIOL & ENVIRONM SCI LAB,IDAHO FALLS,ID. RP KNOBEL, LL (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,IDAHO NATL ENGN LAB,PROJECT OFF,IDAHO FALLS,ID 83402, USA. NR 0 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0167-6369 J9 ENVIRON MONIT ASSESS JI Environ. Monit. Assess. PD JAN PY 1992 VL 20 IS 1 BP 67 EP 80 DI 10.1007/BF00396522 PG 14 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA HF102 UT WOS:A1992HF10200007 PM 24234031 ER PT J AU CARLINE, RF DEWALLE, DR SHARPE, WE DEMPSEY, BA GAGEN, CJ SWISTOCK, B AF CARLINE, RF DEWALLE, DR SHARPE, WE DEMPSEY, BA GAGEN, CJ SWISTOCK, B TI WATER CHEMISTRY AND FISH COMMUNITY RESPONSES TO EPISODIC STREAM ACIDIFICATION IN PENNSYLVANIA, USA SO ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION LA English DT Article ID ATMOSPHERIC DEPOSITION; ALUMINUM AB Five streams were studied on the Northern Appalachian Plateau of Pennsylvania from October 1988 through June 1989 to determine chemical changes that occur during episodic storm run-off and the responses of fish to these events. These second-order streams flowed through undisturbed, wooded, sandstone bedrock catchments with surface areas ranging from 500 to 1000 hectares. Median pH of precipitations was about 4.2, and among streams it ranged from 5.0 to 6.2. During storm events, pH declined by as much as 1.2 units and peak concentrations of total monomeric Al ranged from <0.01 to 0.75 mg litre-1. Organically bound Al was generally a minor component of total monomeric Al. Wild brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) were found in all streams, although only a remnant population existed in the most acidic stream. Sculpins (Cottus bairdi or C cognatus) were collected only in the two streams with the least severe episodes. Mortality of brook trout and sculpins in in situ bioassays ranged from 0 to about 80% among streams during acidic episodes and was positively related to concentrations of total dissolved Al. Radio-tagged brook trout moved downstream during episodes when Al reached toxic concentrations. Some displaced trout were found near groundwater seeps, where pH was higher and dissolved Al was lower than in the main channel. C1 PENN STATE UNIV,ENVIRONM RESOURCES RES INST,UNIV PK,PA 16802. PENN STATE UNIV,SCH FOREST RESOURCES,UNIV PK,PA 16802. RP CARLINE, RF (reprint author), PENN STATE UNIV,US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,PENN COOPERAT FISH & WILDLIFE RES UNIT,UNIV PK,PA 16802, USA. RI Dempsey, Brian/G-3482-2011 NR 10 TC 19 Z9 19 U1 1 U2 4 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, OXON, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 0269-7491 J9 ENVIRON POLLUT JI Environ. Pollut. PY 1992 VL 78 IS 1-3 BP 45 EP 48 DI 10.1016/0269-7491(92)90008-X PG 4 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA JG107 UT WOS:A1992JG10700007 PM 15091926 ER PT J AU HAINES, TA KOMOV, V JAGOE, CH AF HAINES, TA KOMOV, V JAGOE, CH TI LAKE ACIDITY AND MERCURY CONTENT OF FISH IN DARWIN-NATIONAL-RESERVE, RUSSIA SO ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION LA English DT Article ID METHYL MERCURY; ONTARIO LAKES; WATER-QUALITY; YELLOW PERCH; SEDIMENTS; PH; METHYLMERCURY; ACCUMULATION; SPECIATION; LOADINGS AB Darwin National Reserve is a protected natural area on the north-west shore of the Rybinsk Reservoir, 350 km north of Moscow. In June 1989, six lakes in the Reserve and the reservoir were surveyed to assess lake acidity and the mercury content of perch, Perca fluviatilis. Five were seepage lakes with no permanent inlets or outlets and one was a drainage lake with both an inlet and an outlet. The seepage lakes were acidic (mean pH 4.6-4.8) and varied in colour from 20 to 200 Hazen units. The drainage lake and reservoir were alkaline (mean pH 8.0-8.1) and colour spanned a similar range. The mean mercury content of perch dorsal epaxial muscle ranged from 0.5 to 1.1-mu-g g-1 wet weight in the five acidic lakes and from 0.1 to 0.2-mu-g g-1 in the alkaline lakes. Fish mercury content was negatively correlated with lake pH (r = -0.93, P = 0.002) if all waters were considered together. and positively correlated with apparent colour (r = 0.91. P = 0.03) in the seepage lakes. C1 ACAD SCI,INST BIOL INLAND WATERS,BOROK 152742,USSR. SAVANNAH RIVER ECOL LAB,AIKEN,SC 29802. RP HAINES, TA (reprint author), UNIV MAINE,DEPT ZOOL,US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,NATL FISHERIES CONTAMINANT RES CTR,ORONO,ME 04469, USA. RI Komov, Viktor/O-8916-2015 OI Komov, Viktor/0000-0001-9124-7428 NR 29 TC 31 Z9 37 U1 1 U2 15 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, OXON, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 0269-7491 J9 ENVIRON POLLUT JI Environ. Pollut. PY 1992 VL 78 IS 1-3 BP 107 EP 112 DI 10.1016/0269-7491(92)90017-5 PG 6 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA JG107 UT WOS:A1992JG10700016 PM 15091935 ER PT J AU THORN, KA ARTERBURN, JB MIKITA, MA AF THORN, KA ARTERBURN, JB MIKITA, MA TI N-15 AND C-13 NMR INVESTIGATION OF HYDROXYLAMINE-DERIVATIZED HUMIC SUBSTANCES SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID FULVIC-ACID; SUPPRESSION; OXIMES AB Five fulvic and humic acid samples of diverse origins were derivatized with N-15-labeled hydroxylamine and analyzed by liquid-phase N-15 NMR spectrometry. The N-15 NMR spectra indicated that hydroxylamine reacted similarly with all samples and could discriminate among carbonyl functional groups. Oximes were the major derivatives; resonances attributable to hydroxamic acids, the reaction products of hydroxylamine with esters, and resonances attributable to the tautomeric equilibrium position between the nitrosophenol and monoxime derivatives of quinones, the first direct spectroscopic evidence for quinones, also were evident. The N-15 NMR spectra also suggested the presence of nitriles, oxazoles, oxazolines, isocyanides, amides, and lactams, which may all be explained in terms of Beckmann reactions of the initial oxime derivatives. INEPT and ACOUSTIC N-15 NMR spectra provided complementary information on the derivatized samples. C-13 NMR spectra of derivatized samples indicated that the ketone/quinone functionality is incompletely derivatized with hydroxylamine. C1 SWISS FED INST TECHNOL,ORGAN CHEM LAB,CH-8092 ZURICH,SWITZERLAND. CALIF STATE UNIV BAKERSFIELD,DEPT CHEM,BAKERSFIELD,CA 93311. RP THORN, KA (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,DENVER FED CTR,DIV WATER RESOURCES,MAIL STOP 408,BOX 25046,DENVER,CO 80225, USA. NR 58 TC 68 Z9 70 U1 2 U2 17 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0013-936X J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD JAN PY 1992 VL 26 IS 1 BP 107 EP 116 DI 10.1021/es00025a011 PG 10 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA GY590 UT WOS:A1992GY59000019 ER PT J AU GORBY, YA LOVLEY, DR AF GORBY, YA LOVLEY, DR TI ENZYMATIC URANIUM PRECIPITATION SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Note ID IRON C1 US GEOL SURVEY,DIV WATER RESOURCES,430 NATL CTR,RESTON,VA 22092. NR 15 TC 233 Z9 247 U1 2 U2 29 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0013-936X J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD JAN PY 1992 VL 26 IS 1 BP 205 EP 207 DI 10.1021/es00025a026 PG 3 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA GY590 UT WOS:A1992GY59000034 ER PT J AU CROSSLAND, NO LAPOINT, TW AF CROSSLAND, NO LAPOINT, TW TI THE DESIGN OF MESOCOSM EXPERIMENTS SO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY LA English DT Editorial Material C1 SHELL RES LTD,SITTINGBOURNE RES CTR,SHELL RES CTR,SITTINGBOURNE ME9 8AG,KENT,ENGLAND. US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,COLUMBIA NATL FISHERY RES LAB,COLUMBIA,MO 65201. NR 0 TC 30 Z9 33 U1 1 U2 6 PU SETAC PRESS PI PENSACOLA PA 1010 NORTH 12TH AVE, PENSACOLA, FL 32501-3370 SN 0730-7268 J9 ENVIRON TOXICOL CHEM JI Environ. Toxicol. Chem. PY 1992 VL 11 IS 1 BP 1 EP 4 DI 10.1897/1552-8618(1992)11[1:TDOME]2.0.CO;2 PG 4 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA GX263 UT WOS:A1992GX26300001 ER PT J AU FAIRCHILD, JF LAPOINT, TW ZAJICEK, JL NELSON, MK DWYER, FJ LOVELY, PA AF FAIRCHILD, JF LAPOINT, TW ZAJICEK, JL NELSON, MK DWYER, FJ LOVELY, PA TI POPULATION-LEVEL, COMMUNITY-LEVEL AND ECOSYSTEM-LEVEL RESPONSES OF AQUATIC MESOCOSMS TO PULSED DOSES OF A PYRETHROID INSECTICIDE SO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT SYMP AT THE 10TH ANNUAL MEETING OF THE SOC OF ENVIRONMENT TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY : AQUATIC MESOCOSMS IN ECOTOXICOLOGY CY OCT 28-NOV 02, 1989 CL TORONTO, CANADA SP SOC ENVIRONM TOXICITY & CHEM DE MESOCOSMS; ECOTOXICOLOGY; ESFENVALERATE; EFFECTS; PYRETHROID ID BLUEGILL LEPOMIS-MACROCHIRUS; SEDIMENT-SORBED CHEMICALS; SYNTHETIC PYRETHROIDS; MARINE-INVERTEBRATES; TOXICITY; FENVALERATE; ZOOPLANKTON; PERMETHRIN; FISH; CYPERMETHRIN AB Population-, community-, and ecosystem-level responses to pulsed dosing of a pyrethroid insecticide were studied in experimental aquatic mesocosms. Twelve mesocosms (0.1 ha, 700 m3 volume) were dosed with technical-grade esfenvalerate dissolved in acetone (subsurface injection of 0-, 0.25-, 0.67-, or 1.71-mu-g/L nominal concentrations in triplicated mesocosms) on six dates at two-week intervals. We monitored dissipation rate of esfenvalerate; survival, growth, and reproduction of bluegill (Lepomis macrochirus); dynamics of benthos and zooplankton; biomass and productivity of phytoplankton; macrophyte biomass; diurnal oxygen pulse; and water quality over a five-month interval. Esfenvalerate dissipated rapidly from the water column (half-life, 10 h). Zooplankton and benthic macroinvertebrates decreased at 0.25-mu-g/L. Changes in invertebrate fauna due to esfenvalerate were partly obscured by indirect effects and seasonal dynamics. Bluegill survival, biomass, adult male survival, and reproductive success were negatively correlated with measured esfenvalerate concentrations. Although direct mortality of fish and invertebrates may be predictable from laboratory single-species tests, indirect responses of fish, zooplankton, and phytoplankton are predictable only with prior knowledge of factors controlling ecosystem structure and function. RP FAIRCHILD, JF (reprint author), US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,NATL FISHERIES CONTAMINANT RES CTR,4200 NEW HAVEN RD,COLUMBIA,MO 65201, USA. NR 53 TC 81 Z9 84 U1 3 U2 37 PU SETAC PRESS PI PENSACOLA PA 1010 NORTH 12TH AVE, PENSACOLA, FL 32501-3370 SN 0730-7268 J9 ENVIRON TOXICOL CHEM JI Environ. Toxicol. Chem. PY 1992 VL 11 IS 1 BP 115 EP 129 DI 10.1897/1552-8618(1992)11[115:PCAERO]2.0.CO;2 PG 15 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA GX263 UT WOS:A1992GX26300011 ER PT J AU LYDY, MJ ORIS, JT BAUMANN, PC FISHER, SW AF LYDY, MJ ORIS, JT BAUMANN, PC FISHER, SW TI EFFECTS OF SEDIMENT ORGANIC-CARBON CONTENT ON THE ELIMINATION RATES OF NEUTRAL LIPOPHILIC COMPOUNDS IN THE MIDGE (CHIRONOMUS-RIPARIUS) SO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE CHIRONOMUS-RIPARIUS; ORGANIC CARBON; SEDIMENT; ELIMINATION RATE; NEUTRAL LIPOPHILIC ID BIOTRANSFORMATION; FISH; BIOCONCENTRATION; KINETICS AB The effects of varying sediment conditions on elimination rates for four neutral lipophilic compounds were investigated in midge larvae, Chironomus riparius. Four treatments were used: water only (no sediment present) (WO); midges screened from 3% organic carbon (OC) sediment (screened); water and 3% OC sediment (3% OC); and water and 15% OC sediment (15% OC). In general, elimination rates were larger in the 3 and 15% OC sediment systems compared to the WO and screened treatments. The largest elimination rates were found in the 15% OC treatments. The mechanism that accounts for increased elimination rates noted in the high-OC-content sediment systems is unknown; however, several possible mechanisms are discussed. A predictive relationship has been established between the elimination rate constant (K(d)), the octanol/water partition coefficient (K(ow)), and sediment OC content. These results further emphasize the importance of sediment characteristics in determining the environmental fate of xenobiotics. C1 OHIO STATE UNIV,DEPT ENTOMOL,COLUMBUS,OH 43210. GREAT LAKES ENVIRONM RES LAB,ANN ARBOR,MI 48105. OHIO STATE UNIV,US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,DEPT NAT RESOURCES,COLUMBUS,OH 43210. MIAMI UNIV,DEPT ZOOL,OXFORD,OH 45056. NR 29 TC 19 Z9 19 U1 1 U2 1 PU SETAC PRESS PI PENSACOLA PA 1010 NORTH 12TH AVE, PENSACOLA, FL 32501-3370 SN 0730-7268 J9 ENVIRON TOXICOL CHEM JI Environ. Toxicol. Chem. PY 1992 VL 11 IS 3 BP 347 EP 356 DI 10.1897/1552-8618(1992)11[347:EOSOCC]2.0.CO;2 PG 10 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA HF759 UT WOS:A1992HF75900008 ER PT J AU JOHNSON, BT AF JOHNSON, BT TI AN EVALUATION OF A GENOTOXICITY ASSAY WITH LIVER-S9 FOR ACTIVATION AND LUMINESCENT BACTERIA FOR DETECTION SO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE MUTATOX ASSAY; LUMINESCENT BACTERIA; ACTIVATION; GENOTOXICITY; AMES TEST ID SHORT-TERM TESTS; BIOLUMINESCENCE TEST; MUTAGENICITY TEST; GENETIC TOXICITY; SALMONELLA; AGENTS; CARCINOGENS; SOLVENTS; UTILITY AB A new short-term in vitro genotoxicity assay with marine bioluminescent bacteria was evaluated for sensitivity and cost. Known under the trade name of Mutatox(TM), this assay is a simple and rapid screening tool that detects DNA-damaging substances (genotoxins) by measuring light output from an isolated dark mutant strain of the luminescent bacterium Photobacterium phosphoreum. A positive response indicates the ability of the test chemical to restore the luminescent state in the dark mutant strain; the degree of light increase indicates the relative genotoxicity of the sample. In this study, the Mutatox assay with rat hepatic fractions (S9) as an exogenous metabolic activation system detected genotoxic activity with known progenotoxins: 2-acetamidofluorene, aflatoxin B1, 2-aminoanthracene, 2-aminofluorene, 2-aminonaphthalene, benzo[a]pyrene, 3-methylcholanthrene, and pyrene. Each chemical clearly demonstrated a dose response between 5.0 and 0.6-mu-g per tube. Known nongenotoxic controls carbofuran, di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate, malathion, simazine, and permethrin showed no genotoxic responses. The optimum assay conditions were determined to be rat S9 concentration of 0.4 mg/ml, preincubation at 37-degrees-C for 30 min, and 18 h incubation at 23-degrees-C. Genotoxicity data were obtained in < 24 h. The Mutatox assay compared favorably in sensitivity with the Ames test; it was easier and more rapid to perform and, as a result, cost less. The sensitivity, specificity, and predictive value suggested that the Mutatox assay could be a valuable screening tool to monitor complex environmental samples for genotoxins. RP JOHNSON, BT (reprint author), US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,NATL FISHERIES CONTAMINANT RES CTR,COLUMBIA,MO 65201, USA. NR 25 TC 26 Z9 26 U1 0 U2 2 PU SETAC PRESS PI PENSACOLA PA 1010 NORTH 12TH AVE, PENSACOLA, FL 32501-3370 SN 0730-7268 J9 ENVIRON TOXICOL CHEM JI Environ. Toxicol. Chem. PY 1992 VL 11 IS 4 BP 473 EP 480 DI 10.1897/1552-8618(1992)11[473:AEOAGA]2.0.CO;2 PG 8 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA HM215 UT WOS:A1992HM21500004 ER PT J AU INGERSOLL, CG DWYER, FJ BURCH, SA NELSON, MK BUCKLER, DR HUNN, JB AF INGERSOLL, CG DWYER, FJ BURCH, SA NELSON, MK BUCKLER, DR HUNN, JB TI THE USE OF FRESH-WATER AND SALTWATER ANIMALS TO DISTINGUISH BETWEEN THE TOXIC EFFECTS OF SALINITY AND CONTAMINANTS IN IRRIGATION DRAIN WATER SO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE SALINITY; TOXICITY; METALS; IRRIGATION DRAINAGE ID DAPHNIA-MAGNA; SELENIUM; BORON; LAKES; GILL AB Irrigation drain waters entering Stillwater Wildlife Management Area (SWMA) in southwestern Nevada contain elevated levels of salinity and several inorganic contaminants (As, B, Cu, Li, Mo, and Sr). Mortalities of fish and waterfowl at the management area are believed to be associated with the poor water quality of the drains. The objective of the present study was to use freshwater and saltwater animals to distinguish between the toxic effects of salinity and contaminants in effluent samples collected from irrigation drain waters. Static acute effluent tests were conducted with water collected from four sites at SWMA. Animals acclimated or cultured in fresh water (fathead minnows, Pimephales promelas; amphipods, Hyalella azteca; cladocerans, Daphnia magna) and salt water (striped bass, Morone saxatilis; amphipods, Hyalella azteca; and cladocerans, Daphnia magna) were used to separate toxic effects of salinity from the effects of inorganic contaminants in the drain water. One drain water (TJ drain, salinity 19 parts per thousand (grams per liter), osmolality 503 mmol/kg, hardness 3,780 mg/L as CaCO3) was toxic only to freshwater animals and saltwater cultured daphnids; water from a receiving pond (Pintail Bay, salinity 23 g/L, osmolality 542 mmol/kg, hardness 830 mg/L as CaCO3) was toxic to both freshwater and saltwater animals. Acute tests conducted with reconstituted waters representative of the Pintail Bay sample indicated that atypical ion ratios were toxic to striped bass and amphipods, even without the addition of inorganic contaminants. However, the addition of inorganic contaminants representative of the Pintail Bay sample increased the toxicity of this reconstituted water. These findings indicate that the toxicity of the TJ drain sample was related mainly to elevated salinity and that the toxicity of the Pintail Bay sample was a function of inorganic contamination and atypical ion ratios in combination with elevated salinity. RP INGERSOLL, CG (reprint author), US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,NATL FISHERIES CONTAMINANT RES CTR,COLUMBIA,MO 65201, USA. NR 44 TC 29 Z9 29 U1 3 U2 9 PU SETAC PRESS PI PENSACOLA PA 1010 NORTH 12TH AVE, PENSACOLA, FL 32501-3370 SN 0730-7268 J9 ENVIRON TOXICOL CHEM JI Environ. Toxicol. Chem. PY 1992 VL 11 IS 4 BP 503 EP 511 DI 10.1897/1552-8618(1992)11[503:TUOFAS]2.0.CO;2 PG 9 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA HM215 UT WOS:A1992HM21500008 ER PT J AU DWYER, FJ BURCH, SA INGERSOLL, CG HUNN, JB AF DWYER, FJ BURCH, SA INGERSOLL, CG HUNN, JB TI TOXICITY OF TRACE-ELEMENT AND SALINITY MIXTURES TO STRIPED BASS (MORONE-SAXATILIS) AND DAPHNIA-MAGNA SO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE ION COMPOSITION; TRACE ELEMENTS; IRRIGATION DRAINAGE ID BORON; SELENIUM; CALCIUM; LEAD AB Acute toxicity tests with reconstituted water were conducted to investigate the relationship between water hardness, salinity, and a mixture of trace elements found in irrigation drain waters entering Stillwater Wildlife Management Area (SWMA), near Fallon, Nevada. The SWMA has been the site of many fish kills in recent years, and previous toxicity studies indicated that one drain water, Pintail Bay, was acutely toxic to organisms acclimated or cultured in fresh water or salt water. This toxicity could reflect both the ionic composition of this saline water and the presence of trace elements. The lowest water salinity tested with Daphnia magna was near the upper salinity tolerance of these organisms; therefore, we were unable to differentiate between the toxic effects of ion composition and those of trace elements. In toxicity tests conducted with striped bass (Morone saxatilis), we found that the extent to which salinity was lethal to striped bass depended on the ion composition of that salinity. Survival of striped bass increased as hardness increased. In addition, a trace element mixture was toxic to striped bass, even though the concentrations of individual elements were below expected acutely lethal concentrations. Although salinity is an important water quality characteristic, the ionic composition of the water must be considered when one assesses the hazard of irrigation drain waters to aquatic organisms. RP DWYER, FJ (reprint author), US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,NATL FISHERIES CONTAMINANT RES CTR,COLUMBIA,MO 65201, USA. NR 25 TC 38 Z9 39 U1 4 U2 23 PU SETAC PRESS PI PENSACOLA PA 1010 NORTH 12TH AVE, PENSACOLA, FL 32501-3370 SN 0730-7268 J9 ENVIRON TOXICOL CHEM JI Environ. Toxicol. Chem. PY 1992 VL 11 IS 4 BP 513 EP 520 DI 10.1897/1552-8618(1992)11[513:TOTEAS]2.0.CO;2 PG 8 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA HM215 UT WOS:A1992HM21500009 ER PT J AU SAFFORD, SE BOOKE, H AF SAFFORD, SE BOOKE, H TI LACK OF BIOCHEMICAL GENETIC AND MORPHOMETRIC EVIDENCE FOR DISCRETE STOCKS OF NORTHWEST ATLANTIC HERRING CLUPEA-HARENGUS-HARENGUS SO FISHERY BULLETIN LA English DT Note ID MITOCHONDRIAL-DNA; POPULATION-DATA; DIFFERENTIATION; DIVERSITY; LOCI C1 US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,TURNERS FALLS,MA 01376. NR 38 TC 14 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 3 PU NATL MARINE FISHERIES SERVICE SCIENTIFIC PUBL OFFICE PI SEATTLE PA 7600 SAND POINT WAY NE BIN C15700, SEATTLE, WA 98115 SN 0090-0656 J9 FISH B-NOAA JI Fish. Bull. PD JAN PY 1992 VL 90 IS 1 BP 203 EP 210 PG 8 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA HT862 UT WOS:A1992HT86200014 ER PT J AU BARAZA, J ERCILLA, G LEE, HJ AF BARAZA, J ERCILLA, G LEE, HJ TI GEOTECHNICAL PROPERTIES AND PRELIMINARY ASSESSMENT OF SEDIMENT STABILITY ON THE CONTINENTAL-SLOPE OF THE NORTHWESTERN ALBORAN SEA SO GEO-MARINE LETTERS LA English DT Article ID ORGANIC-MATTER; EARTHQUAKES; CALIFORNIA; MARGIN; REGION AB Laboratory analysis of core samples from the western Alboran Sea slope reveal a large variability in texture and geotechnical properties. Stability analysis suggests that the sediment is stable under static gravitational loading but potentially unstable under seismic loading. Slope failures may occur if horizontal ground accelerations greater than 0.16 g are seismically induced. The Alboran Sea is an active region, on which earthquakes inducing accelerations big enough to exceed the shear strength of the soft soil may occur. Test results contrast with the apparent stability deduced from seismic profiles. C1 US GEOL SURVEY,MENLO PK,CA 94025. RP BARAZA, J (reprint author), CSIC,INST CIENCIAS MAR,PASEO NACL S-N,E-08039 BARCELONA,SPAIN. RI Ercilla, Gemma/G-8180-2015 NR 22 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 2 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 SN 0276-0460 J9 GEO-MAR LETT JI Geo-Mar. Lett. PY 1992 VL 12 IS 2-3 BP 150 EP 156 DI 10.1007/BF02084926 PG 7 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Oceanography SC Geology; Oceanography GA JA750 UT WOS:A1992JA75000014 ER PT J AU SCANLON, KM MASSON, DG AF SCANLON, KM MASSON, DG TI FE-MN NODULE FIELD INDICATED BY GLORIA, NORTH OF THE PUERTO-RICO TRENCH SO GEO-MARINE LETTERS LA English DT Article AB A 2,500-km2 area of sea floor on the south-eastern flank of the Greater Antilles Outer Ridge north of the Puerto Rico Trench displays anomalously high acoustic backscattering properties on GLORIA long-range sidescan-sonar data. Previously collected dredges. bottom photographs, and sediment cores indicate the presence of Fe-Mn nodules within the area of high backscatter. We were able to map the extent of the inferred nodule field on the basis of acoustic property contrast between the nodule-covered sediment and the surrounding nodule-free sediment. C1 INST OCEANOG SCI,GODALMING GU8 5UB,SURREY,ENGLAND. RP SCANLON, KM (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,WOODS HOLE,MA 02543, USA. NR 14 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 1 U2 1 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 SN 0276-0460 J9 GEO-MAR LETT JI Geo-Mar. Lett. PY 1992 VL 12 IS 4 BP 208 EP 213 DI 10.1007/BF02091840 PG 6 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Oceanography SC Geology; Oceanography GA JN283 UT WOS:A1992JN28300003 ER PT J AU BOHLKE, JK IRWIN, JJ AF BOHLKE, JK IRWIN, JJ TI LASER MICROPROBE ANALYSES OF NOBLE-GAS ISOTOPES AND HALOGENS IN FLUID INCLUSIONS - ANALYSES OF MICROSTANDARDS AND SYNTHETIC INCLUSIONS IN QUARTZ SO GEOCHIMICA ET COSMOCHIMICA ACTA LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 3RD BIENNIAL PAN-AMERICAN CONF ON FLUID INCLUSIONS ( PACROFI III ) CY MAY 20-22, 1990 CL UNIV TORONTO, TORONTO, CANADA HO UNIV TORONTO ID GREAT ARTESIAN BASIN; MANTLE FLUIDS; GROUNDWATERS; ACCUMULATION; METEORITE; AUSTRALIA; DIAMONDS; AR-40 AB Ar, Kr, Xe, Cl, Br, I, and K abundances and isotopic compositions have been measured in microscopic fluid inclusions in minerals by noble gas mass spectrometry following neutron irradiation and laser extraction. The laser microprobe noble gas mass spectrometric (LMNGMS) technique was quantified by use of microstandards, including air-filled capillary tubes, synthetic basalt glass grains, standard hornblende grains, and synthetic fluid inclusions in quartz. Common natural concentrations of halogens (Cl, Br, and I) and noble gases (Ar and Kr) in trapped groundwaters and hydrothermal fluids can be analyzed simultaneously by LMNGMS in as little as 10(-11) L of inclusion fluid, with accuracy and precision to within 5-10% for element and isotope ratios. Multicomponent element and isotope correlations indicate contaminants or persistent reservoirs of excess Xe and/or unfractionated air in some synthetic and natural fluid inclusion samples, LMNGMS analyses of natural fluid inclusions using the methods and calibrations reported here may be used to obtain unique information on sources of fluids, sources of fluid salinity, mixing boiling (or unmixing), and water-rock interactions in ancient fluid flow systems. C1 UNIV CALIF BERKELEY,DEPT PHYS,BERKELEY,CA 94720. RP BOHLKE, JK (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,NATL CTR,MS 431,RESTON,VA 22092, USA. NR 55 TC 49 Z9 52 U1 0 U2 6 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 0016-7037 J9 GEOCHIM COSMOCHIM AC JI Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta PD JAN PY 1992 VL 56 IS 1 BP 187 EP 201 DI 10.1016/0016-7037(92)90126-4 PG 15 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA HB840 UT WOS:A1992HB84000015 ER PT J AU BOHLKE, JK IRWIN, JJ AF BOHLKE, JK IRWIN, JJ TI LASER MICROPROBE ANALYSES OF CL, BR, I, AND K IN FLUID INCLUSIONS - IMPLICATIONS FOR SOURCES OF SALINITY IN SOME ANCIENT HYDROTHERMAL FLUIDS SO GEOCHIMICA ET COSMOCHIMICA ACTA LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 3RD BIENNIAL PAN-AMERICAN CONF ON FLUID INCLUSIONS ( PACROFI III ) CY MAY 20-22, 1990 CL UNIV TORONTO, TORONTO, CANADA HO UNIV TORONTO ID SEA GEOTHERMAL SYSTEM; CREEDE MINING DISTRICT; SAN-JUAN MOUNTAINS; SCIENTIFIC-DRILLING-PROJECT; NEUTRON-ACTIVATION ANALYSIS; ST-AUSTELL GRANITE; LODE-GOLD DEPOSITS; SW ENGLAND; ISOTOPE EVIDENCE; ORE DEPOSITION AB The relative concentrations of Cl, Br, I, and K in fluid inclusions in hydrothermal minerals were measured by laser microprobe noble gas mass spectrometry on irradiated samples containing 10(-10) to 10(-8) L of fluid. Distinctive halogen signatures indicate contrasting sources of fluid salinity in fluid inclusions from representative "magmatic" (St. Austell), "metamorphic" (Alleghany), and "geothermal" (Creode, Salton Sea) aqueous systems. Br/Cl mol ratios are lowest at Salton Sea (0.27-0.33 x 10(-3)), where high salinities are largely due to halite dissolution; intermediate at St. Austell (0.85 x 10(-3)), possibly representative of magmatic volatiles; and highest (near that of seawater) at Creede (1.5-2.1 x 10(-3)) and Alleghany (1.2-2.4 x 10(-3)), where dissolved halogens probably were leached from volcanic and (or) nonevaporitic sedimentary rocks. I/CI mol ratios are lowest (near that of seawater) at Creede (1-14 x 10(-6)), possibly because organisms scavenged 1 during low temperature recharge; intermediate at Salton Sea (24-26 x 10(-6)) and St. Austell (81 x 10(-6)); and highest at Alleghany (320-940 x 10(-6)), probably because the fluids interacted with organic-rich sediments at high temperatures before being trapped. K/CI mol ratios indicate disequilibrium with respect to hypothetical feldspathic alkali-Al-silicate mineral buffers at fluid inclusion trapping temperatures at Creede, and large contributions of (Na, K)-bicarbonate to total fluid ionic strength at Alleghany. Significant variations in CI/Br/I/K ratios among different fluid inclusion types are correlated with previously documented mineralization stages at Creede, and with the apparent oxidation state of dissolved carbon at Alleghany. The new data indicate that CI/Br/I ratios in hydrothermal fluid inclusions vary by several orders of magnitude, as they do in modern surface and ground waters. This study demonstrates that halogen signatures of fluid inclusions determined by microanalysis yield important information about sources of fluid salinity and provide excellent definition of fluid reservoirs and tracers of flow and interaction in ancient hydrothermal systems. C1 UNIV CALIF BERKELEY,DEPT PHYS,BERKELEY,CA 94720. RP BOHLKE, JK (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,NATL CTR,MS 431,RESTON,VA 22092, USA. NR 134 TC 99 Z9 101 U1 2 U2 11 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 0016-7037 J9 GEOCHIM COSMOCHIM AC JI Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta PD JAN PY 1992 VL 56 IS 1 BP 203 EP 225 DI 10.1016/0016-7037(92)90127-5 PG 23 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA HB840 UT WOS:A1992HB84000016 ER PT J AU MORGAN, GB CHOU, IM PASTERIS, JD AF MORGAN, GB CHOU, IM PASTERIS, JD TI SPECIATION IN EXPERIMENTAL C-O-H FLUIDS PRODUCED BY THE THERMAL-DISSOCIATION OF OXALIC-ACID DIHYDRATE SO GEOCHIMICA ET COSMOCHIMICA ACTA LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 3RD BIENNIAL PAN-AMERICAN CONF ON FLUID INCLUSIONS ( PACROFI III ) CY MAY 20-22, 1990 CL UNIV TORONTO, TORONTO, CANADA HO UNIV TORONTO ID LASER RAMAN MICROPROBE; HYDROTHERMAL EXPERIMENTATION; N2-CO2-H2O FLUIDS; PRESSURE; SYSTEM; INCLUSIONS; CO2; EQUILIBRIA; HYDROGEN; MIXTURES AB Fluid speciations and their related reaction pathways were studied in C-O-H-system fluids produced by the thermal dissociation of oxalic acid dihydrate (OAD: H2C2O4.2H2O) sealed in silica glass capsules. Experiments were conducted in the temperature range 230-750-degrees-C, with bulk fluid densities in the range 0.01-0.53 g/cm3. Pressure was controlled by temperature and density in the isochoric systems. The quenched products of dissociation experiments were an aqueous liquid and one (supercritical fluid) or, rarely, two (vapor plus liquid) carbonic phase(s). In-situ Raman microanalyses were performed on the quenched carbonic phases at room temperature, at which fluid pressures ranged from about 50 to 340 bars. Bulk fluid speciations were reconstructed from the Raman analyses via mass balance constraints, and appear to monitor the true fluid speciations at run conditions. In experiments from the low-temperature range (230-350-degrees-C), fluid speciations record the dissociation of OAD according to the reaction OAD = CO2 + CO + 3H2O. A process of the form CO + H2O = CO2 + H-2 is driven to the right with increasing temperature. The hydrogen gas produced tends to escape from the sample systems via diffusion into/through the silica glass capsules, shifting bulk compositions toward equimolar binary H2O-CO2 mixtures. The speciations of fluids in experiments with minimal hydrogen loss show poor agreement with speciations calculated for equilibrium fluids by the corresponding-states model of SAXENA and FEI (1988). Such disagreement suggests that the formations of CH4 and graphite are metastably inhibited in the current experiments, which correlates with their absence or trivial abundances in experimental products. Moreover, calculations in which the stabilities of methane and graphite are suppressed suggest that such metastable equilibrium is approached only in experiments at temperatures greater than about 600-650-degrees-C. These results have applications to fluid processes in geological environments, in addition to considerations of using oxalate compounds as volatile sources in experimental studies. It is possible that disequilibrium or metastable fluids may be entrapped as inclusions; re-speciation (toward metastable or stable equilibrium) during P-T evolution of a given terrain would place the fluid inclusion on a new isochore that would not project through the original conditions of entrapment. Moreover, the disequilibrium to metastable nature of dissociation reactions, coupled with the diffusional mobility of hydrogen gas observed in the current experiments, suggests that the predominance of binary H2O-CO2 fluid mixtures in natural inclusions from medium- to high-grade metamorphic terrains may be more than a coincidence of similar initial bulk compositions. C1 US GEOL SURVEY,RESTON,VA 22092. RP MORGAN, GB (reprint author), WASHINGTON UNIV,DEPT EARTH & PLANETARY SCI,1 BROOKINGS DR,CAMPUS BOX 1169,ST LOUIS,MO 63130, USA. NR 49 TC 24 Z9 26 U1 1 U2 4 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 0016-7037 J9 GEOCHIM COSMOCHIM AC JI Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta PD JAN PY 1992 VL 56 IS 1 BP 281 EP 294 DI 10.1016/0016-7037(92)90133-4 PG 14 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA HB840 UT WOS:A1992HB84000022 ER PT J AU LIPMAN, PW HAGSTRUM, JT AF LIPMAN, PW HAGSTRUM, JT TI JURASSIC ASH-FLOW SHEETS, CALDERAS, AND RELATED INTRUSIONS OF THE CORDILLERAN VOLCANIC ARC IN SOUTHEASTERN ARIZONA - IMPLICATIONS FOR REGIONAL TECTONICS AND ORE-DEPOSITS SO GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA BULLETIN LA English DT Article ID ROCKS AB Volcanologic, petrologic, and paleomagnetic studies of widespread Jurassic ash-flow sheets in the Huachuca-southern Dragoon Mountains area have led to identification of four large source calderas and associated co-magmatic intracaldera intrusions. Stratigraphic, facies, and contact features of the caldera-related tuffs also provide constraints on the locations, lateral displacements, and very existence for some major northwest-trending faults and inferred regional thrusts in southeastern Arizona. For example, the intricate Cochise thrust system, as mapped by others in the southern Dragoon Mountains, consists instead of primary depositional contacts within caldera-fill megabreccia, and the inferred regional thrusts do not exist, at least as previously interpreted. Silicic alkalic compositions of the Jurassic caldera-related, ash-flow tuffs; bimodal associated mafic magmatism; and interstratified coarse sedimentary deposits provide evidence for synvolcanic extension and rifting within the Cordilleran magmatic arc. Gold-copper mineralization is associated with subvolcanic intrusions at several of the Jurassic calderas. RP LIPMAN, PW (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,MS 910,345 MIDDLEFIELD RD,MENLO PK,CA 94025, USA. NR 23 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 1 U2 2 PU GEOLOGICAL SOC AMERICA PI BOULDER PA PO BOX 9140 3300 PENROSE PLACE, BOULDER, CO 80301 SN 0016-7606 J9 GEOL SOC AM BULL JI Geol. Soc. Am. Bull. PD JAN PY 1992 VL 104 IS 1 BP 32 EP 39 DI 10.1130/0016-7606(1992)104<0032:JAFSCA>2.3.CO;2 PG 8 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA GZ536 UT WOS:A1992GZ53600003 ER PT J AU BARNES, CG PETERSEN, SW KISTLER, RW PRESTVIK, T SUNDVOLL, B AF BARNES, CG PETERSEN, SW KISTLER, RW PRESTVIK, T SUNDVOLL, B TI TECTONIC IMPLICATIONS OF ISOTOPIC VARIATION AMONG JURASSIC AND EARLY CRETACEOUS PLUTONS, KLAMATH MOUNTAINS SO GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA BULLETIN LA English DT Article ID WOOLEY CREEK BATHOLITH; WESTERN UNITED-STATES; NORTHERN CALIFORNIA; NORTHWESTERN CALIFORNIA; JOSEPHINE OPHIOLITE; SUBDUCTION COMPLEX; EVOLUTION; OREGON; ND; SEDIMENTATION AB Jurassic and Early Cretaceous plutons in the Klamath Mountains province of California and Oregon were intruded both before and after thrusting during the Nevadan orogeny (ca. 155-148 Ma). Plutons intruded before Nevadan thrusting range from calcalkalic to calcic and display a range or compositions that changes consistently with time. Among this group, Rb, K2O, and initial Sr-87/Sr-86 (Sr(i); range 0.7034 to 0.7047) decrease and epsilon(Nd) (range 2.0 to 4.8) increases in younger plutons. Within individual plutons, Sr(i) varies considerably, whereas epsilon(Nd) is nearly constant. The Sr and Nd isotopic data typically plot to the right of the mantle array. (delta-O)-O-18 values in these plutons are greater than +8.0 parts per thousand. Tonalitic and trondhjemitic plutons intruded after Nevadan thrusting are typically calcic, contain low Rb and K2O contents, and have (delta-O)--18 less than +8.0 parts per thousand. These plutons have a narrow range of SR(i) (0.7033-0.7036) and epsilon(Nd) (4.7 to 7.4); values that plot in the mantle array. The isotopic compositions of the pre-Nevadan plutons requires assimilation of metasedimentary rocks or mixing with crustal melts at deep-crystal levels. The deep-crustal component is not exposed in the province and was presumably truncated during Nevadan thrusting. Post-Nevadan plutons show little evidence of assimilation of meta-sedimentary crust but display trace-element evidence (low K2O, Rb, and rare-earth-element concentrations) consistent with an origin by partial melting of young ophiolitic rocks underthrust during the Nevadan orogeny. C1 US GEOL SURVEY,MENLO PK,CA 94025. GEOL INST,N-7034 TRONDHEIM,NORWAY. UNIV OSLO,MINERAL GEOL MUSEUM,N-0562 OSLO 5,NORWAY. RP BARNES, CG (reprint author), TEXAS TECH UNIV,DEPT GEOSCI,LUBBOCK,TX 79409, USA. NR 63 TC 35 Z9 35 U1 0 U2 3 PU GEOLOGICAL SOC AMERICA PI BOULDER PA PO BOX 9140 3300 PENROSE PLACE, BOULDER, CO 80301 SN 0016-7606 J9 GEOL SOC AM BULL JI Geol. Soc. Am. Bull. PD JAN PY 1992 VL 104 IS 1 BP 117 EP 126 DI 10.1130/0016-7606(1992)104<0117:TIOIVA>2.3.CO;2 PG 10 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA GZ536 UT WOS:A1992GZ53600008 ER PT J AU DEMING, D AF DEMING, D TI CATASTROPHIC RELEASE OF HEAT AND FLUID-FLOW IN THE CONTINENTAL-CRUST SO GEOLOGY LA English DT Article ID LEAD-ZINC DEPOSITS; SOUTHEAST MISSOURI; GROUNDWATER; BELTS AB Heat may be released catastrophically from the continental crust by the onset of free convection in orogenic zones. Orogeny itself could create the conditions necessary for free convection by increasing the permeability of the crust. In the specific case of a continental collision zone, the conditions favoring free convection may move progressively into continental interiors, perhaps leading to repeated episodes of convection and related thermal events. Simple models and assumptions suggest that individual episodes of convective circulation and heat release persist for periods of time of the order of 10(6) yr or less. The rate and magnitude of energy release depend upon the initial thermal state and permeability of the crust and the depth of fluid circulation. Estimates made from typical parameters indicate that the total thermal energy released from the crust is approximately equivalent to an increase of background heat flow from about 60 to 200 mW/m2 for a period of 10(6) yr. A significant amount of this heat can be transported into the interior of a continent by a gravity-driven flow system if a continuous aquifer of sufficient permeability is present. The hypothesis could explain several phenomena attributed to tectonically driven fluids associated with the Alleghenian-Ouachita orogeny. These include the formation of Mississippi Valley-type lead-zinc deposits, widespread potassic alteration, and remagnetizations. Although speculative, the hypothesis is consistent with our current state of knowledge concerning the extent of fluid circulation in the continental crust. C1 US GEOL SURVEY,MENLO PK,CA 94025. NR 27 TC 30 Z9 39 U1 1 U2 4 PU GEOLOGICAL SOC AMERICA PI BOULDER PA PO BOX 9140 3300 PENROSE PLACE, BOULDER, CO 80301 SN 0091-7613 J9 GEOLOGY JI Geology PD JAN PY 1992 VL 20 IS 1 BP 83 EP 86 DI 10.1130/0091-7613(1992)020<0083:CROHAF>2.3.CO;2 PG 4 WC Geology SC Geology GA GZ537 UT WOS:A1992GZ53700021 ER PT J AU HECKEL, PH HATCH, JR AF HECKEL, PH HATCH, JR TI CONTRASTING DEPOSITIONAL MODELS FOR PENNSYLVANIAN BLACK SHALE DISCERNED FROM MOLYBDENUM ABUNDANCES - COMMENT SO GEOLOGY LA English DT Note C1 US GEOL SURVEY,DENVER FED CTR,DENVER,CO 80225. RP HECKEL, PH (reprint author), UNIV IOWA,DEPT GEOL,IOWA CITY,IA 52242, USA. NR 0 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU GEOLOGICAL SOC AMERICA PI BOULDER PA PO BOX 9140 3300 PENROSE PLACE, BOULDER, CO 80301 SN 0091-7613 J9 GEOLOGY JI Geology PD JAN PY 1992 VL 20 IS 1 BP 88 EP 89 DI 10.1130/0091-7613(1992)020<0088:CAROCD>2.3.CO;2 PG 2 WC Geology SC Geology GA GZ537 UT WOS:A1992GZ53700024 ER PT J AU BENTON, ER AF BENTON, ER TI HYDROMAGNETIC SCALE ANALYSIS AT EARTHS CORE-MANTLE BOUNDARY SO GEOPHYSICAL AND ASTROPHYSICAL FLUID DYNAMICS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 20TH GENERAL ASSEMBLY OF THE INTERNATIONAL-UNION-OF-GEODESY-AND-GEOPHYSICS : MAGNETO-HYDRODYNAMICS OF THE EARTHS CORE CY AUG 11-24, 1991 CL VIENNA, AUSTRIA SP INT UNION GEODESY & GEOPHYS DE SCALE ANALYSIS; CORE-MANTLE BOUNDARY; MAGNETIC AND VELOCITY FIELD AMPLITUDES ID FROZEN-FLUX APPROXIMATION; STEADY VELOCITY-FIELD; HORIZONTAL COMPONENTS; GEOMAGNETIC-FIELD; MAGNETIC-FIELD; TOP AB Scale analysis of the MHD equations appropriate to the surface layers of the Earth's outer core is used to understand why the peak amplitude of the geomagnetic field on the core-mantle boundary (CMB), B0, is some 8 gauss, corresponding to an Alfven speed of at least 200 km/yr in the core; and why the horizontal fluid motion just beneath the CMB reaches a typical speed, v0, of only about 30 km/yr. The scale analysis reveals that B0 is similar to (rho0OMEGA/sigma0)1/2 and v0 is similar to (OMEGA/mu0(2)sigma0(2)c)1/3 where rho0, mu0, sigma0,OMEGA and c, are respectively, the density of the core at its surface, its magnetic permeability, electrical conductivity, angular velocity, and radius. Customary estimates of these five geophysical parameters yield B0 is similar to 12 gauss, v0 is similar to 12 km/yr. The expression for B0 coincides with that adopted by Malkus and Proctor (1975), but that for v0 conflicts with their choice of v0 is similar to 1/mu0sigma0c, whose numerical value is about 1.4 m/yr, i.e. three orders of magnitude too slow. This scale analysis also predicts that the gradient of excess pressure scales as rho0(mu0(2)sigma0(2)cOMEGA-4)-1/3, amounting to a few times 10(-4) Pa m-1; that horizontal magnetic fields grow vertically near the top of the core on the same length scale, l0, as the horizontal flow varies horizontally; and that l0 is similar to (mu0sigma0OMEGAc-1)-1/3 is similar to 4.2 km. This is consistent with the existence of order 200 gauss horizontal fields within about 100 km beneath the core-mantle boundary corresponding to a typical horizontal current density of order 0.2 amp/m2 near the top of the core. We also find that the evolution time for the vertical field, t0, is (mu0(2)sigma0(2)c4OMEGA-1)1/3, about 295 years for the Earth. C1 US GEOL SURVEY,DENVER FED CTR,GLOBAL SEISMOL & GEOMAGNET BRANCH,DENVER,CO 80225. RP BENTON, ER (reprint author), UNIV COLORADO,DEPT ASTROPHYS PLANETARY & ATMOSPHER SCI,BOULDER,CO 80309, USA. NR 15 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU GORDON BREACH SCI PUBL LTD PI READING PA C/O STBS LTD PO BOX 90, READING, BERKS, ENGLAND RG1 8JL SN 0309-1929 J9 GEOPHYS ASTRO FLUID JI Geophys. Astrophys. Fluid Dyn. PY 1992 VL 67 IS 1-4 BP 259 EP 272 DI 10.1080/03091929208201847 PG 14 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geochemistry & Geophysics; Mechanics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geochemistry & Geophysics; Mechanics GA ME877 UT WOS:A1992ME87700017 ER PT J AU SCHNEIDER, WA RANZINGER, KA BALCH, AH KRUSE, C AF SCHNEIDER, WA RANZINGER, KA BALCH, AH KRUSE, C TI A DYNAMIC-PROGRAMMING APPROACH TO 1ST ARRIVAL TRAVELTIME COMPUTATION IN MEDIA WITH ARBITRARILY DISTRIBUTED VELOCITIES SO GEOPHYSICS LA English DT Article ID RAY TRACING PROBLEMS; HETEROGENEOUS MEDIA AB Curved-ray tomographic traveltime inversion, reverse-time migration and various other seismic modeling applications require the calculation of traveltime and raypath information throughout a two- or three-dimensional medium. When arbitrary velocity distributions and curved rays are involved, traditional ray shooting or bending procedures can be time consuming and error prone. A two-dimensional dynamic programming traveltime computation technique, based upon Fermat's principle, uses simple calculus techniques and a systematic mapping scheme to determine first-arrival times on a uniform grid, given an arbitrary, discrete velocity distribution. It accurately handles large contrast, discontinuous velocity distributions, including those that generate caustics. First arrival seismic energy can travel either as transmitted waves, diffracted waves, or headwaves, and this technique models all types. The traveltime computations begin with starting values computed near the source location. Then, the mapping systematically steps through the grid, where each new arrival time is calculated using two previously computed "neighbor" traveltimes. We present two mapping procedures, a brute force approach that advances across the grid one column (or row) at a time and a more natural approach that computes times along expanding rectangles. Isotime lines within the traveltime grid represent wavefronts, and seismic raypaths can be numerically computed through the traveltime grid as orthogonal trajectories to the wavefronts. Such a forward model was used in a curved-raypath tomographic inversion program to successfully invert a physical model crosshole data set. The traveltime computation algorithm also performed successfully on several difficult velocity models. On a discontinuous, large contrast velocity model, traveltimes agreed to within 0.12 percent with those of an accurate ray-tracing program. C1 COLORADO SCH MINES,GOLDEN,CO 80401. US GEOL SURVEY,DENVER,CO 80225. NR 12 TC 87 Z9 101 U1 0 U2 7 PU SOC EXPLORATION GEOPHYSICISTS PI TULSA PA 8801 S YALE ST, TULSA, OK 74137 SN 0016-8033 J9 GEOPHYSICS JI Geophysics PD JAN PY 1992 VL 57 IS 1 BP 39 EP 50 DI 10.1190/1.1443187 PG 12 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA GY588 UT WOS:A1992GY58800004 ER PT J AU CHAPELLE, FH LOVLEY, DR AF CHAPELLE, FH LOVLEY, DR TI COMPETITIVE-EXCLUSION OF SULFATE REDUCTION BY FE(III)-REDUCING BACTERIA - A MECHANISM FOR PRODUCING DISCRETE ZONES OF HIGH-IRON GROUND-WATER SO GROUND WATER LA English DT Article ID COASTAL-PLAIN; SEDIMENTS; INHIBITION; MANGANESE AB The Middendorf aquifer of South Carolina exhibits a 40-kilometer-wide zone where dissolved ferrous iron concentrations commonly exceed 1 mg/l. Downgradient of this zone, dissolved iron concentrations decrease to less than 0.05 mg/l. Geochemical and microbiologic evidence indicates that this zonation reflects the competitive exclusion of sulfate-reducing activity by Fe(III)-reducing bacteria in the high-iron zone and the emergence of sulfate reduction as the predominant process in the low-iron zone. Viable Fe(III)- and sulfate-reducing bacteria coexist throughout the aquifer. However, the observed linear relationship between dissolved iron and dissolved inorganic carbon as well as the lack of sulfate consumption indicates that sulfate-reducing bacteria are much less active than Fe(III)-reducing bacteria in the high-iron zone. Fe(III)-reducing bacteria appear to exclude sulfate-reducing activity by maintaining dissolved hydrogen (approximately 1.0 nM), formate (approximately 2.0-mu-M), and acetate (approximately 1.0-mu-M) concentrations at levels lower than thresholds required by sulfate-reducing bacteria. Downgradient of the high-iron zone, Fe(III)-reducing activity becomes limited by a lack of Fe(III) oxyhydroxides as Middendorf sediments become progressively more marine in origin. Hydrogen, formate, and acetate concentrations then increase to levels (approximately 3.0 nM, approximately 10.9, and 2.5-mu-M, respectively), that allow sulfate-reducing bacteria to become active. Increased sulfide production strips ferrous iron from solution by precipitating ferrous sulfides, and dissolved iron concentrations decrease. The observed high-iron zonation is thus one manifestation of microbial competition for scarce substrates. The wide occurrence of similar water-chemistry patterns implies that microbial competition mechanisms are important to the ground-water geochemistry of many hydrologic systems. C1 US GEOL SURVEY,WRD,RESTON,VA 22092. RP CHAPELLE, FH (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,WRD,720 GRACERN RD,SUITE 129,COLUMBIA,SC 29210, USA. NR 29 TC 200 Z9 201 U1 2 U2 21 PU GROUND WATER PUBLISHING CO PI WESTERVILLE PA 601 DEMPSEY RD, WESTERVILLE, OH 43081 SN 0017-467X J9 GROUND WATER JI Ground Water PD JAN-FEB PY 1992 VL 30 IS 1 BP 29 EP 36 DI 10.1111/j.1745-6584.1992.tb00808.x PG 8 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Geology; Water Resources GA GX626 UT WOS:A1992GX62600005 ER PT J AU PUCKETT, LJ BRICKER, OP AF PUCKETT, LJ BRICKER, OP TI FACTORS CONTROLLING THE MAJOR ION CHEMISTRY OF STREAMS IN THE BLUE RIDGE AND VALLEY AND RIDGE PHYSIOGRAPHIC PROVINCES OF VIRGINIA AND MARYLAND SO HYDROLOGICAL PROCESSES LA English DT Article DE MINERAL WEATHERING; STREAM CHEMISTRY; SULFATE BICARBONATE; PRINCIPAL COMPONENT ANALYSIS AB The factors controlling the chemistry of 69 low-order streams in the Blue Ridge and Valley and Ridge physiographic provinces of Virginia and Maryland were studied over a 13-month period. Principal component analysis was used to examine regional patterns in stream chemistry and to examine the degree to which the chemistry of low-order streams is controlled by the bedrock upon which they flow. Streams clustered into regionally isolated groups, strongly related to bedrock type, with SO42- and HCO3- the chemical variables of most importance. Sulphate concentrations appear to be strongly controlled by climate and hydrology, and sorption in the soils within the watershed. Much of the atmospherically derived SO42- accumulates in watersheds during the growing season and is later flushed out. Weathering reactions were found to be particularly important in the production of HCO3-, accounting for 91 per cent on an annual basis, and export of divalent cations from these watersheds, accounting for 48-50 per cent on an annual basis. About half of non-anthropogenic Na+ was derived from weathering of silicates, whereas nearly all K+ was identified with leaching by SO42-. Water chemistry was strongly related to the rock type in the watershed and the weatherability of the component minerals. Rock type is not a randomly distributed function; instead, it is controlled by geologic factors that result in clusters of similar rock types in a given region. When planning large synoptic studies, it is extremely important to consider that a sampling scheme based on random sampling of a non-randomly distributed function may not provide the most accurate representation of the variables of interest. Instead, a hierarchical sampling scheme may be indicated. Our results also suggest that, although one sample in time may be sufficient to characterize the primary geochemical factors controlling stream chemistry throughout the year, it may not be sufficient to detect subtle, flow-related alterations in chemistry. RP PUCKETT, LJ (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,DIV WATER RESOURCES,RESTON,VA 22092, USA. NR 0 TC 37 Z9 42 U1 0 U2 8 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD PI W SUSSEX PA BAFFINS LANE CHICHESTER, W SUSSEX, ENGLAND PO19 1UD SN 0885-6087 J9 HYDROL PROCESS JI Hydrol. Process. PD JAN-MAR PY 1992 VL 6 IS 1 BP 79 EP 97 DI 10.1002/hyp.3360060108 PG 19 WC Water Resources SC Water Resources GA HD251 UT WOS:A1992HD25100007 ER PT J AU ODUM, JK LEE, FT STONE, JW AF ODUM, JK LEE, FT STONE, JW TI ADAPTATIONS TO STANDARD DRILLING EQUIPMENT AND PROCEDURES FOR A USBM OVERCORE INSITU STRESS DETERMINATION UNDER UNIQUE CONDITIONS SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ROCK MECHANICS AND MINING SCIENCES & GEOMECHANICS ABSTRACTS LA English DT Note C1 REYNOLDS ELECT & ENGN CO INC,NEVADA TEST SITE,NV. RP ODUM, JK (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,DENVER,CO 80225, USA. NR 2 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 0148-9062 J9 INT J ROCK MECH MIN JI Int. J. Rock Mech. Min. Sci. PD JAN PY 1992 VL 29 IS 1 BP 73 EP 76 DI 10.1016/0148-9062(92)91046-8 PG 4 WC Engineering, Geological; Mining & Mineral Processing SC Engineering; Mining & Mineral Processing GA HH593 UT WOS:A1992HH59300007 ER PT J AU BOGATIKOV, OA GURBANOV, AG KOVALENKO, VI KORONOVSKIY, NV LIPMAN, P TSVETKOV, AA AF BOGATIKOV, OA GURBANOV, AG KOVALENKO, VI KORONOVSKIY, NV LIPMAN, P TSVETKOV, AA TI UPPER CALDERA COMPLEX, NORTHERN CAUCASUS SO IZVESTIYA AKADEMII NAUK SSSR SERIYA GEOLOGICHESKAYA LA Russian DT Article C1 MV LOMONOSOV STATE UNIV,MOSCOW 117234,USSR. US GEOL SURVEY,MENLO PK,CA 94025. RP BOGATIKOV, OA (reprint author), ACAD SCI USSR,INST ORE DEPOSIT GEOL PETROG MINERAL & GEOCHEM,MOSCOW,USSR. RI Koronovsky, Nikolay/K-4274-2012 NR 39 TC 3 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 1 PU MEZHDUNARODNAYA KNIGA PI MOSCOW PA 39 DIMITROVA UL., 113095 MOSCOW, RUSSIA SN 0321-1703 J9 IZV AN SSSR GEOL+ PD JAN PY 1992 IS 1 BP 5 EP 21 PG 17 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA HP290 UT WOS:A1992HP29000001 ER PT J AU FAURE, H BREED, CS MCCAULEY, JF AF FAURE, H BREED, CS MCCAULEY, JF TI PALEODRAINAGES OF THE EASTERN SAHARA - THE NILE PROBLEM AND ITS RELEVANCE TO THE CHAD BASIN SO JOURNAL OF AFRICAN EARTH SCIENCES LA English DT Article RP FAURE, H (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,FLAGSTAFF,AZ 86001, USA. NR 0 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 1 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 0899-5362 J9 J AFR EARTH SCI JI J. Afr. Earth Sci. PD JAN PY 1992 VL 14 IS 1 BP 153 EP 154 DI 10.1016/0899-5362(92)90064-J PG 2 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA JD979 UT WOS:A1992JD97900014 ER PT J AU BISCHOFF, JL GARCIA, JF STRAUS, LG AF BISCHOFF, JL GARCIA, JF STRAUS, LG TI URANIUM-SERIES ISOCHRON DATING AT EL CASTILLO CAVE (CANTABRIA, SPAIN) - THE ACHEULEAN MOUSTERIAN QUESTION SO JOURNAL OF ARCHAEOLOGICAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE CASTILLO; MOUSTERIAN; ACHEULEAN; URANIUM-SERIES DATING; UPPER PLEISTOCENE; INTERASSEMBLAGE VARIABILITY; CANTABRIAN SPAIN C1 UNIV BARCELONA,DEPT QUIM ANALYT,E-08028 BARCELONA,SPAIN. UNIV NEW MEXICO,DEPT ANTHROPOL,ALBUQUERQUE,NM 87131. RP BISCHOFF, JL (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,PACIFIC MARINE GEOL BRANCH,345 MIDDLEFIELD RD,MENLO PK,CA 94025, USA. NR 46 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 1 U2 4 PU ACADEMIC PRESS LTD PI LONDON PA 24-28 OVAL RD, LONDON, ENGLAND NW1 7DX SN 0305-4403 J9 J ARCHAEOL SCI JI J. Archaeol. Sci. PD JAN PY 1992 VL 19 IS 1 BP 49 EP 62 DI 10.1016/0305-4403(92)90006-O PG 14 WC Anthropology; Archaeology; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Anthropology; Archaeology; Geology GA HB416 UT WOS:A1992HB41600005 ER PT J AU BARBER, LB THURMAN, EM RUNNELLS, DD AF BARBER, LB THURMAN, EM RUNNELLS, DD TI GEOCHEMICAL HETEROGENEITY IN A SAND AND GRAVEL AQUIFER - EFFECT OF SEDIMENT MINERALOGY AND PARTICLE-SIZE ON THE SORPTION OF CHLOROBENZENES SO JOURNAL OF CONTAMINANT HYDROLOGY LA English DT Article ID HYDROPHOBIC ORGANIC-COMPOUNDS; SOLUTE TRANSPORT; HUMIC SUBSTANCES; SPATIAL VARIABILITY; NATURAL SEDIMENTS; WATER; ADSORPTION; SOIL; POLLUTANTS; GROUNDWATER AB The effect of particle size, mineralogy and sediment organic carbon (SOC) on sorption of tetrachlorobenzene and pentachlorobenzene was evaluated using batch-isotherm experiments on sediment particle-size and mineralogical fractions from a sand and gravel aquifer, Cape Cod, Massachusetts. Concentration of SOC and sorption of chlorobenzenes increase with decreasing particle size. For a given particle size, the magnetic fraction has a higher SOC content and sorption capacity than the bulk or non-magnetic fractions. Sorption appears to be controlled by the magnetic minerals, which comprise only 5-25% of the bulk sediment. Although SOC content of the bulk sediment is < 0.1%, the observed sorption of chlorobenzenes is consistent with a partition mechanism and is adequately predicted by models relating sorption to the octanol/water partition coefficient of the solute and SOC content. A conceptual model based on preferential association of dissolved organic matter with positively-charged mineral surfaces is proposed to describe micro-scale, intergranular variability in sorption properties of the aquifer sediments. C1 US GEOL SURVEY, LAWRENCE, KS 66049 USA. UNIV COLORADO, DEPT GEOL SCI, BOULDER, CO 80309 USA. UNIV COLORADO, DEPT GEOL SCI, BOULDER, CO 80309 USA. RP BARBER, LB (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY, 325 BROADWAY, US4, BOULDER, CO 80303 USA. RI Thurman, Earl/B-5131-2011 NR 63 TC 112 Z9 113 U1 0 U2 17 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0169-7722 EI 1873-6009 J9 J CONTAM HYDROL JI J. Contam. Hydrol. PD JAN PY 1992 VL 9 IS 1-2 BP 35 EP 54 DI 10.1016/0169-7722(92)90049-K PG 20 WC Environmental Sciences; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Geology; Water Resources GA HP813 UT WOS:A1992HP81300004 ER PT J AU FIELD, JA LEENHEER, JA THORN, KA BARBER, LB ROSTAD, C MACALADY, DL DANIEL, SR AF FIELD, JA LEENHEER, JA THORN, KA BARBER, LB ROSTAD, C MACALADY, DL DANIEL, SR TI IDENTIFICATION OF PERSISTENT ANIONIC SURFACTANT-DERIVED CHEMICALS IN SEWAGE EFFLUENT AND GROUNDWATER SO JOURNAL OF CONTAMINANT HYDROLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT SYMP AT THE PACIFIC BASIN CHEMICAL SOCIETIES MEETING : CHEMICAL MEDIATION OF POLLUTANT TRANSPORT IN AQUEOUS SYSTEMS ( PACIFICHEM 89 ) CY DEC 17-22, 1989 CL HONOLULU, HI SP CANADIAN SOC CHEM, CHEM SOC JAPAN, AMER CHEM SOC ID LINEAR ALKYLBENZENESULFONATES; LIQUID-CHROMATOGRAPHY; BIODEGRADATION; SPECTROMETRY; ENVIRONMENT; SULFONATE; RESINS; FATE AB Preparative isolation and fractionation procedures coupled with spectrometric analyses were used to identify surfactant-derived contaminants in sewage effluent and sewage-contaminated groundwater from a site located on Cape Cod, Massachusetts. Anionic surfactants and their biodegradation intermediates were isolated from field samples by ion exchange and fractionated by solvent extraction and adsorption chromatography. Fractions were analyzed by C-13 nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Carboxylated residues of alkylphenol polyethoxylate surfactants were detected in sewage effluent and contaminated groundwater. Linear alkylbenzenesulfonates (LAS) were identified in sewage effluent and groundwater. Groundwater LAS composition suggested preferential removal of select isomers and homologs due to processes of biodegradation and partitioning. Tetralin and indane sulfonates (DATS). alicyclic analogs of LAS, were also identified in field samples. Although DATS are a minor portion of LAS formulations, equivalent concentrations of LAS and DATS in groundwater suggested persistence of alicyclic contaminant structures over those of linear structure. Sulfophenyl-carboxylated (SPC) LAS biodegradation intermediates were determined in sewage effluent and groundwater. Homolog distributions suggested that SPC containing 3-10 alkyl-chain carbons persist during infiltration and groundwater transport. Surfactant-derived residues detected in well F300-50 groundwater have a minimum residence time in the range of 2.7-4.6 yr. LAS detected in groundwater at 500 m from infiltration has been stable over an estimated 50-500 half lives. C1 US GEOL SURVEY,DENVER FED CTR,LAKEWOOD,CO 80225. COLORADO SCH MINES,DEPT CHEM & GEOCHEM,GOLDEN,CO 80401. NR 56 TC 71 Z9 71 U1 1 U2 6 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0169-7722 J9 J CONTAM HYDROL JI J. Contam. Hydrol. PD JAN PY 1992 VL 9 IS 1-2 BP 55 EP 78 DI 10.1016/0169-7722(92)90050-O PG 24 WC Environmental Sciences; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Geology; Water Resources GA HP813 UT WOS:A1992HP81300005 ER PT J AU GOLDBERG, MC CUNNINGHAM, KM AIKEN, GR WEINER, ER AF GOLDBERG, MC CUNNINGHAM, KM AIKEN, GR WEINER, ER TI THE AQUEOUS PHOTOLYSIS OF ALPHA-PINENE IN SOLUTION WITH HUMIC-ACID SO JOURNAL OF CONTAMINANT HYDROLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT SYMP AT THE PACIFIC BASIN CHEMICAL SOCIETIES MEETING : CHEMICAL MEDIATION OF POLLUTANT TRANSPORT IN AQUEOUS SYSTEMS ( PACIFICHEM 89 ) CY DEC 17-22, 1989 CL HONOLULU, HI SP CANADIAN SOC CHEM, CHEM SOC JAPAN, AMER CHEM SOC ID SINGLET OXYGEN; NATURAL-WATERS; AQUATIC PHOTOCHEMISTRY; CHROMATOGRAPHY; SUBSTANCES AB Terpenes are produced abundantly by environmental processes but are found in very low concentrations in natural waters. Aqueous photolysis of solutions containing alpha-pinene, a representative terpene, in the presence of humic acid resulted in degradation of the pinene. Comparison of this reaction to photolysis of alpha-pinene in the presence of methylene blue leads to the conclusion that the reactive pathway for the abiotic degradation of alpha-pinene is due to reaction with singlet oxygen produced by irradiation of the humic material. The initial product of singlet oxygen and alpha-pinene is a hydroperoxide. Since humic materials are prevalent in most natural waters, this mechanism of photodecomposition for alpha-pinene probably also applies to other terpenes in surface waters and may be reasonably considered to contribute to their low environmental concentration. RP GOLDBERG, MC (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,DENVER FED CTR,LAKEWOOD,CO 80225, USA. NR 35 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0169-7722 J9 J CONTAM HYDROL JI J. Contam. Hydrol. PD JAN PY 1992 VL 9 IS 1-2 BP 79 EP 89 DI 10.1016/0169-7722(92)90051-F PG 11 WC Environmental Sciences; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Geology; Water Resources GA HP813 UT WOS:A1992HP81300006 ER PT J AU HARVEY, RW BARBER, LB AF HARVEY, RW BARBER, LB TI ASSOCIATIONS OF FREE-LIVING BACTERIA AND DISSOLVED ORGANIC-COMPOUNDS IN A PLUME OF CONTAMINATED GROUNDWATER SO JOURNAL OF CONTAMINANT HYDROLOGY LA English DT Article ID COUNTING BACTERIA; WATER; BIODEGRADATION; AQUIFER AB Associations of free-living bacteria (FLB) and dissolved organic contaminants in a 4-km-long plume of sewage-contaminated groundwater were investigated. Abundance of FLB in the core of the plume (as delineated by maximum specific conductance) steadily decreased in the direction of flow from a point 0.25 km downgradient from the source to the toe of the plume. At 0.25 km downgradient, FLB comprised up to 31% of the total bacterial population, but constituted < 7% of the population at 2 km downgradient. Abundance of FLB correlated strongly (r = 0.80, n = 23) with total dissolved organic carbon (DOC) in contaminated groundwater between 0.64 and 2.1 km downgradient, although distributions of individual contaminants such as di-, tri- and tetrachloroethene were highly variable, and their association with FLB less clear. Numbers of FLB in the downgradient portion of the plume which is contaminated with branched-chain alkylbenzenesulfonate (ABS) surfactants were low (< 5 . 10(8)/L) in spite of relatively high levels of DOC (up to 4 mg/L). However, abundance of FLB correlated strongly with non-surfactant DOC along vertical transects through the plume. The ratio of FLB to DOC and the ratio of FLB to attached bacteria generally decreased in the direction of flow and, consequently, with the age of the organic contaminants. RP HARVEY, RW (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY, 325 BROADWAY, BOULDER, CO 80303 USA. RI Harvey, Ronald/C-5783-2013 OI Harvey, Ronald/0000-0002-2791-8503 NR 25 TC 50 Z9 50 U1 0 U2 3 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0169-7722 J9 J CONTAM HYDROL JI J. Contam. Hydrol. PD JAN PY 1992 VL 9 IS 1-2 BP 91 EP 103 DI 10.1016/0169-7722(92)90052-G PG 13 WC Environmental Sciences; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Geology; Water Resources GA HP813 UT WOS:A1992HP81300007 ER PT J AU PEREIRA, WE ROSTAD, CE LEIKER, TJ AF PEREIRA, WE ROSTAD, CE LEIKER, TJ TI SYNTHETIC ORGANIC AGROCHEMICALS IN THE LOWER MISSISSIPPI RIVER AND ITS MAJOR TRIBUTARIES - DISTRIBUTION, TRANSPORT AND FATE SO JOURNAL OF CONTAMINANT HYDROLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT SYMP AT THE PACIFIC BASIN CHEMICAL SOCIETIES MEETING : CHEMICAL MEDIATION OF POLLUTANT TRANSPORT IN AQUEOUS SYSTEMS ( PACIFICHEM 89 ) CY DEC 17-22, 1989 CL HONOLULU, HI SP CANADIAN SOC CHEM, CHEM SOC JAPAN, AMER CHEM SOC ID DEGRADATION; ATRAZINE AB The Mississippi River and its major tributaries transport herbicides and their degradation products from agricultural areas in the mid-western U.S.A. These compounds include atrazine and its degradation products (desethyl- and desisopropylatrazine), simazine, cyanazine, metolachlor, and alachlor and its degradation products (2-chloro-2',6'-diethylacetanilide, 2-hydroxy-2',6'-diethylacetanilide and 2,6-diethylaniline). These compounds were identified and confirmed by gas chromatography-ion trap mass spectrometry. Loads of these compounds were determined during five sampling trips in 1987-1989. Stream loads of these compounds indicated that atrazine and metolachlor were relatively conservative in downstream transport. Alachlor and its degradation products were generated from point and non-point sources. Seasonal variations and hydrologic conditions controlled the loads or these compounds in the Mississippi River. Cross-channel mixing was slow downstream from major river confluences. possibly requiring several hundred kilometers of downriver transit for completion. The annual transport of these compounds into the Gulf of Mexico was estimated to be < 2% of the annual application of each herbicide in the Midwest. C1 US GEOL SURVEY,DENVER FED CTR,DIV WATER RESOURCES,DENVER,CO 80225. NR 12 TC 19 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0169-7722 J9 J CONTAM HYDROL JI J. Contam. Hydrol. PD JAN PY 1992 VL 9 IS 1-2 BP 175 EP 188 DI 10.1016/0169-7722(92)90057-L PG 14 WC Environmental Sciences; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Geology; Water Resources GA HP813 UT WOS:A1992HP81300012 ER PT J AU WINTER, FC ESTES, JA AF WINTER, FC ESTES, JA TI EXPERIMENTAL-EVIDENCE FOR THE EFFECTS OF POLYPHENOLIC COMPOUNDS FROM DICTYONEURUM-CALIFORNICUM RUPRECHT (PHAEOPHYTA, LAMINARIALES) ON FEEDING RATE AND GROWTH IN THE RED ABALONE HALIOTUS-RUFESCENS SWAINSON SO JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL MARINE BIOLOGY AND ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE DETERRENCE; DICTYONEURUM-CALIFORNICUM; HERBIVORE; KELP; POLYPHENOL; RED ABALONE ID MOLECULAR-WEIGHT POLYPHLOROGLUCINOLS; PLANT-HERBIVORE INTERACTIONS; FUCUS-VESICULOSUS L; CHEMICAL DEFENSE; PHENOLIC-COMPOUNDS; BROWN-ALGAE; SECONDARY METABOLITES; MARINE; TANNINS; PREFERENCES AB The effects of polyphenolic compounds from brown algae on grazing and growth rate of the California red abalone Haliotis rufescens Swainson were examined. Abalone consumed three phenolic-poor algal species, Laminaria sinclarii (Harvey) Farlow, Macrocystis pyrifera Agardh, and Nereocystis luetkeana Postels et Ruprecht (mean phenolic content = 0.52% dry mass), at a greater rate than two phenolic-rich species, Dictyoneurum californicum Ruprecht and Cystoseira osmundacea Agardh (mean phenolic content = 4.60% dry mass). This inverse relationship between phenolic content and consumption rate also existed after the algae were macerated and the liquid portion of the blended slurry incorporated in agar discs. However, the correlation between grazing rate and phenolic content improved in this latter experiment, thus suggesting that abalone grazing was deterred significantly by the morphology of L. sinclarii and, to a lesser extent, of M. pyrifera. Polyphenolics extracted from D. californicum reduced abalone grazing rates by 90% when incorporated into agar discs at a concentration of 6 mg.ml-1. Although abalone were unable to maintain body mass when fed ad libitum on macerated M. pyrifera incorporated into agar discs, polyphenolics from D. californicum further inhibited shell growth when added to the discs at 5 mg.ml-1. The abalone ate less of the phenol-containing discs than of the discs lacking phenolics. Our results support findings of several prior studies that polyphenolic compounds from brown algae deter grazing by coastal zone herbivores in the northeast Pacific Ocean. C1 US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,WASHINGTON,DC 20240. RP WINTER, FC (reprint author), UNIV CALIF SANTA CRUZ,INST MARINE SCI,SANTA CRUZ,CA 95064, USA. NR 54 TC 46 Z9 47 U1 4 U2 11 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0022-0981 J9 J EXP MAR BIOL ECOL JI J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. PY 1992 VL 155 IS 2 BP 263 EP 277 DI 10.1016/0022-0981(92)90067-K PG 15 WC Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA HL116 UT WOS:A1992HL11600009 ER PT J AU JENNINGS, AE NELSON, AR AF JENNINGS, AE NELSON, AR TI FORAMINIFERAL ASSEMBLAGE ZONES IN OREGON TIDAL MARSHES - RELATION TO MARSH FLORAL ZONES AND SEA-LEVEL SO JOURNAL OF FORAMINIFERAL RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID FRASER-RIVER DELTA; EARTHQUAKES; POPULATIONS AB Foraminiferal assemblages from three surface transects across estuarine marshes on the central Oregon coast reflect vertical floral zones based on vascular plants. Discriminant analysis distinguishes assemblages of modern mudflat, low marsh, and high marsh zones using the types of percentage data found in fossil assemblages. Upland samples are barren of foraminifera. The high marsh is dominated by Trochammina macrescens f. macrescens and T. inflata. The highest part of the high marsh, above mean higher high water, is usually marked by increases in the percentage of T. inflata and Haplophragmoides sp. Miliammina fusca is found throughout the high and low marsh. The low marsh may be divisible into two subzones: an upper subzone with T. macrescens f. macrescens and T. inflata and a lower subzone with Ammotium salsum and Ammobaculites exiguus. Mudflat assemblages contain Reophax nana, M. fusca, A. salsum, A. exiguus, and low numbers of calcareous species. Assemblages resemble those studied in other cool-temperature tidal marshes, but the elevational range of the high marsh foraminiferal zone in Oregon is greater than the range of equivalent zones in the tidal marshes of eastern North America. Large ranges on low and high marsh assemblage zones limit the precision with which changes in paleosea levels can be estimated from fossil assemblages in Oregon. C1 US GEOL SURVEY,DENVER,CO 80225. RP JENNINGS, AE (reprint author), UNIV COLORADO,INST ARCTIC & ALPINE RES,CAMPUS BOX 450,BOULDER,CO 80309, USA. NR 71 TC 89 Z9 96 U1 0 U2 2 PU CUSHMAN FOUNDATION FORAMINIFERAL RES PI CAMBRIDGE PA MUSEUM COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY, DEPT INVERTEBRATE PALEONTOLOGY 26 OXFORD ST, HARVARD UNIV, CAMBRIDGE, MA 02138 SN 0096-1191 J9 J FORAMIN RES JI J. Foraminifer. Res. PD JAN PY 1992 VL 22 IS 1 BP 13 EP 29 PG 17 WC Paleontology SC Paleontology GA HE101 UT WOS:A1992HE10100002 ER PT J AU GIBSON, TG HILL, EE AF GIBSON, TG HILL, EE TI SPECIES DOMINANCE AND EQUITABILITY - PATTERNS IN CENOZOIC FORAMINIFERA OF EASTERN NORTH-AMERICA SO JOURNAL OF FORAMINIFERAL RESEARCH LA English DT Article AB Species dominance in benthonic foraminifera, represented by percent of the assemblage composed of the single most abundant species, shows little change in observed range of values from shallow into deep-marine waters in 1,005 samples from the Gulf of Mexico, Atlantic, and Arctic margins of North America. This finding contrasts with the model that species dominance is highest in shallow-marine environments and decreases offshore into deeper marine waters. In warm waters off the southeastern U.S., the dominant species composes 10-50% of the benthonic assemblage in inner neritic environments; this range of dominance percentages remains unchanged down to depths of 5,000 m. Analysis of a large sample subset from the northeastern Gulf of Mexico, which was placed into three depth intervals of 0-200, 201-1,000, and greater than 1,000 m, indicates differences, however, between the means of dominance values in the three intervals. The mean of dominance is statistically higher in the deepest depth interval of greater than 1,000 m (mean of 24.0%) than in the shallowest interval of 0-200 m (mean of 20.0%). The lowest mean of dominance (15.3%) occurs in the 201-1,000 m interval. In cooler waters off the northeastern U.S. Atlantic coast, the most dominant species composes from 15-82% of the assemblage in waters 0-200 m deep, and also has a similar range of 9-90% in waters 201-5,000 m deep. Here, the highest mean of dominance, 42.5%, is found in the 0-200 m depth interval; this mean is significantly higher than the mean of 32.4% found in the deepest interval of greater than 1,000 m. The lowest mean of dominance, 27.0%, again is found in the continental slope interval of 201-1,000 m. A significantly higher mean of dominance occurs in the northern Atlantic data subset compared to that found in the northeastern Gulf of Mexico subset. Thus, use of species dominance in paleobathymetric interpretation of open-marine strata should be applied with caution. Marginal-marine assemblages consistently have high dominance (30-95%) and low diversity (2-11 species); a combination of these two characteristics makes these environments more recognizable in the fosil record. Equitability (E), the relation of all species abundances within an assemblage, also shows little change between the values found in shallow-marine assemblages and those found in assemblages from deeper water environments. Considerable variation in E values exists within all depth intervals, and it is of no discernible use for paleoenvironmental interpretation. Surprisingly high scatter exists among the relationships of equitability (E), species diversity (S), and dominance values of the assemblages. Equitability and dominance values found in 421 assemblages from Paleocene, Eocene, Miocene, and Pleistocene strata of the Atlantic and eastern Gulf of Mexico coastal plains are similar to the modern values. RP GIBSON, TG (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,970 NATL CTR,RESTON,VA 22092, USA. NR 40 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 4 PU CUSHMAN FOUNDATION FORAMINIFERAL RES PI CAMBRIDGE PA MUSEUM COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY, DEPT INVERTEBRATE PALEONTOLOGY 26 OXFORD ST, HARVARD UNIV, CAMBRIDGE, MA 02138 SN 0096-1191 J9 J FORAMIN RES JI J. Foraminifer. Res. PD JAN PY 1992 VL 22 IS 1 BP 34 EP 51 PG 18 WC Paleontology SC Paleontology GA HE101 UT WOS:A1992HE10100004 ER PT J AU CAMPBELL, WH SCHIFFMACHER, ER ARORA, BR AF CAMPBELL, WH SCHIFFMACHER, ER ARORA, BR TI QUIET GEOMAGNETIC-FIELD REPRESENTATION FOR ALL DAYS AND LATITUDES SO JOURNAL OF GEOMAGNETISM AND GEOELECTRICITY LA English DT Article AB This paper describes a technique for obtaining the quiet-time geomagnetic field variation expected for all days of the year and distribution of latitudes from a limited set of selected quiet days within a year at a discrete set of locations. We used a data set of observatories operated by Indian and USSR scientists in 1976 and 1977 near 75-degrees-E longitude as illustration. Our method relies upon spatial smoothing of the decomposed spectral components. An evaluation of the fidelity of the resulting model shows correlation coefficients usually above 0.9 at the lower latitudes and near 0.7 at the higher latitudes with variations identified as dependent upon season and field element. C1 INDIAN INST GEOMAGNETISM,BOMBAY 400005,INDIA. RP CAMPBELL, WH (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,MAIL STOP 968,BOX 25046,DENVER,CO 80225, USA. NR 0 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 0 PU TERRA SCIENTIFIC PUBL CO PI TOKYO PA 2003 SANSEI JIYUGAOKA HAIMU, 5-27-19 OKUSAWA, SETAGAYA-KU, TOKYO 158, JAPAN SN 0022-1392 J9 J GEOMAGN GEOELECTR JI J. Geomagn. Geoelectr. PY 1992 VL 44 IS 6 BP 459 EP 480 PG 22 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA JL054 UT WOS:A1992JL05400007 ER PT J AU PEDDIE, NW AF PEDDIE, NW TI ANALYSIS OF GEOMAGNETIC SECULAR VARIATION DURING 1980-1985 AND 1985-1990, AND GEOMAGNETIC MODELS PROPOSED FOR THE 1991 REVISION OF THE INTERNATIONAL GEOMAGNETIC REFERENCE FIELD SO JOURNAL OF GEOMAGNETISM AND GEOELECTRICITY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 1991 ( 5TH ) REVISION OF THE INTERNATIONAL GEOMAGNETIC REFERENCE FIELD, AT THE 20TH GENERAL ASSEMBLY OF THE INTERNATIONAL UNION OF GEODESY AND GEOPHYSICS CY AUG, 1991 CL VIENNA, AUSTRIA SP INT UNION GEODESY & GEOPHYS AB The secular variation of the main geomagnetic field during the periods 1980-1985 and 1985-1990 was analyzed in terms of spherical harmonics up to the eighth degree and order. Data from worldwide magnetic observatories and the Navy's Project MAGNET aerial surveys were used. The resulting pair of secular-variation models was used to update the Definitive Geomagnetic Reference Field (DGRF) model for 1980, resulting in new main-field models for 1985.0 and 1990.0. These, along with the secular-variation model for 1985-1990, were proposed for the 1991 revision of the International Geomagnetic Reference Field (IGRF). RP PEDDIE, NW (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,MS-968,BOX 25046,DENVER,CO 80225, USA. NR 6 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU TERRA SCIENTIFIC PUBL CO PI TOKYO PA 2003 SANSEI JIYUGAOKA HAIMU, 5-27-19 OKUSAWA, SETAGAYA-KU, TOKYO 158, JAPAN SN 0022-1392 J9 J GEOMAGN GEOELECTR JI J. Geomagn. Geoelectr. PY 1992 VL 44 IS 9 BP 735 EP 743 PG 9 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA KD182 UT WOS:A1992KD18200005 ER PT J AU PEDDIE, NW AF PEDDIE, NW TI EVALUATION OF MODELS PROPOSED FOR THE 1991 REVISION OF THE INTERNATIONAL GEOMAGNETIC REFERENCE FIELD SO JOURNAL OF GEOMAGNETISM AND GEOELECTRICITY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 1991 ( 5TH ) REVISION OF THE INTERNATIONAL GEOMAGNETIC REFERENCE FIELD, AT THE 20TH GENERAL ASSEMBLY OF THE INTERNATIONAL UNION OF GEODESY AND GEOPHYSICS CY AUG, 1991 CL VIENNA, AUSTRIA SP INT UNION GEODESY & GEOPHYS AB The 1991 revision of the international Geomagnetic Reference Field (IGRF) comprises a definitive main-field model for 1985.0, a main-field model for 1990.0, and a forecast secular-variation model for the period 1990-1995. The five 1985.0 main-field models and five 1990.0 main-field models that were proposed have been evaluated by comparing them with one another, with magnetic observatory data, and with Project MAGNET aerial survey data. The three secular-variation models that were proposed have also been compared with one another, and with estimates of recent rates of change at the observatories. The comparisons indicate that the main-field models proposed by IZMIRAN, and the secular-variation model proposed jointly by the British Geological Survey and the U.S. Naval Oceanographic Office, should be assigned relatively lower weight in the derivation of the new IGRF models. RP PEDDIE, NW (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,MS-968,BOX 25046,LAKEWOOD,CO 80225, USA. NR 10 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU TERRA SCIENTIFIC PUBL CO PI TOKYO PA 2003 SANSEI JIYUGAOKA HAIMU, 5-27-19 OKUSAWA, SETAGAYA-KU, TOKYO 158, JAPAN SN 0022-1392 J9 J GEOMAGN GEOELECTR JI J. Geomagn. Geoelectr. PY 1992 VL 44 IS 9 BP 793 EP 803 PG 11 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA KD182 UT WOS:A1992KD18200008 ER PT J AU FOUNTAIN, AG AF FOUNTAIN, AG TI SUBGLACIAL WATER-FLOW INFERRED FROM STREAM MEASUREMENTS AT SOUTH CASCADE GLACIER, WASHINGTON, USA SO JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID SYSTEM; HYDROLOGY; MECHANISM; PRESSURE AB The subglacial drainage system of South Cascade Glacier is inferred by examining how discharges of water, solutes and artificial tracers in streams draining the glacier respond to meltwater and precipitation on the glacier surface. Results indicate that the glacier is divided into three (two large and one small) drainage basins, each drained by a single stream. The positions of drainage divides on the glacier surface do not always lie directly over those at the base of the glacier. Comparisons of water discharge and cation load in each of the two main streams indicate that subglacial hydraulic processes differ between drainage basins. One stream drains from a conduit that is isolated in its lower reach from the surrounding subglacial region and receives water routed englacially from the surface. The upper reach of the conduit also receives water routed englacially from the surface as well as from a distributed subglacial flow system. The other main stream drains from a conduit coupled to a debris layer beneath the glacier. Observations of the layer in natural ice tunnels indicate that the water may flow within a thin layer of debris. A one-dimensional model of flow through the debris layer can explain both the base-flow and diurnal variations of the second main stream. RP FOUNTAIN, AG (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,DENVER,CO 80225, USA. NR 27 TC 27 Z9 27 U1 0 U2 0 PU INT GLACIOL SOC PI CAMBRIDGE PA LENSFIELD RD, CAMBRIDGE, ENGLAND CB2 1ER SN 0022-1430 J9 J GLACIOL JI J. Glaciol. PY 1992 VL 38 IS 128 BP 51 EP 64 PG 14 WC Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Physical Geography; Geology GA JD115 UT WOS:A1992JD11500007 ER PT J AU HARTMAN, KJ VONDRACEK, B PARRISH, DL MUTH, KM AF HARTMAN, KJ VONDRACEK, B PARRISH, DL MUTH, KM TI DIETS OF EMERALD AND SPOTTAIL SHINERS AND POTENTIAL INTERACTIONS WITH OTHER WESTERN LAKE ERIE PLANKTIVOROUS FISHES SO JOURNAL OF GREAT LAKES RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE YELLOW PERCH; WHITE PERCH; GIZZARD SHAD; EMERALD SHINER; SPOTTAIL SHINER; CLADOCERA; DIET OVERLAP; LAKE ERIE; ZOOPLANKTON; PLANKTIVOROUS FISH ID YELLOW PERCH; COMPETITION; PREY; FOOD AB Emerald shiner (Notropis atherinoides) and spottail shiner (N. hudsonius) were abundant historically in western Lake Erie. Recent changes in the fish community suggest that shiners may not compete favorably with the invading white perch (Morone americana) or the gizzard shad (Dorosoma cepedianum). We examined the diets of emerald and spottail shiner and compared them to other planktivores in western Lake Erie. Emerald and spottail shiner ate cladocerans such as Daphnia spp., Leptodora, and Bythotrephes. Biologically significant overlaps (Schoener 1970 index greater-than-or-equal-to 0.6) among zooplanktivores occurred from July through September, but most occurred during July. The frequency of significant diet overlaps among planktivores declined since an earlier study in the mid-1970s (Muth and Busch 1989) possibly indicating that competitive interactions have eased since 1975. In addition to competitive interactions, other factors such as increased eutrophication and predator mediated mortality likely played a role in planktivore community changes since the early 1970s. C1 OHIO STATE UNIV,US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,OHIO COOPERAT FISH & WILDLIFE RES UNIT,COLUMBUS,OH 43210. US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,NATL FISHERIES RES CTR GREAT LAKES,SANDUSKY BIOL STN,SANDUSKY,OH 44870. NR 16 TC 28 Z9 30 U1 0 U2 21 PU INT ASSOC GREAT LAKES RES PI ANN ARBOR PA 2200 BONISTEEL BLVD, ANN ARBOR, MI 48109-2099 SN 0380-1330 J9 J GREAT LAKES RES JI J. Gt. Lakes Res. PY 1992 VL 18 IS 1 BP 43 EP 50 PG 8 WC Environmental Sciences; Limnology; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA HP681 UT WOS:A1992HP68100005 ER PT J AU EDSALL, TA BROWN, CL KENNEDY, GW POE, TP AF EDSALL, TA BROWN, CL KENNEDY, GW POE, TP TI LAKE TROUT SPAWNING HABITAT IN THE 6 FATHOM BANK-YANKEE REEF LAKE TROUT SANCTUARY, LAKE HURON SO JOURNAL OF GREAT LAKES RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE GREAT LAKES; SIDE-SCAN SONAR; MANNED SUBMERSIBLE; UNDERWATER VIDEO; KARST GEOMORPHOLOGY; HABITAT SUITABILITY; LAKE HURON; LAKE TROUT ID REPRODUCTION; ONTARIO AB Attempts to reestablish self-sustaining stocks of lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush) in the lower four Great Lakes, where the species was extinguished in the 1950s and 1960s, have been largely unsuccessful. To avoid many of the problems believed to be contributing to this failure, the fishery management community recently established several sanctuaries in the offshore waters of the Great Lakes where the development and protection of self-sustaining stocks of lake trout would be a primary management objective. One of these, the Six Fathom Bank-Yankee Reef sanctuary, was created in the south-central portion of Lake Huron. This sanctuary covers 168,000 ha and includes the shallower portions of the Six Fathom and Ipperwash scarps, which are major bathymetric features in the southern half of the lake. Historical accounts describe Six Fathom Bank as the most important lake trout spawing ground in the lake. Here we present the results of lake bed surveys conducted in the sanctuary with side-scan sonar, underwater videocamera systems, and a small research submarine. Our observations of the lake bed are consistent with what is known of the bedrock stratigraphy, glacial history, and karst geomorphology of the Lake Huron basin. Most of the loose rock we found seemed to be derived from local carbonate bedrock formations, although non-carbonate rock probably from Precambrian sources to the north was also present in some areas. Much of the bedrock and loose rock displayed karst solution features described for the Bruce Peninsula on the Ontario shoreline. Our surveys revealed substantial areas of lake bed at water depths of 20-36 m that resembled suitable spawning and fry production habitat for the shallow-water strains of lake trout that are the focus of the rehabilitation effort. Low mid-lake nutrient levels documented recently by others and the extremely high abundance of Mysis relicta (an important item in the diet of young lake trout) that we documented on Yankee Reef also contributed to our evaluation of the sanctuary as a site with high potential to support a self-sustaining population of lake trout. RP EDSALL, TA (reprint author), US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,NATL FISHERIES RES CTR GREAT LAKES,1451 GREEN RD,ANN ARBOR,MI 48105, USA. NR 30 TC 16 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 5 PU INT ASSOC GREAT LAKES RES PI ANN ARBOR PA 2200 BONISTEEL BLVD, ANN ARBOR, MI 48109-2099 SN 0380-1330 J9 J GREAT LAKES RES JI J. Gt. Lakes Res. PY 1992 VL 18 IS 1 BP 70 EP 90 PG 21 WC Environmental Sciences; Limnology; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA HP681 UT WOS:A1992HP68100008 ER PT J AU COLMAN, SM FOSTER, DS HARRISON, DW AF COLMAN, SM FOSTER, DS HARRISON, DW TI DEPRESSIONS AND OTHER LAKE-FLOOR MORPHOLOGICAL FEATURES IN DEEP-WATER, SOUTHERN LAKE-MICHIGAN SO JOURNAL OF GREAT LAKES RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE LAKE MICHIGAN; LAKE MORPHOLOGY; SEDIMENTS; COMPACTION; MASS MOVEMENT; SIDE-SCAN SONAR; SEISMIC PROFILES ID SUPERIOR; SEDIMENTATION; POCKMARKS; ALASKA; GULF AB In the course of studying the stratigraphy of deposits in southern Lake Michigan, we observed a variety of features that disrupt the otherwise smooth, muddy surface of sediments in relatively deep water. The distribution and structure of these features are documented by more than 2,150 km of 3.5 kHz seismic-reflection profiles, and their plan-view has been observed in one area by side-scan sonar and high-resolution bathymetry. The most common features are subcircular depressions, commonly compound, that are irregularly distributed across the lake floor. The depressions are most common in the southern basin of the take where lacustrine sediments are more than a few meters thick, corresponding to water depths greater than about 90 m. We have divided the depressions into three types on the basis of their internal structure seen in seismic-reflection profiles. The depressions show varying degrees of muting, ranging from fresh to completely buried, suggesting a range in the time of their formation. The origin of the depressions is problematic, but their structure suggests collapse and(or) subsidence. Many of the possible mechanisms for formation of the depressions, except compaction dewatering, can be eliminated based on our seismic-reflection, side-scan sonar, bathymetric, and sedimentologic data. However, the precise way in which the dewatering, due to either loading or earthquake accelerations, leads to the depressions and the way in which the depressions are localized are not well understood. Other morphologic features that occur on the floor of deep-water areas in Lake Michigan are relatively rare. They include mass movement features, primarily small slumps; possible iceberg scours; low, irregular, subcircular mounds, possibly small mud volcanoes; and current scours around bedrock knobs. RP COLMAN, SM (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,WOODS HOLE,MA 02543, USA. NR 31 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 2 U2 4 PU INT ASSOC GREAT LAKES RES PI ANN ARBOR PA 2200 BONISTEEL BLVD, ANN ARBOR, MI 48109-2099 SN 0380-1330 J9 J GREAT LAKES RES JI J. Gt. Lakes Res. PY 1992 VL 18 IS 2 BP 267 EP 279 PG 13 WC Environmental Sciences; Limnology; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA HY698 UT WOS:A1992HY69800003 ER PT J AU POTTER, RL FLEISCHER, GW AF POTTER, RL FLEISCHER, GW TI REAPPEARANCE OF SPOONHEAD SCULPINS (COTTUS-RICEI) IN LAKE-MICHIGAN SO JOURNAL OF GREAT LAKES RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE SPOONHEAD SCULPIN; FISH POPULATIONS; LAKE MICHIGAN ID GREAT-LAKES; ONTARIO; ALEWIFE AB Spoonhead sculpins (Cottus ricei) were collected at night in bottom trawls during fall 1990 in Lake Michigan. Specimens were collected at depths from 9 to 91 m at three sites in northern Lake Michigan and at one site in southern Lake Michigan. These specimens represent the first documented collection of this species in Lake Michigan since 1973. RP POTTER, RL (reprint author), US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,NATL FISHERIES RES CTR GREAT LAKES,1451 GREEN RD,ANN ARBOR,MI 48105, USA. NR 17 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 2 PU INT ASSOC GREAT LAKES RES PI ANN ARBOR PA 2200 BONISTEEL BLVD, ANN ARBOR, MI 48109-2099 SN 0380-1330 J9 J GREAT LAKES RES JI J. Gt. Lakes Res. PY 1992 VL 18 IS 4 BP 755 EP 758 PG 4 WC Environmental Sciences; Limnology; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA KJ746 UT WOS:A1992KJ74600018 ER PT J AU DOMAGALSKI, JL DUBROVSKY, NM AF DOMAGALSKI, JL DUBROVSKY, NM TI PESTICIDE-RESIDUES IN GROUND-WATER OF THE SAN-JOAQUIN VALLEY, CALIFORNIA SO JOURNAL OF HYDROLOGY LA English DT Article ID SOIL-WATER; CONTAMINATION AB A regional assessment of non-point-source contamination of pesticide residues in ground water was made of the San Joaquin Valley, an intensively farmed and irrigated structural trough in central California. About 10% of the total pesticide use in the USA is in the San Joaquin Valley. Pesticides detected include atrazine, bromacil, 2,4-DP, diazinon, dibromochloropropane, 1,2-dibromoethane, dicamba, 1,2-dichloropropane, diuron, prometon, prometryn, propazine and simazine. All are soil applied except diazinon. Pesticide leaching is dependent on use patterns, soil texture, total organic carbon in soil, pesticide half-life and depth to water table. Leaching is enhanced by flood-irrigation methods except where the pesticide is foliar applied such as diazinon. Soils in the western San Joaquin Valley are fine grained and are derived primarily from marine shales of the Coast Ranges. Although shallow ground water is present, the fewest number of pesticides were detected in this region. The fine-grained soil inhibits pesticide leaching because of either low vertical permeability or high surface area; both enhance adsorption on to solid phases. Soils of the valley floor tend to be fine grained and have low vertical permeability. Soils in the eastern part of the valley are coarse grained with low total organic carbon and are derived from Sierra Nevada granites. Most pesticide leaching is in these alluvial soils, particularly in areas where depth to ground water is less than 30 m. The areas currently most susceptible to pesticide leaching are eastern Fresno and Tulare Counties. Tritium in water molecules is an indicator of aquifer recharge with water of recent origin. Pesticide residues transported as dissolved species were not detected in non-tritiated water. Although pesticides were not detected in all samples containing high tritium, these samples are indicative of the presence of recharge water that interacted with agricultural soils. RP DOMAGALSKI, JL (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,2800 COTTAGE WAY,SACRAMENTO,CA 95825, USA. NR 41 TC 51 Z9 52 U1 0 U2 11 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0022-1694 J9 J HYDROL JI J. Hydrol. PD JAN PY 1992 VL 130 IS 1-4 BP 299 EP 338 DI 10.1016/0022-1694(92)90115-C PG 40 WC Engineering, Civil; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Engineering; Geology; Water Resources GA HB825 UT WOS:A1992HB82500017 ER PT J AU MICHEL, RL AF MICHEL, RL TI RESIDENCE TIMES IN RIVER BASINS AS DETERMINED BY ANALYSIS OF LONG-TERM TRITIUM RECORDS SO JOURNAL OF HYDROLOGY LA English DT Article ID PACIFIC AB The US Geological Survey has maintained a network of stations to collect samples for the measurement of tritium concentrations in precipitation and streamflow since the early 1960s. Tritium data from outflow waters of river basins draining 4500-75 000 km2 are used to determine average residence times of water within the basins. The basins studied are the Colorado River above Cisco, Utah; the Kissimmee River above Lake Okeechobee, Florida; the Mississippi River above Anoka, Minnesota, the Neuse River above Streets Ferry Bridge near Vanceboro, North Carolina, the Potomac River above Point of Rocks, Maryland; the Sacramento River above Sacramento, California; the Susquehanna River above Harrisburg, Pennsylvania. The basins are modeled with the assumption that the outflow in the river comes from two sources-prompt (within-year) runoff from precipitation, and flow from the long-term reservoirs of the basin. Tritium concentration in the outflow water of the basin is dependent on three factors: (1) tritium concentration in runoff from the long-term reservoir, which depends on the residence time for the reservoir and historical tritium concentrations in precipitation. (2) tritium concentrations in precipitation (the within-year runoff component); (3) relative contributions of flow from the long-term and within-year components. Predicted tritium concentrations for the outflow water in the river basins were calculated for different residence times and for different relative contributions from the two reservoirs. A box model was used to calculate tritium concentrations in the long-term reservoir. Calculated values of outflow tritium concentrations for the basin were regressed against the measured data to obtain a slope as close as possible to 1. These regressions assumed an intercept of zero and were carried out for different values of residence time and reservoir contribution to maximize the fit of modeled versus actual data for all the above rivers. The final slopes of the fitted regression lines ranged from 0.95 to 1.01 (correlation coefficient > 0.96) for the basins studied. Values for the residence time of waters within the basins and average relative contributions of the within-year and long-term reservoirs to outflow were obtained. Values for river basin residence times ranged from 2 years for the Kissimmee River basin to 20 years for the Potomac River basin. The residence times indicate the time scale in which the basin responds to anthropogenic inputs. The modeled tritium concentrations for the basins also furnish input data for urban and agricultural settings where these river waters are used. RP MICHEL, RL (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,431 NATL CTR,RESTON,VA 22092, USA. NR 17 TC 48 Z9 48 U1 1 U2 7 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0022-1694 J9 J HYDROL JI J. Hydrol. PD JAN PY 1992 VL 130 IS 1-4 BP 367 EP 378 DI 10.1016/0022-1694(92)90117-E PG 12 WC Engineering, Civil; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Engineering; Geology; Water Resources GA HB825 UT WOS:A1992HB82500019 ER PT J AU MCMAHON, PB CHAPELLE, FH FALLS, WF BRADLEY, PM AF MCMAHON, PB CHAPELLE, FH FALLS, WF BRADLEY, PM TI ROLE OF MICROBIAL PROCESSES IN LINKING SANDSTONE DIAGENESIS WITH ORGANIC-RICH CLAYS SO JOURNAL OF SEDIMENTARY PETROLOGY LA English DT Article ID COASTAL-PLAIN AQUIFERS; SULFATE REDUCTION; SOUTH-CAROLINA; SEDIMENTS; CARBON; SULFUR; SHALES; MODEL AB Numerous chemical reactions within clay sequences have been proposed to produce dissolved material for diagenesis of deeply-buried sands. However, reactions responsible for solubilizing inorganic and organic constituents in clays at intermediate depths, and their importance to sandstone diagenesis, have not been evaluated. Results from this study show that the processes of microbial organic-acid production (via fermentation) in clays and microbial organic-acid consumption (via sulfate reduction) in sands effectively link organic-rich clays to sandstone diagenesis in the Black Creek Formation of South Carolina. Diagenetic processes have resulted in the formation of 10 volume percent calcite cement, 0.1 volume percent authigenic pyrite, and 1.5 volume percent secondary porosity in Black Creek sands. However, the distribution of these diagenetic processes is not uniform, resulting in net destruction of porosity in some parts of the sand and net porosity enhancement in other parts. Mass balance-derived rates of microbial organic-acid production (10(-5) mmole carbon l-1 yr-1) and microbial CO2 production (4 x 10(-5) mmole l-1 yr-1) show that microbial processes can account for all organic carbon in the calcite cements (at least 11% of carbonate carbon based on isotope-balance calculations), all observed authigenic pyrite, and all observed secondary porosity. These findings show that microbial processes can serve to link organic-rich clays with sandstone diagenesis at intermediate depths. RP MCMAHON, PB (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,720 GRACERN RD,SUITE 129,COLUMBIA,SC 29210, USA. NR 30 TC 48 Z9 51 U1 1 U2 5 PU SEPM-SOC SEDIMENTARY GEOLOGY PI TULSA PA 1731 E 71ST STREET, TULSA, OK 74136-5108 SN 0022-4472 J9 J SEDIMENT PETROL PD JAN PY 1992 VL 62 IS 1 BP 1 EP 10 PG 10 WC Geology SC Geology GA HF681 UT WOS:A1992HF68100001 ER PT J AU VECCHIA, AV AF VECCHIA, AV TI A NEW METHOD OF PREDICTION FOR SPATIAL REGRESSION-MODELS WITH CORRELATED ERRORS SO JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL STATISTICAL SOCIETY SERIES B-METHODOLOGICAL LA English DT Article DE HILBERT SPACE; MAXIMUM LIKELIHOOD; NONLATTICE DATA; UNIVERSAL KRIGING ID COVARIANCE AB This paper deals with minimum mean-squared error, unbiased linear interpolation of a continuous domain spatial process based on a sparse set of irregularly spaced observations. The process is assumed to be governed by a linear regression model with errors that follow a second-order stationary Gaussian random field. A new method of prediction is developed that is compatible with the parameter estimation procedures of Vecchia. The result is a new likelihood-based method for joint parameter estimation and prediction that can be applied to large or small data sets with irregularly spaced data. Simulated and observed data sets are analysed to illustrate the methods. RP VECCHIA, AV (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,DENVER FED CTR,DIV WATER RESOURCES,BOX 25046,MS 418,DENVER,CO 80225, USA. NR 8 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 1 PU BLACKWELL PUBL LTD PI OXFORD PA 108 COWLEY RD, OXFORD, OXON, ENGLAND OX4 1JF SN 0035-9246 J9 J ROY STAT SOC B MET JI J. R. Stat. Soc. Ser. B-Methodol. PY 1992 VL 54 IS 3 BP 813 EP 830 PG 18 WC Statistics & Probability SC Mathematics GA JD310 UT WOS:A1992JD31000010 ER PT J AU RAWSON, RE DELGIUDICE, GD DZIUK, HE MECH, LD AF RAWSON, RE DELGIUDICE, GD DZIUK, HE MECH, LD TI ENERGY-METABOLISM AND HEMATOLOGY OF WHITE-TAILED DEER FAWNS SO JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE DISEASES LA English DT Article DE WHITE-TAILED DEER; HEART RATE; HEMATOLOGY; METABOLIC RATE; ODOCOILEUS-VIRGINIANUS; RESPIRATION; WEIGHT GAIN AB Resting metabolic rates, weight gains and hematologic profiles of six newborn, captive white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) fawns (four females, two males) were determined during the first 3 mo of life. Estimated mean daily weight gain of f awns was 0. 2 kg. The regression equation for metabolic rate was: Metabolic rate (kcal/kg0.75/day) = 56.1 + 1.3 (age in days), r = 0.65, P < 0.001). Regression equations were also used to relate age to red blood cell count (RBC), hemoglobin concentration (Hb), packed cell volume, white blood cell count, mean corpuscular volume, mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC), and mean corpuscular hemoglobin. The age relationships of Hb, MCHC, and smaller RBC's were indicative of an increasing and more efficient oxygen-carrying and exchange capacity to fulfill the increasing metabolic demands for oxygen associated with increasing body size. C1 UNIV MINNESOTA,DEPT FISHERIES & WILDLIFE,ST PAUL,MN 55108. US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,PATUXENT WILDLIFE RES CTR,LAUREL,MD 20708. N CENT FOREST EXPT STN,ST PAUL,MN 55108. RP RAWSON, RE (reprint author), UNIV MINNESOTA,DEPT VET BIOL,ST PAUL,MN 55108, USA. NR 20 TC 15 Z9 18 U1 2 U2 7 PU WILDLIFE DISEASE ASSN, INC PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH ST, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 SN 0090-3558 J9 J WILDLIFE DIS JI J. Wildl. Dis. PD JAN PY 1992 VL 28 IS 1 BP 91 EP 94 PG 4 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA HB253 UT WOS:A1992HB25300012 PM 1548807 ER PT J AU PAVEGLIO, FL BUNCK, CM HEINZ, GH AF PAVEGLIO, FL BUNCK, CM HEINZ, GH TI SELENIUM AND BORON IN AQUATIC BIRDS FROM CENTRAL CALIFORNIA SO JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article ID MALLARD REPRODUCTION; NUTRIENT RESERVES; WATERFOWL; VALLEY AB Subsurface agricultural drainwater used for marsh management has resulted in trace element contamination of aquatic bird food chains in central California. Consequently, we collected breeding and wintering aquatic birds from the Grassland Water District (GWD) of California during 1985-88 to measure selenium (Se) and boron (B) contamination resulting from use of such drainage water for wetland management. During the breeding and wintering periods, livers of birds from the North and South areas of the Grasslands contained concentrations of Se and B that have been associated with reproductive impairment. Birds from the South Grasslands, which had received more undiluted drainage water, were more contaminated than those from the North Grasslands. Birds had higher (P < 0.001) levels of Se and B at the end of the 1985-86 wintering period than at the beginning, indicating that the Grasslands was the major source of contamination. Concentrations of Se decreased from 1985 through 1988, after freshwater was substituted for irrigation drainage water during autumn 1985. B concentrations in wintering birds, except for American coots (Fulica americana), declined to background levels, while concentrations in breeding birds remained slightly elevated. However, after 3 years of freshwater management of the Grasslands, liver Se levels in some breeding and wintering birds still were above concentrations associated with impaired reproduction in laboratory and field studies. In areas with high potential for leaching of Se and B from agricultural land, irrigation drainage water should not be used for wetland management. C1 US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,PATUXENT WILDLIFE RES CTR,LAUREL,MD 20708. RP PAVEGLIO, FL (reprint author), US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,SAN LUIS NATL WILDLIFE REFUGE,LOS BANOS,CA 93635, USA. NR 37 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 1 U2 2 PU WILDLIFE SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2197 SN 0022-541X J9 J WILDLIFE MANAGE JI J. Wildl. Manage. PD JAN PY 1992 VL 56 IS 1 BP 31 EP 42 DI 10.2307/3808788 PG 12 WC Ecology; Zoology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Zoology GA HA129 UT WOS:A1992HA12900004 ER PT J AU RAVELING, DG NICHOLS, JD HINES, JE ZEZULAK, DS SILVEIRA, JG JOHNSON, JC ALDRICH, TW WELDON, JA AF RAVELING, DG NICHOLS, JD HINES, JE ZEZULAK, DS SILVEIRA, JG JOHNSON, JC ALDRICH, TW WELDON, JA TI SURVIVAL OF CACKLING CANADA GEESE, 1982-1988 SO JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article ID CAPTURE-RECAPTURE MODELS; UNEQUAL CATCHABILITY; RATES; AGE; RETENTION; RECOVERY; FLYWAY AB We estimated seasonal and annual survival rates of cackling Canada geese (Branta canadensis minima) for the period 1982-1989 to identify periods of high mortality and assess effects of harvest management decisions. We tested hypotheses about age- and sex-specific variation in survival, seasonal variation in survival rates, and variation in survival between years in which hunting seasons were open and closed. Geese were marked with individually identifiable neckbands and observed from autumn through spring. We used these data to estimate survival rates for 3-month periods in early (EW) and late (LW) winter and a 6-month period in summer (SU). Mean annual survival rates of immature females were lower than those of adults over the entire study. Survival rates of immature males were lower than those of adults during the 2 years with sport hunting seasons. We found no evidence of sex-specific differences in seasonal or annual survival rates of immature geese. Mean survival rates of adult males and females were similar during EW and LW, but there was evidence of higher survival of females during SU. Annual survival rates of adult females were higher than those of adult males. Mean annual survival rates of adult females and immatures of both sexes were lower in the years during which sport hunting was permitted. Tests for different survival rates in years before and after an agreement with the Eskimos to cease summer hunting yielded equivocal results. C1 US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,PATUXENT WILDLIFE RES CTR,LAUREL,MD 20708. UNIV CALIF DAVIS,DEPT WILDLIFE & FISHERIES BIOL,DAVIS,CA 95616. NR 34 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 1 PU WILDLIFE SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2197 SN 0022-541X J9 J WILDLIFE MANAGE JI J. Wildl. Manage. PD JAN PY 1992 VL 56 IS 1 BP 63 EP 73 DI 10.2307/3808791 PG 11 WC Ecology; Zoology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Zoology GA HA129 UT WOS:A1992HA12900007 ER PT J AU MELLEN, TK MESLOW, EC MANNAN, RW AF MELLEN, TK MESLOW, EC MANNAN, RW TI SUMMERTIME HOME RANGE AND HABITAT USE OF PILEATED WOODPECKERS IN WESTERN OREGON SO JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article ID DOUGLAS-FIR FORESTS; NORTHEASTERN OREGON; SIZE; REQUIREMENTS AB Current allocations of habitat for pileated woodpeckers (Dryocopus pileatus) on National Forests in the western United States may be inadequate because of previous methods used to calculate this species' home range. Hence, we used radio telemetry to determine home ranges (n = 11) and habitat use (n = 14) of pileated woodpeckers in the Coast Ranges of western Oregon during the summers of 1982-85. Home ranges for individual adult birds, after young had fledged, averaged 478 ha. Home ranges for pairs were larger. Home ranges were larger than those reported in other studies. Pileated woodpeckers preferred (P < 0.05) forest vegetation classes that were older than 40 years and deciduous riparian habitats for foraging and other diurnal activities more than classes that were younger than 40 years. Nesting and roosting occurred only in forest stands older than 70 years. The amount of foraging habitat within the home ranges averaged 310 ha; whereas the amount of nesting and roosting habitat averaged 225 ha. Because pileated woodpeckers forage in immature forests, they may not be good management indicator species for mature and old-growth forest habitats. C1 OREGON STATE UNIV,COOPERAT WILDLIFE RES UNIT,CORVALLIS,OR 97331. OREGON STATE UNIV,COOPERAT WILDLIFE RES UNIT,US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,CORVALLIS,OR 97331. UNIV ARIZONA,SCH RENEWABLE NAT RESOURCES,TUCSON,AZ 85721. NR 27 TC 21 Z9 21 U1 1 U2 10 PU WILDLIFE SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2197 SN 0022-541X J9 J WILDLIFE MANAGE JI J. Wildl. Manage. PD JAN PY 1992 VL 56 IS 1 BP 96 EP 103 DI 10.2307/3808796 PG 8 WC Ecology; Zoology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Zoology GA HA129 UT WOS:A1992HA12900012 ER PT J AU EULISS, NH SWANSON, GA MACKAY, J AF EULISS, NH SWANSON, GA MACKAY, J TI MULTIPLE TUBE SAMPLER FOR BENTHIC AND PELAGIC INVERTEBRATES IN SHALLOW WETLANDS SO JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article ID WATERFOWL FOODS; WINGED TEAL; DESIGN AB Sampling devices that minimize bias and function in aquatic habitats used by waterfowl are needed. We devised a multiple tube sampling device for quantitative sampling of small (< 3 cm) aquatic invertebrates in wetlands. The sampler reduced bias associated with sampling macroinvertebrates that utilize the benthic-pelagic interface because it simultaneously collects benthic and water column invertebrates. The sampler was statistically superior to other sampling devices because each sampling effort provided 4 subsamples and a within-sample variance that could be estimated. The device also was durable and reasonably inexpensive to construct. C1 US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,NO PRAIRIE WILDLIFE RES CTR,DIXON,CA 95620. RP EULISS, NH (reprint author), US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,NO PRAIRIE WILDLIFE RES CTR,ROUTE 1,BOX 96C,JAMESTOWN,ND 58401, USA. NR 20 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 1 PU WILDLIFE SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2197 SN 0022-541X J9 J WILDLIFE MANAGE JI J. Wildl. Manage. PD JAN PY 1992 VL 56 IS 1 BP 186 EP 191 DI 10.2307/3808807 PG 6 WC Ecology; Zoology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Zoology GA HA129 UT WOS:A1992HA12900023 ER PT J AU FLETCHER, CH KNEBEL, HJ KRAFT, JC AF FLETCHER, CH KNEBEL, HJ KRAFT, JC TI HOLOCENE DEPOCENTER MIGRATION AND SEDIMENT ACCUMULATION IN DELAWARE BAY - A SUBMERGING MARGINAL MARINE SEDIMENTARY BASIN SO MARINE GEOLOGY LA English DT Article ID RATES; HISTORY; ESTUARY; MARSH AB The Holocene transgression of the Delaware Bay estuary and adjacent Atlantic coast results from the combined effect of regional crustal subsidence and eustasy. Together, the estuary and ocean coast constitute a small sedimentary basin whose principal depocenter has migrated with the transgression. A millenial time series of isopach and paleogeographic reconstructions for the migrating depocenter outlines the basin-wide pattern of sediment distribution and accumulation. Upland sediments entering the basin through the estuarine turbidity maximum accumulate in tidal wetland or open water sedimentary environments. Wind-wave activity at the edge of the tidal wetlands erodes the aggraded Holocene section and builds migrating washover barriers. Along the Atlantic and estuary coasts of Delaware, the area of the upland environment decreases from 2.0 billion m2 to 730 million m2 during the transgression. The area of the tidal wetland environment increases from 140 million to 270 million m2, and due to the widening of the estuary the area of open water increases from 190 million to 1.21 billion m2. Gross uncorrected rates of sediment accumulation for the tidal wetlands decrease from 0.64 mm/yr at 6 ka to 0.48 mm/yr at 1 ka. In the open water environments uncorrected rates decrease from 0.50 mm/yr to 0.04 mm/yr over the same period. We also present data on total sediment volumes within the tidal wetland and open water environments at specific intervals during the Holocene. C1 US GEOL SURVEY,WOODS HOLE,MA 02543. UNIV DELAWARE,DEPT GEOL,NEWARK,DE 19716. RP FLETCHER, CH (reprint author), UNIV HAWAII,SOEST,DEPT GEOL & GEOPHYS,2525 CORREA RD,HONOLULU,HI 96822, USA. NR 26 TC 18 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 3 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0025-3227 J9 MAR GEOL JI Mar. Geol. PD JAN PY 1992 VL 103 IS 1-3 BP 165 EP 183 DI 10.1016/0025-3227(92)90014-9 PG 19 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Oceanography SC Geology; Oceanography GA HG308 UT WOS:A1992HG30800009 ER PT J AU POPPE, LJ COMMEAU, JA AF POPPE, LJ COMMEAU, JA TI MINERALOGY OF THE SILT FRACTION IN SURFICIAL SEDIMENTS FROM THE UNITED-STATES MID-ATLANTIC SHELF, SLOPE AND RISE SO MARINE GEOLOGY LA English DT Article ID CONTINENTAL SLOPE; DEPOSITION AB An analysis of the abundances and distributions of silt-sized heavy minerals from the U.S. mid-Atlantic outer continental shelf, slope, and rise shows that heavy minerals constitute a substantially greater weight percent of the silt fraction than that of the sand fraction regardless of environment and sediment texture. Concentrations of silt-sized heavy minerals progressively decrease from the shelf where they average 6.94%, to the slope and rise where they average 4.45% and 3.45%, respectively. A mixed amphibole-garnet + staurolite-epidote-pyroxene association dominates the silt-sized heavy mineral assemblage on the slope and rise; an ilmenite-amphibole-epidote association predominates on the shelf. Downslope trends in detrital nonmicaceous silt-sized heavy mineral abundances are related to hydraulic sorting rather than to chemical weathering. Elevated concentrations of the authigenic pyrite, siderite, dolomite + ankerite, and, possibly, phosphorite in the surficial slope sediment suggests that formation of silt-sized heavy minerals by diagenetic processes is relatively more important there than on the continental shelf or rise. RP POPPE, LJ (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,WOODS HOLE,MA 02543, USA. NR 35 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0025-3227 J9 MAR GEOL JI Mar. Geol. PD JAN PY 1992 VL 103 IS 1-3 BP 185 EP 197 DI 10.1016/0025-3227(92)90015-A PG 13 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Oceanography SC Geology; Oceanography GA HG308 UT WOS:A1992HG30800010 ER PT J AU HOSTETTLER, FD RAPP, JB KVENVOLDEN, KA AF HOSTETTLER, FD RAPP, JB KVENVOLDEN, KA TI USE OF GEOCHEMICAL BIOMARKERS IN BOTTOM SEDIMENT TO TRACK OIL FROM A SPILL, SAN-FRANCISCO BAY, CALIFORNIA SO MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN LA English DT Article ID POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC-HYDROCARBONS; MONTEREY FORMATION; MATURATION; BASIN AB In April 1988, approximately 1500 m3 of a San Joaquin Valley crude oil were accidentally released from a Shell Oil Co. refinery near Martinez, California. The oil flowed into Carquinez Strait and Suisun Bay in northern San Francisco Bay. Sediment and oil samples were collected within a week and analysed for geochemical marker compounds in order to track the molecular signature of the oil spill in the bottom sediment. Identification of the spilled oil in the sediment was complicated by the degraded nature of the oil and the similarity of the remaining, chromatographically resolvable constituents to those already present in the sediments from anthropogenic petroleum contamination, pyrogenic sources, and urban drainage. Ratios of hopane and sterane biomarkers, and of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and their alkylated derivatives best identified the oil impingement. They showed the oil impact at this early stage to be surficial only, and to be patchy even within an area of heavy oil exposure. RP US GEOL SURVEY, 345 MIDDLEFIELD RD, MENLO PK, CA 94025 USA. NR 16 TC 32 Z9 32 U1 0 U2 4 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0025-326X EI 1879-3363 J9 MAR POLLUT BULL JI Mar. Pollut. Bull. PD JAN PY 1992 VL 24 IS 1 BP 15 EP 20 DI 10.1016/0025-326X(92)90311-S PG 6 WC Environmental Sciences; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA HG125 UT WOS:A1992HG12500005 ER PT J AU DOWSETT, HJ WIGGS, LB AF DOWSETT, HJ WIGGS, LB TI PLANKTONIC FORAMINIFERAL ASSEMBLAGE OF THE YORKTOWN FORMATION, VIRGINIA, USA SO MICROPALEONTOLOGY LA English DT Article ID ATLANTIC COASTAL-PLAIN; GRAPHIC CORRELATION; SOUTH-ATLANTIC; NORTH-ATLANTIC; PLIOCENE; DEPOSITS AB Planktonic foraminifers from Coastal Plain deposits in southeastern Virginia provide biochronologic control and paleoceanographic information for the lectostratotype of the Yorktown Formation and type localities of its four members. Faunas recovered from six localities are consistent with faunas reported from the Yorktown in North Carolina and Yorktown correlatives (Duplin and Raysor Formations) from Georgia to North Carolina and support an age assignment between 3.0 and 4.0 Ma. Quantitative estimates of surface temperature based upon the planktonic foraminifer assemblages indicate winter conditions 3-degrees to 5-degrees-C warmer than today and summer conditions essentially equivalent to today during Yorktown deposition. RP DOWSETT, HJ (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,970 NATL CTR,RESTON,VA 22092, USA. OI Dowsett, Harry/0000-0003-1983-7524 NR 34 TC 26 Z9 26 U1 0 U2 1 PU MICROPALEONTOLOGY PRESS PI NEW YORK PA AMER MUSEUM NAT HISTORY 79TH ST AT CENTRAL PARK WEST, NEW YORK, NY 10024 SN 0026-2803 J9 MICROPALEONTOLOGY JI Micropaleontology PY 1992 VL 38 IS 1 BP 75 EP 86 DI 10.2307/1485844 PG 12 WC Paleontology SC Paleontology GA HU621 UT WOS:A1992HU62100004 ER PT B AU NORD, GL AF NORD, GL BE BUSECK, PR TI IMAGING TRANSFORMATION-INDUCED MICROSTRUCTURES SO MINERALS AND REACTIONS AT THE ATOMIC SCALE : TRANSMISSION ELECTRON MICROSCOPY SE REVIEWS IN MINERALOGY LA English DT Review CT SHORT COURSE ON MINERALS AND REACTIONS AT THE ATOMIC SCALE : TRANSMISSION ELECTRON MICROSCOPY / 1992 ANNUAL MEETING OF THE MINERALOGICAL SOC OF AMERICAN CY OCT 23-25, 1992 CL COLLEGE CORNER, OH SP MINERAL SOC AMER, GEOL SOC AMER RP NORD, GL (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,MAIL STOP 969,RESTON,VA 22092, USA. NR 0 TC 41 Z9 41 U1 1 U2 3 PU MINERALOGICAL SOC AMERICA PI WASHINGTON PA WASHINGTON BN 0-939950-32-4 J9 REV MINERAL PY 1992 VL 27 BP 455 EP 508 PG 54 WC Microscopy; Mineralogy SC Microscopy; Mineralogy GA BW84M UT WOS:A1992BW84M00013 ER PT B AU SCOTT, NJ RAMOTNIK, CA AF SCOTT, NJ RAMOTNIK, CA GP USDA TI DOES THE SACRAMENTO MOUNTAIN SALAMANDER REQUIRE OLD-GROWTH FORESTS SO OLD-GROWTH FORESTS IN THE SOUTHWEST AND ROCKY MOUNTAIN REGIONS : PROCEEDINGS OF A WORKSHOP SE USDA FOREST SERVICE GENERAL TECHNICAL REPORT ROCKY MOUNTAIN LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT WORKSHOP ON OLD-GROWTH FORESTS IN THE SOUTHWEST AND ROCKY MOUNTAIN REGIONS CY MAR 09-13, 1992 CL PORTAL, AZ SP USDA, FOREST SERV, ROCKY MT FOREST & RANGE EXPT STN RP SCOTT, NJ (reprint author), UNIV NEW MEXICO,MUSEUM SW BIOL,US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,NATL ECOL RES CTR,ALBUQUERQUE,NM 87131, USA. NR 0 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 1 U2 3 PU US DEPT AGR, FOREST SERV ROCKY MT FOREST & RANGE EXPTL STN PI FT COLLINS PA FT COLLINS J9 USDA ROCKY PY 1992 VL 213 BP 170 EP 178 PG 9 WC Ecology; Forestry SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Forestry GA BW52P UT WOS:A1992BW52P00019 ER PT B AU BARRON, JA AF BARRON, JA BE Tsuchi, R Ingle, JC TI PALEOCEANOGRAPHIC AND TECTONIC CONTROLS ON THE PLIOCENE DIATOM RECORD OF CALIFORNIA SO PACIFIC NEOGENE: ENVIRONMENT, EVOLUTION, AND EVENTS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 5th International Congress on Pacific Neogene Stratigraphy and Associated Meetings of IGCP Project 246 (Pacific Neogene Events in Time and Space) CY OCT 06-10, 1991 CL SHIZUOKA, JAPAN C1 US GEOL SURVEY,PALEONTOL & STRATIG BRANCH,MENLO PK,CA 94025. NR 0 TC 11 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 0 PU UNIV TOKYO PRESS PI TOKYO PA 7-3-1 HONGO, BUNKYO-KU, TOKYO JAPAN BN 4-13-068206-7 PY 1992 BP 25 EP 41 PG 17 WC Geology; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Oceanography; Paleontology SC Geology; Oceanography; Paleontology GA BZ95P UT WOS:A1992BZ95P00003 ER PT J AU SKALET, CD LEE, GYG LADNER, LJ AF SKALET, CD LEE, GYG LADNER, LJ TI IMPLEMENTATION OF SOFTCOPY PHOTOGRAMMETRIC WORKSTATIONS AT THE UNITED-STATES GEOLOGICAL SURVEY SO PHOTOGRAMMETRIC ENGINEERING AND REMOTE SENSING LA English DT Article AB The U.S. Geological Survey has provided the Nation with primary quadrangle maps and map products for the last 50 years. The Survey recently completed initial coverage of the conterminous United States and Hawaii at 1:24,000 scale. In Alaska, complete coverage exists at 1:63,360 scale. Effort is underway to build a National Digital Cartographic Data Base (NDCDB) composed of the digital representation of these and other map series. In addition, the Survey plans to meet the demand for more current and complete data through the development and promotion of spatial data standards in cooperation with other Federal, State, local, and private organizations. Plans for a digital revision program call for the extensive use of softcopy monoscopic workstations to serve as the mechanism for revising the planimetric digital data layers. These workstations will be supplemented by analog and analytical photogrammetric workstations to handle hypsography and some amount of feature classification. The advent of a digital orthophotograph production capability, coupled with workstation technology, has directed this trend. The Geological Survey has initiated two research projects to study digital orthophotograph production and revision processes. C1 US GEOL SURVEY,WESTERN MAPPING CTR,MENLO PK,CA 94025. RP SKALET, CD (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,ROCKY MT MAPPING CTR,DENVER,CO 80225, USA. NR 6 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC PHOTOGRAMMETRY PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 210, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2160 SN 0099-1112 J9 PHOTOGRAMM ENG REM S JI Photogramm. Eng. Remote Sens. PD JAN PY 1992 VL 58 IS 1 BP 57 EP 63 PG 7 WC Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Physical Geography; Geology; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA GX509 UT WOS:A1992GX50900004 ER PT J AU SCOTT, DH CHAPMAN, MG RICE, JW DOHM, JM AF SCOTT, DH CHAPMAN, MG RICE, JW DOHM, JM TI NEW EVIDENCE OF LACUSTRINE BASINS ON MARS - AMAZONIS AND UTOPIA-PLANITIAE SO PROCEEDINGS OF LUNAR AND PLANETARY SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID LANDFORMS; VALLES; WATER; ICE AB Amazonis and Utopia Plantiae are two large basins on Mars that have morphologic features commonly associated with former standing bodies of water. The investigation of these areas is an extension of our previous paleolake studies in the Elysium Basin. Like Elysium, the basins exhibit terraces and lineations resembling shorelines, etched and infilled floors marked by sinuous channels in places, inflow channels along their borders, and other geomorphic indicators believed to be related to the presence of water and ice. Moreover, most of the shoreline features have consistent elevations of about -1000 m, which suggests that the bodies of water thought to have occupied the basins may once have been connected. Although our concept of large paleolakes in the northern lowlands of Mars might be expanded to include inland seas, it is still premature to advance this hypothesis at the present stage of investigation. Even though these postulated paleolakes are very young in the martian stratigraphic sequence, they are probably much older than large Pleistocene lakes on Earth, and their shoreline features are less well preserved. RP SCOTT, DH (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,2255 N GEMINI DR,FLAGSTAFF,AZ 86001, USA. RI Dohm, James/A-3831-2014 NR 39 TC 35 Z9 35 U1 1 U2 2 PU LUNAR AND PLANETARY INST PI HOUSTON PA 3600 BAY AREA BLVD, HOUSTON, TX 77058 SN 0270-9511 J9 P LUNAR PLANET SCI PY 1992 VL 22 BP 53 EP 62 PG 10 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA MG416 UT WOS:A1992MG41600005 ER PT J AU TANAKA, KL CHAPMAN, MG AF TANAKA, KL CHAPMAN, MG TI KASEI-VALLES, MARS - INTERPRETATION OF CANYON MATERIALS AND FLOOD SOURCES SO PROCEEDINGS OF LUNAR AND PLANETARY SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID MARTIAN CRUST; GROUND ICE; VOLCANISM; REGION AB Kasei Valles cut through some 3000 m of plateau materials of Lunae Planum and Tempe Terra. The entire stratigraphic sequence may possibly consist of resistant, Lower Hesperian ridged plains material consisting of lava flows interbedded with sedimentary deposits. However, on the basis of observed geomorphologic relations that vary with depth, we propose that the sequence is capped by ridged plains material (a 250- to 500-m-thick unit primarily made up of lava flows) overlying relatively weak, Noachian plateau materials that increase in resistance to erosion below a 1000-m depth. The plateau materials, which are layered in places, are probably composed of a mixture of impact breccia and volcanic and sedimentary rocks. The lower zone of higher strength in the plateau materials (possibly capped by a thin, very resistant layer) below 1000 m may be explained by induration, perhaps by compaction and cementation that occurred below frozen rock Flooding began in the Late Hesperian, probably on from the Tharsis rise, where volcanotectonic activity produced high ground-water pressures. Ground water sluiced through hydrofractures above the resistant zone at 1000-m depth and erupted in northern Kasei Valles, forming mostly northeast-trending troughs of Sacra Fossae and etching joints in the ridged plains material. Some of the flood waters invaded the upper weak zone of die Noachian plateau materials, producing chaotic and knobby terrains of low relief (less than a few hundred meters). At this time, the plateau sequence between about 100 and 1000 m in depth contained ground ice, which sapped to produce both wide (and flat-floored) and narrow troughs of Sacra Fossae. Later flooding originated from Echus (and possibly Hebes) Chasma, eroding broadly (across 400 km in places) through the weaker, upper part of the plateau sequence; in its waning stages, this flooding occupied inner narrow channels that cut more deeply into the lower, indurated plateau rocks. The floods produced longitudinal grooves and densely arrayed sapping canyons. RP TANAKA, KL (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,2255 N GEMINI DR,FLAGSTAFF,AZ 86001, USA. NR 35 TC 19 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 2 PU LUNAR AND PLANETARY INST PI HOUSTON PA 3600 BAY AREA BLVD, HOUSTON, TX 77058 SN 0270-9511 J9 P LUNAR PLANET SCI PY 1992 VL 22 BP 73 EP 83 PG 11 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA MG416 UT WOS:A1992MG41600007 ER PT J AU PREMO, WR TATSUMOTO, M AF PREMO, WR TATSUMOTO, M TI U-TH-PB, RB-SR, AND SM-ND ISOTOPIC SYSTEMATICS OF LUNAR TROCTOLITIC CUMULATE-76535 - IMPLICATIONS ON THE AGE AND ORIGIN OF THIS EARLY LUNAR, DEEP-SEATED CUMULATE SO PROCEEDINGS OF LUNAR AND PLANETARY SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID LIQUID; CRUST AB The U-Th-Pb, Rb-Sr, and Sm-Nd isotopic systematics of four lightly leached residues (two of plagioclase, an olivine-pyroxene mixture, and a whole rock) of pristine, high-Mg, troctolitic cumulate 76535 were analyzed in order to help clarify its age and characterize its magma source. Uranium-lead and Th-Pb isochron ages using three of the four residues are between 4.15 to 4.20 Ga, and define approximate initial Pb values of Pb-206/Pb-204 is similar to 72, Pb-207/Pb-204 is similar to 121, and Pb-208/Pb-204 is similar to 87. Three of the four residues define a precise Pb-207/Pb-206 age of 4226 +/- 35 Ma and indicate a source Pb composition similar to that found in anorthosites 15415 and 67075. Because the initial Pb values for 76535 are not well defined by this study, assumed initial Pb correction values must be used in order to calculate U-Pb ages. Correcting the U-Pb data from the best three residues with initial Pb values equal to the isotopic composition of Canyon Diablo troilite (CDT) defines an upper-intercept age of approximately 4.74 Ga. This age is clearly too old and proves that CDT Pb values are not the correct initial Pb values for this rock. If we use initial Pb values (Pb-206/Pb-204 = 70.8 and Pb-207/Pb-204 = 119) that produce the best linear fit of the U-Pb data from all four residues, an upper-intercept age of 4236 +/- 15 Ma is defined. These U-Pb results are particularly attractive because they yield the same age as the Pb-Pb age, confirm the initial values defined by U-Pb and Th-Pb isochrons for 76535, and die lower-intercept age of 62 +/- 320 Ma is within error of a previously reported average Kr exposure age of 223 +/- 16 Ma. If this is the age of excavation, then that event also caused partial Pb loss in 76535. Our U-Pb results indicate that the olivine-pyroxene residue exhibits open-system isotopic behavior, an observation verified by anomalous olivine results in previous isotopic studies of 76535, and draws into question a Rb-Sr internal isochron age of 4.51 +/- 0.07 Ga (lambda(RB) = 1.42 x 10(-11) yr-1) from the Literature that is dependent on the use of four out of five quasilinear, olivine separates. Without the olivine separates, a younger Rb-Sr age of approximately 4.38 Ga is indicated. Our Rb-Sr isotopic results on the four residues are comparable to previous Rb-Sr data, but unfortunately do not independently offer any useful age data. A two-point Sm-Nd isochron yielding an age of 4330 +/- 64 Ma using the same four residues is within error limits of a Sm-Nd internal isochron age of 4260 +/- 60 Ma for 76535 from the literature. The apparent agreement between the Sm-Nd, Pb-Pb, U-Pb, and Th-Pb internal isochron ages is strong evidence that approximately 4.23 Ga is a very good estimate of the U-Th-Pb isotopic closure temperature (or crystallization?) age for the troctolitic cumulate, thought to have once been deep-seated, slow-cooling lunar crust. Assuming the age of 4.236 Ga (and corresponding initial Pb values) and a single-stage Pb evolution from primordial Pb isotopic values at 4.56 Ga as the age of the Moon, the data indicate that the cumulate was in isotopic equilibrium with a fluid or magma characterized by a high U-238/Pb-204 (mu) value of 600 at 4.236 Ga. Two- and three-stage Pb evolution calculations define even greater source mu values of approximately 1000, assuming low lunar initial mu values between 5 and 40 prior to approximately 4.43 Ga. These results are similar to mu values for KREEP sources and are also consistent with values from 78235, suggesting that at least some high-Mg suite rocks were derived from magma sources with high-mu values (e.g., >400) similar to KREEP, and support the idea that these rocks postdate primary lunar differentiation and formation of ferroan anorthosites. RP PREMO, WR (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,ISOTOPE GEOL BRANCH,LAKEWOOD,CO 80225, USA. NR 50 TC 20 Z9 20 U1 0 U2 0 PU LUNAR AND PLANETARY INST PI HOUSTON PA 3600 BAY AREA BLVD, HOUSTON, TX 77058 SN 0270-9511 J9 P LUNAR PLANET SCI PY 1992 VL 22 BP 381 EP 397 PG 17 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA MG416 UT WOS:A1992MG41600033 ER PT S AU SCOTT, DH CHAPMAN, MG RICE, JW DOHM, JM AF SCOTT, DH CHAPMAN, MG RICE, JW DOHM, JM BE Ryder, G Sharpton, VL TI NEW EVIDENCE OF LACUSTRINE BASINS ON MARS - AMAZONIS AND UTOPIA-PLANITIAE SO PROCEEDINGS OF LUNAR AND PLANETARY SCIENCE, VOL 22 SE PROCEEDINGS OF LUNAR AND PLANETARY SCIENCE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 22ND ANNUAL LUNAR AND PLANETARY CONF CY MAR 18-22, 1991 CL HOUSTON, TX SP LUNAR & PLANETARY INST, NASA, JOHNSON SPACE CTR, AMER ASSOC PETR GEOLOGISTS, AMER GEOPHY UNION, AMER ASTRON SOC, DIV PLANETARY SCI, GEOL SOC AMER, INT UNION GEOL SCI, METEORIT SOC RP SCOTT, DH (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,2255 N GEMINI DR,FLAGSTAFF,AZ 86001, USA. RI Dohm, James/A-3831-2014 NR 0 TC 35 Z9 35 U1 1 U2 2 PU LUNAR & PLANETARY INST PI HOUSTON PA HOUSTON SN 0270-9511 BN 0-942862-06-6 J9 P LUNAR PLANET SCI PY 1992 VL 22 BP 53 EP 62 PG 10 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA BZ04N UT WOS:A1992BZ04N00005 ER PT S AU TANAKA, KL CHAPMAN, MG AF TANAKA, KL CHAPMAN, MG BE Ryder, G Sharpton, VL TI KASEI-VALLES, MARS - INTERPRETATION OF CANYON MATERIALS AND FLOOD SOURCES SO PROCEEDINGS OF LUNAR AND PLANETARY SCIENCE, VOL 22 SE PROCEEDINGS OF LUNAR AND PLANETARY SCIENCE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 22ND ANNUAL LUNAR AND PLANETARY CONF CY MAR 18-22, 1991 CL HOUSTON, TX SP LUNAR & PLANETARY INST, NASA, JOHNSON SPACE CTR, AMER ASSOC PETR GEOLOGISTS, AMER GEOPHY UNION, AMER ASTRON SOC, DIV PLANETARY SCI, GEOL SOC AMER, INT UNION GEOL SCI, METEORIT SOC RP TANAKA, KL (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,2255 N GEMINI DR,FLAGSTAFF,AZ 86001, USA. NR 0 TC 19 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 2 PU LUNAR & PLANETARY INST PI HOUSTON PA HOUSTON SN 0270-9511 BN 0-942862-06-6 J9 P LUNAR PLANET SCI PY 1992 VL 22 BP 73 EP 83 PG 11 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA BZ04N UT WOS:A1992BZ04N00007 ER PT S AU PREMO, WR TATSUMOTO, M AF PREMO, WR TATSUMOTO, M BE Ryder, G Sharpton, VL TI U-TH-PB, RB-SR, AND SM-ND ISOTOPIC SYSTEMATICS OF LUNAR TROCTOLITIC CUMULATE-76535 - IMPLICATIONS ON THE AGE AND ORIGIN OF THIS EARLY LUNAR, DEEP-SEATED CUMULATE SO PROCEEDINGS OF LUNAR AND PLANETARY SCIENCE, VOL 22 SE PROCEEDINGS OF LUNAR AND PLANETARY SCIENCE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 22ND ANNUAL LUNAR AND PLANETARY CONF CY MAR 18-22, 1991 CL HOUSTON, TX SP LUNAR & PLANETARY INST, NASA, JOHNSON SPACE CTR, AMER ASSOC PETR GEOLOGISTS, AMER GEOPHY UNION, AMER ASTRON SOC, DIV PLANETARY SCI, GEOL SOC AMER, INT UNION GEOL SCI, METEORIT SOC RP PREMO, WR (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,ISOTOPE GEOL BRANCH,LAKEWOOD,CO 80225, USA. NR 0 TC 20 Z9 20 U1 0 U2 0 PU LUNAR & PLANETARY INST PI HOUSTON PA HOUSTON SN 0270-9511 BN 0-942862-06-6 J9 P LUNAR PLANET SCI PY 1992 VL 22 BP 381 EP 397 PG 17 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA BZ04N UT WOS:A1992BZ04N00033 ER PT B AU WALTEMEYER, SD KERNODLE, JM AF WALTEMEYER, SD KERNODLE, JM BE SHAFER, B TI COMPUTATION OF A SNOWPACK-LOSS COMPONENT FOR A WATER-BUDGET MODEL FOR THE SAN-JUAN AQUIFER BASIN IN NEW-MEXICO AND COLORADO SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE WESTERN SNOW CONFERENCE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 60TH ANNUAL MEETING OF THE WESTERN SNOW CONF CY APR 14-16, 1992 CL JACKSON, WY RP WALTEMEYER, SD (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,WYOMING WATER RESOURCES DIV,1939 WARNER CIRCLE,SANTA FE,NM 87501, USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU WESTERN SNOW CONFERENCE PI PORTLAND PA PORTLAND PY 1992 BP 141 EP 145 PG 5 WC Forestry; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Water Resources SC Forestry; Geology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Water Resources GA BW81T UT WOS:A1992BW81T00019 ER PT J AU MULLAN, JW ROCKHOLD, A CHRISMAN, CR AF MULLAN, JW ROCKHOLD, A CHRISMAN, CR TI LIFE HISTORIES AND PRECOCITY OF CHINOOK SALMON IN THE MID-COLUMBIA RIVER SO PROGRESSIVE FISH-CULTURIST LA English DT Note AB We review available information on the phenomenon of precocious sexual development in stream-type (spring run) male chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha), provide some new data, and suggest implications. Females consistently outnumber males about 3:2 in adult returns of stream-type chinook salmon to the mid-Columbia River. No selective harvest occurs. Sex ratios of juveniles favor males. Precocious parr experience more deaths than nonmaturing juveniles, which leads to more females than males among returnees from the ocean. Precocious maturation of males is characteristic of both hatchery and wild stocks. Rapid growth in hatcheries may result in a large increase in precocious males. This could be one factor in the low survival (0.16-0.55%) of stream-type chinook salmon from mid-Columbia River hatcheries. C1 US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,LEAVENWORTH NATL FISH HATCHERY,LEAVENWORTH,WA 98826. RP MULLAN, JW (reprint author), US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,FISHERIES ASSISTANCE OFF,LEAVENWORTH,WA 98826, USA. NR 15 TC 22 Z9 23 U1 1 U2 8 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 SN 0033-0779 J9 PROG FISH CULT JI Progress. Fish-Cult. PD JAN PY 1992 VL 54 IS 1 BP 25 EP 28 DI 10.1577/1548-8640(1992)054<0025:CLHAPO>2.3.CO;2 PG 4 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA HR545 UT WOS:A1992HR54500005 ER PT J AU CARMICHAEL, GJ JONES, RM MORROW, JC AF CARMICHAEL, GJ JONES, RM MORROW, JC TI COMPARATIVE EFFICACY OF OXYGEN DIFFUSERS IN A FISH-HAULING TANK SO PROGRESSIVE FISH-CULTURIST LA English DT Note ID LARGEMOUTH BASS AB Ten commercially available oxygen diffusers were evaluated for aeration efficiency in an experimental fish-hauling tank similar to those frequently used by fishery personnel to haul high densities of warmwater fishes. All diffusers examined had oxygen transfer efficiencies of less than 15%. Most diffusers were tested with five oxygen flow rates. As many as four sizes of diffusers were also examined. The three most efficient diffusers evaluated were Micropore 100 tubing, carbon stone, and Schramm hose, although their relative efficacies differed depending on diffuser size and oxygen flow rates. Direct injection of oxygen into water circulation pumps was as efficient as most diffusers at adding oxygen to the water. Mino-saver surface agitators were also effective at aerating hauling water. Cost, durability, ease of use, and need for additional equipment all may be as important in hauling fish as oxygenation efficiency. New technology needs to be adapted to increase oxygenation efficiency of supplementation devices used with fish-hauling tanks. C1 USDA ARS,CATFISH GENET RES UNIT,STONEVILLE,MS 38776. US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,NATL FISH HATCHERY & TECHNOL CTR,SAN MARCOS,TX 78666. NR 7 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 SN 0033-0779 J9 PROG FISH CULT JI Progress. Fish-Cult. PD JAN PY 1992 VL 54 IS 1 BP 35 EP 40 DI 10.1577/1548-8640(1992)054<0035:CEOODI>2.3.CO;2 PG 6 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA HR545 UT WOS:A1992HR54500007 ER PT J AU HUNN, JB GREER, IE GRADY, AW AF HUNN, JB GREER, IE GRADY, AW TI SOME METHODS FOR ASSESSING THE QUALITY OF STRIPED BASS FOR USE IN LABORATORY STUDIES SO PROGRESSIVE FISH-CULTURIST LA English DT Note ID INORGANIC CONTAMINANTS; MORTALITY; TOXICITY; PROTEIN; LARVAE; WATER; YOUNG; FRESH AB Techniques are described for assessing the quality of cultured striped bass (Morone saxatilis) for use in laboratory studies. Larval striped bass can be screened for swim bladder inflation by their responses to anesthesia with tricaine (MS-222) or benzocaine. Typical values for blood chemistry, condition factor, and responses to a saltwater challenge were established for normal fish larger than 90 mm. Neither blood chemistry measurements, nor liver anatomy, nor body cavity fat correlated well with the incidence of uninflated swim bladders. Extremely low plasma chlorides were found in some fish without inflated swim bladders. Blood characteristics of normal fish fell within reported ranges for hematocrit and total plasma proteins. C1 UNIV MISSOURI,OFF LAB ANIM MED,COLUMBIA,MO 65212. RP HUNN, JB (reprint author), US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,NATL FISHERIES CONTAMINANT RES CTR,4200 NEW HAVEN RD,COLUMBIA,MO 65201, USA. NR 24 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 SN 0033-0779 J9 PROG FISH CULT JI Progress. Fish-Cult. PD JAN PY 1992 VL 54 IS 1 BP 41 EP 45 DI 10.1577/1548-8640(1992)054<0041:SMFATQ>2.3.CO;2 PG 5 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA HR545 UT WOS:A1992HR54500008 ER PT J AU DWYER, WP ORR, WH AF DWYER, WP ORR, WH TI REMOVAL OF RADON GAS LIBERATED BY AERATION COLUMNS IN FISH HATCHERIES SO PROGRESSIVE FISH-CULTURIST LA English DT Note AB Radon gas, a radioactive by-product of uranium decay, is found in groundwater in some areas of the country. Aeration of this water can cause radon gas to be released into the atmosphere. Exposure to radon gas by-products is a health concern because of the increased risk of lung cancer. High levels of radon gas have been measured in fish hatchery buildings, and in some cases, are due to the water flowing through the aeration columns. We developed a simple inexpensive method to reduce the radon problem at Ennis (Montana) National Fish Hatchery. Radon levels in the hatchery building were measured at 200-250 picocuries radon/L air (pCi/L). The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency guidelines recommend remedial action when radon levels exceed 4 pCi/L. Because air is drawn down through aeration columns, we were able to put a collector at the base of the column to collect the off-gas coming out of solution. Off-gas collectors were installed on 38 packed columns at a cost of US$600. Since installation of the collectors, radon gas levels have decreased from 250 pCi/L to 25-40 pCi/L. The off-gas collector is a simple inexpensive method to reduce the magnitude of a dangerous health problem. C1 US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,ENNIS NATL FISH HATCHERY,ENNIS,MT 59729. RP DWYER, WP (reprint author), US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,4050 BRIDGER CANYON RD,BOZEMAN,MT 59715, USA. NR 2 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 SN 0033-0779 J9 PROG FISH CULT JI Progress. Fish-Cult. PD JAN PY 1992 VL 54 IS 1 BP 57 EP 58 DI 10.1577/1548-8640(1992)054<0057:TNRORG>2.3.CO;2 PG 2 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA HR545 UT WOS:A1992HR54500012 ER PT J AU MASON, WT CLUGSTON, JP FOSTER, AM AF MASON, WT CLUGSTON, JP FOSTER, AM TI GROWTH OF LABORATORY-HELD GULF OF MEXICO STURGEON (ACIPENSER-OXYRHYNCHUS-DESOTOI) SO PROGRESSIVE FISH-CULTURIST LA English DT Note AB The first recorded growth of two Gulf of Mexico sturgeon (Acipenser oxyrhynchus desotoi), obtained as recently hatched fry and reared for 17 months (March 25, 1989, through August 31, 1990) in laboratory conditions, is presented. During the first 1.5 months, sturgeon number 1, held in a tank with natural substrates and aerated well water, was offered homogenized amphipods, snails, prawns, crayfish, and chironomid larvae. Sturgeon number 2, held in a 3.8-L aquarium with pea gravel, was offered live brine shrimp (Artemia sp.) and whole aquatic blackworms (Lumbriculus variegatus) tus). For the next 10 months, both Gulf of Mexico sturgeons were fed whole live blackworms and thereafter were provided whole live West African nightcrawlers (Eudrilus eugeniae) and brandling worms (Eisenia foetida) In the first year, sturgeon 1 attained a total length of 71.6 cm and weight of 1.87 kg, and sturgeon 2 grew to 63.4 cm and 1.41 kg. After 17 months before release lo the Suwannee River, Florida, sturgeon 1 was 84.9 cm and 3.06 kg and sturgeon 2 was 78.7 cm and 2.68 kg. RP MASON, WT (reprint author), US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,NATL FISHERIES RES CTR,7920 NW 71ST ST,GAINESVILLE,FL 32606, USA. NR 2 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 SN 0033-0779 J9 PROG FISH CULT JI Progress. Fish-Cult. PD JAN PY 1992 VL 54 IS 1 BP 59 EP 61 DI 10.1577/1548-8640(1992)054<0059:GOLHGO>2.3.CO;2 PG 3 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA HR545 UT WOS:A1992HR54500013 ER PT J AU STONECYPHER, RW FERNANDEZ, JD HUBERT, WA GERN, WA AF STONECYPHER, RW FERNANDEZ, JD HUBERT, WA GERN, WA TI INCREASED COPPER CONCENTRATION IN WATER FROM CHILLING UNITS WITH COPPER EVAPORATOR COILS SO PROGRESSIVE FISH-CULTURIST LA English DT Note ID RAINBOW-TROUT; HATCHING TIME; TEMPERATURE; TOXICITY; HARDNESS; EGGS; PH AB Water chilled for 14 d in static systems by two different chillers with copper evaporator coils was analyzed for total copper concentration. Much higher copper levels (361-394-mu-g/L) were recorded in water from tanks with chillers than in water from control tanks (18-mu-g/L). Copper toxicity problems may occur if chillers with copper evaporator coils are used in hatcheries. C1 UNIV WYOMING, DEPT ZOOL & PHYSIOL, FISH PHYSIOL & TOXICOL LAB, LARAMIE, WY 82071 USA. RP STONECYPHER, RW (reprint author), UNIV WYOMING, US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV, WYOMING COOPERAT FISH & WILDLIFE RES UNIT, LARAMIE, WY 82071 USA. RI Perez , Claudio Alejandro/F-8310-2010 OI Perez , Claudio Alejandro/0000-0001-9688-184X NR 11 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA SN 0033-0779 J9 PROG FISH CULT JI Progress. Fish-Cult. PD JAN PY 1992 VL 54 IS 1 BP 61 EP 63 DI 10.1577/1548-8640(1992)054<0061:ICCIWF>2.3.CO;2 PG 3 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA HR545 UT WOS:A1992HR54500014 ER PT J AU MCGARR, A AF MCGARR, A TI MOMENT TENSORS OF 10 WITWATERSRAND MINE TREMORS SO PURE AND APPLIED GEOPHYSICS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT WORKSHOP ON INDUCED SEISMICITY, AS PART OF THE 33RD US ROCK MECHANICS SYMP CY JUN 10, 1992 CL SANTA FE, NM DE INDUCED SEISMICITY; EARTHQUAKE SOURCE MECHANISM; IMPLOSIVE MOMENT TENSOR COMPONENT AB Ground motions, recorded both underground and on the surface in two of the South African Gold mining districts, were inverted to determine complete moment tensors for 10 mining-induced tremors in the magnitude range 1.9 to 3.3. The resulting moment tensors fall into two separate categories. Seven of the events involve substantial coseismic volumetric reduction -DELTAV together with normal faulting entailing shear deformation SIGMA AD, where the summation is over fault planes of area A and average slip D. For these events the ratio -DELTAV/SIGMA AD ranges from 0.58 to 0.92, with an average value of 0.71. For the remaining three events DELTAV is not significantly different from zero; these events are largely double-couple sources involving normal faulting. Surprisingly, the two types of source mechanism appear to be very distinct in that there is not a continuous distribution of the source mix from DELTAV = 0 to -DELTAV approximately SIGMA AD. Presumably, the coseismic closure indicates substantial interaction between a mine stope and adjacent shear failure in the surrounding rock, under the influence of an ambient stress for which the maximum principal stress is oriented vertically. RP MCGARR, A (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,MS 977,MENLO PK,CA 94025, USA. NR 0 TC 43 Z9 43 U1 1 U2 2 PU BIRKHAUSER VERLAG AG PI BASEL PA PO BOX 133 KLOSTERBERG 23, CH-4010 BASEL, SWITZERLAND SN 0033-4553 J9 PURE APPL GEOPHYS JI Pure Appl. Geophys. PY 1992 VL 139 IS 3-4 BP 781 EP 800 DI 10.1007/BF00879963 PG 20 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA LW503 UT WOS:A1992LW50300022 ER PT J AU SAVAGE, WZ SWOLFS, HS AMADEI, B AF SAVAGE, WZ SWOLFS, HS AMADEI, B TI ON THE STATE OF STRESS IN THE NEAR-SURFACE OF THE EARTHS CRUST SO PURE AND APPLIED GEOPHYSICS LA English DT Article DE INSITU STRESSES; CRUSTAL STRAIN; GRAVITY; PLASTIC FLOW; VISCOELASTICITY AB Five models for near-surface crustal stresses induced by gravity and horizontal deformation and the influence of rock property contrasts, rock strength, and stress relaxation on these stresses am presented. Three of the models-the lateral constraint model, the model for crustal stresses caused by horizontal deformation, and the model for the effects of anisotropy-are linearly elastic. The other two models assume that crustal rocks are brittle or viscoelastic in order to account for the effects of rock strength and time on near-surface stresses. It is shown that the lateral constraint model is simply a special caw of the combined gravity- and deformation-induced stress field when horizontal strains vanish and that the inclusion of the effect of rock anisotropy in the solution for crustal stresses caused by gravity and horizontal deformation broadens the range for predicted stresses. It is also shown that when stress levels in the crust reach the limits of brittle rock strength, these stresses become independent of strain rates and that stress relaxation in ductile crustal rocks subject to constant horizontal strain rates causes horizontal stresses to become independent of time in the long term. RP SAVAGE, WZ (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,DFC,MS 966,BOX 25046,DENVER,CO 80215, USA. NR 0 TC 19 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 3 PU BIRKHAUSER VERLAG AG PI BASEL PA PO BOX 133 KLOSTERBERG 23, CH-4010 BASEL, SWITZERLAND SN 0033-4553 J9 PURE APPL GEOPHYS JI Pure Appl. Geophys. PY 1992 VL 138 IS 2 BP 207 EP 228 DI 10.1007/BF00878896 PG 22 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA KA046 UT WOS:A1992KA04600003 ER PT J AU THOMPSON, RS AF THOMPSON, RS TI LATE QUATERNARY ENVIRONMENTS IN RUBY VALLEY, NEVADA SO QUATERNARY RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID SNAKE RIVER PLAIN; GREAT-BASIN; LAKE; UTAH; VEGETATION; SEDIMENTS; HISTORY; RANGE; IDAHO RP THOMPSON, RS (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,BOX 25046,MS 919,DENVER,CO 80225, USA. NR 49 TC 45 Z9 47 U1 0 U2 3 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC JNL-COMP SUBSCRIPTIONS PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 SN 0033-5894 J9 QUATERNARY RES JI Quat. Res. PD JAN PY 1992 VL 37 IS 1 BP 1 EP 15 DI 10.1016/0033-5894(92)90002-Z PG 15 WC Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Physical Geography; Geology GA GY482 UT WOS:A1992GY48200001 ER PT J AU REIMER, GM AF REIMER, GM TI USING SOIL GAS RADON AND GEOLOGY TO ESTIMATE REGIONAL RADON POTENTIAL SO RADIATION PROTECTION DOSIMETRY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 5TH INTERNATIONAL SYMP ON THE NATURAL RADIATION ENVIRONMENT ( NRE 5 ) CY SEP 22-28, 1991 CL SALZBURG, AUSTRIA AB Two important parameters have been identified in order to estimate the radon potential of a region. They are the soil gas radon concentration and the geological rock type from which soils are derived. A simple soil gas collection and analytical technique has been developed to provide information on soil gas radon concentrations. The application of these techniques has demonstrated a clear relationship between the estimate of the radon potential and indoor radon measurements. This information is particularly important when evaluating the radon potential of areas that will be subject to population expansion in the future. Other factors, such as gamma radiation measurements and soil permeability can be included to improve the estimate of radon potential, but geology and soil gas measurements are the most important factors. Although this approach is useful for regional estimates, it can also be used for site-specific evaluations. C1 US GEOL SURVEY,DENVER FED CTR,MS 939,DENVER,CO 80225. NR 0 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 1 PU NUCLEAR TECHNOLOGY PUBL PI ASHFORD PA PO BOX 7, ASHFORD, KENT, ENGLAND TN23 1YW SN 0144-8420 J9 RADIAT PROT DOSIM JI Radiat. Prot. Dosim. PY 1992 VL 45 IS 1-4 SU S BP 219 EP 221 PG 3 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Nuclear Science & Technology; Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Nuclear Science & Technology; Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging GA LA673 UT WOS:A1992LA67300045 ER PT J AU ROBERTSON, FN AF ROBERTSON, FN TI RADIOCARBON DATING OF GROUNDWATER IN A CONFINED AQUIFER IN SOUTHEAST ARIZONA SO RADIOCARBON LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 14TH INTERNATIONAL RADIOCARBON CONF ( 14C14 ) CY MAY 20-24, 1991 CL TUCSON, AZ SP ASSOC CARBON FOURTEEN LABS, PAUL E DAMON, HYDRO GEO CHEM, PACKARD INSTRUMENT, RES CORP, UNIV ARIZONA, US USSR COOPERAT FIELD BASIC SCI RES PROGRAM, WALLAC OY ID CARBON; SYSTEMS AB Radiocarbon, delta-C-13 and major-element data were used to construct a geochemical framework for interpretation of the hydrological flow system in the lower San Pedro basin, southeastern Arizona, USA. The C-14 and major-element data show a regional confined aquifer that extends throughout most of the basin. Groundwater ages, after correcting for chemistry, are greater than 10 ka BP. The groundwater ages do not increase in a downvalley direction, the assumed direction of groundwater movement in most intermontane basins in the region, but along general flow paths normal to the mountains toward the center of the basin. Recharge to the confined aquifer originates from infiltration of precipitation and runoff near the alluvium-mountain contact along the Galiuro Mountains and is discharged by evapotranspiration along the center of the basin. The hydrogeological concept of the C-14 model is supported by the water chemistry and by the mass transfer defined by the chemical model. Weathering of primary silicate minerals in the confined aquifer does not occur downvalley, but only along the direction of flow. Hydraulic conductivities calculated for the aquifer from C-14 velocities are about an order of magnitude slower than those determined through hydrological methods. The lower hydraulic-conductivity values are attributed to a thick confining layer overlying the discharge area along the San Pedro River. RP ROBERTSON, FN (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,375 S EUCLID AVE,TUCSON,AZ 85719, USA. NR 22 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 1 U2 5 PU UNIV ARIZONA DEPT GEOSCIENCES PI TUCSON PA RADIOCARBON 4717 E FORT LOWELL RD, TUCSON, AZ 85712 SN 0033-8222 J9 RADIOCARBON JI Radiocarbon PY 1992 VL 34 IS 3 BP 664 EP 676 PG 13 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA KF389 UT WOS:A1992KF38900055 ER PT J AU RUBIN, M AF RUBIN, M TI A DAY IN THE LIFE OF ... OR, MY 30-YEAR WAR WITH THE BACKGROUND SO RADIOCARBON LA English DT Editorial Material RP RUBIN, M (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,NATL CTR 971,RESTON,VA 22092, USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU UNIV ARIZONA DEPT GEOSCIENCES PI TUCSON PA RADIOCARBON 4717 E FORT LOWELL RD, TUCSON, AZ 85712 SN 0033-8222 J9 RADIOCARBON JI Radiocarbon PY 1992 VL 34 IS 3 BP R4 EP R5 PG 2 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA KF389 UT WOS:A1992KF38900002 ER PT J AU HENDERSONARZAPALO, A AF HENDERSONARZAPALO, A TI RED DRUM AQUACULTURE SO REVIEWS IN AQUATIC SCIENCES LA English DT Article DE RED DRUM; SCIAENOPS-OCELLATUS; REDFISH; AQUACULTURE; PRODUCTION; LIFE HISTORY; ENVIRONMENTAL TOLERANCES; SCIAENIDAE AB Red drum aquaculture was developed to support stocking and restoration programs, and recently has expanded to include market production. Basic culture methods have been defined. although information on market production is limited. Red drum are relatively tolerant of a wide range ot environmental conditions and can be reared in tanks or ponds. They can be fed commercial diets and growth is rapid, with fish reaching 0.5 to 1.0 kg in 18 months. The closure of commercial fisheries and the high market value have caused red drum aquaculture to grow rapidly as a business venture in the southern U.S. RP HENDERSONARZAPALO, A (reprint author), US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,NATL FISHERIES RES CTR LEETOWN,FISH CULTURE & ECOL LAB,BOX 700,KEARNEYSVILLE,WV 25430, USA. NR 0 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 2 U2 5 PU CRC PRESS INC PI BOCA RATON PA 2000 CORPORATE BLVD NW, JOURNALS CUSTOMER SERVICE, BOCA RATON, FL 33431 SN 0891-4117 J9 REV AQUAT SCI PY 1992 VL 6 IS 5-6 BP 479 EP 491 PG 13 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA JV529 UT WOS:A1992JV52900004 ER PT J AU NORD, GL AF NORD, GL TI IMAGING TRANSFORMATION-INDUCED MICROSTRUCTURES SO REVIEWS IN MINERALOGY LA English DT Review ID TRANSMISSION ELECTRON-MICROSCOPE; ORDER PARAMETER TREATMENT; BETA-PHASE-TRANSITION; ALKALI FELDSPARS; DOMAIN-STRUCTURE; X-RAY; INCOMMENSURATE PHASE; CALCIC PLAGIOCLASE; ANTIPHASE DOMAINS; ILMENITE-HEMATITE RP NORD, GL (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,MAIL STOP 969,RESTON,VA 22092, USA. NR 98 TC 41 Z9 41 U1 1 U2 3 PU MINERALOGICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 1130 17TH ST NW SUITE 330, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0275-0279 J9 REV MINERAL JI Rev. Miner. PY 1992 VL 27 BP 455 EP 508 PG 54 WC Mineralogy SC Mineralogy GA JX184 UT WOS:A1992JX18400013 ER PT J AU WANG, WC AF WANG, WC TI USE OF PLANTS FOR THE ASSESSMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINANTS SO REVIEWS OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Review ID POTAMOGETON-PERFOLIATUS L; ROOT ELONGATION METHOD; HEAVY-METALS; PHENOLIC-COMPOUNDS; SEED-GERMINATION; VASCULAR PLANTS; RICE SEEDLINGS; TOXICITY TESTS; ESTUARINE MICROCOSMS; INDUSTRIAL EFFLUENT RP WANG, WC (reprint author), USGS,400 S CLINTON,IOWA CITY,IA 52240, USA. NR 115 TC 31 Z9 33 U1 2 U2 10 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 SN 0179-5953 J9 REV ENVIRON CONTAM T JI Rev. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. PY 1992 VL 126 BP 87 EP 127 PG 41 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA KP861 UT WOS:A1992KP86100002 ER PT S AU CASADEVALL, TJ AF CASADEVALL, TJ GP FLIGHT SAFETY FDN TI VOLCANIC HAZARDS AND AVIATION SAFETY - LESSONS OF THE PAST DECADE SO SAFETY & TECHNOLOGY - HARMONY OR DISCORD? SE INTERNATIONAL AIR SAFETY SEMINAR PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Flight-Safety-Foundation 45th Annual International Air Safety Seminar/International-Federation-of-Airworthiness 22nd International Conference CY NOV 01-05, 1992 CL LONG BEACH, CA SP FLIGHT SAFETY FDN, INT FEDERAT AIRWORTHINESS C1 US GEOL SURVEY,DENVER,CO 80225. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU FLIGHT SAFETY FOUNDATION PI ALEXANDRIA PA 601 MADISON STREET STE 300, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314 SN 0270-5176 J9 INT AIR SAF SEM P PY 1992 BP 210 EP 220 PG 11 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Engineering, Industrial; Ergonomics; Instruments & Instrumentation; Psychology SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation; Psychology GA BC53F UT WOS:A1992BC53F00018 ER PT J AU POPPE, LJ POAG, CW STANTON, RW AF POPPE, LJ POAG, CW STANTON, RW TI MID-MESOZOIC (MIDJURASSIC TO EARLY CRETACEOUS) EVOLUTION OF THE GEORGES BANK BASIN, UNITED-STATES NORTH-ATLANTIC OUTER CONTINENTAL-SHELF - SEDIMENTOLOGY OF THE CONOCO-145-1 WELL SO SEDIMENTARY GEOLOGY LA English DT Article ID ENGLAND PASSIVE MARGIN; STRATIGRAPHY; SECTION; GULF AB The Conoco 145-1 exploratory well, located in the southeastern portion of the Georges Bank Basin, was drilled to a total depth of 4303 m below the sea floor. The oldest sedimentary rocks sampled are of Middle Jurassic age (Late Bathonian-Callovian). A dolomite-limestone-evaporite sequence dominates the section below 3917 m; limestone is the predominant lithology in the intervals of 3271-3774 m, 2274-3158 m, and 1548-1981 m. Siliciclastics dominate the remainder of the drilled section. Calcite tightly cements most of the rocks below 1548 m; dolomite, silica, siderite, and diagenetic clay cements are locally important. Restricted inner marine environments, representing lagoonal and tidal flat conditions, prevailed at the wellsite during much of the deposition recorded by the Callovian-Bathonian age Iroquois Formation. These environments gave way to a carbonate platform, which formed part of the > 5,000 km long Bahama-Grand Banks gigaplatform that lasted through the end of the Late Jurassic (encompassing the uppermost portion of the Iroquois Formation and the Scatarie Limestone and Bacarro Limestone Members of the Abenaki Formation). The absence of a skeletal-reef association and the dominance of muddy limestone fabrics are evidence that the 145-1 wellsite was located on the platform interior. Major periods of siliciclastic deposition interrupted carbonate deposition, and they are recorded by stratigraphic equivalents of the Mohican Formation, Misaine Shale Member of the Abenaki Formation, and the Mohawk and Mic Mac Formations. A series of sustained prograding delta systems, the earliest of which is preserved as the Missisauga Formation, buried the carbonate platform following its drowning in the Early Cretaceous (Berriasian-Valanginian). The sparser, primarily allochthonous lignite content and better-sorted, glauconite-bearing sands of the Missisauga strata at the 145-1 wellsite suggest that shallow marine or barrier-bar environments were more prevalent than the low delta-plain facies recorded farther shoreward at the COST G-1 wellsite. C1 US GEOL SURVEY,RESTON,VA 22092. RP POPPE, LJ (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,WOODS HOLE,MA 02543, USA. NR 40 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 3 U2 5 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0037-0738 J9 SEDIMENT GEOL JI Sediment. Geol. PD JAN PY 1992 VL 75 IS 3-4 BP 171 EP 192 DI 10.1016/0037-0738(92)90091-5 PG 22 WC Geology SC Geology GA HE872 UT WOS:A1992HE87200001 ER PT J AU KACHANOSKI, RG TANJI, KK ROLLINS, LT WHITTIG, LD FUJII, R AF KACHANOSKI, RG TANJI, KK ROLLINS, LT WHITTIG, LD FUJII, R TI DISSOLUTION KINETICS OF CACO3 - CARKIN-1, A COMPUTER-MODEL SO SOIL SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID CALCIUM-CARBONATE; CRYSTALLIZATION AB A computer model for simulating the kinetics of dissolution of CaCO3, CARKIN- 1, is presented and partially validated with experimental data. Carbonate reactions in the aqueous phase are described in the model by chemical equilibria and equations defining ionic strength, ionic activity, carbon mass balance, charge balance, and calcium mass balance. Physico-chemical processes at the interface between the gaseous and liquid phases and the interface between the liquid and solid phases are described in the model by time-dependent reactions. The rate of CaCO3 dissolution is defined by a partial differential equation similar to the Reddy-Nancollas model for precipitation. The rate of exchange of CO2 gas at the gas-liquid interface is defined by a second partial differential equation that incorporates Fick's law of diffusion, Henry's law, and the rate of change of total aqueous carbon. Data to validate the model are from a "free-drift" laboratory dissolution study with reagent grade powdered CaCO3 and silt-sized Iceland spar at undersaturated to saturated equilibrium concentration levels and several ranges of CO2 pressure at 25-degrees-C. CARKIN-1 demonstrates the potential to simulate dynamic changes in pH and Ca ion activity. Sensitivity of several model parameters is illustrated. The surface area of CaCO3, which is not currently considered explicitly in the model, is clearly an important variable. C1 UNIV CALIF DAVIS,DAVIS,CA 95616. US GEOL SURVEY,DIV WATER RESOURCES,SACRAMENTO,CA. RP KACHANOSKI, RG (reprint author), UNIV GUELPH,DEPT LAND RESOURCE SCI,GUELPH N1G 2W1,ONTARIO,CANADA. NR 11 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 1 U2 1 PU WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI BALTIMORE PA 351 WEST CAMDEN ST, BALTIMORE, MD 21201-2436 SN 0038-075X J9 SOIL SCI JI Soil Sci. PD JAN PY 1992 VL 153 IS 1 BP 13 EP 24 DI 10.1097/00010694-199201000-00003 PG 12 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA HC005 UT WOS:A1992HC00500003 ER PT J AU BELCHANSKII, GI OVCHINNIKOV, GK PETROSYAN, VG PANK, LF DOUGLAS, DC AF BELCHANSKII, GI OVCHINNIKOV, GK PETROSYAN, VG PANK, LF DOUGLAS, DC TI PROCESSING OF DATA FROM SPACE MONITORING TO STUDY LARGE ARCTIC MAMMALS SO SOVIET JOURNAL OF REMOTE SENSING LA English DT Article AB The paper describes the development of special software to process remote sensing data, synchronous subsatellite observations and space biotelemetry data for studies of the ecology of large Arctic mammals. Particular attention is paid to the processing and interpretation of radar data and to the software architecture. C1 US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,ANCHORAGE,AK. RP BELCHANSKII, GI (reprint author), RUSSIAN ACAD SCI,INST EVOLUT MORPHOL & ANIM ECOL,MOSCOW,RUSSIA. RI Petrosyan, Varos/F-9681-2013 OI Petrosyan, Varos/0000-0002-7483-5102 NR 12 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU HARWOOD ACAD PUBL GMBH PI READING PA C/O STBS LTD, PO BOX 90, READING, BERKS, ENGLAND RG1 8JL SN 0275-911X J9 SOV J REMOT SENS+ PY 1992 VL 10 IS 2 BP 311 EP 323 PG 13 WC Geography; Geology; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Geography; Geology; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA KR901 UT WOS:A1992KR90100011 ER PT B AU MATALAS, NC AF MATALAS, NC BE Kuo, JT Lin, GF TI A SCIENTIFIC FOCUS ON ISLAND HYDROLOGY SO STOCHASTIC HYDRAULICS '92 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 6th IAHR International Symposium on Stochastic Hydraulics CY MAY 18-20, 1992 CL TAIPEI, TAIWAN SP INT ASSOC HYDRAUL RES, COMM PROBABILIST METHODS HYDRAUL, NATL TAIWAN UNIV, DEPT CIVIL ENGN, CHINESE INST CIVIL & HYDRAUL ENGN, NATL TAIWAN UNIV, DEPT AGR ENGN, NATL TAIWAN UNIV, HYDRAUL RES LAB, AMER SOC CIVIL ENGINEERS, JAPAN SOC CIVIL ENGINEERS, KOREAN SOC CIVIL ENGINEERS C1 US GEOL SURVEY,RESTON,VA 22092. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU NATIONAL TAIWAN UNIVERSITY PI TAIPEI PA DEPT CIVIL ENGINEERING, TAIPEI 10617, TAIWAN PY 1992 BP 17 EP 35 PG 19 WC Engineering, Civil; Water Resources SC Engineering; Water Resources GA BA50K UT WOS:A1992BA50K00002 ER PT J AU SAIKI, MK JENNINGS, MR WIEDMEYER, RH AF SAIKI, MK JENNINGS, MR WIEDMEYER, RH TI TOXICITY OF AGRICULTURAL SUBSURFACE DRAINWATER FROM THE SAN-JOAQUIN VALLEY, CALIFORNIA, TO JUVENILE CHINOOK SALMON AND STRIPED BASS SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE AMERICAN FISHERIES SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID WATERBORNE SELENIUM; COHO SALMON; BORON; MOLYBDENUM; TROUT AB Juvenile chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha (40-50 mm total length, TL) and striped bass Morone saxatilis (30-40 mm TL) were exposed to serial dilutions (100, 50, 2 5, and 12.5%) of agricultural subsurface drainwater (WWD), reconstituted drainwater (RWWD), and reconstituted seawater (IO). Agricultural subsurface drainwater contained naturally elevated concentrations of major ions (such as sodium and sulfate) and trace elements (especially boron and selenium), RWWD contained concentrations of major ions that mimicked those in WWD but trace elements were not elevated, and IO contained concentrations of total dissolved salt that were similar to those in WWD and RWWD but chloride replaced sulfate as the dominant anion. After 28 d of static exposure, over 75% of the chinook salmon in 100% WWD had died, whereas none had died in other dilutions and water types. Growth of chinook salmon in WWD and RWWD, but not in IO, exhibited dilution responses. All striped bass died in 100% WWD within 23 d, whereas 19 of 20 striped bass had died in 100% RWWD after 28 d. In contrast, none died in 100% IO. Growth of striped bass was impaired only in WWD. Fish in WWD accumulated as much as 200-mu-g/g (dry-weight basis) of boron, whereas fish in control water accumulated less than 3.1-mu-g/g. Although potentially toxic concentrations of selenium occurred in WWD (geometric means, 158-218-mu-g/L), chinook salmon and striped bass exposed to this water type accumulated 5.7-mu-g Se/g or less. These findings indicate that WWD was toxic to chinook salmon and striped bass. Judging from available data, the toxicity of WWD was due primarily to high concentrations of major ions present in atypical ratios, to high concentrations of sulfate, or to both. High concentrations of boron and selenium also may have contributed to the toxicity of WWD, but their effects were not clearly delineated. C1 US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,NATL FISHERIES CONTAMINANT RES CTR,COLUMBIA,MO 65201. RP SAIKI, MK (reprint author), US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,NATL FISHERIES CONTAMINANT RES CTR,FIELD RES STN,6924 TREMONT RD,DIXON,CA 95620, USA. NR 44 TC 31 Z9 32 U1 1 U2 9 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 SN 0002-8487 J9 T AM FISH SOC JI Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. PD JAN PY 1992 VL 121 IS 1 BP 78 EP 93 DI 10.1577/1548-8659(1992)121<0078:TOASDF>2.3.CO;2 PG 16 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA HR399 UT WOS:A1992HR39900008 ER PT J AU BAIN, MB BOLTZ, SE AF BAIN, MB BOLTZ, SE TI EFFECT OF AQUATIC PLANT CONTROL ON THE MICRODISTRIBUTION AND POPULATION CHARACTERISTICS OF LARGEMOUTH BASS SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE AMERICAN FISHERIES SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID HABITAT USE; HOME RANGE; VEGETATION; MOVEMENTS; BLUEGILLS; PREY; LAKE AB Aquatic plants have been controlled in a series of relatively small public-use areas in Guntersville Reservoir on the Tennessee River in northern Alabama. We investigated the effects of herbicide use (2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid, diquat dibromide, copper-ethylenediamine complex) and vegetation reduction on movements and population characteristics of largemouth bass Micropterus salmoides at six sites (5-10 hectares) in this 27,479-hectare impoundment. Fish were sampled by electrofishing, and relative vegetation density was monitored periodically through a 100-d period in late summer and fall of 1989. The locations and movements of 29 largemouth bass were monitored at four study sites with radiotelemetry. Three sites were treated with herbicides applied from airboats, and three control sites were traversed by airboats to simulate herbicide application. Largemouth bass catch rates (catch/1,000 s of electrofishing) did not change in response to herbicide treatment; mean total length of largemouth bass did not differ by site or time relative to herbicide treatment. Largemouth bass condition declined during the study period, and the rate of decline did not differ among sites. Movements of radio-marked largemouth bass were limited (< 300 m) and largely confined to the study sites. Differences among sites, herbicide treatments, and vegetation density had no measurable effect on the movements of largemouth bass. Overall, the results of this study provide no evidence that localized herbicide applications changed the abundance, size structure, condition, or movement of largemouth bass. C1 AUBURN UNIV,US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,ALABAMA COOPERAT FISH & WILDLIFE RES UNIT,AUBURN,AL 36849. US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,ALABAMA COOPERAT FISH & WILDLIFE RES UNIT,ALABAMA GAME & FISH DIV,AUBURN,AL 36849. US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,ALABAMA COOPERAT FISH & WILDLIFE RES UNIT,INST WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT,AUBURN,AL 36849. NR 37 TC 17 Z9 18 U1 1 U2 5 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 SN 0002-8487 J9 T AM FISH SOC JI Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. PD JAN PY 1992 VL 121 IS 1 BP 94 EP 103 DI 10.1577/1548-8659(1992)121<0094:EOAPCO>2.3.CO;2 PG 10 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA HR399 UT WOS:A1992HR39900009 ER PT J AU ROTTIERS, DV REDELL, LA BOOKE, HE AMARAL, S AF ROTTIERS, DV REDELL, LA BOOKE, HE AMARAL, S TI DIFFERENCES IN STOCKS OF AMERICAN SHAD FROM THE COLUMBIA AND DELAWARE RIVERS SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE AMERICAN FISHERIES SOCIETY LA English DT Note AB American shad Alosa sapidissima from the Columbia River on the Pacific coast and the Delaware River on the Atlantic coast were reared from 3 June to 24 October 1986 in two adjacent hypalon-lined ponds. Although fish from the Columbia River were introduced into ponds 29 d after those from the Delaware River, they grew significantly faster and attained a greater final weight. Fish from the Columbia River also had lower mortalities at all test salinities and temperatures than fish from the Delaware River. Electrophoresis revealed allelic differences between the two stocks at one locus (creatine kinase). We conclude that the two stocks of American shad are sufficiently different so that managers should not introduce them to different river systems without careful consideration. C1 UNIV MASSACHUSETTS,US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,MASSACHUSETTS COOPERAT FISHERY RES UNIT,AMHERST,MA 01003. RP ROTTIERS, DV (reprint author), US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,NATL FISHERY RES & DEV LAB,WELLSBORO,PA 16901, USA. NR 11 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 1 U2 4 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 SN 0002-8487 J9 T AM FISH SOC JI Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. PD JAN PY 1992 VL 121 IS 1 BP 132 EP 136 DI 10.1577/1548-8659(1992)121<0132:NDISOA>2.3.CO;2 PG 5 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA HR399 UT WOS:A1992HR39900013 ER PT J AU KEENLYNE, KD GROSSMAN, EM JENKINS, LG AF KEENLYNE, KD GROSSMAN, EM JENKINS, LG TI FECUNDITY OF THE PALLID STURGEON SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE AMERICAN FISHERIES SOCIETY LA English DT Note AB Fecundity was estimated for a 17,110-g, 41-year-old, female pallid sturgeon Scaphirhynchus albus taken from the upper Missouri River. The mass of mature eggs weighed 1,952 g, which represented 11.4% of total body weight. Using a mean of 87 eggs/g, we estimated total fecundity at 170,000 eggs for this fish. C1 US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,JUNEAU,AK 99802. US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,PANAMA CITY,FL 32405. RP KEENLYNE, KD (reprint author), US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,420 S GARFIELD AVE,SUITE 400,PIERRE,SD 57501, USA. NR 7 TC 18 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 SN 0002-8487 J9 T AM FISH SOC JI Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. PD JAN PY 1992 VL 121 IS 1 BP 139 EP 140 DI 10.1577/1548-8659(1992)121<0139:FOTPS>2.3.CO;2 PG 2 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA HR399 UT WOS:A1992HR39900015 ER PT J AU BACON, CR AF BACON, CR TI PARTIALLY MELTED GRANODIORITE AND RELATED ROCKS EJECTED FROM CRATER LAKE CALDERA, OREGON SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY OF EDINBURGH-EARTH SCIENCES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 2ND HUTTON SYMP ON THE ORIGIN OF GRANITES AND RELATED ROCKS CY SEP 23-28, 1991 CL AUSTR ACAD SCI, CANBERRA, AUSTRALIA SP NEWMONT AUSTR, NORMANDY POSEIDEN, PETRO SERV, SHELL AUSTR, ANSETT AUSTR, AUSTR TOURIST COMMISS, BUR MINERAL RESOURCES AUSTR, PLUTON RESOURCES HO AUSTR ACAD SCI DE IGNEOUS PETROLOGY; GRANITE; PARTIAL MELTING; MINERALOGY; GLASS; GEOTHERMOMETRY; MAGMA AB Blocks of medium-grained granodiorite to 4 m, and minor diabase, quartz diorite, granite, aplite and granophyre, are common in ejecta of the approximately 6,900 yr BP caldera-forming eruption of Mount Mazama. The blocks show degrees of melting from 0-50 vol%. Because very few have adhering juvenile magma, it is thought that the blocks are fragments of the Holocene magma chamber's walls. Primary crystallisation of granodiorite produced phenocrystic pl + hyp + aug + mt + il + ap + zc, followed by qz + hb + bt + alkali feldspar (af). Presence of fluid inclusions in all samples implies complete crystallisation before melting. Subsolidus exchange with meteoric hydrothermal fluids before melting is evident in delta-O-18 values of -3.4-+4.9 parts per thousand for quartz and plagioclase in partially melted granodiorites (fresh lavas from the region have delta-O-18 values of +5.8-+7.0 parts per thousand); delta-O-18 values of unmelted granodiorites from preclimatic eruptive units suggest hydrothermal exchange began between approximately 70 and 24 ka. Before eruption, the granitic rocks equilibrated at temperatures, estimated from Fe-Ti oxide compositions, of up to approximately 1000-degrees-C for c. 10(2)-10(4) years at a minimum pressure of 100-18O MPa. Heating caused progressive breakdown or dissolution of hb, af, bt, and qz, so that samples with the highest melt fractions have residual pl + qz and new or re-equilibrated af + hyp + aug + mt + il in high-silica rhyolitic glass (75-77% SiO2). Mineral compositions vary systematically with increasing temperature. Hornblende is absent in rocks with Fe-Ti oxide temperatures > 870-degrees-C, and bt above 970-degrees-C. Oxygen isotope fractionation between qz, pl, and glass in partially fused granodiorite also is consistent with equilibration at T greater-than-or-equal-to 900-degrees-C (DELTA-O-18(qz-pl) = +0.7 +/- 0.5 parts per thousand). Element partitioning between glass and crystals reflects the large fraction of refractory pl, re-equilibration of af and isolation or incomplete dissolution of accessory phases. Ba and REE contents of analysed glass separates can be successfully modelled by observed degrees of partial melting of granodiorite, but Rb, Sr and Sc concentrations cannot. Several samples have veins of microlite-free glass 1-5 mm thick that are compositionally and physically continuous with intergranular melt and which apparently formed after the climactic eruption began. Whole-rock H2O content, microprobe glass analysis sums near 100% and evidence for high temperature suggest liquids in the hotter samples were nearly anhydrous. The occurrence of similar granodiorite blocks at all azimuths around the 8 x 10 km caldera implies derivation from one pluton. Compositional similarity between granodiorite and pre-Mazama rhyodacites suggests that the pluton may have crystallised as recently as 0-4Ma; compositional data preclude crystallisation from the Holocene chamber. The history of crystallisation, hydrothermal alteration, and remelting of the granitic rocks may be characteristic of shallow igneous systems in which the balance between hydrothermal cooling and magmatic input changes repeatedly over intervals of 10(4)-10(6) years. RP BACON, CR (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,MS 910,345 MIDDLEFIELD RD,MENLO PK,CA 94025, USA. NR 0 TC 30 Z9 30 U1 1 U2 3 PU ROYAL SOC EDINBURGH PI EDINBURGH PA 22-24 GEORGE ST, EDINBURGH, MIDLOTHIAN, SCOTLAND EH2 2PQ SN 0263-5933 J9 T ROY SOC EDIN-EARTH JI Trans. R. Soc. Edinb.-Earth Sci. PY 1992 VL 83 BP 27 EP 47 PN 1-2 PG 21 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Paleontology SC Geology; Paleontology GA JL995 UT WOS:A1992JL99500003 ER PT S AU ZEMBAL, R AF ZEMBAL, R BE Valentine, BE Kie, JG TI STATUS AND MANAGEMENT OF LIGHT-FOOTED CLAPPER RAILS IN COASTAL SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE WESTERN SECTION OF THE WILDLIFE SOCIETY 1992, VOL 28 SE TRANSACTIONS OF THE WESTERN SECTION OF THE WILDLIFE SOCIETY LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 1992 Annual Meeting of the Western-Section of the Wildlife-Society CY FEB 05-08, 1992 CL SAN DIEGO, CA SP WILDLIFE SOC, W SECT C1 US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,CARLSBAD,CA 92008. NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 1 U2 2 PU WILDLIFE SOC WESTERN SECTION PI SACRAMENTO PA PO BOX 2567, SACRAMENTO, CA 95812 SN 0893-214X J9 T W SEC WIL PY 1992 VL 28 BP 1 EP 5 PG 5 WC Ecology; Zoology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Zoology GA BA71K UT WOS:A1992BA71K00001 ER PT J AU FANCHER, JM AF FANCHER, JM BE Valentine, BE Kie, JG TI POPULATION STATUS AND TRENDS OF THE CALIFORNIA LEAST TERN SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE WESTERN SECTION OF THE WILDLIFE SOCIETY 1992, VOL 28 SE TRANSACTIONS OF THE WESTERN SECTION OF THE WILDLIFE SOCIETY LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 1992 Annual Meeting of the Western-Section of the Wildlife-Society CY FEB 05-08, 1992 CL SAN DIEGO, CA SP WILDLIFE SOC, W SECT C1 US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,CARLSBAD,CA 92008. NR 0 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU WILDLIFE SOC WESTERN SECTION PI SACRAMENTO PA PO BOX 2567, SACRAMENTO, CA 95812 SN 0893-214X J9 T W SEC WIL PY 1992 VL 28 BP 59 EP 66 PG 8 WC Ecology; Zoology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Zoology GA BA71K UT WOS:A1992BA71K00009 ER PT J AU SEVERSON, RC GOUGH, LP VANDENBOOM, G AF SEVERSON, RC GOUGH, LP VANDENBOOM, G TI BASE-LINE ELEMENT CONCENTRATIONS IN SOILS AND PLANTS, WATTENMEER NATIONAL-PARK, NORTH AND EAST FRISIAN ISLANDS, FEDERAL-REPUBLIC-OF-GERMANY SO WATER AIR AND SOIL POLLUTION LA English DT Article ID ATOMIC-ABSORPTION SPECTROPHOTOMETRY; GEOLOGICAL-MATERIALS; FLOW AB Baseline element concentrations are given for dune grass (Ammophilia arenaria), willow (Salix repens), moss (Hylocomium splendens) and associated surface soils. Baseline and variability data for pH, ash, Al, As, Ba, C, Ca, Cd, Ce, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Hg, K, La, Li, Mg, Mn, Na, Nb, Nd, Ni, P, Pb, S, Sc, Se, Sr, Th, Ti, V, Y, Yb, and Zn are reported; however, not all variables are reported for all media because, in some media, certain elements were below the analytical detection limit. Spatial variation in element concentration between five Frisian Islands are given for each of the sample media. In general, only a few elements in each media showed statistically significant differences between the islands sampled. The measured concentrations in all sample media exhibited ranges that cannot be attributed to anthropogenic additions of trace elements, with the possible exception of Hg and Pb in surface soils. C1 BUNDESANSTALT GEOWISSENSCHAFTEN & ROHSTOFFE,W-3000 HANNOVER 51,GERMANY. RP SEVERSON, RC (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,BOX 25046,MS 973,DENVER,CO 80225, USA. NR 16 TC 20 Z9 20 U1 0 U2 0 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0049-6979 J9 WATER AIR SOIL POLL JI Water Air Soil Pollut. PD JAN PY 1992 VL 61 IS 1-2 BP 169 EP 184 DI 10.1007/BF00478372 PG 16 WC Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Water Resources GA HB332 UT WOS:A1992HB33200011 ER PT J AU NAFF, RL AF NAFF, RL TI ARRIVAL TIMES AND TEMPORAL MOMENTS OF BREAKTHROUGH CURVES FOR AN IMPERFECTLY STRATIFIED AQUIFER SO WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID HETEROGENEOUS POROUS-MEDIA; FICKIAN SUBSURFACE DISPERSION; QUASI-LINEAR THEORY; SOLUTE TRANSPORT; STOCHASTIC-ANALYSIS; BOUNDARY-CONDITIONS; BORDEN SITE; MACRODISPERSION; DIFFUSION AB Using concepts developed in an earlier study, a solution in Laplace transform space is obtained for transport of resident concentration in an imperfectly but yet highly stratified porous medium. The flow field, into which an instantaneous pulse of tracer is injected, is taken to be steady and mean uniform parallel to the direction of stratification. From this transform-space solution either temporal moments can be derived by taking derivatives with respect to the Laplace parameter, or the transform-space solution can be inverted numerically to obtain breakthrough curves for the mean concentration. When compared to an equivalent solution with a Fickian dispersive flux, these temporal moments indicate the extent to which transport in heterogeneous porous media deviates from classical Fickian behavior. The numerical inversion of the Laplace transform solution gives partial breakthrough curves for the mean concentration which have the appearance of conflicting with the derived moment information. A hypothesis is put forth which resolves this apparent conflict; this hypothesis is verified by adding a component of local dispersion to the governing transport equation. On the basis of the flux-averaged concentration a form for the expected probability density function for the arrival time of a tracer particle is derived; arrival time moments and an arrival time cumulative distribution function are available as a consequence. Arrival time moments, as derived from the flux-averaged concentration, do not differ significantly from the resident moments, as derived from the resident concentration. C1 US GEOL SURVEY,DENVER,CO 80225. NR 25 TC 23 Z9 23 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 SN 0043-1397 J9 WATER RESOUR RES JI Water Resour. Res. PD JAN PY 1992 VL 28 IS 1 BP 53 EP 68 DI 10.1029/91WR02105 PG 16 WC Environmental Sciences; Limnology; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Water Resources GA GY772 UT WOS:A1992GY77200006 ER PT J AU ESTES, JA AF ESTES, JA TI CATASTROPHES AND CONSERVATION - LESSONS FROM SEA OTTERS AND THE EXXON-VALDEZ SO SCIENCE LA English DT Editorial Material RP ESTES, JA (reprint author), UNIV CALIF SANTA CRUZ,US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,INST MARINE SCI,SANTA CRUZ,CA 95064, USA. NR 7 TC 31 Z9 31 U1 1 U2 17 PU AMER ASSOC ADVANCEMENT SCIENCE PI WASHINGTON PA 1200 NEW YORK AVE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 SN 0036-8075 J9 SCIENCE JI Science PD DEC 13 PY 1991 VL 254 IS 5038 BP 1596 EP 1596 DI 10.1126/science.254.5038.1596 PG 1 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA GV073 UT WOS:A1991GV07300031 PM 17782209 ER PT J AU NAGY, B GAUTHIERLAFAYE, F HOLLIGER, P DAVIS, DW MOSSMAN, DJ LEVENTHAL, JS RIGALI, MJ PARNELL, J AF NAGY, B GAUTHIERLAFAYE, F HOLLIGER, P DAVIS, DW MOSSMAN, DJ LEVENTHAL, JS RIGALI, MJ PARNELL, J TI ORGANIC-MATTER AND CONTAINMENT OF URANIUM AND FISSIOGENIC ISOTOPES AT THE OKLO NATURAL REACTORS SO NATURE LA English DT Article ID DEPOSITS; GABON; AGE AB SOME of the Precambrian natural fission reactors at Oklo in Gabon contain abundant organic matter 1,2, part of which was liquefied at the time of criticality and subsequently converted to a graphitic solid 3,4 . The liquid organic matter helps to reduce U(VI) to U(IV) from aqueous solutions, resulting in the precipitation of uraninite 5. It is known that in the prevailing reactor environments, precipitated uraninite grains incorporated fission products. We report here observations which show that these uraninite crystals were held immobile within the re-solidified, graphitic bitumen. Unlike water-soluble (humic) organic matter, the graphitic bituminous organics at Oklo thus enhanced radionuclide containment. Uraninite encased in solid graphitic matter in the organic-rich reactor zones lost virtually no fissiogenic lanthanide isotopes. The first major episode of uranium and lead migration was caused by the intrusion of a swarm of adjacent dolerite dykes about 1,100 Myr after the reactors went critical. Our results from Oklo imply that the use of organic, hydrophobic solids such as graphitic bitumen as a means of immobilizing radionuclides in pretreated nuclear waste warrants further investigation. C1 CNRS,CTR GEOCHIM SURFACE,F-67084 STRASBOURG,FRANCE. US GEOL SURVEY,DENVER FED CTR,DENVER,CO 80225. QUEENS UNIV BELFAST,DEPT GEOL,BELFAST BT7 1NN,ANTRIM,NORTH IRELAND. CEN,F-38041 GRENOBLE,FRANCE. ROYAL ONTARIO MUSEUM,DEPT GEOL,TORONTO M5S 2C6,ONTARIO,CANADA. MT ALLISON UNIV,DEPT GEOL,SACKVILLE E0A 3C0,NB,CANADA. RP NAGY, B (reprint author), UNIV ARIZONA,DEPT GEOSCI,ORGAN GEOCHEM LAB,TUCSON,AZ 85721, USA. NR 28 TC 80 Z9 80 U1 2 U2 9 PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD PI LONDON PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF SN 0028-0836 J9 NATURE JI Nature PD DEC 12 PY 1991 VL 354 IS 6353 BP 472 EP 475 DI 10.1038/354472a0 PG 4 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA GV078 UT WOS:A1991GV07800058 ER PT J AU BANKS, PO STUART, WD LIU, SW AF BANKS, PO STUART, WD LIU, SW TI PIEZOMAGNETIC FIELDS OF SCREW DISLOCATION FAULT MODELS SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SOLID EARTH LA English DT Article ID EARTHQUAKE AB An analytical solution is obtained for the piezomagnetic field generated by a single screw dislocation and its image, representing an infinitely long vertical fault with uniform strike slip that cuts the upper or lower portion of a half-space. The solution is readily extendable to other models of strike-slip faults based on vertical arrays of screw dislocations. For reasonable values of the relevant physical constants the field is predicted to be generally below current levels of detectability. This result is a consequence of the symmetry of piezomagnetization around a screw dislocation, which inhibits regions of intense piezomagnetism near the dislocation from contributing to the external field. C1 US GEOL SURVEY,PASADENA,CA 91106. RP BANKS, PO (reprint author), CASE WESTERN RESERVE UNIV,DEPT GEOL SCI,CLEVELAND,OH 44106, USA. NR 14 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 SN 0148-0227 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-SOL EA JI J. Geophys. Res.-Solid Earth PD DEC 10 PY 1991 VL 96 IS B13 BP 21575 EP 21582 DI 10.1029/91JB01976 PG 8 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA GW578 UT WOS:A1991GW57800009 ER PT J AU STEIN, RS BRIOLE, P RUEGG, JC TAPPONNIER, P GASSE, F AF STEIN, RS BRIOLE, P RUEGG, JC TAPPONNIER, P GASSE, F TI CONTEMPORARY, HOLOCENE, AND QUATERNARY DEFORMATION OF THE ASAL RIFT, DJIBOUTI - IMPLICATIONS FOR THE MECHANICS OF SLOW SPREADING RIDGES SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SOLID EARTH LA English DT Article ID MID-OCEAN RIDGES; ACCRETING PLATE BOUNDARIES; NASCENT PASSIVE MARGIN; GHOUBBET RIFT; GEOCHRONOLOGIC DATA; ATLANTIC RIDGE; SOUTHERN AFAR; EAST-AFRICA; TECTONICS; PROPAGATION AB Because the frequency and character of rifting events along mid-ocean ridges are largely unknown, how the repetition of such events gives rise to rift structures is unexplored. The Asal rift in the Afar depression of Djibouti, Africa, provides the world's best subaerial analogue for young slow spreading mid-ocean ridges. Seismic, geodetic, and field observations of a seismovolcanic event in 1978 at Asal yield estimates of the fault and dike locations, geometry, displacement, and volume of basalt extruded in a rifting event. A 6-9 kyr-old lake shore highstand at Asal has been warped downward by 70 m, providing a Holocene measure of the vertical deformation across the rift. The rift topography furnishes an older datum, which we infer to be 34 +/- 6 kyr old using the Holocene deformation rate. We find that faults throughout the rift valley are active; Holocene slip rates diminish beyond 4 km from the rift axis; late Quaternary rates decrease beyond 6-7 km. The Holocene slip rates are used to estimate repeat times by taking the displacement on the faults which slipped in 1978 as characteristic; we find tectonic events on individual faults recur every 200-300 years. Half the rift faults slipped together in the 1978 event. If this is typical, then groups of faults are activated every 100-150 years. We suggest that half the events take place in the rift axis accompanied by volcanic extrusion; the remainder occur peripheral to the neovolcanic zone and involve fault slip only, both events having a repeat time of 200-300 years. Given the 10 km width of the rift and its 16 mm yr-1 spreading rate, the mean age of the material in the rift should be approximately 350 kyr, an order of magnitude older than the inferred age of the formation of the rift topography. The subsidence rate of the rift axis during the past 35 kyr is 8-9 mm yr-1, with the rate of infilling by volcanic extrusion < 1 mm yr-1. The resulting net subsidence rate, about equal to the half-spreading rate of the rift, could not be sustained for 300 kyr without significant infilling by lavas. Thus both observations suggest that the long-term vertical deformation in the rift has not been steady state. Instead, we suggest that there is a rifting/filling cycle at Asal, with the most recent filling episode ending approximately 35 kyr. C1 UNIV PARIS 11,HYDROL & GEOCHIM ISOTOP LAB,F-91405 ORSAY,FRANCE. INST PHYS GLOBE,F-75252 PARIS 05,FRANCE. RP STEIN, RS (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,345 MIDDLEFIELD RD,MS 977,MENLO PK,CA 94025, USA. RI Tapponnier, .Paul/B-7033-2011; Briole, Pierre/D-7405-2017 OI Tapponnier, .Paul/0000-0002-7135-1962; Briole, Pierre/0000-0001-6805-6295 NR 58 TC 66 Z9 66 U1 0 U2 5 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 SN 0148-0227 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-SOL EA JI J. Geophys. Res.-Solid Earth PD DEC 10 PY 1991 VL 96 IS B13 BP 21789 EP 21806 DI 10.1029/91JB02118 PG 18 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA GW578 UT WOS:A1991GW57800022 ER PT J AU BAKER, MB GROVE, TL KINZLER, RJ DONNELLYNOLAN, JM WANDLESS, GA AF BAKER, MB GROVE, TL KINZLER, RJ DONNELLYNOLAN, JM WANDLESS, GA TI ORIGIN OF COMPOSITIONAL ZONATION (HIGH-ALUMINA BASALT TO BASALTIC ANDESITE) IN THE GIANT CRATER LAVA-FIELD, MEDICINE LAKE VOLCANO, NORTHERN CALIFORNIA SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SOLID EARTH LA English DT Article ID DOUBLE-DIFFUSIVE CONVECTION; TRACE-ELEMENT; MAGMA CHAMBER; SILICATE LIQUIDS; CASCADE RANGE; ASSIMILATION; WITHDRAWAL; EVOLUTION; GEOCHEMISTRY; RESERVOIRS AB The Giant Crater lava field erupted high-alumina basalt (HAB), basalt, and basaltic andesite (BA) lavas about 10,500 years ago on the south flank of Medicine Lake volcano. Lava flows from several adjacent vents constitute a compositionally zoned eruption of almost-equal-to 4.4 km3. The earliest lavas are the most evolved (53.5 wt % SiO2 and 6.5 wt % MgO), and latest lavas are the most primitive (48 wt % SiO2 and 10.5 wt % MgO). The evidence from major and trace element chemistry, isotopes and mineral chemistry in lavas and inclusions indicates that fractional crystallization and assimilation of a granitic crustal component played important roles in producing the observed compositional variations. Models that involve fractionation of primitive HAB, assimilation of granitic crust, replenishment of the magma reservoir by primitive HAB and mixing of these components (FARM) are presented for the development of the compositionally zoned eruption. In these models, extensive fractionation of HAB and melting of silicic crust occurs with little or no chemical interaction between fractionated basalt and melted crust. The melted granitic crust is produced by heat supplied through fractionation of large volumes of basaltic magma. In an initial event, melted crust and highly fractionated basalt (ferrobasalt) mix with primitive HAB magma. Subsequent injections of primitive HAB mix with the ferrobasalt and the magma produced by the previous mixing event, and this sequence of mixing, reinjection, and mixing leads to the compositional zoning of the Giant Crater lava field. C1 MIT,DEPT EARTH ATMOSPHER & PLANETARY SCI,CAMBRIDGE,MA 02139. US GEOL SURVEY,RESTON,VA 22092. US GEOL SURVEY,MENLO PK,CA 94025. RI Grove, Timothy/M-9638-2013 OI Grove, Timothy/0000-0003-0628-1969 NR 58 TC 49 Z9 49 U1 0 U2 6 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 SN 0148-0227 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-SOL EA JI J. Geophys. Res.-Solid Earth PD DEC 10 PY 1991 VL 96 IS B13 BP 21819 EP 21842 DI 10.1029/91JB01945 PG 24 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA GW578 UT WOS:A1991GW57800025 ER PT J AU DONNELLYNOLAN, JM CHAMPION, DE GROVE, TL BAKER, MB TAGGART, JE BRUGGMAN, PE AF DONNELLYNOLAN, JM CHAMPION, DE GROVE, TL BAKER, MB TAGGART, JE BRUGGMAN, PE TI THE GIANT CRATER LAVA-FIELD - GEOLOGY AND GEOCHEMISTRY OF A COMPOSITIONALLY ZONED, HIGH-ALUMINA BASALT TO BASALTIC ANDESITE ERUPTION AT MEDICINE LAKE VOLCANO, CALIFORNIA SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SOLID EARTH LA English DT Article ID LESSER ANTILLES; ISLAND ARCS; PETROGENESIS; SUBDUCTION; RIDGE; MAGMATISM; ORIGIN; ROCKS; MODEL AB The Giant Crater lava field consists of > 4 km3 of basaltic lava, compositionally zoned from first-erupted calc-alkaline basaltic andesite to last-erupted primitive high-alumina basalt. On the FeO*/MgO (where FeO* is total Fe calculated as FeO) versus SiO2 discrimination diagram commonly used to distinguish tholeiitic from calc-alkaline series lavas the compositionally zoned eruption crosses from the tholeiitic field to the calc-alkaline field. The lavas erupted in a brief span of time about 10,500 years ago from several closely spaced vents on the south flank of Medicine Lake volcano in the southern Cascade Range. Six chemical-stratigraphic groups were mapped. Lower K2O, higher MgO groups always overlie higher K2O, lower MgO groups. Group 6 lavas erupted last and are aphyric, have high contents of MgO and Ni, and contain as little as 0.07% K2O. Group 1 lavas are porphyritic and have as much as 1.10% K2O. Major element contents of primitive group 6 Giant Crater basalt are very similar to a subset of primitive mid-ocean ridge basalts (MORB). Group 6 lava is more depleted in middle and heavy rare earth elements (REE) and Y than is primitive MORB, but it is enriched in large ion lithophile elements (LILE). These LILE enrichment may be a result of fluid from the subducting slab interacting with the mantle beneath Medicine Lake volcano. The group 6 REE pattern is parallel to the pattern of normal-type MORB, indicating a similar although perhaps more depleted mantle source. The location of Medicine Lake volcano in an extensional environment behind the volcanic front facilitates the rise of mantle-derived melts. Modification of the primitive group 6 basalt to more evolved compositions takes place in the upper crust by processes involving fractional crystallization and assimilation. The group 1 calc-alkaline Giant Crater basaltic andesite produced by these processes is similar to other Cascade basaltic andesites, implying that a similar high-alumina basalt may be parental. C1 MIT,DEPT EARTH ATMOSPHER & PLANETARY SCI,CAMBRIDGE,MA 02139. CALTECH,DEPT GEOL & PLANETARY SCI,PASADENA,CA 91125. US GEOL SURVEY,LAKEWOOD,CO 80225. RP DONNELLYNOLAN, JM (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,MS 910,345 MIDDLEFIELD RD,MENLO PK,CA 94025, USA. RI Grove, Timothy/M-9638-2013 OI Grove, Timothy/0000-0003-0628-1969 NR 49 TC 41 Z9 41 U1 0 U2 5 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 SN 0148-0227 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-SOL EA JI J. Geophys. Res.-Solid Earth PD DEC 10 PY 1991 VL 96 IS B13 BP 21843 EP 21863 DI 10.1029/91JB01901 PG 21 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA GW578 UT WOS:A1991GW57800026 ER PT J AU KLEMME, HD ULMISHEK, GF AF KLEMME, HD ULMISHEK, GF TI EFFECTIVE PETROLEUM SOURCE ROCKS OF THE WORLD - STRATIGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION AND CONTROLLING DEPOSITIONAL FACTORS SO AAPG BULLETIN-AMERICAN ASSOCIATION OF PETROLEUM GEOLOGISTS LA English DT Article ID TERTIARY NIGER DELTA; ORGANIC-MATTER; UNITED-STATES; HYDROCARBON HABITAT; SOURCE BEDS; OIL-FIELD; BASIN; HISTORY; GAS; GEOLOGY AB Six stratigraphic intervals, representing one-third of Phanerozoic time, contain petroleum source rocks that have provided more than 90% of the world's discovered original reserves of oil and gas (in barrels of oil equivalent). The six intervals are (1) Silurian (generated 9% of the world's reserves), (2) Upper Devonian-Tournaisian (8% of reserves), (3) Pennsylvanian-Lower Permian (8% of reserves), (4) Upper Jurassic (25% of reserves), (5) middle Cretaceous (29% of reserves), and (6) Oligocene-Miocene (12.5% of reserves). This uneven distribution of source rocks in time displays no obvious cyclicity and the factors that controlled the formation of source rocks vary from interval to interval. Maps that show facies, structural forms, and petroleum source rocks were prepared for this study. Analysis of the maps indicates that several primary factors controlled the areal distribution of source rocks, their geochemical type, and their effectiveness (i.e., the amounts of discovered original conventionally recoverable reserves of oil and gas generated by these rocks). These factors are geologic age, paleolatitude of the depositional areas, structural forms in which the deposition of source rocks occurred, and the evolution of biota. The maturation time of these source rocks demonstrates that the majority of discovered oil and gas is very young; almost 70% of the world's original reserves of oil and gas has been generated since the Coniacian, and nearly 50% of the world's petroleum4 has been generated and trapped since the Oligocene. C1 US GEOL SURVEY,DENVER FED CTR,DENVER,CO 80225. RP KLEMME, HD (reprint author), GEOBASINS LTD,RR1,BOX 279B,BONDVILLE,VT 05340, USA. NR 199 TC 180 Z9 234 U1 2 U2 39 PU AMER ASSN PETROL GEOLOGISTS PI TULSA PA 1444 S BOULDER AVE PO BOX 979, TULSA, OK 74101 SN 0149-1423 J9 AAPG BULL JI AAPG Bull.-Am. Assoc. Petr. Geol. PD DEC PY 1991 VL 75 IS 12 BP 1809 EP 1851 PG 43 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA GU080 UT WOS:A1991GU08000001 ER PT J AU BARKER, CE AF BARKER, CE TI IMPLICATIONS FOR ORGANIC MATURATION STUDIES OF EVIDENCE FOR A GEOLOGICALLY RAPID INCREASE AND STABILIZATION OF VITRINITE REFLECTANCE AT PEAK TEMPERATURE - CERRO-PRIETO GEOTHERMAL SYSTEM, MEXICO SO AAPG BULLETIN-AMERICAN ASSOCIATION OF PETROLEUM GEOLOGISTS LA English DT Article ID PETROLEUM-EXPLORATION; FLUID-INCLUSION; THERMAL HISTORY; BAJA-CALIFORNIA; BASIN; METAMORPHISM; MODEL; TIME; GENERATION; MINERALS AB A short-term rapid heating and cooling of the rock in well M-94 below 1300 m was caused by a pulse of hot water passing through the edge of the Cerro Prieto, Mexico, geothermal system. Below 1300 m, the peak paleotemperatures were about 225-250-degrees-C, but equilibrium well log temperatures indicate a decrease to 150-210-degrees-C at present. This hot water pulse sharply increased vitrinite reflectance to levels comparable to those measured in the central part of the system, even though studies of apatite fission-track annealing indicate that the duration of heating was only 10(0)-10(1) yr in M-94, in contrast to 10(3)-10(4) yr in the central part of the system. These data indicate that sedimentary organic matter chemically reacts quickly to temperature increases of about 125-degrees-C above ambient, even when the higher temperature existed for only 10(0)-10(1) yr. The quick change of the vitrinite reflectance geothermometer indicates that thermal maturation reactions can stabilize, after a geologically short period of heating, to a level consistent with peak temperature under moderate to high-temperature diagenesis in open, fluid-rich, geothermal systems. Cerro Prieto is one of the most intensively studied and well-known geothermal systems in the world. Thus, data from Cerro Prieto are a benchmark to compare with the predictions of published thermal maturation models such as those formulated by J. Karweil, N. V. Lopatin, and A. K. Burnham and J. J. Sweeney. These thermal maturation models inaccurately predict duration of heating at Cerro Prieto. The kinetic equations used in these models explicitly allow thermal maturation to continue indefinitely at peak temperature, which does not seem to be the case at Cerro Prieto. C1 UNIV ADELAIDE,ADELAIDE,SA 5001,AUSTRALIA. RP BARKER, CE (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,DENVER FED CTR,BOX 25046,MS 972,DENVER,CO 80225, USA. NR 61 TC 31 Z9 32 U1 1 U2 1 PU AMER ASSN PETROL GEOLOGISTS PI TULSA PA 1444 S BOULDER AVE PO BOX 979, TULSA, OK 74101 SN 0149-1423 J9 AAPG BULL JI AAPG Bull.-Am. Assoc. Petr. Geol. PD DEC PY 1991 VL 75 IS 12 BP 1852 EP 1863 PG 12 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA GU080 UT WOS:A1991GU08000002 ER PT J AU KRAFT, SE DYE, P FRENCH, A JOHNSON, R BECK, R ROBINSON, D AF KRAFT, SE DYE, P FRENCH, A JOHNSON, R BECK, R ROBINSON, D TI PRESERVATION AND RESTORATION OF WETLANDS - THE CHALLENGE OF ECONOMIC-ECOLOGICAL INPUT OUTPUT MODELING SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 SO ILLINOIS UNIV,CARBONDALE,IL 62901. US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,WASHINGTON,DC 20240. ARMY CORPS ENGINEERS,OMAHA,NE. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS ASSOC PI AMES PA 1110 BUCKEYE AVE, AMES, IA 50010-8063 SN 0002-9092 J9 AM J AGR ECON JI Am. J. Agr. Econ. PD DEC PY 1991 VL 73 IS 5 BP 1523 EP 1523 PG 1 WC Agricultural Economics & Policy; Economics SC Agriculture; Business & Economics GA HG471 UT WOS:A1991HG47100044 ER PT J AU VONDAMM, KL BISCHOFF, JL ROSENBAUER, RJ AF VONDAMM, KL BISCHOFF, JL ROSENBAUER, RJ TI QUARTZ SOLUBILITY IN HYDROTHERMAL SEAWATER - AN EXPERIMENTAL-STUDY AND EQUATION DESCRIBING QUARTZ SOLUBILITY FOR UP TO 0.5-M NACL SOLUTIONS SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID EAST PACIFIC RISE; SODIUM-CHLORIDE SOLUTIONS; DE-FUCA RIDGE; THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES; AQUEOUS SILICA; HIGH-PRESSURES; 21-DEGREES-N; CHEMISTRY; WATER; TEMPERATURES AB Quartz solubility in seawater was determined experimentally from 200-degrees to 450-degrees-C in the pressure range from 200 to 1000 bars. The results confirm that quartz solubility is increased in seawater relative to distilled water. The seawater data were combined with literature data on quartz solubility, primarily in distilled water, to create a data base with almost 500 points. Based on this combined data set a new equation is proposed to describe quartz solubility over the temperature range from 45-degrees to 900-degrees-C and pressure from < 1 to 9860 bars. The equation is of the form: ln m(SiO2.nH2O) = a + bln rho + (c + dT2)T-1 + ePT-1 where m = molality of dissolved silica, n = hydration number for dissolved silica, rho = density of the solution, P = pressure in bars, T = temperature in degrees-K, a = -2.32888, b = 1.79547, c = -2263.62, d = 0.00407350, and e = 0.0398808. The coefficients and terms can be shown to have a theoretical basis although the equation was empirically derived. Only the "a" term should have a dependence on the total ionic strength of this solution. This suggests that the equation may hold for ionic strengths greater than seawater (approximately 0.5 M NaCl) if corrections are made to the "a" term, which incorporates terms related to the weight fraction of H2O in the solution, and the activity coefficients for water and dissolved silica. Sufficient data are not presently available to test adequately the model at high ionic strengths. Use of this equation as a revised quartz geothermometer-geobarometer has applications for geothermal and other systems. Its application to seafloor hydrothermal solutions suggests that previously calculated depths of circulation for the fluids, based on distilled water data, were too deep by approx 0.5 km. C1 US GEOL SURVEY,PACIFIC MARINE GEOL BRANCH,MENLO PK,CA 94025. RP VONDAMM, KL (reprint author), OAK RIDGE NATL LAB,DIV ENVIRONM SCI,POB 2008,BLDG 1505,OAK RIDGE,TN 37831, USA. NR 58 TC 77 Z9 77 U1 0 U2 8 PU KLINE GEOLOGY LABORATORY PI NEW HAVEN PA YALE UNIV, NEW HAVEN, CT 06520 SN 0002-9599 J9 AM J SCI JI Am. J. Sci. PD DEC PY 1991 VL 291 IS 10 BP 977 EP 1007 PG 31 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA GW359 UT WOS:A1991GW35900003 ER PT J AU FOWLER, LG AF FOWLER, LG TI POULTRY BY-PRODUCT MEAL AS A DIETARY-PROTEIN SOURCE IN FALL CHINOOK SALMON DIETS SO AQUACULTURE LA English DT Article ID PARR-SMOLT TRANSFORMATION; NA+-K+-ATPASE; RAINBOW-TROUT; STEELHEAD TROUT; ONCORHYNCHUS-KISUTCH; PLASMA THYROXINE; BODY-COMPOSITION; COHO SALMON; GAIRDNERI; TEMPERATURE AB Juvenile fall chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) were fed diets containing poultry by-product meal (PBM) at levels of 0, 10, 20, and 30% by replacement of fish meal in a practical production formulation for a period of 20 weeks at a constant water temperature of 12-degrees-C. Weight gains and feed efficiencies were no different in fish fed the diet with 20% PBM from those in fish fed the diet with 0% PBM. Feeding a diet with 30% PBM impaired growth and feed efficiency. Gill adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) activity, plasma thyroxine, and plasma sodium regulation after a 24-h seawater challenge were not affected by dietary variations. Starvation for 1 to 3 weeks adversely affected ATPase, plasma sodium regulation, and condition factor. A decreased condition factor was correlated with plasma sodium level in fish held for 24 h in seawater. C1 US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,ABERNATHY SALMON CULTURE TECHNOL CTR,LONGVIEW,WA 98632. RP FOWLER, LG (reprint author), RANGEN INC,POB 706,BUHL,ID 83316, USA. NR 39 TC 66 Z9 73 U1 0 U2 12 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0044-8486 J9 AQUACULTURE JI Aquaculture PD DEC PY 1991 VL 99 IS 3-4 BP 309 EP 321 DI 10.1016/0044-8486(91)90251-2 PG 13 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA GU210 UT WOS:A1991GU21000011 ER PT J AU ZARTMAN, RE FUTA, K PENG, ZC AF ZARTMAN, RE FUTA, K PENG, ZC TI A COMPARISON OF SR-ND-PB ISOTOPES IN YOUNG AND OLD CONTINENTAL LITHOSPHERIC MANTLE - PATAGONIA AND EASTERN CHINA SO AUSTRALIAN JOURNAL OF EARTH SCIENCES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 7TH INTERNATIONAL CONF ON GEOCHRONOLOGY, COSMOCHRONOLOGY AND ISOTOPE GEOLOGY ( ICOG 7 ) CY SEP 24-29, 1990 CL CANBERRA, AUSTRALIA DE BASALTS; CONTINENTAL LITHOSPHERE; EASTERN CHINA; PATAGONIA; SR-ISOTOPE; ND-ISOTOPE AND PB-ISOTOPE ID SUBCONTINENTAL MANTLE; ALKALI BASALTS; VOLCANIC-ROCKS; PLATEAU LAVAS; SOUTH-AMERICA; TRACE-ELEMENT; GEOCHEMISTRY; SYSTEMATICS; EVOLUTION; TERTIARY AB It is commonly accepted that beneath the continental crust lies a keel of lithospheric mantle, which extends 50-200 kilometres downward to a transition zone into the asthenosphere. The chemical and physical properties of this reservoir are best known through studies of the basalts and xenoliths that provide samples of the subcrustal mantle. Although sharing many characteristics with oceanic island basalts, some continental basalts become increasingly distinct isotopically as crustal age increases, strongly supporting a permanent association between crust and mantle. Consequently, the distinctive trace element and isotope composition of the lithospheric mantle is able to give important clues to its origin and evolution. The mantle under newly-created crust is typified by a radiogenic isotope variability that emphasizes the materials from which the continental lithosphere is assembled. Old lithospheric mantle, on the other hand, exhibits more evolved isotopic patterns that attest to the existence of long-lived, chemically complex systems. A comparison of the Pb, Sr and Nd isotopes in alkalic to sub-alkalic basalt derived from Phanerozoic (Patagonia) and Middle Archaean to Early Proterozoic (eastern China) subcrustal mantle is useful for identifying 'end-member' components of the lithosphere. One component, having an isotopic composition close to PREMA, either continues to evolve virtually unchanged after incorporation into the lithosphere or is, itself, a relatively new addition even to old lithosphere. Another component, beginning with the isotopic composition of BSE, undergoes significant reduction in U/Pb and Sm/Nd (but not Rb/Sr) upon incorporation into the lithosphere and, with time, shows an increasingly retarded evolution of Pb-206/Pb-204 and negative epsilon(Nd)-values approaching the isotopic composition of EMI. Five models are discussed that relate the isotopic composition of the continental lithospheric mantle to that of other parts of the terrestrial system, which may be involved in its origin and evolution. The potential locations of the contributing components and the mechanisms and timing of their assembly into lithosphere are considered. Current knowledge, however, does not allow us to distinguish unequivocally among the various scenarios for the creation and evolution of this reservoir. RP ZARTMAN, RE (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,DENVER FED CTR,MAILSTOP 963,DENVER,CO 80225, USA. NR 31 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 2 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE PI CARLTON PA 54 UNIVERSITY ST, P O BOX 378, CARLTON VICTORIA 3053, AUSTRALIA SN 0812-0099 J9 AUST J EARTH SCI JI Aust. J. Earth Sci. PD DEC PY 1991 VL 38 IS 5 BP 545 EP 557 DI 10.1080/08120099108727990 PG 13 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA HH844 UT WOS:A1991HH84400004 ER PT J AU SCATENA, FN LARSEN, MC AF SCATENA, FN LARSEN, MC TI PHYSICAL ASPECTS OF HURRICANE HUGO IN PUERTO-RICO SO BIOTROPICA LA English DT Article AB On 18 September 1989 the western part of Hurricane Hugo crossed eastern Puerto Rico and the Luquillo Experimental Forest (LEF). Storm-facing slopes on the northeastern part of the island that were within 15 km of the eye and received greater than 200 mm of rain were most affected by the storm. In the LEF and nearby area, recurrence intervals associated with Hurricane Hugo were 50 yr for wind velocity, 10 to 31 yr for stream discharge, and 5 yr for rainfall intensity. To compare the magnitudes of the six hurricanes to pass over Puerto Rico since 1899, 3 indices were developed using the standardized values of the product of: the maximum sustained wind speed at San Juan squared and storm duration; the square of the product of the maximum sustained wind velocity at San Juan and the ratio of the distance between the hurricane eye and San Juan to the distance between the eye and percentage of average annual rainfall delivered by the storm. Based on these indices, Hurricane Hugo was of moderate intensity. However, because of the path of Hurricane Hugo, only one of these six storms (the 1932 storm) caused more damage to the LEF than Hurricane Hugo. Hurricanes of Hugo's magnitude are estimated to pass over the LEF once every 50-60 yr, on average. C1 US GEOL SURVEY,SAN JUAN,PR 00936. RP SCATENA, FN (reprint author), US FOREST SERV,INST TROP FORESTRY,SO FOREST EXPT STN,CALL BOX 25000,RIO PIEDRAS,PR 00928, USA. NR 25 TC 188 Z9 191 U1 0 U2 5 PU ASSN TROP BIOL PI ST LOUIS PA MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN 2345 TOWER GROVE AVE, ST LOUIS, MO 63110 SN 0006-3606 J9 BIOTROPICA JI Biotropica PD DEC PY 1991 VL 23 IS 4 BP 317 EP 323 DI 10.2307/2388247 PN A PG 7 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA HB622 UT WOS:A1991HB62200002 ER PT J AU ANDERSON, RM LAYZER, JB GORDON, ME AF ANDERSON, RM LAYZER, JB GORDON, ME TI RECENT CATASTROPHIC DECLINE OF MUSSELS (BIVALVIA, UNIONIDAE) IN THE LITTLE SOUTH FORK CUMBERLAND RIVER, KENTUCKY SO BRIMLEYANA LA English DT Article AB During 1987, we sampled 16 sites in the Little South Fork Cumberland River to assess the status of mussel populations. We found 21 species, of which 12 were alive. Mean densities in the lower one-third of the stream had declined from 2.9 to 7.5 mussels/m2 in 1981 to 0 to 1.1 mussels/m2 in 1987. Moreover, we found few live mussels at six other stations in this section of stream. Between 1981 and 1987, two species (Villosa trabilis and Pegias fabula), listed as federally endangered, appeared to have been extirpated from the lower one-third of the stream. Viable populations of most mussel species are now restricted to the middle section of the Little South Fork. Surface mining of coal has increased in the lower watershed of the Little South Fork in recent years and may be responsible for the mussel decline. Unlike the unionid mussel fauna, the density of the exotic Corbicula fluminea has increased nearly ninefold since 1981. This increase appears to be related to the general population expansion of C. fluminea in the Cumberland River system. RP ANDERSON, RM (reprint author), TENNESSEE TECHNOL UNIV,US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,TENNESSEE COOPERAT FISHERY RES UNIT,COOKEVILLE,TN 38505, USA. NR 0 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 1 U2 5 PU NORTH CAROLINA STATE MUSEUM NATURAL SCIENCES PI RALEIGH PA DEPT ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH NATURAL RESOURCES, PO BOX 29555, RALEIGH, NC 27626 SN 0193-4406 J9 BRIMLEYANA JI Brimleyana PD DEC PY 1991 IS 17 BP 1 EP 8 PG 8 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA HE182 UT WOS:A1991HE18200001 ER PT J AU TALBOT, SS TALBOT, SL THOMSON, JW AF TALBOT, SS TALBOT, SL THOMSON, JW TI LICHENS OF ATTU ISLAND, ALASKA SO BRYOLOGIST LA English DT Article ID CONTINENTAL UNITED-STATES; 5TH CHECKLIST; ALLIED FUNGI; CANADA AB One hundred fifty-three taxa of lichens and one lichenicolous fungus are reported from Attu Island, the westernmost island of the Aleutian chain. Amygdalaria consentiens, Lecanora confusa, and Rhizocarpon obscuratum, are new to Alaska. The lichen flora of Attu Island is primarily comprised of wide-ranging arctic-alpine and boreal species; a coastal element is moderately represented, while amphi-Beringian species form a minor element. C1 UNIV WISCONSIN,DEPT BOT,MADISON,WI 53706. RP TALBOT, SS (reprint author), US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,1011 E TUDOR RD,ANCHORAGE,AK 99503, USA. NR 17 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 2 PU BRYOLOGIST ABLS PI LEWISTON PA BATES COLLEGE BIOLOGY DEPT 44 CAMPUS AVENUE, LEWISTON, ME 04240 SN 0007-2745 J9 BRYOLOGIST JI Bryologist PD WIN PY 1991 VL 94 IS 4 BP 421 EP 426 DI 10.2307/3243837 PG 6 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA GW227 UT WOS:A1991GW22700014 ER PT J AU BOORE, DM JOYNER, WB AF BOORE, DM JOYNER, WB TI ESTIMATION OF GROUND MOTION AT DEEP-SOIL SITES IN EASTERN NORTH-AMERICA SO BULLETIN OF THE SEISMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA LA English DT Article ID LARGE EARTHQUAKES; CALIFORNIA AB The stochastic model used Previously to estimate motions at hard-rock sites in eastern North America has been modified to include the effect of deep soils. We simulated motions for a number of distances and magnitudes for a representative soil column and used these motions to derive equations giving ground motion as a simple function of magnitude and distance. These new equations are intended for use in building codes and those engineering applications that do not require detailed site evaluations. The ground motions for which we derived equations include 5%-damped response spectra at 13 periods ranging from 0.05 to 4 sec, peak acceleration and the maximum pseudovelocity and maximum pseudoacceleration responses. The latter two quantities are introduced here for the first time. They represent the maxima over the period range 0.1 to 4 sec for a given magnitude and distance, and they may be useful as a basis for determining the seismic coefficient in building codes. RP BOORE, DM (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,MAIL STOP 977,345 MIDDLEFIELD RD,MENLO PK,CA 94025, USA. NR 23 TC 49 Z9 50 U1 0 U2 0 PU SEISMOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI EL CERRITO PA PLAZA PROFESSIONAL BLDG, SUITE 201, EL CERRITO, CA 94530 SN 0037-1106 J9 B SEISMOL SOC AM JI Bull. Seismol. Soc. Amer. PD DEC PY 1991 VL 81 IS 6 BP 2167 EP 2185 PG 19 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA GV781 UT WOS:A1991GV78100001 ER PT J AU LIU, HP WARRICK, RE WESTERLUND, RE FLETCHER, JB AF LIU, HP WARRICK, RE WESTERLUND, RE FLETCHER, JB TI A 3-COMPONENT BOREHOLE SEISMOMETER FOR EARTHQUAKE SEISMOLOGY SO BULLETIN OF THE SEISMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA LA English DT Article ID CALIFORNIA; ARRAY; ANZA AB We have developed a three-component borehole seismometer, using 2-Hz electromagnetic moving-coil geophones as sensing elements. The main achievement of our new borehole package is a compact internal device for leveling horizontal geophones. Horizontal moving-coil geophones with a period longer than 0.5 sec need to be leveled to better than 1.5-degrees to avoid nonlinear response and asymmetric clipping. In boreholes, where the axis of the package may well deviate from the vertical by more than 1.5-degrees, a special device is required for leveling the horizontal geophones. A gimbal stage was adapted from the design of ocean-bottom seismometers for leveling the two orthogonally oriented horizontal geophones: the geophones can be leveled to better than 0.1-degrees from an initial tilt of 10.5-degrees. The external package is 14 cm in diameter and approximately 40 cm long. The gimbal stage uses free-flex flexural pivots and, during the leveling operation, suspends a brass pendulum that houses the horizontal sensors. In comparison with borehole seismometers that use electronic-feedback principles, the disadvantages of our system are a lack of response at long periods and, because of coil contacting stops, its inability to record strong motions. Nonetheless, it has an inherently low noise level, consumes no power, is simple to build, and is inexpensive; it is therefore suitable for rapid deployment for aftershock studies and for low-noise operation at remote sites. Such seismometers, using Mark Products L-22D 2-Hz geophones, have been installed at several sites in California: at the bottom of adjacent boreholes approximately 150 and approximately 300 m deep, in granite at station KNW near Keenwild and at Pinon Flat of the Anza digital seismic array, and at the bottom of an 88-m-deep borehole in hydrothermally altered serpentine in the Marina District of San Francisco. The effects of cable impedance on the geophone output have been analyzed and found to be negligible for a cable length of 335 m consisting of four pairs of shielded #20 gauge wires. Azimuthal orientation of horizontal geophones can be determined using first P-arrival particle motion generated by regional earthquakes. Earthquake data recorded by these borehole seismometers have been employed by several investigators for studies on the effects of near-surface weathered rocks on the corner frequencies of earthquake spectra near Anza, California, on the seismic-shear-wave-polarization characteristics of seismograms recorded in the southern California batholith at 300 m depth, and on site-resonance amplification caused by sedimentary deposits overlying bedrock in the Marina District of San Francisco. RP LIU, HP (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,MS 977,345 MIDDLEFIELD RD,MENLO PK,CA 94025, USA. NR 20 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU SEISMOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI EL CERRITO PA PLAZA PROFESSIONAL BLDG, SUITE 201, EL CERRITO, CA 94530 SN 0037-1106 J9 B SEISMOL SOC AM JI Bull. Seismol. Soc. Amer. PD DEC PY 1991 VL 81 IS 6 BP 2458 EP 2485 PG 28 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA GV781 UT WOS:A1991GV78100017 ER PT J AU BARNUM, DA EULISS, NH AF BARNUM, DA EULISS, NH TI IMPACTS OF CHANGING IRRIGATION PRACTICES ON WATERFOWL HABITAT USE IN THE SOUTHERN SAN-JOAQUIN VALLEY, CALIFORNIA SO CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME LA English DT Article AB We used diurnal aerial census data to examine habitat use patterns of ducks wintering in the southern San Joaquin Valley, California from 1980-87. We calculated densities (birds/ha) for the northern pintail (Anas acuta), mallard (A. platyrhynchos), green-winged teal (A. crecca), cinnamon teal (A. cyanoptera), shoveler (A. clypeata), ruddy duck (Oxyura jamaicensis), and total ducks in each of 5 habitats. Densities of pintail and total ducks were greater in September than in other months. From October through January, density of teal and total ducks was greatest on Kern National Wildlife Refuge (NWR). Densities of ruddy duck and pintail were greatest on agricultural drainwater evaporation ponds and preirrigated cropland, respectively. RP BARNUM, DA (reprint author), US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,NO PRAIRIE WILDLIFE RES CTR,6924 TREMONT RD,DIXON,CA 95620, USA. NR 0 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 2 U2 6 PU CALIF FISH AND GAME EDITOR PI SACRAMENTO PA 1416 NINTH ST, SACRAMENTO, CA 95814 SN 0008-1078 J9 CALIF FISH GAME JI Calif. Fish Game PD WIN PY 1991 VL 77 IS 1 BP 10 EP 21 PG 12 WC Fisheries; Zoology SC Fisheries; Zoology GA FV647 UT WOS:A1991FV64700002 ER PT J AU ORTHMEYER, DL AF ORTHMEYER, DL TI ATTACHMENT METHOD FOR RADIO TRANSMITTERS ON MALLARD DUCKLINGS SO CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME LA English DT Article AB Two methods of attaching, glue and suture-glue, 1.8-g radio transmitters to mallard (Anas platyrhynchos) ducklings were evaluated. Neither method affected weight gain. Radio transmitters attached with glue detached from 4 to 6 ducklings during pen tests, whereas only 1 of 6 of the transmitters attached by the suture-glue method became detached. A field test indicated that radio transmitters attached by the suture-glue method were able to withstand natural conditions without detaching. RP ORTHMEYER, DL (reprint author), US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,NO PRAIRIE WILDLIFE RES CTR,6924 TREMONT RD,DIXON,CA 95620, USA. NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU CALIF FISH AND GAME EDITOR PI SACRAMENTO PA 1416 NINTH ST, SACRAMENTO, CA 95814 SN 0008-1078 J9 CALIF FISH GAME JI Calif. Fish Game PD WIN PY 1991 VL 77 IS 1 BP 22 EP 26 PG 5 WC Fisheries; Zoology SC Fisheries; Zoology GA FV647 UT WOS:A1991FV64700003 ER PT J AU VIGG, S BURLEY, CC AF VIGG, S BURLEY, CC TI TEMPERATURE-DEPENDENT MAXIMUM DAILY CONSUMPTION OF JUVENILE SALMONIDS BY NORTHERN SQUAWFISH (PTYCHOCHEILUS-OREGONENSIS) FROM THE COLUMBIA RIVER SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FISHERIES AND AQUATIC SCIENCES LA English DT Article ID BIOENERGETICS MODEL; BODY-WEIGHT; FOOD; ENERGETICS; GROWTH; RATES AB Maximum daily consumption rate (C(max) as ration or number) of northern squawfish (Ptychocheilus oregonensis) from the Columbia River increased exponentially as a function of temperature. Predator weight did not explain a significant independent proportion of variation in C(max). The mean maximum daily ration, determined from replicate ad libitum feeding on juvenile Pacific salmon (Oncorhynchus spp.), was 0.47, 0.70, 3.39, and 4.50 cg.g-1 at 8.0, 12.5, 17.0, and 21.5-degrees-C, respectively. The corresponding mean daily number eaten was 0.50, 1.17, 4.25, and 7.01 prey per predator at the four increasing temperatures. To quantify the temperature-dependent consumption relation, replicate C(max) data within the preferred temperature range were fitted to exponential and exponential sigmoid models. On the basis of a knowledge of thermal relations of northern squawfish, we combined hypothetical C(max) data at temperature extremes with our mean experimental results to fit an algorithm suitable for use in simulation modeling. Both the generalized gamma and biological-rate (Thornton and Lessem. 1978. Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. 107: 284-287) algorithms were suitable to describe a hypothetical temperature-C(max) model over the entire environmental temperature range of 0-27-degrees-C observed in the Columbia River. C1 US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,NATL FISHERIES RES CTR,SEATTLE,WA. COLUMBIA RIVER FIELD STN,COOK,WA 98605. NR 31 TC 19 Z9 21 U1 0 U2 3 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA ON K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0706-652X J9 CAN J FISH AQUAT SCI JI Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. PD DEC PY 1991 VL 48 IS 12 BP 2491 EP 2498 DI 10.1139/f91-290 PG 8 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA GY578 UT WOS:A1991GY57800021 ER PT J AU GESE, EM MECH, LD AF GESE, EM MECH, LD TI DISPERSAL OF WOLVES (CANIS-LUPUS) IN NORTHEASTERN MINNESOTA, 1969-1989 SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF ZOOLOGY-REVUE CANADIENNE DE ZOOLOGIE LA English DT Article ID SQUIRRELS SPERMOPHILUS-BELDINGI; SUPERIOR NATIONAL FOREST; POPULATION-DENSITY; NATAL DISPERSAL; GRAY WOLVES; PACK SIZE; WOLF; PHILOPATRY; SURVIVAL; MAMMALS AB We examined the dispersal patterns of radio-collared wolves (Canis lupus) from 21 packs in the Superior National Forest, Minnesota, from 1969 to 1989. A total of 316 wolves (542 wolf-years) were captured, radio-collared, and following during 21 years of radio-tracking; 75 were identified as dispersers. Both sexes dispersed equally. Of the adults, yearlings, and pups, 8, 75, and 16%, respectively, dispersed. Most dispersers left when they were 11-12 months old, only a few wolves dispersing as adults. Dispersal occurred mainly in February-April and October-November. Adults dispersed short distances into nearby territories, but yearlings and pups dispersed both short and long distances. Yearling and pup dispersal rates were highest when the wolf population was increasing or decreasing and low when the population was stable. Adults had the highest pairing and denning success, yearlings had moderate pairing and low denning success, and pups had low pairing and denning success. Yearlings and pups that dispersed a short distance had a higher success of settling in a new territory, likely reflecting available vacancies in nearby territories. Thirty-five percent of the known-age wolves remained in their natal territory for > 2 years; two wolves were known to have remained for > 7 years. The relative weight of pups at capture apparently did not affect their age or success of dispersal or the tendency to disperse. C1 UNIV MINNESOTA,DEPT FISHERIES & WILDLIFE,ST PAUL,MN 55108. US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,PATUXENT WILDLIFE RES CTR,LAUREL,MD 20708. RI Gese, Eric/B-4578-2011 NR 62 TC 103 Z9 105 U1 5 U2 33 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA ON K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0008-4301 J9 CAN J ZOOL JI Can. J. Zool.-Rev. Can. Zool. PD DEC PY 1991 VL 69 IS 12 BP 2946 EP 2955 DI 10.1139/z91-415 PG 10 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA HL313 UT WOS:A1991HL31300003 ER PT J AU CRONIN, MA AMSTRUP, SC GARNER, GW VYSE, ER AF CRONIN, MA AMSTRUP, SC GARNER, GW VYSE, ER TI INTERSPECIFIC AND INTRASPECIFIC MITOCHONDRIAL-DNA VARIATION IN NORTH-AMERICAN BEARS (URSUS) SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF ZOOLOGY-REVUE CANADIENNE DE ZOOLOGIE LA English DT Article ID WHITE-TAILED DEER; RESTRICTION ENDONUCLEASES; NATURAL-POPULATIONS; SEQUENCE RELATEDNESS; GENETIC-VARIATION; EVOLUTIONARY RELATIONSHIPS; GEOGRAPHIC POPULATIONS; MULE DEER; TREES; DIFFERENTIATION AB We assessed mitochondrial DNA variation in North American black bears (Ursus americanus), brown bears (Ursus arctos), and polar bears (Ursus maritimus). Divergent mitochondrial DNA haplotypes (0.05 base substitutions per nucleotide) were identified in populations of black bears from Montana and Oregon. In contrast, very similar haplotypes occur in black bears across North America. This discordance of haplotype phylogeny and geographic distribution indicates that there has been maintenance of polymorphism and considerable gene flow throughout the history of the species. Intraspecific mitochondrial DNA sequence divergence in brown bears and polar bears is lower than in black bears. The two morphological forms of U. arctos, grizzly and coastal brown bears, are not in distinct mtDNA lineages. Interspecific comparisons indicate that brown bears and polar bears share similar mitochondrial DNA (0.023 base substitutions per nucleotide) which is quite divergent (0.078 base substitutions per nucleotide) from that of black bears. High mitochondrial DNA divergence within black bears and paraphyletic relationships of brown and polar bear mitochondrial DNA indicate that intraspecific variation across species' ranges should be considered in phylogenetic analyses of mitochondrial DNA. C1 MONTANA STATE UNIV,DEPT BIOL,BOZEMAN,MT 59717. RP CRONIN, MA (reprint author), US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,ALASKA FISH & WILDLIFE RES CTR,1011 E TUDOR RD,ANCHORAGE,AK 99503, USA. NR 55 TC 78 Z9 82 U1 4 U2 20 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA ON K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0008-4301 J9 CAN J ZOOL JI Can. J. Zool.-Rev. Can. Zool. PD DEC PY 1991 VL 69 IS 12 BP 2985 EP 2992 DI 10.1139/z91-421 PG 8 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA HL313 UT WOS:A1991HL31300009 ER PT J AU CLARK, DR BUNCK, CM AF CLARK, DR BUNCK, CM TI TRENDS IN NORTH-AMERICAN SMALL MAMMALS FOUND IN COMMON BARN-OWL (TYTO-ALBA) DIETARY STUDIES SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF ZOOLOGY-REVUE CANADIENNE DE ZOOLOGIE LA English DT Article ID FOOD-HABITS AB Data on mammals were compiled from published studies of common barn-owl (Tyto alba) pellets. Mammalian composition of pellet samples was analyzed within geographic regions in regard to year, mean annual precipitation, latitude, and number of individual mammals in the sample. Percentages of individuals in pellets that were shrews increased whereas the percentages of rodents decreased with greater mean annual precipitation, especially in northern and western areas of North America. From the 1920s through 1980s, in northern and eastern areas the percentage of species that was shrews decreased, and in northern and central areas the percentage of individuals that was murid rats and mice increased. Human alterations of habitats during these seven decades are postulated to have caused changes in available small mammals, leading to changes in the barn-owl diet. RP CLARK, DR (reprint author), US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,PATUXENT WILDLIFE RES CTR,LAUREL,MD 20708, USA. NR 76 TC 28 Z9 31 U1 2 U2 13 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA ON K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0008-4301 J9 CAN J ZOOL JI Can. J. Zool.-Rev. Can. Zool. PD DEC PY 1991 VL 69 IS 12 BP 3093 EP 3102 DI 10.1139/z91-435 PG 10 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA HL313 UT WOS:A1991HL31300023 ER PT J AU NICOLAISEN, N AF NICOLAISEN, N TI QUICK APPROXIMATIONS OF - POLYGONAL AREAS USING BITBLT SO DR DOBBS JOURNAL LA English DT Article C1 US GEOL SERV,ANCHORAGE,AK. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU MILLER FREEMAN, INC PI SAN MATEO PA 411 BOREL AVE, SAN MATEO, CA 94402-3522 SN 1044-789X J9 DR DOBBS J JI Dr. Dobbs J. PD DEC PY 1991 VL 16 IS 12 SU S BP 7 EP & PG 0 WC Computer Science, Software Engineering SC Computer Science GA GP228 UT WOS:A1991GP22800002 ER PT J AU PANKOW, JF MCKENZIE, SW AF PANKOW, JF MCKENZIE, SW TI PARAMETERIZING THE EQUILIBRIUM DISTRIBUTION OF CHEMICALS BETWEEN THE DISSOLVED, SOLID PARTICULATE MATTER, AND COLLOIDAL MATTER COMPARTMENTS IN AQUEOUS SYSTEMS SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID WATER PARTITION-COEFFICIENTS; HYDROPHOBIC POLLUTANTS; ORGANIC POLLUTANTS; HUMIC MATERIALS; SORPTION; ACIDS AB The manner in which a chemical material partitions among the dissolved (D), particulate (P), and colloidal (C) phases affects both its chemical and physical behavior in the aquatic environment. The fractions of the chemical that are present in each of these three phases will be determined by the values of two simple parameters, K(p)S(p)/alpha(w) and K(c)S(c)/alpha(w). The variables K(p) and K(c) are the particle/water and colloid/water partition constants (mL/g), respectively, S(p) and S(c) are the volume concentrations of particulate arid colloidal material (mg/L), respectively, and alpha(w) is the fractional volume of the system that is aqueous. This parameterization allows a rapid overview of how partitioning (1) changes as a function of chemical partitioning properties and water type, (2) affects apparent partition constants (i.e., K(p)app values) computed between the particulate phase and the remainder of the system, and (3) causes K(p)app values to become independent of chemical properties at high values of K(c)S(c)/alpha(w). C1 US GEOL SURVEY,DIV WATER RESOURCES,PORTLAND,OR 97216. RP PANKOW, JF (reprint author), OREGON GRAD INST,DEPT ENVIRONM SCI & ENGN,19600 NW VONNEUMANN DR,BEAVERTON,OR 97006, USA. NR 13 TC 39 Z9 39 U1 1 U2 2 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0013-936X J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD DEC PY 1991 VL 25 IS 12 BP 2046 EP 2053 DI 10.1021/es00024a009 PG 8 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA GT529 UT WOS:A1991GT52900015 ER PT J AU SMITH, JA JAFFE, PR AF SMITH, JA JAFFE, PR TI COMPARISON OF TETRACHLOROMETHANE SORPTION TO AN ALKYLAMMONIUM CLAY AND AN ALKYLDIAMMONIUM CLAY SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID ENHANCE ADSORPTION; ORGANIC POLLUTANTS; ALIPHATIC-AMINES; CATIONS; MONTMORILLONITES; SMECTITE; VAPORS; WATER AB The interlamellar space of Wyoming bentonite (clay) was modified by exchanging either decyltrimethylammonium (DTMA) or decyltrimethyldiammonium (DTMDA) cations for inorganic ions, and tetrachloromethane sorption to the resulting two organoclays from water was studied at 10, 20, and 35-degrees-C. Only one end of the 10-carbon alkyl chain of the DTMA cation is attached to the silica surface of the clay mineral, and tetrachloromethane sorption of DTMA-clay is characterized by isotherm linearity, noncompetitive sorption, weak solute uptake, and a relatively low heat of sorption. Both ends of the 10-carbon chain of the DTMDA cation are attached to the silica surface of the clay mineral, and tetrachloromethane sorption to DTMDA-clay is characterized by nonlinear isotherms, competitive sorption, strong solute uptake, and a relatively high, exothermic heat of sorption that varies as a function of the mass of tetrachloromethane sorbed. Therefore, the attachment of both ends of the alkyl chain to the interlamellar mineral surface appears to change the sorption mechanism from a partition-dominated process to an adsorption-dominated process. C1 PRINCETON UNIV,DEPT CIVIL ENGN & OPERAT RES,PRINCETON,NJ 08544. RP SMITH, JA (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,810 BEAR TAVERN RD,SUITE 206,W TRENTON,NJ 08628, USA. RI Smith, James/B-4617-2011 NR 36 TC 83 Z9 88 U1 0 U2 7 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0013-936X J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD DEC PY 1991 VL 25 IS 12 BP 2054 EP 2058 DI 10.1021/es00024a010 PG 5 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA GT529 UT WOS:A1991GT52900016 ER PT J AU ROOTES, WL CHABRECK, RH WRIGHT, VL BROWN, BW HESS, TJ AF ROOTES, WL CHABRECK, RH WRIGHT, VL BROWN, BW HESS, TJ TI GROWTH-RATES OF AMERICAN ALLIGATORS IN ESTUARINE AND PALUSTRINE WETLANDS IN LOUISIANA SO ESTUARIES LA English DT Article ID SEXUAL SIZE DIMORPHISM; POPULATION; ECOLOGY; AGE AB A comparative study of American alligator (Alligator mississippiensis) growth rates was made in estuarine and palustrine wetlands in southwestern Louisiana. In the estuarine wetlands, where characteristic salinity levels were less-than-or-equal-to 5 parts per thousand, alligators grew faster and therefore reached sexual maturity earlier than did those in palustrine wetlands, which are characterized by shallow, freshwater marsh vegetation. Slower growth rates in palustrine wetlands appeared to be related to prey density, indicated by previous studies to be lower than in estuarine wetlands. Males grew faster than females and therefore reached sexual maturity at an earlier age in both habitats. This study revealed a major limitation in using total lengths as an index upon which population age structure can be based even when alligators are in the same geographic region. C1 LOUISIANA STATE UNIV,DEPT EXPTL STAT,BATON ROUGE,LA 70803. US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,LAKE ARTHUR,LA 70549. LOUISIANA DEPT WILDLIFE & FISHERIES,GRAND CHENIER,LA 70643. RP ROOTES, WL (reprint author), LOUISIANA STATE UNIV,CTR AGR,SCH FORESTRY WILDLIFE & FISHERIES,BATON ROUGE,LA 70803, USA. NR 45 TC 35 Z9 38 U1 2 U2 15 PU ESTUARINE RES FEDERATION PI LAWRENCE PA PO BOX 368, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 SN 0160-8347 J9 ESTUARIES JI Estuaries PD DEC PY 1991 VL 14 IS 4 BP 489 EP 494 DI 10.2307/1352272 PG 6 WC Environmental Sciences; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA HE405 UT WOS:A1991HE40500013 ER PT J AU TATSUMOTO, M NAKAMURA, Y AF TATSUMOTO, M NAKAMURA, Y TI DUPAL ANOMALY IN THE SEA OF JAPAN - PB, ND, AND SR ISOTOPIC VARIATIONS AT THE EASTERN EURASIAN CONTINENTAL-MARGIN SO GEOCHIMICA ET COSMOCHIMICA ACTA LA English DT Article ID VOLCANIC-ROCKS; MANTLE HETEROGENEITY; NORTHEAST JAPAN; ISLAND ARCS; CHEMICAL GEODYNAMICS; STRONTIUM ISOTOPES; ALKALINE BASALTS; OCEANIC BASALTS; MARIANA TROUGH; TRACE-ELEMENT AB Volcanic rocks from the eastern Eurasian plate margin (southwestern Japan, the Sea of Japan, and northeastern China) show enriched (EMI) component signatures. Volcanic rocks from the Ulreung and Dog Islands in the Sea of Japan show typical DUPAL anomaly characteristics with extremely high DELTA-208/204 Pb (up to 143) and enriched Nd and Sr isotopic compositions (epsilon(Nd) = -3 to -5, Sr-87/Sr-86 = approximately 0.705). The DELTA-208/204 Pb values are similar to those associated with the DUPAL anomaly (up to 140) in the southern hemisphere. Because the EMI characteristics of basalts from the Sea of Japan are more extreme than those of southwestern Japan and inland China basalts, we propose that old mantle lithosphere was metasomatized early (prior to the Proterozoic) with subduction-related fluids (not present subduction system) so that it has been slightly enriched in incompatible elements and has had a high Th/U for a long time. The results of this study support the idea that the old subcontinental mantle lithosphere is the source for EMI of oceanic basalts, and that EMI does not need to be stored at the core/mantle boundary layer for a long time. Dredged samples from seamounts and knolls from the Yamato Basin Ridge in the Sea of Japan show similar isotopic characteristics to basalts from the Mariana arc, supporting the idea that the Yamato Basin Ridge is a spreading center causing separation of the northeast Japan Arc from Eurasia. RP TATSUMOTO, M (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,MS 963,BOX 25046,DENVER,CO 80225, USA. NR 78 TC 98 Z9 109 U1 4 U2 13 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 0016-7037 J9 GEOCHIM COSMOCHIM AC JI Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta PD DEC PY 1991 VL 55 IS 12 BP 3697 EP 3708 DI 10.1016/0016-7037(91)90068-G PG 12 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA GX549 UT WOS:A1991GX54900019 ER PT J AU STEIN, M WASSERBURG, GJ LAJOIE, KR CHEN, JH AF STEIN, M WASSERBURG, GJ LAJOIE, KR CHEN, JH TI U-SERIES AGES OF SOLITARY CORALS FROM THE CALIFORNIA COAST BY MASS-SPECTROMETRY SO GEOCHIMICA ET COSMOCHIMICA ACTA LA English DT Article ID ISOTOPES; WATER AB The purpose of this study is to evaluate the feasibility of dating fossil solitary corals from Pleistocene marine strandlines outside tropical latitudes using the recently developed high sensitivity, high-precision U-series technique based on thermal-ionization mass-spectrometry (TIMS). The TIMS technique is much more efficient than conventional alpha-spectrometry and, as a result, multiple samples of an individual coral skeleton, or different specimens from the same bed can be analyzed. Detached and well-rounded fossil specimens of the solitary coral Balanophyllia elegans were collected from relict littoral deposits on emergent marine terraces along the California coast at Cayucos terrace (elevation 8 m, previously dated at 124 and 117 Ky by alpha-counting), Shell Beach terrace (elevation about 25 m, previously undated), Nestor terrace, San Diego (elevation 23 m, previously dated at 131 to 109 Ky), Bird Rock terrace, San Diego (elevation 8 m, previously dated at 81 Ky). Attached living specimens were collected from the intertidal zone on the modern terrace at Moss Beach. Concentrations of Th-232 in both living and fossil specimens are much higher than in reef-building corals (12 to 624 pmol/g vs. 0.1 to 1.6 pmol/g, respectively). However, because Th-230/Th-232 in Balanophyllia elegans are very low (2.22 x 10(-3) to 4.33 x 10(-4)), the high Th-232 concentrations have negligible effect on the Th-230-U-234 dates. The high Th-232 concentration in the living specimen (33.1 pmol/g) indicates that a significant amount of Th-232 is incorporated in the aragonitic skeleton during growth, or attached to clay-sized silicates trapped in the skeletal material. The calculated initial U-234 activities in the fossil specimens of Balanophyllia elegans are higher than the U-234 activity in modern seawater or in the modern specimen. The higher initial activities could possibly reflect the influx of U-234-enriched continental water into Pleistocene coastal waters, or it could reflect minor diagenetic alteration, a persistent and fundamental problem in dating all corals. Samples from a compound specimen from the Cayucos terrace were subjected to different preparation procedures. Samples prepared by a standard acid washing procedure yielded Th-230-U-234 ages of 125, 123, and 122 Ky, whereas samples prepared by an abbreviated procedure without acid washing yield significantly lower ages of 113 and 112 Ky. Two other specimens from the same bed yielded Th-230-U-234 ages of 118 and 115 Ky. Also, two specimens from a stratigraphically higher bed yielded ages of 120 and 117 Ky, and three specimens from a lower bed yield ages of 115, 113, and 101 Ky. Nine of the twelve ages of the treated samples from the Cayucos terrace range from 125 to 113 Ky. However, the ages do not follow the stratigraphic order. Two possible interpretations are (1) the age of the terrace deposit is 125 Ky and all younger ages reflect variable diagenetic alteration or (2) the age of the terrace is 125 to 113 Ky and the ages reflect sediment reworking over a period of 12 Ky. Three specimens from a single bed on the Shell Beach terrace yield ages of 126, 122, and 121 Ky, similar to the older ages from Cayucos. The ages of solitary corals from the Cayucos and Shell Beach terraces are similar to ages of reef-building corals from terraces at numerous tropical localities. These are correlated with the last interglacial sea-level highstand, which probably stood 2 to 10 m above present sea level. The youngest ages and present elevations of the Cayucos and Shell Beach terraces yield tectonic uplift rates of 0.01 and 0.15 m/Ky, respectively, assuming the original elevation of each terrace was 7 m. Four specimens from the basal gravel on the Nestor terrace yielded ages of 145, 143, 137, and 133 Ky. The three oldest ages, however, are older than that associated with the last interglacial. The possible explanations for these older ages are (1) diagenic alteration or (2) the Nestor terrace deposits reflect in some way a poorly documented early phase of the last interglacial sea level high stand. C1 US GEOL SURVEY, MENLO PK, CA 94025 USA. RP CALTECH, DIV GEOL & PLANETARY SCI, LUNAT ASYLUM, PASADENA, CA 91125 USA. RI WASSERBURG, GERALD /F-6247-2011 NR 32 TC 33 Z9 34 U1 1 U2 8 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0016-7037 EI 1872-9533 J9 GEOCHIM COSMOCHIM AC JI Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta PD DEC PY 1991 VL 55 IS 12 BP 3709 EP 3722 DI 10.1016/0016-7037(91)90069-H PG 14 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA GX549 UT WOS:A1991GX54900020 ER PT J AU SWINDLE, TD GROSSMAN, JN OLINGER, CT GARRISON, DH AF SWINDLE, TD GROSSMAN, JN OLINGER, CT GARRISON, DH TI IODINE-XENON, CHEMICAL, AND PETROGRAPHIC STUDIES OF SEMARKONA CHONDRULES - EVIDENCE FOR THE TIMING OF AQUEOUS ALTERATION SO GEOCHIMICA ET COSMOCHIMICA ACTA LA English DT Article ID UNEQUILIBRATED ORDINARY CHONDRITES; COMPONENTS; METEORITES; SYSTEMATICS; ABUNDANCES; ELEMENTS; HISTORY; ORIGIN; SOLAR; ARGON AB We have performed INAA, petrographic, and noble gas analyses on seventeen chondrules from the Semarkona meteorite (LL3.0) primarily to study the relationship of the I-Xe system to other measured properties. We observe a range of greater-than-or-equal-to 10 Ma in apparent I-Xe ages. The three latest apparent ages fall in a cluster, suggesting the possibility of a common event. The initial I-129/I-127 ratio (R0) is apparently related to chondrule type and/or mineralogy, with nonporphyritic and pyroxene-rich chondrules showing evidence for lower R0's (later apparent I-Xe ages) than porphyritic and olivine-rich chondrules. In addition, chondrules with sulfides on or near the surface have lower R0's than other chondrules. The Xe-129/Xe-132 ratio in the trapped Xe component anticorrelates with R0, consistent with evolution of a chronometer in a closed system or in multiple similar systems. On the basis of these correlations, we conclude that the variations in R0 represent variations in ages, and that later event(s), possibly aqueous alteration, preferentially affected chondrules with nonporphyritic textures and/or sulfide-rich exteriors about 10 Ma after the formation of the chondrules. C1 US GEOL SURVEY,RESTON,VA 22092. WASHINGTON UNIV,MCDONNELL CTR SPACE SCI,ST LOUIS,MO 63130. RP SWINDLE, TD (reprint author), UNIV ARIZONA,LUNAR & PLANETARY LAB,TUCSON,AZ 85721, USA. NR 39 TC 25 Z9 26 U1 0 U2 2 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 0016-7037 J9 GEOCHIM COSMOCHIM AC JI Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta PD DEC PY 1991 VL 55 IS 12 BP 3723 EP 3734 DI 10.1016/0016-7037(91)90070-L PG 12 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA GX549 UT WOS:A1991GX54900021 ER PT J AU MOLLSTALCUP, EJ ARTH, JG AF MOLLSTALCUP, EJ ARTH, JG TI ISOTOPIC AND CHEMICAL CONSTRAINTS ON THE PETROGENESIS OF BLACKBURN HILLS VOLCANIC FIELD, WESTERN ALASKA SO GEOCHIMICA ET COSMOCHIMICA ACTA LA English DT Article ID ISLAND-ARC MAGMAS; INCOMPATIBLE ELEMENT CONSTRAINTS; YUKON-KOYUKUK BASIN; RARE-EARTH ELEMENT; TRACE-ELEMENT; SR ISOTOPES; FRACTIONAL CRYSTALLIZATION; COMPOSITIONAL ZONATION; CRUSTAL CONTAMINATION; MANTLE STRUCTURE AB The Blackburn Hills volcanic field is one of several Late Cretaceous and early Tertiary (75-50 Ma) volcanic fields in western Alaska that comprise a vast magmatic province extending from the Arctic Circle to Bristol Bay. It consists of andesite flows, rhyolite domes, a central granodiorite to quartz monzonite pluton, and small intrusive rhyolite porphyries, overlain by basalt and alkali-rhyolites. Most of the field consists of andesite flows which can be divided into two groups on the basis of elemental and isotopic composition: a group having lower (Sr-87/Sr-86)i, higher (Nd-143/Nd-144)i, and moderate LREE and HREE contents (group 1), and a group having higher (Sr-87/Sr-86)i, lower (Nd-143/Nd-144)i, and lower HREE contents. Basalts are restricted to the top of the stratigraphic section, comprise the most primitive part of group 1 [(Sr-87/Sr-86)i = 0.7033; (Nd-143/Nd-144)i = 0.5129], and have trace-element ratios that are similar to those of oceanic island basalts (OIBs). In contrast to the basalts, group 1 andesites have higher (Sr-87/Sr-86)i and lower (Nd-143/Nd-144)i, and represent interaction of mantle-derived magmas with the lower crust of Koyukuk terrane. Group 2 andesites have (Sr-87/Sr-86)i and (Nd-143/Nd-144)i that are near bulk-earth values and probably formed by partial melting of the lower crust of Koyukuk terrane. The central pluton and rhyolite porphyries are isotopically uniform (Sr-87/Sr-86)i almost-equal-to 0.704, (Nd-143/Nd-144)i almost-equal-to 0.51275), and are interpreted to have formed by melting of young mafic to intermediate crustal rocks or by fractionation of group 1 andesites. The rhyolite domes have an isotopic range similar to that of the basalts and andesites [(Sr-87/Sr-86)i = 0.70355-0.70499; (Nd-143/Nd-144)i = 0.51263-0.51292], which suggests they formed by fractionation of the andesite and basalt magmas. Although some workers have suggested that the volcanic field is underlain by old continental crust, none of the data require the presence of Paleozoic or Precambrian continental middle or upper crust under this part of the volcanic field. However, the ultimate source of some of the rocks in the Yukon-Koyukuk province that have high Sr-87/Sr-86 and low Nd-143/Nd-144 ratios may be old sub-continental mantle and/or lower crust, which was previously subducted beneath the Yukon-Koyukuk province during Early Cretaceous arc-continent collision. RP MOLLSTALCUP, EJ (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,NATL CTR,MS913,12201 SUNRISE VALLEY DR,MENLO PK,CA 94025, USA. NR 72 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 2 U2 3 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 0016-7037 J9 GEOCHIM COSMOCHIM AC JI Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta PD DEC PY 1991 VL 55 IS 12 BP 3753 EP 3776 DI 10.1016/0016-7037(91)90073-E PG 24 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA GX549 UT WOS:A1991GX54900024 ER PT J AU HEMINGWAY, BS AF HEMINGWAY, BS TI ALUMINUM HYDROXIDE SOLUBILITY IN AQUEOUS-SOLUTIONS CONTAINING FLUORIDE IONS AT 50-DEGREES-C - COMMENT SO GEOCHIMICA ET COSMOCHIMICA ACTA LA English DT Note ID GIBBS FREE-ENERGY; EQUILIBRIUM; BOEHMITE; DIASPORE; BAYERITE; SYSTEM RP HEMINGWAY, BS (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,959 NATL CTR,RESTON,VA 22092, USA. NR 18 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 0016-7037 J9 GEOCHIM COSMOCHIM AC JI Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta PD DEC PY 1991 VL 55 IS 12 BP 3873 EP 3874 DI 10.1016/0016-7037(91)90080-O PG 2 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA GX549 UT WOS:A1991GX54900031 ER PT J AU JOHNSSON, MJ STALLARD, RF LUNDBERG, N AF JOHNSSON, MJ STALLARD, RF LUNDBERG, N TI CONTROLS ON THE COMPOSITION OF FLUVIAL SANDS FROM A TROPICAL WEATHERING ENVIRONMENT - SANDS OF THE ORINOCO RIVER DRAINAGE-BASIN, VENEZUELA AND COLOMBIA SO GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA BULLETIN LA English DT Review ID NORTHERN SOUTH-AMERICA; POINT-COUNTING METHOD; DETRITAL MODES; PLATE-TECTONICS; SOUTHEASTERN VENEZUELA; FRAMEWORK MINERALOGY; PENINSULAR RANGES; QUARTZ ARENITES; CARONI RIVER; GRAIN-SIZE AB Fluvial sands in the Orinoco River drainage basin fall into three main compositional groupings: (1) sands of subarkose and arkose composition, from high-relief parts of the Guayana Shield, where crystalline rocks are exposed; (2) sands of litharenite and sublitharenite composition from the active orogenic belt at the western and northwestern margins of the drainage basin, and in those parts of the Llanos (Andean foreland basin) proximal to the mountain belt; and (3) sands of quartz-arenite composition, widespread throughout the remainder of the basin. Multicycle sand of quartz-arenite composition are produced from platform cover on parts of the elevated shield and from uplifted foreland-basin fill in the eastern Llanos. First-cycle sands of quartz-arenite composition are produced from granitic rocks on low-relief regions of the Guayana Shield and from reworked Holocene alluvium in parts of the western Llanos distal to the orogenic terranes. Erosion in the Orinoco River drainage basin may be described in terms of transport-limited and weathering-limited denudation regimes. In active orogenic terranes and in parts of the elevated shield, transport processes can remove weathered material as rapidly as it is produced by chemical weathering. Thin soils and short soil-mineral residence time result in sands that are incompletely chemically weathered and accurately reflect source-rock composition. In the orogenic terranes, subtle variations in source-rock lithology are preserved in sand composition. In contrast, in low-relief parts of the Guayana Shield and on flat erosion surfaces of the upland shield, weathering exceeds the rate at which transport processes can remove weathered material. Thick soils accumulate, soil-mineral residence time is long, and detritus is highly altered chemically. On much of the lowland Guayana Shield, upper soil layers consist of nearly pure quartz sand that erodes to produce first-cycle fluvial sand of quartz-arenite composition. On the alluvial plains of the western Llanos, storage of orogenically derived sediment allows time for substantial chemical weathering. Through reworking of the alluvial sequences, freshly eroded sediment is exchanged for older, compositionally more mature material. The chemically weathered component increases as rivers cross the Llanos, resulting in an increase in overall compositional maturity of bed-load sand away from the orogenic terranes. Rivers that rework the stored alluvium carry sands of quartz-arenite composition. Eolian recycling of sands between the exposed bed of the Orinoco mainstem and dune fields on the Llanos may also extend the duration of chemical weathering. Chemically weathered orogenically derived sand enters the Orinoco River on the left bank, while feldspathic shield-derived sand enters on the right bank. This geometry is responsible for the nearly total lack of longitudinal variation in sand composition along the 1,400-km length of the Orinoco River mainstem. Except in the upper 100 km of the Orinoco River mainstem, cross-channel heterogeneity in sand composition is also modest. Nevertheless, a weighted linear least-squares modeling approach suggests that sand moves down the Orinoco River mainstem in distinct pulses, perhaps corresponding to times of accelerated erosion in headwater regions. Because rivers that head in the orogenic terranes and traverse the Llanos contribute more than 99% of the sand in the lower Orinoco River mainstem, the composition of this sand is dominated by chemically weathered sands from the Llanos. The Orinoco River-the third largest river in the world-delivers first-cycle sands of quartz-arenite composition to its delta. C1 PRINCETON UNIV,DEPT GEOL & GEOPHYS SCI,PRINCETON,NJ 08544. US GEOL SURVEY,DENVER FED CTR,DENVER,CO 80225. RP JOHNSSON, MJ (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,345 MIDDLEFIELD RD,MS 999,MENLO PK,CA 94025, USA. RI Stallard, Robert/H-2649-2013 OI Stallard, Robert/0000-0001-8209-7608 NR 171 TC 115 Z9 118 U1 1 U2 13 PU GEOLOGICAL SOC AMERICA PI BOULDER PA PO BOX 9140 3300 PENROSE PLACE, BOULDER, CO 80301 SN 0016-7606 J9 GEOL SOC AM BULL JI Geol. Soc. Am. Bull. PD DEC PY 1991 VL 103 IS 12 BP 1622 EP 1647 DI 10.1130/0016-7606(1991)103<1622:COTCOF>2.3.CO;2 PG 26 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA GU007 UT WOS:A1991GU00700007 ER PT J AU WING, SL BOWN, TM OBRADOVICH, JD AF WING, SL BOWN, TM OBRADOVICH, JD TI EARLY EOCENE BIOTIC AND CLIMATIC-CHANGE IN INTERIOR WESTERN NORTH-AMERICA SO GEOLOGY LA English DT Article ID OXYGEN AB Imprecise correlation of the marine and terrestrial fossil records has been a major obstacle to understanding migration and extinction of continental biotas and early Cenozoic climate change. New Ar-40/Ar-39 data from the Willwood Formation in the Bighorn Basin of Wyoming establish an age of 52.8 +/- 0.3 Ma for earliest Lostcabinian (late Wasatchian) faunas and coeval early Eocene floras. Strata just beneath earliest Wasatchian faunas can be correlated with the NP9/NP10 boundary in marine sedimentary units, which has an interpolated age of approximately 55.7 Ma. This new information allows us to estimate the durations of the Wasatchian (approximately 5 m.y.) and the Lostcabinian (approximately 2 m.y.) and shows that the continental biotas are coeval with the acme of Cenozoic warmth inferred from delta-O-18 measurements of foraminifera. From 58 to 50 Ma, paleoclimate in the continental interior at about 45-degrees-N was warm and equable, but patterns of temperature change inferred from continental floras do not track precisely the marine delta-O-18 record. C1 US GEOL SURVEY,DENVER,CO 80225. RP WING, SL (reprint author), NATL MUSEUM NAT HIST,DEPT PALEONTOL,WASHINGTON,DC 20560, USA. OI Wing, Scott/0000-0002-2954-8905 NR 36 TC 91 Z9 94 U1 0 U2 3 PU GEOLOGICAL SOC AMERICA PI BOULDER PA PO BOX 9140 3300 PENROSE PLACE, BOULDER, CO 80301 SN 0091-7613 J9 GEOLOGY JI Geology PD DEC PY 1991 VL 19 IS 12 BP 1189 EP 1192 DI 10.1130/0091-7613(1991)019<1189:EEBACC>2.3.CO;2 PG 4 WC Geology SC Geology GA GU006 UT WOS:A1991GU00600011 ER PT J AU BODNAR, RJ BURRUSS, RC AF BODNAR, RJ BURRUSS, RC TI FLUID-INCLUSION TECHNIQUE FOR DETERMINING MAXIMUM TEMPERATURE IN CALCITE AND ITS COMPARISON TO THE VITRINITE REFLECTANCE GEOTHERMOMETER - COMMENT SO GEOLOGY LA English DT Note C1 US GEOL SURVEY,DENVER,CO 80225. RP BODNAR, RJ (reprint author), VIRGINIA POLYTECH INST & STATE UNIV,DEPT GEOL SCI,BLACKSBURG,VA 24061, USA. RI Bodnar, Robert/A-1916-2009 NR 0 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 1 U2 6 PU GEOLOGICAL SOC AMERICA PI BOULDER PA PO BOX 9140 3300 PENROSE PLACE, BOULDER, CO 80301 SN 0091-7613 J9 GEOLOGY JI Geology PD DEC PY 1991 VL 19 IS 12 BP 1241 EP 1242 DI 10.1130/0091-7613(1991)019<1241:CAROFI>2.3.CO;2 PG 2 WC Geology SC Geology GA GU006 UT WOS:A1991GU00600024 ER PT J AU BARKER, CE GOLDSTEIN, RH AF BARKER, CE GOLDSTEIN, RH TI FLUID-INCLUSION TECHNIQUE FOR DETERMINING MAXIMUM TEMPERATURE IN CALCITE AND ITS COMPARISON TO THE VITRINITE REFLECTANCE GEOTHERMOMETER - REPLY SO GEOLOGY LA English DT Note C1 UNIV KANSAS,LAWRENCE,KS 66045. RP BARKER, CE (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,LAKEWOOD,CO 80225, USA. NR 8 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 1 U2 3 PU GEOLOGICAL SOC AMERICA PI BOULDER PA PO BOX 9140 3300 PENROSE PLACE, BOULDER, CO 80301 SN 0091-7613 J9 GEOLOGY JI Geology PD DEC PY 1991 VL 19 IS 12 BP 1242 EP 1242 PG 1 WC Geology SC Geology GA GU006 UT WOS:A1991GU00600025 ER PT J AU HOLBROOK, WS CATCHINGS, RD JARCHOW, CM AF HOLBROOK, WS CATCHINGS, RD JARCHOW, CM TI ORIGIN OF DEEP CRUSTAL REFLECTIONS - IMPLICATIONS OF COINCIDENTAL SEISMIC REFRACTION AND REFLECTION DATA IN NEVADA - REPLY SO GEOLOGY LA English DT Note ID VELOCITIES; WAVES C1 US GEOL SURVEY,MENLO PK,CA 94025. STANFORD UNIV,DEPT GEOPHYS,STANFORD,CA 94305. RP HOLBROOK, WS (reprint author), WOODS HOLE OCEANOG INST,DEPT GEOL & GEOPHYS,WOODS HOLE,MA 02543, USA. RI Holbrook, W. Steven/G-9800-2011 OI Holbrook, W. Steven/0000-0003-0065-8841 NR 17 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU GEOLOGICAL SOC AMERICA PI BOULDER PA PO BOX 9140 3300 PENROSE PLACE, BOULDER, CO 80301 SN 0091-7613 J9 GEOLOGY JI Geology PD DEC PY 1991 VL 19 IS 12 BP 1243 EP 1244 PG 2 WC Geology SC Geology GA GU006 UT WOS:A1991GU00600027 ER PT J AU VIDALE, JE WILLIAMS, Q HOUSTON, H AF VIDALE, JE WILLIAMS, Q HOUSTON, H TI WAVE-FORM EFFECTS OF A METASTABLE OLIVINE TONGUE IN SUBDUCTING SLABS SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article ID VELOCITY STRUCTURE; SEISMIC ZONE; P-WAVES; MANTLE; EARTHQUAKES; TRANSITION; PRESSURE AB We constructed velocity models of subducting slabs with a kinetically-depressed olivine --> beta- and gamma-spinel transition, and examined the effect that such structures would have on teleseismic P waveforms using a full-wave finite-difference method. These two-dimensional calculations yielded waveforms at a range of distances in the downdip direction. The slab models included a wedge-shaped, low-velocity metastable olivine tongue (MOTO) to a depth of 670 km, as well as a plausible thermal anomaly; one model further included a 10-km-thick fast layer on the surface of the slab. The principal effect of MOTO is to produce grazing reflections at wide angles off the phase boundary, generating a secondary arrival 0 to 4 seconds after the initial arrival depending on the take-off angle. The amplitude and timing of this feature vary with the lateral location of the seismic source within the slab cross-section. Careful analysis of waveforms from earthquakes with depths near 400 km, simple sources, and adequate station coverage in appropriate geometries will be required to resolve whether MOTO is present. C1 UNIV CALIF SANTA CRUZ,DEPT EARTH SCI,SANTA CRUZ,CA 95064. UNIV CALIF SANTA CRUZ,INST TECTON,SANTA CRUZ,CA 95064. RP VIDALE, JE (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,345 MIDDLEFIELD RD,MENLO PK,CA 94025, USA. RI Vidale, John/H-4965-2011 OI Vidale, John/0000-0002-3658-818X NR 25 TC 21 Z9 21 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 SN 0094-8276 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD DEC PY 1991 VL 18 IS 12 BP 2201 EP 2204 DI 10.1029/91GL02588 PG 4 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA GY093 UT WOS:A1991GY09300007 ER PT J AU ARNADOTTIR, T SEGALL, P DELANEY, P AF ARNADOTTIR, T SEGALL, P DELANEY, P TI A FAULT MODEL FOR THE 1989 KILAUEA SOUTH FLANK EARTHQUAKE FROM LEVELING AND SEISMIC DATA SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article ID HAWAII AB The geometry of the fault that ruptured during the M6.1 south flank earthquake on Kilauea volcano in 1989 is determined from leveling data. The elastic dislocation, in a homogeneous elastic half-space, that best fits the data is found using a nonlinear inversion procedure. The best fitting model is a gently dipping thrust fault that lies at 4 km depth. This is significantly shallower than the 9 km hypocentral depth determined from the local seismic network. Two-dimensional finite-element calculations indicate that at least part of this discrepancy can be attributed to the focusing of the surface deformation by the upper few kilometers of compliant, low-density lavas. We conclude that it is important to include realistic elastic structure to estimate source geometry from geodetic data. C1 US GEOL SURVEY,FLAGSTAFF,AZ 86001. RP ARNADOTTIR, T (reprint author), STANFORD UNIV,DEPT GEOPHYS,STANFORD,CA 94305, USA. RI Arnadottir, Thora/C-7183-2013 OI Arnadottir, Thora/0000-0002-8275-8813 NR 11 TC 30 Z9 30 U1 2 U2 4 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 SN 0094-8276 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD DEC PY 1991 VL 18 IS 12 BP 2217 EP 2220 DI 10.1029/91GL02691 PG 4 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA GY093 UT WOS:A1991GY09300011 ER PT J AU LANDIS, GP SNEE, LW AF LANDIS, GP SNEE, LW TI AR-40/AR-39 SYSTEMATICS AND ARGON DIFFUSION IN AMBER - IMPLICATIONS FOR ANCIENT EARTH ATMOSPHERES SO GLOBAL AND PLANETARY CHANGE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT WORKSHOP ON ATMOSPHERIC OXYGEN VARIATION THROUGH GEOLOGIC TIME CY JUL 16-18, 1990 CL PENN STATE UNIV, EARTH SYST SCI CTR, STATE COLLEGE, PA SP PENN STATE UNIV HO PENN STATE UNIV, EARTH SYST SCI CTR AB Argon isotope data indicate retained argon in bulk amber (matrix gas) is more radiogenic [Ar-40/Ar-36 almost-equal-to 320] than the much more abundant surface adsorbed argon [Ar-40/Ar-36 almost-equal-to 295.5]. Neutron-induced Ar-39 is retained in amber during heating experiments to 150-degrees-250-degrees-C, with no evidence of recoiled Ar-39 found after irradiation. A maximum permissible volume diffusion coefficient of argon in amber (at ambient temperature) D less-than-or-equal-to 1.5 x 10(-17) cm2 s-1 is calculated from Ar-39 retention. Ar-40/Ar-39 age calculations indicate Dominican Republic amber is almost-equal-to 45 Ma and North Dakota amber is almost-equal-to 89 Ma, both at least reasonable ages for the amber based upon stratigraphic and paleontological constraints and upon the small amount of radiogenic Ar-40. To date, over 300 gas analyses of ambers and resins of Cretaceous to Recent age that are geographically distributed among fifteen noted world locations identify mixtures of gases in different sites within amber (Berner and Landis, 1988). The presence of multiple mixing trends between compositionally distinct end-member gases within the same sample and evidence for retained radiogenic argon within the amber argue persuasively against rapid exchange by diffusion of amber-contained gases with modern air. Only gas in primary bubbles entrapped between successive flows of tree resin has been interpreted as original "ancient air," which is an O2-rich end-member gas with air-like N2/Ar ratios. Gas analyses of these primary bubbles indicate atmospheric O2 levels in the Late Cretaceous of almost-equal-to 35%, and that atmospheric O2 dropped by early Tertiary time to near a present atmospheric level of 21% O2. A very low argon diffusion coefficient in amber persuasively argues for gas in primary bubbles trapped in amber being ancient air (possibly modified only by O2 reaction with amber). RP LANDIS, GP (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,DENVER FED CTR,POB 25046,DENVER,CO 80225, USA. NR 13 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 1 U2 4 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0921-8181 J9 GLOBAL PLANET CHANGE JI Glob. Planet. Change PD DEC PY 1991 VL 97 IS 1-2 BP 63 EP 67 PG 5 WC Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Physical Geography; Geology GA GZ960 UT WOS:A1991GZ96000006 ER PT J AU HUGHES, WB AF HUGHES, WB TI APPLICATION OF MARINE SEISMIC PROFILING TO A GROUND-WATER CONTAMINATION STUDY, ABERDEEN-PROVING-GROUND, MARYLAND SO GROUND WATER MONITORING AND REMEDIATION LA English DT Article AB Continuous high-frequency marine seismic profiling was used to define the extent of geologic units in the offshore areas of J-Field, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland, during March and April of 1988. J-Field is an area that was used by the U.S. Army for disposal of chemical warfare agents, munitions; and organic solvents from the 1950s through the 1970s. A major concern at this site is the subsurface migration of hazardous wastes into offshore areas and eventually into the Chesapeake Bay. A 150-foot (45.7 meter) deep paleochannel containing Pleistocene age fluvial and estuarine sediments was identified from boreholes constructed onshore. The paleochannel sediments consist of three lithic units. From bottom to top these units consist of gravel and sand, massive silty and sandy clay, and interbedded sand and clay. The seismic profiles were used to identify the extent of these units and map them in offshore areas. An accurate knowledge of the distribution of the geologic units in onshore and offshore areas is important to the investigation because the coarse-grained paleochannel sediments may provide a preferential flow path for contaminated ground water and the fine-grained sediments may impede the movement of contaminants into deeper aquifers. RP HUGHES, WB (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,HYDROL,208 CARROLL BLDG,8600 LASALLE RD,TOWSON,MD 21204, USA. NR 0 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 1 U2 2 PU GROUND WATER PUBLISHING CO PI COLUMBUS PA 2600 GROUND WATER WAY, COLUMBUS, OH 43219 SN 1069-3629 J9 GROUND WATER MONIT R JI Ground Water Monit. Remediat. PD WIN PY 1991 VL 11 IS 1 BP 97 EP 102 DI 10.1111/j.1745-6592.1991.tb00355.x PG 6 WC Water Resources SC Water Resources GA EU658 UT WOS:A1991EU65800006 ER PT J AU TAI, DY TURNER, KS GARCIA, LA AF TAI, DY TURNER, KS GARCIA, LA TI THE USE OF A STANDPIPE TO EVALUATE GROUND-WATER SAMPLERS SO GROUND WATER MONITORING AND REMEDIATION LA English DT Article AB A standpipe system was developed for testing the reliability of ground water samplers. The unit consists of a stainless steel pipe 5 inches (13 centimeters) in diameter and 100 feet (30.5 meters) in height. It has 14 sampling ports from which control samples can be withdrawn at the same time and position as the samples are collected by a sampler lowered to that position. Test solutions were made in two mixing tanks, totaling 260 gallons (980 liters), by diluting the concentrate of five volatile chlorohydrocarbons in water at two levels of concentration: 10-to-30 and 100-to-200 parts per billion (micrograms per liter). A gas chromatograph interfaced with a purge-and-trap system was used to perform the analyses. Comparisons of the control samples with the sampler-collected samples have indicated that the three non-pumping samplers had recoveries in the range of 92.4 to 103.5 percent and the three pumping samplers had recoveries ranging from 97.7 to 101.5 percent. RP TAI, DY (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,HYDROL INSTRUMENTAT FACIL,BLDG 2101,STENNIS SPACE CTR,MS 39529, USA. NR 0 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU GROUND WATER PUBLISHING CO PI COLUMBUS PA 2600 GROUND WATER WAY, COLUMBUS, OH 43219 SN 1069-3629 J9 GROUND WATER MONIT R JI Ground Water Monit. Remediat. PD WIN PY 1991 VL 11 IS 1 BP 125 EP 132 DI 10.1111/j.1745-6592.1991.tb00359.x PG 8 WC Water Resources SC Water Resources GA EU658 UT WOS:A1991EU65800010 ER PT J AU MCKNIGHT, ML DODD, CK SPOLSKY, CM AF MCKNIGHT, ML DODD, CK SPOLSKY, CM TI PROTEIN AND MITOCHONDRIAL-DNA VARIATION IN THE SALAMANDER PHAEOGNATHUS-HUBRICHTI SO HERPETOLOGICA LA English DT Article DE CAUDATA; PHAEOGNATHUS-HUBRICHTI; GENETICS; ENDANGERED SPECIES; CONSERVATION; GENETIC DIVERSITY ID RESTRICTION ENDONUCLEASES; EVOLUTIONARY GENETICS; SYSTEMATICS; DIVERGENCE; HISTORY AB The genetic diversity and spatial distribution of selected genes of the Red Hills salamander, Phaeognathus hubrichti, were estimated by examination of variation in mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) and proteins of 14 individuals collected across the entire range of the species. Digestion of mtDNA with each of 22 restriction enzymes resulted in fragment patterns that did not vary among these individuals. Nine of 35 protein loci were polymorphic; four of these showed a geographic pattern to the variation and suggest the existence of two forms in this threatened species. Preserves to protect the genetic diversity of this animal should include areas representing both forms. C1 UNIV ILLINOIS,DEPT ECOL ETHOL & EVOLUT,URBANA,IL 61801. US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,NATL ECOL RES CTR,GAINESVILLE,FL 32601. RP MCKNIGHT, ML (reprint author), UNIV CALIF DAVIS,DEPT ZOOL,DAVIS,CA 95616, USA. NR 39 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 1 PU HERPETOLOGISTS LEAGUE PI JOHNSON CITY PA EAST TENNESSEE STATE UNIV, DEPT BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES, BOX 70726, JOHNSON CITY, TN 37614-0726 SN 0018-0831 J9 HERPETOLOGICA JI Herpetologica PD DEC PY 1991 VL 47 IS 4 BP 440 EP 447 PG 8 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA GU137 UT WOS:A1991GU13700007 ER PT J AU PETERS, NE WALLING, DE AF PETERS, NE WALLING, DE TI SYMPOSIUM H3 - SEDIMENT AND STREAM WATER-QUALITY IN A CHANGING ENVIRONMENT - TRENDS AND EXPLANATION SO HYDROLOGICAL SCIENCES JOURNAL-JOURNAL DES SCIENCES HYDROLOGIQUES LA English DT Editorial Material RP PETERS, NE (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,DORAVILLE,GA, USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 2 PU IAHS PRESS, INST HYDROLOGY PI WALLINGFORD PA C/O SARAH CAGE, WALLINGFORD, ENGLAND OX10 8BB SN 0262-6667 J9 HYDROLOG SCI J JI Hydrol. Sci. J.-J. Sci. Hydrol. PD DEC PY 1991 VL 36 IS 6 BP 655 EP 656 PG 2 WC Water Resources SC Water Resources GA GT364 UT WOS:A1991GT36400012 ER PT J AU DEVEREL, S AF DEVEREL, S TI WORKSHOP HW3 - IRRIGATION INDUCED PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL-CHANGES IN SOIL, GROUNDWATER AND SURFACE-WATER SO HYDROLOGICAL SCIENCES JOURNAL-JOURNAL DES SCIENCES HYDROLOGIQUES LA English DT Editorial Material RP DEVEREL, S (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,WRD,SACRAMENTO,CA, USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU IAHS PRESS, INST HYDROLOGY PI WALLINGFORD PA C/O SARAH CAGE, WALLINGFORD, ENGLAND OX10 8BB SN 0262-6667 J9 HYDROLOG SCI J JI Hydrol. Sci. J.-J. Sci. Hydrol. PD DEC PY 1991 VL 36 IS 6 BP 659 EP 660 PG 2 WC Water Resources SC Water Resources GA GT364 UT WOS:A1991GT36400016 ER PT J AU LIDZ, BH SHINN, EA AF LIDZ, BH SHINN, EA TI PALEOSHORELINES, REEFS, AND A RISING SEA - SOUTH FLORIDA, USA SO JOURNAL OF COASTAL RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE FLORIDA KEYS (USA); FLORIDA REEF TRACT (USA); BEDROCK TOPOGRAPHY; PALEOSHORELINES; SEA-LEVEL RISE; QUATERNARY CORAL REEFS; CORAL REEF DISTRIBUTION; CORAL GROWTH; STORM SURGE; CLIMATIC CHANGE; FUTURE SHORELINES AB The porous limestone bedrock, thin sediment cover, and tectonic stability of the Florida Platform during the past 15 ka BP provide an exceptionally suitable setting for reconstruction of paleoshorelines and onshore projection of future shorelines in a rising-sea scenario. Paleoshorelines for 8, 6, 4 and 2 ka BP show that (1) a series of limestone islands formed, then drowned, along the outer platform; (2) a distinct trough, called Hawk Channel, separated the outer islands from shore; (3) the lower Keys flooded earlier and more rapidly than the rest of the Keys; and (4) Florida Bay and tidal passes through the middle Keys into the bay developed within the past 4 ka BP. During the Quaternary, topographic highs were preferential sites for coral growth. Bathed by clear oceanic waters, reefs near the platform flourished. As sea level rose, reefs developed on the platform margin and were gradually displaced to more shoreward bedrock highs. Upon platform flooding, water quality deteriorated and reef luxuriance diminished. Projection of future shorelines onto land shows that most land forming the Florida Keys would flood in a rise of 1 to 2 m and that a rise of little more than 5 m would submerge all land. Offshore reefs would die, while nearshore reefs would shift landward as the mainland shoreline migrated northward. Onshore topographic highs would become numerous small islands as the Keys flooded, until all drowned. The submerged highs would then become preferred sites for coral growth, until water quality and depth exceeded the optimum for survival. RP LIDZ, BH (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,CTR COASTAL STUDIES,600 4TH ST S,ST PETERSBURG,FL 33701, USA. NR 0 TC 38 Z9 40 U1 0 U2 5 PU COASTAL EDUCATION & RESEARCH FOUNDATION PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH STREET, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 SN 0749-0208 J9 J COASTAL RES JI J. Coast. Res. PD WIN PY 1991 VL 7 IS 1 BP 203 EP 229 PG 27 WC Environmental Sciences; Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Physical Geography; Geology GA ET939 UT WOS:A1991ET93900015 ER PT J AU MASON, WT AF MASON, WT TI SIEVE SAMPLE SPLITTER FOR BENTHIC INVERTEBRATES SO JOURNAL OF FRESHWATER ECOLOGY LA English DT Note AB A field-oriented technique for halving benthic invertebrate samples, the sieve sample splitter, was used to expedite a fish food survey of the Suwannee River, Florida. The splitter was most efficient with collections that completely covered the screen and contained high invertebrate densities. RP MASON, WT (reprint author), US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,NATL FISHERIES RES CTR,7920 NW 71ST ST,GAINESVILLE,FL 32606, USA. NR 6 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 3 PU OIKOS PUBL INC PI LA CROSSE PA PO BOX 2558, LA CROSSE, WI 54601 SN 0270-5060 J9 J FRESHWATER ECOL JI J. Freshw. Ecol. PD DEC PY 1991 VL 6 IS 4 BP 445 EP 449 DI 10.1080/02705060.1991.9665324 PG 5 WC Ecology; Limnology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA GX797 UT WOS:A1991GX79700011 ER PT J AU LANDIS, GP HOFSTRA, AH AF LANDIS, GP HOFSTRA, AH TI FLUID INCLUSION GAS CHEMISTRY AS A POTENTIAL MINERALS EXPLORATION TOOL - CASE-STUDIES FROM CREEDE, CO, JERRITT CANYON, NV, COEUR-DALENE DISTRICT, ID AND MT, SOUTHERN ALASKA MESOTHERMAL VEINS, AND MIDCONTINENT MVTS SO JOURNAL OF GEOCHEMICAL EXPLORATION LA English DT Article ID SAN-JUAN MOUNTAINS; GEOTHERMAL SYSTEM; MINING DISTRICT; ORE DEPOSITION; NEW-MEXICO; EQUILIBRIA; WATER; ENVIRONMENT; BROADLANDS; EVOLUTION AB Recent advances in instrumentation now permit quantitative analysis of gas species from individual fluid inclusions. Fluid inclusion gas data can be applied to minerals exploration empirically to establish chemical (gas composition) signatures of the ore fluids, and conceptually through the development of genetic models of ore formation from a framework of integrated geologic, geochemical, and isotopic investigations. Case studies of fluid inclusion gas chemistry from ore deposits representing a spectrum of ore-forming processes and environments are presented to illustrate both the empirical and conceptual approaches. We consider epithermal silver-gold deposits of Creede, Colorado, Carlin-type sediment-hosted disseminated gold deposits of Jerritt Canyon, Nevada, metamorphic silver-base-metal veins of the Coeur d'Alene district, Idaho and Montana, gold-quartz veins in accreted terranes of southern Alaska, and the mid-continent base-metal sulfide deposits of Mississippi Valley-Type (MVT's). Variations in gas chemistry determine the redox state of the ore fluids, provide compositional input for gas geothermometers, characterize ore fluid chemistry (e.g., CH4-CO2, H2S-SO2, CO2/H2S, organic-rich fluids, gas-rich and gas-poor fluids), identify magmatic, meteoric, metamorphic, shallow and deep basin fluids in ore systems, locate upwelling plumes of magmatic-derived volatiles, zones of boiling and volatile separation, interfaces between contrasting fluids, and important zones of fluid mixing. Present techniques are immediately applicable to exploration programs as empirical studies that monitor fluid inclusion gas threshold concentration levels, presence or absence of certain gases, or changes in gas ratios, We suggest that the greater contribution of fluid inclusion gas analysis is in the integrated and comprehensive chemical dimension that gas data impart to genetic models, and in the exploration concepts based on processes and environments of ore formation derived from these genetic models. RP LANDIS, GP (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,DENVER FED CTR,POB 25046,DENVER,CO 80225, USA. NR 84 TC 30 Z9 30 U1 0 U2 6 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0375-6742 J9 J GEOCHEM EXPLOR JI J. Geochem. Explor. PD DEC PY 1991 VL 42 IS 1 BP 25 EP 59 DI 10.1016/0375-6742(91)90059-4 PG 35 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA HB364 UT WOS:A1991HB36400003 ER PT J AU CRAWFORD, CG AF CRAWFORD, CG TI ESTIMATION OF SUSPENDED-SEDIMENT RATING CURVES AND MEAN SUSPENDED-SEDIMENT LOADS SO JOURNAL OF HYDROLOGY LA English DT Article ID REGRESSION AB Suspended-sediment loads are often estimated from an empirical relation between suspended-sediment load (L) and streamflow (S). This relation is usually defined as a power function, L = aS(b), and is referred to as a suspended-sediment rating curve. This function can be formulated as either a linear or non-linear model to find the solution of the rating-curve parameters (a and b). Formulation of the power function as a linear model requires a logarithmic transformation to linearize the function and a subsequent correction for transformation bias. Rating-curve parameter estimates for both the bias-corrected, transformed-linear or non-linear models can be obtained by the method of least squares. Each model has distinct advantages and disadvantages. A unique solution of the parameters of the transformed-linear model may be obtained algebraically. These parameter estimates have some optimal properties when certain attainable conditions are met. However, the parameter estimates must be corrected for transformation bias when obtained this way. Parameter estimates obtained for the non-linear model do not require a correction for transformation bias. However, these estimates must be obtained by iterative methods which do not always converge to a solution. In addition, the residual errors of the non-linear model typically are not identically distributed throughout the range of streamflow values. This problem adversely affects the precision of the parameter estimates. Weighted non-linear least squares can be used to improve the parameter estimates for the non-linear model, but the weights must be approximated and their appropriate form may be difficult to determine. A simulation study was done to evaluate: (1) the accuracy and precision of parameter estimates for the bias-corrected, transformed-linear and non-linear models obtained by the method of least squares; (2) the accuracy of mean suspended-sediment loads calculated by the flow-duration, rating-curve method using model parameters obtained by the alternative methods. Parameter estimates obtained by least squares for the bias-corrected, transformed-linear model were considerably more precise than those obtained for the non-linear or weighted non-linear model. The accuracy of parameter estimates obtained for the bias-corrected, transformed-linear and weighted non-linear model was similar and was much greater than the accuracy obtained by non-linear least squares. The improved parameter estimates obtained by the bias-corrected, transformed-linear or weighted non-linear model yield estimates of mean suspended-sediment load calculated by the flow-duration, rating-curve method that are more accurate and precise than those obtained for the non-linear model. RP CRAWFORD, CG (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,5957 LAKESIDE BLVD,INDIANAPOLIS,IN 46278, USA. OI Crawford, Charles/0000-0003-1653-7841 NR 25 TC 87 Z9 91 U1 0 U2 8 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0022-1694 J9 J HYDROL JI J. Hydrol. PD DEC PY 1991 VL 129 IS 1-4 BP 331 EP 348 DI 10.1016/0022-1694(91)90057-O PG 18 WC Engineering, Civil; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Engineering; Geology; Water Resources GA GZ660 UT WOS:A1991GZ66000017 ER PT J AU SOREY, ML SUEMNICHT, GA STURCHIO, NC NORDQUIST, GA AF SOREY, ML SUEMNICHT, GA STURCHIO, NC NORDQUIST, GA TI NEW EVIDENCE ON THE HYDROTHERMAL SYSTEM IN LONG VALLEY CALDERA, CALIFORNIA, FROM WELLS, FLUID SAMPLING, ELECTRICAL GEOPHYSICS, AND AGE-DETERMINATIONS OF HOT-SPRING DEPOSITS SO JOURNAL OF VOLCANOLOGY AND GEOTHERMAL RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID MONO-COUNTY; NATIONAL-PARK; MAGMA; ISOTOPES; BENEATH; BORON AB Data collected since 1985 from test drilling, fluid sampling, and geologic and geophysical investigations provide a clearer definition of the hydrothermal system in Long Valley caldera than was previously available. This information confirms the existence of high-temperature ( > 200-degrees-C) reservoirs within the volcanic fill in parts of the west moat. These reservoirs contain fluids which are chemically similar to thermal fluids encountered in the central and eastern parts of the caldera. The roots of the present-day hydrothermal system (the source reservoir, principal zones of upflow, and the magmatic heat source) most likely occur within metamorphic basement rocks beneath the western part of the caldera. Geothermometer-temperature estimates for the source reservoir range from 214 to 248-degrees-C. Zones of upflow of hot water could exist beneath the plateau of moat rhyolite located west of the resurgent dome or beneath Mammoth Mountain. Lateral flow of thermal water away from such upflow zones through reservoirs in the Bishop Tuff and early rhyolite accounts for temperature reversals encountered in most existing wells. Dating of hot-spring deposits from active and inactive thermal areas confirms previous interpretations of the evolution of hydrothermal activity that suggest two periods of extensive hot-spring discharge, one peaking about 300 ka and another extending from about 40 ka to the present. The onset of hydrothermal activity around 40 ka coincides with the initiation of rhyolitic volcanism along the Mono-Inyo Craters volcanic chain that extends beneath the caldera's west moat. C1 UNOCAL GEOTHERMAL DIV,SANTA ROSA,CA 95406. ARGONNE NATL LAB,ARGONNE,IL 60439. RP SOREY, ML (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,MENLO PK,CA 94025, USA. NR 89 TC 49 Z9 49 U1 1 U2 9 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0377-0273 J9 J VOLCANOL GEOTH RES JI J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res. PD DEC PY 1991 VL 48 IS 3-4 BP 229 EP 263 DI 10.1016/0377-0273(91)90045-2 PG 35 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA HB371 UT WOS:A1991HB37100001 ER PT J AU GOFF, F WOLLENBERG, HA BROOKINS, DC KISTLER, RW AF GOFF, F WOLLENBERG, HA BROOKINS, DC KISTLER, RW TI A SR-ISOTOPIC COMPARISON BETWEEN THERMAL WATERS, ROCKS, AND HYDROTHERMAL CALCITES, LONG VALLEY CALDERA, CALIFORNIA SO JOURNAL OF VOLCANOLOGY AND GEOTHERMAL RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID CENTRAL SIERRA-NEVADA; NEW-MEXICO; GEOTHERMAL SYSTEM; JEMEZ MOUNTAINS; MONO-COUNTY; HOT SPRINGS; GEOCHEMISTRY AB The Sr-87/Sr-86 values of thermal waters and hydrothermal calcites of the Long Valley caldera geothermal system are more radiogenic than those of young intracaldera volcanic rocks. Five thermal waters display Sr-87/Sr-86 of 0.7081-0.7078 but show systematically lighter values from west to east in the direction of lateral flow. We believe the decrease in ratio from west to east signifies increased interaction of deeply circulating thermal water with relatively fresh volcanic rocks filling the caldera depression. All types of pre-, syn-, and post-caldera volcanic rocks in the west and central caldera have (Sr-87/Sr-86). between about 0.7060 and 0.7072 and values for Sierra Nevada granodiorites adjacent to the caldera are similar. Sierran pre-intrusive metavolcanic and metasedimentary rocks can have considerably higher Sr-isotope ratios (0.7061-0.7246 and 0.7090-0.7250, respectively). Hydrothermally altered volcanic rocks inside the caldera have Sr-87/Sr-86)m slightly heavier than their fresh volcanic equivalents and hydrothermal calcites (0.7068-0.7105) occupy a mid-range of values between the volcanic/plutonic rocks and the Sierran metamorphic rocks. These data indicate that the Long Valley geothermal reservoir is first equilibrated in a basement complex that contains at least some metasedimentary rocks. Reequilibration of Sr-isotope ratios to lower values occurs in thermal waters as convecting geothermal fluids flow through the isotopically lighter volcanic rocks of the caldera fill. C1 US GEOL SURVEY,ISOTOPE GEOL BRANCH,MENLO PK,CA 94025. UNIV CALIF BERKELEY,LAWRENCE BERKELEY LAB,DIV GEOCHEM,BERKELEY,CA 94720. UNIV NEW MEXICO,DEPT GEOL,ALBUQUERQUE,NM 87131. RP GOFF, F (reprint author), UNIV CALIF LOS ALAMOS SCI LAB,DIV EARTH & ENVIRONM SCI,LOS ALAMOS,NM 87545, USA. NR 50 TC 35 Z9 35 U1 1 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0377-0273 J9 J VOLCANOL GEOTH RES JI J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res. PD DEC PY 1991 VL 48 IS 3-4 BP 265 EP 281 DI 10.1016/0377-0273(91)90046-3 PG 17 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA HB371 UT WOS:A1991HB37100002 ER PT J AU WHITE, AF PETERSON, ML AF WHITE, AF PETERSON, ML TI CHEMICAL-EQUILIBRIUM AND MASS BALANCE RELATIONSHIPS ASSOCIATED WITH THE LONG VALLEY HYDROTHERMAL SYSTEM, CALIFORNIA, USA SO JOURNAL OF VOLCANOLOGY AND GEOTHERMAL RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID MONO-COUNTY; GEOTHERMAL-FIELD; OXYGEN ISOTOPE; THERMAL WATERS; LA-PRIMAVERA; CALDERA; MEXICO; EVOLUTION; JALISCO; FLUIDS AB Recent drilling and sampling of hydrothermal fluids from Long Valley permit an accurate characterization of chemical concentrations and equilibrium conditions in the hydrothermal reservoir. Hydrothermal fluids are thermodynamically saturated with secondary quartz, calcite, and pyrite but are in disequilibrium with respect to aqueous sulfide-sulfate speciation. Hydrothermal fluids are enriched in O-18 by approximately 1 parts per thousand relative to recharge waters. O-18 and Cl concentration in well cuttings and core from high-temperature zones of the reservoir are extensively depleted relative to fresh rhyolitic tuff compositions. Approximately 80% of the Li and 50% of the B are retained in the altered reservoir rock. Cl mass balance and open-system O-18 fractionation models produce similar water-rock ratios of between 1.0 and 2.5 kg kg-1. These water-rock ratios coupled with estimates of reservoir porosity and density produce a minimum fluid residence time of 1.3 ka. The low fluid Cl concentrations in Long Valley correlate with corresponding low rock concentrations. Mass balance calculations indicate that leaching of these reservoir rocks accounts for Cl losses during hydrothermal activity over the last 40 ka. RP WHITE, AF (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,MENLO PK,CA 94025, USA. NR 48 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0377-0273 J9 J VOLCANOL GEOTH RES JI J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res. PD DEC PY 1991 VL 48 IS 3-4 BP 283 EP 302 DI 10.1016/0377-0273(91)90047-4 PG 20 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA HB371 UT WOS:A1991HB37100003 ER PT J AU CARPENTER, JW THOMAS, NJ REEVES, S AF CARPENTER, JW THOMAS, NJ REEVES, S TI CAPTURE MYOPATHY IN AN ENDANGERED SANDHILL CRANE (GRUS-CANADENSIS-PULLA) SO JOURNAL OF ZOO AND WILDLIFE MEDICINE LA English DT Article DE CAPTURE MYOPATHY; EXERTIONAL MYOPATHY; EXERTIONAL RHABDOMYOLYSIS; MISSISSIPPI SANDHILL CRANE; GRUS-CANADENSIS-PULLA; ENDANGERED ID WILD AB Despite precautions to protect cranes, a 3-year-old endangered Mississippi sandhill crane (Grus canadensis pulla) was found caught in a leghold trap in Gautier, Mississippi, on 11 November 1987. The bird could have been in the trap for up to 16 hr and was standing and struggling to escape when it was discovered. Serum chemistries of the crane on 12 November revealed elevated lactic dehydrogenase (2,880 IU/L), alanine aminotransferase (ALT) (152 IU/L), and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) (> 1,000 IU/L) values. Following surgical amputation of a fractured toe, the bird never attempted to stand and was unable to stand even when manually supported. Radiographic and physical examination of both legs did not reveal any anatomical abnormalities. Despite medical care, including supportive therapy, no improvement was observed in the bird's ability to stand and to support itself, and the bird died on 19 November. Serum chemistries and the postmortem and histopathologic findings were compatible with capture myopathy described in other species. Because of the possible susceptibility of long-legged birds such as the Mississippi sandhill crane to capture myopathy, special care must be taken when trapping, handling, chemically immobilizing, and transporting these species. In addition, precautions must be taken when conducting a predator-control program to ensure that nontarget wildlife are unlikely to encounter traps. Capture myopathy has only rarely been observed in wild birds, and this case represents the first report in a Mississippi sandhill crane. C1 US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,NATL WILDLIFE HLTH RES CTR,MADISON,WI 53711. US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,MISSISSIPPI SANDHILL CRANE NATL WILDLIFE REFUGE,GRUTIER,MS 39553. RP CARPENTER, JW (reprint author), KANSAS STATE UNIV AGR & APPL SCI,COLL VET MED,DEPT CLIN SCI,MANHATTAN,KS 66506, USA. NR 21 TC 13 Z9 15 U1 1 U2 3 PU AMER ASSOC Z00 VETERINARIANS PI MEDIA PA 6 NORTH PENNELL ROAD, MEDIA, PA 19063 SN 1042-7260 J9 J ZOO WILDLIFE MED JI J. Zoo Wildl. Med. PD DEC PY 1991 VL 22 IS 4 BP 488 EP 493 PG 6 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA HA868 UT WOS:A1991HA86800014 ER PT J AU DECHO, AW LUOMA, SN AF DECHO, AW LUOMA, SN TI TIME-COURSES IN THE RETENTION OF FOOD MATERIAL IN THE BIVALVES POTAMOCORBULA-AMURENSIS AND MACOMA-BALTHICA - SIGNIFICANCE TO THE ABSORPTION OF CARBON AND CHROMIUM SO MARINE ECOLOGY PROGRESS SERIES LA English DT Article ID SAN-FRANCISCO BAY; MUSSEL MYTILUS-EDULIS; REMARKABLE INVASION; COMMON MUSSEL; TRACE-METALS; DIGESTION; BACTERIA; CALIFORNIA; SEDIMENTS; MOLLUSCA AB Time courses for ingestion, retention and release via feces of microbial food was investigated using 2 bivalves with different feeding strategies, Potamocorbula amurensis and Macoma balthica. The results showed 2 pathways for the uptake of food material in these clams. The first is represented by an initial label pulse in the feces. The second pathway operates over longer time periods. Inert Cr-51-labeled beads were used to determine time frames for these pathways. The first pathway, involving extracellular digestion and intestinal uptake, is relatively inefficient in the digestion of bacterial cells by P. amurensis but more efficient in M. balthica. The second pathway, involving intracellular digestion within the digestive gland of both clams, was highly efficient in absorbing bacterial carbon, and was responsible for most chromium uptake. Differences in the overall retention of microbial Cr-51 and C-14 relate not to gut-passage times but to the processing and release strategies of the food material by these 2 clams. RP US GEOL SURVEY, MS 465, 345 MIDDLEFIELD RD, MENLO PK, CA 94025 USA. NR 42 TC 90 Z9 92 U1 0 U2 8 PU INTER-RESEARCH PI OLDENDORF LUHE PA NORDBUNTE 23, D-21385 OLDENDORF LUHE, GERMANY SN 0171-8630 EI 1616-1599 J9 MAR ECOL PROG SER JI Mar. Ecol.-Prog. Ser. PD DEC PY 1991 VL 78 IS 3 BP 303 EP 314 DI 10.3354/meps078303 PG 12 WC Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA HB506 UT WOS:A1991HB50600008 ER PT J AU POAG, CW AF POAG, CW TI RISE AND DEMISE OF THE BAHAMA GRAND-BANKS GIGAPLATFORM, NORTHERN MARGIN OF THE JURASSIC PROTO-ATLANTIC SEAWAY SO MARINE GEOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT RESEARCH SYMP OF SOC FOR SEDIMENTARY GEOLOGY AT 1990 ANNUAL CONVENTION OF AMERICAN ASSOC OF PETROLEUM GEOLOGISTS : EVOLUTION OF MESOZOIC AND CENOZOIC CONTINENTAL MARGINS CY JUN 05, 1990 CL SAN FRANCISCO, CA SP AMER ASSOC PETR GEOLOGISTS, SOC SEDIMENTARY GEOL ID BALTIMORE CANYON BASIN; DRILLING PROJECT SITE-603; SHELF-EDGE CARBONATES; CONTINENTAL-MARGIN; STRATIGRAPHIC FRAMEWORK; ALTERNATIVE HYPOTHESIS; SEISMIC STRATIGRAPHY; DEPOSITIONAL HISTORY; EROSIONAL ORIGIN; BLAKE ESCARPMENT AB An extinct, > 5000-km-long Jurassic carbonate platform and barrier reef system lies buried beneath the Atlantic continental shelf and slope of the United States. A revised stratigraphic framework, a series of regional isopach maps, and paleogeographic reconstructions are used to illustrate the 42-m.y. history of this Bahama-Grand Banks gigaplatform from its inception in Aalenian(?) (early Middle Jurassic) time to its demise and burial in Berriasian-Valanginian time (early Early Cretaceous). Aggradation-progradation rates for the gigaplatform are comparable to those of the familiar Capitan shelf margin (Permian), and are closely correlated with volumetric rates of siliciclastic sediment accumulation and depocenter migration. Siliciclastic encroachment behind the carbonate tracts appears to have been an important impetus for shelf-edge progradation. During the Early Cretaceous, sea-level changes combined with eutrophication (due to landward soil development and seaward upwelling) and the presence of cooler upwelled waters along the outer shelf appear to have decimated the carbonate producers from the Carolina Trough to the Grand Banks. This allowed advancing siliciclastic deltas to overrun the shelf edge despite a notable reduction in siliciclastic accumulation rates. However, upwelling did not extend southward to the Blake Bahama megabank, so platform carbonate production proceeded there well into the Cretaceous. Subsequent stepwise carbonate abatement characterized the Blake Plateau Basin, whereas the Bahamas have maintained production to the present. The demise of carbonate production on the northern segments of the gigaplatform helped to escalate deep-water carbonate deposition in the Early Cretaceous, but the sudden augmentation of deep-water carbonate reservoirs in the Late Jurassic was triggered by other agents, such as global expansion of nannoplankton communities. RP POAG, CW (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,WOODS HOLE,MA 02543, USA. NR 187 TC 13 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0025-3227 J9 MAR GEOL JI Mar. Geol. PD DEC PY 1991 VL 102 IS 1-4 BP 63 EP 130 PG 68 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Oceanography SC Geology; Oceanography GA HA585 UT WOS:A1991HA58500005 ER PT J AU COOPER, AK BARRETT, PJ HINZ, K TRAUBE, V LEITCHENKOV, G STAGG, HMJ AF COOPER, AK BARRETT, PJ HINZ, K TRAUBE, V LEITCHENKOV, G STAGG, HMJ TI CENOZOIC PROGRADING SEQUENCES OF THE ANTARCTIC CONTINENTAL-MARGIN - A RECORD OF GLACIOEUSTATIC AND TECTONIC EVENTS SO MARINE GEOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT RESEARCH SYMP OF SOC FOR SEDIMENTARY GEOLOGY AT 1990 ANNUAL CONVENTION OF AMERICAN ASSOC OF PETROLEUM GEOLOGISTS : EVOLUTION OF MESOZOIC AND CENOZOIC CONTINENTAL MARGINS CY JUN 05, 1990 CL SAN FRANCISCO, CA SP AMER ASSOC PETR GEOLOGISTS, SOC SEDIMENTARY GEOL ID ROSS SEA; ICE-SHEET; SEDIMENTATION; SHELF; GLACIATION; STREAM; ORIGIN; VOLUME AB Sedimentary sections up to 6 14 km thick lie beneath many areas of the Antarctic continental margin. The upper parts of the sections contain up to 6 km of Cenozoic glacial and possibly non-glacial sequences that have prograded the continental shelf up to 85 km. We describe the Cenozoic sequences using two general categories based on their acoustic geometries. Type IA sequences, which account for most prograding of the Antarctic continental shelf. have complex sigmoidal geometries and some acoustic characteristics atypical of low-latitude margins, such as troughs and mounds lying parallel and normal to the shelf edge and high velocities (2.0-2.6 km/s) for flat layers within 150 m of the seafloor. Type IIA sequences, which principally aggrade the paleoshelf, lie beneath type IA sequences and have mostly simple geometries and gently dipping reflections. The prograding sequences are commonly located near the seaward edges of major Mesozoic and older margin structures. Relatively rapid Cenozoic subsidence has occurred due to the probable rifting in the Ross Sea, thermal subsidence in the Antarctic Peninsula, and isostatic crustal flexure in Wilkes Land. In Prydz Bay and the Weddell Sea, prograding sequences cover Mesozoic basins that have undergone little apparent Cenozoic tectonism. Grounded ice sheets are viewed by us, and others, as the principal mechanism for depositing the Antarctic prograding sequences. During the initial advance of grounded ice, the continental shelf is flexurally overdeepened, the inner shelf is heavily eroded, and gently dipping glacial strata are deposited on the shelf (i.e. type IIA sequences). The overdeepened shelf profile is preserved (a) during glacial times, by grounded ice sheets episodically crossing the shelf, eroding sediments from onshore and inner shelf areas, and depositing sediments at the front of the ice sheet as outer shelf topset-banks and continental slope foreset-aprons (i.e. type IA sequences), and (b) during interglacial times, like today, by little or no clastic sedimentation on the continental shelf other than beneath retreated ice shelves lying far from the continental shelf edge. Ice streams carve broad depressions across the shelf and carry abundant basal sediments directly to the continental shelf edge, thereby creating trough-mouth fans and sheet-like prograding sequences (i.e. type IA sequences). Numerous acoustic unconformities and multiple overcompacted layers within the prograding sequences suggest major fluctuations of the Antarctic Ice Sheet. The available drilling and seismic interpretations provide the following history: (1) Cenozoic ice sheets have existed in places near the continental shelf since middle to late Eocene time. (2) A grounded Antarctic ice sheet first expanded to the continental shelf edge, with probable overdeepening of the outer shelf, in late Eocene to early Oligocene time in Prydz Bay, possibly in early Miocene time in the Ross Sea, and at least by middle Miocene time in the Weddell Sea. (3) The relative amounts of shelf prograding and inferred ice-volume variations (and related sea-level changes) have increased since middle to late Miocene time in the eastern Ross Sea, Prydz Bay, and possibly Weddell Sea. Our analysis is preliminary. Further acoustic surveys and scientific drilling are needed to resolve the proximal Antarctic record of glacio-eustatic, climatic, and tectonic events recorded by the prograding sequences. C1 VICTORIA UNIV WELLINGTON,WELLINGTON,NEW ZEALAND. BUNDESANSTALT GEOWISSENSCH & ROHSTOFFE,W-3000 HANNOVER 51,GERMANY. MINIST GEOL,LENINGRAD 190121,USSR. BUR MINERAL RESOURCES,DIV MARINE GEOSCI,CANBERRA,AUSTRALIA. RP COOPER, AK (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,345 MIDDLEFIELD RD,MENLO PK,CA 94025, USA. NR 131 TC 88 Z9 93 U1 2 U2 6 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0025-3227 J9 MAR GEOL JI Mar. Geol. PD DEC PY 1991 VL 102 IS 1-4 BP 175 EP 213 DI 10.1016/0025-3227(91)90008-R PG 39 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Oceanography SC Geology; Oceanography GA HA585 UT WOS:A1991HA58500007 ER PT J AU BOHOR, BF BETTERTON, WJ AF BOHOR, BF BETTERTON, WJ TI K/T SPHERULES ARE ALTERED MICROTEKTITES SO METEORITICS LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US GEOL SURVEY,DENVER,CO 80225. NR 7 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU METEORITICAL SOC PI FAYETTEVILLE PA DEPT CHEMISTRY/BIOCHEMISTRY, UNIV ARKANSAS, FAYETTEVILLE, AR 72701 SN 0026-1114 J9 METEORITICS JI Meteoritics PD DEC PY 1991 VL 26 IS 4 BP 320 EP 321 PG 2 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA HF779 UT WOS:A1991HF77900031 ER PT J AU BOHOR, BF BETTERTON, WJ AF BOHOR, BF BETTERTON, WJ TI MAXIMUM SHOCKED GRAIN DIMENSIONS FROM K/T EJECTA, WESTERN INTERIOR SO METEORITICS LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US GEOL SURVEY,DENVER,CO 80225. NR 4 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU METEORITICAL SOC PI FAYETTEVILLE PA DEPT CHEMISTRY/BIOCHEMISTRY, UNIV ARKANSAS, FAYETTEVILLE, AR 72701 SN 0026-1114 J9 METEORITICS JI Meteoritics PD DEC PY 1991 VL 26 IS 4 BP 321 EP 321 PG 1 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA HF779 UT WOS:A1991HF77900032 ER PT J AU GROSSMAN, JN AF GROSSMAN, JN TI THE COEVOLUTION OF CHONDRULES AND MATRIX IN ORDINARY CHONDRITES - A NEW MODEL SO METEORITICS LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US GEOL SURVEY,RESTON,VA 22092. NR 1 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU METEORITICAL SOC PI FAYETTEVILLE PA DEPT CHEMISTRY/BIOCHEMISTRY, UNIV ARKANSAS, FAYETTEVILLE, AR 72701 SN 0026-1114 J9 METEORITICS JI Meteoritics PD DEC PY 1991 VL 26 IS 4 BP 340 EP 341 PG 2 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA HF779 UT WOS:A1991HF77900083 ER PT J AU HARTUNG, JB KUNK, MR REIMOLD, WU MILLER, RM GRIEVE, RAF AF HARTUNG, JB KUNK, MR REIMOLD, WU MILLER, RM GRIEVE, RAF TI ROTER KAMM CRATER AGE - 3.5 TO 4.0 MA SO METEORITICS LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US GEOL SURVEY,NATL CTR,RESTON,VA 22092. UNIV WITWATERSRAND,DEPT GEOL,JOHANNESBURG 2001,SOUTH AFRICA. GEOL SURVEY NAMIBIA,WINDHOEK 9000,NAMIBIA. ENERGY MINES & RESOURCES CANADA,GEOL SURVEY CANADA,OTTAWA,ONTARIO,CANADA. NR 2 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 2 PU METEORITICAL SOC PI FAYETTEVILLE PA DEPT CHEMISTRY/BIOCHEMISTRY, UNIV ARKANSAS, FAYETTEVILLE, AR 72701 SN 0026-1114 J9 METEORITICS JI Meteoritics PD DEC PY 1991 VL 26 IS 4 BP 342 EP 343 PG 2 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA HF779 UT WOS:A1991HF77900088 ER PT J AU JAMES, OB MCGEE, JJ AF JAMES, OB MCGEE, JJ TI FEO AND MGO TRENDS IN THE PLAGIOCLASES OF 2 APOLLO-15 MARE BASALTS SO METEORITICS LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US GEOL SURVEY,RESTON,VA 22092. NR 5 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU METEORITICAL SOC PI FAYETTEVILLE PA DEPT CHEMISTRY/BIOCHEMISTRY, UNIV ARKANSAS, FAYETTEVILLE, AR 72701 SN 0026-1114 J9 METEORITICS JI Meteoritics PD DEC PY 1991 VL 26 IS 4 BP 351 EP 352 PG 2 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA HF779 UT WOS:A1991HF77900111 ER PT J AU KYTE, FT ZHOU, L BOHOR, BF AF KYTE, FT ZHOU, L BOHOR, BF TI MAGNESIOWUSTITE - A NEW HIGH-TEMPERATURE MINERAL IN K/T BOUNDARY SEDIMENTS SO METEORITICS LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 UNIV CALIF LOS ANGELES,INST GEOPHYS PLAN PHYS,LOS ANGELES,CA 90024. US GEOL SURVEY,DENVER,CO 80225. NR 4 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU METEORITICAL SOC PI FAYETTEVILLE PA DEPT CHEMISTRY/BIOCHEMISTRY, UNIV ARKANSAS, FAYETTEVILLE, AR 72701 SN 0026-1114 J9 METEORITICS JI Meteoritics PD DEC PY 1991 VL 26 IS 4 BP 361 EP 361 PG 1 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA HF779 UT WOS:A1991HF77900132 ER PT J AU EVANS, HT AF EVANS, HT TI METAMUNIRITE, A NEW ANHYDROUS SODIUM METAVANADATE FROM SAN-MIGUEL COUNTY, COLORADO SO MINERALOGICAL MAGAZINE LA English DT Article DE METAMUNIRITE; VANADATES; SAN MIGUEL COUNTY; COLORADO; MUNIRITE ID CRYSTAL-STRUCTURE; MUNIRITE AB Metamunirite, beta-NaVO3, is found in cavities in sandstone in San Miguel County, Colorado, occurring as fine, fibrous, colourless needles. X-ray powder and precession photographs show the crystals to be orthorhombic, space group Pnma, with a = 14.134(7), b = 3.648(2), c = 5.357(2) angstrom. They are optically biaxial positive with n(alpha) = 1.780(2) (parallel-to c), n(beta) = 1.800(2) (parallel-to a), n(gamma) >> 1.85 (parallel-to b, fibre axis; positive elongation), 2V(z) moderate. A crystal structure analysis, confirming the previously determined structure of beta-NaVO3, shows the presence of (VO3)n chains made up of zig-zag VO5 square pyramids. Metamunirite is probably formed by dehydration of munirite, NaVO3.2H2O. RP EVANS, HT (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,RESTON,VA 22092, USA. NR 10 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 1 PU MINERALOGICAL SOCIETY PI LONDON PA 41 QUEENS GATE, LONDON, ENGLAND SW7 5HR SN 0026-461X J9 MINERAL MAG JI Mineral. Mag. PD DEC PY 1991 VL 55 IS 381 BP 509 EP 513 DI 10.1180/minmag.1991.055.381.02 PG 5 WC Mineralogy SC Mineralogy GA GX487 UT WOS:A1991GX48700002 ER PT J AU BERGMAN, EA AF BERGMAN, EA TI MIDOCEAN RIDGE SEISMICITY SO OCEANUS LA English DT Article RP BERGMAN, EA (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,NATL EARTHQUAKE INFORMAT CTR,DENVER,CO 80225, USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU WOODS HOLE OCEANOGRAPHIC INST PI WOODS HOLE PA OCEANUS MAGAZINE, WOODS HOLE, MA 02543 SN 0029-8182 J9 OCEANUS JI Oceanus PD WIN PY 1991 VL 34 IS 4 BP 60 EP 67 PG 8 WC Oceanography SC Oceanography GA GZ594 UT WOS:A1991GZ59400009 ER PT J AU STROBEL, ML BUGLIOSI, EF AF STROBEL, ML BUGLIOSI, EF TI AREAL EXTENT, HYDROGEOLOGIC CHARACTERISTICS, AND POSSIBLE ORIGINS OF THE CARBONATE ROCK NEWBURG ZONE (MIDDLE-UPPER SILURIAN) IN OHIO SO OHIO JOURNAL OF SCIENCE LA English DT Review AB The name Newburg has been applied to a highly permeable zone, 0.3 to 9 m thick, occurring in a granular or vuggy dolomite. The zone occurs in carbonate rocks of Middle to Late Silurian age across much of Ohio. Known also to well drillers as the "Second Water" in the "Big Lime" carbonate sequence, the Newburg zone is a source of hydrocarbons in northeast Ohio, brines in southeast Ohio, and a widespread source of water over much of west-central Ohio. Close to recharge areas, the quality of the water is comparable to that of the overlying carbonate rocks; thus, the Newburg zone warrants further investigation as a source of water for domestic use. Theories for the porosity and permeability of the Newburg zone include: 1) deposition of carbonate or quartz sand along an erosional surface and later lithified to porous and permeable sandstone; 2) dissolution of fossils within Silurian reef complexes; 3) fracture-induced porosity along thrust faults developed during the Alleghenian orogeny; and 4) a combination of these processes. Differences of the characteristics of the Newburg zone and interpretation of these characteristics at different localities indicate that the multiple-process theory is valid and that the Newburg zone is not a single, continuous stratigraphic feature. C1 US GEOL SURVEY,COLUMBUS,OH 43212. RP STROBEL, ML (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,DIV WATER RESOURCES,BOX 1437,GRAND FORKS,ND 58206, USA. NR 35 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU OHIO ACAD SCIENCE PI COLUMBUS PA 1500 W 3RD AVE SUITE 223, COLUMBUS, OH 43212-2817 SN 0030-0950 J9 OHIO J SCI JI Ohio J. Sci. PD DEC PY 1991 VL 91 IS 5 BP 209 EP 215 PG 7 WC Ecology; Zoology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Zoology GA HA689 UT WOS:A1991HA68900007 ER PT J AU Landis, GP Snee, LW AF Landis, G. P. Snee, L. W. TI Ar-40/Ar-39 systematics and argon diffusion in amber: implications for ancient earth atmospheres SO PALAEOGEOGRAPHY PALAEOCLIMATOLOGY PALAEOECOLOGY LA English DT Article AB Argon isotope data indicate retained argon in bulk amber (matrix gas) is more radiogenic [Ar-40/Ar-36 approximate to 320] than the much more abundant surface adsorbed argon [Ar-40/Ar-36 = 295.5]. Neutron-induced Ar-39 is retained in amber during heating experiments to 150-250 degrees C, with no evidence of recoiled Ar-39 found after irradiation. A maximum permissible volume diffusion coefficient of argon in amber (at ambient temperature) D <= 1.5 x 10(-17) cm(2) s(-1) is calculated from Ar-39 retention. Ar-40/Ar-39 age calculations indicate Dominican Republic amber is approximate to 45 Ma and North Dakota amber is approximate to 89 Ma, both at least reasonable ages for the amber based upon stratigraphic and paleontological constraints and upon the small amount of radiogenic Ar-40. To date, over 300 gas analyses of ambers and resins of Cretaceous to Recent age that are geographically distributed among fifteen noted world locations identify mixtures of gases in different sites within amber (Berner and Landis, 1988). The presence of multiple mixing trends between compositionally distinct end-member gases within the same sample and evidence for retained radiogenic argon within the amber argue persuasively against rapid exchange by diffusion of amber-contained gases with modern air. Only gas in primary, bubbles entrapped between successive flows of tree resin has been interpreted as original "ancient air," which is an O-2-rich end-member gas with air-like N-2/Ar ratios. Gas analyses of these primary bubbles indicate atmospheric O-2 levels in the Late Cretaceous of approximate to 35%, and that atmospheric O-2 dropped by early Tertiary time to near a present atmospheric level of 21% O-2. A very low argon diffusion coefficient in amber persuasively argues for gas in primary bubbles trapped in amber being ancient air (possibly modified only by O-2 reaction with amber). C1 US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Denver, CO 80225 USA. RP Landis, GP (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, POB 25046, Denver, CO 80225 USA. NR 12 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 1 U2 5 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0031-0182 J9 PALAEOGEOGR PALAEOCL JI Paleogeogr. Paleoclimatol. Paleoecol. PD DEC PY 1991 VL 97 IS 1-2 BP 63 EP 67 DI 10.1016/0031-0182(91)90182-Q PG 5 WC Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Paleontology SC Physical Geography; Geology; Paleontology GA V43VU UT WOS:000202963400006 ER PT J AU STUMPF, RP PENNOCK, JR AF STUMPF, RP PENNOCK, JR TI REMOTE ESTIMATION OF THE DIFFUSE ATTENUATION COEFFICIENT IN A MODERATELY TURBID ESTUARY SO REMOTE SENSING OF ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article ID OPTICAL-PROPERTIES; DELAWARE ESTUARY; SUSPENDED SEDIMENTS; WATER-QUALITY; BAY; OCEAN AB Solutions of the radiative transfer equation are used to derive relationships of water reflectance to the diffuse attenuation coefficient (K) in moderately turbid water (K > 0.5 m-1). Data sets collected from the NOAA AVHRR and in situ observations from five different dates confirm the appropriateness of these relationships, in particular the logistic equation. Values of K calculated from the reflectance data agree to within 60 % of the observed values, although the reflectance derived using a more comprehensive aerosol correction is sensitive to chlorophyll concentrations greater than 50-mu-g L-1. Agreement between in situ and remote observations improves as the time interval between samples is narrowed. C1 UNIV ALABAMA,MARINE ENVIRONM SCI CONSORTIUM,DAUPHIN ISL,AL. RP STUMPF, RP (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,CTR COASTAL GEOL & REG MARINE STUDIES,600 4TH ST S,ST PETERSBURG,FL 33701, USA. NR 20 TC 22 Z9 22 U1 0 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 655 AVENUE OF THE AMERICAS, NEW YORK, NY 10010 SN 0034-4257 J9 REMOTE SENS ENVIRON JI Remote Sens. Environ. PD DEC PY 1991 VL 38 IS 3 BP 183 EP 191 DI 10.1016/0034-4257(91)90088-N PG 9 WC Environmental Sciences; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA GY484 UT WOS:A1991GY48400003 ER PT J AU BEHRENDT, JC LEMASURIER, WE COOPER, AK TESSENSOHN, F TREHU, A DAMASKE, D AF BEHRENDT, JC LEMASURIER, WE COOPER, AK TESSENSOHN, F TREHU, A DAMASKE, D TI GEOPHYSICAL STUDIES OF THE WEST ANTARCTIC RIFT SYSTEM SO TECTONICS LA English DT Article ID CRUSTAL; BOUNDARIES; ANOMALIES; AUSTRALIA; BASALTS; UPLIFT; OCEAN AB The West Antarctic rift system extends over a 3000 x 750 km, largely ice covered area from the Ross Sea to the base of the Antarctic Peninsula, comparable in area to the Basin and Range and the East African rift system. A spectacular rift shoulder scarp along which peaks reach 4-5 km maximum elevation marks one flank and extends from northem Victoria Land-Queen Maud Mountains to the Ellsworth-Whitmore-Horlick Mountains. The rift shoulder has maximum present physiographic relief of 5 km in the Ross Embayment and 7 km in the Ellsworth Mountains-Byrd Subglacial Basin area. The Transantarctic Mountains part of the rift shoulder (and probably the entire shoulder) has been interpreted as rising since about 60 Ma, at episodic rates of approximately 1 km/m.y., most recently since mid-Pliocene time, rather than continuously at the mean rate of 100 m/m.y. The rift system is characterized by bimodal alkaline volcanic rocks ranging from at least Oligocene to the present. These are exposed asymmetrically along the rift flanks and at the south end of the Antarctic Peninsula. The trend of the Jurassic tholeiites (Ferrar dolerites, Kirkpatric basalts) marking the Jurassic Transantarctic rift is coincident with exposures of the late Cenozoic volcanic rocks along the section of the Transantarctic Mountains from northem Victoria Land to the Horlick Mountains. The Cenozoic rift shoulder diverges here from the Jurassic tholeiite trend, and the tholeiites are exposed continuously (including the Dufek intrusion) along the lower- elevation (1-2 km) section of Transantarctic Mountains to the Weddell Sea. Widely spaced aeromagnetic profiles in West Antarctica indicate the absence of Cenozoic volcanic rocks in the ice covered part of the Whitmore-Ellsworth-Mountain block and suggest their widespread occurrence beneath the western part of the ice sheet overlying the Byrd Subglacial Basin. A German Federal Institute for Geosciences and Natural Resources (BGR)-U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) aeromagnetic survey over the Ross Sea continental shelf indicates rift fabric and suggests numerous submarine volcanoes along discrete NNW trending zones. A Bouguer anomaly range of approximately 200 (+50 to -150) mGal having 4-7 mGal/km gradients where measured in places marks the rift shoulder from northem Victoria Land possibly to the Ellsworth Mountains (where data are too sparse to determine maximum amplitude and gradient). The steepest gravity gradients across the rift shoulder require high density (mafic or ultramafic?) rock within the crust as well as at least 12 km of thinner crust beneath the West Antarctic rift system in contrast to East Antarctica. Sparse land seismic data reported along the rift shoulder, where velocities are greater than 7 km/s, and marine data indicating velocities above 7 km/s beneath the Ross Sea continental shelf support this interpretation. The maximum Bouguer gravity range in the Pensacola Mountains area of the Transantarctic Mountains is only about 130 mGal with a maximum 2 mGal/km gradient, which can be explained solely by 8 km of crustal thickening. Large offset seismic profiles over the Ross Sea shelf collected by the German Antarctic North Victoria Land Expedition V (GANOVEX V) combined with earlier USGS and other results indicate 17-21 km thickness for the crust beneath the Ross Sea shelf which we interpret as evidence of extended rifted continental crust. A regional positive Bouguer anomaly (0 to +50 mGal), the width of the rift, extends from the Ross Sea continental shelf throughout the Ross Embayment and Byrd Subglacial Basin area of the West Antarctic rift system and indicates that the Moho is approximately 20 km deep tied to the seismic results (probably coincident with the top of the asthenosphere) rather than the 30 km reported in earlier interpretations. The interpretation of horst and graben structures in the Ross Sea, made from marine seismic reflection data, probably can be extended throughout the rift (i.e., the Ross Ice shelf and the Byrd Subglacial Basin areas). The near absence of earthquakes in the West Antarctic rift system probably results from a combination of primarily sparse seismograph coverage and, secondarily, suppression of earthquakes by the ice sheet (e.g., Johnston, 1987) and very high seismicity shortly after deglaciation in the Ross Embayment followed by abnormally low seismicity at present (e.g., Muir Wood, 1989). The evidence of high temperatures at shallow depth beneath the Ross Sea continental shelf and adjacent Transantarctic Mountains is supportive of thermal uplift of the mountains associated with lateral heat conduction from the rift and can possibly also explain the volcanism, rifting, and high elevation of the entire rift shoulder to the Ellsworth- Horlick- Whitmore Mountains. We infer that the Gondwana breakup and the West Antarctic rift am part of a continuously propagating rift that started in the Jurassic when Africa separated from East Antarctica (including the failed Jurassic Transantarctic rift). Rifting proceeded clockwise around East Antarctica to the separation of New Zealand and the Campbell Plateau about 85-95 Ma and has continued (with a spreading center jump) to its present location in the Ross Embayment and West Antarctica. The Cenozoic activity of the West Antarctic rift system appears to be continuous in time with rifting in the same area that began only in the late Mesozoic. Although the mechanism for rifting is not completely explained, we suggest a combination of the flexural rigidity model (Stem and ten Brink, 1989) proposed for the Ross Embayment and the thermal plume or hot spot concepts. The propagating rift may have been "captured" by the thermal plume. C1 US GEOL SURVEY,MENLO PK,CA 94035. FED INST GEOSCI & NAT RESOURCES,W-3000 HANNOVER 51,GERMANY. UNIV COLORADO,DEPT GEOL,DENVER,CO 80204. OREGON STATE UNIV,COLL OCEANOG,CORVALLIS,OR 97331. RP BEHRENDT, JC (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,MS 964,BOX 25046 FED CTR,DENVER,CO 80225, USA. NR 91 TC 134 Z9 134 U1 3 U2 29 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 SN 0278-7407 J9 TECTONICS JI Tectonics PD DEC PY 1991 VL 10 IS 6 BP 1257 EP 1273 DI 10.1029/91TC00868 PG 17 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA GU918 UT WOS:A1991GU91800011 ER PT J AU CONSTANTZ, J AF CONSTANTZ, J TI COMPARISON OF ISOTHERMAL AND ISOBARIC WATER-RETENTION PATHS IN NONSWELLING POROUS MATERIALS SO WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH LA English DT Article AB Water in porous media near the Earth's surface is subject to large fluctuations in pore water pressure and temperature, often causing significant changes in the degree of saturation. Quantitative comparisons of isothermal versus isobaric water retention are necessary to accurately predict changes in saturation due to the coupled influence of changes in the pore water matric potential psi and temperature T. Yet there is a lack of experimental measurements of isobaric (i.e., constant psi) water retention, inhibiting comparisons between isobaric and isothermal processes. In the present study the influence of the chronological sequence of changes in psi and T is examined to determine whether the volumetric water content theta for any given final psi-T condition is independent of the psi-T sequence, when theta changes monotonically. To obtain the necessary data for these comparisons, isothermal water retention experiments were performed over a range in psi from 0 to - 100 kPa, and isobaric water retention experiments were performed at 20-degrees and 80-degrees-C on core samples of a sandy soil and a nonwelded tuff. Results provide further evidence that the effect of T on psi is considerably greater than estimates based on pore water capillary theory. For these materials the thermal enhancement of psi was 4-12 times greater than capillary theory would predict. The effect of T on theta during isobaric water retention was several times greater for drying (warming) conditions than for wetting (cooling) conditions at a given psi, resulting in net losses in theta ranging from 3 to 30%. For a given final psi at 80-degrees-C, virtually identical theta values were obtained regardless of the chronological sequence of isothermal and isobaric drainage paths for both materials. This confirms the validity of unique theta (psi, T) surfaces describing monotonic changes in theta as functions of both psi and T in nonswelling porous materials. Determination of these theta (psi, T) response surfaces for drying and wetting should yield water retention envelopes, useful in modeling water retention in near-surface environments where both psi and T vary. RP CONSTANTZ, J (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,345 MIDDLEFIELD RD,MS 496,MENLO PK,CA 94025, USA. NR 10 TC 14 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 SN 0043-1397 J9 WATER RESOUR RES JI Water Resour. Res. PD DEC PY 1991 VL 27 IS 12 BP 3165 EP 3170 DI 10.1029/91WR02194 PG 6 WC Environmental Sciences; Limnology; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Water Resources GA GT972 UT WOS:A1991GT97200013 ER PT J AU MOENCH, AF AF MOENCH, AF TI CONVERGENT RADIAL DISPERSION - A NOTE ON EVALUATION OF THE LAPLACE TRANSFORM SOLUTION SO WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH LA English DT Note ID NUMERICAL INVERSION; FLOW AB A numerical inversion algorithm for Laplace transforms that is capable of handling rapid changes in the computed function is applied to the Laplace transform solution to the problem of convergent radial dispersion in a homogeneous aquifer. Prior attempts by the author to invert this solution were unsuccessful for highly advective systems where the Peclet number was relatively large. The algorithm used in this note allows for rapid and accurate inversion of the solution for all Peclet numbers of practical interest, and beyond. Dimensionless breakthrough curves are illustrated for tracer input in the form of a step function, a Dirac impulse, or a rectangular input. RP MOENCH, AF (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,MAIL STOP 496,345 MIDDLEFIELD RD,MENLO PK,CA 94025, USA. NR 8 TC 38 Z9 38 U1 0 U2 6 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 SN 0043-1397 J9 WATER RESOUR RES JI Water Resour. Res. PD DEC PY 1991 VL 27 IS 12 BP 3261 EP 3264 DI 10.1029/91WR02301 PG 4 WC Environmental Sciences; Limnology; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Water Resources GA GT972 UT WOS:A1991GT97200023 ER PT J AU EULISS, NH JARVIS, RL GILMER, DS AF EULISS, NH JARVIS, RL GILMER, DS TI STANDING CROPS AND ECOLOGY OF AQUATIC INVERTEBRATES IN AGRICULTURAL DRAINWATER PONDS IN CALIFORNIA SO WETLANDS LA English DT Article DE ECOLOGY; EVAPORATION PONDS; MIDGES; STANDING CROP; TANYPUS-GRODHAUSI; TRICHOCORIXA-RETICULATA; CALIFORNIA; WATER BOATMEN AB We examined standing crops and ecology of aquatic invertebrates in agricultural drainwater evaporation ponds in California from October 1982 to March 1983 and September 1983 to March 1984. Evaporation ponds supported low diversities but high standing crops of aquatic invertebrates. A water boatman (Trichocorixa reticulata) and a midge (Tanypus grodhausi) were the most abundant invertebrates, constituting 44.9% and 51.4% of total macroinvertebrate biomass. Regression models indicated that of 6 environmental variables measured, only electrical conductivity (EC) and Julian date affected biomass and density of water boatmen. EC was the only significant correlate of midge biomass in evaporation ponds. RP EULISS, NH (reprint author), US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV, NO PRAIRIE WILDLIFE RES CTR, ROUTE 1, BOX 96C, JAMESTOWN, ND 58401 USA. NR 0 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 1 U2 5 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0277-5212 EI 1943-6246 J9 WETLANDS JI Wetlands PD DEC PY 1991 VL 11 IS 2 BP 179 EP 190 PG 12 WC Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA GW198 UT WOS:A1991GW19800001 ER PT J AU ERWIN, RM DAWSON, DK STOTTS, DB MCALLISTER, LS GEISSLER, PH AF ERWIN, RM DAWSON, DK STOTTS, DB MCALLISTER, LS GEISSLER, PH TI OPEN MARSH WATER MANAGEMENT IN THE MID-ATLANTIC REGION - AERIAL SURVEYS OF WATERBIRD USE SO WETLANDS LA English DT Article DE OPEN MARSH WATER MANAGEMENT; MID-ATLANTIC COAST; SALT MARSH; WATERBIRDS AB Nine marsh sites were selected in Maryland, Delaware, and New Jersey to assess the importance of ponds created by Open Marsh Water Management (OMWM) to migratory birds. At eight of the nine sites, OMWM ponds were paired with areas of similar-sized natural ponds. Eleven aerial surveys were conducted, mostly in fall and winter of 1987 and 1988 to compare relative use of ponds and sites by black ducks (Anas rubripes), other waterfowl, shorebirds, wading birds, gulls, and other species of birds. We noted a high degree of variation in bird use. Seasonal effects were significant, but treatment (OMWM vs. natural ponds) effect was not. Water/marsh (W/M) area ratio was positively correlated with waterfowl and black ducks, but pond number was not. Larger ponds (> 0.25 ha) tended to be used more than smaller ponds by most bird species. RP ERWIN, RM (reprint author), US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,PATUXENT WILDLIFE RES CTR,LAUREL,MD 20708, USA. NR 0 TC 9 Z9 11 U1 2 U2 5 PU SOC WETLAND SCIENTISTS PI LAWRENCE PA 810 E TENTH ST, P O BOX 1897, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 SN 0277-5212 J9 WETLANDS JI Wetlands PD DEC PY 1991 VL 11 IS 2 BP 209 EP 228 PG 20 WC Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA GW198 UT WOS:A1991GW19800003 ER PT J AU MORKILL, AE ANDERSON, SH AF MORKILL, AE ANDERSON, SH TI EFFECTIVENESS OF MARKING POWERLINES TO REDUCE SANDHILL CRANE COLLISIONS SO WILDLIFE SOCIETY BULLETIN LA English DT Article C1 WYOMING COOPERAT FISH & WILDLIFE RES UNIT,LARAMIE,WY 82071. US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,WYOMING COOPERAT FISH & WILDLIFE RES UNIT,LARAMIE,WY 82071. NR 31 TC 28 Z9 30 U1 2 U2 8 PU WILDLIFE SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2197 SN 0091-7648 J9 WILDLIFE SOC B JI Wildl. Soc. Bull. PD WIN PY 1991 VL 19 IS 4 BP 442 EP 449 PG 8 WC Biodiversity Conservation SC Biodiversity & Conservation GA GW202 UT WOS:A1991GW20200012 ER PT J AU TOME, MW GRUE, CE DEWEESE, LR AF TOME, MW GRUE, CE DEWEESE, LR TI ETHYL PARATHION IN WETLANDS FOLLOWING AERIAL APPLICATION TO SUNFLOWERS IN NORTH-DAKOTA SO WILDLIFE SOCIETY BULLETIN LA English DT Article ID PESTICIDE APPLICATIONS; SYNTHETIC PYRETHROIDS; METHYL PARATHION; DRIFT; DUCKLINGS; CARBARYL; BEHAVIOR C1 US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,PATUXENT WILDLIFE RES CTR,LAUREL,MD 20708. US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,GOLDEN,CO 80401. NR 32 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 2 PU WILDLIFE SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2197 SN 0091-7648 J9 WILDLIFE SOC B JI Wildl. Soc. Bull. PD WIN PY 1991 VL 19 IS 4 BP 450 EP 457 PG 8 WC Biodiversity Conservation SC Biodiversity & Conservation GA GW202 UT WOS:A1991GW20200013 ER PT J AU BANKO, WE BANKO, PC DAVID, RE AF BANKO, WE BANKO, PC DAVID, RE TI SPECIMENS AND PROBABLE BREEDING ACTIVITY OF THE BAND-RUMPED STORM-PETREL ON HAWAII SO WILSON BULLETIN LA English DT Article AB Specimens (a downy fledgling and a hatch-year juvenile) and nocturnal calling of the Band-rumped Storm-Petrel (Oceanodroma castro) are evidence that this rare seabird breeds on the island of Hawaii. Nocturnal calling over land and sightings near the coast indicate that populations nest on the southwest rift and possibly the upper western slope of Mauna Loa. C1 US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,PATUXENT WILDLIFE RES CTR,LAUREL,MD 20708. NR 20 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 1 U2 1 PU WILSON ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC PI ANN ARBOR PA MUSEUM OF ZOOLOGY UNIV MICHIGAN, ANN ARBOR, MI 48109 SN 0043-5643 J9 WILSON BULL JI Wilson Bull. PD DEC PY 1991 VL 103 IS 4 BP 650 EP 655 PG 6 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA GZ618 UT WOS:A1991GZ61800009 ER PT J AU GOLDFARB, RJ SNEE, LW MILLER, LD NEWBERRY, RJ AF GOLDFARB, RJ SNEE, LW MILLER, LD NEWBERRY, RJ TI RAPID DEWATERING OF THE CRUST DEDUCED FROM AGES OF MESOTHERMAL GOLD DEPOSITS SO NATURE LA English DT Article ID COAST PLUTONIC COMPLEX; BRITISH-COLUMBIA; REGIONAL METAMORPHISM; SOUTHEASTERN ALASKA; HISTORY; EVOLUTION; BELT AB THE large-scale migration of fluids through the continental crust has been well documented, but there is no consensus regarding the timing of fluid migration relative to orogenic episodes, or rates of crustal dewatering 1. Here we present Ar-40/Ar-39 dates for muscovites from quartz veins along a major shear zone in southeast Alaska, which show that the veins were emplaced in the early Eocene, during the late stages of orogenic deformation. Hydrothermal activity took place for only about 1 Myr and along a distance of at least 200 km. The fluids were generated by metamorphic reactions in subducted crust along the North American plate margin, and were apparently trapped in the crust by the low permeabilities accompanying a convergent tectonic regime until 56 Myr ago. The rapid dewatering event coincided with a change in plate motion at 56-55 Myr, which caused a shift from convergent to partly transcurrent tectonics. We suggest that this change in tectonic regime led to increased crustal permeabilities and hence the possibility of large-scale fluid migration. C1 ECHO BAY MINES,JUNEAU,AK 99801. UNIV ALASKA,DEPT GEOL,FAIRBANKS,AK 99775. RP GOLDFARB, RJ (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,DENVER FED CTR,BOX 25046,MS 973,DENVER,CO 80225, USA. NR 30 TC 92 Z9 92 U1 0 U2 11 PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD PI LONDON PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF SN 0028-0836 J9 NATURE JI Nature PD NOV 28 PY 1991 VL 354 IS 6351 BP 296 EP 298 DI 10.1038/354296a0 PG 3 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA GT204 UT WOS:A1991GT20400044 ER PT J AU KVENVOLDEN, KA HOSTETTLER, FD RAPP, JB SNAVELY, PD AF KVENVOLDEN, KA HOSTETTLER, FD RAPP, JB SNAVELY, PD TI BIOMARKERS IN TERTIARY MELANGE, WESTERN OLYMPIC PENINSULA, WASHINGTON, USA SO CHEMICAL GEOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT SYMP AT THE 1989 INTERNATIONAL CHEMICAL CONGRESS OF PACIFIC BASIN SOCIETIES : ORGANIC GEOCHEMISTRY OF HYDROCARBON BASINS CY DEC 17-22, 1989 CL HONOLULU, HI SP CHEM SOC JAPAN, CHEM INST CANADA, AMER CHEM SOC ID MATURATION; STERANES AB Middle Eocene to middle Miocene melange and broken formations are exposed in the coastal outcrops along the west side of the Olympic Peninsula, Washington. A petroleum geochemical assessment of these geologic units has included the investigation of biomarker compounds. A comparison was made of biomarkers in an oil sample from a middle Miocene reservoir penetrated in the Medina No. 1 well with biomarkers in extracts from two samples of middle Eocene Ozette melange (one sample having a strong petroliferous odor, and the other sample lacking this characteristic odor). Distribution patterns of n-alkanes, tricyclic terpanes, pentacyclic triterpanes, steranes, and diasteranes are remarkably similar in the oil and rock extracts. Biomarker maturity parameters indicate higher maturity in the oil relative to the extracts. The presence of 17-alpha(H)-23,28-bisnorlupane, 18-alpha(H)- and 18-beta(H)-oleanane, and de-A-lupane and an odd-carbon-number dominance of the n-alkanes in the oil and extracts seems to tie the hydrocarbons to a common source that has a significant terrigenous component. RP KVENVOLDEN, KA (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,MENLO PK,CA 94025, USA. NR 17 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0009-2541 J9 CHEM GEOL JI Chem. Geol. PD NOV 25 PY 1991 VL 93 IS 1-2 BP 101 EP 110 DI 10.1016/0009-2541(91)90066-Z PG 10 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA GU147 UT WOS:A1991GU14700008 ER PT J AU RAPP, JB AF RAPP, JB TI A STATISTICAL APPROACH TO THE INTERPRETATION OF ALIPHATIC HYDROCARBON DISTRIBUTIONS IN MARINE-SEDIMENTS SO CHEMICAL GEOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT SYMP AT THE 1989 INTERNATIONAL CHEMICAL CONGRESS OF PACIFIC BASIN SOCIETIES : ORGANIC GEOCHEMISTRY OF HYDROCARBON BASINS CY DEC 17-22, 1989 CL HONOLULU, HI SP CHEM SOC JAPAN, CHEM INST CANADA, AMER CHEM SOC ID NORMAL-ALKANE DISTRIBUTIONS; CRUDE OILS; GEOCHEMISTRY; CALIFORNIA; TRANSPORT; LIPIDS; NUMBER AB Q-mode factor analysis was used to quantitate the distribution of the major aliphatic hydrocarbon (n-alkanes, pristane, phytane) systems in sediments from a variety of marine environments. The compositions of the pure end members of the systems were obtained from factor scores and the distribution of the systems within each sample was obtained from factor loadings. All the data, from the diverse environments sampled (estuarine (San Francisco Bay), fresh-water (San Francisco Peninsula), polar-marine (Antarctica) and geothermal-marine (Gorda Ridge) sediments), were reduced to three major systems: a terrestrial system (mostly high molecular weight aliphatics with odd-numbered-carbon predominance), a mature system (mostly low molecular weight aliphatics without predominance) and a system containing mostly high molecular weight aliphatics with even-numbered-carbon predominance. With this statistical approach, it is possible to assign the percentage contribution from various sources to the observed distribution of aliphatic hydrocarbons in each sediment sample. RP RAPP, JB (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,MENLO PK,CA 94025, USA. NR 20 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 1 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0009-2541 J9 CHEM GEOL JI Chem. Geol. PD NOV 25 PY 1991 VL 93 IS 1-2 BP 163 EP 177 DI 10.1016/0009-2541(91)90070-8 PG 15 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA GU147 UT WOS:A1991GU14700012 ER PT J AU IZETT, GA AF IZETT, GA TI TEKTITES IN CRETACEOUS-TERTIARY BOUNDARY ROCKS ON HAITI AND THEIR BEARING ON THE ALVAREZ IMPACT EXTINCTION HYPOTHESIS SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-PLANETS LA English DT Review ID RB-SR; NEW-JERSEY; CONTINENTAL-SLOPE; VOLCANIC EJECTA; TOBA CALDERA; SM-ND; SPHERULES; SEDIMENTS; EVENT; SITE AB Relic tektites are associated with a Pt-group metal abundance anomaly and shocked minerals in a thin marl bed that marks the K-T boundary on Haiti. The presence of these three impact-produced materials at the precise K-T boundary enormously strengthens the Alvarez impact extinction hypothesis. The tekities occur in smectite spherules that have external shapes typical of tektites. Their chemical and physical properties are broadly similar to those of other tektite groups, except that the Haitian tektites have lower Si and higher Fe, Ca, and Na. On average, they contain more Sc, V, Cu, Zn, Ga, Sr, Sn, and Ba and less Cr, Ni, Co, B, Mn, and Hf than other tektite groups. Amounts of rare earth elements (REE) in the tektites indicate that their progenitor materials were not melted mafic or ultramafic oceanic crust; rather they were sedimentary deposits having a bulk composition of andesite. Rare tektites contain unusually high amounts of CaO (approximately 20%) and S (0.4%), and these data suggest that some target materials consisted of CaSO4. Anhydrite beds occur in the subsurface at two candidate impact sites (Chicxulub and Manson). Sm-Nd isotopic data for the tektites indicate that the melted precursor sediments were most likely deposited less than approximately 400 m.y. between the Late Cretaceous and Silurian periods. Major chemical changes accompanied the diagenetic change of glass to smectite. The Haitian tektites are the first datable impact products in K-T boundary rocks, and Ar-40-Ar-39 ages of the glass show that the K-T boundary and impact event are coeval at 64.5 +/- 0.1 Ma. RP IZETT, GA (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,DENVER FED CTR,BOX 25046,MS 913,DENVER,CO 80225, USA. NR 138 TC 85 Z9 86 U1 0 U2 8 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 SN 0148-0227 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-PLANET JI J. Geophys. Res.-Planets PD NOV 25 PY 1991 VL 96 IS E4 BP 20879 EP 20905 DI 10.1029/91JE02249 PG 27 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA GT632 UT WOS:A1991GT63200001 ER PT J AU PRODEHL, C MECHIE, J KAMINSKI, W FUCHS, K GROSSE, C HOFFMANN, H STANGL, R STELLRECHT, R KHAN, MA MAGUIRE, PKH KIRK, W KELLER, GR GITHUI, A BAKER, M MOONEY, W CRILEY, E LUETGERT, J JACOB, B THYBO, H DEMARTIN, M SCARASCIA, S HIRN, A BOWMAN, JR NYAMBOK, I GACIRI, S PATEL, J DINDI, E GRIFFITHS, DH KING, RF MUSSETT, AE BRAILE, LW THOMPSON, G OLSEN, K HARDER, S VEES, R GAJEWSKI, D SCHULTE, A OBEL, J MWANGO, F MUKINYA, J RIAROH, D AF PRODEHL, C MECHIE, J KAMINSKI, W FUCHS, K GROSSE, C HOFFMANN, H STANGL, R STELLRECHT, R KHAN, MA MAGUIRE, PKH KIRK, W KELLER, GR GITHUI, A BAKER, M MOONEY, W CRILEY, E LUETGERT, J JACOB, B THYBO, H DEMARTIN, M SCARASCIA, S HIRN, A BOWMAN, JR NYAMBOK, I GACIRI, S PATEL, J DINDI, E GRIFFITHS, DH KING, RF MUSSETT, AE BRAILE, LW THOMPSON, G OLSEN, K HARDER, S VEES, R GAJEWSKI, D SCHULTE, A OBEL, J MWANGO, F MUKINYA, J RIAROH, D TI LARGE-SCALE VARIATION IN LITHOSPHERIC STRUCTURE ALONG AND ACROSS THE KENYA RIFT SO NATURE LA English DT Article ID GREGORY RIFT; VALLEY AB THE Kenya rift is one of the classic examples of a continental rift zone: models for its evolution range from extension of the lithosphere by pure shear 1, through extension by simple shear 2, to diapiric upwelling of an asthenolith 3. Following a pilot study in 1985 4, the present work involved the shooting of three seismic refraction and wide-angle reflection profiles along the axis, across the margins, and on the northeastern flank of the rift (Fig. 1). These lines were intended to reconcile the different crustal thickness estimates for the northern and southern parts of the rift 4-6 and to reveal the structure across the rift, including that beneath the Hanks. The data, presented here, reveal significant lateral variations in structure both along and across the rift. The crust thins along the rift axis from 35 km in the south to 20 km in the north; there are abrupt changes in Moho depth and uppermost-mantle seismic velocity across the rift margins, and crustal thickening across the boundary between the Archaean craton and Pan-African orogenic belt immediately west of the rift. These results suggest that thickened crust may have controlled the rift's location, that there is a decrease in extension from north to south, and that the upper mantle immediately beneath the rift may contain reservoirs of magma generated at greater depth. C1 UNIV LEICESTER,DEPT GEOG,LEICESTER LE1 7RH,ENGLAND. UNIV TEXAS,DEPT GEOL SCI,EL PASO,TX 79968. US GEOL SURVEY,MENLO PK,CA 94025. UNIV COPENHAGEN,INST ALMEN GEOL,COPENHAGEN,DENMARK. CNR,IST GEOFIS LITOSFERA,I-20133 MILAN,ITALY. INST PHYS GLOBE,PARIS,FRANCE. AUSTRALIAN NATL UNIV,SCH EARTH SCI,CANBERRA,ACT 2600,AUSTRALIA. UNIV NAIROBI,NAIROBI,KENYA. UNIV BIRMINGHAM,DEPT GEOL SCI,BIRMINGHAM B15 2TT,W MIDLANDS,ENGLAND. UNIV LIVERPOOL,DEPT GEOL SCI,LIVERPOOL L69 3BX,ENGLAND. PURDUE UNIV,DEPT EARTH & ATMOSPHERE SCI,W LAFAYETTE,IN 47907. STANFORD UNIV,MENLO PK,CA 94025. UNIV CALIF LOS ALAMOS SCI LAB,LOS ALAMOS,NM 87544. TEXAS A&M UNIV SYST,COLLEGE STN,TX 77843. UNIV CLAUSTHAL,INST GEOPHYS,CLAUSTHAL ZELLERFE,GERMANY. SURVEY KENYA,NAIROBI,KENYA. MINIST WATER RESOURCES & DEV,NAIROBI,KENYA. DEPT FISHERIES,NAIROBI,KENYA. MINIST ENERGY,NAIROBI,KENYA. RP PRODEHL, C (reprint author), UNIV KARLSRUHE,INST GEOPHYS,W-7500 KARLSRUHE,GERMANY. RI Gajewski, Dirk/C-1077-2011; Thybo, Hans/B-9292-2008; OI Thybo, Hans/0000-0002-3945-8065; Grosse, Christian/0000-0002-7956-0558 NR 19 TC 38 Z9 38 U1 3 U2 16 PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD PI LONDON PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF SN 0028-0836 J9 NATURE JI Nature PD NOV 21 PY 1991 VL 354 IS 6350 BP 223 EP 227 PG 5 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA GQ948 UT WOS:A1991GQ94800047 ER PT J AU BOHANNON, RG EITTREIM, SL AF BOHANNON, RG EITTREIM, SL TI TECTONIC DEVELOPMENT OF PASSIVE CONTINENTAL MARGINS OF THE SOUTHERN AND CENTRAL RED-SEA WITH A COMPARISON TO WILKES LAND, ANTARCTICA SO TECTONOPHYSICS LA English DT Article ID SAUDI-ARABIA; REFRACTION PROFILE; CRUSTAL STRUCTURE; RIFT SYSTEM; EAST-AFRICA; EVOLUTION; TRANSITION; AUSTRALIA; GULF; MANTLE AB The continental margins of the southern and central Red Sea and most of Wilkes Land, Antarctica have bulk crustal configurations and detailed structures that are best explained by a prolonged history of magmatic expansion that followed a brief, but intense period of mechanical extension. Extension on the Red Sea margins was spatially confined to a rift that was 20-30 km in width. The rifting phase along the Arabian margin of the central and southern Red Sea occurred 25-32 Ma ago, primarily by detachment faulting at upper crustal levels and ductile uniform stretching at depth. Rifting was followed by an early magmatic phase during which the margin was invaded by dikes and plutons, primarily of gabbro and diorite, at 20-24 Ma, after the crust was mechanically thinned from 40 km to almost-equal-to 20 km. We infer continued spreading after that in which broad shelves were formed by a process of magmatic expansion, because the offshore crust is only 8-15 km thick, including sediment, and seismic reflection data do not depict horst and graben or half graben structures from which mechanical extension might be inferred. The Wilkes Land margin is similar to the Arabian example. The margin is about 150 km in width, the amount of upper crustal extension is too low to explain the change in sub-sediment crustal thickness from almost-equal-to 35 km on the mainland to < 10 km beneath the margin, and reflectors in the deepest seismic sequence are nearly flat lying. Our model requires large volumes of melt in the early stages of continental rifting. The voluminous melt might be partly a product of nearby hot spots, such as Afar, and partly the result of an initial period of partial fusion in the deep continental lithosphere under lower temperatures than ordinarily required by dry soildus conditions. RP BOHANNON, RG (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,PACIFIC MARINE GEOL,MAIL STOP 999,345 MIDDLEFIELD RD,MENLO PK,CA 94025, USA. NR 82 TC 28 Z9 29 U1 2 U2 5 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0040-1951 J9 TECTONOPHYSICS JI Tectonophysics PD NOV 20 PY 1991 VL 198 IS 2-4 BP 129 EP 154 DI 10.1016/0040-1951(91)90148-L PG 26 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA GZ237 UT WOS:A1991GZ23700002 ER PT J AU DUBRAY, EA STOESER, DB MCKEE, EH AF DUBRAY, EA STOESER, DB MCKEE, EH TI AGE AND PETROLOGY OF THE TERTIARY AS-SARAT VOLCANIC FIELD, SOUTHWESTERN SAUDI-ARABIA SO TECTONOPHYSICS LA English DT Article ID FLOOD-BASALT PROVINCE; RED-SEA RIFT; CHEMICAL CLASSIFICATION; MAGMATIC PROCESSES; TRACE-ELEMENTS; COASTAL-PLAIN; MODELS; ROCKS; PETROGENESIS; CONSTRAINTS AB Harrat As Sarat forms the second smallest and southernmost of the basalt fields of western Saudi Arabia and is part of a voluminous Red Sea rift-related continental alkali basalt province. The rocks of the As Sarat were emplaced during the first stage of Red Sea rifting and represent the northernmost extension of the Tertiary Trap Series volcanics that occur mainly in the Yemen Arab Republic and Ethiopia. The field consists of up to 580 m of basalt flows, that are intruded by basaltic plugs, necks, minor dikes, and highly evolved peralkaline trachyte intrusions. K-Ar ages indicate that the As Sarat field formed between 31 and 22 Ma and contains an eruption hiatus of one million years that began about 25 Ma ago. Pre-hiatus flows are primarily hypersthene normative intersertal subalkaline basalt, whereas the majority of post-hiatus flows are nepheline normative alkali basalt and hawaiite with trachytic textures. Normative compositions of the basalts are consistent with their genesis by partial melting at varying depths. Trace element abundances in the basalt indicate that varying degrees of partial melting and fractional crystallization (or crystal accumulation) had major and minor roles, respectively, in development of compositional variation in these rocks. Modeling indicates that the pre-hiatus surbalkaline basalts represent 8-10 percent mantle melting at depths of about 70 km and the post-hiatus alkali basalts represent 4-9 percent mantle melting at depths greater than 70 km. RP DUBRAY, EA (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,DEPT INTERIOR,POB 25046,MS 905,DENVER,CO 80225, USA. NR 52 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 1 U2 3 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0040-1951 J9 TECTONOPHYSICS JI Tectonophysics PD NOV 20 PY 1991 VL 198 IS 2-4 BP 155 EP 180 DI 10.1016/0040-1951(91)90149-M PG 26 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA GZ237 UT WOS:A1991GZ23700003 ER PT J AU LEMM, CA LEMARIE, DP AF LEMM, CA LEMARIE, DP TI SURVIVAL AND GROWTH OF LARVAL STRIPED BASS (MORONE-SAXATILIS) FED ARTEMIA ENRICHED WITH HIGHLY UNSATURATED FATTY-ACIDS (HUFA) SO AQUACULTURE LA English DT Article ID DICENTRARCHUS-LABRAX; BRINE SHRIMP; SEA BASS; SEED PRODUCTION; DIETARY VALUE; FISH LARVAE; SALINA; FOOD; SYSTEM; FRY AB The nutritional value of Artemia nauplii from the Great Salt Lake was effectively improved for larval striped bass (Morone saxatilis) by incorporation of unsaturated fatty acids (20:5n-3 and 22:6n3) into the nauplii by the direct method of enrichment, Survival at 24 days post-hatch increased from 23% to 64% when fish were fed nauplii containing 8.24% lipid as 20:5n-3 and 3. 10% as 22:6n-3 fatty acids. Growth of the larval fish was significantly improved by a diet of fatty acid enriched nauplii. Fatty acid composition of the larvae reflected the composition of the fed nauplii. Results suggested a requirement by larval striped bass for long-chain highly unsaturated fatty acids and an inability, at this stage of development, to elongate and desaturate the shorter chain fatty acids in sufficient amounts to meet this requirement. RP LEMM, CA (reprint author), US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,NATL FISHERIES RES CTR,FISH CULTURE & ECOL BRANCH,BOX 700,KEARNEYSVILLE,WV 25430, USA. NR 30 TC 18 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 4 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0044-8486 J9 AQUACULTURE JI Aquaculture PD NOV 15 PY 1991 VL 99 IS 1-2 BP 117 EP 126 DI 10.1016/0044-8486(91)90292-F PG 10 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA GT726 UT WOS:A1991GT72600009 ER PT J AU LAL, D BARG, E PAVICH, M AF LAL, D BARG, E PAVICH, M TI DEVELOPMENT OF COSMOGENIC NUCLEAR METHODS FOR THE STUDY OF SOIL-EROSION AND FORMATION RATES SO CURRENT SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID BE-10; INSITU; QUARTZ AB The importance of studying soil formation and erosion rates in geomorphology, biological production and carbon sink source functions cannot be over-emphasized. In this paper we discuss two quantitative nuclear methods for the study of soil formation rates using the cosmogenic radionuclide Be-10 and for determination of soil erosion rates using the cosmogenic radionuclide Be-10. The radio-nuclide Be-10 (half-life = 1.5 m.y.) produced by cosmic rays in the earth's atmosphere, and in situ cosmogenic C-14 (half-life = 5730 yr) have both been detected in soils/rocks using accelerator mass spectrometry 1-5. Be-10 concentrations have been studied in several soil samples; they have yielded useful but qualitative ideas about soil dynamics. For determining soil formation rates, we propose studying the specific activities of Be-10 in soil minerals with respect to its stable element Be-9. In our. model, backed by some laboratory tests and analyses of samples analysed earlier for Be-10, we expect that the Be-10/Be-9 ratios in soil minerals formed at different depths would constitute a fairly quantitative measure of the soil formation rate. For measuring soil erosion rates, we propose to study the in situ produced C-14 activity in quartz in surface soil samples. The in situ radiocarbon method is ideal 6 for study of erosion rates of 10(-3) to 5 x 10(-2) cm yr-1. Soil renewal rates and 'low' soil erosion rates fall in the bracket 5 x 10(-3) to 2.5 X 10(-2) cm yr-1 as pointed out by Revelle 7. Appreciable aeolian contributions of quartz may occur in certain soils, but this does not constitute any problem since the aeolian quartz can be separated from the in situ generated quartz by grain-size separation. C1 US GEOL SURVEY,RESTON,VA 22092. RP LAL, D (reprint author), UNIV CALIF SAN DIEGO,SCRIPPS INST OCEANOG,DIV GEOL RES,LA JOLLA,CA 92093, USA. NR 24 TC 10 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 7 PU CURRENT SCIENCE ASSN PI BANGALORE PA C V RAMAN AVENUE, PO BOX 8005, BANGALORE 560 080, INDIA SN 0011-3891 J9 CURR SCI INDIA JI Curr. Sci. PD NOV 10 PY 1991 VL 61 IS 9-10 BP 636 EP 640 PG 5 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA GY580 UT WOS:A1991GY58000023 ER PT J AU BATEMAN, PC DODGE, FCW KISTLER, RW AF BATEMAN, PC DODGE, FCW KISTLER, RW TI MAGNETIC-SUSCEPTIBILITY AND RELATION TO INITIAL SR-87 SR-86 FOR GRANITOIDS OF THE CENTRAL SIERRA-NEVADA, CALIFORNIA SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SOLID EARTH LA English DT Article ID ILMENITE-SERIES GRANITOIDS; BATHOLITHS; DIFFERENTIATION; ASSIMILATION; MANTLE; RATIOS; ROCKS AB Measurement of the magnetic susceptibility of more than 6000 samples of granitic rock from the Mariposa 1-degrees by 2-degrees quadrangle, which crosses the central part of the Sierra Nevada batholith between 37-degrees and 38-degrees-N latitude, shows that magnetic susceptibility values are above 10(-2) SI units in the east and central parts of the batholith and drop abruptly to less than 10(-3) SI units in the western foothills. In a narrow transitional zone, intermediate values (10(-3) to 10(-2) prevail. Magnetic susceptibility appears to decrease slightly westward within the zones of both high and low values. Magnetic susceptibility in plutonic rocks is chiefly a function of the abundance of magnetite, which depends, in turn, on the total iron content of the rocks and their oxidation ratio. Lower magnetic susceptibilities of felsic members of Sierran intrusive suites and of some felsic rock units relative to adjacent mafic rock units commonly reflect differences in total iron content, but the differences of magnetic susceptibility that define the regional pattern generally are much larger and are determined chiefly by the oxidation ratios of the rocks. The relatively unaltered condition of the samples and restriction of delta-O-18 to the range of +7 to +10.3%, indicate that neither hydrothermal fluids nor subsolidus alteration were important in modifying oxidation ratios. Correlations of magnetic susceptibility with initial Sr-87/Sr-86 suggest that oxidation ratios have been inherited from the source regions for the magmas from which the rocks crystallized. Reduction of Fe3+ to Fe2+ by organic carbon or other reducing substances may also have affected magnetic susceptibility. RP BATEMAN, PC (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,MS 910,345 MIDDLEFIELD RD,MENLO PK,CA 94025, USA. NR 41 TC 30 Z9 30 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 SN 0148-0227 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-SOL EA JI J. Geophys. Res.-Solid Earth PD NOV 10 PY 1991 VL 96 IS B12 BP 19555 EP 19568 DI 10.1029/91JB02171 PG 14 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA GQ691 UT WOS:A1991GQ69100003 ER PT J AU LOCKNER, DA MADDEN, TR AF LOCKNER, DA MADDEN, TR TI A MULTIPLE-CRACK MODEL OF BRITTLE-FRACTURE .2. TIME-DEPENDENT SIMULATIONS SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SOLID EARTH LA English DT Article ID GRANITE; STRESS; DEFORMATION; PRESSURE; FAILURE; GROWTH; ROCKS; SLIP AB A numerical multiple-crack interaction model is developed to simulate the failure process in brittle solids containing significant populations of flaws. The model, which is two dimensional, allows for the growth of microcracks on a regular array of potential crack sites. Individual cracks may be oriented vertically, horizontally, or at 45-degrees to the sample axes. Quasi-static equilibrium equations are expressed in terms of finite difference approximations and are solved by applying a renormalization group theory approach. In this paper the results presented in the companion paper are extended to include time-dependent processes. In particular, both subcritical mode I crack growth and stress-sensitive stable slip on existing crack surfaces are included. Crack growth rate and shear slip rate are defined by the local stress conditions. By including these two simple rules in the crack model, constant stress creep simulations are performed which reproduce the classic creep response, including all three modes of creep. In addition, the model predicts the proper stress sensitivity of creep rate. This result supports the interpretation that room temperature creep in crystalline rock in compression is dominated by the same stress corrosion process that occurs during subcritical crack growth observed in tension experiments. The process of crack localization, characteristic of the tertiary creep phase and culminating in failure, is discussed. The relation between inelastic strain and acoustic emission is also examined. C1 MIT, DEPT EARTH ATMOSPHER & PLANETARY SCI, CAMBRIDGE, MA 02139 USA. RP US GEOL SURVEY, MS 977, 345 MIDDLEFIELD RD, MENLO PK, CA 94025 USA. NR 30 TC 22 Z9 22 U1 0 U2 8 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-9313 EI 2169-9356 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-SOL EA JI J. Geophys. Res.-Solid Earth PD NOV 10 PY 1991 VL 96 IS B12 BP 19643 EP 19654 DI 10.1029/91JB01641 PG 12 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA GQ691 UT WOS:A1991GQ69100008 ER PT J AU HARRIS, RA IYER, HM DAWSON, PB AF HARRIS, RA IYER, HM DAWSON, PB TI IMAGING THE JUAN DEFUCA PLATE BENEATH SOUTHERN OREGON USING TELESEISMIC P-WAVE RESIDUALS SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SOLID EARTH LA English DT Article ID WESTERN OREGON; NORTHERN CALIFORNIA; VELOCITY STRUCTURE; MAGMA CHAMBER; CASCADE RANGE; MOUNT-MAZAMA; CRATER LAKE; FUCA PLATE; SUBDUCTION; LITHOSPHERE AB The Juan de Fuca plate subducts under the western margin of the North American plate in southern British Columbia, Washington, Oregon, and northern California. Benioff zone seismicity delineates shallow parts of the plate in Washington and northern California, whereas in Oregon there is a lack of seismicity. This study images the Juan de Fuca plate in southern Oregon using seismic tomography. We inverted P wave travel time residuals from a 366-km-long seismic array operated in southern Oregon in 1982. The southeast striking array extended from the Coast ranges to the Modoc Plateau and crossed the High Cascades at Crater Lake, Oregon. We imaged three features under the array: one high-velocity zone and two low-velocity zones. The high-velocity zone is 3-4% faster than the surrounding upper mantle. It dips steeply at 65-degrees to the east beneath the Cascade Range and extends down to at least 200 km. We propose that this high-velocity feature is subducted Juan de Fuca plate. We also imaged two low-velocity zones, both of which are 3-4% slower than the surrounding earth structure. The southeastern low-velocity zone may be caused by partially molten crust underlying the Crater Lake volcano region. C1 UNIV CALIF SANTA BARBARA,DEPT GEOL SCI,SANTA BARBARA,CA 93106. RP HARRIS, RA (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,MS 977,345 MIDDLEFIELD RD,MENLO PK,CA 94025, USA. RI Harris, Ruth/C-4184-2013 OI Harris, Ruth/0000-0002-9247-0768 NR 33 TC 32 Z9 32 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 SN 0148-0227 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-SOL EA JI J. Geophys. Res.-Solid Earth PD NOV 10 PY 1991 VL 96 IS B12 BP 19879 EP 19889 DI 10.1029/91JB02046 PG 11 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA GQ691 UT WOS:A1991GQ69100024 ER PT J AU ALAMRI, AM SCHULT, FR BUFE, CG AF ALAMRI, AM SCHULT, FR BUFE, CG TI SEISMICITY AND AEROMAGNETIC FEATURES OF THE GULF OF AQABA (ELAT) REGION SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SOLID EARTH LA English DT Article ID DEAD-SEA RIFT; NORTHERN RED-SEA; PLATE; SLIP AB Recent seismicity in the Gulf of Aqaba region has been examined in relation to pull-apart tectonics and structures indicated by bathymetry, surface geology, and new analyses of aeromagnetic data. Forty earthquakes occurring in the region from 1985 to 1989 were located using data from a network of five telemetered seismographs in the Midyan region of Saudi Arabia east of the Gulf of Aqaba and from a network north of the gulf in Israel. Interpretation of aeromagnetic data from the Gulf of Aqaba and the adjacent Midyan region confirms previous estimates of offsets across the zone of transform faulting in the gulf. Aeromagnetic anomaly patterns, obtained by reduction-to-the-pole techniques, and earthquake locations provide evidence for continuation of the faulting regime from the gulf northeastward into the Midyan region. The vicinity of the Elat Deep (primarily the southwest flank) probably is undergoing active normal faulting. Other seismicity and first-motion polarity data confirm the regional pattern of NNE trending sinistral strike-slip faulting. C1 UNIV MINNESOTA,DEPT GEOL & GEOPHYS,MINNEAPOLIS,MN 55455. US GEOL SURVEY,DENVER,CO 80225. NR 22 TC 18 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 SN 0148-0227 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-SOL EA JI J. Geophys. Res.-Solid Earth PD NOV 10 PY 1991 VL 96 IS B12 BP 20179 EP 20185 DI 10.1029/91JB02104 PG 7 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA GQ691 UT WOS:A1991GQ69100041 ER PT J AU MANKINEN, EA GROMME, CS WILLIAMS, KM AF MANKINEN, EA GROMME, CS WILLIAMS, KM TI CONCORDANT PALEOLATITUDES FROM OPHIOLITE SEQUENCES IN THE NORTHERN CALIFORNIA COAST RANGES, USA SO TECTONOPHYSICS LA English DT Article ID APPARENT POLAR WANDER; CRETACEOUS LAYTONVILLE LIMESTONE; PALEOMAGNETIC DATA; JURASSIC MAGNETOSTRATIGRAPHY; COLORADO PLATEAU; SOUTHERN SPAIN; FRANCISCAN; ROTATION; TERRANES; AMERICA AB Paleomagnetic data have been obtained from two ophiolite sequences in the northern California Coast Ranges: from Mount Diablo in the San Francisco Bay area and from Potter Valley, north of Clear Lake. The ophiolite exposed at Mount Diablo is part of the late Middle to Late Jurassic Coast Range ophiolite, and that exposed near Potter Valley is Late Jurassic to perhaps Early Cretaceous in age and occurs within the Franciscan assemblage. Data from the sheeted-dike complex at Mount Diablo show these rocks to be strongly overprinted, probably following uplift and erosion of the ophiolite. Samples whose primary remanent magnetization seems to be recovered yield a mean paleomagnetic pole at 30.7-degrees-N, 159.5-degrees-E with alpha-95 = 5.6-degrees. A comparison of this pole with the Jurassic apparent polar wander path for North America indicates that the ophiolite has rotated 45-degrees +/- 7-degrees counterclockwise relative to the craton and has not been latitudinally displaced. The diabase and pillow basalt in Potter Valley have not been strongly overprinted and data from those rocks yield a paleomagnetic pole at 79.0-degrees-N, 61.5-degrees-E with alpha-95 = 6.4-degrees. This result indicates that the ophiolite at Potter Valley has rotated approximately 29-degrees +/- 8-degrees clockwise. and has undergone little or no latitudinal displacement. Because of the predominantly northeastward transport of oceanic plates converging with the western margin of North America since middle Mesozoic time, the absence of appreciable northward displacement of either ophiolite fragment indicates that both formed close to the continental margin. RP MANKINEN, EA (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,345 MIDDLEFIELD RD,MENLO PK,CA 94025, USA. NR 67 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0040-1951 J9 TECTONOPHYSICS JI Tectonophysics PD NOV 10 PY 1991 VL 198 IS 1 BP 1 EP 21 DI 10.1016/0040-1951(91)90127-E PG 21 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA GZ617 UT WOS:A1991GZ61700001 ER PT J AU ZORIN, Y CORDELL, L AF ZORIN, Y CORDELL, L TI CRUSTAL EXTENSION IN THE BAIKAL RIFT-ZONE SO TECTONOPHYSICS LA English DT Article AB Analysis of the gravity field along four profiles crossing the Baikal rift zone permits an estimate of the amount of anomalous mass produced by (1) graben-fill sediments, (2) Moho uplift and intrusion of mantle sills and dikes, and (3) an asthenospheric bulge. Crustal extension is evaluated based on the idea of mass and volume balance of material introduced into and removed from the initial volume of the crust. Extension in the Baikal rift increases southwestward from 0.9 km in the Chara depression to 19.3 km in the South Baikal depression. These values generally agree with the position of the Euler pole determined from seismic data (fault plane solutions). Average rotation velocity for the lithospheric plates separated by the rift zone is estimated to be 5.93 X 10(-4) rad/m.y. over about 30 m.y. C1 US GEOL SURVEY,DENVER FED CTR,DENVER,CO 80225. RP ZORIN, Y (reprint author), ACAD SCI USSR,INST EARTHS CRUST,IRKUTSK 664003,USSR. NR 12 TC 25 Z9 29 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0040-1951 J9 TECTONOPHYSICS JI Tectonophysics PD NOV 10 PY 1991 VL 198 IS 1 BP 117 EP 121 DI 10.1016/0040-1951(91)90137-H PG 5 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA GZ617 UT WOS:A1991GZ61700011 ER PT J AU COOK, HE AF COOK, HE TI COMPARISON OF PALEOZOIC PASSIVE-MARGIN CARBONATE PLATFORMS OF THE WESTERN UNITED-STATES AND THE USSR SO AAPG BULLETIN-AMERICAN ASSOCIATION OF PETROLEUM GEOLOGISTS LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US GEOL SURVEY,MENLO PK,CA 94025. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER ASSN PETROL GEOLOGISTS PI TULSA PA 1444 S BOULDER AVE PO BOX 979, TULSA, OK 74101 SN 0149-1423 J9 AAPG BULL JI AAPG Bull.-Am. Assoc. Petr. Geol. PD NOV PY 1991 VL 75 IS 11 BP 1804 EP 1805 PG 2 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA GN269 UT WOS:A1991GN26900020 ER PT J AU LEWAN, MD AF LEWAN, MD TI UNDERSTANDING GENERATION AND EXPULSION OF HYDROCARBONS IN SEDIMENTARY BASINS THROUGH EXPERIMENTS SO AAPG BULLETIN-AMERICAN ASSOCIATION OF PETROLEUM GEOLOGISTS LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US GEOL SURVEY,DENVER,CO 80225. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER ASSN PETROL GEOLOGISTS PI TULSA PA 1444 S BOULDER AVE PO BOX 979, TULSA, OK 74101 SN 0149-1423 J9 AAPG BULL JI AAPG Bull.-Am. Assoc. Petr. Geol. PD NOV PY 1991 VL 75 IS 11 BP 1807 EP 1807 PG 1 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA GN269 UT WOS:A1991GN26900028 ER PT J AU TINDALL, JA BEVERLY, RB RADCLIFFE, DE AF TINDALL, JA BEVERLY, RB RADCLIFFE, DE TI MULCH EFFECT ON SOIL PROPERTIES AND TOMATO GROWTH USING MICROIRRIGATION SO AGRONOMY JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID TRICKLE IRRIGATION; TEMPERATURE; MOISTURE; ROOTS; WATER AB Although use of micro-irrigation has risen steadily in Georgia, few studies have been reported describing its effect on yield or rooting distribution of tomato (Licopersicon esculentum). The objective of this experiment was to determine the effects of mulch type (plastic mesh and straw) and micro-irrigation on soil physical properties and growth of 'Celebrity' tomato. In 1986, an experiment was initiated on a Cecil sandy loam (clayey, kaolinitic, thermic, Typic Kanhapludult) at Griffin, GA. Tomato yield and root growth, soil temperature, and water potential in 1987 and 1988 were compared using black plastic mesh and straw mulches and three micro-irrigation frequencies: control (no irrigation), daily, and twice weekly. Soil properties beneath the two types of mulches were compared in terms of surface evaporation, measured during 24-h periods several times each year, and bulk density, organic C, pH, infiltration rate, and cone index measured at the end of the 1988 growing season. Straw mulch resulted in a significantly greater infiltration rate, and lower pH, bulk density, surface evaporation, cone index, soil temperature and matric potential than the plastic mulch. Yields were higher under the straw mulch compared to the plastic mulch and irrigation increased yield with a straw mulch in 1987 but not 1988. Yields were not increased by irrigation of the plastic mulch treatment. Straw mulches have the potential to improve tomato yields in high-temperature environments, provided soil pH is controlled. C1 UNIV GEORGIA,DEPT AGRON,ATHENS,GA 30602. UNIV GEORGIA,EXPT STN,DEPT HORT,GRIFFIN,GA 30223. RP TINDALL, JA (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,DENVER FED CTR,MS 413,BOX 25046,DENVER,CO 80225, USA. NR 29 TC 62 Z9 64 U1 2 U2 12 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 SN 0002-1962 J9 AGRON J JI Agron. J. PD NOV-DEC PY 1991 VL 83 IS 6 BP 1028 EP 1034 PG 7 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA GT936 UT WOS:A1991GT93600018 ER PT J AU HAMES, WE TRACY, RJ RATCLIFFE, NM SUTTER, JF AF HAMES, WE TRACY, RJ RATCLIFFE, NM SUTTER, JF TI PETROLOGIC, STRUCTURAL, AND GEOCHRONOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE ACADIAN METAMORPHIC OVERPRINT ON THE TACONIDE ZONE IN PART OF SOUTHWESTERN NEW-ENGLAND SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID WESTERN NEW-ENGLAND; INTRUSIVE CONTACT; NORTHWEST NELSON; NEW-HAMPSHIRE; NEW-ZEALAND; MASSACHUSETTS; HORNBLENDE; BIOTITE; HISTORY; GARNET AB A combined petrologic, structural, and geochronologic approach has been used to characterize the polymetamorphic area of northwestern Connecticut and adjacent New York and Massachusetts. This area records a Taconian (Ordovician) peak metamorphic event in the west and Acadian (Devonian) peak effects in the east. Ar-40/Ar-39 data presented here indicate that the timing of the Taconian thermal maximum in the staurolite zone was about 445 Ma and that of the Acadian thermal maximum was about 390 to 400 Ma. A complicated zone of overlap between these areas contains predominantly Taconian mineral assemblages thermally and mechanically affected by Acadian metamorphism. Within the Taconian zone, the rim compositions of the highest-grade porphyroblasts yield P-T estimates that are inconsistent for different subareas within a given thin section. Samples that experienced superimposed Acadian metamorphic conditions sufficient to produce fibrolitic sillimanite (about 500-degrees-C at about 4 kb) have porphyroblasts with rim compositions that provide more consistent P-T estimates, varying by only a maximum of 50-degrees-C and 1 kb, despite significant textural complexity within a thin section. These results are interpreted to indicate that the rims of preexisting Taconian porphyroblasts were in equilibrium during Acadian metamorphism at temperatures of about 500-degrees-C and above, whereas reequilibration was incomplete at lower overprinting temperatures. The thermobarometric results and porphyroblast textures demarcate a zone where Acadian overprinting was in excess of 500-degrees-C. C1 VIRGINIA POLYTECH INST & STATE UNIV,DEPT GEOL SCI,BLACKSBURG,VA 24061. US GEOL SURVEY,RESTON,VA 22092. RI Tracy, Robert/A-2016-2009 NR 51 TC 37 Z9 37 U1 1 U2 3 PU KLINE GEOLOGY LABORATORY PI NEW HAVEN PA YALE UNIV, NEW HAVEN, CT 06520 SN 0002-9599 J9 AM J SCI JI Am. J. Sci. PD NOV PY 1991 VL 291 IS 9 BP 887 EP 913 PG 27 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA GP566 UT WOS:A1991GP56600002 ER PT J AU FOORD, EE MARTIN, RF FITZPATRICK, JJ TAGGART, JE CROCK, JG AF FOORD, EE MARTIN, RF FITZPATRICK, JJ TAGGART, JE CROCK, JG TI BOROMUSCOVITE, A NEW MEMBER OF THE MICA GROUP, FROM THE LITTLE 3 MINE PEGMATITE, RAMONA DISTRICT, SAN-DIEGO COUNTY, CALIFORNIA SO AMERICAN MINERALOGIST LA English DT Article ID MINERALOGY AB Boromuscovite, ideally KAl2(Si3B)O10(OH,F)2, in which [4]Al is replaced by B relative to muscovite, occurs as a late-stage, postpocket rupture mineral within the New Spaulding Pocket, main Little Three pegmatite dike, Ramona district, San Diego County, California. The mineral is white to cream colored and occurs as a porcelaneous veneer and coating on primary minerals. The average grain size is less than 3-4-mu-m, but the coatings may be as much as 1 cm or more thick. Fragments of topaz, albite, elbaite, and other pocket minerals are included in the coating. The boromuscovite precipitated from a late-stage hydrothermal fluid; it occurs only as a snowlike coating. Chemical analysis yielded (wt%): SiO2 48.1, Al2O3 28.1, B2O3 7.0, CaO 0.1, MgO 0.15, Fe2O3 0.1, MnO 0.08, P2O5 < 0.05, TiO2 < 0.01, K2O 11.0, Na2O < 0.05, Li2O 0.05, Rb2O 0.52, Cs2O 0.05, F 0.76, H2O+ 4.55, H2O- 0.22, O = F 0.32, total 100.46. An empirical formula calculated on the basis of 12 O + OH + F is: (K0.89Rb0.02Ca0.01)SIGMA-0.92(Al1.93Li0.01-Mg0.01)SIGMA-1.95(Si3.06B0.77Al0.17)SIGMA-4.00O9.82[(OH)2.02F0.16]SIGMA-2.18. The mineral is a mixture of about equal amounts of 2M1 and 1M polytypes. Refined unit-cell parameters for both polytypes are significantly smaller than those for muscovite: 2M1 a = 5.075(1), b = 8.794(4), c = 19.815(25) angstrom, beta = 95.59(3)-degrees; 1M a = 5.077(1), b = 8.775(3), c = 10.061(2) angstrom, beta = 101.31(2)-degrees. D(calc) for the 2M1 and 1M polytypes are 2.89 g/cm3 and 2.90 g/cm3, respectively. D(obs) of the mixture is 2.81 g/cm3. In aggregate, the mineral has a Mohs hardness of 2.5-3, white streak, a dull to porcelaneous luster, perfect {001} cleavage, a poor parting on {010}, poor to subconchoidal fracture, and no fluorescence or luminescence. Optical properties are (for Na light): biaxial (-), alpha = 1.557, beta = 1.587, gamma = 1.593 (all +/- 0.002), 2V(x meas) = 44(2)-degrees, 2V(x calc) = 47.5-degrees, dispersion is r > nu weak. For the 2M1 polytype, the OAP is normal to (010), X:c = -1-degrees, Y:a = +2-degrees, Z = b; X is in the acute angle of beta and Y is in the obtuse angle of beta. The mineral shows no absorption or pleochroism. Boromuscovite crystallized from the evolved fluid phase present after the growth of the primary minerals in the New Spaulding Pocket. The coexistence of the 2M1 and 1M polytypes is consistent with growth in the interval 350-400-degrees-C, a range consistent with fluid-inclusion geothermometry on pocket minerals in related pegmatitic occurrences. C1 MCGILL UNIV,DEPT GEOL SCI,MONTREAL H3A 2A7,QUEBEC,CANADA. RP FOORD, EE (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,DENVER FED CTR,MS 905,BOX 25046,DENVER,CO 80225, USA. NR 20 TC 28 Z9 28 U1 0 U2 0 PU MINERALOGICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 1130 17TH ST NW SUITE 330, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0003-004X J9 AM MINERAL JI Am. Miner. PD NOV-DEC PY 1991 VL 76 IS 11-12 BP 1998 EP 2002 PG 5 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Mineralogy SC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Mineralogy GA GW182 UT WOS:A1991GW18200021 ER PT J AU HUCKINS, JN FAIRCHILD, JF BOYLE, TP AF HUCKINS, JN FAIRCHILD, JF BOYLE, TP TI ROLE OF EXPOSURE MODE IN THE BIOAVAILABILITY OF TRIPHENYL PHOSPHATE TO AQUATIC ORGANISMS SO ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article ID TOXICITY; CHEMICALS; SEDIMENTS; SORPTION; FRESH AB A laboratory study was conducted to investigate the role of the route of triphenyl phosphate (TPP) entry on its aquatic bioavailability and acute biological effects. Three TPP treatments were used for exposures of fish and invertebrates. These consisted of TPP dosed directly into water with and without clean sediment and TPP spiked onto sediment prior to aqueous exposures. Results of static acute toxicity tests (no sediment) were 0.78 mg/L (96-h LC50) for bluegill, 0.36 mg/L (48-h EC50) for midge, and 0.25 mg/L (96-h EC50) for scud. At 24 h, the sediment (1.1% organic carbon)/water partition coefficient (Kp) for TPP was 112. Use of this partition coefficient model to predict the sediment-mediated reduction of TPP concentration in water during toxicity tests resulted in a value that was only 10% less than the nominal value. However, the required nominal concentration of TPP to cause acute toxicity responses in test organisms was significantly higher than the predicted value by the model for both clay and soil-derived sediment. Direct spiking of TPP to soil minimized TPP bioavailability. Data from parallel experiments designed to track TPP residues in water through time suggest that sorption kinetics control residue bioavailability in the initial 24 h of exposure and may account for observed differences in LC50 and EC50 values from the sediment treatments. C1 NATL PK SERV,WATER RESOURCES LAB,FT COLLINS,CO 80523. RP HUCKINS, JN (reprint author), US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,NATL FISHERIES CONTAMINANT RES CTR,4200 NEW HAVEN RD,COLUMBIA,MO 65201, USA. NR 19 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 2 U2 7 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 SN 0090-4341 J9 ARCH ENVIRON CON TOX JI Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. PD NOV PY 1991 VL 21 IS 4 BP 481 EP 485 PG 5 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA GM206 UT WOS:A1991GM20600001 PM 1759843 ER PT J AU BLUS, LJ HENNY, CJ HOFFMAN, DJ GROVE, RA AF BLUS, LJ HENNY, CJ HOFFMAN, DJ GROVE, RA TI LEAD TOXICOSIS IN TUNDRA SWANS NEAR A MINING AND SMELTING COMPLEX IN NORTHERN IDAHO SO ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article ID MORTALITY; INGESTION; METALS; DUCKS; SHOT; PROTOPORPHYRIN; WASHINGTON; BLOOD; MINK AB Die-offs of waterfowl have occurred in the Coeur d'Alene River system in northern Idaho since at least the early 1900's. We investigated causes of mortality and lead and cadmium contamination of 46 tundra swans (Cygnus columbianus) from 1987 to 1989; an additional 22 swans found dead in 1990 were not examined. We necropsied 43 of the 46 birds found from 1987 to 1989; 38 of these were from the Coeur d'Alene River system, which has been contaminated with mining and smelting wastes for a century, and the other 5 were from a nearby, relatively uncontaminated area. Of the 36 livers of swans from the contaminated area that were analyzed, 32 contained lethal levels of lead (6 to 40-mu-g/g, wet weight) and all birds exhibited several symptoms of lead poisoning, notably enlarged gall bladders containing viscous, dark-green bile. Only 13% of the lead-poisoned birds (10% when data were included from other studies of swans in the area) contained shot, compared to 95% of lead-poisoned swans in studies outside northern Idaho. Lead concentrations in blood samples from 16 apparently healthy swans (0.5 to 2.3-mu-g/g, and 4 lead-poisoned birds found moribund (1.3 to 9.6-mu-g/g) indicated that tundra swans accumulated high levels of lead from ingestion of sediment that contained up to 8,700-mu-g/g of lead and plants that contained up to 400-mu-g/g. The swans spend only a few weeks in the area staging during the spring migration. The five tundra swans from the uncontaminated area had low levels of lead and essentially no symptoms of lead poisoning. Based on the conventional standard of 0.5-mu-g/g in whole blood as an indicator of lead poisoning, all of the swans in the Coeur d'Alene River system were either lead-poisoned or at risk of developing plumbism. C1 US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,PATUXENT WILDLIFE RES CTR,LAUREL,MD 20708. RP BLUS, LJ (reprint author), US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,PATUXENT WILDLIFE RES CTR,480 SW AIRPORT RD,CORVALLIS,OR 97333, USA. NR 41 TC 62 Z9 62 U1 0 U2 20 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 SN 0090-4341 J9 ARCH ENVIRON CON TOX JI Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. PD NOV PY 1991 VL 21 IS 4 BP 549 EP 555 PG 7 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA GM206 UT WOS:A1991GM20600010 PM 1759849 ER PT J AU ERWIN, RM HATFIELD, JS LINK, WA AF ERWIN, RM HATFIELD, JS LINK, WA TI SOCIAL FORAGING AND FEEDING ENVIRONMENT OF THE BLACK-CROWNED NIGHT HERON IN AN INDUSTRIALIZED ESTUARY SO BIRD BEHAVIOUR LA English DT Article DE BLACK-CROWNED NIGHT-HERONS; NESTING COLONY; SOCIAL FORAGING; DIRECTIONAL INDEPENDENCE ID SUCCESS AB A nesting colony of more than 300 pairs of Black-crowned Night-Herons in the Patapsco River estuary, Baltimore Harbor, Maryland was monitored from May to July 1988. The departure direction and departure time of each Heron was recorded during morning and evening observations at the colony. In addition, individual Herons were followed to landing sites in the estuary with small boats and aircraft. Herons appear to be quite social in foraging and may concentrate their feeding in some of the most industrialized parts of the estuary. Night-Herons may prosper in urban environments because some of their prey are attracted to intense shoreline illumination at night. New quantitative methods were developed to cope with the lack of statistical independence when dealing with social species. RP ERWIN, RM (reprint author), US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,PATUXENT WILDLIFE RES CTR,MIGRATORY BIRD RES BRANCH,LAUREL,MD 20708, USA. NR 15 TC 15 Z9 17 U1 1 U2 6 PU BIRD BEHAVIOUR PI WALLINGFORD PA C/O DEPT 704 BMS PHARMACEUTICAL RES INST 5 RESEARCH PARKWAY, WALLINGFORD, CT 06492 SN 0156-1383 J9 BIRD BEHAV PD NOV PY 1991 VL 9 IS 1-2 BP 94 EP 102 PG 9 WC Behavioral Sciences; Ornithology SC Behavioral Sciences; Zoology GA HW666 UT WOS:A1991HW66600014 ER PT J AU WILSON, BW HOOPER, MJ LITTRELL, EE DETRICH, PJ HANSEN, ME WEISSKOPF, CP SEIBER, JN AF WILSON, BW HOOPER, MJ LITTRELL, EE DETRICH, PJ HANSEN, ME WEISSKOPF, CP SEIBER, JN TI ORCHARD DORMANT SPRAYS AND EXPOSURE OF RED-TAILED HAWKS TO ORGANOPHOSPHATES SO BULLETIN OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article C1 CALIF DEPT FISH & GAME,SACRAMENTO,CA 95670. US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,SACRAMENTO,CA 95825. UNIV CALIF DAVIS,DEPT AVIAN SCI,DAVIS,CA 95616. RP WILSON, BW (reprint author), UNIV CALIF DAVIS,DEPT ENVIRONM TOXICOL,DAVIS,CA 95616, USA. OI Hooper, Michael/0000-0002-4161-8961 NR 6 TC 26 Z9 25 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 SN 0007-4861 J9 B ENVIRON CONTAM TOX JI Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. PD NOV PY 1991 VL 47 IS 5 BP 717 EP 724 PG 8 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA GL315 UT WOS:A1991GL31500013 PM 1813086 ER PT J AU KUSTAS, WP GOODRICH, DC MORAN, MS AMER, SA BACH, LB BLANFORD, JH CHEHBOUNI, A CLAASSEN, H CLEMENTS, WE DORAISWAMY, PC DUBOIS, P CLARKE, TR DAUGHTRY, CST GELLMAN, DI GRANT, TA HIPPS, LE HUETE, AR HUMES, KS JACKSON, TJ KEEFER, TO NICHOLS, WD PARRY, R PERRY, EM PINKER, RT PINTER, PJ QI, J RIGGS, AC SCHMUGGE, TJ SHUTKO, AM STANNARD, DI SWIATEK, E VANLEEUWEN, JD VANZYL, J VIDAL, A WASHBURNE, J WELTZ, MA AF KUSTAS, WP GOODRICH, DC MORAN, MS AMER, SA BACH, LB BLANFORD, JH CHEHBOUNI, A CLAASSEN, H CLEMENTS, WE DORAISWAMY, PC DUBOIS, P CLARKE, TR DAUGHTRY, CST GELLMAN, DI GRANT, TA HIPPS, LE HUETE, AR HUMES, KS JACKSON, TJ KEEFER, TO NICHOLS, WD PARRY, R PERRY, EM PINKER, RT PINTER, PJ QI, J RIGGS, AC SCHMUGGE, TJ SHUTKO, AM STANNARD, DI SWIATEK, E VANLEEUWEN, JD VANZYL, J VIDAL, A WASHBURNE, J WELTZ, MA TI AN INTERDISCIPLINARY FIELD-STUDY OF THE ENERGY AND WATER FLUXES IN THE ATMOSPHERE-BIOSPHERE SYSTEM OVER SEMIARID RANGELANDS - DESCRIPTION AND SOME PRELIMINARY-RESULTS SO BULLETIN OF THE AMERICAN METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID SOUTHWESTERN UNITED-STATES; SOIL-MOISTURE; METEOROLOGICAL DATA; RADIATION BUDGET; EDDY-CORRELATION; BOUNDARY-LAYER; EVAPOTRANSPIRATION; RAINFALL; EVAPORATION; BALANCE AB Arid and semiarid rangelands comprise a significant portion of the earth's land surface. Yet little is known about the effects of temporal and spatial changes in surface soil moisture on the hydrologic cycle, energy balance, and the feedbacks to the atmosphere via thermal forcing over such environments. Understanding this interrelationship is crucial for evaluating the role of the hydrologic cycle in surface-atmosphere interactions. This study focuses on the utility of remote sensing to provide measurements of surface soil moisture, surface albedo, vegetation biomass, and temperature at different spatial and temporal scales. Remote-sensing measurements may provide the only practical means of estimating some of the more important factors controlling land surface processes over large areas. Consequently, the use of remotely sensed information in biophysical and geophysical models greatly enhances their ability to compute fluxes at catchment and regional scales on a routine basis. However, model calculations for different climates and ecosystems need verification. This requires that the remotely sensed data and model computations be evaluated with ground-truth data collected at the same areal scales. The present study (MONSOON 90) attempts to address this issue for semiarid rangelands. The experimental plan included remotely sensed data in the visible, near-infrared, thermal, and microwave wavelengths from ground and aircraft platforms and, when available, from satellites. Collected concurrently were ground measurements of soil moisture and temperature, energy and water fluxes, and profile data in the atmospheric boundary layer in a hydrologically instrumented semiarid rangeland watershed. Field experiments were conducted in 1990 during the dry and wet or "monsoon season" for the southwestern United States. A detailed description of the field campaigns, including measurements and some preliminary results are given. C1 USDA ARS,US WATER CONSERVAT LAB,PHOENIX,AZ 85040. USDA ARS,ARIDLAND WATERSHED MANAGEMENT RES UNIT,TUCSON,AZ. USDA ARS,BELTSVILLE AGR RES CTR,REMOTE SENSING RES LAB,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705. CEMAGREF,ENGREF,REMOTE SENSING LAB,MONTPELLIER,FRANCE. CALTECH,JET PROP LAB,PASADENA,CA 91109. UNIV CALIF LOS ALAMOS SCI LAB,LOS ALAMOS,NM 87544. UNIV ARIZONA,DEPT OPT SCI,TUCSON,AZ 85721. US GEOL SURVEY,DIV WATER RESOURCES,DENVER,CO 80225. UTAH STATE UNIV,DEPT SOIL SCI & BIOMETEOROL,LOGAN,UT 84322. UNIV ARIZONA,SCH RENEWABLE NAT RESOURCES,TUCSON,AZ 85721. ACAD SCI USSR,INST RADIOENGN & ELECTR,MOSCOW V-71,USSR. US GEOL SURVEY,DIV WATER RESOURCES,CARSON,NV. UNIV MARYLAND,DEPT METEOROL,COLLEGE PK,MD 20742. UNIV ARIZONA,DEPT SOIL & WATER SCI,TUCSON,AZ 85721. UNIV ARIZONA,DEPT HYDROL & WATER RESOURCES,TUCSON,AZ 85721. ETUDES & RECH TELEDETECT SPATIALE,TOULOUSE,FRANCE. RP KUSTAS, WP (reprint author), USDA ARS,BELTSVILLE AGR RES CTR,HYDROL LAB,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705, USA. RI Vidal, Alain/A-3986-2009; Pinker, Rachel/F-6565-2010; Dubois-Fernandez, Pascale/A-6743-2012; Goodrich, David/B-1763-2009 OI Goodrich, David/0000-0001-7735-1448 NR 72 TC 77 Z9 80 U1 0 U2 12 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 SN 0003-0007 J9 B AM METEOROL SOC JI Bull. Amer. Meteorol. Soc. PD NOV PY 1991 VL 72 IS 11 BP 1683 EP 1705 DI 10.1175/1520-0477(1991)072<1683:AIFSOT>2.0.CO;2 PG 23 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA GR433 UT WOS:A1991GR43300001 ER PT J AU MASTIN, LG AF MASTIN, LG TI THE ROLES OF MAGMA AND GROUNDWATER IN THE PHREATIC ERUPTIONS AT INYO CRATERS, LONG VALLEY CALDERA, CALIFORNIA SO BULLETIN OF VOLCANOLOGY LA English DT Article AB The Inyo Craters (North Inyo Crater and South Inyo Crater), and a third crater, Summit Crater, are the largest of more than a dozen 650- to 550-yr-B.P. phreatic craters that lie in a 1-km-square area at the south end of the Inyo Volcanic Chain, on the west side of the Long Valley Caldera in eastern California. The three craters are aligned within a 1-km-long north-south system of fissures and normal faults, and coincide in age with aligned magmatic vents farther north in the Inyo Volcanic Chain, suggesting that they were all produced by intrusion of one or more dikes. To study the sequence and mechanisms of the eruptions, the deposits were mapped, sampled, and compared with subsurface stratigraphy obtained from the core of a slant hole drilled directly below the center of South Inyo Crater from the southwest. The deposits from the two Inyo Craters are fine-grained (median diameter less than 1 mm), are several meters thick at the crater walls, and cover at most a few km2 of ground surface. Stratigraphic relationships between the Inyo Craters and Summit Crater indicate that the eruptions proceeded from north to south, overlapped slightly in time, and produced indistinctly plane-parallel bedded, poorly sorted deposits, containing debris derived primarily from within 450 m of the surface. Debris from the deepest identifiable unit (whose top is at 450 m depth) is present at the very base of both Inyo Craters deposits, suggesting that the eruptive vents were open and tapping debris from at least that depth, probably along preexisting fractures, even at their inception. According to ballistic studies, the greatest velocity of ejected blocks was of the order of 100 m/s. All eruptions, particularly the least powerful, selectively removed debris from the finest-grained, most easily eroded subsurface units. Although juvenile fragments have been previously identified in these deposits, they are confined primarily to the grain-size fraction smaller than 0.25 mm dia. and probably did not constitute more than several percent of the deposit. It is therefore suggested that these juvenile fragments were not the main source of heat for the eruptions, and that the eruptions were caused either by: (1) heating of water by fragmented magma that was not ejected before the eruption shut off; (2) slow heating (over months to years) of groundwater under confined conditions without fragmentation of magma, followed by a second process (pressure build-up, seismic faulting, or intrusions) that breached the confinement; or (3) breach of a pre-existing confined geothermal aquifer. RP MASTIN, LG (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,CASCADES VOLCANO OBSERV,5400 MACARTHUR BLVD,VANCOUVER,WA 98661, USA. NR 0 TC 27 Z9 27 U1 0 U2 8 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 SN 0258-8900 J9 B VOLCANOL JI Bull. Volcanol. PD NOV PY 1991 VL 53 IS 8 BP 579 EP 596 DI 10.1007/BF00493687 PG 18 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA GR436 UT WOS:A1991GR43600001 ER PT J AU OGORMAN, R MILLS, EL DEGISI, J AF OGORMAN, R MILLS, EL DEGISI, J TI USE OF ZOOPLANKTON TO ASSESS THE MOVEMENT AND DISTRIBUTION OF ALEWIFE (ALOSA-PSEUDOHARENGUS) IN SOUTH-CENTRAL LAKE-ONTARIO IN SPRING SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FISHERIES AND AQUATIC SCIENCES LA English DT Article ID RAINBOW SMELT; GREAT-LAKES; MICHIGAN; PREDATION; FISH; POPULATIONS; CLADOCERA; ABUNDANCE; DYNAMICS; INSHORE AB Data from assessments of fish and zooplankton conducted during April and May-June 1986-88 in south-central Lake Ontario were examined for evidence that zooplankton size structure can be used to follow the movement of alewife (Alosa pseudoharengus). The spring influx of alewife into nearshore waters was linked with water temperature and coincided with a decline in the mean length of crustacean zooplankton and the virtual disappearance of zooplankters greater-than-or-equal-to 0.9 mm. Alewife moving inshore to spawn fed heavily on the largest zooplankters, negating the possibility that changes in zooplankton size were wholly a response to seasonal recruitment as waters warm and the composition shifts to Bosmina. Offshore, there was usually no significant (P < 0.05) change in mean lengths of zooplankton in the upper water column between April and May-June, and zooplankters greater-than-or-equal-to 0.9 mm always remained abundant, suggesting that few alewife were there from April through mid-June. We conclude that in large freshwater lakes where a planktivore is abundant, yet spatially concentrated, changes in size of crustacean zooplankton can facilitate understanding of the fish's movement and distribution. C1 CORNELL UNIV,DEPT NAT RESOURCES,ITHACA,NY 14853. RP OGORMAN, R (reprint author), US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,OSWEGO BIOL STN,17 LAKE ST,OSWEGO,NY 13126, USA. NR 50 TC 31 Z9 31 U1 0 U2 4 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA ON K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0706-652X J9 CAN J FISH AQUAT SCI JI Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. PD NOV PY 1991 VL 48 IS 11 BP 2250 EP 2257 PG 8 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA GU718 UT WOS:A1991GU71800022 ER PT J AU PUCKETT, LJ AF PUCKETT, LJ TI SPATIAL VARIABILITY AND COLLECTOR REQUIREMENTS FOR SAMPLING THROUGHFALL VOLUME AND CHEMISTRY UNDER A MIXED-HARDWOOD CANOPY SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FOREST RESEARCH-REVUE CANADIENNE DE RECHERCHE FORESTIERE LA English DT Article ID ATMOSPHERIC DEPOSITION; DECIDUOUS FOREST; DRY DEPOSITION; PRECIPITATION; STEMFLOW; IONS; PH AB Throughfall was intensively sampled during five storms in August, September, and November 1988, July 1989, and January 1990. For each storm, 50 collector bottles with funnels were positioned at random on a 0.1-ha plot under a mixed-hardwood forest canopy in northern Virginia. Concentrations and net inputs of H+, NH4+, Na+, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+, Mn2+, Cl-, NO3-, and SO4(2-) and throughfall volume were evaluated for spatial variability both within and among storms and were used to estimate the number of collectors necessary for throughfall collection. Ion concentrations were generally less variable within storms compared with net ion input data. Concentrations and net inputs of some ions were consistently less variable than others; for example, Ca2+, NO3-, and SO42- were less variable than NH4+ and K+. These patterns of variability were consistent in comparisons both within and among storms. The relatively low variability of NO3- and SO42- is probably due to dry deposition of these ions as anthropogenic pollutants, while the low variability of Ca2+ is the result of deposition in windblown soil particles. The high variability of NH4+ and K+ is probably the result of biological processes. Ammonium is strongly retained by the canopy, and K+ is readily leached from it. Retention by, and leaching from, the canopy can induce spatial variability as a result of spatial heterogeneity in the biota. Throughfall volume also displayed low variability within and among events, requiring an average of 11 collectors to estimate the mean within 10% at the 95% confidence level. RP PUCKETT, LJ (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,DIV WATER RESOURCES,RESTON,VA 22092, USA. NR 21 TC 48 Z9 48 U1 0 U2 9 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA ON K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0045-5067 J9 CAN J FOREST RES JI Can. J. For. Res.-Rev. Can. Rech. For. PD NOV PY 1991 VL 21 IS 11 BP 1581 EP 1588 DI 10.1139/x91-220 PG 8 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA GP695 UT WOS:A1991GP69500004 ER PT J AU WILSON, UW AF WILSON, UW TI RESPONSES OF 3 SEABIRD SPECIES TO EL NINO EVENTS AND OTHER WARM EPISODES ON THE WASHINGTON COAST, 1979-1990 SO CONDOR LA English DT Article DE DOUBLE-CRESTED CORMORANT; BRANDT CORMORANT; COMMON MURRE; SEA SURFACE TEMPERATURE ANOMALY; EL NINO SOUTHERN OSCILLATION; THERMOCLINE; WASHINGTON ID SOUTHERN OSCILLATION; GALAPAGOS-ISLANDS; POPULATIONS; PACIFIC AB For 1979-1990, I compared satellite-based sea surface temperature anomaly data for Washington's outer coast with the annual number of nests of Double-crested Cormorants (Phalacrocorax auritus) and Brandt's Cormorants (Phalacrocorax penicillatus), and the number of Common Murres (Uria aalge). Sea surface temperatures were a minimum of 1-degrees-C above average for at least four consecutive months during three periods: January-April 198 1, February-June 1983, and September 1987-February 1988. The first warm event was not associated with El Nino, while the second and third warm episodes were the results of a severe (1982-1983) and more moderate (1987) El Nino events. Numbers of the three seabird species were significantly negatively correlated with the intensity and occurrence of these warm events, although the effects of the-1981 event were not clear-cut. Cormorant nesting was depressed during El Nino and post-El Nino years. Differences in response of the two cormorant species may be related to differences in their breeding chronologies. In 1983, murres crashed to 13% of pre-1983 levels. With the exception of 1987, numbers remained at this level through 1990. The interpretation of ENSO effects on murres is complicated by several types of human disturbance. RP WILSON, UW (reprint author), US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,COASTAL REFUGES OFF,POB 450,SEQUIM,WA 98382, USA. NR 34 TC 33 Z9 37 U1 2 U2 7 PU COOPER ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC PI LAWRENCE PA ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC NORTH AMER PO BOX 1897, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 SN 0010-5422 J9 CONDOR JI Condor PD NOV PY 1991 VL 93 IS 4 BP 853 EP 858 DI 10.2307/3247719 PG 6 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA GW791 UT WOS:A1991GW79100007 ER PT J AU HEPP, GR HINES, JE AF HEPP, GR HINES, JE TI FACTORS AFFECTING WINTER DISTRIBUTION AND MIGRATION DISTANCE OF WOOD DUCKS FROM SOUTHERN BREEDING POPULATIONS SO CONDOR LA English DT Article DE MIGRATION; WINTER DISTRIBUTION; AGE AND SEX DIFFERENCES; WOOD DUCK; AIX-SPONSA ID AMERICAN BLACK DUCKS; DARK-EYED JUNCOS; DISTRIBUTION PATTERNS; DOMINANCE; MALLARDS; RESTLESSNESS; MISSISSIPPI; HYEMALIS AB We used direct band-recovery records of Wood Ducks (Aix sponsa) banded 1 April-15 September (1960-1987) in the southern and southeastern reference areas of Bowers and Martin (1975, Fig. 1) to test whether winter distribution and migration distance were age- and sex-specific. Effects of variation in early-autumn temperature and precipitation conditions on winter distribution patterns also were studied. Latitude and longitude of winter band recoveries did not differ by age and sex in the southern reference area; but adult Wood Ducks tended to migrate shorter distances than young. In the southeastern reference area, recovery distributions of males and females also did not differ; but adults were distributed north and east of young birds, and migrated shorter distances. We predicted that Wood Ducks would move farther south in winter when early-autumn (October-November) temperature and spring-summer (April-September) precipitation were below normal. Adults were recovered farther south when precipitation was below average, but deviations from average temperatures were not associated with winter distribution. Young Wood Ducks occurred farther south when rainfall in spring-summer was less than normal and when average November temperature was colder than normal. We conclude that winter distributions of male and female Wood Ducks did not differ, but that adults migrated shorter distances than young. Variation in winter distribution was associated with early-autumn habitat suitability. C1 AUBURN UNIV,ALABAMA AGR EXPT STN,AUBURN,AL 36849. US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,PATUXENT WILDLIFE RES CTR,LAUREL,MD 20708. RP HEPP, GR (reprint author), AUBURN UNIV,DEPT ZOOL & WILDLIFE SCI,AUBURN,AL 36849, USA. NR 39 TC 13 Z9 14 U1 2 U2 12 PU COOPER ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC PI LAWRENCE PA ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC NORTH AMER PO BOX 1897, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 SN 0010-5422 J9 CONDOR JI Condor PD NOV PY 1991 VL 93 IS 4 BP 884 EP 891 DI 10.2307/3247723 PG 8 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA GW791 UT WOS:A1991GW79100011 ER PT J AU DROBNEY, RD AF DROBNEY, RD TI NUTRIENT LIMITATION OF CLUTCH SIZE IN WATERFOWL - IS THERE A UNIVERSAL HYPOTHESIS SO CONDOR LA English DT Article ID WOOD DUCKS; RESERVES; BIOENERGETICS; REPRODUCTION; GEESE RP DROBNEY, RD (reprint author), UNIV MISSOURI,US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,MISSOURI COOPERAT FISH & WILDLIFE RES UNIT,COLUMBIA,MO 65211, USA. NR 12 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 4 PU COOPER ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC PI LAWRENCE PA ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC NORTH AMER PO BOX 1897, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 SN 0010-5422 J9 CONDOR JI Condor PD NOV PY 1991 VL 93 IS 4 BP 1026 EP 1028 DI 10.2307/3247742 PG 3 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA GW791 UT WOS:A1991GW79100030 ER PT J AU ANKNEY, CD AFTON, AD ALISAUSKAS, RT AF ANKNEY, CD AFTON, AD ALISAUSKAS, RT TI THE ROLE OF NUTRIENT RESERVES IN LIMITING WATERFOWL REPRODUCTION SO CONDOR LA English DT Article ID CLUTCH-SIZE; ADAPTIVE SIGNIFICANCE; PRAIRIE DUCKS; CANADA GEESE; SNOW GEESE; BIOENERGETICS; INCUBATION; DYNAMICS C1 LOUISIANA STATE UNIV,US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,BATON ROUGE,LA 70803. CANADIAN WILDLIFE SERV,SASKATOON S7N 0X4,SASKATCHEWAN,CANADA. RP ANKNEY, CD (reprint author), UNIV WESTERN ONTARIO,DEPT ZOOL,LONDON N6A 5B7,ONTARIO,CANADA. NR 31 TC 85 Z9 88 U1 0 U2 13 PU COOPER ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC PI LAWRENCE PA ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC NORTH AMER PO BOX 1897, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 SN 0010-5422 J9 CONDOR JI Condor PD NOV PY 1991 VL 93 IS 4 BP 1029 EP 1032 DI 10.2307/3247743 PG 4 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA GW791 UT WOS:A1991GW79100031 ER PT J AU RUAN, HC HUA, RM COX, DP AF RUAN, HC HUA, RM COX, DP TI COPPER DEPOSITION BY FLUID MIXING IN DEFORMED STRATA ADJACENT TO A SALT DIAPIR, DONGCHUAN AREA, YUNNAN PROVINCE, CHINA SO ECONOMIC GEOLOGY AND THE BULLETIN OF THE SOCIETY OF ECONOMIC GEOLOGISTS LA English DT Article ID ORIGIN AB The Dongchuan area is the largest of five copper mining areas in a north-trending rift containing sandstone, shale, and carbonate rocks of the Kunyang Group of middle Proterozoic age. In the Dongchuan area, the group is about 18,000 m thick. Three formations, about 1,200 m thick, in the lower part of the group contain the copper deposits. They are, from younger to older: the Heishan Formation, mainly carbonaceous slate; the Laoxue Formation, mainly stromatolitic dolostone; and the Yinmin Formation, chiefly purple shale and sandstone. These formations were intruded by mafic igneous rocks. Structurally below the Yinmin Formation is a thick breccia consisting of clasts of Yinmin-type shale and sandstone, diabase, and other rocks. The three ore-producing formations and the breccia are exposed in a band of steeply dipping strata extending across the Dongchuan area. Most of the copper ore occurs in the lowermost dolostones of the Laoxue Formation. Strata-bound ores characteristically occur as disseminations of sulfides along stromatolitic algal layers. Locally, high-grade vein-type ores crosscut the dolostone. Both ore types contain bornite, chalcopyrite, chalcocite, and other minerals. Fluid inclusions in quartz veinlets contemporaneous with copper mineralization contain liquid, vapor, and daughter minerals NaCl, CaCl2, KCl, and BaCl2. They homogenize between 200-degrees and 280-degrees-C. We believe that the breccia was produced by tectonically controlled salt diapirs from which the salt was removed by hydrothermal leaching, and that the copper ores are associated with a thermal anomaly that resulted from this salt diapirism and contemporaneous diabase intrusion. Hot brines circulating upward along the flanks of the diapirs leached copper from the oxidized Yinmin Formation and carried it to the base of the overlying Laoxue Formation. Sulfide-rich fluids were formed by reaction of evaporite sulfates with decayed algal material in the dolo-stones. Copper sulfide deposition in the dolostones resulted from mixing of these fluids. Continued circulation leached all of the remaining salt from the diapir, and the overlying and surrounding rocks collapsed to form the breccia. C1 US GEOL SURVEY,MENLO PK,CA 94025. RP RUAN, HC (reprint author), NANJING UNIV,NANJING,PEOPLES R CHINA. NR 13 TC 12 Z9 14 U1 1 U2 3 PU ECONOMIC GEOLOGY PUBL CO PI EL PASO PA UNIV TEXAS AT EL PASO ROOM 202 QUINN HALL, EL PASO, TX 79968 SN 0361-0128 J9 ECON GEOL BULL SOC JI Econ. Geol. Bull. Soc. Econ. Geol. PD NOV PY 1991 VL 86 IS 7 BP 1539 EP 1545 PG 7 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA GP839 UT WOS:A1991GP83900009 ER PT J AU BARTHOLOW, JM AF BARTHOLOW, JM TI A MODELING ASSESSMENT OF THE THERMAL REGIME FOR AN URBAN SPORT FISHERY SO ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE TEMPERATURE MODEL; URBAN FISHERY; METEOROLOGY; STREAM GEOMETRY; CACHE LA POUDRE RIVER ID TEMPERATURES AB Water temperature is almost certainly a limiting factor in the maintenance of a self-sustaining rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss, formerly Salmo gairdneri) and brown trout (Salmo trutta) fishery in the lower reaches of the Cache la Poudre River near Fort Collins, Colorado, USA. Irrigation diversions dewater portions of the river, but cold reservoir releases moderate water temperatures during some periods. The US Fish and Wildlife Service's Stream Network Temperature Model (SNTEMP) was applied to a 31-km segment of the river using readily available stream geometry and hydrological and meteorological data. The calibrated model produced satisfactory water temperature predictions (R2 = 0.88, P < 0.001, N = 49) for a 62-day summer period. It was used to evaluate a variety of flow and nonflow alternatives to keep water temperatures below 23.3-degrees-C for the trout. Supplemental flows or reduced diversions of 3 m3/sec would be needed to maintain suitable summer temperatures throughout most of the study area. Such flows would be especially beneficial during weekends when current irrigation patterns reduce flows. The model indicated that increasing the riparian shade would result in little improvement in water temperatures but that decreasing the stream width would result in significant temperature reductions. Introduction of a more thermally tolerant redband trout (Oncorhynchus sp.), or smallmouth bass (Micropterus dolomieui) might prove beneficial to the fishery. Construction of deep pools for thermal refugia might also be helpful. RP BARTHOLOW, JM (reprint author), US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,NATL ECOL RES CTR,4512 MCMURRAY AVE,FT COLLINS,CO 80525, USA. NR 36 TC 32 Z9 33 U1 1 U2 12 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 SN 0364-152X J9 ENVIRON MANAGE JI Environ. Manage. PD NOV-DEC PY 1991 VL 15 IS 6 BP 833 EP 845 DI 10.1007/BF02394821 PG 13 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA GT528 UT WOS:A1991GT52800010 ER PT J AU COHEN, P AF COHEN, P TI INADEQUACY OF NASQAN DATA FOR ASSESSING METAL TRENDS IN THE NATIONS RIVERS SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Letter RP COHEN, P (reprint author), US DEPT INTERIOR,GEOL SURVEY,MAIL STOP 412,RESTON,VA 22092, USA. NR 4 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0013-936X J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD NOV PY 1991 VL 25 IS 11 BP 1940 EP 1941 DI 10.1021/es00023a016 PG 2 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA GM848 UT WOS:A1991GM84800023 ER PT J AU EMLEN, JM AF EMLEN, JM TI HETEROSIS AND OUTBREEDING DEPRESSION - A MULTILOCUS MODEL AND AN APPLICATION TO SALMON PRODUCTION SO FISHERIES RESEARCH LA English DT Article AB Both artificial propagation and efforts to preserve or augment natural populations sometimes involve, wittingly or unwittingly, the mixing of different gene pools. The advantages of such mixing vis-a-vis the alleviation of inbreeding depression are well known. Acknowledged, but less well understood, are the complications posed by outbreeding depression. This paper derives a simple model of outbreeding depression and demonstrates that it is reasonably possible to predict the generation-to-generation fitness course of hybrids derived from parents from different origins. Genetic difference, or distance between parental types, is defined by the drop in fitness experienced by one type reared at the site to which the other is locally adapted. For situations where decisions involving stock mixing must be made in the absence of complete information, a sensitivity analysis-based conflict resolution method (the Good-Bad-Ugly model) is described. RP EMLEN, JM (reprint author), US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,NATL FISHERIES RES CTR,BLDG 204,NAVAL STN PUGET SOUND,SEATTLE,WA 98115, USA. NR 0 TC 41 Z9 41 U1 1 U2 6 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0165-7836 J9 FISH RES JI Fish Res. PD NOV PY 1991 VL 12 IS 3 BP 187 EP 212 DI 10.1016/0165-7836(91)90095-W PG 26 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA GR716 UT WOS:A1991GR71600001 ER PT J AU PAVICH, MJ AF PAVICH, MJ TI WEATHERING AND SOILS - INTRODUCTION SO GEODERMA LA English DT Editorial Material RP PAVICH, MJ (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,RESTON,VA 22092, USA. NR 1 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0016-7061 J9 GEODERMA JI Geoderma PD NOV PY 1991 VL 51 IS 1-4 BP 1 EP 4 DI 10.1016/0016-7061(91)90062-X PG 4 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA GN999 UT WOS:A1991GN99900001 ER PT J AU SOLLER, DR OWENS, JP AF SOLLER, DR OWENS, JP TI THE USE OF MINERALOGIC TECHNIQUES AS RELATIVE AGE INDICATORS FOR WEATHERING PROFILES ON THE ATLANTIC COASTAL-PLAIN, USA SO GEODERMA LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT SYMP ON WEATHERING AND SOILS CY JUL 09-19, 1989 CL WASHINGTON, DC AB Textural, geochemical, and mineralogic study of soils and weathering profiles has led to the practice of applying various weathering parameters as relative age indicators. In our studies, we examined the entire thickness of weathered sediment (i.e., the weathering profile) for evidence of weathering-induced changes in both sand- and clay-sized mineralogy, and used two techniques for relative age determinations. These techniques were developed as tools to support geologic mapping. One of our techniques for determining relative ages is based on the depth of weathering as recorded by progressive loss of detrital sand-sized minerals upward in the weathering profile. This is our preferred tool, especially in areas where weathering profiles have been truncated. We have found a gradual trend of increasing loss of labile sand-sized minerals (e.g., hornblendes, feldspars) and increasing depth of weathering with increasing age of the deposit. Of significance to many research programs, this technique does not require expensive instruments such as an X-ray diffractometer. Our other technique depends on accumulation of stable, secondary clay-sized minerals in the upper part of the weathering profile. In our study area on the Atlantic Coastal Plain of the United States, the stable assemblage consists of vermiculite, kaolinite, gibbsite, and iron oxides and hydroxides. This technique can be effective for relative age determinations where profiles have not been truncated, and can provide useful information on depositional and erosional history. However, in areas of widespread erosion and profile truncation, such as the Carolinas, the utility of this technique for relative age determinations is limited. There, soils were partially or completely removed in many localities in relatively recent times. RP SOLLER, DR (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,926 NATL CTR,RESTON,VA 22092, USA. NR 19 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0016-7061 J9 GEODERMA JI Geoderma PD NOV PY 1991 VL 51 IS 1-4 BP 111 EP 131 DI 10.1016/0016-7061(91)90068-5 PG 21 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA GN999 UT WOS:A1991GN99900007 ER PT J AU STALLARD, RF KOEHNKEN, L JOHNSSON, MJ AF STALLARD, RF KOEHNKEN, L JOHNSSON, MJ TI WEATHERING PROCESSES AND THE COMPOSITION OF INORGANIC MATERIAL TRANSPORTED THROUGH THE ORINOCO RIVER SYSTEM, VENEZUELA AND COLOMBIA SO GEODERMA LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT SYMP ON WEATHERING AND SOILS CY JUL 09-19, 1989 CL WASHINGTON, DC ID CLAY-MINERALS; SOUTHEASTERN VENEZUELA; DISSOLVED-LOAD; CHEMISTRY; GEOCHEMISTRY; AMAZON; ROCKS; DISSOLUTION; FIXATION; QUARTZ AB The composition of river-borne material in the Orinoco River system is related primarily to erosion regime, which in turn is related to tectonic setting; especially notable is the contrast between material derived from tectonically active mountain belts and that from stable cratonic regions. For a particular morpho-tectonic region, the compositional suites of suspended sediment, bed material, overbank deposits, and dissolved phases are fairly uniform and are typically distinct from those of other regions. For each region, a consistent set of chemical weathering reactions can be formulated to explain the composition of dissolved and solid loads. In developing these formulations, erosion on slopes and storage of solids in soils and alluvial sediments are important considerations. Compositionally very-mature sediment is derived from areas of thick soils where erosion is transport limited and from areas where sediments are stored for extended periods of time in alluvial deposits. Compositionally immature sediments are derived from tectonically active mountain belts where erosion is weathering limited. Weathering-limited erosion also is important in the elevated parts of the Guayana Shield within areas of steep topography. Compared to the mountain belts, sediments derived from elevated parts of the Shield are more mature. A greater degree of chemical weathering seems to be needed to erode the rock types typical of the Shield. The major-element chemistry and mineral compositions of sediment delivered by the Orinoco River to the ocean are controlled by rivers that have their headwaters in mountain belts and cross the Llanos, a region of alluvial plains within the foreland basin. The composition of sediments in rivers that drain the Shield seems to be established primarily at the site of soil formation, whereas for rivers that drain the mountain belts, additional weathering occurs during episodes of storage on alluvial plains as sediments are transported across the Llanos to the main stem of the Orinoco. After mixing into the main stem, there seems to be little subsequent alteration of sediment. C1 PRINCETON UNIV,DEPT GEOL & GEOPHYS SCI,PRINCETON,NJ 08544. RP STALLARD, RF (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,BOX 25046 MS-413,DENVER,CO 80225, USA. RI Stallard, Robert/H-2649-2013 OI Stallard, Robert/0000-0001-8209-7608 NR 57 TC 35 Z9 37 U1 0 U2 6 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0016-7061 J9 GEODERMA JI Geoderma PD NOV PY 1991 VL 51 IS 1-4 BP 133 EP 165 DI 10.1016/0016-7061(91)90069-6 PG 33 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA GN999 UT WOS:A1991GN99900008 ER PT J AU VIDIC, N PAVICH, M LOBNIK, F AF VIDIC, N PAVICH, M LOBNIK, F TI STATISTICAL-ANALYSES OF SOIL PROPERTIES ON A QUATERNARY TERRACE SEQUENCE IN THE UPPER SAVA RIVER VALLEY, SLOVENIA, YUGOSLAVIA SO GEODERMA LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT SYMP ON WEATHERING AND SOILS CY JUL 09-19, 1989 CL WASHINGTON, DC AB Alpine glaciations, climatic changes and tectonic movements have created a Quaternary sequence of gravely carbonate sediments in the upper Sava River Valley, Slovenia, Yugoslavia. The names for terraces, assigned in this model, Gunz, Mindel, Riss and Wurm in order of decreasing age, are used as morphostratigraphic terms. Soil chronosequence on the terraces was examined to evaluate which soil properties are time dependent and can be used to help constrain the ages of glaciofluvial sedimentation. Soil thickness, thickness of Bt horizons, amount and continuity of clay coatings and amount of Fe and Me concretions increase with soil age. The main source of variability consists of solutions of carbonate, leaching of basic cations and acidification of soils, which are time dependent and increase with the age of soils. The second source of variability is the content of organic matter, which is less time dependent, but varies more within soil profiles. Textural changes are significant, presented by solution of carbonate pebbles and sand, and formation is silt loam matrix, which with age becomes finer, with clay loam or clayey texture. The oldest, Gunz, terrace shows slight deviation from general progressive trends of changes of soil properties with time. The hypothesis of single versus multiple depositional periods of deposition was tested with one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) on a staggered, nested hierarchical sampling design on a terrace of largest extent and greatest gravel volume, the Wurm terrace. The variability of soil properties is generally higher within subareas than between areas of the terrace, except for the soil thickness. Observed differences in soil thickness between the areas of the terrace could be due to multiple periods of gravel deposition, or to the initial differences of texture of the deposits. C1 US GEOL SURVEY,RESTON,VA 22092. RP VIDIC, N (reprint author), EDVARD KARDELJ UNIV,FAC BIOTECH,DEPT AGRON,YU-61000 LJUBLJANA,YUGOSLAVIA. NR 30 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 3 U2 6 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0016-7061 J9 GEODERMA JI Geoderma PD NOV PY 1991 VL 51 IS 1-4 BP 189 EP 211 DI 10.1016/0016-7061(91)90071-Z PG 23 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA GN999 UT WOS:A1991GN99900010 ER PT J AU MARKEWICH, HW PAVICH, MJ AF MARKEWICH, HW PAVICH, MJ TI SOIL CHRONOSEQUENCE STUDIES IN TEMPERATE TO SUBTROPICAL, LOW-LATITUDE, LOW-RELIEF TERRAIN WITH DATA FROM THE EASTERN UNITED-STATES SO GEODERMA LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT SYMP ON WEATHERING AND SOILS CY JUL 09-19, 1989 CL WASHINGTON, DC ID NORTH-CAROLINA; COASTAL-PLAIN; HORIZONS; CALIFORNIA AB The Coastal Plain of the eastern United States is a low-latitude, low-altitude, low-relief terrain composed primarily of gently dipping marine and marginal-marine sediments that range in age from Cretaceous to Quaternary. Population density of the area is moderate, and most of the population is concentrated along the coast. Inland of the coast, agriculture, including growing trees for pulp, is the dominant economy. In this region, soils have developed along two different pathways. One pathway is dominated by the dissolution and movement of oxyhydroxides and the accumulation of organic matter; the other by the accumulation of clays and oxyhydroxyides and the adsorption or oxidation of organic matter. The first pathway has resulted in the formation of Spodosols; the second, in the development of Ultisols. No clearly distinguishable age trends have been identified in the Spodosols, but the properties of Ultisols can be measured to quantify surface material alteration through time. Ultisols are, therefore, suited to order-of-magnitude chronostratigraphic interpretations. Potentially, data derived through the study of Ultisols can be used to develop models that predict how surface processes will change due to continued weathering and pedogenesis or as the result of climate change. C1 US GEOL SURVEY,RESTON,VA 22092. RP MARKEWICH, HW (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,DORAVILLE,GA 30360, USA. NR 40 TC 24 Z9 24 U1 2 U2 9 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0016-7061 J9 GEODERMA JI Geoderma PD NOV PY 1991 VL 51 IS 1-4 BP 213 EP 239 DI 10.1016/0016-7061(91)90072-2 PG 27 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA GN999 UT WOS:A1991GN99900011 ER PT J AU GRAF, JB WEBB, RH HEREFORD, R AF GRAF, JB WEBB, RH HEREFORD, R TI RELATION OF SEDIMENT LOAD AND FLOODPLAIN FORMATION TO CLIMATIC VARIABILITY, PARIA RIVER DRAINAGE-BASIN, UTAH AND ARIZONA SO GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA BULLETIN LA English DT Article ID EL-NINO; SOUTHERN UTAH; GEOMORPHOLOGY; HISTORY AB Suspended-sediment load, flow volume, and flood characteristics of the Paria River were analyzed to determine their relation to climate and flood-plain alluviation between 1923 and 1986. Flood-plain alluviation began about 1940 at a time of decreasing magnitude and frequency of floods in winter, summer, and fall. No floods with stages high enough to inundate the flood plain have occurred since 1980, and thus no flood-plain alluviation has occurred since then. The decrease in magnitude and frequency of floods appears to have resulted from a decrease in frequency of large storms, particularly dissipating tropical cyclones, and not from a decrease in annual or seasonal precipitation. Suspended-sediment load is highest in summer and fall, whereas flow volume is highest in winter. Fall shows the greatest interannual variability in suspended-sediment load, flow volume, and flood size because climatic conditions are most variable in fall. The relation between sediment load and discharge apparently did not change within the period of sediment sampling (1949-1976), even though the channel elevation and width changed significantly. Annual suspended-sediment loads estimated for periods before and after 1949-1976 show that decrease in suspended-sediment load caused by flood-plain alluviation in the Paria River and other tributaries could have been a significant part of the decrease of suspended-sediment load in the Colorado River in the early 1940s. C1 US GEOL SURVEY,TUCSON,AZ 85745. US GEOL SURVEY,DIV GEOL,FLAGSTAFF,AZ 86001. RP GRAF, JB (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,DIV WATER RESOURCES,375 S EUCLID,TUCSON,AZ 85719, USA. NR 40 TC 45 Z9 45 U1 1 U2 9 PU GEOLOGICAL SOC AMERICA PI BOULDER PA PO BOX 9140 3300 PENROSE PLACE, BOULDER, CO 80301 SN 0016-7606 J9 GEOL SOC AM BULL JI Geol. Soc. Am. Bull. PD NOV PY 1991 VL 103 IS 11 BP 1405 EP 1415 DI 10.1130/0016-7606(1991)103<1405:ROSLAF>2.3.CO;2 PG 11 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA GM536 UT WOS:A1991GM53600003 ER PT J AU BRADLEY, DC KIDD, WSF AF BRADLEY, DC KIDD, WSF TI FLEXURAL EXTENSION OF THE UPPER CONTINENTAL-CRUST IN COLLISIONAL FOREDEEPS SO GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA BULLETIN LA English DT Article ID MEDIAL ORDOVICIAN FLYSCH; WESTERN NEW-ENGLAND; EASTERN NEW-YORK; MIDDLE ORDOVICIAN; APPALACHIAN OROGEN; BANDA ARC; LITHOSPHERE; EVOLUTION; BASIN; TECTONICS AB Normal faults on the outer slopes of trenches and collisional foredeeps reveal that high-amplitude lithospheric flexure can result in inelastic extensional deformation of the convex side of a flexed plate. This process, which we call "flexural extension," differs fundamentally from rifting in that the lower lithosphere contracts while the upper lithosphere extends. In the Taconic foreland of New York, a > 100-km-wide zone of brittle failure propagated ahead of the convergent plate boundary, rupturing the upper crust to an estimated depth of 15-20 km. Dip-slip displacement on normal faults in the Taconic and Arkoma foredeeps produced water depths like those in the closest modern analogue, the Timor Trough. Structural evidence does not support common illustrations of flexural normal faults as planar-irrotational structures which simply die out at shallow crustal depths. Instead, the surface geology shows that flexural normal faulting must be rotational with respect to the enveloping surface of the flexed plate. This toppled domino geometry implies the presence at depth of a detachment or zone of distributed ductile simple shear where fault displacement and block rotation are accommodated. C1 SUNY ALBANY,DEPT GEOL SCI,ALBANY,NY 12222. RP BRADLEY, DC (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,ANCHORAGE,AK 99508, USA. NR 115 TC 164 Z9 171 U1 1 U2 12 PU GEOLOGICAL SOC AMERICA PI BOULDER PA PO BOX 9140 3300 PENROSE PLACE, BOULDER, CO 80301 SN 0016-7606 J9 GEOL SOC AM BULL JI Geol. Soc. Am. Bull. PD NOV PY 1991 VL 103 IS 11 BP 1416 EP 1438 DI 10.1130/0016-7606(1991)103<1416:FEOTUC>2.3.CO;2 PG 23 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA GM536 UT WOS:A1991GM53600004 ER PT J AU JOHNSON, SY ALAM, AMN AF JOHNSON, SY ALAM, AMN TI SEDIMENTATION AND TECTONICS OF THE SYLHET TROUGH, BANGLADESH SO GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA BULLETIN LA English DT Article ID BENGAL BASIN; INDIAN PLATE; ZONE; BIOFACIES; HIMALAYA; GEOMETRY; BENEATH; BURMA AB The Sylhet trough, a sub-basin of the Bengal Basin in northeastern Bangladesh, contains a thick fill (12 to 16 km) of late Mesozoic and Cenozoic strata that record its tectonic evolution. Stratigraphic, sedimentologic, and petrographic data collected from outcrops, cores, well logs, and seismic lines are here used to reconstruct the history of this trough. The Sylhet trough occupied a slope/basinal setting on a passive continental margin from late Mesozoic through Eocene time. Subsidence may have increased slightly in Oligocene time when the trough was located in the distal part of a foreland basin paired to the Indo-Burman ranges. Oligocene fluvial-deltaic strata (Barail Formation) were derived from incipient uplifts in the eastern Himalayas. Subsidence increased markedly in the Miocene epoch in response to western encroachment of the Indo-Burman ranges. Miocene to earliest Pliocene sediments of the Surma Group were deposited in a large, mud-rich delta system that may have drained a significant proportion of the eastern Himalayas. Subsidence rates in the Sylhet trough increased dramatically (3-8 times) from Miocene to Pliocene-Pleistocene time when the fluvial Tipam Sandstone and Dupi Tila Formation were deposited. This dramatic subsidence change is attributed to south-directed overthrusting of the Shillong Plateau on the Dauki fault for the following reasons. (1) Pliocene and Pleistocene strata thin markedly away from the Shillong Plateau, consistent with a crustal load emplaced on the northern basin margin. (2) The Shillong Plateau is draped by Mesozoic to Miocene rocks, but Pliocene and younger strata are not represented, suggesting that the massif was an uplifted block at this time. (3) South-directed overthrusting of the Shillong Plateau is consistent with gravity data and with recent seismotectonic Observations. Sandstone in the Tipam has a marked increase in sedimentary lithic fragments compared to older rocks, reflecting uplift and erosion of the sedimentary cover of the Shillong Plateau. If the Dauki fault has a dip similar to that of other Himalayan overthrusts, then a few tens of kilometers of horizontal tectonic transport would be required to carry the Shillong Plateau to its present elevation. Uplift of the Shillong Plateau probably generated a major (approximately 300 km) westward shift in the course of the Brahmaputra River. C1 GEOL SURVEY BANGLADESH,DHAKA 1000,BANGLADESH. RP JOHNSON, SY (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,DENVER FED CTR,MS 939,BOX 25046,DENVER,CO 80225, USA. NR 46 TC 101 Z9 104 U1 1 U2 9 PU GEOLOGICAL SOC AMERICA PI BOULDER PA PO BOX 9140 3300 PENROSE PLACE, BOULDER, CO 80301 SN 0016-7606 J9 GEOL SOC AM BULL JI Geol. Soc. Am. Bull. PD NOV PY 1991 VL 103 IS 11 BP 1513 EP 1527 DI 10.1130/0016-7606(1991)103<1513:SATOTS>2.3.CO;2 PG 15 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA GM536 UT WOS:A1991GM53600010 ER PT J AU POTTER, CJ AF POTTER, CJ TI SEISMIC IMAGING OF EXTENDED CRUST WITH EMPHASIS ON THE WESTERN UNITED-STATES - DISCUSSION SO GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA BULLETIN LA English DT Discussion ID WASHINGTON; CORDILLERA; INTERIOR; BELT RP US GEOL SURVEY, DENVER FED CTR, MS 939, DENVER, CO 80225 USA. NR 11 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU GEOLOGICAL SOC AMER, INC PI BOULDER PA PO BOX 9140, BOULDER, CO 80301-9140 USA SN 0016-7606 EI 1943-2674 J9 GEOL SOC AM BULL JI Geol. Soc. Am. Bull. PD NOV PY 1991 VL 103 IS 11 BP 1537 EP 1539 DI 10.1130/0016-7606(1991)103<1537:SIOECW>2.3.CO;2 PG 3 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA GM536 UT WOS:A1991GM53600012 ER PT J AU MCCARTHY, J THOMPSON, GA AF MCCARTHY, J THOMPSON, GA TI SEISMIC IMAGING OF EXTENDED CRUST WITH EMPHASIS ON THE WESTERN UNITED-STATES - REPLY SO GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA BULLETIN LA English DT Letter ID CORDILLERA; WASHINGTON; EVOLUTION; INTERIOR C1 STANFORD UNIV, DEPT GEOPHYS, STANFORD, CA 94305 USA. RP US GEOL SURVEY, 345 MIDDLEFIELD RD, MENLO PK, CA 94025 USA. NR 19 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU GEOLOGICAL SOC AMER, INC PI BOULDER PA PO BOX 9140, BOULDER, CO 80301-9140 USA SN 0016-7606 EI 1943-2674 J9 GEOL SOC AM BULL JI Geol. Soc. Am. Bull. PD NOV PY 1991 VL 103 IS 11 BP 1539 EP 1542 PG 4 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA GM536 UT WOS:A1991GM53600013 ER PT J AU THATCHER, W HILL, DP AF THATCHER, W HILL, DP TI FAULT ORIENTATIONS IN EXTENSIONAL AND CONJUGATE STRIKE-SLIP ENVIRONMENTS AND THEIR IMPLICATIONS SO GEOLOGY LA English DT Article ID EARTHQUAKES; KINEMATICS; STRESS; ROCKS; BASIN AB Seismically active conjugate strike-slip faults in California and Japan typically have mutually orthogonal right- and left-lateral fault planes. Normal-fault dips at earthquake nucleation depths are concentrated between 40-degrees and 50-degrees. The observed orientations and their strong clustering are surprising, because conventional faulting theory suggests fault initiation with conjugate 60-degrees and 120-degrees intersecting planes and 60-degrees normal-fault dip or fault reactivation with a broad range of permitted orientations. The observations place new constraints on the mechanics of fault initiation, rotation, and evolutionary development. We speculate that the data could be explained by fault rotation into the observed orientations and deactivation for greater rotation or by formation of localized shear zones beneath the brittle-ductile transition in Earth's crust. Initiation as weak frictional faults seems unlikely. RP THATCHER, W (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,MS 977,345 MIDDLEFIELD RD,MENLO PK,CA 94025, USA. NR 28 TC 58 Z9 59 U1 0 U2 7 PU GEOLOGICAL SOC AMERICA PI BOULDER PA PO BOX 9140 3300 PENROSE PLACE, BOULDER, CO 80301 SN 0091-7613 J9 GEOLOGY JI Geology PD NOV PY 1991 VL 19 IS 11 BP 1116 EP 1120 DI 10.1130/0091-7613(1991)019<1116:FOIEAC>2.3.CO;2 PG 5 WC Geology SC Geology GA GM730 UT WOS:A1991GM73000015 ER PT J AU FIELD, ME GARDNER, JV AF FIELD, ME GARDNER, JV TI VALENCIA GORGE - POSSIBLE MESSINIAN REFILL CHANNEL FOR THE WESTERN MEDITERRANEAN-SEA SO GEOLOGY LA English DT Article ID DESICCATION; SPAIN AB A deeply incised gorge is buried nearly 800 m beneath the floor of the Valencia Trough in the western Mediterranean Sea. The gorge is steeply cut more than 200 m into Messinian evaporite deposits and has been mapped for more than 40 km. Published and unpublished seismic profiles show the total length to be nearly 300 km. The gorge is not aligned with any known large fluvial systems, and its orientation indicates that it may have been connected near Valencia with the Betic Strait, the portal in southern Spain proposed to link the Atlantic and the western Mediterranean. The Betic Strait was probably open at least through early Messinian time. Conservative estimates show that sea water flowing through the Valencia gorge at rates of 0.5 to 2 m/s could have refilled the western Mediterranean basins below 2000 m in less than 50 yr. RP FIELD, ME (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,345 MIDDLEFIELD RD,MENLO PK,CA 94025, USA. NR 23 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 1 U2 1 PU GEOLOGICAL SOC AMERICA PI BOULDER PA PO BOX 9140 3300 PENROSE PLACE, BOULDER, CO 80301 SN 0091-7613 J9 GEOLOGY JI Geology PD NOV PY 1991 VL 19 IS 11 BP 1129 EP 1132 DI 10.1130/0091-7613(1991)019<1129:VGPMRC>2.3.CO;2 PG 4 WC Geology SC Geology GA GM730 UT WOS:A1991GM73000018 ER PT J AU MACKE, DL AF MACKE, DL TI UNUSUALLY LARGE SUBSIDENCE AND SEA-LEVEL EVENTS DURING MIDDLE PALEOZOIC TIME - NEW EVIDENCE SUPPORTING MANTLE CONVECTION MODELS FOR SUPERCONTINENT ASSEMBLY - COMMENT SO GEOLOGY LA English DT Note ID MISSISSIPPIAN; SHALE; FACIES RP MACKE, DL (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,DENVER FED CTR,MS 939,BOX 25046,DENVER,CO 80225, USA. NR 17 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU GEOLOGICAL SOC AMERICA PI BOULDER PA PO BOX 9140 3300 PENROSE PLACE, BOULDER, CO 80301 SN 0091-7613 J9 GEOLOGY JI Geology PD NOV PY 1991 VL 19 IS 11 BP 1149 EP 1149 DI 10.1130/0091-7613(1991)019<1149:CAROUL>2.3.CO;2 PG 1 WC Geology SC Geology GA GM730 UT WOS:A1991GM73000023 ER PT J AU BARKER, F AF BARKER, F TI A-TYPE GRANITES REVISITED - ASSESSMENT OF A RESIDUAL-SOURCE MODEL - COMMENT SO GEOLOGY LA English DT Note ID ORIGIN RP BARKER, F (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,BOX 25046,MS 913,DENVER,CO 80225, USA. NR 11 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 1 U2 8 PU GEOLOGICAL SOC AMERICA PI BOULDER PA PO BOX 9140 3300 PENROSE PLACE, BOULDER, CO 80301 SN 0091-7613 J9 GEOLOGY JI Geology PD NOV PY 1991 VL 19 IS 11 BP 1151 EP 1151 DI 10.1130/0091-7613(1991)019<1151:CAROAT>2.3.CO;2 PG 1 WC Geology SC Geology GA GM730 UT WOS:A1991GM73000025 ER PT J AU HASBROUCK, WP AF HASBROUCK, WP TI 4-SHALLOW-DEPTH, SHEAR-WAVE FEASIBILITY STUDIES SO GEOPHYSICS LA English DT Article AB Studies using a hammer-impact source were made to evaluate the feasibility of using shallow-depth, seismic shear-wave methods to (1) detect earth fissures, (2) map an anguiclude, (3) locate a bedrock channel, and (4) study the fault and fracture system within a highly fractured welded tuff. For detecting earth fissures, a V/V (vertical-impact, vertical-geophone-recording both P-waves and vertically polarized shear waves, SV), 6-m common-offset procedure was used; for mapping the aquiclude, an R/R (radial-impact, radial-geophone-recording predominantly SV), unbalanced-split-spread procedure; and for the bedrock channel search, a wide-angle, T/T (transverse-impact, transverse-geophone-recording horizontally polarized shear waves, SH) reflection procedure. The principal result of these investigations is that it is technically feasible through use of shear-wave methods to obtain reasonable solutions to the first three problems. For the tuff study, wave tests showed phase velocity differences between R/R and T/T recordings indicating shear-wave splitting, and revealed a fault between blocks of seemingly similar lithology. RP HASBROUCK, WP (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,DENVER FED CTR,GEOPHYS BRANCH,SHALLOW SEISM PROJECT,POB 25046,MS 964,DENVER,CO 80225, USA. NR 11 TC 21 Z9 21 U1 1 U2 3 PU SOC EXPLORATION GEOPHYSICISTS PI TULSA PA 8801 S YALE ST, TULSA, OK 74137 SN 0016-8033 J9 GEOPHYSICS JI Geophysics PD NOV PY 1991 VL 56 IS 11 BP 1875 EP 1885 DI 10.1190/1.1442999 PG 11 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA GP289 UT WOS:A1991GP28900017 ER PT J AU MEADE, RH KOEHNKEN, L AF MEADE, RH KOEHNKEN, L TI DISTRIBUTION OF THE RIVER DOLPHIN, TONINA INIA-GEOFFRENSIS, IN THE ORINOCO RIVER BASIN OF VENEZUELA AND COLOMBIA SO INTERCIENCIA LA English DT Article DE DOLPHIN; TONINA; VENEZUELA; COLOMBIA ID APURE RIVER; TRANSPORT; CARBON AB Individuals and groups of the fresh-water dolphin, Inia geoffrensis, have been sighted repeatedly in the mainstem and in nearly all the major tributaries of the Orinoco River. The main exceptions are the middle reaches of rivers that drain the northern Guayana Shield of Venezuela, and the reaches of shield-draining rivers that lie upriver of major waterfalls. Elsewhere in the basin (including the Casiquiare Canal that connects the headwaters of the Orinoco with those of the Amazon), Inia appear to be ubiquitous, although they have been sighted in greater numbers in the whitewater and clearwater rivers that drain the Andes and Llanos regions than in the clearwater and blackwater rivers that drain the Guayana Shield. Some authors have suggested that the populations of Inia in the Orinoco River basin might be separated from those in the Amazon basin by some kind of barrier, either physical or chemical. We find no evidence for such a barrier. The Casiquiare Canal contains sufficient discharge and depth of water to support Inia populations year-round. The Atures and Maipures Rapids in the Orinoco River near Puerto Ayacucho do not seem to inhibit the movement of dolphins: Inia have been seen above, between, and below these rapids. Apparently healthy populations of Inia have been observed in waters having all the chemical compositions that prevail in the Orinoco basin-including the most acid waters. Sotalia fluviatilis, the freshwater dolphin that is sympatric with Inia geoffrensis in the Amazon basin, is not widely distributed in the Orinoco River or its tributaries. Sotalia have been reported by others or observed by us only in the lowermost reaches of the Orinoco, between Ciudad Bolivar and the ocean. Elsewhere in the Orinoco River basin, the seasonally shallow river depths may restrict the distribution of Sotalia. C1 DEPT ENVIRONM PLANNING,HOBART,TAS 7001,AUSTRALIA. RP MEADE, RH (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,DENVER FED CTR,MAIL STOP 413,BOX 25046,DENVER,CO 80225, USA. NR 54 TC 16 Z9 18 U1 2 U2 7 PU INTERCIENCIA PI CARACAS PA APARTADO 51842, CARACAS 1050A, VENEZUELA SN 0378-1844 J9 INTERCIENCIA JI Interciencia PD NOV-DEC PY 1991 VL 16 IS 6 BP 300 EP 312 PG 13 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA GX652 UT WOS:A1991GX65200003 ER PT J AU JULIA, R BISCHOFF, JL AF JULIA, R BISCHOFF, JL TI RADIOMETRIC DATING OF QUATERNARY DEPOSITS AND THE HOMINID MANDIBLE OF LAKE BANYOLAS, SPAIN SO JOURNAL OF ARCHAEOLOGICAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE CATALUNYA; ISOCHRON; NEANDERTHALS; PRE-NEANDERTHALS; TRAVERTINE; URANIUM-SERIES C1 US GEOL SURVEY,MENLO PK,CA 94025. RP JULIA, R (reprint author), INST GEOL JAUME ALMERA,E-08028 BARCELONA,SPAIN. NR 30 TC 20 Z9 20 U1 1 U2 5 PU ACADEMIC PRESS LTD PI LONDON PA 24-28 OVAL RD, LONDON, ENGLAND NW1 7DX SN 0305-4403 J9 J ARCHAEOL SCI JI J. Archaeol. Sci. PD NOV PY 1991 VL 18 IS 6 BP 707 EP 722 DI 10.1016/0305-4403(91)90031-J PG 16 WC Anthropology; Archaeology; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Anthropology; Archaeology; Geology GA GQ212 UT WOS:A1991GQ21200006 ER PT J AU HOPKINS, DM AF HOPKINS, DM TI AN ANALYTICAL METHOD FOR HYDROGEOCHEMICAL SURVEYS - INDUCTIVELY COUPLED PLASMA-ATOMIC EMISSION-SPECTROMETRY AFTER USING ENRICHMENT COPRECIPITATION WITH COBALT AND AMMONIUM PYRROLIDINE DITHIOCARBAMATE SO JOURNAL OF GEOCHEMICAL EXPLORATION LA English DT Article ID TRACE-METALS; SEA-WATER; ABSORPTION SPECTROMETRY; ELEMENT DETERMINATION; PRE-CONCENTRATION; NATURAL-WATERS; HEAVY-METALS; PRECONCENTRATION; EXTRACTION; SEAWATER AB Trace metals that are commonly associated with mineralization were concentrated and separated from natural water by coprecipitation with ammonium pyrollidine dithiocarbamate (APDC) and cobalt and determined by inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES). The method is useful in hydrogeochemical surveys because it permits preconcentration near the sample sites, and selected metals are preserved shortly after the samples are collected. The procedure is relatively simple: (1) a liter of water is filtered; (2) the pH is adjusted; (3) Co chloride and APDC are added to coprecipitate the trace metals; and (4) later, the precipitate is filtered, dissolved, and diluted to 10 ml for a 100-fold concentration enrichment of the separated metals. Sb(III), As(III), Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Pb, Mo, Ni, Ag, V, and Zn can then be determined simultaneously by ICP-AES. In an experiment designed to measure the coprecipitation efficiency, Sb(III), Cd and Ag were recovered at 70 to 75% of their original concentration. The remaining metals were recovered at 85 to 100% of their original concentrations, however. The range for the lower limits of determination for the metals after preconcentration is 0.1 to 3.0-mu-g/l. The precision of the method was evaluated by replicate analyses of a Colorado creek water and two simulated water samples. The accuracy of the method was estimated using a water reference standard (SRM 1643a) certified by the U.S. National Bureau of Standards. In addition, the method was evaluated by analyzing groundwater samples collected near a porphyry copper deposit in Arizona and by analyzing meltwater from glacier-covered areas favorable for mineralization in south-central Alaska. The results for the ICP-AES analyses compared favorably with those obtained using the sequential technique of GFAAS on the acidified but unconcentrated water samples. ICP-AES analysis of trace-metal preconcentrates for hydrogeochemical surveys is more efficient than GFAAS because a large suite of metals is simultaneously determined with acceptable analytical accuracy and precision. The proposed analytical technique can provide direct evidence of mineralization and is useful in the exploration for unknown ore deposits. RP HOPKINS, DM (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,DENVER FED CTR,BOX 25046,MS 973,DENVER,CO 80225, USA. NR 19 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 2 U2 5 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0375-6742 J9 J GEOCHEM EXPLOR JI J. Geochem. Explor. PD NOV PY 1991 VL 41 IS 3 BP 349 EP 361 DI 10.1016/0375-6742(91)90008-I PG 13 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA GT066 UT WOS:A1991GT06600007 ER PT J AU GRAY, JE GOLDFARB, RJ DETRA, DE SLAUGHTER, KE AF GRAY, JE GOLDFARB, RJ DETRA, DE SLAUGHTER, KE TI GEOCHEMISTRY AND EXPLORATION CRITERIA FOR EPITHERMAL CINNABAR AND STIBNITE VEIN DEPOSITS IN THE KUSKOKWIM RIVER REGION, SOUTHWESTERN ALASKA SO JOURNAL OF GEOCHEMICAL EXPLORATION LA English DT Article ID GEOLOGICAL-MATERIALS; ABSORPTION AB Cinnabar- and stibnite-bearing epithermal vein deposits are found throughout the Kuskokwim River region of southwestern Alaska. A geochemical orientation survey was carried out around several of these epithermal lodes to obtain information for planning regional geochemical surveys and to develop procedures which maximize the anomaly:threshold contrast of the deposits. Stream sediment, heavy-mineral concentrate, stream water, and vegetation samples were collected in drainages surrounding the Red Devil Cinnabar Creek. White Mountain. Rhyolite, and Mountain Top deposits. Three sediment size fractions, nonmagnetic, paramagnetic and magnetic splits of the concentrate samples; stream waters; and the vegetation samples were analyzed for multi-element suites by a number of different chemical procedures. Nonmagnetic, heavy mineral concentrates were also examined microscopically to identify their mineralogy. Results confirm Hg. Sb and As concentrations in minus-80-mesh stream sediments as effective pathfinder elements in exploration for epithermal cinnabar and stibnite deposits. Coarser-grained sediments are much less effective in the exploration for these deposits. Concentrations greater than 3 ppm Hg, 1 ppm Sb, and 15 ppm As in the minus-80-mesh stream sediment, regardless of the host lithology, are indicative of upstream cinnabar-stibnite deposits. Gold, Ag and base metals in the stream sediments are ineffective pathfinders for this epithermal deposit type. Collection of heavy-mineral concentrates provides little advantage in the exploration for these mineral deposits. Antimony and As dispersion patterns downstream from mineralized areas are generally more restricted in the concentrates than those in the stream sediments. Anomalous placer cinnabar observed in the concentrates has a similar spatial distribution pattern as anomalous Hg and Sb in corresponding sediments. Stream waters are less effective than the stream sediments or heavy-mineral concentrates, and vegetation is an ineffective geochemical sample medium in exploration for this deposit type. RP GRAY, JE (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,DENVER FED CTR,BOX 25046,MS 973,DENVER,CO 80225, USA. NR 19 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 2 U2 8 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0375-6742 J9 J GEOCHEM EXPLOR JI J. Geochem. Explor. PD NOV PY 1991 VL 41 IS 3 BP 363 EP 386 DI 10.1016/0375-6742(91)90009-J PG 24 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA GT066 UT WOS:A1991GT06600008 ER PT J AU SEPULVEDA, N ZACK, AL AF SEPULVEDA, N ZACK, AL TI THE EFFECTS OF OVERBURDEN STRESS ON THE SPECIFIC STORAGE AND HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY OF ARTESIAN AQUIFERS SO JOURNAL OF HYDROLOGY LA English DT Article AB A mathematical algorithm is developed to determine the depth-dependent profiles of specific storage and hydraulic conductivity resulting from overburden stress in horizontally isotropic artesian aquifers. Vertical variations in the void ratio of the aquifer matrix brought about by overburden stresses determine the pore-volume compressibility and matrix permeability at specific depths within the aquifers which, in turn, determine the depth-dependent profiles of specific storage and hydraulic conductivity. Time-drawdown curves are obtained for two sands subjected to different overburden stresses. For shallow artesian aquifers with low overburden stress and high aquifer matrix compressibility, noticeable vertical gradients in specific storage occur. These vertical gradients cause deviations from the classical time-drawdown curves defined by the Theis solution. These deviations are negligible for deep artesian aquifers. RP SEPULVEDA, N (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,BOX 364424,SAN JUAN,PR 00936, USA. NR 21 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 1 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0022-1694 J9 J HYDROL JI J. Hydrol. PD NOV PY 1991 VL 128 IS 1-4 BP 305 EP 321 DI 10.1016/0022-1694(91)90144-7 PG 17 WC Engineering, Civil; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Engineering; Geology; Water Resources GA HH097 UT WOS:A1991HH09700017 ER PT J AU SCHMOKER, JW HIGLEY, DK AF SCHMOKER, JW HIGLEY, DK TI POROSITY TRENDS OF THE LOWER CRETACEOUS J-SANDSTONE, DENVER BASIN, COLORADO SO JOURNAL OF SEDIMENTARY PETROLOGY LA English DT Article ID INTERGRANULAR PRESSURE SOLUTION; ROCKY-MOUNTAIN REGION; GEOTHERMAL ANOMALIES; QUARTZ CEMENTATION; TEMPERATURE; COMPACTION; HISTORY; TIME; OIL AB This study examines relationships between porosity and time-temperature history, and the influence of rock properties upon porosity, for the Lower Cretaceous J sandstone in the Colorado portion of the Denver basin. The J sandstone is classified as a quartzarenite to litharenite and was deposited in nearshore-marine, deltaic, and fluvial-estuarine (valley-fill) settings. Principal elements of its paragenetic sequence include quartz cementation and pressure solution, carbonate cementation and dissolution, dissolution of feldspar and rock fragments, and formation of authigenic clays. Porosity versus vitrinite reflectance (R0) regression lines of the form PHI = A(R0)B (where B is a negative number) depicting the 10th, 25th, 50th, 75th, and 90th porosity percentiles of the J sandstone were derived from 963 core-plug measurements representing 31 wells. The data span a thermal maturity range of R0 = 0.41%-1.14%. Porosity distributions at different locations within the basin can be estimated as a function of thermal maturity on the basis of these regression lines. Porosity trends of the J sandstone, if considered as a function of R0, are similar to those of broad, composite data sets representing sandstones in general. The petrographic factors that most affect J sandstone porosity variability at a given level of thermal maturity are carbonate cementation and clay content. Carbonate cement, where present, reduces porosity. If previously more widespread, carbonate cement could also introduce porosity heterogeneity by temporarily preserving the pore network relative to uncemented intervals. Abundant detrital and authigenic clay reduces porosity by occupying pores. Low clay content indirectly reduces porosity because the inhibiting effects of clay upon quartz cementation and pressure solution are largely absent. RP SCHMOKER, JW (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,DENVER FED CTR,STOP 960,BOX 25046,DENVER,CO 80225, USA. NR 51 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 4 PU SEPM-SOC SEDIMENTARY GEOLOGY PI TULSA PA 1731 E 71ST STREET, TULSA, OK 74136-5108 SN 0022-4472 J9 J SEDIMENT PETROL PD NOV PY 1991 VL 61 IS 6 BP 909 EP 920 PG 12 WC Geology SC Geology GA GQ079 UT WOS:A1991GQ07900004 ER PT J AU FEDER, GL RADOVANOVIC, Z FINKELMAN, RB AF FEDER, GL RADOVANOVIC, Z FINKELMAN, RB TI RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN WEATHERED COAL DEPOSITS AND THE ETIOLOGY OF BALKAN ENDEMIC NEPHROPATHY SO KIDNEY INTERNATIONAL LA English DT Article AB Field studies in epidemiology and environmental geochemistry in areas in Yugoslavia containing villages with a high incidence of Balkan endemic nephropathy (BEN), indicate a possible relationship between the presence of low-rank coal deposits and the etiology of BEN. Preliminary results from qualitative chemical analyses of drinking water from shallow farm wells indicate the presence of soluble polar aromatic and polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons. These compounds may be derived from weathering of low-rank coals occurring in the vicinity of the endemic villages. All of the endemic villages are in alluvial valleys of tributaries to the Danube River. All except one of the clusters of endemic villages are located in the vicinity of known Pliocene age coals. Detailed sampling of the drinking waters and the nearby coals are being undertaken to identify a possible etiologic factor. C1 US GEOL SURVEY,DIV GEOL,RESTON,VA 22092. UNIV BELGRADE,SCH MED,INST EPIDEMIOL,BELGRADE,YUGOSLAVIA. RP FEDER, GL (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,DIV WATER RESOURCES,RESTON,VA 22092, USA. NR 8 TC 39 Z9 39 U1 0 U2 0 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE INC PI CAMBRIDGE PA 238 MAIN ST, CAMBRIDGE, MA 02142 SN 0085-2538 J9 KIDNEY INT JI Kidney Int. PD NOV PY 1991 VL 40 SU 34 BP S9 EP S11 PG 3 WC Urology & Nephrology SC Urology & Nephrology GA GL440 UT WOS:A1991GL44000003 ER PT J AU DEGRAAF, RM GEIS, AD HEALY, PA AF DEGRAAF, RM GEIS, AD HEALY, PA TI BIRD POPULATION AND HABITAT SURVEYS IN URBAN AREAS SO LANDSCAPE AND URBAN PLANNING LA English DT Article C1 US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,PATUXENT WILDLIFE RES CTR,LAUREL,MD 20708. RP DEGRAAF, RM (reprint author), UNIV MASSACHUSETTS,US FOREST SERV,NORTHEASTERN FOREST EXPT STN,AMHERST,MA 01003, USA. NR 12 TC 14 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 9 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0169-2046 J9 LANDSCAPE URBAN PLAN JI Landsc. Urban Plan. PD NOV PY 1991 VL 21 IS 3 BP 181 EP 188 DI 10.1016/0169-2046(91)90017-G PG 8 WC Ecology; Environmental Studies; Geography; Geography, Physical; Urban Studies SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Geography; Physical Geography; Urban Studies GA GV248 UT WOS:A1991GV24800004 ER PT J AU CRONIN, TM BYBELL, LM BROUWERS, EM GIBSON, TG MARGERUM, R POORE, RZ AF CRONIN, TM BYBELL, LM BROUWERS, EM GIBSON, TG MARGERUM, R POORE, RZ TI NEOGENE BIOSTRATIGRAPHY AND PALEOENVIRONMENTS OF ENEWETAK ATOLL, EQUATORIAL PACIFIC-OCEAN SO MARINE MICROPALEONTOLOGY LA English DT Article ID STRONTIUM-ISOTOPE STRATIGRAPHY; MIDWAY ATOLL; SEA-LEVEL; HISTORY AB Micropaleontologic analyses of Neogene sediments from Enewetak Atoll, Marshall Islands, provide data on the age of lagoonal deposits, stratigraphic disconformities and the paleoenvironmental and subsidence history of the atoll. Benthic foraminifers, planktic foraminifers, calcareous nannofossils and ostracodes were studied from six boreholes, the deepest penetrating 1605 feet below the lagoon floor into upper Oligocene strata. The Oligocene-Miocene boundary occurs at about 1200 ft below the lagoon floor. The early and middle Miocene is characterized by brief periods of deposition and numerous hiatuses. Ostracodes and benthic foraminifers indicate a shallow-marine reefal environment with occasional brackish water conditions. Upper Miocene and lower Pliocene deposits placed in calcareous nannofossil Zones NN9-15 and in planktic foraminifer Zones N 16-19 contain species-rich benthic microfaunas which indicate alternating reefal and brackish water mangrove environments. The upper Pliocene contains at least two major depositional hiatuses that coincide with a major faunal turnover in benthic foraminiferal and ostracode assemblages. The Quaternary is characterized by benthic microfaunas similar to those of modem atoll lagoons and is punctuated by at least 11 disconformities which signify periods of low sea level. Atoll subsidence rates during the last 10 Ma averaged 30 to 40 m /m.y. C1 US GEOL SURVEY,DENVER,CO 80225. RP CRONIN, TM (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,RESTON,VA 22092, USA. NR 40 TC 2 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0377-8398 J9 MAR MICROPALEONTOL JI Mar. Micropaleontol. PD NOV PY 1991 VL 18 IS 1-2 BP 101 EP 114 DI 10.1016/0377-8398(91)90007-S PG 14 WC Paleontology SC Paleontology GA GT277 UT WOS:A1991GT27700005 ER PT J AU TAYLOR, HE AF TAYLOR, HE TI SNOW CHEMISTRY IN CASCADE-SIERRA RANGES SO NORTHWEST SCIENCE LA English DT Article RP TAYLOR, HE (reprint author), US DEPT INTERIOR,GEOL SURVEY,DIV WATER RESOURCES,DENVER FED CTR,BOX 25046,MS 408,DENVER,CO 80225, USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU WASHINGTON STATE UNIV PI PULLMAN PA PO BOX 645910, PULLMAN, WA 99164-5910 SN 0029-344X J9 NORTHWEST SCI JI Northwest Sci. PD NOV PY 1991 VL 65 IS 5 BP 253 EP 254 PG 2 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA GV743 UT WOS:A1991GV74300009 ER PT J AU LOVELAND, TR MERCHANT, JW OHLEN, DO BROWN, JF AF LOVELAND, TR MERCHANT, JW OHLEN, DO BROWN, JF TI DEVELOPMENT OF A LAND-COVER CHARACTERISTICS DATABASE FOR THE CONTERMINOUS UNITED-STATES SO PHOTOGRAMMETRIC ENGINEERING AND REMOTE SENSING LA English DT Article ID HIGH-RESOLUTION RADIOMETER; SATELLITE DATA; GLOBAL VEGETATION; AVHRR DATA; CLASSIFICATION AB Information regarding the characteristics and spatial distribution of the Earth's land cover is critical to global environmental research. A prototype land-cover database for the conterminous United States designed for use in a variety of global modeling, monitoring, mapping, and analytical endeavors has been created. Database development has involved (1) a stratification of vegetated and barren land, (2) an unsupervised classification of multitemporal "greenness" data derived from Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) imagery collected from March through October 1990, and (3) post-classification stratification of classes into homogeneous land-cover regions using ancillary data. Ancillary data sets included elevation, climate, ecoregions, and land resource areas. The resultant database contains multiple layers, including the source AVHRR data, the ancillary data layers, the land-cover regions defined by the research, and translation tables linking the regions to other land classification schema (for example, UNESCO, USGS Anderson System). The land-cover characteristics database can be analyzed, transformed, or aggregated by users to meet a broad spectrum of requirements. Future research plans include examination of impacts of interannual change, landscape and sensor interaction, development of improved analytical tools and methods, and appropriate modes for verification. C1 UNIV NEBRASKA,INST AGR & NAT RESOURCES,DIV CONSERVAT & SURVEY,LINCOLN,NE 68588. TECHNICOLOR GOVT SERV TECHNOL INC,US GEOL SURVEY,EARTH RESOURCES OBSERVAT SYST,CTR DATA,SIOUX FALLS,SD 57198. RP LOVELAND, TR (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,EARTH RESOURCES OBSERVAT SYST,CTR DATA,SIOUX FALLS,SD 57198, USA. RI Brown, Jesslyn/C-9888-2010; anzhi, yue/A-8609-2012 NR 37 TC 418 Z9 449 U1 0 U2 10 PU AMER SOC PHOTOGRAMMETRY PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 210, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2160 SN 0099-1112 J9 PHOTOGRAMM ENG REM S JI Photogramm. Eng. Remote Sens. PD NOV PY 1991 VL 57 IS 11 BP 1453 EP 1463 PG 11 WC Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Physical Geography; Geology; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA GL418 UT WOS:A1991GL41800006 ER PT J AU QUICK, JE HINKLEY, TK REIMER, GM HEDGE, CE AF QUICK, JE HINKLEY, TK REIMER, GM HEDGE, CE TI TRITIUM CONCENTRATIONS IN THE ACTIVE PUU OO CRATER, KILAUEA VOLCANO, HAWAII - IMPLICATIONS FOR COLD FUSION IN THE EARTHS INTERIOR SO PHYSICS OF THE EARTH AND PLANETARY INTERIORS LA English DT Article ID MANTLE; HELIUM AB The assertion that deuterium-deuterium fusion may occur at low temperature suggests a potential new source of geothermal heat. If a cold-fusion-like process occurs within the Earth, then a test for its existence would be a search for anomalous tritium in volcanic emissions. The Pu'u O'o crater is the first point at which large amounts of water are degassed from the magma that feeds the Kilauea system. The magma is probably not contaminated by meteoric-source ground water prior to degassing at Pu'u O'o, although mixing of meteoric and magmatic H2O occurs within the crater. Tritium contents of samples from within the crater are lower than in samples taken simultaneously from the nearby upwind crater rim. These results provide no evidence in support of a cold-fusion-like process in the Earth's interior. RP QUICK, JE (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,MAIL STOP 903,POB 25046,FED CTR,DENVER,CO 80225, USA. NR 20 TC 7 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0031-9201 J9 PHYS EARTH PLANET IN JI Phys. Earth Planet. Inter. PD NOV PY 1991 VL 69 IS 1-2 BP 132 EP 137 DI 10.1016/0031-9201(91)90159-F PG 6 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA GR645 UT WOS:A1991GR64500013 ER PT J AU SIMONS, EL HOLROYD, PA BOWN, TM AF SIMONS, EL HOLROYD, PA BOWN, TM TI EARLY TERTIARY ELEPHANT-SHREWS FROM EGYPT AND THE ORIGIN OF THE MACROSCELIDEA SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA LA English DT Article AB Recent expeditions to the Fayum Depression, Egypt, have made possible the discovery of mandibles and a maxilla of a new genus and species of late Eocene elephant-shrew as well as initial evidence of the upper dentition of the early Oligocene taxon Metoldobotes. These fossils demonstrate that macroscelideans underwent a significant radiation in the Early Tertiary of Africa. Two new subfamilies are recognized and described. These Tertiary macroscelideans are the most primitive elephant-shrews known and indicate that previous hypotheses of a close phylogenetic relationship between macroscelideans and either lagomorphs, erinaceotans, or tree-shrews are unlikely. Rather, the dental anatomy of the Fayum macroscelideans provides evidence for a derivation of the order from within the Condylarthra. C1 DUKE UNIV,CTR PRIMATE,DURHAM,NC 27705. US GEOL SURVEY,PALEONTOL & STRATIG BRANCH,DENVER,CO 80225. RP SIMONS, EL (reprint author), DUKE UNIV,DEPT BIOL ANTHROPOL & ANAT,DURHAM,NC 27706, USA. NR 21 TC 34 Z9 36 U1 0 U2 4 PU NATL ACAD SCIENCES PI WASHINGTON PA 2101 CONSTITUTION AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20418 SN 0027-8424 J9 P NATL ACAD SCI USA JI Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. PD NOV PY 1991 VL 88 IS 21 BP 9734 EP 9737 DI 10.1073/pnas.88.21.9734 PG 4 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA GM781 UT WOS:A1991GM78100075 PM 11607230 ER PT J AU ELIAS, SA CARRARA, PE TOOLIN, LJ JULL, AJT AF ELIAS, SA CARRARA, PE TOOLIN, LJ JULL, AJT TI REVISED AGE OF DEGLACIATION OF LAKE EMMA BASED ON NEW RADIOCARBON AND MACROFOSSIL ANALYSES SO QUATERNARY RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID AMERICAN OMALIINAE COLEOPTERA; INSECT FOSSIL ASSEMBLAGES; FRONT RANGE; PLANT MACROFOSSILS; COLORADO; NORTH; STAPHYLINIDAE; ERICHSON; POLLEN; TUNDRA C1 US GEOL SURVEY,DENVER FED CTR,DENVER,CO 80225. UNIV ARIZONA,NATL SCI FDN FACIL RADIOISOTOPE ANAL,TUCSON,AZ 85721. RP ELIAS, SA (reprint author), UNIV COLORADO,INST ARTIC & ALPINE RES,BOX 450,BOULDER,CO 80309, USA. NR 36 TC 30 Z9 30 U1 0 U2 1 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC JNL-COMP SUBSCRIPTIONS PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 SN 0033-5894 J9 QUATERNARY RES JI Quat. Res. PD NOV PY 1991 VL 36 IS 3 BP 307 EP 321 DI 10.1016/0033-5894(91)90005-P PG 15 WC Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Physical Geography; Geology GA GN852 UT WOS:A1991GN85200005 ER PT J AU WAUTHOMAS, CF KAUFMAN, DS AF WAUTHOMAS, CF KAUFMAN, DS TI LATEST PLEISTOCENE INCREASE IN WIND INTENSITY RECORDED IN EOLIAN SEDIMENTS FROM CENTRAL ALASKA - COMMENT SO QUATERNARY RESEARCH LA English DT Letter ID NORTHWESTERN ALASKA; LATE QUATERNARY; YOUNGER DRYAS; SAND DUNES; DEPOSITS; KOBUK; LOESS C1 UNIV COLORADO,INST ARTIC & ALPINE RES,BOULDER,CO 80309. UNIV COLORADO,DEPT GEOL SCI,BOULDER,CO 80309. RP WAUTHOMAS, CF (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,MS413,DENVER,CO 80225, USA. RI Kaufman, Darrell/A-2471-2008 OI Kaufman, Darrell/0000-0002-7572-1414 NR 30 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC JNL-COMP SUBSCRIPTIONS PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 SN 0033-5894 J9 QUATERNARY RES JI Quat. Res. PD NOV PY 1991 VL 36 IS 3 BP 329 EP 333 PG 5 WC Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Physical Geography; Geology GA GN852 UT WOS:A1991GN85200007 ER PT J AU BEARD, TD CARLINE, RF AF BEARD, TD CARLINE, RF TI INFLUENCE OF SPAWNING AND OTHER STREAM HABITAT FEATURES ON SPATIAL VARIABILITY OF WILD BROWN TROUT SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE AMERICAN FISHERIES SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID SALMO-TRUTTA; MOVEMENTS; COMPETITION AB Total densities of wild brown trout Salmo trutta ages 1 to 7 varied widely (range, 130-1,304/hectare) among 12 sample sections in Spring Creek, a 35-km-long stream in a limestone area of central Pennsylvania. During a 2-year study we determined the relative importance of spawning habitat and other habitat features on spatial variation in density. Densities of age-0 and of all age-1 and older brown trout were positively correlated with redd densities. Embryo survival was lowest in sections with low brown trout densities, but embryo survival was not as important as redd density in determining population size. Redd density appeared to be a function of availability of suitable spawning substrate. Habitat variables such as depth, pool area, cover, and substrate were not correlated with brown trout density. Spawning habitat and other habitat features were quantified with the habitat suitability index model. Scores derived from the model were poorly correlated with densities of age-0 and of age-1 and older brown trout. We concluded that juvenile brown trout do not disperse widely from natal areas, and that local population densities are largely a function of the availability of spawning habitat. RP BEARD, TD (reprint author), PENN STATE UNIV,US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,PENN COOPERAT FISH & WILDLIFE RES UNIT,UNIV PK,PA 16802, USA. NR 31 TC 77 Z9 79 U1 0 U2 12 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 SN 0002-8487 J9 T AM FISH SOC JI Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. PD NOV PY 1991 VL 120 IS 6 BP 711 EP 722 DI 10.1577/1548-8659(1991)120<0711:IOSAOS>2.3.CO;2 PG 12 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA HE873 UT WOS:A1991HE87300005 ER PT J AU MESA, MG AF MESA, MG TI VARIATION IN FEEDING, AGGRESSION, AND POSITION CHOICE BETWEEN HATCHERY AND WILD CUTTHROAT TROUT IN AN ARTIFICIAL STREAM SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE AMERICAN FISHERIES SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID SALMO-GAIRDNERI; RAINBOW-TROUT; PHYSIOLOGICAL STRESS; FORAGING BEHAVIOR; CLARKI; SIZE AB I compared feeding, aggressive behavior, and spatial distribution of differently ranked individuals of hatchery and wild coastal cutthroat trout Oncorhynchus clarki clarki in an artificial stream. Both hatchery and wild groups established stable dominance hierarchies that seemed to be based on size differences. Hatchery and wild fish within a hierarchical rank fed at similar rates. Hatchery fish were more aggressive than their wild conspecifics, irrespective of rank. Dominant hatchery fish were evenly distributed in pools and riffles, whereas dominant wild fish were three times more often in pools than in riffles. In both groups, socially intermediate fish were almost evenly distributed between pools and riffles, and subordinate fish spent most of their time in pools. On average, hatchery fish spent 57% of their time in pools and 43% in riffles, whereas wild fish spent 71% of their time in pools and 29% in riffles. These results support the hypothesis that excessive expenditure of energy for unnecessary aggression, use of fast-flowing water, or other purposes contributes to poor survival of hatchery fish after they are stocked in streams. Poor survival would reduce the efficacy of using hatchery stocks to supplement wild production. C1 OREGON STATE UNIV,DEPT FISHERIES & WILDLIFE,US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,CORVALLIS,OR 97331. NR 27 TC 63 Z9 64 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 SN 0002-8487 J9 T AM FISH SOC JI Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. PD NOV PY 1991 VL 120 IS 6 BP 723 EP 727 DI 10.1577/1548-8659(1991)120<0723:VIFAAP>2.3.CO;2 PG 5 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA HE873 UT WOS:A1991HE87300006 ER PT J AU BURKHEAD, NM WILLIAMS, JD AF BURKHEAD, NM WILLIAMS, JD TI AN INTERGENERIC HYBRID OF A NATIVE MINNOW, THE GOLDEN SHINER, AND AN EXOTIC MINNOW, THE RUDD SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE AMERICAN FISHERIES SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID HIGH MERISTIC COUNTS; DEVELOPMENTAL STABILITY; CYPRINID HYBRID; FISHES; HYBRIDIZATION; TROUT AB The hybrid golden shiner Notemigonus crysoleucas x rudd Scardinius erythrophthalmus is the first known nonsalmonid, intergeneric hybrid of an exotic species and a North American native species. The cross is also the first valid record of a viable hybrid involving the native golden shiner. Meristic and mensural characters of 30 artificially produced hybrids of male golden shiners and female rudds were analyzed. Forty-seven percent of the meristic traits exhibited character states intermediate between those of parents. Twenty-seven percent of the meristic characters were supernumerary, suggesting developmental instability of the hybrid genome. Mensural hybrid characters were significantly skewed to the golden shiner phenotype. The skewed mensural inheritance and other skewed patterns of morphological inheritance also suggest problems in canalization of the hybrid phenome or atypical patterns of dominance. All hybrids were identifiable by intermediate squamation of the cultrate abdomen: the keel was mostly scaled but exhibited a small fleshy ridge posteriorly. This minnow hybrid allows general inferences to be made about the phylogenetic affinity of the golden shiner to other cultrate cyprinids of Eurasia. The hybrid cross has important management and conservation implications for fishes in North America. The hybrid is an example of how an exotic species may negatively affect a native species. RP BURKHEAD, NM (reprint author), US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,NATL FISHERIES RES CTR,7920 NW 71ST ST,GAINESVILLE,FL 32606, USA. NR 50 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 SN 0002-8487 J9 T AM FISH SOC JI Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. PD NOV PY 1991 VL 120 IS 6 BP 781 EP 795 DI 10.1577/1548-8659(1991)120<0781:AIHOAN>2.3.CO;2 PG 15 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA HE873 UT WOS:A1991HE87300012 ER PT J AU BROWN, TC TAYLOR, JG SHELBY, B AF BROWN, TC TAYLOR, JG SHELBY, B TI ASSESSING THE DIRECT EFFECTS OF STREAMFLOW ON RECREATION - A LITERATURE-REVIEW SO WATER RESOURCES BULLETIN LA English DT Article DE INSTREAM FLOW; USER SURVEY; VALUATION ID INSTREAM FLOWS; RIVER; BENEFITS; WILD AB A variety of methods have been used to learn about the relation between streamflow and recreation quality. Regardless of method, nearly all studies found a similar nonlinear relation of recreation to flow, with quality increasing with flow to a point, and then decreasing for further increases in flow. Points of minimum, optimum, and maximum flow differ across rivers and activities. Knowledge of the effects of streamflow on recreation, for the variety of relevant activities and skill levels, is an important ingredient in the determination of wise streamflow policies. C1 US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,NATL ECOL RES CTR,FT COLLINS,CO 80525. OREGON STATE UNIV,DEPT FOREST RESOURCES,CORVALLIS,OR 97331. RP BROWN, TC (reprint author), US FOREST SERV,ROCKY MT FOREST & RANGE EXPT STN,3825 E MULBERRY ST,FT COLLINS,CO 80524, USA. NR 35 TC 23 Z9 28 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER WATER RESOURCES ASSOC PI HERNDON PA 950 HERNDON PARKWAY SUITE 300, HERNDON, VA 20170-5531 SN 0043-1370 J9 WATER RESOUR BULL JI Water Resour. Bull. PD NOV-DEC PY 1991 VL 27 IS 6 BP 979 EP 989 PG 11 WC Engineering, Civil; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Engineering; Geology; Water Resources GA HQ449 UT WOS:A1991HQ44900008 ER PT J AU HILLIER, J VEVERKA, J HELFENSTEIN, P MCEWEN, A AF HILLIER, J VEVERKA, J HELFENSTEIN, P MCEWEN, A TI THE WAVELENGTH DEPENDENCE OF TRITONS LIGHT-CURVE SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-PLANETS LA English DT Article ID PHOTOMETRY; SATELLITES; ATMOSPHERE; VOLATILES; VOYAGER-2; COLOR AB Using Voyager observations, we demonstrate that Triton's orbital light curve is strongly wavelength dependent, a characteristic which readily explains some of the apparent discrepancies among pre-Voyager telescopic measurements. Specifically, we find a light curve amplitude (peak to peak) that decreases systematically with increasing wavelength from about 0.08 magnitude (peak to peak) near 200 nm to less than 0.02 magnitude near 1000 nm. Peak brightness occurs near 90-degrees orbital longitude (leading hemisphere). The brightness variation across this hemisphere is close to sinusoidal; the variation across the darker hemisphere is more complex. The decrease in light curve amplitude with increasing wavelength appears to be due to a decrease in contrast among surface markings, rather than to atmospheric obscuration. Our model also explains the observed decrease in the amplitude of Triton's light curve at visible wavelengths over the past decade. a decrease related to the current migration of the subsolar latitude toward the south pole: we predict that this trend will continue into the 1990s. C1 US GEOL SURVEY,FLAGSTAFF,AZ 86001. RP HILLIER, J (reprint author), CORNELL UNIV,CTR RADIOPHYS & SPACE RES,ITHACA,NY 14853, USA. NR 16 TC 18 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 SN 0148-0227 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-PLANET JI J. Geophys. Res.-Planets PD OCT 30 PY 1991 VL 96 SU S BP 19211 EP 19215 PG 5 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA GQ712 UT WOS:A1991GQ71200028 ER PT J AU BALDRIDGE, WS PERRY, FV VANIMAN, DT NEALEY, LD LEAVY, BD LAUGHLIN, AW KYLE, P BARTOV, Y STEINITZ, G GLADNEY, ES AF BALDRIDGE, WS PERRY, FV VANIMAN, DT NEALEY, LD LEAVY, BD LAUGHLIN, AW KYLE, P BARTOV, Y STEINITZ, G GLADNEY, ES TI MIDDLE TO LATE CENOZOIC MAGMATISM OF THE SOUTHEASTERN COLORADO PLATEAU AND CENTRAL RIO-GRANDE RIFT (NEW-MEXICO AND ARIZONA, USA) - A MODEL FOR CONTINENTAL RIFTING SO TECTONOPHYSICS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT SYMP ON WORLD RIFT SYSTEMS CY APR 27-28, 1989 CL TEXAS A&M UNIV, COLLEGE STN, TX SP NASA, INTER UNION COMMISS LITHOSPHERE HO TEXAS A&M UNIV ID JEMEZ VOLCANIC FIELD; NORTHERN NEW-MEXICO; K-AR DATES; EVOLUTION; GEOCHEMISTRY; ROCKS; LITHOSPHERE; SYSTEMATICS; EXTENSION; PETROLOGY AB The region of the present Rio Grande rift and southeastern Colorado Plateau underwent lithospheric extension during middle to late Cenozoic deformation affecting the entire southwestern U.S. Lithospheric mantle was disrupted, and in many regions displaced or replaced by asthenospheric mantle at depths from which basaltic magmas were derived and erupted to the surface. Study of the igneous rocks erupted or intruded during this deformation yields insights into processes of magmatism associated with extension of continental lithosphere. Magmatic rocks associated with an early (late Oligocene-early Miocene) ductile phase of extension are dominantly basaltic andesites and related, calc-alkaline intermediate to silicic derivative rocks. Mafic magmas were probably derived from isotopically "enriched" lithospheric mantle. Igneous rocks associated with a later (middle Miocene-Holocene), more brittle phase of extension include widespread basaltic rocks and localized central volcanoes of intermediate to silicic composition. Isotopic compositions of mafic rocks, which include both tholeiitic and alkalic basalts, correlate strongly with tectonic setting and lithospheric structure. Basalts erupted in areas of greatest crustal extension, such as the central and southern rift and Basin and Range province, were derived from isotopically "depleted" (correlated with "asthenospheric") mantle. Also, isotopic compositions of Pliocene to Holocene basalts are slightly more depleted than those of Miocene basalts, suggesting that subcrustal lithospheric mantle was thinned during late Miocene extension. Intermediate rocks of the central volcanoes formed by a complex combination of processes, probably dominated by fractional crystallization and by assimilation of upper and lower crust in isolated, small magma chambers. The petrologic, geochemical, and isotopic data are compatible with a model, derived first from geophysical data, whereby lithosphere is thinned beneath the central rift and southeastern Colorado Plateau, with greatest thinning centered beneath the axis of the rift. A lithospheric model involving uniform-sense simple shear does not appear compatible with the data as presently understood. C1 GEOL SURVEY ISRAEL,IL-95501 JERUSALEM,ISRAEL. UNIV CALIF LOS ALAMOS SCI LAB,DIV HLTH SAFETY & ENVIRONM,LOS ALAMOS,NM 87545. UNIV NEW MEXICO,DEPT GEOL,ALBUQUERQUE,NM 87131. US GEOL SURVEY,DENVER FED CTR,DENVER,CO 80225. NEW MEXICO INST MIN & TECHNOL,DEPT GEOSCI,SOCORRO,NM 87801. RP BALDRIDGE, WS (reprint author), UNIV CALIF LOS ALAMOS SCI LAB,DIV EARTH & ENVIRONM SCI,MS D462,LOS ALAMOS,NM 87545, USA. NR 69 TC 30 Z9 30 U1 0 U2 15 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0040-1951 J9 TECTONOPHYSICS JI Tectonophysics PD OCT 30 PY 1991 VL 197 IS 2-4 BP 327 EP 354 DI 10.1016/0040-1951(91)90049-X PG 28 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA GQ737 UT WOS:A1991GQ73700016 ER PT J AU PIPER, DZ AF PIPER, DZ TI GEOCHEMISTRY OF A TERTIARY SEDIMENTARY PHOSPHATE DEPOSIT - BAJA-CALIFORNIA-SUR, MEXICO SO CHEMICAL GEOLOGY LA English DT Article ID RARE-EARTH ELEMENTS; NORTH PACIFIC-OCEAN; OXYGEN ISOTOPE VARIATIONS; ORGANIC-MATTER; PELAGIC SEDIMENTS; FERROMANGANESE NODULES; EQUATORIAL PACIFIC; BIOGENIC APATITES; MARGIN SEDIMENTS; MARINE-SEDIMENTS AB The San Gregorio Formation in Baja California Sur, a phosphate-enriched sedimentary unit of late Oligocene to early Miocene age, has been analyzed in two areas (La Purisima and San Hilario) for its chemical composition (major oxides, Cu, Cd, Cr, Co, V, and rare-earth elements - REE) and isotopic composition (delta O-18 and delta C-13). A detrital and a marine component were determined from major oxides. The detrital component consists of an unaltered volcanic-ash fraction and a terrigenous clay-silt fraction. The marine component, which accumulated initially as biogenic and hydrogenous material, is now present as opal-A, opal-CT, CaCO3, organic matter, and an authigenic phosphate fraction, mostly pelletal and composed of the carbonate-fluorapatite mineral francolite. The minor elements have been partitioned into these components by assuming a constant composition for the two detrital fractions. The composition of the marine component of minor elements can then be interpreted by assuming that the stoichiometry of the original accumulating organic matter was equal to that of modern plankton. The Cu and Cd contents in the marine component of all rocks require that the seawater-derived fractions of these two metals were supplied to the seafloor solely by organic matter. Enrichments of Cr and V at both sites required an additional marine input. On the basis of their geochemistry in the modern ocean, Cr and V could have precipitated, or been adsorbed, onto settling particles from an 02 minimum zone in which the O2 content was low enough to promote denitrification rather than oxygen respiration. An enrichment of the REE, now within the apatite fraction, resulted from their adsorption onto particulates also in the O2 minimum zone and to the dissolution and alteration of biogenic phases (predominantly silica) within the sediment. Co and Fe2O3 show no enrichment above a detrital contribution. The delta O-18-values of apatites from the La Purisima site are heavier than those of apatites from the San Hilario site, whereas the delta C-18-values show the opposite trend. One possible interpretation of these variations is that delta O-18 reflects seawater values and delta C-18 sediment pore water values. This interpretation suggests that upwelling rates and primary productivity within the water column were greater at La Purisima, an interpretation that is corroborated by a greater abundance of apatite measured in outcrop at La Purisima. The Ce anomalies of the phosphate-enriched samples also differ between the two sites, indicating that they also recorded water masses, similar to the delta O-18 values. RP PIPER, DZ (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY, MS 902, MENLO PK, CA 94025 USA. NR 124 TC 40 Z9 40 U1 0 U2 5 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0009-2541 J9 CHEM GEOL JI Chem. Geol. PD OCT 25 PY 1991 VL 92 IS 4 BP 283 EP 316 DI 10.1016/0009-2541(91)90075-3 PG 34 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA GR974 UT WOS:A1991GR97400003 ER PT J AU STUCKLESS, JS PETERMAN, ZE MUHS, DR AF STUCKLESS, JS PETERMAN, ZE MUHS, DR TI U AND SR ISOTOPES IN GROUND-WATER AND CALCITE, YUCCA MOUNTAIN, NEVADA - EVIDENCE AGAINST UPWELLING WATER SO SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID ORIGIN; BASIN AB Hydrogenic calcite and opaline silica deposits in fault zones at Yucca Mountain, Nevada, have created considerable public and scientific controversy because of the possible development of a high-level nuclear waste repository at this location. Strontium and uranium isotopic compositions of hydrogenic materials were used to test whether the veins could have formed by upwelling of deep-seated waters. The vein deposits are isotopically distinct from ground water in the two aquifers that underlie Yucca Mountain, indicating that the calcite could not have precipitated from ground water. The data are consistent with a surficial origin for the hydrogenic deposits. RP STUCKLESS, JS (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,DENVER FED CTR,POB 25046,DENVER,CO 80225, USA. NR 38 TC 27 Z9 27 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER ASSOC ADVANCEMENT SCIENCE PI WASHINGTON PA 1200 NEW YORK AVE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 SN 0036-8075 J9 SCIENCE JI Science PD OCT 25 PY 1991 VL 254 IS 5031 BP 551 EP 554 DI 10.1126/science.254.5031.551 PG 4 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA GL799 UT WOS:A1991GL79900043 PM 17806971 ER PT J AU HOBBS, PV RADKE, LF LYONS, JH FEREK, RJ COFFMAN, DJ CASADEVALL, TJ AF HOBBS, PV RADKE, LF LYONS, JH FEREK, RJ COFFMAN, DJ CASADEVALL, TJ TI AIRBORNE MEASUREMENTS OF PARTICLE AND GAS EMISSIONS FROM THE 1990 VOLCANIC-ERUPTIONS OF MOUNT REDOUBT SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article ID ST-HELENS; AUGUSTINE VOLCANO; SULFUR-DIOXIDE; MT-EREBUS; PLUMES; ATMOSPHERE; MEXICO AB Airborne in situ and remote sensing (lidar and correlation spectrometer) measurements are described for the volcanic emissions from Mount Redoubt, Alaska, in January and June 1990. The lidar provided excellent real-time information on the distribution of the volcanic effluents. In postanalysis the lidar observations were used to determine cross-sectional areas of the plumes of emissions which, together with the airborne in situ measurements, were used to derive the fluxes of particles and gases from the volcano. For the intraeruptive emissions the ranges of the derived fluxes were for water vapor, approximately 160-9440 kg s-1; for CO2, approximately 30-1710 kg s-1; for SO2), approximately 1-140 kg s-1; for particles (< 48-mu-m diameter), approximately 1-6 kg s-1; for SO4=, < 0.1-2 kg s-1; for HCl, < 0.01-2 kg s-1; and for NO(x), < 0.1-2 kg s-1. Independent measurements of SO2 from a correlation spectrometer during the period of active dome growth between late March and early June 1990 gave fluxes from 12 to 75 kg S-1. The particles in the intraeruptive emissions consisted primarily of silicate rock and mineral fragments devoid of any sulfuric acid coating. Very little of the SO2 (approximately 0.1%) was oxidized to sulfate in the cold, dark conditions of the Arctic atmosphere. During a large eruption of Mount Redoubt on January 8, 1990, the particle (< 48-mu-m diameter) emission flux averaged approximately 10(4) kg s-1. During posteruptive emissions on June 11, 1990, the fluxes of both particles and gases were either close to or less than our lower detection limits (except for water vapor, which had a flux of approximately 6 x 10(3) kg s-1). C1 US GEOL SURVEY, DENVER, CO 80225 USA. RP HOBBS, PV (reprint author), UNIV WASHINGTON, DEPT ATMOSPHER SCI, AK-40, SEATTLE, WA 98195 USA. NR 28 TC 122 Z9 122 U1 1 U2 12 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD OCT 20 PY 1991 VL 96 IS D10 BP 18735 EP 18752 DI 10.1029/91JD01635 PG 18 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA GM167 UT WOS:A1991GM16700017 ER PT J AU TARDUNO, JA SLITER, WV KROENKE, L LECKIE, M MAYER, H MAHONEY, JJ MUSGRAVE, R STOREY, M WINTERER, EL AF TARDUNO, JA SLITER, WV KROENKE, L LECKIE, M MAYER, H MAHONEY, JJ MUSGRAVE, R STOREY, M WINTERER, EL TI RAPID FORMATION OF ONTONG JAVA PLATEAU BY APTIAN MANTLE PLUME VOLCANISM SO SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID OCEANIC PLATEAUS; FLOOD BASALTS; PACIFIC; CONTINENTS; HISTORY; PALEOMAGNETISM; REVERSALS; GEODYNAMO; SEDIMENT; FIELD AB The timing of flood basalt volcanism associated with formation of the Ontong Java Plateau (OJP) is estimated from paleomagnetic and paleontologic data. Much of OJP formed rapidly in less than 3 million years during the early Aptian, at the beginning of the Cretaceous Normal Polarity Superchron. Crustal emplacement rates are inferred to have been several times those of the Deccan Traps. These estimates are consistent with an origin of the OJP by impingement at the base of the oceanic lithosphere by the head of a large mantle plume. Formation of the OJP may have led to a rise in sea level that induced global oceanic anoxia. Carbon dioxide emissions likely contributed to the mid-Cretaceous greenhouse climate but did not provoke major biologic extinctions. C1 US GEOL SURVEY,MENLO PK,CA 94025. UNIV HAWAII,DEPT GEOL & GEOPHYS,HONOLULU,HI 96822. UNIV MASSACHUSETTS,DEPT GEOL & GEOG,AMHERST,MA 01003. UNIV TASMANIA,DEPT GEOL,HOBART,TAS 7001,AUSTRALIA. UNIV LEICESTER,DEPT GEOL,LEICESTER LE1 7RH,ENGLAND. RP TARDUNO, JA (reprint author), SCRIPPS CLIN & RES FDN,LA JOLLA,CA 92037, USA. OI Storey, Michael/0000-0002-3126-4637 NR 63 TC 165 Z9 175 U1 2 U2 16 PU AMER ASSOC ADVANCEMENT SCIENCE PI WASHINGTON PA 1200 NEW YORK AVE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 SN 0036-8075 J9 SCIENCE JI Science PD OCT 18 PY 1991 VL 254 IS 5030 BP 399 EP 403 DI 10.1126/science.254.5030.399 PG 5 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA GK729 UT WOS:A1991GK72900038 PM 17742226 ER PT J AU ZOBACK, ML MAGEE, M AF ZOBACK, ML MAGEE, M TI STRESS MAGNITUDES IN THE CRUST - CONSTRAINTS FROM STRESS ORIENTATION AND RELATIVE MAGNITUDE DATA SO PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY OF LONDON SERIES A-MATHEMATICAL PHYSICAL AND ENGINEERING SCIENCES LA English DT Article ID TECTONIC STRESS; LITHOSPHERE; PLATE AB The World Stress Map Project is a global cooperative effort to compile and interpret data on the orientation and relative magnitudes of the contemporary in situ tectonic stress field in the Earth's lithosphere. Horizontal stress orientations show regionally uniform patterns throughout many continental intraplate regions. These regional intraplate stress fields are consistent over regions 1000-5000 km wide or ca. 100 times the thickness of the upper brittle part of lithosphere (ca. 20 km) and about 10-15 times the thickness of typical continental lithosphere (ca. 150-200 km). Relative stress magnitudes or stress regimes in the lithosphere are inferred from direct in situ stress measurements nd from the style of active faulting. The intraplate stress field in both the oceans and continents is largely compressional with one or both of the horizontal stresses greater than the vertical stress. The regionally uniform horizontal intraplate stress orientations are generally consistent with either relative or absolute plate motions indicating that plate-boundary forces dominate the stress distribution within the plates. Since most regions of normal faulting occur in areas of high elevation, the extensional stress regimes in these areas can be attributed to superimposed bouyancy forces related to crustal thickening and/or lithosphere thinning; stresses derived from these bouyancy forces locally exceed midplate plate compressional stresses. Evaluating the effect of viscous drag forces acting on the plates is difficult. Simple driving or resisting drag models (with shear tractions acting parallel or antiparallel to plate motion) are consistent with stress orientation data: however, the large lateral stress gradients across broad plates required to balance these tractions are not observed in the relative stress magnitude data. Current models of stresses due to whole mantle flow inferred from seismic tomography models (and with the inclusion of the effect of high density slabs) predict a general compressional stress state within continents but do not match the broad-scale horizontal stress orientations. The broad regionally uniform intraplate stress orientations are best correlated with compressional plate-boundary forces and the geometry of the plate boundaries. C1 US GEOL SURVEY,MENLO PK,CA 94025. STANFORD UNIV,DEPT GEOPHYS,STANFORD,CA 94305. RP ZOBACK, ML (reprint author), UNIV KARLSRUHE,INST GEOPHYS,HERTZSTR 16,W-7500 KARLSRUHE 21,GERMANY. NR 36 TC 24 Z9 25 U1 0 U2 3 PU ROYAL SOC LONDON PI LONDON PA 6 CARLTON HOUSE TERRACE, LONDON, ENGLAND SW1Y 5AG J9 PHILOS T ROY SOC A JI Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. Ser. A-Math. Phys. Eng. Sci. PD OCT 15 PY 1991 VL 337 IS 1645 BP 181 EP 194 DI 10.1098/rsta.1991.0115 PG 14 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA GL178 UT WOS:A1991GL17800014 ER PT J AU ASMEROM, Y DAMON, P SHAFIQULLAH, M DICKINSON, WR ZARTMAN, RE AF ASMEROM, Y DAMON, P SHAFIQULLAH, M DICKINSON, WR ZARTMAN, RE TI RESETTING OF RB-SR AGES OF VOLCANIC-ROCKS BY LOW-GRADE BURIAL METAMORPHISM SO CHEMICAL GEOLOGY LA English DT Article ID MCCOY MOUNTAINS FORMATION; SOUTHEASTERN CALIFORNIA; SOUTHWESTERN ARIZONA; SOUTHERN CORDILLERA; PB AB We report a nine-point Rb-Sr whole-rock isochron age of 70 +/- 3 Ma (MSWD 3.97) for Mid-Jurassic volcanic rocks. The same rocks have also been dated by the U-Th-Pb method on zircon, giving a crystallization age of 166 +/- 11 Ma, over twice as old as the Rb-Sr age. The data demonstrate that whole-rock Rb-Sr ages of volcanic rocks, even lava flows with SiO2 content as low as 57 wt.%, are susceptible to complete resetting. The rocks range in composition from rhyodacite tuffs to andesite lavas. The complete breakdown of all major minerals that contain Rb and Sr resulted in an alteration mineral assemblage consisting of phengite, albite, secondary quartz, and minor amounts of chlorite and epidote. Phengite is the K-bearing product of the breakdown of biotite and K-feldspar. Pressure during low-grade metamorphism of the volcanic rocks, estimated from phengite composition to have been in the range of 4 to 6 kbar, points to thrust-related burial as the main cause of resetting. Consequently, such reset isochrons may date large-scale events such as regional thrusting and metamorphism. The coherent resetting of the Rb-Sr isochron suggests large-scale pervasive fluid movement during thrust-related burial metamorphism. C1 UNIV ARIZONA,DEPT GEOSCI,TUCSON,AZ 85721. US GEOL SURVEY,DENVER FED CTR,DENVER,CO 80225. NR 22 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0009-2541 J9 CHEM GEOL JI Chem. Geol. PD OCT 10 PY 1991 VL 87 IS 3-4 BP 167 EP 173 DI 10.1016/0168-9622(91)90019-S PG 7 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA GN030 UT WOS:A1991GN03000002 ER PT J AU SHERMAN, DM AF SHERMAN, DM TI CHEMICAL BONDING IN THE OUTER CORE - HIGH-PRESSURE ELECTRONIC-STRUCTURES OF OXYGEN AND SULFUR IN METALLIC IRON SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SOLID EARTH LA English DT Article ID EARTHS CORE; TRANSITION-METAL; MOLTEN IRON; FEO; TEMPERATURES; SOLUBILITY; CLUSTERS; ORIGIN; MANTLE AB From its density the outer core is believed to be an alloy of iron and a light element such as sulfur or oxygen. The nature of the light element in the core is an important constraint for theories of the Earth's formation. In this paper the electronic structures of oxygen and sulfur impurities in metallic iron are investigated to determine if pressure, temperature, and composition-induced changes in bonding might affect phase equilibria along the Fe-FeS and Fe-FeO binaries. The electronic structure of sulfur in metallic iron is consistent with the miscibility between Fe and FeS liquids. Volume compression strengthens the Fe-S bond, and it is expected that at sufficiently high pressure, sulfur can substitute for Fe and give solid solution behavior between Fe and FeS. In contrast, the electronic structure of oxygen in metallic iron shows that oxygen cannot act as a substitutional impurity (replacing Fe). This explains the observed miscibility gap on the Fe-FeO binary at 1 atm pressure. Volume compression does not greatly change the electronic structure if oxygen substitutes for iron in bcc and fcc iron. Iron-oxygen bonding does occur, however, if oxygen occupies interstitial sites. Insofar as the molar volume of FeO incorporated as interstitial oxygen in metallic iron is smaller than that of pure FeO, the incorporation of oxygen into metallic iron may be favored under the pressures of the Earth's core. RP SHERMAN, DM (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,DENVER FED CTR,MS 964,BOX 25046,DENVER,CO 80225, USA. RI Sherman, David/A-7538-2008 OI Sherman, David/0000-0003-1835-6470 NR 37 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 SN 0148-0227 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-SOL EA JI J. Geophys. Res.-Solid Earth PD OCT 10 PY 1991 VL 96 IS B11 BP 18029 EP 18036 DI 10.1029/91JB01868 PG 8 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA GK023 UT WOS:A1991GK02300007 ER PT J AU ROWAN, LC SALISBURY, JW KINGSTON, MJ VERGO, N BOSTICK, NH AF ROWAN, LC SALISBURY, JW KINGSTON, MJ VERGO, N BOSTICK, NH TI EVALUATION OF VISIBLE AND NEAR-INFRARED AND THERMAL-INFRARED REFLECTANCE SPECTRA FOR STUDYING THERMAL ALTERATION OF PIERRE SHALE, WOLCOTT, COLORADO SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SOLID EARTH LA English DT Article ID OPTICAL-PROPERTIES; ORGANIC-MATTER; COAL; IR AB Analyses of visible and near-infrared (0.4-2.5-mu-m) and thermal-infrared (2.5-25.0-mu-m) spectral reflectance of whole rock and kerogen concentrates of dike-intruded Pierre Shale indicate that the degree of thermal alteration of contained organic matter (OM) can be estimated by use of spectral reflectance. With increasing thermal alteration of the OM, whole rock, and kerogen spectra show the following trends: (1) visible and near-infrared (VNIR) and thermal-infrared (TIR) reflectance decreases progressively, with the largest change in the VNIR occurring between 0.90 and 1.50-mu-m; and (2) the intensities of absorption features in the 3- to 5-mu-m region, which are related to C-H stretching vibrations, decrease. The VNIR and TIR spectral reflectance trends are highly correlated with H/C ratios and vitrinite reflectance data. The largest changes in all these parameters occur at a distance that is equivalent to about one-half the dike thickness, where the temperature range is estimated to have been 240-degrees-350-degrees-C. The VNIR and TIR spectral reflectance variations are related to thermally induced composition and structural changes in the OM. Landsat Thematic Mapper channels 3, 4, and 5 should have excellent potential for remote detection of OM maturity. Analysis of in situ VNIR and TIR measurements may provide a rapid method for estimating thermal maturity in the field. In addition, laboratory measurements of TIR spectral reflectance are a more sensitive and convenient means of measuring the maturity of kerogen than the traditional transmittance method. Further work is necessary to examine the effects of variable OM abundance and type, mineralogic composition, grain size, and weathering on spectral reflectance characteristics. C1 JOHNS HOPKINS UNIV,DEPT EARTH & PLANETARY SCI,BALTIMORE,MD 21218. US GEOL SURVEY,DENVER FED CTR,DENVER,CO 80225. RP ROWAN, LC (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,NATL CTR,MS 927,RESTON,VA 22092, USA. NR 41 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 SN 0148-0227 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-SOL EA JI J. Geophys. Res.-Solid Earth PD OCT 10 PY 1991 VL 96 IS B11 BP 18047 EP 18057 DI 10.1029/91JB01730 PG 11 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA GK023 UT WOS:A1991GK02300009 ER PT J AU BROCHER, TM HART, PE AF BROCHER, TM HART, PE TI COMPARISON OF VIBROSEIS AND EXPLOSIVE SOURCE METHODS FOR DEEP CRUSTAL SEISMIC-REFLECTION PROFILING IN THE BASIN AND RANGE PROVINCE SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SOLID EARTH LA English DT Article ID COCORP PROFILES; OROGENIC BELT; DEATH-VALLEY; CALIFORNIA; REFRACTION; TRANSECT; ZONE; WAVE AB Direct comparison of low-fold, high-energy explosive and high-fold, lower-energy Vibroseis methods for acquiring deep crustal seismic reflection data in the Basin and Range Province suggests that the high-fold common midpoint (CMP) method there does not provide the best possible image of lower crustal structure. During the recent acquisition of a Vibroseis profile in the Basin and Range Province we fired single deep shot holes to obtain a coincident single-fold explosive section. Within the upper crust (upper 3 s) the explosive source and Vibroseis records are nearly equivalent. For record times below 3 s, however, comparison of the explosive source gathers and the coincident final 60-fold Vibroseis section demonstrates that low-fold explosive profiling provides a higher-quality image of the midcrust to lower crust (3-10 s). The higher record quality of the explosive sources results primarily from the larger seismic energy levels produced by the explosives, making them less sensitive to common noise sources. Whereas deeper than 4-5 s the Vibroseis energy levels on individual source efforts fall to that of ambient noise levels, the explosions provide signal-generated energy exceeding ambient noise levels down to 18-19 s. Although individual reflections can be correlated on explosion and Vibroseis shot gathers, reflections events on the 60-fold Vibroseis stack do not correlate to those on the single-fold explosion profile, suggesting that the high-fold CMP method in our study did not maintain the integrity of the weak lower crustal reflected arrivals. Reasons why the high-fold CMP method apparently failed included complex, even time-varying, statics, nonhyperbolic moveout at long offsets, and the difficulty in resolving stacking velocities with data having low signal-to-noise ratios. Reflections on the explosion section are longer and imply a greater degree of layering than one would infer from the lower-energy Vibroseis section. RP US GEOL SURVEY, MS 977, 345 MIDDLEFIELD RD, MENLO PK, CA 94025 USA. NR 35 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 2 U2 3 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-9313 EI 2169-9356 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-SOL EA JI J. Geophys. Res.-Solid Earth PD OCT 10 PY 1991 VL 96 IS B11 BP 18197 EP 18213 DI 10.1029/91JB01656 PG 17 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA GK023 UT WOS:A1991GK02300019 ER PT J AU LIENKAEMPER, JJ BORCHARDT, G LISOWSKI, M AF LIENKAEMPER, JJ BORCHARDT, G LISOWSKI, M TI HISTORIC CREEP RATE AND POTENTIAL FOR SEISMIC SLIP ALONG THE HAYWARD FAULT, CALIFORNIA SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SOLID EARTH LA English DT Article ID EARTHQUAKES AB The Hayward fault is considered the most likely source of one or more major earthquakes in the San Francisco Bay area in the next few decades. Historically, at least one, and probably two, major earthquakes (about M 6.8) occurred along the Hayward fault, one in 1836 and another in 1868. Little is known about the 1836 event, but the 1868 earthquake was accompanied by a surface rupture that extended as much as 41 km along the southern part of the fault. Although the amount of surface slip in 1868 is uncertain, right slip (including afterslip) reached at least several centimeters, and possibly several decimeters in places. This paper documents the spatial variation of creep rate along the Hayward fault since the 1868 earthquake. Creep (aseismic fault slip) occurs over at least 66 km and may extend over the fault's entire 82-km length, of which about 13 km lies underwater. Creep rate seems nearly constant over decades, but short-term variations occur. We derive creep rate mainly from our own systematic surveying of offset cultural features (curbs, fences, and buildings). On each feature we solve directly for accumulated creep by using multiple linear regression. Creep rate mostly falls in the range of 3.5-6.5 mm/yr; but systematic variation occurs along strike. Fault segments with distinctly higher and lower rates generally correspond to parts of the fault most salient from the overall average alinement of the fault. Most distinctive is a 4-km-long section near the south end of the fault that creeps at about 9 mm/yr. Such a high rate has occurred there at least since the 1920s and probably since the 1868 earthquake, as indicated by an offset railroad track built in 1869. We suggest that this 9 mm/yr slip rate may approach the long-term or deep slip rate that controls average recurrence interval between major earthquakes. If so, assuming an elastic rebound model, the potential for slip in large earthquakes below the surficial creeping zone is now approximately 1.1 m in the southern (1868) segment of the fault and greater-than-or-equal-to 1.4 m in the northern (1836?) segment. Subtracting surface creep rates from a long-term slip rate of 9 mm/yr gives present potential for surface slip in large earthquakes of up to 0.8 m, with an average of 0.6 m in the northern segment and 0.4 m in the southern segment. We present a simple hypothesis for rupture potential that is compatible with historic creep rate, microseismicity distribution, and geodetic data. If seismic rupture occurs on segments 41 km long by 10 km deep (7 km fully locked, 3 km creeping), today's potential for seismic moment release is 1.4 x 10(19) and 1.1 x 10(19) N m for both 1836? and 1868 segments, respectively, and 2.5 x 10(19) N m for both segments jointly. Converting moment to magnitude gives M(L) 6.8 in the northern segment, M(L) 6.7 in the southern segment, and M(L) 7.0 for simultaneous rupture of both. C1 CALIF DIV MINES & GEOL,PLEASANT HILL,CA 94523. RP LIENKAEMPER, JJ (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,MS 977,345 MIDDLEFIELD RD,MENLO PK,CA 94025, USA. NR 50 TC 63 Z9 64 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 SN 0148-0227 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-SOL EA JI J. Geophys. Res.-Solid Earth PD OCT 10 PY 1991 VL 96 IS B11 BP 18261 EP 18283 DI 10.1029/91JB01589 PG 23 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA GK023 UT WOS:A1991GK02300023 ER PT J AU CLAGUE, DA WEBER, WS DIXON, JE AF CLAGUE, DA WEBER, WS DIXON, JE TI PICRITIC GLASSES FROM HAWAII SO NATURE LA English DT Article ID SILICATE LIQUIDS; MAJOR-ELEMENT; KILAUEA; ORIGIN; MELTS AB ESTIMATES of the MgO content of primary Hawaiian tholeiitic melts range from 8 wt% to as high as 25 wt% (refs 1, 2). In general, these estimates are derived from analysis of the whole-rock composition of lavas, coupled with the compositions of the most magnesian olivine phenocrysts observed. But the best estimate of magma composition comes from volcanic glass, as it represents the liquid composition at the time of quenching; minimal changes occur during the quenching process. Here we report the discovery of tholeiitic basalt glasses, recovered offshore of Kilauea volcano, that contain up to 15.0 wt% MgO. To our knowledge, these are the most magnesian glasses, and have the highest eruption temperatures (approximately 1,316-degrees-C), yet found. The existence of these picritic (high-MgO) liquids provides constraints on the temperature structure of the upper mantle, magma transport and the material and thermal budgets of the Hawaiian volcanoes. Furthermore, picritic melts are affected little by magma-reservoir processes, and it is therefore relatively straightforward to extrapolate back to the composition of the primary melt and its volatile contents. C1 CALTECH,DIV GEOL & PLANETARY SCI,PASADENA,CA 91125. RP CLAGUE, DA (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,MENLO PK,CA 94025, USA. RI Dixon, Jacqueline/B-5340-2012 NR 19 TC 102 Z9 103 U1 0 U2 8 PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD PI LONDON PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF SN 0028-0836 J9 NATURE JI Nature PD OCT 10 PY 1991 VL 353 IS 6344 BP 553 EP 556 DI 10.1038/353553a0 PG 4 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA GJ643 UT WOS:A1991GJ64300065 ER PT J AU MEYER, RF WALLACE, LG WAGNER, FJ AF MEYER, RF WALLACE, LG WAGNER, FJ TI AAPG-CSD GEOLOGIC PROVINCES CODE MAP SO AAPG BULLETIN-AMERICAN ASSOCIATION OF PETROLEUM GEOLOGISTS LA English DT Note RP MEYER, RF (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,RESTON,VA 22092, USA. NR 5 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER ASSN PETROL GEOLOGISTS PI TULSA PA 1444 S BOULDER AVE PO BOX 979, TULSA, OK 74101 SN 0149-1423 J9 AAPG BULL JI AAPG Bull.-Am. Assoc. Petr. Geol. PD OCT PY 1991 VL 75 IS 10 BP 1644 EP 1651 PG 8 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA GH785 UT WOS:A1991GH78500007 ER PT J AU POIANI, KA JOHNSON, WC AF POIANI, KA JOHNSON, WC TI GLOBAL WARMING AND PRAIRIE WETLANDS - POTENTIAL CONSEQUENCES FOR WATERFOWL HABITAT SO BIOSCIENCE LA English DT Article ID GENERAL-CIRCULATION MODEL; SEED-BANK COMPOSITION; NORTH-AMERICA; DABBLING DUCK; DELTA MARSH; RECRUITMENT; DRAWDOWNS; MANITOBA; IMPACTS; CLIMATE C1 S DAKOTA STATE UNIV,DEPT HORT FORESTRY LANDSCAPE & PARKS,BROOKINGS,SD 57007. RP POIANI, KA (reprint author), US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,NATL ECOL RES CTR,FT COLLINS,CO 80525, USA. NR 52 TC 81 Z9 83 U1 5 U2 14 PU AMER INST BIOLOGICAL SCI PI WASHINGTON PA 1444 EYE ST, NW, STE 200, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 SN 0006-3568 J9 BIOSCIENCE JI Bioscience PD OCT PY 1991 VL 41 IS 9 BP 611 EP 618 DI 10.2307/1311698 PG 8 WC Biology SC Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics GA GG438 UT WOS:A1991GG43800006 ER PT J AU HANKS, TC KRAWINKLER, H AF HANKS, TC KRAWINKLER, H TI THE 1989 LOMA-PRIETA EARTHQUAKE AND ITS EFFECTS - INTRODUCTION TO THE SPECIAL ISSUE SO BULLETIN OF THE SEISMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA LA English DT Editorial Material ID SAN-FRANCISCO; OCTOBER 17; CALIFORNIA RP STANFORD UNIV, INST RES EARTHQUAKE ENGN & SEISMOL, US GEOL SURVEY, STANFORD, CA 94305 USA. NR 50 TC 24 Z9 24 U1 0 U2 1 PU SEISMOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI ALBANY PA 400 EVELYN AVE, SUITE 201, ALBANY, CA 94706-1375 USA SN 0037-1106 EI 1943-3573 J9 B SEISMOL SOC AM JI Bull. Seismol. Soc. Amer. PD OCT PY 1991 VL 81 IS 5 BP 1415 EP 1423 PG 9 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA GQ003 UT WOS:A1991GQ00300001 ER PT J AU PRENTICE, CS SCHWARTZ, DP AF PRENTICE, CS SCHWARTZ, DP TI REEVALUATION OF 1906 SURFACE FAULTING, GEOMORPHIC EXPRESSION, AND SEISMIC HAZARD ALONG THE SAN-ANDREAS FAULT IN THE SOUTHERN SANTA-CRUZ MOUNTAINS SO BULLETIN OF THE SEISMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA LA English DT Article ID 1989 LOMA-PRIETA; CALIFORNIA; EARTHQUAKE; FRANCISCO; SLIP AB The lack of through-going, right-lateral surface rupture accompanying the Loma Prieta earthquake has raised questions about the behavior of the San Andreas fault in the southern Santa Cruz Mountains. We re-evaluated previously published reports of ground deformation due to the 1906 earthquake in this region to determine if San Andreas fault surface rupture accompanied this event and whether any of the reported values of offset are reliable. In addition, our search for historical data has brought to light new information about the 1906 earthquake in the southern Santa Cruz Mountains. None of the reports provides indisputable evidence for 1906 San Andreas fault surface rupture. However, taken together with a study of the geomorphology of the fault zone and relationships exposed in excavations across the fault, they do provide a basis for believing that surface rupture extended through the region in 1906. None of the reported values for 1906 offset is a reliable measurement, however, calling into question current and pre-1989 seismic-hazard assessments for the Loma Prieta area. The geologic and geomorphic relationships indicate that shallow, right-lateral crustal strain is typically expressed as surface rupture across a narrow San Andreas fault zone, in contrast to the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake. RP PRENTICE, CS (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,345 MIDDLEFIELD RD,MS 977,MENLO PK,CA 94025, USA. NR 59 TC 33 Z9 34 U1 0 U2 1 PU SEISMOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI EL CERRITO PA PLAZA PROFESSIONAL BLDG, SUITE 201, EL CERRITO, CA 94530 SN 0037-1106 J9 B SEISMOL SOC AM JI Bull. Seismol. Soc. Amer. PD OCT PY 1991 VL 81 IS 5 BP 1424 EP 1479 PG 56 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA GQ003 UT WOS:A1991GQ00300002 ER PT J AU PONTI, DJ WELLS, RE AF PONTI, DJ WELLS, RE TI OFF-FAULT GROUND RUPTURES IN THE SANTA-CRUZ MOUNTAINS, CALIFORNIA - RIDGE-TOP SPREADING VERSUS TECTONIC EXTENSION DURING THE 1989 LOMA-PRIETA EARTHQUAKE SO BULLETIN OF THE SEISMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA LA English DT Article ID SLIP; DEFORMATION; WASHINGTON; FRANCISCO; GEOMETRY AB The M(s) 7.1 Loma Prieta earthquake of 18 October 1989 produced abundant ground ruptures in an 8 by 4 km area along Summit Road and Skyland Ridge in the Santa Cruz Mountains. Predominantly extensional fissures formed a left-stepping, crudely en echelon pattern along ridges of the hanging-wall block southwest of the San Andreas fault, about 12 km northwest of the epicenter. The fissures are subparallel to the San Andreas fault and appear to be controlled by bedding planes, faults, joints, and other weak zones in the underlying Tertiary sedimentary strata of the hanging-wall block. The pattern of extensional fissures is generally consistent with tectonic extension across the crest of the uplifted hanging-wall block. Also, many displacements in Laurel Creek canyon and along the San Andreas and Sargent faults are consistent with right-lateral reverse faulting inferred for the mainshock. Additional small tensile failures along the axis of the Laurel anticline may reflect growth of the fold during deep-seated compression. However, the larger ridge-top fissures commonly have displacements that are parallel to the north-northeast regional slope directions and appear inconsistent with east-northeast extension expected from this earthquake. Measured cumulative displacements across the ridge crests are at least 35 times larger than that predicted by the geodetically determined surface deformation. These fissures also occur in association with ubiquitous landslide complexes that were reactivated by the earthquake to produce the largest concentration of co-seismic slope failures in the epicentral region. The anomalously large displacements and the apparent slope control of the geometry and displacement of many co-seismic surface ruptures lead us to conclude that gravity is an important driving force in the formation of the ridge-top fissures. Shaking-induced gravitational spreading of ridges and downslope movement may account for 90 or more of the observed displacements on the linear fissures. Similar fissures occurred in the same area and elsewhere near the San Andreas fault during the predominantly right-lateral 1906 San Francisco earthquake and suggest that the Loma Prieta ground ruptures may, in large part, be independent of fault kinematics. RP PONTI, DJ (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,345 MIDDLEFIELD RD,MENLO PK,CA 94025, USA. NR 57 TC 33 Z9 33 U1 0 U2 1 PU SEISMOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI EL CERRITO PA PLAZA PROFESSIONAL BLDG, SUITE 201, EL CERRITO, CA 94530 SN 0037-1106 J9 B SEISMOL SOC AM JI Bull. Seismol. Soc. Amer. PD OCT PY 1991 VL 81 IS 5 BP 1480 EP 1510 PG 31 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA GQ003 UT WOS:A1991GQ00300003 ER PT J AU HARTZELL, SH STEWART, GS MENDOZA, C AF HARTZELL, SH STEWART, GS MENDOZA, C TI COMPARISON OF L1 AND L2 NORMS IN A TELESEISMIC WAVE-FORM INVERSION FOR THE SLIP HISTORY OF THE LOMA-PRIETA, CALIFORNIA, EARTHQUAKE SO BULLETIN OF THE SEISMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA LA English DT Article ID ANDREANOF-ISLANDS EARTHQUAKE; STRONG MOTION RECORDS; 1979 IMPERIAL-VALLEY; 1984 MORGAN-HILL; RUPTURE HISTORY; BROAD-BAND; GREAT EARTHQUAKES; GROUND MOTION; OCTOBER 18; FAULT AB Broadband, digital, teleseismic body waves (P and SH) are inverted to obtain the history of slip for the 17 October 1989, Loma Prieta earthquake. Comparison of finite-fault, waveform, inversion results using an L1 norm and an L2 norm reveal some basic uncertainties in the rupture history that are not usually appreciated in earthquake source studies. However, the more robust features of the source can be identified that are less dependent on the choice of minimization norm. From a consideration of first-motion data and forward modeling of body waves, the strike and dip of our model fault plane are set at 126-degrees and 67-degrees, respectively. The waveform inversion results indicate that the majority of the moment release occurs over a fault length of 35 to 40 km and a depth range of 2 to 18 km. The hypocenter (18 km depth) experienced a relatively small amount of slip. The rupture propagated upward and bilaterally with a peak slip of about 3 m occurring at a depth of 10 km. The average velocity of the rupture propagation is 2.5 km/sec. The details of the slip distribution depend on the minimization norm, but two main sources can be identified with the larger source above and to the southeast of the hypocenter. The rake vector varies considerably over the fault. The southern source is mostly strike slip, while the northern source is approximately equally partitioned between dip slip and strike slip. There is also a trend for more strike-slip motion at shallower depths. The majority of the moment release occurs in the first 7.5 sec with an integrated moment of 2.6 x 10(26) dyne-cm. Including smaller, peripheral sources that are less well resolved raises the moment estimate to 3.0 x 10(26) dyne-cm. C1 GORDON S STEWART PACIFIC GEOPHYS INC,PASADENA,CA 91106. RP HARTZELL, SH (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,DENVER FED CTR,BOX 25046,MS 966,DENVER,CO 80225, USA. NR 53 TC 69 Z9 70 U1 0 U2 1 PU SEISMOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI EL CERRITO PA PLAZA PROFESSIONAL BLDG, SUITE 201, EL CERRITO, CA 94530 SN 0037-1106 J9 B SEISMOL SOC AM JI Bull. Seismol. Soc. Amer. PD OCT PY 1991 VL 81 IS 5 BP 1518 EP 1539 PG 22 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA GQ003 UT WOS:A1991GQ00300005 ER PT J AU WALD, DJ HELMBERGER, DV HEATON, TH AF WALD, DJ HELMBERGER, DV HEATON, TH TI RUPTURE MODEL OF THE 1989 LOMA-PRIETA EARTHQUAKE FROM THE INVERSION OF STRONG-MOTION AND BROAD-BAND TELESEISMIC DATA SO BULLETIN OF THE SEISMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA LA English DT Article ID 1979 IMPERIAL-VALLEY; OCTOBER 18; CALIFORNIA EARTHQUAKE; FAULT; SLIP; HISTORY; EVENT; BAND AB We have used 24 broadband teleseismic and 48 components of local strong-motion velocity records of the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake in a formal inversion of the teleseismic data (periods of 3 to 30 sec) or strong-motion data (periods of 1 to 5 sec) result in similar models. The data require bilateral rupture with relatively little slip in the region directly updip from the hypocenter. Slip is concentrated in two patches: on centered 6 km northwest of the hypocenter at a depth of 12 km and with a maximum slip of 350 cm, and the other centered about 5 km southeast of the hypocenter at a depth of 16 km and with a maximum slip of 460 cm. The bilateral nature of the rupture results in large amplitude ground motions at sites located along the fault strike, both to the northwest and the southeast. However, the northwestern patch has a larger moment and overall stress drop and is, consequently, the source of the largest ground motion velocities, consistent with the observed recordings. This bilateral rupture also produces relatively modest ground motion amplitudes directly updip from the hypocenter, which is in agreement with the velocity ground motions observed at Corralitos. There is clear evidence of a foreshock (magnitude between 3.5 and 5.0) or a slow rupture nucleation about 2 sec before the main part of the rupture; the origin time implied by strong-motion trigger times is systematically 2 sec later than the time predicted from the high-gain regional network data. The seismic moment obtained from either of the separate data sets or both sets combined is about 3.0 x 10(26) dyne-cm and the potency is 0.95 km3. C1 US GEOL SURVEY,PASADENA,CA 91106. RP WALD, DJ (reprint author), CALTECH,SEISMOL LAB,PASADENA,CA 91125, USA. OI Wald, David/0000-0002-1454-4514 NR 48 TC 203 Z9 207 U1 0 U2 4 PU SEISMOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI EL CERRITO PA PLAZA PROFESSIONAL BLDG, SUITE 201, EL CERRITO, CA 94530 SN 0037-1106 J9 B SEISMOL SOC AM JI Bull. Seismol. Soc. Amer. PD OCT PY 1991 VL 81 IS 5 BP 1540 EP 1572 PG 33 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA GQ003 UT WOS:A1991GQ00300006 ER PT J AU STEIDL, JH ARCHULETA, RJ HARTZELL, SH AF STEIDL, JH ARCHULETA, RJ HARTZELL, SH TI RUPTURE HISTORY OF THE 1989 LOMA-PRIETA, CALIFORNIA, EARTHQUAKE SO BULLETIN OF THE SEISMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA LA English DT Article ID 1979 IMPERIAL-VALLEY; HIGH-FREQUENCY RADIATION; STRONG MOTION RECORDS; STRONG GROUND MOTION; MORGAN-HILL; STRESS DROP; OCTOBER 18; INVERSION; MODELS; FAULT AB Strong motion records of the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake are inverted to determine a model of the rupture history. Uncorrected horizontal and vertical accelerograms are integrated to particle velocity time histories for 38 stations within an epicentral range of 75 km. The time histories are bandpassed filtered with corners at 0.05 and 1.0 Hz. These bandpassed time histories are inverted using a nonlinear method to solve for the distribution of slip amplitudes and rupture times at specified locations on the fault plane. The fault plane is specified a priori: 38 km long and 17 km wide, extending from 3 to 19 km depth at a constant dip of 70-degrees. Starting models have rupture times based on constant rupture velocities of 2.5, 2.8, and 3.0 km/sec and uniform slip with rise times of 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, and 3.0 sec. The waveform inversion results show the strike-slip displacement is concentrated at the southern end of the rupture (rake = 156-degrees) and the dip-slip displacement is concentrated at the northern end of the rupture (rake = 115-degrees). The average total slip is partitioned almost equally between strike slip and dip slip (rake = 137-degrees). The hypocentral area has an unusually small amount of slip with almost no slip in a region just to the north and up dip from the hypocenter. The rupture front is complex, propagating up dip to the south faster than it propagates to the north. The region of maximum strike slip to the southeast radiates simultaneously with the region of maximum dip slip to the northwest. The average rupture velocity is 3.0 km/sec, approximately 0.83 times the local shear wave speed. The calculated seismic moment is 3.5 +/- 0.5 x 10(26) dyne-cm. C1 UNIV CALIF SANTA BARBARA,INST CRUSTAL STUDIES,SANTA BARBARA,CA 93106. US GEOL SURVEY,DENVER FED CTR,DENVER,CO 80225. RP STEIDL, JH (reprint author), UNIV CALIF SANTA BARBARA,DEPT GEOL SCI,SANTA BARBARA,CA 93106, USA. RI Steidl, Jamison/H-6292-2012 NR 38 TC 63 Z9 63 U1 0 U2 1 PU SEISMOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI EL CERRITO PA PLAZA PROFESSIONAL BLDG, SUITE 201, EL CERRITO, CA 94530 SN 0037-1106 J9 B SEISMOL SOC AM JI Bull. Seismol. Soc. Amer. PD OCT PY 1991 VL 81 IS 5 BP 1573 EP 1602 PG 30 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA GQ003 UT WOS:A1991GQ00300007 ER PT J AU SNAY, RA NEUGEBAUER, HC PRESCOTT, WH AF SNAY, RA NEUGEBAUER, HC PRESCOTT, WH TI HORIZONTAL DEFORMATION ASSOCIATED WITH THE LOMA-PRIETA EARTHQUAKE SO BULLETIN OF THE SEISMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA LA English DT Article ID CALIFORNIA AB Co-seismic horizontal displacements for the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake were derived from preseismic triangulation/trilateration observations and postseismic GPS observations. As part of this process, the empirical model entitled TDP-H91 was applied to "correct" the preseismic measurements for the crustal motion that occurred during the seven decades spanned by these data. These newly derived displacements were combined with previously documented geodetic results to generate a dislocation model for the earthquake. Our preferred model consists of a vertically segmented rupture surface represented by two rectangles that share a common edge at a depth of 9 km. The upper rectangle dips 90-degrees and the lower rectangle dips 70-degrees-SW. Via a trial-and-error technique, the following estimates were found for the remaining parameters: strike = 134.4 +/- 0.7-degrees, fault length = 32.4 +/- 0.7 km, upper depth = 4.8 +/- 0.1 km, lower depth = 15.1 +/- 0.3 km, right-lateral strike slip = 1.86 +/- 0.06 m for the upper rectangle and 1.96 +/- 0.13 m for the lower rectangle, and thrusting dip slip = 1.06 +/- 0.06 m for the upper rectangle and 2.30 +/- 0.18 m for the lower rectangle. C1 US GEOL SURVEY,MENLO PK,CA 94025. RP SNAY, RA (reprint author), NATL GEODECT SURVEY,NCG113,11400 ROCKVILLE PIKE,ROCKVILLE,MD 20852, USA. NR 12 TC 16 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 2 PU SEISMOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI EL CERRITO PA PLAZA PROFESSIONAL BLDG, SUITE 201, EL CERRITO, CA 94530 SN 0037-1106 J9 B SEISMOL SOC AM JI Bull. Seismol. Soc. Amer. PD OCT PY 1991 VL 81 IS 5 BP 1647 EP 1659 PG 13 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA GQ003 UT WOS:A1991GQ00300010 ER PT J AU MARSHALL, GA STEIN, RS THATCHER, W AF MARSHALL, GA STEIN, RS THATCHER, W TI FAULTING GEOMETRY AND SLIP FROM COSEISMIC ELEVATION CHANGES - THE 18 OCTOBER 1989, LOMA-PRIETA, CALIFORNIA, EARTHQUAKE SO BULLETIN OF THE SEISMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA LA English DT Article ID SAN-ANDREAS FAULT; GEODETIC OBSERVATIONS; LONG-PERIOD; COYOTE LAKE; BROAD-BAND; BORAH PEAK; AFTERSHOCKS; INVERSION; REGION; IDAHO AB Leveling surveys conducted before and after the Loma Prieta earthquake provide observations of the co-seismic elevation changes. These data are used to determine the faulting geometry and distribution of slip, considering planar, listric, and negatively listric fault shapes. Both the planar and nonplanar models produce elevation changes consistent with the observations. Most of the observed elevation changes can be modeled with a rupture surface that extends from 4- to 15-km depth. If the rupture surface is planar, the observations require 2.4 m of right-lateral strike slip and 1.7 m of reverse slip on a 34-km-long plane that dips 60-degrees-SW. The best-fitting model faults lie above and to the southwest of the aftershock zone. A significantly better fit to the observations is obtained when these fault geometries are allowed to have two rake values, with a larger thrust component northwest of the epicenter and a larger strike-slip component southeast of the epicenter. When a low-modulus layer over a half-space is used for consistency with the seismic P-wave velocity structure, the fault deepens, coming within 3 km of the hypocenter, but still locates several kilometers southwest of most aftershocks. RP MARSHALL, GA (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,345 MIDDLEFIELD RD,MS 977,MENLO PK,CA 94025, USA. NR 36 TC 68 Z9 68 U1 1 U2 4 PU SEISMOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI EL CERRITO PA PLAZA PROFESSIONAL BLDG, SUITE 201, EL CERRITO, CA 94530 SN 0037-1106 J9 B SEISMOL SOC AM JI Bull. Seismol. Soc. Amer. PD OCT PY 1991 VL 81 IS 5 BP 1660 EP 1693 PG 34 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA GQ003 UT WOS:A1991GQ00300011 ER PT J AU BOATWRIGHT, J FLETCHER, JB FUMAL, TE AF BOATWRIGHT, J FLETCHER, JB FUMAL, TE TI A GENERAL INVERSION SCHEME FOR SOURCE, SITE, AND PROPAGATION CHARACTERISTICS USING MULTIPLY RECORDED SETS OF MODERATE-SIZED EARTHQUAKES SO BULLETIN OF THE SEISMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA LA English DT Article ID SPECTRA; CALIFORNIA; ANZA AB We derive an inversion scheme that fits the logarithms of seismic body-wave spectra to omega-2 source shapes conditioned by anelastic attenuation with a frequency-independent Q. The residuals from this fit are then projected onto the set of sources and sites, with the source terms damped, to estimate residual source spectra and site response spectra. This two-part inversion process is iterated until the square of the residuals, summed over frequency for all recordings, is minimized. The absolute amplitudes of the source and site spectra are determined by fitting the site response spectra to estimates of the site amplification derived from geotechnical data. We apply this inversion process to three sets of recordings of Loma Prieta aftershocks. The first data set contains S waves recorded both in the Marina District and at nearby hard-rock stations. We constrain the site response using the S-wave velocity measured in a nearby borehole. The absolute site amplifications for the Marina stations are 15 to 20 at 1 Hz and 10 at 2.5 Hz. The other two data sets comprise the P- and S-wave recordings from 28 aftershocks ranging in size from M(D) = 2.1 to 4.6, obtained at accelerograph sites near the epicentral area. The P- and S-wave attenuations determined from the inversions are Q = 414 and 380, while the average near-site attenuations are t* = 0.012 and 0.026 sec, respectively. The average ratio of the S- to P-wave seismic moments is 1.1 +/- 0.1, the ratio of the P- to S-wave corner frequencies is 1.24 +/- 0.11, and the ratio of S- to P-wave radiated energy is 13.9 +/- 3.2. The Brune stress drops for these aftershocks range from 8 to 800 bars. The largest earthquakes exhibit the largest stress drops, but there is no apparent dependence of stress drop on seismic moment for earthquakes with 10(19) < M0 < 10(21) dyne-cm. RP BOATWRIGHT, J (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,345 MIDDLEFIELD RD,MENLO PK,CA 94025, USA. NR 30 TC 120 Z9 121 U1 0 U2 1 PU SEISMOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI EL CERRITO PA PLAZA PROFESSIONAL BLDG, SUITE 201, EL CERRITO, CA 94530 SN 0037-1106 J9 B SEISMOL SOC AM JI Bull. Seismol. Soc. Amer. PD OCT PY 1991 VL 81 IS 5 BP 1754 EP 1782 PG 29 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA GQ003 UT WOS:A1991GQ00300016 ER PT J AU FLETCHER, JB BOATWRIGHT, J AF FLETCHER, JB BOATWRIGHT, J TI SOURCE PARAMETERS OF LOMA-PRIETA AFTERSHOCKS AND WAVE-PROPAGATION CHARACTERISTICS ALONG THE SAN-FRANCISCO PENINSULA FROM A JOINT INVERSION OF DIGITAL SEISMOGRAMS SO BULLETIN OF THE SEISMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA LA English DT Article ID STRONG GROUND MOTION; NEW-YORK-STATE; SHEAR-WAVES; EARTHQUAKE; CALIFORNIA; ATTENUATION; STRESS; CRUST; ANZA AB Aftershock recordings from 10 digital seismographs deployed along the axis of the San Francisco Peninsula from the epicenter of the 18 October 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake to San Francisco provide the data for a joint inversion for source, wave propagation, and site effects. The inversion procedure is a least-squares method using the singular-value decomposition algorithm and is done in two parts: The first solves only for the source and attenuation terms for all events, and the second projects the residuals from the first inversion onto the site terms. The coefficient of geometrical spreading is solved for as part of the model of attenuation. Residuals, plotted versus distance and frequency, provide a check on the appropriateness of the attenuation model. The earthquakes are all located near the San Andreas fault, mostly in the aftershock zone of the Loma Prieta mainshock, but some are near Daly City on the Peninsula. The data set, provided by GEOS recorders, consists of 148 digital seismograms for 33 events from 10 sites that form a linear profile from the epicentral region to the city of San Francisco, a distance of approximately 100 km. Strong-motion accelerograms are also available for the larger events. Body-wave spectra are fit surprisingly well by our model, especially at distances beyond about 20 km where differences due to radiation pattern effects and changes in angle of incidence become less important. Results from the inversion show that estimates of moment are only 1% higher for the P waves compared to the S waves. Apparently, there are no major biases in the estimates, as each is determined independently of the other. P-wave corner frequencies are 1.5 times higher than S-wave corner frequencies on average. Stress drops with an average of 176 bars for events that range in magnitude from 1.7 to 4.2 are higher than those found in previous studies where site and path were not explicitly taken into account. The exponents of geometrical spreading are very close to one (1.019 for P waves and 1.017 for S waves) for this data set, which extends to about 100 km. The whole path Q (assumed to be frequency independent) was about 800 for both P and S waves (specifically, 790 for P waves and 830 for S waves). The average P-wave attenuation at all sites is quantified by a t* of 0.020 sec, which compares to 0.03 sec for S waves. t* determined for each site range from a low of 0.008 sec at San Bruno Mountain, a hard-rock site, to a high of 0.065 sec at Corralitos in the epicentral area. Residuals of the model fits, which are distance dependent, show larger amplitudes near the epicenter, but fall-off with a minimum at about 30 km where amplitudes are about 30 to 60% lower than average. At distances farther than 30 km, amplitudes rise out to the limit of the data at about 105 km where amplitudes are about average at frequencies less than 10 Hz, but are slightly above average for higher frequencies. The location of this low in amplitude can be explained as the boundary between the amplitude decay of direct arrivals and the emergence of wide-angle reflections from the lower crust and Moho, which increase in amplitude beyond 30 km. These amplitudes correlate with damage patterns from the mainshock, as less damage was observed along the Peninsula but appeared to increase towards San Francisco, even when damage in the Marina and China Basin districts of San Francisco are not included in the damage census. RP FLETCHER, JB (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,345 MIDDLEFIELD RD,MENLO PK,CA 94025, USA. NR 39 TC 52 Z9 52 U1 0 U2 1 PU SEISMOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI EL CERRITO PA PLAZA PROFESSIONAL BLDG, SUITE 201, EL CERRITO, CA 94530 SN 0037-1106 J9 B SEISMOL SOC AM JI Bull. Seismol. Soc. Amer. PD OCT PY 1991 VL 81 IS 5 BP 1783 EP 1812 PG 30 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA GQ003 UT WOS:A1991GQ00300017 ER PT J AU FRANKEL, A HOUGH, S FRIBERG, P BUSBY, R AF FRANKEL, A HOUGH, S FRIBERG, P BUSBY, R TI OBSERVATIONS OF LOMA-PRIETA AFTERSHOCKS FROM A DENSE ARRAY IN SUNNYVALE, CALIFORNIA SO BULLETIN OF THE SEISMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA LA English DT Article ID SAN-FRANCISCO BAY; EARTHQUAKE AB A small aperture (almost-equal-to 300 m), four-station array was deployed in Sunnyvale, California for 5 days to record aftershocks of the Loma Prieta earthquake of October 1989. The purpose of the array was to study the seismic response of the alluvium-filled Santa Clara Valley and the role of surface waves in the seismic shaking of sedimentary basins. Strong-motion records of the Loma Prieta main-shock indicate that surface waves produced the peak velocities and displacements at some sites in the Santa Clara Valley. We use the recordings from the dense array to determine the apparent velocity and azimuth of propagation for various arrivals in the seismograms of four aftershocks with magnitudes between 3.6 and 4.4. Apparent velocities are generally observed to decrease with increasing time after the S wave in the seismograms. Phases arriving less than about 8 sec after the S wave have apparent velocities comparable to the S wave and appear to be body waves multiply reflected under the receiver site or reflected by crustal interfaces. For times 10 to 30 sec after the direct S wave, we observe long-period (1 to 6 sec) arrivals with apparent velocities decreasing from 2.5 to 0.8 km/sec. We interpret these arrivals to be surface waves and conclude that these surface waves produce the long duration of shaking observed on the aftershock records. Much of the energy in the 40 sec after the S-wave is coming approximately from the direction of the source, although some arrivals have backazimuths as much as 60-degrees different from the backazimuths to the epicenters. Two of the aftershocks show arrivals coming from 30 to 40-degrees more easterly than the epicenters. This energy may have been scattered from outcrops along the southeastern edge of the basin. In contrast, the deepest aftershock studied (d = 17 km) displays later arrivals with backazimuths 30 to 40-degrees more westerly than the epicenter. A distinct arrival for one of the aftershocks propagates from the southwest, possibly scattered from the western edge of the basin. Synthetic seismograms derived from a plane-layered crustal model do not produce the long-period Love waves observed in the waveforms of the M(L) 4.4 aftershock. These Love waves may be generated by the conversion of incident S waves or Rayleigh waves near the edge of the basin. C1 COLUMBIA UNIV,LAMONT DOHERTY GEOL OBSERV,PALISADES,NY 10964. RP FRANKEL, A (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,922 NATL CTR,RESTON,VA 22092, USA. NR 18 TC 102 Z9 102 U1 1 U2 4 PU SEISMOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI EL CERRITO PA PLAZA PROFESSIONAL BLDG, SUITE 201, EL CERRITO, CA 94530 SN 0037-1106 J9 B SEISMOL SOC AM JI Bull. Seismol. Soc. Amer. PD OCT PY 1991 VL 81 IS 5 BP 1900 EP 1922 PG 23 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA GQ003 UT WOS:A1991GQ00300022 ER PT J AU MCGARR, A CELEBI, M SEMBERA, E NOCE, T MUELLER, C AF MCGARR, A CELEBI, M SEMBERA, E NOCE, T MUELLER, C TI GROUND MOTION AT THE SAN-FRANCISCO-INTERNATIONAL-AIRPORT FROM THE LOMA-PRIETA EARTHQUAKE SEQUENCE, 1989 SO BULLETIN OF THE SEISMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA LA English DT Article ID SOURCE PARAMETERS; CALIFORNIA; AFTERSHOCK; SPECTRA AB Following the Loma Prieta earthquake, the U.S. Geological Survey installed four portable digital seismic recorders at the San Francisco International Airport (SFO) for one week to study aftershock ground motion at this important Bay area "lifeline." This study was motivated largely by the need to anticipate strong ground motion from future major earthquakes affecting the Bay area and, to a lesser extent, by the fact that SFO was shut down for 13 hours owing to damage from the Loma Prieta shock. Accordingly, the recording sites were chosen so as to elucidate the effects of varying thicknesses of low-velocity surficial alluvium on the ground motion. Three large aftershocks with magnitudes ranging from 4.2 to 4.5 each produced ground motion that was recorded at all four SFO stations. One of our stations was collocated with a permanent ground motion recorder that indicated a peak horizontal velocity of 29 cm/sec and a peak horizontal acceleration of 0.33 g during the 18 October mainshock. From the aftershock data and one mainshock record, it is possible to extrapolate approximately the mainshock ground motion to other locations at SFO and, more generally, to assess the effects of low-velocity sedimentary cover, including artificial fill material, on the character of the ground motion. The main-shock ground motion recorded at the permanent station was apparently typical for most of SFO where the near-surface alluvium resulted in peak horizontal ground velocity, in the frequency band 0.1 to 3 Hz, amplified by a factor of about 2.5 relative to that recorded at bedrock sites. Observations, in the epicentral distance range 59 to 95 km, including SFO, of the moho-reflected phases PmP and SmS from the aftershocks support the hypothesis, presented elsewhere, that the phase SmS accounted for much of the peak ground motion throughout most of the San Francisco Bay area. RP US GEOL SURVEY, 345 MIDDLEFIELD RD, MENLO PK, CA 94025 USA. NR 30 TC 20 Z9 21 U1 0 U2 1 PU SEISMOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI ALBANY PA 400 EVELYN AVE, SUITE 201, ALBANY, CA 94706-1375 USA SN 0037-1106 EI 1943-3573 J9 B SEISMOL SOC AM JI Bull. Seismol. Soc. Amer. PD OCT PY 1991 VL 81 IS 5 BP 1923 EP 1944 PG 22 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA GQ003 UT WOS:A1991GQ00300023 ER PT J AU BONILLA, MG AF BONILLA, MG TI THE MARINA DISTRICT, SAN-FRANCISCO, CALIFORNIA - GEOLOGY, HISTORY, AND EARTHQUAKE EFFECTS SO BULLETIN OF THE SEISMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA LA English DT Article AB A northwest-trending valley in the bedrock surface is buried by firm Pleistocene bay clay, a dense Pleistocene sand layer, soft Holocene bay sediments, loose to dense Holocene beach and dune sands, and artificial fill that have an aggregate maximum thickness of about 90 m (300 ft). Artificial filling of a cove at the site of the Marina District proceeded gradually from the late 1860s to 1912, when major hydraulic filling was done for the Panama-Pacific International Exposition. The remains of thousands of piles driven for the Exposition very probably still exist and have had unknown effects on long-term ground settlement and earthquake-related ground displacements. Intensity maps of the 1906 earthquake, and seismic recordings and severe building damage in 1989, reported by others, indicate that ground motion was amplified on both natural and artificial ground. This suggests that the configuration of the bedrock surface and the location and thickness of various clay and sand deposits underlying the fill had an important effect on the shaking. However, most of the settlement and liquefaction and the damage to pipelines, building foundations, streets, sidewalks, and curbs occurred in areas of artificial fill consisting mainly of loose sand. RP BONILLA, MG (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,345 MIDDLEFIELD RD,MS 977,MENLO PK,CA 94025, USA. NR 41 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 1 U2 6 PU SEISMOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI EL CERRITO PA PLAZA PROFESSIONAL BLDG, SUITE 201, EL CERRITO, CA 94530 SN 0037-1106 J9 B SEISMOL SOC AM JI Bull. Seismol. Soc. Amer. PD OCT PY 1991 VL 81 IS 5 BP 1958 EP 1979 PG 22 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA GQ003 UT WOS:A1991GQ00300025 ER PT J AU BOATWRIGHT, J SEEKINS, LC FUMAL, TE LIU, HP MUELLER, CS AF BOATWRIGHT, J SEEKINS, LC FUMAL, TE LIU, HP MUELLER, CS TI GROUND MOTION AMPLIFICATION IN THE MARINA DISTRICT SO BULLETIN OF THE SEISMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA LA English DT Article AB Following the 18 October 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake, triggered seismographs were deployed in and around the Marina District to investigate site amplification. In the 3 weeks after the mainshock, 16 aftershocks were recorded by two or more of these stations. Two additional stations, deployed in March 1990, recorded three earthquakes that occurred in Contra Costa County. By recasting the method of spectral ratios into a generalized inverse problem, we combine the shear-wave spectra from these 19 aftershocks to estimate the relative site amplification as a function of frequency. All five stations located in the Marina District are amplified by factors of 6 to 10 at 1 Hz and 2 to 4 at 3 Hz, relative to a station located on Franciscan sandstone at Fort Mason, irrespective of whether they are sited on artificial fill or beach sand. Two stations located on dune sand just outside the Marina District are amplified by factors of 2 to 4 for frequencies above 1 Hz. Four stations located on Franciscan sandstone in Pacific Heights, Nob Hill, Rincon Hill, and Diamond Heights show little relative amplification. Conditional estimates of the mainshock spectra can be determined at stations that only recorded aftershocks, if they can be linked to stations that recorded the mainshock. These estimates are predicated on the assumption that the ground behaved linearly in the mainshock, an assumption that is clearly violated for those sites where there was ground failure. Using this method of extrapolation for a site in the Marina District that showed no evidence of ground failure yields mainshock spectra that are slightly greater than the mainshock spectra from the Outer Harbor Wharf in Oakland and near the Pacific Park Plaza in Emeryville and that significantly exceed the mainshock spectra from all the free-field accelerograms located in San Francisco. RP BOATWRIGHT, J (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,345 MIDDLEFIELD RD,MENLO PK,CA 94025, USA. NR 13 TC 44 Z9 44 U1 0 U2 1 PU SEISMOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI EL CERRITO PA PLAZA PROFESSIONAL BLDG, SUITE 201, EL CERRITO, CA 94530 SN 0037-1106 J9 B SEISMOL SOC AM JI Bull. Seismol. Soc. Amer. PD OCT PY 1991 VL 81 IS 5 BP 1980 EP 1997 PG 18 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA GQ003 UT WOS:A1991GQ00300026 ER PT J AU HANKS, TC BRADY, AG AF HANKS, TC BRADY, AG TI THE LOMA-PRIETA EARTHQUAKE, GROUND MOTION, AND DAMAGE IN OAKLAND, TREASURE-ISLAND, AND SAN-FRANCISCO SO BULLETIN OF THE SEISMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA LA English DT Article ID BROAD-BAND; CALIFORNIA; AFTERSHOCK AB The basis of this study is the acceleration, velocity, and displacement wave-forms of the Loma Prieta earthquake (18 October 1989; M = 7.0) at two rock sites in San Francisco, a rock site on Yerba Buena Island, an artificial-fill site on Treasure Island, and three sites in Oakland underlain by thick sections of poorly consolidated Pleistocene sediments. The waveforms at the three rock sites display a strong coherence, as do the three sedimentary sites in Oakland. The duration of strong motion at the rock sites is very brief, suggestive of an unusually short source duration for an earthquake of this size, while the records in Oakland show strong amplification effects due to site geology. The S-wave group at Treasure Island is phase coherent with the Oakland records, but at somewhat diminished amplitudes, until the steps in acceleration at approximately 15 sec, apparently signaling the onset of liquefaction. All seven records clearly show shear-wave first motion opposite to that expected for the main-shock radiation pattern and peak amplitudes greater than expected for sites at these distances (95 +/- 3 km) from an earthquake of this magnitude. While the association between these ground motion records and related damage patterns in nearby areas has been easily and eagerly accepted by seismological and engineering observers of them, we have had some difficulty in making such relationships quantitative or even just clear. The three Oakland records, from sites that form a nearly equilateral triangle about the Cypress Street viaduct collapse, are dominated by a long-period resonance (congruent-to 1 1/2-sec period) far removed from the natural frequency of the structure to transverse motion (2.5 Hz) or from high-frequency amplification bands observed in after-shock studies. A spectral ratio arbiter of this discrepancy confuses if further. The failure of the East Bay crossing of the San Francisco-Oakland Bay Bridge cannot be attributed to relative displacements of the abutments in Oakland and Yerba Buena Island, but the motions of the Bay Bridge causing failure remain unknown. The steps in acceleration at Treasure Island present unusual strong-motion accelerogram processing problems, and modeling suggests that the velocity and displacement waveforms are contaminated by a spurious response of the filtering operations to the acceleration steps. A variety of coincidences suggests that the Treasure island accelerogram is the most likely strong-motion surrogate for the filled areas of the Marina District, for which no mainshock records are available, but the relative contributions of bad ground, poor construction and truly strong ground motion to damage in the Marina District will never by known in any quantitative way. The principal lesson of all of this is that until a concerted effort is mounted to instrument ground and structures that are likely to fail during earthquakes, our understanding of the very complex relationships between strong ground motion and earthquake damage will, in general, remain rudimentary, imprecise, and vague. RP HANKS, TC (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,345 MIDDLEFIELD RD,MENLO PK,CA 94025, USA. NR 46 TC 27 Z9 27 U1 1 U2 6 PU SEISMOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI EL CERRITO PA PLAZA PROFESSIONAL BLDG, SUITE 201, EL CERRITO, CA 94530 SN 0037-1106 J9 B SEISMOL SOC AM JI Bull. Seismol. Soc. Amer. PD OCT PY 1991 VL 81 IS 5 BP 2019 EP 2047 PG 29 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA GQ003 UT WOS:A1991GQ00300028 ER PT J AU SAFAK, E CELEBI, M AF SAFAK, E CELEBI, M TI ANALYSES OF RECORDED RESPONSES OF 2 HIGH-RISE BUILDINGS DURING THE LOMA-PRIETA EARTHQUAKE OF 18 OCTOBER 1989 SO BULLETIN OF THE SEISMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA LA English DT Article ID IDENTIFICATION AB Complete sets of acceleration records from two extensively instrumented high-rise buildings in the San Francisco Bay Area, the Transamerica Building and the Pacific Park Plaza building, have been obtained during the 18 october 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake. The pyramid-shaped Transamerica Building is 60-stories high with square cross section and steel frame construction, whereas the Y-shaped Pacific Park Plaza building is 30-stories high with three wings and of reinforced concrete moment-resisting frame construction. By using recorded motions, we identify the modal components of the response for each building, determine three-dimensional behavior and coupled modes, and investigate the torsional and soil-structure interaction effects. The results show that the motion of the Transamerica Building is dominated by a coupled mode at 0.28 Hz. with 5% damping in the SW - NE direction. Another dominant mode at 0.52 Hz. with 4% damping is observed only in the E-W direction. There is also rocking in the building with a frequency of 2.15 Hz and 5% damping. The dominant mode of the Pacific Park Plaza building is a translation in the SW-NE direction with a frequency of 0.4 Hz, and 13% damping. Other significant modes are at 0.7, 1.94, 3.93, and 4.39 Hz, and all are coupled modes. Relative wing displacements with respect to center core are large, about 50% of the center core displacements. The soil-structure interaction influences the motions at 0.7 Hz, and this is believed to be the frequency of the soil medium surrounding the building. Both buildings were investigated prior to the earthquake by using ambient and forced vibrations tests and dynamic analyses. We find that identified frequencies in this study are lower and damping ratios are higher than those obtained from the previous investigations. C1 US GEOL SURVEY,MENLO PK,CA 94025. RP SAFAK, E (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,MAIL STOP 922,RESTON,VA 22092, USA. NR 12 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 2 PU SEISMOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI EL CERRITO PA PLAZA PROFESSIONAL BLDG, SUITE 201, EL CERRITO, CA 94530 SN 0037-1106 J9 B SEISMOL SOC AM JI Bull. Seismol. Soc. Amer. PD OCT PY 1991 VL 81 IS 5 BP 2087 EP 2110 PG 24 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA GQ003 UT WOS:A1991GQ00300031 ER PT J AU PAILLET, FL WINKLER, MG SANFORD, PR AF PAILLET, FL WINKLER, MG SANFORD, PR TI RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN POLLEN FREQUENCY IN MOSS POLSTERS AND FOREST COMPOSITION IN A NATURALIZED STAND OF AMERICAN CHESTNUT - IMPLICATIONS FOR PALEOENVIRONMENTAL INTERPRETATION SO BULLETIN OF THE TORREY BOTANICAL CLUB LA English DT Article DE CASTANEA-DENTATA; AUTECOLOGY; PALEOECOLOGY; POLLEN-VEGETATION RELATIONSHIP ID EASTERN NORTH-AMERICA; DENTATA MARSH BORKH; CASTANEA-DENTATA; VEGETATIONAL HISTORY; NEW-ENGLAND; NEW-YORK; WISCONSIN; CLIMATE; MASSACHUSETTS; MICHIGAN AB The relationship between American chestnut (Castanea dentata (Marsh.) Borkh.) pollen frequency in moss polster samples and the percent basal area of chestnut trees in the surrounding canopy is investigated in a mixed-species deciduous woodland being invaded by introduced chestnut in southwestern Wisconsin. The percent of chestnut pollen in moss polsters multiplied by 0.8 estimates the relative proportion of stand basal area for chestnut. Similar regression analysis of chestnut pollen percentages from published New England pollen data and estimations of the proportion of chestnut trees in historic New England forests indicates that chestnut pollen in lake and bog sediments under-represents chestnut percentages in forests and should be multiplied by 3.0 to estimate the relative proportion of stand basal area for chestnut. These differences in chestnut pollen representation may be due to low pollen productivity and the mechanism and timing of pollen dispersal of chestnut as well as differences in the pollen substrate. A test of our factors on pollen data from central Massachusetts provides a realistic simulation of the preblight forest as known from archival data. Our study also demonstrates that aerophilic pollen from a point source different in composition from the surrounding regional forest is abundant only at its origin, while the larger contribution of pollen from a tree species that is dominant in the regional forest may result in its apparent presence beyond its natural range. These situations need to be kept in mind when attempts are made to locate refugia of temperate hardwood taxa in the late-glacial boreal landscape, or to interpret the former distribution of oak chestnut forests in the northeast on the basis of the local abundance of chestnut pollen. C1 UNIV WISCONSIN,INST ENVIRONM STUDIES,CTR CLIMAT RES,MADISON,WI 53706. RP PAILLET, FL (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,DENVER FED CTR,DENVER,CO 80225, USA. NR 66 TC 5 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 2 PU TORREY BOTANICAL CLUB PI BRONX PA NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN, BRONX, NY 10458 SN 0040-9618 J9 B TORREY BOT CLUB JI Bull. Torrey Bot. Club PD OCT-DEC PY 1991 VL 118 IS 4 BP 432 EP 443 DI 10.2307/2997095 PG 12 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA GX002 UT WOS:A1991GX00200008 ER PT J AU YOUNG, MK HUBERT, WA WESCHE, TA AF YOUNG, MK HUBERT, WA WESCHE, TA TI BIASES ASSOCIATED WITH 4 STREAM SUBSTRATE SAMPLERS SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FISHERIES AND AQUATIC SCIENCES LA English DT Article ID REDDS; KISUTCH; GRAVEL AB We compared samples collected from 10 substrates of various compositions with a single-probe freeze-core sampler, a triple-probe freeze-core sampler, a McNeil sampler, and a shovel. The accuracy with which these devices sampled particles larger than 50 mm in diameter varied; they were oversampled by the freeze-core devices, sampled in proportion to their availability by a shovel, and sampled inconsistently by the McNeil sampler. The geometric mean particle size and variance of single-probe freeze-core samples consistently exceeded those of samples collected with the other devices. Most sample means also exceeded the test substrate means. By excluding the proportions of particles larger than 50 mm in diameter in our analyses, we found that proportions of several particles sizes in samples collected by different methods differed significantly from the actual proportions in test substrates. There were few differences between the single- and triple-probe freeze-core samples or between McNeil and shovel samples. All four samplers were biased, but the McNeil sampler most frequently produced samples that approximated the true substrate composition. C1 UNIV WYOMING,US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,WYOMING COOPERAT FISH & WILDLIFE RES UNIT,LARAMIE,WY 82071. UNIV WYOMING,DEPT RANGE MANAGEMENT,LARAMIE,WY 82071. UNIV WYOMING,WYOMING WATER RES CTR,LARAMIE,WY 82071. NR 24 TC 13 Z9 14 U1 3 U2 6 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA ON K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0706-652X J9 CAN J FISH AQUAT SCI JI Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. PD OCT PY 1991 VL 48 IS 10 BP 1882 EP 1886 DI 10.1139/f91-223 PG 5 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA GL814 UT WOS:A1991GL81400009 ER PT J AU NELSON, ME MECH, LD AF NELSON, ME MECH, LD TI WOLF PREDATION RISK ASSOCIATED WITH WHITE-TAILED DEER MOVEMENTS SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF ZOOLOGY-REVUE CANADIENNE DE ZOOLOGIE LA English DT Note AB The survival of 159 yearling and adult deer (Odocoileus virginianus) was monitored by telemetry during 282 spring and 219 fall individual migrations to winter deeryards in northeastern Minnesota. A disproportionate number of deer were killed by wolves (Canis lupus) during fall migration relative to the short time they spent migrating, but not during spring migration. Predation was also significantly greater for male and female yearlings and adult females outside deeryards during winter. Survival of 79 yearlings dispersing from natal ranges was high (1.00). It appears that changing climatic conditions combined with unfamiliar terrain and undetermined factors predispose migratory deer to wolf predation during fall. These findings support an earlier hypothesis that winter yarding is an antipredator strategy. C1 US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,PATUXENT WILDLIFE RES CTR,LAUREL,MD 20708. NR 23 TC 43 Z9 45 U1 0 U2 10 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA ON K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0008-4301 J9 CAN J ZOOL JI Can. J. Zool.-Rev. Can. Zool. PD OCT PY 1991 VL 69 IS 10 BP 2696 EP 2699 DI 10.1139/z91-379 PG 4 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA HD709 UT WOS:A1991HD70900026 ER PT J AU SPILHAUS, A SNYDER, JP AF SPILHAUS, A SNYDER, JP TI WORLD MAPS WITH NATURAL BOUNDARIES SO CARTOGRAPHY AND GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEMS LA English DT Article DE OCEAN MAPS; WORLD MAPS; MAP PROJECTIONS C1 US GEOL SURVEY,RESTON,VA 22092. NR 12 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CONGR SURVEYING & MAPPING PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 SN 1050-9844 J9 CARTOGR GEOGR INFORM PD OCT PY 1991 VL 18 IS 4 BP 246 EP 254 DI 10.1559/152304091783786709 PG 9 WC Geography SC Geography GA GP408 UT WOS:A1991GP40800003 ER PT J AU LIST, JH AF LIST, JH TI WAVE GROUPINESS VARIATIONS IN THE NEARSHORE SO COASTAL ENGINEERING LA English DT Article ID SURF BEAT; HEIGHT DISTRIBUTION; GENERATION; WATER AB This paper proposes a new definition of the groupiness factor, GF, based on the envelope of the incident-wave time series. It is shown that an envelope-based GF has several important advantages over the SIWEH-based groupiness factor, including objective criteria for determining the accuracy of the envelope function and well-defined numerical limits. Using this new GF, the variability of incident wave groupiness in the field is examined both temporally, in unbroken waves at a fixed location, and spatially, in a cross-shore array through the surf zone. Contrary to previous studies using the SIWEH-based GF, results suggest that incident wave groupiness may not be an independent parameter in unbroken waves; through a wide range of spectral shapes, from swell to storm waves, the groupiness did not vary significantly. As expected, the groupiness decreases rapidly as waves break through the surf zone, although significant wave height variability persists even through a saturated surf zone. The source of this inner surf zone groupiness is not identified; however, this observation implies that models of long wave generation must account for nonsteady radiation stress gradients landward of some narrow zone near the mean breakpoint. RP LIST, JH (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,CTR COASTAL GEOL,600 4TH STR S,ST PETERSBURG,FL 33701, USA. NR 44 TC 42 Z9 45 U1 1 U2 4 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0378-3839 J9 COAST ENG JI Coast. Eng. PD OCT PY 1991 VL 15 IS 5-6 BP 475 EP 496 DI 10.1016/0378-3839(91)90024-B PG 22 WC Engineering, Civil; Engineering, Ocean SC Engineering GA GN004 UT WOS:A1991GN00400004 ER PT J AU GOLDSTEIN, SJ MURRELL, MT JANECKY, DR DELANEY, JR CLAGUE, DA AF GOLDSTEIN, SJ MURRELL, MT JANECKY, DR DELANEY, JR CLAGUE, DA TI GEOCHRONOLOGY AND PETROGENESIS OF MORB FROM THE JUAN DE FUCA AND GORDA RIDGES BY U-238 TH-230 DISEQUILIBRIUM SO EARTH AND PLANETARY SCIENCE LETTERS LA English DT Article ID EAST PACIFIC RISE; DE-FUCA; SPREADING CENTERS; GABBROIC XENOLITHS; ND ISOTOPES; HALF-LIFE; BASALTS; SYSTEMATICS; SR; GEOCHEMISTRY AB A highly precise mass spectrometric method of analysis was used to determine U-238-U-234-Th-230-Th-232 in axial and off-axis basalt glasses from Juan de Fuca (JDF) and Gorda ridges. Initial Th-230 activity excesses in the axial samples range from 3 to 38%, but generally lie within a narrow range of 12 to 15%. Secondary alteration effects were evaluated using delta-U-234 and appear to be negligible; hence the Th-230 excesses are magmatic in origin. Direct dating of MORB was accomplished by measuring the decrease in excess Th-230 in off-axis samples. U-238-Th-230 ages progressively increase with distance from axis. Uncertainties in age range from 10 to 25 ka for U-Th ages of 50 to 200 ka. The full spreading rate based on U-Th ages for Endeavour segment of JDF is 5.9 +/- 1/2 cm/yr, with asymmetry in spreading between the Pacific (4.0 +/- 0.6 cm/yr) and JDF (1.9 +/- 0.6 cm/yr) plates. For northern Gorda ridge, the half spreading rate for the JDF plate is found to be 3.0 +/- 0.4 cm/yr. These rates are in agreement with paleomagnetic spreading rates and topographic constraints. This suggests that assumptions used to determine ages, including constancy of initial Th-230/Th-232 ratio over time, are generally valid for the areas studied. Samples located near the axis of spreading are typically younger than predicted by these spreading rates, which most likely reflects recent volcanism within a 1-3 km wide zone of crustal accretion. Initial Th-230/Th-232 ratios and Th-230 activity were also used to examine the recent Th/U evolution and extent of melting of mantle sources beneath these ridges. A negative anomaly in Th-230/Th-232 for Axial seamount lavas provides the first geochemical evidence of a mantle plume source for Axial seamount and the Cobb-Eickelberg seamount chain and indicates recent depletion of other JDF segment sources. Large Th-230 activity excesses for lavas from northern Gorda ridge and Endeavour segment indicate formation from a lower degree of partial melting than other segments. An inverse correlation between Th-230 excess and Th-230/Th-232 for each ridge indicates that these lower degree melts formed from slightly less depleted sources than higher degree melts. Uniformity in Th-230 excess for other segments suggests similarity in processes of melt formation and mixing beneath most of the JDF-Gorda ridge area. The average initial Th-230/Th-232 activity ratio of 1.31 for the JDF-Gorda ridge area is in agreement with the predicted value of 1.32 from the Th-Sr isotope mantle array. C1 US GEOL SURVEY,MENLO PK,CA 94025. UNIV WASHINGTON,SCH OCEANOG,SEATTLE,WA 98195. RP GOLDSTEIN, SJ (reprint author), UNIV CALIF LOS ALAMOS SCI LAB,ISOTOPE GEOCHEM GRP INC-7,LOS ALAMOS,NM 87545, USA. NR 44 TC 64 Z9 64 U1 0 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0012-821X J9 EARTH PLANET SC LETT JI Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. PD OCT PY 1991 VL 107 IS 1 BP 25 EP 41 DI 10.1016/0012-821X(91)90041-F PG 17 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA GR200 UT WOS:A1991GR20000003 ER PT J AU BETANCOURT, JL SCHUSTER, WS MITTON, JB ANDERSON, RS AF BETANCOURT, JL SCHUSTER, WS MITTON, JB ANDERSON, RS TI FOSSIL AND GENETIC HISTORY OF A PINYON PINE (PINUS-EDULIS) ISOLATE SO ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE ALLOZYMES; BIOGEOGRAPHY; DEMOGRAPHY; FOUNDER EFFECTS; GENETIC DIVERSITY; GREAT PLAINS; PACK-RAT MIDDENS; PALEOECOLOGY; PINUS-EDULIS; POPULATION BIOLOGY ID PONDEROSA PINE; ENGELMANN SPRUCE; POPULATION BOTTLENECK; GREAT-BASIN; DIFFERENTIATION; VARIABILITY; CONSEQUENCES; INHERITANCE; SPECIATION; SELECTION AB The most isolated northern stand of Colorado pinyon pine (Pinus edulis) at Owl Canyon, Colorado, USA has a broad and flat size class distribution common to population expansions, with the largest and oldest trees near the center of the grove. Analyses of fossil packrat (Neotoma sp.) middens within the grove indicate that the stand originated by long-distance dispersal rather than by vicariance, a distinction seldom possible because of the unknown or incomplete histories of such isolated populations. Our 5000-yr pollen and macrofossil record suggests that pinyon pine colonized the site sometime between 1290 and 420 yr BP, the latter age corresponding to the oldest tree in the stand. Electrophoretic data from living trees show that this colonization was not attended by typical founder effects predicted by theory or observed for other known founder events. Despite its isolation, recent founding, and probable long-distance origin, the Owl Canyon stand has not suffered significant losses in genetic variation relative to likely source populations. Large initial population size, multiple founding events, rapid population growth, or selection favoring heterozygous genotypes could all explain the high heterozygosity and only slightly reduced polymorphism and number of alleles per locus found in the Owl Canyon stand. These results demonstrate the genetic complexity of founder events and the utility of blending complementary approaches such as paleoecology and genetics to better understand the population biology of peripheral isolates. C1 NO ARIZONA UNIV,QUATERNARY STUDIES PROGRAM,FLAGSTAFF,AZ 86011. UNIV UTAH,DEPT BIOL,SALT LAKE CITY,UT 84112. UNIV COLORADO,BOULDER,CO 80309. NO ARIZONA UNIV,BILBY RES CTR,FLAGSTAFF,AZ 86011. RP BETANCOURT, JL (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,1675 W ANKLAM RD,TUCSON,AZ 85745, USA. NR 72 TC 70 Z9 70 U1 0 U2 10 PU ECOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 2010 MASSACHUSETTS AVE, NW, STE 400, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0012-9658 J9 ECOLOGY JI Ecology PD OCT PY 1991 VL 72 IS 5 BP 1685 EP 1697 PG 13 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA GK823 UT WOS:A1991GK82300016 ER PT J AU BUHL, KJ HAMILTON, SJ AF BUHL, KJ HAMILTON, SJ TI RELATIVE SENSITIVITY OF EARLY LIFE STAGES OF ARCTIC GRAYLING, COHO SALMON, AND RAINBOW-TROUT TO 9 INORGANICS SO ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY LA English DT Article ID CIRCLE QUADRANGLE; CHINOOK SALMON; ACUTE TOXICITY; WATER-QUALITY; GAIRDNERI; ALASKA; STREAMS RP BUHL, KJ (reprint author), US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,NATL FISHERIES CONTAMINANT RES CTR,FIELD RES STN,RR 1,BOX 295,YANKTON,SD 57078, USA. NR 44 TC 61 Z9 65 U1 0 U2 18 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC JNL-COMP SUBSCRIPTIONS PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 SN 0147-6513 J9 ECOTOX ENVIRON SAFE JI Ecotox. Environ. Safe. PD OCT PY 1991 VL 22 IS 2 BP 184 EP 197 DI 10.1016/0147-6513(91)90058-W PG 14 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA GH597 UT WOS:A1991GH59700007 PM 1769351 ER PT J AU HICKEY, JP PASSINOREADER, DR AF HICKEY, JP PASSINOREADER, DR TI LINEAR SOLVATION ENERGY RELATIONSHIPS - RULES OF THUMB FOR ESTIMATION OF VARIABLE VALUES SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID WATER PARTITION-COEFFICIENTS; PERFORMANCE LIQUID-CHROMATOGRAPHY; SOLVATOCHROMIC COMPARISON METHOD; INTRINSIC MOLECULAR VOLUME; HYDROGEN-BOND BASICITY; ORGANIC NONELECTROLYTES; SOLUBILITY PROPERTIES; BIOLOGICAL MEDIA; AROMATIC SOLUTES; CAVITY TERM AB For the linear solvation energy relationship (LSER), values are listed for each of the variables (V(i)/100, pi*, beta-m, alpha-m) for fundamental organic structures and functional groups. We give the guidelines to estimate LSER variable values quickly for a vast array of possible organic compounds such as those found in the environment. The difficulty in generating these variables has greatly discouraged the application of this quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) method. This paper presents the first compilation of molecular functional group values together with a utilitarian set of the LSER variable estimation rules. The availability of these variable values and rules should facilitate widespread application of LSER for hazard evaluation of environmental contaminants. RP HICKEY, JP (reprint author), US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,NATL FISHERIES RES CTR GREAT LAKES,1451 GREEN RD,ANN ARBOR,MI 48105, USA. NR 34 TC 128 Z9 132 U1 1 U2 25 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0013-936X J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD OCT PY 1991 VL 25 IS 10 BP 1753 EP 1760 DI 10.1021/es00022a012 PG 8 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA GH491 UT WOS:A1991GH49100016 ER PT J AU THURMAN, EM GOOLSBY, DA MEYER, MT KOLPIN, DW AF THURMAN, EM GOOLSBY, DA MEYER, MT KOLPIN, DW TI HERBICIDES IN SURFACE WATERS OF THE MIDWESTERN UNITED-STATES - THE EFFECT OF SPRING FLUSH SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Note ID POLLUTION RP THURMAN, EM (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,4821 QUAIL CREST PL,LAWRENCE,KS 66049, USA. RI Thurman, Earl/B-5131-2011; OI Meyer, Michael/0000-0001-6006-7985 NR 12 TC 290 Z9 293 U1 3 U2 19 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0013-936X J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD OCT PY 1991 VL 25 IS 10 BP 1794 EP 1796 DI 10.1021/es00022a018 PG 3 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA GH491 UT WOS:A1991GH49100022 ER PT J AU GADOMSKI, DM CADDELL, SM AF GADOMSKI, DM CADDELL, SM TI EFFECTS OF TEMPERATURE ON EARLY-LIFE-HISTORY STAGES OF CALIFORNIA HALIBUT PARALICHTHYS-CALIFORNICUS SO FISHERY BULLETIN LA English DT Article ID ENGLISH SOLE; FISH LARVAE; GROWTH; RECRUITMENT; SETTLEMENT; TRANSPORT; MOVEMENTS; VETULUS; SHELF; BAY AB Laboratory experiments were conducted to determine how growth and survival of early-life-history stages of California halibut Paralichthys californicus are influenced by temperature, and how optimal temperature ranges may change with ontogeny. As halibut developed from eggs to juveniles, highest survival occurred at increasingly higher temperature ranges. Within tolerance limits, growth and development rates of all early-life-history stages were directly proportional to temperature. Eggs hatched successfully at 12, 16, and 20-degrees-C; at 8 and 24-degrees-C they died prior to embryo formation. Larval survival 17 days after hatching was 23-46% at 16, 20, and 24-degrees-C, but almost all larvae died at 12-degrees-C after an initial period of high survival. At 8-degrees-C, larval development ceased at the early yolksac stage. Survival of 3-month-old juvenile halibut was significantly greater at 20, 24, and 28-degrees-C (57-76%) than at 16-degrees-C (31%). Temperature also affected settlement rate; when the temperature of 1-month-old larvae was raised from 16-degrees-C to 20-degrees-C, settlement occurred about a week sooner than settlement of larvae remaining at 16-degrees-C. Tolerance ranges of halibut early-life-history stages determined in the laboratory approximate temperatures encountered by halibut in the field; high densities of newly-settled halibut larvae and juveniles have been collected in shallow areas of bays where temperatures are often higher than the open ocean inhabited by young larvae. These warmer inshore nursery grounds could enhance growth and survival of halibut juveniles. C1 OCCIDENTAL COLL,VANTUNA RES GRP,LOS ANGELES,CA 90041. NAT HIST MUSEUM LOS ANGELES,ICHTHYOL SECT,LOS ANGELES,CA 90007. RP GADOMSKI, DM (reprint author), US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,NATL FISHERY RES CTR,COLUMBIA RIVER FIELD STN,STAR ROUTE,COOK,WA 98605, USA. NR 56 TC 54 Z9 61 U1 1 U2 6 PU NATL MARINE FISHERIES SERVICE SCIENTIFIC PUBL OFFICE PI SEATTLE PA 7600 SAND POINT WAY NE BIN C15700, SEATTLE, WA 98115 SN 0090-0656 J9 FISH B-NOAA JI Fish. Bull. PD OCT PY 1991 VL 89 IS 4 BP 567 EP 576 PG 10 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA GU460 UT WOS:A1991GU46000003 ER PT J AU MAULE, AG SCHRECK, CB AF MAULE, AG SCHRECK, CB TI STRESS AND CORTISOL TREATMENT CHANGED AFFINITY AND NUMBER OF GLUCOCORTICOID RECEPTORS IN LEUKOCYTES AND GILL OF COHO SALMON SO GENERAL AND COMPARATIVE ENDOCRINOLOGY LA English DT Article ID ONCORHYNCHUS-KISUTCH; IMMUNE-RESPONSES; DOWN-REGULATION; LYMPHOCYTES; MICE; BINDING; CELLS; HYDROCORTISONE; TSHAWYTSCHA; SUPPRESSION RP MAULE, AG (reprint author), OREGON STATE UNIV,US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,OREGON COOPERAT FISHERY RES UNIT,CORVALLIS,OR 97331, USA. NR 44 TC 103 Z9 106 U1 1 U2 8 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC JNL-COMP SUBSCRIPTIONS PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 SN 0016-6480 J9 GEN COMP ENDOCR JI Gen. Comp. Endocrinol. PD OCT PY 1991 VL 84 IS 1 BP 83 EP 93 DI 10.1016/0016-6480(91)90067-G PG 11 WC Endocrinology & Metabolism SC Endocrinology & Metabolism GA GJ537 UT WOS:A1991GJ53700010 PM 1778412 ER PT J AU BANFIELD, JF JONES, BF VEBLEN, DR AF BANFIELD, JF JONES, BF VEBLEN, DR TI AN AEM-TEM STUDY OF WEATHERING AND DIAGENESIS, ABERT LAKE, OREGON .1. WEATHERING REACTIONS IN THE VOLCANICS SO GEOCHIMICA ET COSMOCHIMICA ACTA LA English DT Article ID TRANSMISSION ELECTRON-MICROSCOPE; CLAY-MINERALS; FELDSPAR; OLIVINE AB Abert Lake in south-central Oregon provides a site suitable for the study of sequential weathering and diagenetic events. In this first of two papers, transmission electron microscopy was used to characterize the igneous mineralogy, subsolidus alteration assemblage, and the structural and chemical aspects of silicate weathering reactions that occur in the volcanic rocks (basalts, basaltic andesites, and dacitic/rhylotic extrusive and pyroclastics) that outcrop around the lake. Olivine and pyroxene replacement occurred topotactically, whereas feldspar and glass alteration produced randomly oriented smectite in channels and cavities. The tetrahedral, octahedral, and interlayer compositions of the weathering products, largely dioctahedral smectites, varied with primary mineral composition, rock type, and as the result of addition of elements released from adjacent reactions sites. Weathering of the highly evolved, Fe-rich Jug Mountain complex at the north end of the lake produced a homogeneous smectite assemblage that contrasts with the heterogeneous smectite assemblage replacing the volcanics along the eastern margin of the lake. The variability within and between the smectite assemblages highlights the microenvironmental diversity, fluctuating redox conditions, and variable solution chemistry associated with mineral weathering reactions in the surficial environment. Late-stage exhalative and aqueous alteration of the volcanics redistributed many components and formed a variety of alkali and alkali-earth carbonate, chloride, sulfate, and fluoride minerals in vugs and cracks. Overall, substantial Mg, Si, Na, Ca, and K are released by weathering reactions that include the almost complete destruction of the Mg-smectite that initially replaced olivine. The leaching of these elements from the volcanics provides an important source of these constituents in the lake water. The nature of subsequent diagenetic reactions resulting from the interaction between the materials transported to the lake and the solution will be described in part II (BANFIELD et al., 1991). C1 JOHNS HOPKINS UNIV HOSP,DEPT EARTH & PLANETARY SCI,BALTIMORE,MD 21218. US GEOL SURVEY,NATL CTR,RESTON,VA 22092. NR 29 TC 80 Z9 80 U1 1 U2 13 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 0016-7037 J9 GEOCHIM COSMOCHIM AC JI Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta PD OCT PY 1991 VL 55 IS 10 BP 2781 EP 2793 DI 10.1016/0016-7037(91)90444-A PG 13 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA GK849 UT WOS:A1991GK84900007 ER PT J AU BANFIELD, JF JONES, BF VEBLEN, DR AF BANFIELD, JF JONES, BF VEBLEN, DR TI AN AEM-TEM STUDY OF WEATHERING AND DIAGENESIS, ABERT LAKE, OREGON .2. DIAGENETIC MODIFICATION OF THE SEDIMENTARY ASSEMBLAGE SO GEOCHIMICA ET COSMOCHIMICA ACTA LA English DT Article ID ELECTRON-MICROSCOPY; SMECTITE; BEHAVIOR; ALKALINE; SILICA; CHAD AB This paper compares the mineralogy and chemistry of clay minerals in sediments from various depths and positions in Abert Lake and surrounding playa with those of the weathered materials entering the lake in order to reveal the nature and extent of post-depositional mineralogical modification. Analytical electron microscope (AEM) data from individual clay particles reveal that each sample is comprised of a highly inhomogeneous smectite assemblage. The thin clay flakes (commonly less than 10 nm wide) display a complete range in octahedral sheet compositions from nearly dioctahedral to nearly trioctahedral. The very abundant Mg-rich lake smectites with an estimated composition K0.29(Al0.23Mg2.16Fe0.30)Si3.80Al0.20O10(OH)2 are not formed by weathering. This confirms the importance of diagenetic Mg uptake. Lattice-fringe imaging failed to reveal distinct brucite-like or vermiculite-like layers, suggesting that interstratifications of this type are rare or absent. Siliceous coatings on clay particles (identified by silica excess in smectite analyses) seem to favor topotactic overgrowth of stevensite rather than addition of brucite-like layers to the dioctahedral nuclei. The growth of K-stevensite dilutes the Al content of the crystal, and thus the increasing diagenetic modification reduces rather than supplements its illite component. Smectite compositions within individual samples were highly variable, yet source-related characteristics such as the abundance of Fe-rich smectite were apparent. Little evidence for systematic K or Mg enrichment with depth was identified in samples from depths of down to 16 feet below the sediment-water interface. The most magnesian assemblages are associated both with weathering sources of Mg-rich smectite and playa environments subjected to repeated wetting and drying cycles. Thus, the observations suggest that clay compositions primarily reflect changes in lake levels, brine composition, and source characteristics, rather than time and depth/compaction effects. Other diagenetic reactions in the sediment include recrystallization of Na-rich silica gel and diatom fragments. Abundant, submicron-sized, untwinned, euhedral crystals of K-feldspar are interpreted to be authigenic in origin. C1 JOHNS HOPKINS UNIV HOSP,DEPT EARTH & PLANETARY SCI,BALTIMORE,MD 21218. US GEOL SURVEY,NATL CTR,RESTON,VA 22092. NR 30 TC 47 Z9 48 U1 4 U2 8 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 0016-7037 J9 GEOCHIM COSMOCHIM AC JI Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta PD OCT PY 1991 VL 55 IS 10 BP 2795 EP 2810 DI 10.1016/0016-7037(91)90445-B PG 16 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA GK849 UT WOS:A1991GK84900008 ER PT J AU BLOME, CD NESTELL, MK AF BLOME, CD NESTELL, MK TI EVOLUTION OF A PERMO-TRIASSIC SEDIMENTARY MELANGE, GRINDSTONE TERRANE, EAST-CENTRAL OREGON SO GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA BULLETIN LA English DT Review ID WESTERN UNITED-STATES; KLAMATH MOUNTAINS; ARC SEDIMENTATION; CALIFORNIA; FACIES; BASIN; RADIOLARIA; JAPAN; ROCKS AB The Grindstone terrane in east-central Oregon is one of the few areas in western North America where large blocks of unmetamorphosed Devonian, Mississippian, and Permian limestones are intermixed with Permian and Lower Triassic radiolarian chert and Pennsylvanian?, Permian, and Triassic volcaniclastic rocks. Although originally described as parts of a coherent succession, we interpret the Grindstone rocks to be a sedimentary melange composed of Paleozoic limestone slide and slump blocks that became detached from a carbonate shelf fringing a volcanic knoll or edifice in Late Permian to Middle Triassic time and were intermixed with Permian and Triassic slope to basinal clastic and volcaniclastic rocks in a forearc basin setting. Paleogeographic affinities of the Grindstone limestone faunas and volcaniclastic debris in the limestone and clastic rocks all indicate deposition in proximity to an island-arc system near the North American craton. The Grindstone terrane deposits are unconformably overlain by Upper Triassic to Middle Jurassic sequences of the Izee terrane. Although lithologic and faunal differences indicate that the Grindstone and Izee terranes together represent a tectonic block separate from the adjacent Baker terrane, all three terranes were juxtaposed by Late Triassic or Early Jurassic time. We recommend reduction to informal status for the Coffee Creek (Mississippian), Spotted Ridge (Pennsylvanian?), and Coyote Butte (Permian) formations because (1) these cannot be mapped or traced beyond limited areas, and (2) these older rocks are chaotically intermixed with younger chert and volcaniclastic rocks. New biostratigraphic data indicate that the bulk of the Spotted Ridge volcaniclastic rocks represent a part of the Triassic Vester Formation of the Izee terrane. C1 UNIV TEXAS,DEPT GEOL,ARLINGTON,TX 76019. RP BLOME, CD (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,CTR FED,MS 919,BOX 25046,DENVER,CO 80225, USA. NR 112 TC 21 Z9 21 U1 2 U2 4 PU GEOLOGICAL SOC AMERICA PI BOULDER PA PO BOX 9140 3300 PENROSE PLACE, BOULDER, CO 80301 SN 0016-7606 J9 GEOL SOC AM BULL JI Geol. Soc. Am. Bull. PD OCT PY 1991 VL 103 IS 10 BP 1280 EP 1296 DI 10.1130/0016-7606(1991)103<1280:EOAPTS>2.3.CO;2 PG 17 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA GH849 UT WOS:A1991GH84900003 ER PT J AU HAUGERUD, RA VANDERHEYDEN, P TABOR, RW STACEY, JS ZARTMAN, RE AF HAUGERUD, RA VANDERHEYDEN, P TABOR, RW STACEY, JS ZARTMAN, RE TI LATE CRETACEOUS AND EARLY TERTIARY PLUTONISM AND DEFORMATION IN THE SKAGIT GNEISS COMPLEX, NORTH CASCADE RANGE, WASHINGTON AND BRITISH-COLUMBIA SO GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA BULLETIN LA English DT Article ID HISTORY; CORE; BELT; AGES AB The Skagit Gneiss Complex forms a more-or-less continuous terrane within the northern, more deeply eroded part of the North Cascade Range. The complex comprises abundant plutons intruded at mid-crustal depths into a variety of metamorphosed supracrustal rocks of both oceanic and volcanic-arc origin. A plethora of syntectonic pegmatite, small plutons, and granitic dikes gives the complex a migmatitic aspect. U-Pb zircon ages from gneissic plutons within and near the Skagit Gneiss Complex indicate magmatic crystallization between 75 and 60 Ma. Deformation, recrystallization, and migmatization in part postdate intrusion of the 75-60 Ma plutons. This latest Cretaceous and earliest Tertiary plutonism and migmatization may reflect thermal relaxation following early Late Cretaceous orogeny documented elsewhere in the North Cascades. The complex was ductilely extended northwest-southeast shortly after intrusion of granite dikes at approximately-45 Ma, but before emplacement of the earliest (approximately-34 Ma) plutons of the Cascade arc. Outcrops of Late Cretaceous and earliest Tertiary plutons, migmatites of the Skagit Gneiss Complex, and rocks with young ductile deformation are roughly coextensive, all apparently marking a region of greater middle Eocene unroofing. Unroofing was apparently contemporaneous with east-west extension in the Okanogan region to the east and north-south and northwest-southeast strike-slip faulting within the North Cascades. C1 UNIV BRITISH COLUMBIA,DEPT GEOL SCI,VANCOUVER V6T 2B4,BC,CANADA. US GEOL SURVEY,MENLO PK,CA 94025. US GEOL SURVEY,DENVER,CO 80225. RP HAUGERUD, RA (reprint author), UNIV WASHINGTON,DEPT GEOL SCI,US GEOL SURV,AJ-20,SEATTLE,WA 98195, USA. NR 64 TC 39 Z9 39 U1 0 U2 5 PU GEOLOGICAL SOC AMERICA PI BOULDER PA PO BOX 9140 3300 PENROSE PLACE, BOULDER, CO 80301 SN 0016-7606 J9 GEOL SOC AM BULL JI Geol. Soc. Am. Bull. PD OCT PY 1991 VL 103 IS 10 BP 1297 EP 1307 DI 10.1130/0016-7606(1991)103<1297:LCAETP>2.3.CO;2 PG 11 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA GH849 UT WOS:A1991GH84900004 ER PT J AU ENGLAND, P WELLS, RE AF ENGLAND, P WELLS, RE TI NEOGENE ROTATIONS AND QUASI-CONTINUOUS DEFORMATION OF THE PACIFIC-NORTHWEST CONTINENTAL-MARGIN SO GEOLOGY LA English DT Article ID VISCOUS SHEET MODEL; SOUTHWEST WASHINGTON; TECTONIC HISTORY; VOLCANIC-ROCKS; FINITE STRAIN; PALEOMAGNETISM; CALIFORNIA; OREGON; ENVIRONMENTS; PARAMETERS AB Paleomagnetically determined rotations about vertical axes of 15 to 12 Ma flows of the Miocene Columbia River Basalt Group of Oregon and Washington decrease smoothly with distance from the plate margin, consistent with a simple physical model for continental deformation that assumes the lithosphere behaves as a thin layer of fluid. The average rate of northward translation of the continental margin since 15 Ma calculated from the rotations, using this model, is about 15 mm/yr, which suggests that much of the tangential motion between the Juan de Fuca and North American plates since middle Miocene time has been taken up by deformation of North America. The fluid-like character of the large-scale deformation implies that the brittle upper crust follows the motions of the deeper parts of the lithosphere. C1 US GEOL SURVEY,MENLO PK,CA 94025. RP ENGLAND, P (reprint author), UNIV OXFORD,DEPT EARTH SCI,PARKS RD,OXFORD OX1 3PR,ENGLAND. RI England, Philip/A-1920-2010 OI England, Philip/0000-0002-9024-8901 NR 30 TC 55 Z9 55 U1 0 U2 2 PU GEOLOGICAL SOC AMERICA PI BOULDER PA PO BOX 9140 3300 PENROSE PLACE, BOULDER, CO 80301 SN 0091-7613 J9 GEOLOGY JI Geology PD OCT PY 1991 VL 19 IS 10 BP 978 EP 981 DI 10.1130/0091-7613(1991)019<0978:NRAQDO>2.3.CO;2 PG 4 WC Geology SC Geology GA GH835 UT WOS:A1991GH83500005 ER PT J AU CLAGUE, DA MOORE, JG AF CLAGUE, DA MOORE, JG TI MAHUKONA - THE MISSING HAWAIIAN VOLCANO - COMMENT SO GEOLOGY LA English DT Note RP CLAGUE, DA (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,MENLO PK,CA 94025, USA. NR 0 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 1 PU GEOLOGICAL SOC AMERICA PI BOULDER PA PO BOX 9140 3300 PENROSE PLACE, BOULDER, CO 80301 SN 0091-7613 J9 GEOLOGY JI Geology PD OCT PY 1991 VL 19 IS 10 BP 1049 EP 1050 DI 10.1130/0091-7613(1991)019<1049:CAROMT>2.3.CO;2 PG 2 WC Geology SC Geology GA GH835 UT WOS:A1991GH83500023 ER PT J AU JARRETT, RD AF JARRETT, RD TI WADING MEASUREMENTS OF VERTICAL VELOCITY PROFILES SO GEOMORPHOLOGY LA English DT Article AB Increasingly, there is a recognized need to enhance research of hydraulic, geomorphic and sediment-transport processes in rivers. This research often includes studies of the velocity distribution in rivers. This paper describes the use of the top-setting wading rod and a table and an analytical expression to more easily obtain vertical velocity profiles in rivers. RP JARRETT, RD (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,BOX 25046,MS 412,DENVER,CO 80225, USA. NR 0 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0169-555X J9 GEOMORPHOLOGY JI Geomorphology PD OCT PY 1991 VL 4 IS 3-4 BP 243 EP 247 DI 10.1016/0169-555X(91)90007-W PG 5 WC Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Physical Geography; Geology GA GP179 UT WOS:A1991GP17900006 ER PT J AU CUNNINGHAM, KI LAROCK, EJ AF CUNNINGHAM, KI LAROCK, EJ TI RECOGNITION OF MICROCLIMATE ZONES THROUGH RADON MAPPING, LECHUGUILLA CAVE, CARLSBAD-CAVERNS-NATIONAL-PARK, NEW-MEXICO SO HEALTH PHYSICS LA English DT Article AB Radon concentrations range from < 185 to 3,515 Bq m-3 throughout Lechuguilla Cave, Carlsbad Caverns National Park, New Mexico. Concentrations in the entrance passages and areas immediately adjacent to these passages are controlled by outside air temperature and barometric pressure, similar to other Type 2 caves. Most of the cave is developed in three geographic branches beneath the entrance passages; these areas maintain Rn levels independent of surface effects, an indication that Rn levels in deep, complex caves or mines cannot be simply estimated by outside atmospheric parameters. These deeper, more isolated areas are subject to convective ventilation driven by temperature differences along the 477-m vertical extent of the cave. Radon concentrations are used to delineate six microclimate zones (air circulation cells) throughout the cave in conjunction with observed airflow data. Suspected surface connections contribute fresh air to remote cave areas demonstrated by anomalous Rn lows surrounded by higher values, the presence of mammalian skeletal remains, CO2 concentrations and temperatures lower than the cave mean, and associated surficial karst features. RP CUNNINGHAM, KI (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY, DENVER FED CTR, MS 939, BOX 25046, DENVER, CO 80225 USA. NR 10 TC 22 Z9 22 U1 1 U2 8 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 0017-9078 EI 1538-5159 J9 HEALTH PHYS JI Health Phys. PD OCT PY 1991 VL 61 IS 4 BP 493 EP 500 DI 10.1097/00004032-199110000-00004 PG 8 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Nuclear Science & Technology; Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Nuclear Science & Technology; Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging GA GH834 UT WOS:A1991GH83400004 PM 1917486 ER PT J AU MEYER, FP AF MEYER, FP TI AQUACULTURE DISEASE AND HEALTH MANAGEMENT SO JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE AQUACULTURE; FISH FARMING; FISH DISEASES; ICTALURUS-PUNCTATUS; TROUT; SHELLFISH ID CULTURE METHODS; UNITED-STATES; OUTLINE AB Disease problems constitute the largest single cause of economic losses aquaculture. In 1988, channel catfish producers lost over 100 million fish worth nearly $11 million. Estimates for 1989 predict even higher losses. The trout industry reported 1988 losses of over 20 million fish worth over $2.5 million. No data are available on losses sustained by producers of shellfish. Bacterial infections constitute the most important source of disease problems in all the various types of production. Gram-negative bacteria cause epizootics in nearly all cultured species. Fungal diseases constitute the second most important source of losses, especially in the culture of crustaceans and salmon. External protozoan parasites are responsible for the loss of large numbers of fry and fingerling fin fishes and are a cause of epizootics among young shellfish. The number of therapeutants approved by the Food and Drug Administration is limited. Research to support the registration of promising therapeutic agents is urgently needed. RP MEYER, FP (reprint author), US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,LA CRESCENT,MN 55947, USA. NR 34 TC 81 Z9 87 U1 4 U2 16 PU AMER SOC ANIMAL SCIENCE PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 SN 0021-8812 J9 J ANIM SCI JI J. Anim. Sci. PD OCT PY 1991 VL 69 IS 10 BP 4201 EP 4208 PG 8 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA GH530 UT WOS:A1991GH53000038 PM 1778836 ER PT J AU GIBSON, TG BARBIN, V POIGNANT, A SZTRAKOS, K AF GIBSON, TG BARBIN, V POIGNANT, A SZTRAKOS, K TI EARLY EVOLUTION OF TUBULOGENERINA DURING THE PALEOGENE OF EUROPE SO JOURNAL OF FORAMINIFERAL RESEARCH LA English DT Article AB The early evolution of Tubulogenerina took place in Europe where eight species occur in lower Eocene to uppermost Oligocene or lower Miocene strata. European Tubulogenerina species have been reported most commonly from France. However, during the acme of this genus in the Eocene, some species ranged northward into England, eastward to Romania and the Ukraine in the U.S.S.R., and southward into northern Italy. Species diversity within Tubulogenerina dropped significantly in the early Oligocene; only a single species persisted from the late Eocene, and it became extinct before the end of the early Oligocene. In the late Oligocene, only one or possibly two species survived in southwestern France. Tubulogenerina was eliminated from Europe in the latest Oligocene or early Miocene. Morphologic changes during the European phylogeny of Tubulogenerina include (1) the development of costate and more complex tubulopore ornamentation, and (2) the change from a single elongated apertural slit with a single toothplate to multiple apertures and toothplates. Three new Tubulogenerina species are described herein: T. multitubulosa from Eocene and T. lunata from upper Oligocene strata of southwestern France and T. nodosa from middle Eocene strata of the Paris Basin. Lectotypes are selected for Bigenerina conica, Siphogenerina papillosa, Siphogenerina sulcata, and Textularia (Bigenerina) tubulifera. C1 UNIV PARIS 06,MICROPALEONTOL LAB,F-75252 PARIS,FRANCE. UNIV BERN,INST GEOL,CH-3012 BERN,SWITZERLAND. NATL HIST MUSEUM GENEVA,CH-1211 GENEVA 6,SWITZERLAND. UNIV PARIS 06,URA 1315,F-75252 PARIS,FRANCE. RP GIBSON, TG (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,970 NATL CTR,RESTON,VA 22092, USA. NR 30 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU CUSHMAN FOUNDATION FORAMINIFERAL RES PI CAMBRIDGE PA MUSEUM COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY, DEPT INVERTEBRATE PALEONTOLOGY 26 OXFORD ST, HARVARD UNIV, CAMBRIDGE, MA 02138 SN 0096-1191 J9 J FORAMIN RES JI J. Foraminifer. Res. PD OCT PY 1991 VL 21 IS 4 BP 299 EP 312 PG 14 WC Paleontology SC Paleontology GA GN386 UT WOS:A1991GN38600003 ER PT J AU CHAPELLE, FH MCMAHON, PB AF CHAPELLE, FH MCMAHON, PB TI GEOCHEMISTRY OF DISSOLVED INORGANIC CARBON IN A COASTAL-PLAIN AQUIFER .1. SULFATE FROM CONFINING BEDS AS AN OXIDANT IN MICROBIAL CO-2 PRODUCTION SO JOURNAL OF HYDROLOGY LA English DT Article ID DEEP SUBSURFACE ENVIRONMENTS; SOUTH-CAROLINA; SEDIMENTS; GROUNDWATER; BACTERIA; CO2; REDUCTION; MARYLAND; METHANE; WATER AB A primary source of dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) in the Black Creek aquifer of South Carolina is carbon dioxide produced by microbially mediated oxidation of sedimentary organic matter. Groundwater chemistry data indicate, however, that the available mass of inorganic electron acceptors (oxygen, Fe(III), and sulfate) and observed methane production is inadequate to account for observed CO2 production. Although sulfate concentrations are low (approximately 0.05-0.10 mM) in aquifer water throughout the flow system, sulfate concentrations are greater in confining-bed pore water (0.4-20 mM). The distribution of culturable sulfate-reducing bacteria in these sediments suggests that this concentration gradient is maintained by greater sulfate-reducing activity in sands than in clays. Calculations based on Fick's Law indicate that possible rates of sulfate diffusion to aquifer sediments are sufficient to explain observed rates of CO2 production (about 10(-5) mmoll-1 year-1), thus eliminating the apparent electron-acceptor deficit. Furthermore, concentrations of dissolved hydrogen in aquifer water are in the range characteristic of sulfate reduction (2-6 nM), which provides independent evidence that sulfate reduction is the predominant terminal electron-accepting process in this system. The observed accumulation of pyrite- and calcite-cemented sandstones at sand-clay interfaces is direct physical evidence that these processes have been continuing over the history of these sediments. RP CHAPELLE, FH (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,STEPHENSON CTR,720 GRACERN RD,SUITE 129,COLUMBIA,SC 29210, USA. NR 34 TC 88 Z9 88 U1 1 U2 12 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0022-1694 J9 J HYDROL JI J. Hydrol. PD OCT PY 1991 VL 127 IS 1-4 BP 85 EP 108 DI 10.1016/0022-1694(91)90110-4 PG 24 WC Engineering, Civil; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Engineering; Geology; Water Resources GA GN045 UT WOS:A1991GN04500006 ER PT J AU MCMAHON, PB CHAPELLE, FH AF MCMAHON, PB CHAPELLE, FH TI GEOCHEMISTRY OF DISSOLVED INORGANIC CARBON IN A COASTAL-PLAIN AQUIFER .2. MODELING CARBON-SOURCES, SINKS, AND DELTA-C-13 EVOLUTION SO JOURNAL OF HYDROLOGY LA English DT Article ID SOUTH-CAROLINA; STABLE CARBON; GROUNDWATER; MARYLAND; SEDIMENTS; CO2; METABOLISM; SUBSURFACE; ISOTOPES; HISTORY AB Stable isotope data for dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC), carbonate shell material and cements, and microbial CO2 were combined with organic and inorganic chemical data from aquifer and confining-bed pore waters to construct geochemical reaction models along a flowpath in the Black Creek aquifer of South Carolina. Carbon-isotope fractionation between DIC and precipitating cements was treated as a Rayleigh distillation process. Organic matter oxidation was coupled to microbial fermentation and sulfate reduction. All reaction models reproduced the observed chemical and isotopic compositions of final waters. However, model 1, in which all sources of carbon and electron-acceptors were assumed to be internal to the aquifer, was invalidated owing to the large ratio of fermentation CO2 to respiration CO2 predicted by the model (5-49) compared with measured ratios (two or less). In model 2, this ratio was reduced by assuming that confining beds adjacent to the aquifer act as sources of dissolved organic carbon and sulfate. This assumption was based on measured high concentrations of dissolved organic acids and sulfate in confining-bed pore waters (60-100-mu-M and 100-380-mu-M, respectively) relative to aquifer pore waters (from less than 30-mu-M and 2-80-mu-M, respectively). Sodium was chosen as the companion ion to organic-acid and sulfate transport from confining beds because it is the predominant cation in confining-bed pore waters. As a result, excessive amounts of Na-for-Ca ion exchange and calcite precipitation (three to four times more cement than observed in the aquifer) were required by model 2 to achieve mass and isotope balance of final water. For this reason. model 2 was invalidated. Agreement between model-predicted and measured amounts of carbonate cement and ratios of fermentation CO2 to respiration CO2 were obtained in a reaction model that assumed confining beds act as sources of DIC, as well as organic acids and sulfate. This assumption was supported by measured high concentrations of DIC in confining beds (2.6-2.7 mM). Results from this study show that geochemical models of confined aquifer systems must incorporate the effects of adjacent confining beds to reproduce observed groundwater chemistry accurately. RP MCMAHON, PB (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,STEPHENSON CTR,SUITE 129,720 GRACERN RD,COLUMBIA,SC 29210, USA. NR 45 TC 27 Z9 27 U1 1 U2 10 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0022-1694 J9 J HYDROL JI J. Hydrol. PD OCT PY 1991 VL 127 IS 1-4 BP 109 EP 135 DI 10.1016/0022-1694(91)90111-T PG 27 WC Engineering, Civil; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Engineering; Geology; Water Resources GA GN045 UT WOS:A1991GN04500007 ER PT J AU LAWRENCE, E POETER, E WANTY, R AF LAWRENCE, E POETER, E WANTY, R TI GEOHYDROLOGIC, GEOCHEMICAL, AND GEOLOGIC CONTROLS ON THE OCCURRENCE OF RADON IN GROUND-WATER NEAR CONIFER, COLORADO, USA SO JOURNAL OF HYDROLOGY LA English DT Article ID INDOOR AB Integrated studies of geohydrology, geochemistry, and geology of crystalline rocks in the vicinity of Conifer, Colorado, reveal that radon concentrations do not correlate with variations in concentrations of other dissolved species. Concentrations of major ions show systematic variations along selected ground-water flowpaths, whereas radon concentrations are dependent on local geochemical and geologic phenomena (such as localized uranium concentration in the rock or the presence of faults or folds). When radon enters the flow system, concentrations do not increase along flowpaths because its decay rate is fast relative to groundwater flow rates. Radon-222 is not in secular equilibrium with U-238 and Ra-226 in the water. Therefore, most of the U-238 and Ra-226 necessary to support the waterborne Rn-222 must be present locally in the rock. High concentrations of dissolved radon are not found in zones of high transmissivity, and transmissivity is not correlated with rock type in the study area. A higher transmissivity can be indicative of higher water-volume to rock-surface-area ratios, which could effectively dilute Rn-222 entering the water and/or may indicate that emanated radon is carried away more rapidly. Water samples collected from individual wells over periods of several months showed significant fluctuations in the dissolved Rn-222 content. This fluctuation may be controlled by changes in the contributions of water-producing zones within the well resulting from seasonal fluctuations of the water table and/or pumping stresses. C1 COLORADO SCH MINES,DEPT GEOL & GEOL ENGN,GOLDEN,CO 80401. US GEOL SURVEY,DENVER FED CTR,DENVER,CO 80225. RP LAWRENCE, E (reprint author), GERAGHTY MILLER,1099 18TH ST,SUITE 2100,DENVER,CO 80202, USA. NR 23 TC 29 Z9 30 U1 0 U2 4 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0022-1694 J9 J HYDROL JI J. Hydrol. PD OCT PY 1991 VL 127 IS 1-4 BP 367 EP 386 DI 10.1016/0022-1694(91)90123-Y PG 20 WC Engineering, Civil; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Engineering; Geology; Water Resources GA GN045 UT WOS:A1991GN04500019 ER PT J AU SAFAK, E AF SAFAK, E TI IDENTIFICATION OF LINEAR STRUCTURES USING DISCRETE-TIME FILTERS SO JOURNAL OF STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING-ASCE LA English DT Article AB Most of the previous studies considered structural system identification in the continuous-time domain. The discrete-time approach to the problem is more natural since all the recordings are in the discrete-time form. This study presents a discrete-time metho for system identification by using discrete-time linear filters. The method itself is well known in electrical and systems engineering fields, and therefore is not new. The objective in the paper is to present the method by emphasising its relation to the more familiar continuous-domain modal analysis approach that is widely used in structural engineering. In addition to the method, some practical but important problems are also discussed in the paper, such as the processing of data, the selection and validation of models in the identification, and the detection of soil-structure interaction. As an example, a 12-story building was identified by using recordings from the magnitude 6.4, San Fernando, California earthquake of February 9, 1971. RP SAFAK, E (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,RES STRUCT ENGN,922 NAT CTR,RESTON,VA 22092, USA. NR 16 TC 46 Z9 46 U1 0 U2 1 PU ASCE-AMER SOC CIVIL ENG PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017-2398 SN 0733-9445 J9 J STRUCT ENG-ASCE JI J. Struct. Eng.-ASCE PD OCT PY 1991 VL 117 IS 10 BP 3064 EP 3085 PG 22 WC Construction & Building Technology; Engineering, Civil SC Construction & Building Technology; Engineering GA GG850 UT WOS:A1991GG85000015 ER PT J AU BOGGS, JF MCMURRY, ST LESLIE, DM ENGLE, DM LOCHMILLER, RL AF BOGGS, JF MCMURRY, ST LESLIE, DM ENGLE, DM LOCHMILLER, RL TI INFLUENCE OF HABITAT MODIFICATION ON THE COMMUNITY OF GASTROINTESTINAL HELMINTHS OF COTTON RATS SO JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE DISEASES LA English DT Article DE COTTON RAT; SIGMODON-HISPIDUS; HABITAT MODIFICATION; PARASITISM; HELMINTH COMMUNITY ECOLOGY; BRUSH MANAGEMENT; TEBUTHIURON; TRICLOPYR; PRESCRIBED BURNING ID TALLGRASS PRAIRIE; POPULATIONS; TEXAS AB Dynamics of communities of gastrointestinal helminths of cotton rats (Sigmodon hispidus) were monitored in response to five experimental brush management treatments using herbicide applications with and without prescribed burning on the Cross Timbers Experimental Range in Payne County, Oklahoma (USA). A total of 113 adult cotton rats (68 male and 45 female) was collected from experimental pastures in winter and summer 1986 resulting in the recovery of five species of helminths: Longistriata adunca, Syphacia sigmodontis, Strongyloides sp., Protospirura muris, and Raillietina sp. Prevalences of Raillietina sp. and S. sigmodontis were greater on control than herbicide-treated pastures. Prevalence and abundance of Raillietina sp. and prevalence of S. sigmodontis were significantly lower on annually burned, herbicide-treated pastures compared to unburned herbicide-treated pastures. Triclopyr-treated pastures had greater abundances of L. adunca and lower abundances of Raillietina sp. than those treated with tebuthiuron. Abundances of L. adunca also decreased from winter to -summer on annually burned, herbicide-treated pastures while increasing on other pastures. Distribution of all helminths was overdispersed, but distribution of L. adunca showed a significant brush treatment by season interaction as a result of greater overdispersion in summer than winter for cotton rats inhabiting brush-treated pastures. Our results indicate that man-induced habitat modifications can alter host-parasite relationships in the community. C1 OKLAHOMA STATE UNIV,US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,OKLAHOMA COOPERAT FISH & WILDLIFE RES UNIT,STILLWATER,OK 74078. OKLAHOMA STATE UNIV,DEPT AGRON,STILLWATER,OK 74078. RP BOGGS, JF (reprint author), OKLAHOMA STATE UNIV,DEPT ZOOL,STILLWATER,OK 74078, USA. NR 36 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 4 PU WILDLIFE DISEASE ASSN, INC PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH ST, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 SN 0090-3558 J9 J WILDLIFE DIS JI J. Wildl. Dis. PD OCT PY 1991 VL 27 IS 4 BP 584 EP 593 PG 10 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA GP280 UT WOS:A1991GP28000009 PM 1758023 ER PT J AU DELGIUDICE, GD MECH, LD SEAL, US AF DELGIUDICE, GD MECH, LD SEAL, US TI GRAY WOLF DENSITY AND ITS ASSOCIATION WITH WEIGHTS AND HEMATOLOGY OF PUPS FROM 1970 TO 1988 SO JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE DISEASES LA English DT Article DE CANIS-LUPUS; HEMATOLOGY; HEMOGLOBIN; WOLF POPULATION DENSITY; WOLF PUPS; WOLF WEIGHTS ID WOLVES; MINNESOTA AB We examined weights and hematologic profiles of gray wolf (Canis lupus) pups and the associated wolf density in the east-central Superior National Forest of northeastern Minnesota (USA) during 1970 to 1988. We collected weight and hematologic data from 117 pups (57 females, 60 males) during 1 September to 22 November each year. The wolf density (wolves/800 km2) trend was divided into three phases: high (72 +/- 7), 1970 to 1975; medium (44 +/- 2), 1976 to 1983; and low (27 +/- 2), 1984 to 1988. Wolf numbers declined (P = 0.0001) 39 and 63% from 1970 to 1975 to 1976 to 1983 and from 1970 to 1975 to 1984 to 1988, respectively. Weight was similar between male and female pups and did not vary as wolf density changed. Mean hemoglobin (P = 0.04), red (P = 0.0001) and white blood cells (P = 0.002), mean corpuscular volume, mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration and mean corpuscular hemoglobin (P = 0.0001) did differ among the multi-annual phases of changing wolf density. Weight and hematologic data also were compared to values from captive wolf pups. The high, but declining wolf density was associated with macrocytic, normochromic anemia in wolf pups, whereas the lowest density coincided with a hypochromic anemia. Although hematologic values show promise for assessing wolf pup condition and wolf population status, they must be used cautiously until data are available from other populations. C1 UNIV MINNESOTA,DEPT FISHERIES & WILDLIFE,ST PAUL,MN 55108. US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,PATUXENT WILDLIFE RES CTR,LAUREL,MD 20708. US VET AFFAIRS MED CTR,RES SERV,MINNEAPOLIS,MN 55417. RP DELGIUDICE, GD (reprint author), MINNESOTA DEPT NAT RESOURCES,FOREST WILDLIFE POPULAT & RES GRP,GRANT RAPIDS,MN 55744, USA. NR 30 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 3 PU WILDLIFE DISEASE ASSN, INC PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH ST, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 SN 0090-3558 J9 J WILDLIFE DIS JI J. Wildl. Dis. PD OCT PY 1991 VL 27 IS 4 BP 630 EP 636 PG 7 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA GP280 UT WOS:A1991GP28000015 PM 1758028 ER PT J AU DELGIUDICE, GD ROGERS, LL ALLEN, AW SEAL, US AF DELGIUDICE, GD ROGERS, LL ALLEN, AW SEAL, US TI WEIGHTS AND HEMATOLOGY OF WILD BLACK BEARS DURING HIBERNATION SO JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE DISEASES LA English DT Article DE BLACK BEAR; BODY WEIGHT; HEMATOLOGY; HIBERNATION; LACTATION; NUTRITIONAL ASSESSMENT; URSUS-AMERICANUS AB We compared weights and hematological profiles of adult (> 3-yr-old) female black bears (Ursus americanus) during hibernation (after 8 january). We handled 28 bears one to four times (total of 47) over 4 yr of varying mast and berry production. Mean weight of lactating bears was greater (P < 0.0001) than that of non-lactating females. White blood cells (P < 0.05) and mean corpuscular volume (P = 0.005) also differed between lactating and non-lactating bears. Hemoglobin (P = 0.006) and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (P = 0.02) varied among years; values were lowest during 1975, following decreased precipitation and the occurrence of a second year of mast and berry crop shortages in a three-year period. Significant (P < 0.05) interaction between reproductive status (lactating versus non-lactating) and study year for hemoglobin, red blood cells, and packed cell volume, and increased mean corpuscular volume, suggested a greater nutritional challenge for lactating females compared to non-lactating females during the 1975 denning season. Our data suggest that hematological characteristics of denning bears may be more sensitive than weights as indicators of annual changes in nutritional status; however, other influential factors, in addition to mast and berry crop production, remain to be examined. C1 MINNESOTA DEPT NAT RESOURCES,FOREST WILDLIFE POPULAT & RES GRP,GRAND RAPIDS,MN 55744. US FOREST SERV,N CENT FOREST EXPT STN,ST PAUL,MN. US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,NATL ECOL RES CTR,FT COLLINS,CO 80525. RP DELGIUDICE, GD (reprint author), US VET AFFAIRS MED CTR,RES SERV,MINNEAPOLIS,MN 55417, USA. NR 32 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 2 U2 7 PU WILDLIFE DISEASE ASSN, INC PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH ST, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 SN 0090-3558 J9 J WILDLIFE DIS JI J. Wildl. Dis. PD OCT PY 1991 VL 27 IS 4 BP 637 EP 642 PG 6 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA GP280 UT WOS:A1991GP28000016 PM 1758029 ER PT J AU OSHEA, TJ HOMER, BL GREINER, EC LAYTON, AW AF OSHEA, TJ HOMER, BL GREINER, EC LAYTON, AW TI NASITREMA SP-ASSOCIATED ENCEPHALITIS IN A STRIPED DOLPHIN (STENELLA-COERULEOALBA) STRANDED IN THE GULF OF MEXICO SO JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE DISEASES LA English DT Note DE BRAIN; CASE HISTORY; ENCEPHALITIS; NASITREMA SP; PATHOLOGY; STENELLA-COERULEOALBA; STRIPED DOLPHIN; VIBRIO AB An immature female striped dolphin (Stenella coeruleoalba) found dead on a northwestern Florida beach in 1988 exhibited severe inflammation bilaterally in the dorsal and mid-thalamus in association with adult trematodes (Nasitrema sp.) and trematode eggs. Numerous specimens of Nasitrema sp. also were present in the pterygoid sinuses. Pneumonia in association with a heavy growth of Vibrio damsela was observed also. This report confirms the occurrence of Nasitrema sp.-associated encephalitis in striped dolphins and in small cetaceans from the Gulf of Mexico. C1 UNIV FLORIDA,J HILLIS MILLER HLTH CTR,COLL VET MED,DEPT COMPARAT & EXPTL PATHOL,GAINESVILLE,FL 32610. UNIV FLORIDA,J HILLIS MILLER HLTH CTR,COLL VET MED,DEPT INFECT DIS,GAINESVILLE,FL 32610. RP OSHEA, TJ (reprint author), US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,NATL ECOL RES CTR,GAINESVILLE FIELD STN,412 NE 16TH AVE,GAINESVILLE,FL 32601, USA. NR 10 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 6 PU WILDLIFE DISEASE ASSN, INC PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH ST, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 SN 0090-3558 J9 J WILDLIFE DIS JI J. Wildl. Dis. PD OCT PY 1991 VL 27 IS 4 BP 706 EP 709 PG 4 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA GP280 UT WOS:A1991GP28000029 PM 1758040 ER PT J AU BUDEAU, DA RATTI, JT ELY, CR AF BUDEAU, DA RATTI, JT ELY, CR TI ENERGY DYNAMICS, FORAGING ECOLOGY, AND BEHAVIOR OF PRENESTING GREATER WHITE-FRONTED GEESE SO JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article ID LESSER SNOW GEESE; CANADA GEESE; JAMES BAY; BODY-COMPOSITION; FOOD; NUTRITION; WATERFOWL; RESERVES AB We collected greater white-fronted geese (Anser albifrons frontalis) on their nesting grounds on the Yukon-Kuskokwim Delta, Alaska, when they arrived and again before incubation during 1986 and 1987. Body mass, water content, crude fat, and crude protein increased in female geese between arrival and incubation onset in 1986 and 1987 (P = 0.0001, 0.0002, 0.0329, and 0.0003, respectively). Body mass of male geese during prenesting did not change, but total fat content decreased by about 30%. Crude protein of males was different between years (P = 0.0014). Female geese spent more time feeding than did males (P < 0.001). Primary foods during the prenesting period were pendent grass (Arctophila fulva) shoots and arrowgrass (Triglochin palustris) bulbs. Gizzard contents and orifice staining indicated crowberries (Empetrum nigrum) also were consumed. Of the commonly consumed food items, arrowgrass bulbs had the greatest protein content (21%), and crowberries had the greatest lipid content (10%). Unlike other medium-sized, northern-nesting geese, food (energy) acquired on the nesting grounds by white-fronted geese before incubation increased endogenous reserves necessary for reproduction. C1 UNIV IDAHO,DEPT WILDLIFE RESOURCES,MOSCOW,ID 83843. US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,ANCHORAGE,AK 99503. NR 48 TC 38 Z9 40 U1 0 U2 10 PU WILDLIFE SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2197 SN 0022-541X J9 J WILDLIFE MANAGE JI J. Wildl. Manage. PD OCT PY 1991 VL 55 IS 4 BP 556 EP 563 DI 10.2307/3809498 PG 8 WC Ecology; Zoology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Zoology GA GW663 UT WOS:A1991GW66300002 ER PT J AU BART, J EARNST, S AF BART, J EARNST, S TI USE OF WETLANDS BY GRAZING WATERFOWL IN NORTHERN ALASKA DURING LATE SUMMER SO JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article AB The aquatic grass, Arctophila fulva, has been identified as an indicator of high quality wetlands in northern Alaska. We investigated grazing rates by waterfowl on Arctophila and the sedge, Carex aquatilis, in the Colville River delta in northern Alaska. Grazing almost never occurred in wetlands with < 10 cm of water or in wetlands > 150 m from a large water body. Arctophila almost never grew in shallow water but did often occur far from a large water body. The presence of Arctophila and proximity to a large water body therefore provided a better indication of grazing rates than presence of Arctophila alone. Grazing rates on Arctophila and Carex were about equal when the 2 species occurred together, suggesting that Arctophila was a correlate, rather than a cause, of high grazing rates. C1 OHIO STATE UNIV,DEPT ZOOL,COLUMBUS,OH 43210. RP BART, J (reprint author), US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,OHIO COOPERAT FISH & WILDLIFE RES UNIT,COLUMBUS,OH, USA. NR 6 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU WILDLIFE SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2197 SN 0022-541X J9 J WILDLIFE MANAGE JI J. Wildl. Manage. PD OCT PY 1991 VL 55 IS 4 BP 564 EP 568 DI 10.2307/3809499 PG 5 WC Ecology; Zoology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Zoology GA GW663 UT WOS:A1991GW66300003 ER PT J AU LONGCORE, JR MCAULEY, DG FRAZER, C AF LONGCORE, JR MCAULEY, DG FRAZER, C TI SURVIVAL OF POSTFLEDGING FEMALE AMERICAN BLACK DUCKS SO JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article ID FOOD-HABITS; MAINE; MOVEMENTS; RATES; COYOTES; WINTER AB We equipped 106 hatching-year (HY), female, black ducks (Anas rubripes) with transmitters during 1985-87 and monitored survival from late August to mid-December on a lightly hunted area on the Maine-New Brunswick border. The 1985-87 estimate of survival (hunting losses included) was 0.593, and when losses from hunting were censored it was 0.694. Survival in August-September was 0.987; by 31 October survival declined to 0.885, and by 30 November it was 0.718. Most nonhunting mortality was caused by predators (21/41, 53.2%); there were 14 deaths (34.1%) from mammals or unknown predators and 7 (17.1%) from raptors. Hunting caused 13 (31.7%) deaths. Ducks with lowest mass had the lowest survival. The estimate of survival for postfledging female black ducks, when multiplied with interval survival rates for hunting, winter, and breeding periods, produced an annual survival estimate of 0.262, about 12% lower than that (0.38) based on analysis of banding data. C1 UNIV MAINE,COLL FOREST RESOURCES,DEPT WILDLIFE,ORONO,ME 04469. RP LONGCORE, JR (reprint author), UNIV MAINE,US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,NE RES GRP,PATUXENT WILDLIFE RES CTR,ORONO,ME 04469, USA. NR 55 TC 20 Z9 20 U1 1 U2 5 PU WILDLIFE SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2197 SN 0022-541X J9 J WILDLIFE MANAGE JI J. Wildl. Manage. PD OCT PY 1991 VL 55 IS 4 BP 573 EP 580 DI 10.2307/3809501 PG 8 WC Ecology; Zoology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Zoology GA GW663 UT WOS:A1991GW66300005 ER PT J AU VANSICKLE, WD LINDZEY, FG AF VANSICKLE, WD LINDZEY, FG TI EVALUATION OF A COUGAR POPULATION ESTIMATOR BASED ON PROBABILITY-SAMPLING SO JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article ID MOUNTAIN AB We used probability sampling of snow tracks which were located from the air as a method of estimating cougar (Felis concolor) numbers. Computer-simulated surveys were conducted on empirical movement data from a known population of cougars to evaluate survey design and the influence of density on the estimator. Estimator precision increased when transects were oriented perpendicular to major drainages, flown 2 days rather than 1 day after a snowfall, and if additional transects were included in each systematic sample. Precision also increased as density of cougars increased. An actual survey flown in an area with 14 cougars estimated 14.2 +/- 6.3 (SE) cougars. C1 US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,WYOMING COOPERAT FISH & WILDLIFE RES UNIT,UNIV STN,LARAMIE,WY 82071. RP VANSICKLE, WD (reprint author), WYOMING COOPERAT FISH & WILDLIFE RES UNIT,BOX 3166,UNIV STN,LARAMIE,WY 82071, USA. NR 17 TC 22 Z9 22 U1 2 U2 5 PU WILDLIFE SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2197 SN 0022-541X J9 J WILDLIFE MANAGE JI J. Wildl. Manage. PD OCT PY 1991 VL 55 IS 4 BP 738 EP 743 PG 6 WC Ecology; Zoology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Zoology GA GW663 UT WOS:A1991GW66300030 ER PT J AU NICHOLS, JD AF NICHOLS, JD TI SCIENCE, POPULATION ECOLOGY, AND THE MANAGEMENT OF THE AMERICAN BLACK DUCK SO JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article ID INCREASING MALLARDS; ADAPTATIONIST PROGRAM; NO EVIDENCE; SURVIVAL AB This essay deals with the relevance of some of the ideas of Romesburg (1981) to population ecology and management of the American black duck (Anas rubripes). Most investigations dealing with the effects of hunting regulations on black duck populations have used the hypothetico-deductive (H-D) approach of specifying a priori hypotheses and associated deduced predictions. These investigations have not used manipulative experimentation, however, but have involved severely constrained analyses of historical data and have thus produced weak inferences. The 1982 lawsuit over black duck hunting regulations, the current uncertainty about appropriate black duck management actions, and the frequent skirmishes in the published literature of black duck population ecology are natural consequences of these weak inferences. I suggest that we attempt to take advantage of management and other manipulations by treating them as an opportunity to learn something via experimentation, as recommended by Macnab (1983) and Walters (1986). RP NICHOLS, JD (reprint author), US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,PATUXENT WILDLIFE RES CTR,US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,LAUREL,MD 20708, USA. NR 61 TC 26 Z9 27 U1 0 U2 1 PU WILDLIFE SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2197 SN 0022-541X J9 J WILDLIFE MANAGE JI J. Wildl. Manage. PD OCT PY 1991 VL 55 IS 4 BP 790 EP 799 DI 10.2307/3809533 PG 10 WC Ecology; Zoology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Zoology GA GW663 UT WOS:A1991GW66300037 ER PT J AU PAULL, CK TWICHELL, DC SPIESS, FN CURRAY, JR AF PAULL, CK TWICHELL, DC SPIESS, FN CURRAY, JR TI MORPHOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT OF THE FLORIDA ESCARPMENT - OBSERVATIONS ON THE GENERATION OF TIME TRANSGRESSIVE UNCONFORMITIES IN CARBONATE TERRAINS SO MARINE GEOLOGY LA English DT Article ID CONTINENTAL-SLOPE; BAHAMA ESCARPMENT; EASTERN GULF; BRINE SEEPS; MEXICO; PLATFORM; GEOLOGY; MARGIN; STRATIGRAPHY; CANYONS AB An unconformity of 100 m.yr magnitude continues to form on the western edge of the Florida-Bahama Platform, near 26-degrees-N, where distal Mississippi Fan sediments are progressively burying the Florida Escarpment. Multiple perspectives of the developing unconformity's morphology are revealed using available technologies including GLORIA images of the entire platform's edge, Seabeam bathymetric contours, and Deep-Tow's high resolution side-scan data calibrated with bottom photographs. The structure and stratigraphy of the buried escarpment and the associated unconformity are resolved by airgun, sparker, and Deep-Tow's 4 kHz seismic reflection data; we summarize the morphological data on the exposed part of the unconformity and the sedimentary deposits accumulating in the basin above the unconformity. The exposed cliff face is composed of a staircase of bedding-plane terraces which are developed along joint planes. The terraces extend 100-1000 m along the escarpment's face, and the intervening vertical walls are up to 100 m high. The jointed morphology of this Mesozoic limestone cliff apparently reflects erosional exposure of its interior anatomy rather than its accretionary shape. The change in slope between the platform face and the abyssal plain is very abrupt. In places along the contact between the escarpment and fan sediments, reduced chemical-charged brine seeps occur, which locally cause carbonate dissolution and precipitation, sulfide mineralization, and the deposition of a fossiliferous and organic carbon-rich lens associated with chemosynthetic communities. These seep deposits and escarpment-derived megabreccias intercalate with basinal sediments that overlie the unconformity. Because surface seismic reflection data do not produce images of the escarpment's face that closely reflect the exposed escarpment's morphology, they must also be of limited value in characterizing the surface of similar steeply dipping buried escarpments. Thus, the downslope extent of the heavily eroded platform edge is unclear. C1 US GEOL SURVEY,WOODS HOLE,MA 02543. UNIV CALIF SAN DIEGO,SCRIPPS INST OCEANOG,LA JOLLA,CA 92093. RP PAULL, CK (reprint author), UNIV NORTH CAROLINA,DEPT GEOL,CHAPEL HILL,NC 27599, USA. NR 64 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 5 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0025-3227 J9 MAR GEOL JI Mar. Geol. PD OCT-NOV PY 1991 VL 101 IS 1-4 BP 181 EP 201 DI 10.1016/0025-3227(91)90070-K PG 21 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Oceanography SC Geology; Oceanography GA GQ083 UT WOS:A1991GQ08300013 ER PT J AU BECK, CA BARROS, NB AF BECK, CA BARROS, NB TI THE IMPACT OF DEBRIS ON THE FLORIDA MANATEE SO MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN LA English DT Article ID MARINE DEBRIS AB The endangered Florida manatee ingests debris while feeding. From 1978 through 1986, 439 salvaged manatees were examined. Debris was in the gastrointestinal tract of 63 (14.4%) and four died as a direct result of debris ingestion. Monofilament fishing line was the most common debris found (N = 49). Plastic bags, string, twine, rope, fish hooks, wire, paper, cellophane, synthetic sponges, rubber bands, and stockings also were recovered. Entanglement in lines and nets killed 11 manatees from 1974 through 1985. Numerous free-ranging manatees have missing or scarred flippers from entanglements, or debris still encircling one or both flippers. We recommend local cleanups, education of the public, and fishing restrictions in high use areas to significantly reduce harm to manatees. C1 UNIV MIAMI, ROSENSTIEL SCH MARINE & ATMOSPHER SCI, DIV MARINE BIOL & FISHERIES, MIAMI, FL 33149 USA. RP US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV, NATL ECOL RES CTR, SIRENIA PROJECT, 412 NE 16TH AVE, GAINESVILLE, FL 32601 USA. NR 12 TC 30 Z9 32 U1 4 U2 31 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0025-326X EI 1879-3363 J9 MAR POLLUT BULL JI Mar. Pollut. Bull. PD OCT PY 1991 VL 22 IS 10 BP 508 EP 510 DI 10.1016/0025-326X(91)90406-I PG 3 WC Environmental Sciences; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA GM367 UT WOS:A1991GM36700009 ER PT J AU BYLER, DM GERASIMOWICZ, WV STOCKETTE, VM EBERL, DD AF BYLER, DM GERASIMOWICZ, WV STOCKETTE, VM EBERL, DD TI INFRARED SPECTROSCOPIC EXAMINATION OF THE INTERACTION OF UREA WITH THE NATURALLY-OCCURRING ZEOLITE CLINOPTILOLITE SO MICROCHEMICAL JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID RAMAN-SPECTRA; WATER C1 USDA ARS,EASTERN REG RES CTR,PHILADELPHIA,PA 19118. PHILADELPHIA COLL TEXT & SCI,PHILADELPHIA,PA 19144. US GEOL SURVEY,DENVER FED CTR,DENVER,CO 80225. NR 16 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC JNL-COMP SUBSCRIPTIONS PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 SN 0026-265X J9 MICROCHEM J JI Microchem J. PD OCT PY 1991 VL 44 IS 2 BP 130 EP 139 DI 10.1016/0026-265X(91)90090-C PG 10 WC Chemistry, Analytical SC Chemistry GA GH739 UT WOS:A1991GH73900007 ER PT J AU BURGER, J GOCHFELD, M SALIVA, JE GOCHFELD, DJ GOCHFELD, DA MORALES, H AF BURGER, J GOCHFELD, M SALIVA, JE GOCHFELD, DJ GOCHFELD, DA MORALES, H TI HABITAT USE BY NESTING ZENAIDA DOVES ZENAIDA-AURITA IN PUERTO-RICO - AVOIDANCE OF ISLANDS WITHOUT NESTING SEABIRDS SO ORNIS SCANDINAVICA LA English DT Article ID SITE SELECTION; BEHAVIOR; PREDATION; COLONIES AB We surveyed several offshore islands around Culebra for nesting Zenaida Doves and seabirds to determine if the doves preferred islands with nesting seabirds, and whether or not the doves selected the same types of sites on all islands. Doves nested on eight of the islands with seabirds, and did not nest on four islands that were devoid of nesting seabirds. Nest-site characteristics differed among the islands, although there were no inter-island differences with respect to nest size, slope at the nest, and percent of the nest visible from above and from 1 m. Thus slope and nest visibility seem to be significant habitat cues for nesting Zenaida Doves. C1 UNIV MED & DENT NEW JERSEY,ROBERT WOOD JOHNSON MED SCH,PISCATAWAY,NJ 08854. US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,BOQUERON,PR 00622. UNIV HAWAII MANOA,DEPT ZOOL,HONOLULU,HI 96822. OBERLIN COLL,OBERLIN,OH 44074. US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,CULEBRA,PR 00645. RP BURGER, J (reprint author), RUTGERS STATE UNIV,DEPT BIOL SCI,PISCATAWAY,NJ 08855, USA. NR 27 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU MUNKSGAARD INT PUBL LTD PI COPENHAGEN PA 35 NORRE SOGADE, PO BOX 2148, DK-1016 COPENHAGEN, DENMARK SN 0030-5693 J9 ORNIS SCAND PD OCT-DEC PY 1991 VL 22 IS 4 BP 367 EP 374 DI 10.2307/3676510 PG 8 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA GW121 UT WOS:A1991GW12100011 ER PT J AU QUICK, JE AF QUICK, JE TI LATE PROTEROZOIC TRANSPRESSION ON THE NABITAH FAULT SYSTEM - IMPLICATIONS FOR THE ASSEMBLY OF THE ARABIAN SHIELD SO PRECAMBRIAN RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID OPHIOLITE MELANGE ZONES; SAUDI-ARABIA; NUBIAN SHIELD; TECTONIC TRANSPRESSION; OBLIQUE SUBDUCTION; ACCRETION; GEOCHRONOLOGY; DEFORMATION; SPITSBERGEN; CALIFORNIA AB The longest proposed suture zone in Saudi Arabia, the Nabitah suture, can be traced as a string of ophiolite complexes for 1200 km along the north-south axis of the Arabian Shield. Results of a field study in the north-central shield between 23-degrees and 26-degrees-N indicate that the Nabitah suture is indeed a major crustal discontinuity across which hundreds of kilometers of displacement may have occurred on north-south trending, subvertical faults of the Nabitah fault system. Although not a unique solution, many StruCtures within and near these faults can be reconciled with transpression, i.e., convergent strike-slip, and syntectonic emplacement of calc-alkaline plutonic rocks. Transcurrent motion on the Nabitah fault system appears to have began prior to 710 Ma, was active circa 680 Ma, and terminated prior to significant left-lateral, strike slip on the Najd fault system, which began sometime after 650 Ma. Northwest-directed subduction in the eastern shield could have produced the observed association of calc-alkaline magmatism and left-lateral transpressive strike slip, and is consistent with interpretation of the Abt schist and sedimentary rocks of the Murdama group as relics of the associated accretionary wedge and fore-arc basin. RP QUICK, JE (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,DENVER FED CTR,IGNEOUS & GEOTHERMAL PROC BRANCH,BOX 25046,DENVER,CO 80225, USA. NR 69 TC 48 Z9 48 U1 0 U2 3 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0301-9268 J9 PRECAMBRIAN RES JI Precambrian Res. PD OCT PY 1991 VL 53 IS 1-2 BP 119 EP 147 DI 10.1016/0301-9268(91)90008-X PG 29 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA GN940 UT WOS:A1991GN94000007 ER PT J AU KINDSCHI, GA SMITH, CE KOBY, RF AF KINDSCHI, GA SMITH, CE KOBY, RF TI PERFORMANCE OF 2 STRAINS OF RAINBOW-TROUT REARED AT 4 DENSITIES WITH SUPPLEMENTAL OXYGEN SO PROGRESSIVE FISH-CULTURIST LA English DT Article ID SALMO-GAIRDNERI; REARING DENSITY; COHO SALMON; ONCORHYNCHUS-KISUTCH; DISSOLVED-OXYGEN; FISH; CULTURE; STRESS; GROWTH AB Wild and domesticated strains of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) were reared in triplicate groups at four fish densities in two separate studies. Fish weight gain, survival, length increase, length variability, feed conversion (weight fed/weight gain), dorsal fin condition, fish health, and water quality were monitored during each 4-month test. Dissolved oxygen was supplemented to maintain afternoon effluent oxygen levels at 6-7 ppm (61-71% saturation). Survival decreased with increasing density for both strains: wild strain survival was reduced because of cannibalism, and domesticated strain survival was reduced because of mechanical failures that reduced dissolved oxygen. Weight gain and total length increased with increasing densities for the wild strain, but the opposite occurred for the domesticated strain. Length coefficient of variation (SD/mean) increased directly with increasing fish density. Feed conversions of both strains were adversely affected by increased densities, but dorsal fin erosion was not affected. During both studies, neither un-ionized ammonia nor carbon dioxide reached critical levels. Fish health was not affected by differences in density. Back-up electrical and oxygenation systems and constant water temperature controls are recommended when fish are reared at high densities with supplemental oxygen. The highest fish densities were 13.3 lb/ft3 for the wild strain and 18.4 lb/ft3 for the domesticated strain of rainbow trout. These densities are two to three times greater than those achieved without supplemental oxygen. RP KINDSCHI, GA (reprint author), US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,BOZEMAN FISH TECHNOL CTR,4050 BRIDGER CANYON RD,BOZEMAN,MT 59715, USA. NR 28 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 SN 0033-0779 J9 PROG FISH CULT JI Progress. Fish-Cult. PD OCT PY 1991 VL 53 IS 4 BP 203 EP 209 DI 10.1577/1548-8640(1991)053<0203:POTSOR>2.3.CO;2 PG 7 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA HH614 UT WOS:A1991HH61400001 ER PT J AU KINDSCHI, GA SMITH, CE KOBY, RF AF KINDSCHI, GA SMITH, CE KOBY, RF TI OXYGEN-CONSUMPTION OF 2 STRAINS OF RAINBOW-TROUT REARED AT 4 DENSITIES WITH SUPPLEMENTAL OXYGEN SO PROGRESSIVE FISH-CULTURIST LA English DT Article ID SALMO-GAIRDNERI; DISSOLVED-OXYGEN; FISHES AB Dissolved oxygen (DO) consumption, concentrations of ammonia and carbon dioxide, and pH were monitored in two studies with wild and domesticated strains of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Each strain was reared at four densities for 4-5 months during which supplemental oxygen was added to maintain between 6 and 7 mg DO/L in the effluent water. As fish became larger, their DO consumption decreased. No differences in average DO consumption of rainbow trout were caused by the different rearing densities for each 2-week period. During the study, rainbow trout of the wild Eagle Lake strain and domesticated Arlee strain consumed DO at an average rate of 213 (SD, 45) and 233 (SD, 47) mg/kg of fish per hour, respectively. There were two periods of daily maximum DO consumption-during the first daily feeding and after the last daily feeding. The daily DO consumption averaged 190 g/kg of feed (SD, 22) for fish of the Eagle Lake strain and 241 g/kg of feed (SD, 30) for the Arlee strain. Neither ammonia nor carbon dioxide concentrations were high enough to affect fish production. RP KINDSCHI, GA (reprint author), US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,BOZEMAN FISH TECHNOL CTR,4050 BRIDGER CANYON RD,BOZEMAN,MT 59715, USA. NR 31 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 SN 0033-0779 J9 PROG FISH CULT JI Progress. Fish-Cult. PD OCT PY 1991 VL 53 IS 4 BP 210 EP 215 DI 10.1577/1548-8640(1991)053<0210:OCOTSO>2.3.CO;2 PG 6 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA HH614 UT WOS:A1991HH61400002 ER PT J AU POSTON, HA AF POSTON, HA TI CHOLINE REQUIREMENT OF SWIM-UP RAINBOW-TROUT FRY SO PROGRESSIVE FISH-CULTURIST LA English DT Article ID LAKE TROUT AB Triplicate 150-fish lots of first-feeding fry of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss; initial mean weight, 0.12 g) were fed casein-gelatin-based diets containing 0, 200, 400, 800, 1,000, 2,000, 4,000, or 8,000 mg choline/kg of feed for 12 weeks to determine their need for dietary choline. Although the growth rates of fry were suboptimal, results showed that fry needed no more than 4,000 mg choline/kg casein-gelatin diet for maximum growth and 2,000 mg/kg for maximum body fat and minimum protein. Survival was significantly lower for fish fed 800 mg choline/kg of diet than for those fed greater amounts of the nutrient. These results suggest that the dietary choline requirement of early feeding salmonids is greater than that previously reported for older salmonids. The amount of choline needed by fishes apparently decreases with age or size. RP POSTON, HA (reprint author), US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,TUNISON LAB FISH NUTR,3075 GRACIE RD,CORTLAND,NY 13045, USA. NR 21 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 SN 0033-0779 J9 PROG FISH CULT JI Progress. Fish-Cult. PD OCT PY 1991 VL 53 IS 4 BP 220 EP 223 DI 10.1577/1548-8640(1991)053<0220:CROSUR>2.3.CO;2 PG 4 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA HH614 UT WOS:A1991HH61400004 ER PT J AU POSTON, HA AF POSTON, HA TI RESPONSE OF ATLANTIC SALMON FRY TO FEED-GRADE LECITHIN AND CHOLINE SO PROGRESSIVE FISH-CULTURIST LA English DT Article ID STURGEON ACIPENSER-TRANSMONTANUS; LAKE TROUT; GROWTH AB First-feeding Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) were fed different levels (0, 2, 4, 6, and 8% of diet) of feed-grade lecithin with and without 0.3% supplemental choline in a diet containing a sodium proteinate form of autoclaved isolated soybean protein. After 14 weeks at 9.2-degrees-C, Atlantic salmon fed 6% lecithin with or without added choline had gained the most weight. Fish fed supplemental choline without lecithin gained significantly more weight (P less-than-or-equal-to 0.05) than did fish fed the basal diet, but choline did not increase weight gain at any level of lecithin. Feed conversion (weight fed/weight gain) improved with increasing lecithin up to 4% and improved even more for fish fed 6% lecithin and 0.3% choline. Only 4% lecithin with or without choline was needed to yield the highest concentration of body fat, but carcass dry matter was highest and ash and protein were lowest in fry fed 8% lecithin alone or 6% lecithin and 0.3% choline. Neither lecithin nor choline influenced mortality, which was low in all groups. Results indicate that 6% dietary feed-grade lecithin promotes maximum weight gain by swim-up Atlantic salmon fry fed autoclaved isolated soybean protein as the primary protein. RP POSTON, HA (reprint author), US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,TUNISON LAB FISH NUTR,3075 GRACIE RD,CORTLAND,NY 13045, USA. NR 24 TC 23 Z9 26 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 SN 0033-0779 J9 PROG FISH CULT JI Progress. Fish-Cult. PD OCT PY 1991 VL 53 IS 4 BP 224 EP 228 DI 10.1577/1548-8640(1991)053<0224:ROASFT>2.3.CO;2 PG 5 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA HH614 UT WOS:A1991HH61400005 ER PT J AU KLONTZ, GW MASKILL, MG KAISER, H AF KLONTZ, GW MASKILL, MG KAISER, H TI EFFECTS OF REDUCED CONTINUOUS VERSUS INTERMITTENT FEEDING OF STEELHEAD SO PROGRESSIVE FISH-CULTURIST LA English DT Article ID SALMO-GAIRDNERI; RICHARDSON; GROWTH AB Six growth-related variables were measured or calculated to evaluate two feeding methods for reducing the growth of the steelhead (Oncorhynchus mykiss). The two feeding methods were reduced continuous daily feeding and intermittent feeding. After eight 14-d growth periods, there were no significant treatment-related differences in size variation and size distribution within populations of fish in either treatment. Rates of growth among all groups-continuously fed and intermittently fed-were comparable, as were feed conversions. There were no apparent adverse effects, such as fin erosion, attributable to either treatment. C1 US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,DWORSHAK NATL FISH HATCHERY,AHSAHKA,ID 83520. RP KLONTZ, GW (reprint author), UNIV IDAHO,DEPT FISH & WILDLIFE RESOURCES,MOSCOW,ID 83843, USA. NR 11 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 SN 0033-0779 J9 PROG FISH CULT JI Progress. Fish-Cult. PD OCT PY 1991 VL 53 IS 4 BP 229 EP 235 DI 10.1577/1548-8640(1991)053<0229:EORCVI>2.3.CO;2 PG 7 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA HH614 UT WOS:A1991HH61400006 ER PT J AU WANGAARD, DB MCDONELL, JP BURGER, CV WILMOT, RL AF WANGAARD, DB MCDONELL, JP BURGER, CV WILMOT, RL TI APPARATUS FOR PRECISE REGULATION AND CHILLING OF WATER TEMPERATURES IN LABORATORY STUDIES SO PROGRESSIVE FISH-CULTURIST LA English DT Note AB Laboratory simulation of water temperature regimes that occur in subarctic rivers through winter necessitates the ability to maintain near-freezing conditions. A heat-exchanging apparatus is described that provided a convenient means of simulating the range of temperatures (0.5-12-degrees-C) that incubating eggs of salmon (Oncorhynchus spp.) typically experience in south-central Alaskan watersheds. The system was reliable, easily maintained precise temperatures at our coldest test levels, and was used over several years with few mechanical complications. C1 US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,ALASKA FISH & WILDLIFE RES CTR,1011 E TUDOR RD,ANCHORAGE,AK 99503. NR 10 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 SN 0033-0779 J9 PROG FISH CULT JI Progress. Fish-Cult. PD OCT PY 1991 VL 53 IS 4 BP 251 EP 255 DI 10.1577/1548-8640(1991)053<0251:AFPRAC>2.3.CO;2 PG 5 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA HH614 UT WOS:A1991HH61400011 ER PT J AU FISHER, MA COLLOT, JY GEIST, EL AF FISHER, MA COLLOT, JY GEIST, EL TI STRUCTURE OF THE COLLISION ZONE BETWEEN BOUGAINVILLE GUYOT AND THE ACCRETIONARY WEDGE OF THE NEW-HEBRIDES ISLAND-ARC, SOUTHWEST PACIFIC SO TECTONICS LA English DT Article ID MULTI-BEAM SURVEYS; DENTRECASTEAUX ZONE; JAPAN TRENCH; SUBDUCTION-COLLISION; TECTONIC EROSION; CENTRAL VANUATU; EMERGED CORALS; TONGA TRENCH; SEAMOUNT; RIDGE AB Multichannel seismic reflection data show the structure that develops within an island arc-guyot collision zone. The Bougainville guyot fills the New Hebrides trench, stands about 3 km above the abyssal ocean plain, and is capped by a broad platform that is underlain by a parallel bedded sequence, probably lagoon and reef rocks. A thick debris apron made up of unconsolidated sediment underlies the unsubducted part of the lower guyot flank and possibly the subducted flank as well. The contact zone between the arc and the north and east sides of the guyot is marked by discontinuous antiforms that include reflective, thrust faulted rocks that may have been derived from the guyot. The extent of collision deformation to the arc and guyot depends in part on the contrast in compressibility and viscosity between these features. We propose that the high-drag, subcircular guyot evolves during collision into a more streamlined shape. Streamlining may be achieved by processes like: (1) bulk deformation of the guyot by thrust faulting and sediment compaction; (2) ripping away of projecting parts of the guyot and blunting sharp edges (tectonic erosion), like that formed by the limestone cap; and (3) formation of a boundary layer, between the guyot and the arc, that is made up of water-rich, mobilized units of soft sediment. We draw an analogy between some features of glacial origin and the subducted part of a guyot. If the bulk of the guyot is low strength, especially in view of the thick debris apron, then the guyot may behave like till that was overridden by a glacier and forms a drumlin, an elongated, bluntfaced, streamlined feature. Thrust faults evident in the guyot may indicate deformation that leads toward a streamlined shape and not necessarily to accretion of guyot rocks. C1 ORSTOM,GEODYNAM LAB,F-06230 VILLEFRANCHE,FRANCE. RP FISHER, MA (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,MS 999,345 MIDDLEFIELD RD,MENLO PK,CA 94025, USA. NR 55 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 SN 0278-7407 J9 TECTONICS JI Tectonics PD OCT PY 1991 VL 10 IS 5 BP 887 EP 903 DI 10.1029/91TC00860 PG 17 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA GH087 UT WOS:A1991GH08700004 ER PT J AU COSCA, MA SUTTER, JF ESSENE, EJ AF COSCA, MA SUTTER, JF ESSENE, EJ TI COOLING AND INFERRED UPLIFT EROSION HISTORY OF THE GRENVILLE OROGEN, ONTARIO - CONSTRAINTS FROM AR-40/AR-39 THERMOCHRONOLOGY SO TECTONICS LA English DT Article ID TEMPERATURE-TIME PATHS; META-SEDIMENTARY BELT; K-AR; AR-40-AR-39 AGES; TECTONIC HISTORY; PLATE-TECTONICS; READING PRONG; PROVINCE; HORNBLENDE; BEARING AB Stepwise Ar-40/Ar-39 degassing experiments of 57 mineral separates of hornblende, muscovite, biotite, and perthitic microcline have been used in conjunction with petrologic observations to place regional constraints on the postmetamorphic cooling and the inferred uplift and erosion history of the Grenville Orogen in Ontario. The Ar-40/Ar-39 data support an interpretation of slow, nearly uniform cooling (1-degrees-4-degrees-C/m.y.) from temperatures of approximately 500-degrees-C to below approximately 150-degrees-C. In the Central Gneiss Belt (CGB) hornblendes cooled through Ar closure between 930 and 1025 Ma, whereas in the Central Metasedimentary Belt (CMB) hornblendes record the following range in Ar-40/Ar-39 cooling ages: 1104 Ma in the Frontenac terrance, 1007-1067 Ma in the Sharbot Lake terrane, 919-1026 Ma in the Elzevir terrane, and 972 Ma in the Central Metasedimentary Belt Boundary Zone. Regional uplift/erosion rates of 0.03-0.14 km/m.y. have been estimated for the Grenville Orogen in Ontario based on the Ar-40/Ar-39 data, a model retrograde P-T path for rocks of the CGB, and an upper time constraint provided by flat, overlying Cambrian and Ordovician sediments. These erosion rates are consistent with rates estimated for other Proterozoic or Archean granulite terranes but are an order of magnitude slower than active orogens such as the Alps and Himalayas. A regular variation in hornblende Ar-40/Ar-39 cooling ages is observed in rocks that traverse highly strained often mylonitic shear zones that separate the four major terranes of the CMB. The pattern of Ar-40/Ar-39 ages is interpreted to reflect late-tectonic extension, consistent with field observations in the Central Metasedimentary Belt Boundary Zone and elsewhere in the CMB. Up to 13 km of vertical displacement is inferred for some rocks in the CMB between the time they cooled below closure to argon diffusion in hornblende (approximately 500-degrees-C) and their exposure at the surface (approximately 25-degrees-C). C1 UNIV MICHIGAN,DEPT GEOL SCI,ANN ARBOR,MI 48109. US GEOL SURVEY,ISOTOPE GEOL BRANCH,RESTON,VA 22092. NR 93 TC 104 Z9 104 U1 1 U2 3 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 SN 0278-7407 J9 TECTONICS JI Tectonics PD OCT PY 1991 VL 10 IS 5 BP 959 EP 977 DI 10.1029/91TC00859 PG 19 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA GH087 UT WOS:A1991GH08700009 ER PT J AU PETERS, NE AF PETERS, NE TI CHLORIDE CYCLING IN 2 FORESTED LAKE WATERSHEDS IN THE WEST-CENTRAL ADIRONDACK MOUNTAINS, NEW-YORK, USA SO WATER AIR AND SOIL POLLUTION LA English DT Article ID ILWAS WATERSHEDS; CHEMISTRY; ACIDIFICATION; BASIN AB The chemistry of precipitation, throughfall, soil water, ground water, and surface water was evaluated in two forested lake-watersheds over a 4-yr period to assess factors controlling Cl- cycling. Results indicate that Cl- cycling in these watersheds is more complex than the generally held view of the rapid transport of atmospherically derived Cl- through the excosystem. The annual throughfall Cl- flux for individual species in the northern hardwood forest was 2 to 5 times that of precipitation (56 eq ha-1), whereas the Na+ throughfall flux, in general, was similar to the precipitation flux. Concentrations of soil-water Cl- sampled from ceramic tension lysimeters at 20 cm below land surface generally exceeded the Na+ concentrations and averaged 31-mu-eq L-1, the highest of any waters sampled in the watersheds, except throughfall under red spruce which averaged 34-mu-eq L-1. Chloride was concentrated prior to storms and mobilized rapidly during storms as suggested by increases in streamwater Cl- concentrations with increasing flow. Major sources of Cl- in both watersheds are the forest floor and hornblende weathering in the soils and till. In the Panther Lake watershed, which contains mainly thick deposits of till (> 3 m), hornblende weathering results in a net Cl- flux 3 times greater than that in the Woods Lake watershed, which contains mainly thin deposits of till. The estimated accumulation rate of Cl- in the biomass of the two watersheds was comparable to the precipitation Cl- flux. RP PETERS, NE (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,6481-B PEACHTREE IND BLVD WRD,DORAVILLE,GA 30360, USA. NR 28 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 1 U2 2 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0049-6979 J9 WATER AIR SOIL POLL JI Water Air Soil Pollut. PD OCT PY 1991 VL 59 IS 3-4 BP 201 EP 215 DI 10.1007/BF00211830 PG 15 WC Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Water Resources GA GP466 UT WOS:A1991GP46600001 ER PT J AU BAEHR, AL HULT, MF AF BAEHR, AL HULT, MF TI EVALUATION OF UNSATURATED ZONE AIR PERMEABILITY THROUGH PNEUMATIC TESTS SO WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID TRANSPORT; FLOW; GAS AB Predicting the steady state distribution of air pressure in the unsaturated zone resulting from a pneumatic test provides a method for determining air-phase permeability. This technique is analogous to the inverse problem of well hydraulics; however, air flow is more complicated than ground water flow because of air compressibility, the Klinkenberg effect, variations in air density and viscosity that result from temperature fluctuations in the unsaturated zone and the possibility of inducing water movement during the pneumatic test. An analysis of these complicating factors reveals that, when induced water movement can be neglected, a linear version of the airflow equation can provide an appropriate approximation for the purpose of determining air-phase permeability. Two analytical solutions for steady state, two-dimensional, axisymmetric airflow to a single well partially screened in the unsaturated zone are developed. One solution applies where there is a stratum of relatively low air permeability, separating the stratum in which the well is completed, from the atmosphere. The other solution applies where there is no separating stratum between the domain and atmosphere. In both situations the water table forms the lower horizontal boundary. Applications of both solutions to determine air permeability from data collected during pneumatic tests are presented. C1 US GEOL SURVEY,ST PAUL,MN 55101. RP BAEHR, AL (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,US DEPT INTERIOR,DIV WATER RESOURCES,810 BEAR TAVERN RD,SUITE 206,WEST TRENTON,NJ 08628, USA. NR 21 TC 97 Z9 104 U1 0 U2 8 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 SN 0043-1397 J9 WATER RESOUR RES JI Water Resour. Res. PD OCT PY 1991 VL 27 IS 10 BP 2605 EP 2617 DI 10.1029/91WR01655 PG 13 WC Environmental Sciences; Limnology; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Water Resources GA GJ136 UT WOS:A1991GJ13600011 ER PT J AU COX, RA NISHIKAWA, T AF COX, RA NISHIKAWA, T TI A NEW TOTAL VARIATION DIMINISHING SCHEME FOR THE SOLUTION OF ADVECTIVE-DOMINANT SOLUTE TRANSPORT SO WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID HYPERBOLIC CONSERVATION-LAWS; HIGH-RESOLUTION SCHEMES; GROUNDWATER; EQUATIONS AB It is well known that the use of standard numerical techniques can lead to numerical oscillations in the solution of the advective-dominant case of solute transport in groundwater systems. In this work a class of numerical schemes commonly employed in aeronautical engineering called total variation diminishing (TVD) schemes is investigated. A new, formally third-order accurate, TVD algorithm is developed in one dimension for purely advective transport and applied to a variety of problems with large mesh Peclet numbers. The one-dimensional approach is then extended to the two-dimensional case. In both one and two dimensions the numerical results compare favorably with their respective analytic solutions. C1 US GEOL SURVEY,DIV WATER RESOURCES,SAN DIEGO,CA 92123. UNIV OKLAHOMA,SCH CIVIL ENGN & ENVIRONM SCI,NORMAN,OK 73019. RP COX, RA (reprint author), UNIV OKLAHOMA,SCH AEROSP & MECH ENGN,NORMAN,OK 73069, USA. NR 18 TC 33 Z9 36 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 SN 0043-1397 J9 WATER RESOUR RES JI Water Resour. Res. PD OCT PY 1991 VL 27 IS 10 BP 2645 EP 2654 DI 10.1029/91WR01746 PG 10 WC Environmental Sciences; Limnology; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Water Resources GA GJ136 UT WOS:A1991GJ13600014 ER PT J AU DHUNGEL, SK OGARA, BW AF DHUNGEL, SK OGARA, BW TI ECOLOGY OF THE HOG DEER IN ROYAL-CHITWAN-NATIONAL-PARK, NEPAL SO WILDLIFE MONOGRAPHS LA English DT Article ID WHITE-TAILED DEER; HOME-RANGE SIZE; ACTIVITY PATTERNS; DEFECATION RATE; TELEMETRY; FAWNS AB The hog deer (Axis porcinus) is listed as endangered throughout much of its range in southern Asia. In Royal Chitwan National Park, Nepal, it is one of the principal prey species of the end Bengal tiger (Panthera tigris). We studied bog deer in Royal Chitwan National Park during 1981-83 to obtain information on the morphological features, sex and age ratios, group size and composition, reproduction, mortality, movement, activity patterns, home ranges, habitat use, food habits, food availability, and behavior of hog deer in Chitwan Park. Ninety-five hog deer were captured and measured; 21 were radio collared and monitored for 6,250 hours. Maximum weights (mean for males = 42.7 kg; mean for females = 32.2 kg) and lengths (mean for males = 1,278 mm; mean for females = 1,206 mm) were attained at 2-3 years of age. Sex ratio of captured and observed (n = 570) deer combined was 56 males: 100 females. Groups of up to 20 deer were observed during February through April, after the first fires in the grasslands, but the basic social group consisted of an adult female and her juvenile offspring. The peak fawning season was March through April, but females gave birth from the end of january through April. One female had a documented 213-day gestation period. Both males and females attained sexual maturity at about 15 months. Litter size was normally 1, and 13 fawns/100 adults were captured or observed in the field. During all seasons, the deer fed in the mornings and evenings and bedded and ruminated during the hot part of the day. They were active during 41% of the day and 26-29% of the night. Home ranges overlapped extensively, and mean home ranges were estimated at 60 ha for females and 80 ha for males. Home range shape was dictated by food and water. Small home ranges indicated that hog deer were sedentary, preferring grasslands where food, cover, and water were available. Habitat use, based on transmitter locations and direct observations, showed that hog deer used grasslands almost exclusively and preferred grasslands to sal (Shorea robusta) and riverine forests. Foraging and feeding behavior, recorded inside a 4-ha enclosure, indicated that grasses, ferns, semal (Bombax ceiba) flowers, and vellor (Trewia nudiflora) fruits were important food items. Saccharum spp., Imperata cylindrica, and Cynodon dactylon composed 70% of the grass species available as food and cover. Tall grasses seem to be invading short grasslands, reducing available food for hog deer. Experiments should be conducted on increasing interspersion of short grasses for food and tall grass for cover. Research on succession also would facilitate development of future management strategies. C1 UNIV MONTANA,US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,MONTANA COOPERAT WILDLIFE RES UNIT,MISSOULA,MT 59812. RP DHUNGEL, SK (reprint author), DEPT NATL PARKS & WILDLIFE CONSERVAT,KATMANDU,NEPAL. NR 95 TC 17 Z9 20 U1 2 U2 30 PU WILDLIFE SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2197 SN 0084-0173 J9 WILDLIFE MONOGR JI Wildl. Monogr. PD OCT PY 1991 IS 119 BP 1 EP 40 PG 40 WC Ecology; Zoology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Zoology GA GW664 UT WOS:A1991GW66400001 ER PT J AU BELTON, MJS GIERASCH, PJ SMITH, MD HELFENSTEIN, P SCHINDER, PJ POLLACK, JB RAGES, KA INGERSOLL, AP KLAASEN, KP VEVERKA, J ANGER, CD CARR, MH CHAPMAN, CR DAVIES, ME FANALE, FP GREELEY, R GREENBERG, R HEAD, JW MORRISON, D NEUKUM, G PILCHER, CB AF BELTON, MJS GIERASCH, PJ SMITH, MD HELFENSTEIN, P SCHINDER, PJ POLLACK, JB RAGES, KA INGERSOLL, AP KLAASEN, KP VEVERKA, J ANGER, CD CARR, MH CHAPMAN, CR DAVIES, ME FANALE, FP GREELEY, R GREENBERG, R HEAD, JW MORRISON, D NEUKUM, G PILCHER, CB TI IMAGES FROM GALILEO OF THE VENUS CLOUD DECK SO SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID ATMOSPHERE; WAVES; CIRCULATION; MESOSPHERE; PICTURES; DYNAMICS; PATTERNS; JUPITER; FLUXES; WINDS AB Images of Venus taken at 418 (violet) and 986 [near-infrared (NIR)] nanometers show that the morphology and motions of large-scale features change with depth in the cloud deck. Poleward meridional velocities, seen in both spectral regions, are much reduced in the NIR. In the south polar region the markings in the two wavelength bands are strongly anticorrelated. The images follow the changing state of the upper cloud layer downwind of the subsolar point, and the zonal flow field shows a longitudinal periodicity that may be coupled to the formation of large-scale planetary waves. No optical lightning was detected. C1 CORNELL UNIV,ITHACA,NY 14853. NASA,AMES RES CTR,MOFFETT FIELD,CA 94035. CALTECH,PASADENA,CA 91125. CALTECH,JET PROP LAB,PASADENA,CA 91109. ITRES RES LTD,CALGARY T2E 7H7,ALBERTA,CANADA. US GEOL SURVEY,MENLO PK,CA 94025. SCI APPLICAT INT CORP,INST CHAPMAN PLANETARY SCI,TUCSON,AZ 85719. RAND CORP,SANTA MONICA,CA 90406. INST GEOPHYS,HONOLULU,HI 96822. NASA HEADQUARTERS,WASHINGTON,DC 20546. ARIZONA STATE UNIV,TEMPE,AZ 85281. UNIV ARIZONA,TUCSON,AZ 85721. BROWN UNIV,PROVIDENCE,RI 02912. DFVLR,W-8031 OBERPFAFFENHOFEN,GERMANY. RP BELTON, MJS (reprint author), NATL OPT ASTRON OBSERV,TUCSON,AZ 85719, USA. RI Smith, Michael/C-8875-2012 NR 37 TC 73 Z9 75 U1 0 U2 6 PU AMER ASSOC ADVANCEMENT SCIENCE PI WASHINGTON PA 1200 NEW YORK AVE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 SN 0036-8075 J9 SCIENCE JI Science PD SEP 27 PY 1991 VL 253 IS 5027 BP 1531 EP 1536 DI 10.1126/science.253.5027.1531 PG 6 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA GG651 UT WOS:A1991GG65100039 PM 17784096 ER PT J AU CARLSON, RW BAINES, KH ENCRENAZ, T TAYLOR, FW DROSSART, P KAMP, LW POLLACK, JB LELLOUCH, E COLLARD, AD CALCUTT, SB GRINSPOON, D WEISSMAN, PR SMYTHE, WD OCAMPO, AC DANIELSON, GE FANALE, FP JOHNSON, TV KIEFFER, HH MATSON, DL MCCORD, TB SODERBLOM, LA AF CARLSON, RW BAINES, KH ENCRENAZ, T TAYLOR, FW DROSSART, P KAMP, LW POLLACK, JB LELLOUCH, E COLLARD, AD CALCUTT, SB GRINSPOON, D WEISSMAN, PR SMYTHE, WD OCAMPO, AC DANIELSON, GE FANALE, FP JOHNSON, TV KIEFFER, HH MATSON, DL MCCORD, TB SODERBLOM, LA TI GALILEO INFRARED IMAGING SPECTROSCOPY MEASUREMENTS AT VENUS SO SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID NIGHT-SIDE; ATMOSPHERE; SPECTRA AB During the 1990 Galileo Venus flyby, the Near Infrared Mapping Spectrometer investigated the night-side atmosphere of Venus in the spectral range 0.7 to 5.2 micrometers. Multispectral images at high spatial resolution indicate substantial cloud opacity variations in the lower cloud levels, centered at 50 kilometers altitude. Zonal and meridional winds were derived for this level and are consistent with motion of the upper branch of a Hadley cell. Northern and southern hemisphere clouds appear to be markedly different. Spectral profiles were used to derive lower atmosphere abundances of water vapor and other species. C1 OBSERV PARIS,F-92195 MEUDON,FRANCE. UNIV OXFORD,OXFORD OX1 3PU,ENGLAND. NASA,AMES RES CTR,MOFFETT FIELD,CA 94035. CALTECH,DIV GEOL & PLANETARY SCI,PASADENA,CA 91109. UNIV HAWAII,HONOLULU,HI 96822. US GEOL SURVEY,FLAGSTAFF,AZ 86001. RP CARLSON, RW (reprint author), CALTECH,JET PROP LAB,PASADENA,CA 91109, USA. OI Calcutt, Simon/0000-0002-0102-3170 NR 36 TC 111 Z9 113 U1 0 U2 5 PU AMER ASSOC ADVANCEMENT SCIENCE PI WASHINGTON PA 1200 NEW YORK AVE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 SN 0036-8075 J9 SCIENCE JI Science PD SEP 27 PY 1991 VL 253 IS 5027 BP 1541 EP 1548 DI 10.1126/science.253.5027.1541 PG 8 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA GG651 UT WOS:A1991GG65100042 PM 17784099 ER PT J AU HALLIDAY, AN DAVIDSON, JP HILDRETH, W HOLDEN, P AF HALLIDAY, AN DAVIDSON, JP HILDRETH, W HOLDEN, P TI MODELING THE PETROGENESIS OF HIGH RB/SR SILICIC MAGMAS SO CHEMICAL GEOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT WORKSHOP ON GEOCHEMISTRY OF GRANITOID ROCKS CY NOV 08-09, 1989 CL TAORMINA, ITALY SP CNR, UNIV MESSINA ID LONG RESIDENCE TIMES; PARTITION-COEFFICIENTS; TRACE-ELEMENTS; PRECALDERA LAVAS; RHYOLITIC MAGMA; ISOTOPIC RECORD; GRANITIC MAGMAS; GLASS MOUNTAIN; RARE-EARTH; CALIFORNIA AB Rhyolites can be highly evolved with Sr contents as low as 0.1 ppm and Rb/Sr > 2,000. In contrast, granite batholiths are commonly comprised of rocks with Rb/Sr < 10 and only rarely > 100. Mass-balance modelling of source compositions, differentiation and contamination using the trace-element geochemistry of granites are therefore commonly in error because of the failure to account for evolved differentiates that may have been erupted from the system. Rhyolitic magmas with very low Sr concentrations ( less-than-or-equal-to 1 ppm) cannot be explained by any partial melting models involving typical crustal source compositions. The only plausible mechanism for the production of such rhyolites is Rayleigh fractional crystallization involving substantial volumes of cumulates. A variety of methods for modelling the differentiation of magmas with extremely high Rb/Sr is discussed. In each case it is concluded that the bulk partition coefficients for Sr have to be large. In the simplest models, the bulk D(Sr) of the most evolved types is modelled as > 50. Evidence from phenocryst/glass/whole-rock concentrations supports high Sr partition coefficients in feldspars from high silica rhyolites. However, the low modal abundance of plagioclase commonly observed in such rocks is difficult to reconcile with such simple fractionation models of the observed trace-element trends. In certain cases, this may be because the apparent trace-element trend defined by the suite of cogenetic rhyolites is the product of different batches of magma with separate differentiation histories accumulating in the magma chamber roof zone. C1 UNIV CALIF LOS ANGELES,LOS ANGELES,CA 90024. US GEOL SURVEY,MENLO PK,CA 94025. RP HALLIDAY, AN (reprint author), UNIV MICHIGAN,DEPT GEOL SCI,ANN ARBOR,MI 48109, USA. NR 34 TC 94 Z9 99 U1 0 U2 16 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0009-2541 J9 CHEM GEOL JI Chem. Geol. PD SEP 25 PY 1991 VL 92 IS 1-3 BP 107 EP 114 DI 10.1016/0009-2541(91)90051-R PG 8 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA GP050 UT WOS:A1991GP05000006 ER PT J AU OSHEA, TJ AF OSHEA, TJ TI REGULATION OF PCBS SO SCIENCE LA English DT Letter ID POLYCHLORINATED-BIPHENYLS; MINK; REPRODUCTION; EXPOSURE; TOXICITY RP OSHEA, TJ (reprint author), US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,NATL ECOL RES CTR,GAINESVILLE FIELD STN,412 NE 16TH AVE,GAINESVILLE,FL 32601, USA. NR 14 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER ASSOC ADVANCEMENT SCIENCE PI WASHINGTON PA 1200 NEW YORK AVE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 SN 0036-8075 J9 SCIENCE JI Science PD SEP 20 PY 1991 VL 253 IS 5026 BP 1334 EP 1334 DI 10.1126/science.253.5026.1334-b PG 1 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA GF851 UT WOS:A1991GF85100004 ER PT J AU SHAPIRO, LH BARNES, PW AF SHAPIRO, LH BARNES, PW TI CORRELATION OF NEARSHORE ICE MOVEMENT WITH SEABED ICE GOUGES NEAR BARROW, ALASKA SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-OCEANS LA English DT Article ID CANYON AB Nearshore patterns of ice motion near Barrow, Alaska, were monitored between 1973 and 1979 with a sea ice radar system. Side scan sonar surveys of the seafloor were made at the same location during the summers of 1977 and 1978. The two data sets provide information on ice motion, ice gouging, and the rate and character of seabed deformation by ice. Four ice stages (open water, freeze-up, winter, and breakup) can be defined on the basis of the frequency and patterns of ice motion and ice cover processes as recorded by the radar system. In all four ice stages the dominant ice motion was nearly parallel to the coast. Side scan sonar surveys show that the principal ice gouge directions nearshore were at a high angle to the coast and to the predominant direction of ice drift in both years. Gouge density was greatest in a narrow zone centered about the 10-m isobath which reflects the distribution of deep ice keels and the pattern of reworking of the seafloor by waves and currents. We believe the majority of observed gouges were formed by keels of multiyear ice floes during an event that occurred in July 1975, 2 years before the first seabed survey. Persistence of the gouge pattern from 1975 until 1977 is attributed to persistence of the ice cover and limited reworking by waves and currents, or additional gouging. The observed decrease in gouge density between 1977 and 1978 is attributed to (1) seafloor reworking and gouge infilling by storms and (2) the absence of ice conditions that were conducive to creating fresh gouges. C1 US GEOL SURVEY,BRANCH PACIFIC MARINE GEOL,MENLO PK,CA 94025. UNIV ALASKA,DEPT GEOL & GEOPHYS,FAIRBANKS,AK 99775. RP SHAPIRO, LH (reprint author), UNIV ALASKA,INST GEOL,FAIRBANKS,AK 99775, USA. NR 17 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 SN 0148-0227 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-OCEANS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans PD SEP 15 PY 1991 VL 96 IS C9 BP 16979 EP 16989 DI 10.1029/91JC01434 PG 11 WC Oceanography SC Oceanography GA GG239 UT WOS:A1991GG23900022 ER PT J AU WESSON, RL AF WESSON, RL TI EARTHQUAKE HAZARD ANALYSIS - ISSUES AND INSIGHTS - REITER,L SO NATURE LA English DT Book Review RP WESSON, RL (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,OFF EARTHQUAKES VOLCANOES & ENGN,RESTON,VA 22092, USA. NR 1 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD PI LONDON PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF SN 0028-0836 J9 NATURE JI Nature PD SEP 12 PY 1991 VL 353 IS 6340 BP 127 EP 127 DI 10.1038/353127a0 PG 1 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA GE731 UT WOS:A1991GE73100040 ER PT J AU ATWATER, BF STUIVER, M YAMAGUCHI, DK AF ATWATER, BF STUIVER, M YAMAGUCHI, DK TI RADIOCARBON TEST OF EARTHQUAKE MAGNITUDE AT THE CASCADIA SUBDUCTION ZONE SO NATURE LA English DT Article ID TIME SCALE; CALIBRATION; MARGIN; FAULT; BC AB THE Cascadia subduction zone, which extends along the northern Pacific coast of North America, might produce earthquakes of magnitude 8 or 9 ('great' earthquakes) even though it has not done so during the past 200 years of European observation 1-7. Much of the evidence for past Cascadia earthquakes comes from former meadows and forests that became tidal mudflats owing to abrupt tectonic subsidence in the past 5,000 years 2,3,6,7. If due to a great earthquake, such subsidence should have extended along more than 100 km of the coast 2. Here we investigate the extent of coastal subsidence that might have been caused by a single earthquake, through high-precision radiocarbon dating of coastal trees that abruptly subsided into the intertidal zone. The ages leave the great-earthquake hypothesis intact by limiting to a few decades the discordance, if any, in the most recent subsidence of two areas 55 km apart along the Washington coast. This subsidence probably occurred about 300 years ago. C1 UNIV COLORADO,INST ARCTIC & ALPINE RES,CTR GEOCHRONOL RES,BOULDER,CO 80309. UNIV WASHINGTON,QUATERNARY RES CTR,SEATTLE,WA 98195. UNIV COLORADO,INST ARCTIC & ALPINE RES,MT RES STN,BOULDER,CO 80309. RP ATWATER, BF (reprint author), UNIV WASHINGTON,DEPT GEOL SCI,US GEOL SURVEY,SEATTLE,WA 98195, USA. NR 17 TC 61 Z9 65 U1 2 U2 5 PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD PI LONDON PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF SN 0028-0836 J9 NATURE JI Nature PD SEP 12 PY 1991 VL 353 IS 6340 BP 156 EP 158 DI 10.1038/353156a0 PG 3 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA GE731 UT WOS:A1991GE73100050 ER PT J AU LEWISRUSS, A RANVILLE, J KASHUBA, AT AF LEWISRUSS, A RANVILLE, J KASHUBA, AT TI DIFFERENTIATION OF COLLOIDAL AND DISSOLVED SILICA - ANALYTICAL SEPARATION USING SPECTROPHOTOMETRY AND INDUCTIVELY COUPLED PLASMA ATOMIC EMISSION-SPECTROMETRY SO ANALYTICA CHIMICA ACTA LA English DT Article DE SPECTROPHOTOMETRY; EMISSION SPECTROMETRY; GEOLOGICAL MATERIALS; PLASMAS; SILICA AB A method is described that differentiates between solutions containing silica-dominated colloids and solutions that are essentially free of colloids. Suspensions of tuff particles were treated to remove colloids by centrifugation, filtration or both. Agreement of silica concentrations determined by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry and by a spectrophotometric method was taken as an indication of colloid-free solutions. For two tuffs, contrifugation was effective for removing colloids. For the third, highly altered tuff, filtration was more effective for removing colloids. RP LEWISRUSS, A (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,DIV WATER RESOURCES,YUCCA MT PROJECT,MS 421,BOX 25046,DENVER FED CTR,DENVER,CO 80225, USA. RI Ranville, James/H-1428-2011; OI ranville, james/0000-0002-4347-4885 NR 10 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0003-2670 J9 ANAL CHIM ACTA JI Anal. Chim. Acta PD SEP 10 PY 1991 VL 249 IS 2 BP 509 EP 511 DI 10.1016/S0003-2670(00)83026-3 PG 3 WC Chemistry, Analytical SC Chemistry GA GG660 UT WOS:A1991GG66000026 ER PT J AU HAGSTRUM, JT LIPMAN, PW AF HAGSTRUM, JT LIPMAN, PW TI LATE CRETACEOUS PALEOMAGNETISM OF THE TUCSON MOUNTAINS - IMPLICATIONS FOR VERTICAL AXIS ROTATIONS IN SOUTH CENTRAL ARIZONA SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SOLID EARTH LA English DT Article ID SAN-JUAN MOUNTAINS; SOUTHEASTERN ARIZONA; COLORADO PLATEAU; TECTONIC ROTATIONS; BLOCK ROTATION; CALDERA; NEVADA; MODEL; DEFORMATION; LARAMIDE AB The Tucson Mountains of southern Arizona are the site of an Upper Cretaceous caldera from which the rhyolitic Cat Mountain Tuff was erupted at about 72 Ma. Two magnetic units within the Cat Mountain Tuff are distinguished by paleomagnetic data in both the northern and southern Tucson Mountains. The resurgent Amole pluton (congruent-to 72 Ma) in the northern Tucson Mountains was emplaced soon after eruption of the Cat Mountain Tuff but cooled and was magnetized after northeastward tilting (50-degrees-85-degrees) of the adjacent caldera-fill sequence. Petrologic and paleomagnetic data indicate that the lower magnetic unit of the Cat Mountain Tuff tops the Silver Bell Mountains to the northwest. A previous paleomagnetic investigation (N = 34) indicates that the Silver Bell Mountains have been rotated clockwise 30-degrees +/- 16-degrees (95% confidence level) about a vertical axis relative to cratonic North America. A similar paleomagnetic study of Upper Cretaceous volcanic, volcaniclastic, and intrusive units in the Tucson Mountains (N = 26) indicates that these rocks have been rotated 7-degrees +/- 14-degrees clockwise relative to stable North America. A direct comparison of paleomagnetic directions for the lower unit of the Cat Mountain Tuff shows a 17-degrees +/- 10-degrees clockwise rotation between the Silver Bell Mountains and the Tucson Mountains which supports the relative accuracy of the absolute rotations determined for these two mountain ranges. Preliminary paleomagnetic directions for middle Tertiary units from the Silver Bell and Tucson Mountains are consistent with clockwise rotation having occurred prior to deposition of these rocks. Clockwise rotation of crustal blocks in southern Arizona likely was associated with strike-slip movement on major northwest trending faults in the region, and this movement may have been related to oblique subduction of oceanic plates along the western continental margin in Late Cretaceous and early Tertiary time. The available paleomagnetic data indicate that rocks in southern Arizona have not remained unrotated with respect to North America since Late Cretaceous time and that vertical axis rotations may have played an important role in the region during Laramide deformation. C1 US GEOL SURVEY,IGNEOUS & GEOTHERMAL PROC BRANCH,MENLO PK,CA 94025. RP HAGSTRUM, JT (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,ISOTOPE GEOL BRANCH,MS 937,345 MIDDLEFIELD RD,MENLO PK,CA 94025, USA. NR 62 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 1 U2 3 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 SN 0148-0227 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-SOL EA JI J. Geophys. Res.-Solid Earth PD SEP 10 PY 1991 VL 96 IS B10 BP 16069 EP 16081 DI 10.1029/91JB01618 PG 13 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA GH508 UT WOS:A1991GH50800003 ER PT J AU CROWLEY, JK AF CROWLEY, JK TI VISIBLE AND NEAR-INFRARED (0.4-2.5 MU-M) REFLECTANCE SPECTRA OF PLAYA EVAPORITE MINERALS SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SOLID EARTH LA English DT Article ID NEUTRON-DIFFRACTION; SPECTROSCOPY; WATER AB Visible and near-infrared (VNIR; 0.4-2.4-mu-m) reflectance spectra were recorded for 35 saline minerals that represent the wide range of mineral and brine chemical compositions found in playa evaporite settings. The spectra show that many of the saline minerals exhibit diagnostic near-infrared absorption bands, chiefly attributable to vibrations of hydrogen-bonded structural water molecules. VNIR reflectance spectra can be used to detect minor hydrate phases present in mixtures dominated by anhydrous halite or thenardite, and therefore will be useful in combination with X ray diffraction data for characterizing natural saline mineral assemblages. In addition, VNIR reflectance spectra are sensitive to differences in sample hydration state and should facilitate in situ studies of minerals that occur as fragile, transitory dehydration products in natural salt crusts. The use of spectral reflectance measurements in playa studies should aid in mapping evaporite mineral distributions and may provide insight into the geochemical and hydrological controls on playa mineral and brine development. RP CROWLEY, JK (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,MAIL STOP 927,RESTON,VA 22092, USA. NR 33 TC 78 Z9 82 U1 1 U2 6 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 SN 0148-0227 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-SOL EA JI J. Geophys. Res.-Solid Earth PD SEP 10 PY 1991 VL 96 IS B10 BP 16231 EP 16240 DI 10.1029/91JB01714 PG 10 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA GH508 UT WOS:A1991GH50800014 ER PT J AU DZURISIN, D DONNELLYNOLAN, JM EVANS, JR WALTER, SR AF DZURISIN, D DONNELLYNOLAN, JM EVANS, JR WALTER, SR TI CRUSTAL SUBSIDENCE, SEISMICITY, AND STRUCTURE NEAR MEDICINE LAKE VOLCANO, CALIFORNIA SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SOLID EARTH LA English DT Article ID NORTHEASTERN CALIFORNIA; CASCADE RANGE; GRAVITY; VELOCITY; SYSTEM; OREGON AB The pattern of historical ground deformation, seismicity, and crustal structure near Medicine Lake volcano illustrates a close relation between magmatism and tectonism near the margin of the Cascade volcanic chain and the Basin and Range tectonic province. Between leveling surveys in 1954 and 1989 the summit of Medicine Lake volcano subsided 389 +/- 43 mm with respect to a reference bench mark 40 km to the southwest (average rate = 11.1 +/- 1.2 mm/yr). A smaller survey across the summit caldera in 1988 suggests that the subsidence rate was 15-28 mm/yr during 1988-1989. Swarms of shallow earthquakes (M less-than-or-equal-to 4.6) occurred in the region during August 1978, January-February 1981, and September 1988. Except for the 1988 swarm, which occurred beneath Medicine Lake caldera, most historical earthquakes were located at least 25 km from the summit. The spatial relation between subsidence and seismicity indicates (1) radially symmetric downwarping of the volcano's summit and flanks centered near the caldera and (2) downfaulting of the entire edifice along regional faults located 25-30 km from the summit. We propose that contemporary subsidence, seismicity, and faulting are caused by (1) loading of the crust by more than 600 km3 of erupted products plus a large volume of mafic intrusives; (2) east-west extension in the western Basin and Range province; and, to a lesser extent, (3) crystallization or withdrawal of magma beneath the volcano. Thermal weakening of the subvolcanic crust by mafic intrusions facilitates subsidence and influences the distribution of earthquakes. Subsidence occurs mainly by aseismic creep within 25 km of the summit, where the crust has been heated and weakened by intrusions, and by normal faulting during episodic earthquake swarms in surrounding, cooler terrain. C1 US GEOL SURVEY,DAVID A JOHNSTON CASCADES VOLCANO OBSERV,VANCOUVER,WA 98661. RP DZURISIN, D (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,345 MIDDLEFIELD RD,MENLO PK,CA 94025, USA. NR 43 TC 23 Z9 23 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 SN 0148-0227 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-SOL EA JI J. Geophys. Res.-Solid Earth PD SEP 10 PY 1991 VL 96 IS B10 BP 16319 EP 16333 DI 10.1029/91JB01452 PG 15 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA GH508 UT WOS:A1991GH50800020 ER PT J AU GOMBERG, J AF GOMBERG, J TI SEISMICITY AND SHEAR STRAIN IN THE SOUTHERN GREAT-BASIN OF NEVADA AND CALIFORNIA SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SOLID EARTH LA English DT Article ID WESTERN UNITED-STATES; SAN-ANDREAS FAULT; 1989 LOMA-PRIETA; PANAMINT VALLEY; PLATE MOTIONS; RANGE; STRESS; DEFORMATION; EARTHQUAKES; TECTONICS AB This study examines the relationship between the distribution of small earthquakes (M(L) less-than-or-equal-to 4.3) and mechanisms of strain accumulation and relaxation in an area with long repeat times between large events, the Southern Great Basin Seismic Network (SGBSN) region. The Great Basin is a unique continental extensional province characterized by normal and strike-slip faulting, high heat flow, crust of thin to normal thickness, and high elevations. The SGBSN is operated to provide data to address suitability issues pertaining to Yucca Mountain, Nevada which is being evaluated as a potential site for a national mined geologic nuclear waste repository. Suitability issues include estimation of the probability of occurrence of future damaging earthquakes, the characterization of the mechanisms that drive hydrologic flow, and the identification of fractures (faults) that might act as flow conduits or barriers. This study attempts to explain the distribution of small earthquakes in terms of spatial variations in the shear strain field; where strain concentrates there should be a greater number of small earthquakes. Strain field models are constructed under the assumption that long term fault behavior perturbs an otherwise uniform strain field. These strain field models are then interpreted with regard to the regional tectonics and site suitability issues. Modeling results provide one possible explanation of why earthquake clusters cover regions much larger than the surface projections of any of mapped major faults; clusters in a wide band along and extending northeast of the northern half of the Furnace Creek fault may correspond to elevated shear strains along the fault and a broad cluster in the Pahrangat Shear Zone may be associated with shear strain arising from a distribution of smaller localized faults. The relatively large number of small earthquakes in the southern and eastern portions of the Nevada Test Site is consistent with the strain field models. A minimum in shear strain at Yucca Mountain is predicted by all models consistent with an almost total lack of earthquakes observed there. The region to the west of the Death Valley/Furnace Creek fault system, the portion of the study area with the most active deformation but few small earthquakes, is an area of low shear strain. A possible reason for this is that the fault configuration in the area is optimal for accommodating regional deformation via large earthquakes or creep. While there is also a relative lack of earthquakes at Yucca Mountain, this may be indicative of a lack of accumulating strain energy and thus, a lower potential for a large earthquake. RP GOMBERG, J (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,DENVER FED CTR,MS 966,BOX 25046,DENVER,CO 80225, USA. NR 47 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 3 U2 4 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 SN 0148-0227 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-SOL EA JI J. Geophys. Res.-Solid Earth PD SEP 10 PY 1991 VL 96 IS B10 BP 16383 EP 16399 DI 10.1029/91JB01576 PG 17 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA GH508 UT WOS:A1991GH50800024 ER PT J AU GOMBERG, J AF GOMBERG, J TI SEISMICITY AND DETECTION LOCATION THRESHOLD IN THE SOUTHERN GREAT-BASIN SEISMIC NETWORK SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SOLID EARTH LA English DT Article ID CENTRAL-CALIFORNIA; PANAMINT VALLEY; MOMENT; FAULT AB A spatially varying model of the detection/location capabilities of the Southern Great Basin seismic network (SGBSN) has been derived that is based on simple empirical relations and statistics. This permits use of almost all the catalog data gathered; instead of ignoring data that are below the threshold of completeness, a spatially varying threshold model is developed so that subregions having lower completeness levels than the network as a whole can be outlined and the completeness level of each sub-region determined. Such a model is required to unambiguously identify regions that are aseismic due to natural processes rather than to limited detection and/or location capabilities. Accounting for spatial variations in detection/location threshold is also important for studies in which magnitude-frequency distributions are interpreted in terms of source scaling properties. The characteristics of the spatial distribution of earthquakes, where earthquake clusters and aseismic regions locate, appear to be stable at all magnitude levels so that inferences about where strain is being accommodated will be the same whether numbers of earthquakes or strain estimated from seismic moments are examined. For the southern Great Basin region these principal characteristics include clusters at the northern end of the Furnace Creek fault and in the Pahranagat Shear Zone, and a relatively large number of earthquakes in the northern and southeastern portions of the Nevada Test Site. These clusters cover regions much larger than the surface projections of any of the mapped faults. The extent to which seismicity is induced by nuclear testing is unclear. The predominantly aseismic regions include the area west of the Death Valley/Furnace Creek fault system and an almost complete absence of events at Yucca Mountain. Finally, a considerable number of isolated events in the SGBSN catalog cannot be correlated with mapped faults. RP GOMBERG, J (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,DENVER FED CTR,MS 966,BOX 25046,DENVER,CO 80225, USA. NR 38 TC 44 Z9 47 U1 2 U2 4 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 SN 0148-0227 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-SOL EA JI J. Geophys. Res.-Solid Earth PD SEP 10 PY 1991 VL 96 IS B10 BP 16401 EP 16414 DI 10.1029/91JB01593 PG 14 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA GH508 UT WOS:A1991GH50800025 ER PT J AU HUGHES, S LUETGERT, JH AF HUGHES, S LUETGERT, JH TI CRUSTAL STRUCTURE OF THE WESTERN NEW-ENGLAND APPALACHIANS AND THE ADIRONDACK MOUNTAINS SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SOLID EARTH LA English DT Article ID NORTHERN APPALACHIANS; WAVE VELOCITIES; COASTAL MAINE; REFLECTION; ROCKS; HISTORY; HAMPSHIRE; TERRANES; OROGENY; CANADA AB We present an interpretation of the crustal velocity structure of the New England Appalachians and the Adirondack Mountains based on a seismic refraction/wide-angle reflection experiment in eastern North America extending from the Adirondacks in New York State through the northern Appalachians in Vermont and New Hampshire to central Maine. Modeling of the eastern portion of the profile within the New England Appalachians shows a subhorizontal layered crust with upper crustal velocities ranging from 5.5 to 6.2 km/s, a midcrustal velocity of 6.4 km/s, and a lower crustal velocity of approximately 6.8 km/s. Crustal thickness increases from 36 km beneath Maine to 40 km in Vermont. Little evidence is seen for structures at depth directly related to the White Mountains or the Green Mountains. A major lateral velocity change in the upper and mid crust occurs between the Appalachians and the Adirondacks. This boundary, projecting to the surface beneath the Champlain Valley, dips to the east beneath the Green Mountains and extends to a depth of approximately 25 km below the eastern edge of the Connecticut Valley Synclinorium in Vermont. The Tahawus Complex, a series of strong horizontal reflections at 18-24 km depth beneath the Adirondack Highlands, is seen to dip eastward beneath Vermont. Upper crustal rocks in the Adirondack Mountains have Poisson's ratios of 0.28 +/- 0.01 that can be correlated with the Marcy Anorthosite. Poisson's ratios of 0.24 +/- 0.01 calculated for rocks of the Connecticut Valley Synclinorium indicate a siliceous upper crust in Vermont. The lower crust is considered to be best represented by intermediate to mafic granulites; a high Poisson's ratio (0.26-0.27) tends to support a mafic lower crust in the New England Appalachians. This seismic refraction/wide-angle reflection experiment provides further evidence for the obduction of the allochthonous western Appalachian units onto Grenvillian crust above a zone of detachment that penetrates at least to midcrustal depths and was the locus of successive Paleozoic thrusting. RP HUGHES, S (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,SEISMOL BRANCH,MS 977,345 MIDDLEFIELD RD,MENLO PK,CA 94025, USA. NR 50 TC 28 Z9 28 U1 1 U2 4 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 SN 0148-0227 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-SOL EA JI J. Geophys. Res.-Solid Earth PD SEP 10 PY 1991 VL 96 IS B10 BP 16471 EP 16494 DI 10.1029/91JB01657 PG 24 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA GH508 UT WOS:A1991GH50800029 ER PT J AU MCGARR, A AF MCGARR, A TI OBSERVATIONS CONSTRAINING NEAR-SOURCE GROUND MOTION ESTIMATED FROM LOCALLY RECORDED SEISMOGRAMS SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SOLID EARTH LA English DT Article ID SOURCE PARAMETERS; SEISMIC RADIATION; STRESS DROPS; STICK-SLIP; DEEP-LEVEL; EARTHQUAKE; FAULT; TREMORS; MODEL; MINE AB To estimate the seismic hazard to underground facilities or operations in the environs of a mining-induced tremor or a natural earthquake, it is useful to be able to relate locally recorded seismic waveforms to peak ground velocity and slip at the causative fault. For this purpose, far-field S wave pulses are analyzed to define the faulting slip D and near-fault peak ground velocity D/2 that give rise to the most significant ground motion. This most intense region of faulting, an assumed circular asperity, has radius r within a broader source zone of radius r0, which is traditionally calculated from the corner frequency of the S wave spectrum. In developing relationships between peak far-field velocity v and peak acceleration a, and the source processes of the asperity, D and D, as well as its radius r, the key model assumption is that r = k-beta/omega, where omega is the angular frequency of the sinusoidal velocity pulse of maximum amplitude, beta is the shear wave speed, and k is a constant. Observations in deep-level gold mines of fault slip and slip velocity as well as laboratory observations of slip rate as a function of stress drop for stick-slip failure support a choice of about k = 2.34, the value commonly used for estimating r0 using the Brune model. In particular, observations of fault slip up to 410 mm for mining-induced tremors in the moment magnitude range 4-5 are consistent with D = 8.1 Rv/beta, where R is hypocentral distance. Moreover, estimates based on underground damage of near-fault ground velocities ranging up to 3.5 m/s are in accord with D/2 = 1.28(beta/mu)rho-Ra, where-mu is the modulus of rigidity and rho is the density. Alternatively, the average slip velocity can be expressed in terms of the stress drop DELTA-sigma-a of the asperity as = 0.51 beta-DELTA-sigma-a/mu, and the agreement of this relationship with measurements made during stick-slip failure in the laboratory is good. To the extent that seismic slip exterior to the asperity is a consequence of preevent suppression of slip due to the asperity, the broader-scale (r0) slip can be related to that of the asperity. Just as the asperity radius r can be estimated from r = 2.34-beta-v/a, an alternative estimate for r0 is given by r0 = rho-RaM0/[75.8-rho-mu(Rv)2], the results of which are generally in good agreement with estimates based on the spectral corner frequency method. RP US GEOL SURVEY, OFF EARTHQUAKES VOLCANOES & ENGN, 345 MIDDLEFIELD RD, MS 977, MENLO PK, CA 94025 USA. NR 61 TC 29 Z9 29 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-9313 EI 2169-9356 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-SOL EA JI J. Geophys. Res.-Solid Earth PD SEP 10 PY 1991 VL 96 IS B10 BP 16495 EP 16508 DI 10.1029/91JB01379 PG 14 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA GH508 UT WOS:A1991GH50800030 ER PT J AU VALLIER, TL JENNER, GA FREY, FA GILL, JB DAVIS, AS VOLPE, AM HAWKINS, JW MORRIS, JD CAWOOD, PA MORTON, JL SCHOLL, DW RAUTENSCHLEIN, M WHITE, WM WILLIAMS, RW STEVENSON, AJ WHITE, LD AF VALLIER, TL JENNER, GA FREY, FA GILL, JB DAVIS, AS VOLPE, AM HAWKINS, JW MORRIS, JD CAWOOD, PA MORTON, JL SCHOLL, DW RAUTENSCHLEIN, M WHITE, WM WILLIAMS, RW STEVENSON, AJ WHITE, LD TI SUBALKALINE ANDESITE FROM VALU FA RIDGE, A BACK-ARC SPREADING CENTER IN SOUTHERN LAU BASIN - PETROGENESIS, COMPARATIVE CHEMISTRY, AND TECTONIC IMPLICATIONS SO CHEMICAL GEOLOGY LA English DT Article ID ND ISOTOPIC EVIDENCE; OCEANIC ISLAND ARCS; TRACE-ELEMENT; VOLCANIC-ROCKS; MARGINAL BASINS; MAGNETIC-ANOMALIES; SOUTHWEST PACIFIC; MANTLE EVOLUTION; MAGMA FORMATION; NEW-ZEALAND AB Tholeiitic andesite was dredged from two sites on Valu Fa Ridge (VFR), a back-arc spreading center in Lau Basin. Valu Fa Ridge, at least 200 km long, is located 40-50 km west of the active Tofua Volcanic Arc (TVA) axis and lies about 150 km above the subducted oceanic plate. One or more magma chambers, traced discontinuously for about 100 km along the ridge axis, lie 3-4 km beneath the ridge. The mostly aphyric and glassy lavas had high volatile contents, as shown by the abundance and large sizes of vesicles. An extensive fractionation history is inferred from the high SiO2 contents and FeO*/MgO ratios. Chemical data show that the VFR lavas have both volcanic arc and back-arc basin affinities. The volcanic arc characteristics are: (1) relatively high abundances of most alkali and alkaline earth elements; (2) low abundances of high field strength elements Nb and Ta; (3) high U/Th ratios; (4) similar radiogenic isotope ratios in VFR and TVA lavas, in particular the enrichment of Sr-87/Sr-86 relative to Pb-206/Pb-204; (5) high U-238/Th-230, Th-230/Th-232, and Ra-226/Th-230 activity ratios; and (6) high ratios of Rb/Cs, Ba/Nb, and Ba/La. Other chemical characteristics suggest that the VFR lavas are related to MORB-type back-arc basin lavas. For example, VFR lavas have (1) lower Sr-87/Sr-86 ratios and higher Nd-143/Nd-144 ratios than most lavas from the TVA, except samples from Ata Island, and are similar to many Lau Basin lavas; (2) lower Sr/REE, Rb/Zr, and Ba/Zr ratios than in arc lavas; and (3) higher Ti, Fe, and V, and higher Ti/V ratios than arc lavas generally and TVA lavas specifically. Most characteristics of VFR lavas can be explained by mixing depleted mantle with either small amounts of sediment and fluids from the subducting slab and/or an older fragment of volcanic arc lithosphere. The eruption of subalkaline andesite with some arc affinities along a back-arc spreading ridge is not unique. Collision of the Louisville and Tonga ridges probably activated back-arc extension that ultimately led to the creation and growth of Valu Fa Ridge. Some ophiolitic fragments in circum-Pacific and circum-Tethyan allochthonous terranes, presently interpreted to have originated in volcanic arcs, may instead be fragments of lithosphere that formed during early stages of sea-floor spreading in a back-arc basin. C1 MIT,CAMBRIDGE,MA 02139. UNIV CALIF SANTA CRUZ,SANTA CRUZ,CA 95064. UNIV CALIF LOS ALAMOS SCI LAB,LOS ALAMOS,NM 87544. UNIV CALIF SAN DIEGO,SCRIPPS INST OCEANOG,LA JOLLA,CA 92093. MAX PLANCK INST,MAINZ,GERMANY. CARNEGIE INST WASHINGTON,WASHINGTON,DC 20005. MAX PLANCK INST,ITHACA,NY. MEM UNIV NEWFOUNDLAND,ST JOHNS A1C 5S7,NEWFOUNDLAND,CANADA. CORNELL UNIV,ITHACA,NY 14853. RP VALLIER, TL (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,345 MIDDLEFIELD RD,MENLO PK,CA 94025, USA. RI White, William/N-3231-2014; OI White, William/0000-0001-9024-7039; Frey, Frederick/0000-0002-5403-5677 NR 96 TC 76 Z9 76 U1 0 U2 5 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0009-2541 J9 CHEM GEOL JI Chem. Geol. PD SEP 5 PY 1991 VL 91 IS 3 BP 227 EP 256 DI 10.1016/0009-2541(91)90002-9 PG 30 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA GH939 UT WOS:A1991GH93900002 ER PT J AU VANDERHILST, R ENGDAHL, R SPAKMAN, W NOLET, G AF VANDERHILST, R ENGDAHL, R SPAKMAN, W NOLET, G TI TOMOGRAPHIC IMAGING OF SUBDUCTED LITHOSPHERE BELOW NORTHWEST PACIFIC ISLAND ARCS SO NATURE LA English DT Article ID WAVE TRAVEL TIME; 3-DIMENSIONAL SEISMIC STRUCTURE; LOWER MANTLE BENEATH; HIGH-VELOCITY ZONE; SLAB PENETRATION; LATERAL HETEROGENEITY; JAPAN ISLANDS; DEEP; DISCONTINUITY; EARTHQUAKES AB The seismic tomography problem does not have a unique solution, and published tomographic images have been equivocal with regard to the deep structure of subducting slabs. An improved tomographic method, using a more realistic background Earth model and surface-reflected as well as direct seismic phases, shows that slabs beneath the Japan and Izu Bonin island arcs are deflected at the boundary between upper and lower mantle, whereas those beneath the northern Kuril and Mariana arcs sink into the lower mantle. C1 US GEOL SURVEY,NATL EARTHQUAKE INFORMAT CTR,DENVER FED CTR,DENVER,CO 80225. STATE UNIV UTRECHT,DEPT THEORET GEOPHYS,3508 TA UTRECHT,NETHERLANDS. RP VANDERHILST, R (reprint author), UNIV LEEDS,DEPT EARTH SCI,LEEDS LS2 9JT,W YORKSHIRE,ENGLAND. NR 53 TC 408 Z9 408 U1 4 U2 26 PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD PI LONDON PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF SN 0028-0836 J9 NATURE JI Nature PD SEP 5 PY 1991 VL 353 IS 6339 BP 37 EP 43 DI 10.1038/353037a0 PG 7 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA GD805 UT WOS:A1991GD80500049 ER PT J AU MCBRIDE, RA BYRNES, MR PENLAND, S KINDINGER, JL AF MCBRIDE, RA BYRNES, MR PENLAND, S KINDINGER, JL TI GEOLOGIC FRAMEWORK AND HARD MINERAL-RESOURCES OF PETIT-BOIS PASS AND ADJACENT INNER SHELF, MISSISSIPPI-ALABAMA SO AAPG BULLETIN-AMERICAN ASSOCIATION OF PETROLEUM GEOLOGISTS LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 LOUISIAN GEOL SURVEY,BATON ROUGE,LA. US GEOL SURVEY,ST PETERSBURG,FL. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER ASSN PETROL GEOLOGISTS PI TULSA PA 1444 S BOULDER AVE PO BOX 979, TULSA, OK 74101 SN 0149-1423 J9 AAPG BULL JI AAPG Bull.-Am. Assoc. Petr. Geol. PD SEP PY 1991 VL 75 IS 9 BP 1532 EP 1532 PG 1 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA GD155 UT WOS:A1991GD15500078 ER PT J AU PRICE, LC AF PRICE, LC TI ON THE ORIGIN OF THE GULF-COAST NEOGENE OILS SO AAPG BULLETIN-AMERICAN ASSOCIATION OF PETROLEUM GEOLOGISTS LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US GEOL SURVEY,DENVER,CO 80225. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER ASSN PETROL GEOLOGISTS PI TULSA PA 1444 S BOULDER AVE PO BOX 979, TULSA, OK 74101 SN 0149-1423 J9 AAPG BULL JI AAPG Bull.-Am. Assoc. Petr. Geol. PD SEP PY 1991 VL 75 IS 9 BP 1535 EP 1535 PG 1 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA GD155 UT WOS:A1991GD15500086 ER PT J AU FLINT, AL CHILDS, SW AF FLINT, AL CHILDS, SW TI USE OF THE PRIESTLEY-TAYLOR EVAPORATION EQUATION FOR SOIL-WATER LIMITED CONDITIONS IN A SMALL FOREST CLEAR-CUT SO AGRICULTURAL AND FOREST METEOROLOGY LA English DT Article ID DOUGLAS-FIR STANDS; EVAPOTRANSPIRATION; PARAMETERIZATION; MODEL; CROP AB The Priestley-Taylor equation, a simplification of the Penman equation, was used to allow calculations of evapotranspiration under conditions where soil water supply limits evapotranspiration. The Priestley-Taylor coefficient, alpha, was calculated to incorporate an exponential decrease in evapotranspiration as soil water content decreases. The method is appropriate for use when detailed meteorological measurements are not available. The data required to determine the parameter for the alpha-coefficient are net radiation, soil heat flux, average air temperature, and soil water content. These values can be obtained from measurements or models. The dataset used in this report pertains to a partially vegetated clearcut forest site in southwest Oregon with soil depths ranging from 0.48 to 0.70 m and weathered bedrock below that. Evapotranspiration was estimated using the Bowen ratio method, and the calculated Priestley-Taylor coefficient was fitted to these estimates by nonlinear regression. The calculated Priestley-Taylor coefficient (alpha') was found to be approximately 0.9 when the soil was near field capacity (0.225 cm3 cm-3). It was not until soil water content was less than 0.14 cm3 cm-3 that soil water supply limited evapotranspiration. The soil reached a final residual water content near 0.05 cm3 cm-3 at the end of the growing season. C1 CASCADE EARTH SCI LTD,CORBETT,OR 97019. RP FLINT, AL (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,DIV WATER RESOURCES,MERCURY,NV 89023, USA. NR 26 TC 59 Z9 70 U1 1 U2 16 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0168-1923 J9 AGR FOREST METEOROL JI Agric. For. Meteorol. PD SEP PY 1991 VL 56 IS 3-4 BP 247 EP 260 DI 10.1016/0168-1923(91)90094-7 PG 14 WC Agronomy; Forestry; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Agriculture; Forestry; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA GG842 UT WOS:A1991GG84200005 ER PT J AU SANFORD, WE WOOD, WW AF SANFORD, WE WOOD, WW TI BRINE EVOLUTION AND MINERAL DEPOSITION IN HYDROLOGICALLY OPEN EVAPORITE BASINS SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID GREAT SALT LAKE; NATURAL-WATERS; POTASH EVAPORITES; GEOCHEMISTRY; SYSTEM; 25-DEGREES-C; PREDICTION; ORIGIN; HYDROCHEMISTRY; THERMODYNAMICS AB A hydrologic analysis demonstrates the critical importance of basin leakage on brine evolution and the consequent evaporite-mineral suite and thickness. Solute loss from evaporite basins can be either by ground water or surface water, and although the flux is often small, it nevertheless can play a significant role in the evolution of evaporite brines and the formation of evaporite deposits. The leakage ratio, the ratio of water outflow to water inflow, is an important factor in this analysis. A lumped-parameter, solute mass-balance model is developed to define the role of water outflow from a well-mixed basin. A mass-balance model is analyzed with a geochemical model designed for waters with high ionic strengths. Two typical waters, seawater and a Na-HCO3 ground water, are analyzed to illustrate the control that the leakage ratio (or hydrologic openness of the basin) has on brine evolution and the suite and thicknesses of evaporite minerals deposited. The analysis suggests that brines evolve differently under different leakage conditions. Even the smallest of leakages will have an effect on a brine's evolution. For any finite value of the leakage ratio, a steady-state condition will develop with respect to the solute fluxes in the brine (assuming a constant volume) after a given amount of time. Given the predicted residence times of solutes in such basins, the condition of steady-state solute flux may often predominate during the formation of evaporite deposits. The mineral suite and thicknesses are also controlled by the leakage ratio, and some minerals will only precipitate in significant quantities at certain leakage ratios. Model results indicate that brine evolution and evaporite formation should be a strong function of leakage in both continental and marine environments. RP SANFORD, WE (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,NATL CTR,MS 431,RESTON,VA 22092, USA. NR 35 TC 73 Z9 74 U1 0 U2 7 PU KLINE GEOLOGY LABORATORY PI NEW HAVEN PA YALE UNIV, NEW HAVEN, CT 06520 SN 0002-9599 J9 AM J SCI JI Am. J. Sci. PD SEP PY 1991 VL 291 IS 7 BP 687 EP 710 PG 24 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA GD773 UT WOS:A1991GD77300002 ER PT J AU HEMINGWAY, BS AF HEMINGWAY, BS TI THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES OF ANTHOPHYLLITE AND TALC - CORRECTIONS AND DISCUSSION OF CALORIMETRIC DATA SO AMERICAN MINERALOGIST LA English DT Article ID TEMPERATURE SOLUTION CALORIMETRY; MGO-SIO2-H2O SYSTEM; STABILITY RELATIONS; MINERAL EQUILIBRIA; HEAT-CAPACITIES; FORSTERITE; ENSTATITE; ENTHALPIES; MG2SIO4; CO2SIO4 AB Arithmetic errors in calculating heat capacity values (Krupka, 1984; Krupka et al., 1985a) for anthophyllite and several errors in the Hess cycles utilized to derive enthalpies of formation of anthophyllite and talc are identified, and revised values are reported. The corrected values are: for anthophyllite, S(298)0 - S(0)0 = 554.2 +/- 3 J/mol.K and DELTA-f-H(298)0 = - 12163 +/- 8 kJ/mol.K for the composition Mg6.3Fe0.7Si8O22(OH)2; and S(298)0 = 534.5 +/- 3.5 J/mol.K, DELTA-fH(298) = - 12070 +/- 8 kJ/mol and DELTA-fG(298)0 = - 11343 +/- 8 kJ/mol for the composition Mg7Si8O22(OH)2; and for talc [Mg3Si4O10(OH)2], DELTA-fH(298)0 = - 5900 +/- 2 kJ/mol and DELTA-fG(298)0 = - 5520 +/- 2 kJ/mol. Corrected heat capacity equations for anthophyllite are: for Mg6.3Fe0.7Si8O22(OH)2 C(P)0 = 1285.774 + 0.011648T - 8602.01T-0.5 - 11 178 000T-2 and for Mg7Si8O22(OH)2 C(P)0 = 1259.938 + 0.018 884T - 8127.40T-0.5 - 11 642 700T-2 in J/mol.K, with the valid range 298.15 to 1200 K. The revised calorimetric values are in good agreement with evaluations by linear and mathematical programming (Day et al., 1985; Berman et al., 1986; Berman, 1988), and they support the values determined by solubility studies (Hemley et al., 1977a, 1977b; Bricker et al., 1973). RP HEMINGWAY, BS (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,RESTON,VA 22092, USA. NR 40 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 4 PU MINERALOGICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 1130 17TH ST NW SUITE 330, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0003-004X J9 AM MINERAL JI Am. Miner. PD SEP-OCT PY 1991 VL 76 IS 9-10 BP 1589 EP 1596 PG 8 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Mineralogy SC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Mineralogy GA GL397 UT WOS:A1991GL39700014 ER PT J AU HEMINGWAY, BS ROBIE, RA EVANS, HT KERRICK, DM AF HEMINGWAY, BS ROBIE, RA EVANS, HT KERRICK, DM TI HEAT-CAPACITIES AND ENTROPIES OF SILLIMANITE, FIBROLITE, ANDALUSITE, KYANITE, AND QUARTZ AND THE AL2SIO5 PHASE-DIAGRAM SO AMERICAN MINERALOGIST LA English DT Article ID THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES; REVISED VALUES; TRIPLE POINT; LOW ALBITE; TEMPERATURE; POLYMORPHS; 1000-K; CALORIMETRY; ENTHALPIES; MINERALS AB Low-temperature heat capacities for sillimanite, fibrolite, and both fine-grained and coarse-grained quartz have been measured. Superambient heat capacities have been measured for four sillimanite, two andalusite, one kyanite, and two fibrolite samples. The following equations are recommended for the temperature dependence of the heat capacities of kyanite, andalusite, sillimanite, and fibrolite: C(P)0 (kyanite) = 279.435 - 7.124 x 10(-3)T - 2.28936 x 10(3)T-0.5 - 2.0556 x 10(6)T-2 (valid 298.15-2000 K, average deviation 0.17%) C(P)0 (andalusite) = 277.306 - 6.588 x 10(-3)T - 2.26560 x 10(3)T-0.5 - 1.9141 x 10(6)T-2 (valid 298.15-2000 K, average deviation 0.24%) C(P)0 (sillimanite) = 280.190 - 6.900 x 10(-3)T - 2.39937 x 10(3)T-0.5 - 1.37573 x 10(6)T-2 (valid 298.15-2000 K, average deviation 0.52%) C(P)0 (fibrolite) = 417.596 - 70.2335 x 10(-3)T - 5.00119 x 10(3)T-0.5 + 1.45450 x 10(6)T-2 (valid 298.15-800 K, average deviation 0.25%) C(P)0 (fibrolite) = 306.108 - 9.99098 x 10(-3)T - 3.48957 x 10(3)T-0.5 + 7.81586 x 10(6)T-2 (valid 800-2000 K, average deviation 0.16%). C1 PENN STATE UNIV,UNIVERSITY PK,PA 16802. RP HEMINGWAY, BS (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,959 NATL CTR,RESTON,VA 22092, USA. NR 58 TC 56 Z9 56 U1 2 U2 7 PU MINERALOGICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 1130 17TH ST NW SUITE 330, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0003-004X J9 AM MINERAL JI Am. Miner. PD SEP-OCT PY 1991 VL 76 IS 9-10 BP 1597 EP 1613 PG 17 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Mineralogy SC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Mineralogy GA GL397 UT WOS:A1991GL39700015 ER PT J AU WEBSTER, JD DUFFIELD, WA AF WEBSTER, JD DUFFIELD, WA TI VOLATILES AND LITHOPHILE ELEMENTS IN TAYLOR CREEK RHYOLITE - CONSTRAINTS FROM GLASS INCLUSION ANALYSIS SO AMERICAN MINERALOGIST LA English DT Article ID ION-MICROPROBE ANALYSES; NEW-MEXICO; MELT INCLUSIONS; TIN MINERALIZATION; H2O; PHENOCRYSTS; MAGMAS; ORIGIN; WATER; CL AB Glass-bearing inclusions in quartz phenocrysts from four eruptive units of the F-rich, Sn-mineralized Taylor Creek Rhyolite, New Mexico, have been analyzed by electron microprobe. Inclusions from two units contain F-rich glass and the daughter minerals fluorbiotite (> 4 wt% F), fluorite, and fluor-muscovite (> 6 wt% F); these fractions of magma contained extreme concentrations of F. Glass-rich inclusions from the other two units have also been analyzed by ion microprobe for H, Li, Rb, Cs, Ce, Be, Sr, Y, Nb, U, Th, Mo, W, Sn, and B. Close similarities in major-element composition between these glass-rich inclusions and host whole rocks indicate that the inclusions are samples of melt from which the phenocrysts grew. F contents of these glass inclusions are variable and low relative to inclusions containing micas and fluorite. Concentrations of Al2O3, Na2O, K2O, H2O, FeO, and CaO in glass-rich inclusions vary and correlate inversely with SiO2. This is interpreted to indicate that up to 15 wt% SiO2 crystallized within inclusions after trapping of melt, although secondarily precipitated quartz is not optically visible within inclusions. This postentrapment process does not measurably change trace-element concentrations in trapped glass relative to analytical uncertainty. Concentrations of minor and trace elements in glass inclusions vary by factors of 2 to > 10. These variations are significantly greater than those shown by whole rocks, indicate that melt was strongly heterogeneous for some trace elements, and express melt evolution as phenocrysts grew. Mean concentrations of Rb, Cs, and Cl (+/- U) in glass inclusions exceed those in glassy whole rocks; the concentrations of these and other relatively mobile elements (H2O and Li) in vitrophyres do not represent the composition of parent melt. Relatively low H2O and high Cl concentrations in melt imply that these fractions of melt were H2O undersaturated prior to trapping of inclusions. Preeruptive H2O content of melt, from which quartz phenocrysts grew, was less-than-or-equal-to 2.7 wt%. Preeruptive abundances of other mobile constituents in this melt were 0.25 wt% F, 0.26 wt% Cl, 45 ppm B, 11 ppm U, 16 ppm Cs, and 15 ppm Sn. Mobile constituents were variably removed from Taylor Creek Rhyolite magma during or after eruption but after melt inclusions were entrapped in quartz. Mean concentrations of immobile trace elements in glass inclusions are equivalent to those in whole rocks. C1 UNIV EDINBURGH,GRANT INST GEOL,EDINBURGH EH9 3JW,SCOTLAND. US GEOL SURVEY,FLAGSTAFF,AZ 86001. NR 65 TC 83 Z9 84 U1 1 U2 2 PU MINERALOGICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 1130 17TH ST NW SUITE 330, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0003-004X J9 AM MINERAL JI Am. Miner. PD SEP-OCT PY 1991 VL 76 IS 9-10 BP 1628 EP 1645 PG 18 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Mineralogy SC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Mineralogy GA GL397 UT WOS:A1991GL39700018 ER PT J AU CZAMANSKE, GK ZIENTEK, ML MANNING, CE AF CZAMANSKE, GK ZIENTEK, ML MANNING, CE TI LOW-K GRANOPHYRES OF THE STILLWATER COMPLEX, MONTANA SO AMERICAN MINERALOGIST LA English DT Article ID CATION-EXCHANGE EQUILIBRIA; AQUEOUS CHLORIDE SOLUTION; SKAERGAARD INTRUSION; FLUID COMPOSITION; PLAGIOCLASE; TRANSPORT; GABBROS; QUARTZ; MAGMAS; ROCKS AB Small bodies of granophyre occur as a volumetrically insignificant but ubiquitous component of the Banded series of the Stillwater Complex. White to pink granophyre typically occurs as veins, 1-12 cm thick and as much as 100 m long. A geochemically similar body of coalescing alaskite dikes, associated with an occurrence of Pt-group elements in the Banded series of the complex, crops out approximately 2 km south-southeast of Picket Pin Mountain over an area 130 by 210 m. Analyzed samples contain 77-79 wt% SiO2 and, with one exception, less than 0.12 wt% K2O. Albite or oligoclase and quartz, commonly in granophyric, plumose, or graphic intergrowths, commonly make up more than 97 vol% of the veins. Rare-earth-element contents of whole-rock samples and feldspar separates are as much as 100 times those of chondrites; typically, there is a pronounced negative Eu anomaly. Considering host rocks and chemistry, these rocks are comparable to the most siliceous examples of oceanic plagiogranite. The Stillwater granophyres, however, are enriched in Si, Th, U, and LREEs, and depleted in K, Fe, and Eu, relative to oceanic granophyres. The relatively voluminous granophyres of classic diabase-granophyre associations contain 1.9-5.0 wt% K2O and 57-74 wt% SiO2; they are readily interpreted as crystallization differentiates. In contrast, we interpret granophyres of the type found in the Stillwater Complex, characterized by very low K2O content, near-constant high SiO2 content, and varying, commonly anomalously high CaO content, to have evolved during the latest stages of consolidation, in equilibrium with a high-temperature aqueous chloride solution. We suggest that these granophyres may typically represent material transported by and precipitated from these solutions. C1 UNIV CALIF LOS ANGELES,DEPT EARTH & SPACE SCI,LOS ANGELES,CA 90024. RP CZAMANSKE, GK (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,MENLO PK,CA 94025, USA. RI Manning, Craig/A-1118-2009 OI Manning, Craig/0000-0002-1463-3701 NR 47 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 1 PU MINERALOGICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 1130 17TH ST NW SUITE 330, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0003-004X J9 AM MINERAL JI Am. Miner. PD SEP-OCT PY 1991 VL 76 IS 9-10 BP 1646 EP 1661 PG 16 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Mineralogy SC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Mineralogy GA GL397 UT WOS:A1991GL39700019 ER PT J AU PAPIKE, JJ KEITH, TEC SPILDE, MN GALBREATH, KC SHEARER, CK LAUL, JC AF PAPIKE, JJ KEITH, TEC SPILDE, MN GALBREATH, KC SHEARER, CK LAUL, JC TI GEOCHEMISTRY AND MINERALOGY OF FUMAROLIC DEPOSITS, VALLEY OF 10,000 SMOKES, ALASKA - BULK CHEMICAL AND MINERALOGICAL EVOLUTION OF DACITE-RICH PROTOLITH SO AMERICAN MINERALOGIST LA English DT Article ID HYDROTHERMAL ALTERATION; GEOTHERMAL SYSTEM; VOLCANO; AUGUSTINE; EMISSIONS; GASES AB Samples from a fossil fumarole originating in the 1912 ash-flow tuff in the Valley of Ten Thousand Smokes have been analyzed to ascertain chemical changes resulting from high-temperature fumarolic alteration and subsequent cooling and weathering of the protolith. Samples of the underlying, dominantly leached, dacite-rich portion of the ash-flow tuff adjacent to the fumarolic conduit and samples of encrusted fallout from the shallow part of the fossil fumarole were interpreted using the isocon method of Grant (1986). The results show that, relative to unaltered 1912 dacite, chosen as a standard composition for the protolith in this fossil fumarole, mass was conserved during the alteration reactions for most of the system, but mass gains of 14-20% were determined for three samples in the leached ash-flow tuff. Relative to unaltered dacite protolith, significant enrichments occurred in SO3, LOI (approximately H2O), Cl, F, Zn, Pb, Cu, Sn, Cr, Ni, As, Sb, Au, Br in various parts of the fossil fumarole. Some of these were during the high-temperature part of the alteration, and some were during cooling processes when acid alteration becomes prominent. The REEs indicate some depletion in highly altered samples relative to dacite protolith and differnetial mobility of Eu2+ relative to trivalent REEs. This is manifested by positive Eu anomalies in REE patterns normalized against REE in the dacite protolith. Mineral phases introduced in the alteration assemblages include alunite reflecting high SO3 activity, hydrated aluminum hydroxy-fluoride (a ralstonite-like phase) and fluorite reflecting high F activity, smectite, magnetite, hematite, and goethite reflecting oxidation and hydration reactions. Opal and a portion of the alpha-cristobalite reflect SiO2 mobility; however, the abundance of alpha-cristobalite is formed from pumice leached during high-temperature vapor-phase processes and devitrification of the altered glass. C1 US GEOL SURVEY,MENLO PK,CA 94025. UNIV N DAKOTA,COMBUST & ENVIRONM SYST RES INST,ENERGY & ENVIRONM RES CTR,GRAND FORKS,ND 58202. EG&G,GOLDEN,CO 80402. RP PAPIKE, JJ (reprint author), UNIV NEW MEXICO,INST METEOR,DEPT GEOL,ALBUQUERQUE,NM 87131, USA. NR 55 TC 25 Z9 25 U1 0 U2 1 PU MINERALOGICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 1130 17TH ST NW SUITE 330, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0003-004X J9 AM MINERAL JI Am. Miner. PD SEP-OCT PY 1991 VL 76 IS 9-10 BP 1662 EP 1673 PG 12 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Mineralogy SC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Mineralogy GA GL397 UT WOS:A1991GL39700020 ER PT J AU SHERMAN, DM AF SHERMAN, DM TI HARTREE-FOCK BAND-STRUCTURE, EQUATION OF STATE, AND PRESSURE-INDUCED HYDROGEN-BONDING IN BRUCITE, MG(OH)2 SO AMERICAN MINERALOGIST LA English DT Letter AB The electronic structure and equation of state of brucite has been investigated using the recently developed extension of the Hartree-Fock LCAO formalism to periodic systems. Of primary interest is whether H bonding in brucite can be enhanced at high pressure. Pressure-induced H bonding could stabilize OH-bearing phases in the Earth's interior. It is found, however, that H bonding in brucite is very weak at zero pressure and is not enhanced with high pressure. Pressure-induced H bonding might be more significant in OH-bearing aluminosilicates. The calculated molar volume and equation of state for brucite agree well with experiment as does the calculated Raman-active A1g OH stretch frequency. RP SHERMAN, DM (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,DENVER,CO 80225, USA. RI Sherman, David/A-7538-2008 OI Sherman, David/0000-0003-1835-6470 NR 13 TC 48 Z9 48 U1 2 U2 8 PU MINERALOGICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 1130 17TH ST NW SUITE 330, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0003-004X J9 AM MINERAL JI Am. Miner. PD SEP-OCT PY 1991 VL 76 IS 9-10 BP 1769 EP 1772 PG 4 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Mineralogy SC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Mineralogy GA GL397 UT WOS:A1991GL39700031 ER PT J AU HENNY, CJ BLUS, LJ HOFFMAN, DJ GROVE, RA HATFIELD, JS AF HENNY, CJ BLUS, LJ HOFFMAN, DJ GROVE, RA HATFIELD, JS TI LEAD ACCUMULATION AND OSPREY PRODUCTION NEAR A MINING SITE ON THE COEUR-DALENE RIVER, IDAHO SO ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article ID DIETARY LEAD; PROTOPORPHYRIN; DUCKS; SHOT; MORTALITY; INGESTION; BLOOD AB Mining and smelting at Kellogg-Smelterville, Idaho, resulted in high concentrations of lead in Coeur d'Alene (CDA) River sediments 15-65 km downstream, where ospreys (Pandion haliaetus) nested. Adult and nestling ospreys living along the CDA River had significantly higher blood lead concentrations than those at Lake Coeur d'Alene (intermediate area) or Pend Oreille and Flathead Lakes (reference areas). Lead concentrations in fish collected from the study areas paralleled those found in ospreys. Inhibition of blood delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase (ALAD) activity and elevation of protoporphyrin concentration provided evidence of lead exposure. In adult ospreys, ALAD activity was negatively correlated with lead in blood (r = -0.57), whereas protoporphyrin was positively correlated with lead in blood (r = +0.40). Neither hemoglobin nor hematocrit was adversely affected by the relatively modest lead concentrations found in the blood. Pronounced accumulation of lead by adults or young could ultimately result in behavioral abnormalities or death, both of which would reduce productivity of the nesting osprey population. We did not observe death related to lead, behavioral abnormalities, or reduced productivity during this 1986-87 study. Despite some lead-induced biochemical changes in blood parameters, ospreys produced young at nearly identical rates in the three study areas; these rates were among the highest ever reported in the western United States. Post-fledging survival of ospreys exposed to lead early in life remains an unknown. Lead does not biomagnify in the food chain as do organochlorine pesticides and mercury and several osprey behavior traits reduce the potential for the species to accumulate critical levels of lead. Swans, which feed at a lower trophic level, continue to die from environmental lead in the region. C1 US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,PATUXENT WILDLIFE RES CTR,LAUREL,MD 20708. RP HENNY, CJ (reprint author), US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,PATUXENT WILDLIFE RES CTR,480 S W AIRPORT RD,CORVALLIS,OR 97333, USA. NR 53 TC 53 Z9 54 U1 2 U2 6 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 SN 0090-4341 J9 ARCH ENVIRON CON TOX JI Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. PD SEP PY 1991 VL 21 IS 3 BP 415 EP 424 PG 10 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA GF258 UT WOS:A1991GF25800013 ER PT J AU QUANG, PX LANCTOT, RB AF QUANG, PX LANCTOT, RB TI A LINE TRANSECT MODEL FOR AERIAL SURVEYS SO BIOMETRICS LA English DT Article DE AERIAL SURVEY; BOOTSTRAP PROCEDURE; DENSITY ESTIMATION; LINE TRANSECT; TRUNCATED BETA MODEL; VISIBILITY BIAS ID VISIBILITY BIAS AB We employ line transect methods to estimate the density of the common and Pacific loon in the Yukon Flats National Wildlife Refuge from aerial survey data. Line transect methods have the advantage of automatically taking into account "visibility bias" due to detectability differences of animals at different distances from the transect line. However, line transect methods must overcome two difficulties when applied to aerial surveys: (1) the existence of a "blind strip" or zone of zero detection below the aircraft, and (2) the inaccurate recording of sighting distances due to high travel speeds, so that in fact only a few reliable distance class counts are available. We propose a unimodal detection function that provides an estimate of the effective area lost due to the blind strip, under the assumption that a line of perfect detection exists parallel to the transect line. The unimodal detection function can also be applied when a blind strip is absent, and in certain instances when the maximum probability of detection is less than 100%. A simple bootstrap procedure to estimate standard error is illustrated. Finally, we present results from a small set of Monte Carlo experiments. C1 US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,YUKON FLATS NATL WILDLIFE REFUGE,FAIRBANKS,AK 99701. RP QUANG, PX (reprint author), UNIV ALASKA,DEPT MATH SCI,FAIRBANKS,AK 99775, USA. NR 15 TC 21 Z9 21 U1 0 U2 6 PU INTERNATIONAL BIOMETRIC SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 808 17TH ST NW SUITE 200, WASHINGTON, DC 20006-3910 SN 0006-341X J9 BIOMETRICS JI Biometrics PD SEP PY 1991 VL 47 IS 3 BP 1089 EP 1102 DI 10.2307/2532661 PG 14 WC Biology; Mathematical & Computational Biology; Statistics & Probability SC Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics; Mathematical & Computational Biology; Mathematics GA GG509 UT WOS:A1991GG50900022 ER PT J AU ENDO, ET MURRAY, T AF ENDO, ET MURRAY, T TI REAL-TIME SEISMIC AMPLITUDE MEASUREMENT (RSAM) - A VOLCANO MONITORING AND PREDICTION TOOL SO BULLETIN OF VOLCANOLOGY LA English DT Article AB Seismicity is one of the most commonly monitored phenomena used to determine the state of a volcano and for the prediction of volcanic eruptions. Although several real-time earthquake-detection and data acquisition systems exist, few continuously measure seismic amplitude in circumstances where individual events are difficult to recognize or where volcanic tremor is prevalent. Analog seismic records provide a quick visual overview of activity; however, continuous rapid quantitative analysis to define the intensity of seismic activity for the purpose of predicting volcanic eruptions is not always possible because of clipping that results from the limited dynamic range of analog recorders. At the Cascades Volcano Observatory, an inexpensive 8-bit analog-to-digital system controlled by a laptop computer is used to provide 1-min average-amplitude information from eight telemetered seismic stations. The absolute voltage level for each station is digitized, averaged, and appended in near real-time to a data file on a multiuser computer system. Raw real-time seismic amplitude measurement (RSAM) data or transformed RSAM data are then plotted on a common time base with other available volcano-monitoring information such as tilt. Changes in earthquake activity associated with dome-building episodes, weather, and instrumental difficulties are recognized as distinct patterns in the RSAM data set. RSAM data for dome-building episodes gradually develop into exponential increases that terminate just before the time of magma extrusion. Mount St. Helens crater earthquakes show up as isolated spikes on amplitude plots for crater seismic stations but seldom for more distant stations. Weather-related noise shows up as low-level, long-term disturbances on all seismic stations, regardless of distance from the volcano. Implemented in mid-1985, the RSAM system has proved valuable in providing up-to-date information on seismic activity for three Mount St. Helens eruptive episodes from 1985 to 1986 (May 1985, May 1986, and October 1986). Tiltmeter data, the only other telemetered geophysical information that was available for the three dome-building episodes, is compared to RSAM data to show that the increase in RSAM data was related to the transport of magma to the surface. Thus, if tiltmeter data is not available, RSAM data can be used to predict future magmatic eruptions at Mount St. Helens. We also recognize the limitations of RSAM data. Two examples of RSAM data associated with phreatic or shallow phreatomagmatic explosions were not preceded by the same increases in RSAM data or changes in tilt associated with the three dome-building eruptions. RP ENDO, ET (reprint author), US GEOL SRUVEY,APO,NEW YORK,NY 09697, USA. NR 0 TC 104 Z9 104 U1 2 U2 15 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 SN 0258-8900 J9 B VOLCANOL JI Bull. Volcanol. PD SEP PY 1991 VL 53 IS 7 BP 533 EP 545 DI 10.1007/BF00298154 PG 13 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA GH534 UT WOS:A1991GH53400002 ER PT J AU BAUMANN, PC MAC, MJ SMITH, SB HARSHBARGER, JC AF BAUMANN, PC MAC, MJ SMITH, SB HARSHBARGER, JC TI TUMOR FREQUENCIES IN WALLEYE (STIZOSTEDION-VITREUM) AND BROWN BULLHEAD (ICTALURUS-NEBULOSUS) AND SEDIMENT CONTAMINANTS IN TRIBUTARIES OF THE LAURENTIAN GREAT-LAKES SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FISHERIES AND AQUATIC SCIENCES LA English DT Article ID POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC-COMPOUNDS; RAINBOW-TROUT; DNA ADDUCTS; FERAL FISH; RIVER; BENZOPYRENE; CARCINOGENESIS; HYDROXYLASE; POPULATION; INDUCTION AB To better characterize neoplasm epizootics in the Great Lakes basin and their association with families of contaminants, we sampled five locations: the Fox and Menominee rivers, Lake Michigan; Munuscong Lake, St. Mary's River; and the Black and Cuyahoga rivers, Lake Erie. Frequencies of external and liver tumors were determined for brown bullhead (Ictalurus nebulosus) from all locations except the Black River and for walleye (Stizostedion vitreum) from the Lake Michigan and St. Mary's River sites. Sediment samples were analyzed for metals, polychlorinated aromatics, and polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH). Liver neoplasms occurred in brown bullhead from the Cuyahoga River and Munuscong Lake; brown bullhead captured from Munuscong Lake were older than those collected from the other locations. Brown bullhead from these same two rivers had elevated hepatosomatic indexes. No liver neoplasms were found in brown bullhead from the Fox and Menominee rivers, although polychlorinated aromatics were highest in both Fox River sediment and Fox and Menominee brown bullhead, and arsenic was highest in Menominee River sediment and fish. Liver neoplasms in brown bullhead from the Cuyahoga River fit the prevailing hypothesis that elevated PAH in sediment can induce cancer in wild fish. The cause of the liver neoplasms in Munuscong Lake brown bullhead is undetermined. C1 US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,NATL FISHERIES RES CTR GREAT LAKES,ANN ARBOR,MI 48105. NATL MUSEUM NAT HIST,REGISTRY TUMORS LOWER ANIM,WASHINGTON,DC 20560. RP BAUMANN, PC (reprint author), OHIO STATE UNIV,US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,NATL FISHERIES CONTAMINANT RES CTR,COLUMBUS,OH 43210, USA. NR 39 TC 57 Z9 57 U1 1 U2 9 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA ON K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0706-652X J9 CAN J FISH AQUAT SCI JI Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. PD SEP PY 1991 VL 48 IS 9 BP 1804 EP 1810 DI 10.1139/f91-213 PG 7 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA GH594 UT WOS:A1991GH59400024 ER PT J AU KUNKEL, KE CHAPMAN, RC MECH, LD GESE, EM AF KUNKEL, KE CHAPMAN, RC MECH, LD GESE, EM TI TESTING THE WILDLINK ACTIVITY-DETECTION SYSTEM ON WOLVES AND WHITE-TAILED DEER SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF ZOOLOGY-REVUE CANADIENNE DE ZOOLOGIE LA English DT Article ID SENSITIVE RADIO COLLARS AB We tested the reliability and predictive capabilities of the activity meter in the new Wildlink Data Acquisition and Recapture System by comparing activity counts with concurrent observations of captive wolf (Canis lupus) and free-ranging white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) activity. The Wildlink system stores activity data in a computer within a radio collar with which a biologist can communicate. Three levels of activity could be detected. The Wildlink system provided greater activity discrimination and was more reliable, adaptable, and efficient and was easier to use than conventional telemetry activity systems. The Wildlink system could be highly useful for determining wildlife energy budgets. C1 UNIV MINNESOTA,DEPT FISHERIES & WILDLIFE,ST PAUL,MN 55108. UNIV MINNESOTA,DEPT ELECT ENGN,BIOMED ENGN PROGRAM,MINNEAPOLIS,MN 55455. US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,PATUXENT WILDLIFE RES CTR,LAUREL,MD 20708. RI Gese, Eric/B-4578-2011 NR 12 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 2 U2 13 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA ON K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0008-4301 J9 CAN J ZOOL JI Can. J. Zool.-Rev. Can. Zool. PD SEP PY 1991 VL 69 IS 9 BP 2466 EP 2469 DI 10.1139/z91-347 PG 4 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA GX853 UT WOS:A1991GX85300028 ER PT J AU SILLITOE, RH MCKEE, EH VILA, T AF SILLITOE, RH MCKEE, EH VILA, T TI RECONNAISSANCE K-AR GEOCHRONOLOGY OF THE MARICUNGA GOLD-SILVER BELT, NORTHERN CHILE SO ECONOMIC GEOLOGY AND THE BULLETIN OF THE SOCIETY OF ECONOMIC GEOLOGISTS LA English DT Article ID POTASSIUM-ARGON AB The Maricunga metallogenic belt in northern Chile is defined by the presence of both intrusion-related porphyry-type and volcanic-hosted high sulfidation (acid sulfate) epithermal deposits containing gold and/or silver. The nine principal mineralized centers in the belt, including the La Coipa, La Pepa, Marte, and Lobo deposits, were dated radiometrically using the K-Ar method. Hypogene alunite from advanced argillic assemblages was dated from eight of the deposits. The 18 new radiometric ages permit subdivision of the Maricunga belt into two overlapping, longitudinal subbelts: the western of early Miocene (including latest Oligocene) age (25-20 Ma) and the eastern of middle Miocene age (14-12.5 Ma). This spatial and temporal subdivision of the alteration and mineralization accords well with that defined previously for volcanic rocks in the region and is substantiated further by regional structural and volcanic relationships. The migration of the magmatic and metallogenic activity from the western to the eastern subbelt may be attributed to shallowing of the subduction zone, which was initiated at 18 to 16 Ma. The western and eastern Maricunga subbelts are broadly correlative with two discrete volcanic alteration events in the El Indio precious metal belt 300 km to the south. The Maricunga subbelts are also integral parts of an eastward-younging sequence of gold-bearing magmatic metallogenic subbelts of Paleocene to late Miocene age, which span an east-west distance of 380 km in this transect (26-degrees-28-degrees-S) of the central Andes. C1 US GEOL SURVEY, MENLO PK, CA 94025 USA. MINERA ANGLOAMER CHILE SA, SANTIAGO, CHILE. RP SILLITOE, RH (reprint author), 27 W HILL PK, HIGHGATE VILLAGE, LONDON N6 6ND, ENGLAND. NR 36 TC 34 Z9 36 U1 0 U2 0 PU ECONOMIC GEOLOGY PUBL CO PI EL PASO PA UNIV TEXAS AT EL PASO ROOM 202 QUINN HALL, EL PASO, TX 79968 SN 0361-0128 J9 ECON GEOL BULL SOC JI Econ. Geol. Bull. Soc. Econ. Geol. PD SEP-OCT PY 1991 VL 86 IS 6 BP 1261 EP 1270 PG 10 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA GV841 UT WOS:A1991GV84100008 ER PT J AU SPIRAKIS, CS AF SPIRAKIS, CS TI GENESIS OF THE TABULAR-TYPE VANADIUM-URANIUM DEPOSITS OF THE HENRY BASIN, UTAH - A DISCUSSION SO ECONOMIC GEOLOGY AND THE BULLETIN OF THE SOCIETY OF ECONOMIC GEOLOGISTS LA English DT Discussion ID GEOCHEMISTRY RP SPIRAKIS, CS (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,DENVER FED CTR,BOX 25046,MAIL STOP 939,DENVER,CO 80225, USA. NR 10 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU ECONOMIC GEOLOGY PUBL CO PI EL PASO PA UNIV TEXAS AT EL PASO ROOM 202 QUINN HALL, EL PASO, TX 79968 SN 0361-0128 J9 ECON GEOL BULL SOC JI Econ. Geol. Bull. Soc. Econ. Geol. PD SEP-OCT PY 1991 VL 86 IS 6 BP 1350 EP 1353 PG 4 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA GV841 UT WOS:A1991GV84100014 ER PT J AU GOLDHABER, MB WANTY, RB LANDIS, GP REYNOLDS, RL GRAUCH, RI WHITNEY, G RYE, RO AF GOLDHABER, MB WANTY, RB LANDIS, GP REYNOLDS, RL GRAUCH, RI WHITNEY, G RYE, RO TI GENESIS OF THE TABULAR-TYPE VANADIUM-URANIUM DEPOSITS OF THE HENRY BASIN, UTAH - A REPLY SO ECONOMIC GEOLOGY AND THE BULLETIN OF THE SOCIETY OF ECONOMIC GEOLOGISTS LA English DT Discussion ID GEOCHEMISTRY RP GOLDHABER, MB (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,DENVER FED CTR,BOX 25046,DENVER,CO 80225, USA. NR 6 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU ECONOMIC GEOLOGY PUBL CO PI EL PASO PA UNIV TEXAS AT EL PASO ROOM 202 QUINN HALL, EL PASO, TX 79968 SN 0361-0128 J9 ECON GEOL BULL SOC JI Econ. Geol. Bull. Soc. Econ. Geol. PD SEP-OCT PY 1991 VL 86 IS 6 BP 1353 EP 1355 PG 3 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA GV841 UT WOS:A1991GV84100015 ER PT J AU BARTON, PB JAMES, HL AF BARTON, PB JAMES, HL TI MEMORIAL TO WHITE,WALTER,S. 1915-1991 SO ECONOMIC GEOLOGY AND THE BULLETIN OF THE SOCIETY OF ECONOMIC GEOLOGISTS LA English DT Item About an Individual RP BARTON, PB (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,WASHINGTON,DC 20242, USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU ECONOMIC GEOLOGY PUBL CO PI EL PASO PA UNIV TEXAS AT EL PASO ROOM 202 QUINN HALL, EL PASO, TX 79968 SN 0361-0128 J9 ECON GEOL BULL SOC JI Econ. Geol. Bull. Soc. Econ. Geol. PD SEP-OCT PY 1991 VL 86 IS 6 BP 1381 EP 1382 PG 2 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA GV841 UT WOS:A1991GV84100020 ER PT J AU MEADE, RH RAYOL, JM DACONCEICAO, SC NATIVIDADE, JRG AF MEADE, RH RAYOL, JM DACONCEICAO, SC NATIVIDADE, JRG TI BACKWATER EFFECTS IN THE AMAZON RIVER BASIN OF BRAZIL SO ENVIRONMENTAL GEOLOGY AND WATER SCIENCES LA English DT Article ID SEDIMENT AB The Amazon River mainstem of Brazil is so regulated by differences in the timing of tributary inputs and by seasonal storage of water on floodplains that maximum discharges exceed minimum discharges by a factor of only 3. Large tributaries that drain the southern Amazon River basin reach their peak discharges two months earlier than does the mainstem. The resulting backwater in the lowermost 800 km of two large southern tributaries, the Madeira and Purus rivers, causes falling river stages to be as much as 2-3 m higher than rising stages at any given discharge. Large tributaries that drain the northernmost Amazon River basin reach their annual minimum discharges three to four months later than does the mainstem. In the lowermost 300-400 km of the Negro River, the largest northern tributary and the fifth largest river in the world, the lowest stages of the year correspond to those of the Amazon River mainstem rather than to those in the upstream reaches of the Negro River. C1 CO PESQUISAS RECURSOS MINERAIS,BR-69000 MANAUS,AMAZONAS,BRAZIL. CO PESQUISAS RECURSOS MINERAIS,BR-66000 BELEM,PARA,BRAZIL. DEPT NACL AGUAS & ENERGIA ELET,BR-66000 BELEM,PARA,BRAZIL. RP MEADE, RH (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,MS 413,BOX 25046,DENVER,CO 80225, USA. NR 27 TC 86 Z9 86 U1 0 U2 7 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 SN 0177-5146 J9 ENVIRON GEOL WATER S PD SEP-OCT PY 1991 VL 18 IS 2 BP 105 EP 114 DI 10.1007/BF01704664 PG 10 WC Environmental Sciences; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Geology; Water Resources GA GE401 UT WOS:A1991GE40100005 ER PT J AU ARMOUR, CL TAYLOR, JG AF ARMOUR, CL TAYLOR, JG TI EVALUATION OF THE INSTREAM FLOW INCREMENTAL METHODOLOGY BY UNITED-STATES FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE FIELD USERS SO FISHERIES LA English DT Article AB This paper summarizes results of a survey conducted in 1988 of 57 U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service field offices. The purpose was to document opinions of biologists experienced in applying the Instream Flow Incremental Methodology (IFIM). Responses were received from 35 offices where 616 IFIM applications were reported. The existence of six monitoring studies designed to evaluate the adequacy of flows provided at sites was confirmed. The two principal categories reported as stumbling blocks to the successful application of IFIM were beliefs that the methodology is technically too simplistic or that it is too complex to apply. Recommendations receiving the highest scores for future initiatives to enhance IFIM use were (1) training and workshops for field biologists; and (2) improving suitability index (SI) curves and computer models, and evaluating the relationship of weighted useable area (WUA) to fish responses. The authors concur that emphasis for research should be on addressing technical concerns about SI curves and WUA. RP ARMOUR, CL (reprint author), US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,NATL ECOL RES CTR,4512 MCMURRAY RD,FT COLLINS,CO 80525, USA. NR 0 TC 31 Z9 33 U1 2 U2 4 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 SN 0363-2415 J9 FISHERIES JI Fisheries PD SEP-OCT PY 1991 VL 16 IS 5 BP 36 EP 43 DI 10.1577/1548-8446(1991)016<0036:EOTIFI>2.0.CO;2 PG 8 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA GM939 UT WOS:A1991GM93900007 ER PT J AU HEM, JD LIND, CJ AF HEM, JD LIND, CJ TI COPRECIPITATION MECHANISMS AND PRODUCTS IN MANGANESE OXIDATION IN THE PRESENCE OF CADMIUM SO GEOCHIMICA ET COSMOCHIMICA ACTA LA English DT Article ID SURFACE; OXIDES; DISSOLUTION; STABILITY; HYDROQUINONE; CHEMISTRY; REDUCTION; ORGANICS; NICKEL; MN(II) AB Manganese oxidation products were precipitated in an aerated open-aqueous system where a continuous influx of mixed Mn2+ and Cd2+ solution was supplied and pH was maintained with an automated pH-stat adding dilute NaOH. X-ray diffraction and electron diffraction identified the solids produced as mixtures of Cd2Mn3(4+)O8, Mn2(2+)Mn3(4+)O8, MnO2 (ramsdellite), and CdCO3. Mean oxidation numbers of the total precipitated Mn as great as 3.6 were reached during titrations. During subsequent aging in solution, oxidation numbers between 3.8 and 3.9 were reached in some precipitates in less than 40 days. Conditional oxidation rate constants calculated from a crystal-growth equation applied to titration data showed the overall precipitation rate, without considering manganese oxidation state in the precipitate, was increased by a factor of approximately 4 to approximately 7 when the mode ratio (Cd/Mn + Cd) of cadmium in the feed solution was 0.40 compared with rate constants for hausmannite (Mn2+Mn2(3+)O4) precipitation under similar conditions but without accessory metals. Kinetic experiments were made to test effects of various Cd/Mn + Cd mole ratios and rates of addition of the feed solution, different temperatures from 5.0 to 35-degrees-C, and pH from 8.0 to 9.0. Oxidation rates were slower when the Cd mole ratio was less than 0.40. The rate increased by a factor of approximately 10 when pH was raised one-half unit. The effect of temperature on the rate constants was also substantial, but the meaning of this is uncertain because the rate of formation of Mn4+ oxide in the absence of Cd or other accessory metals was too slow to be measurable in titration experiments. The increased rate of Mn4+ oxide formation in the presence of Cd2+ can be ascribed to the formation of a labile adsorbed intermediate, CdMn2O4Int, an analog of hausmannite, formed on precipitate surfaces at the beginning of the oxidation process. The increased lability of this structure, resulting from coordination-chemical behavior of Cd2+ during the titration, causes a rapid second-stage rearrangement and facilitates disproportionation of the Mn3+ ions. The Mn2+ ions thus released provide a positive feedback mechanism that couples the two steps of the conversion of Mn2+ to Mn4+ more closely than is possible when other metal ions besides manganese are not present. During aging of precipitates in contact with solutions, proportions of Cd2Mn3O8 and MnO2 increased at the expense of other precipitate components. RP HEM, JD (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,DIV WATER RESOURCES,345 MIDDLEFIELD RD,MENLO PK,CA 94025, USA. NR 38 TC 18 Z9 18 U1 5 U2 15 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 0016-7037 J9 GEOCHIM COSMOCHIM AC JI Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta PD SEP PY 1991 VL 55 IS 9 BP 2435 EP 2451 DI 10.1016/0016-7037(91)90364-B PG 17 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA GG443 UT WOS:A1991GG44300003 ER PT J AU PHILLIPS, FM ZREDA, MG SMITH, SS ELMORE, D KUBIK, PW DORN, RI RODDY, DJ AF PHILLIPS, FM ZREDA, MG SMITH, SS ELMORE, D KUBIK, PW DORN, RI RODDY, DJ TI AGE AND GEOMORPHIC HISTORY OF METEOR CRATER, ARIZONA, FROM COSMOGENIC CL-36 AND C-14 IN ROCK VARNISH SO GEOCHIMICA ET COSMOCHIMICA ACTA LA English DT Letter ID THERMO-LUMINESCENCE MEASUREMENTS; SHOCK-METAMORPHOSED SANDSTONE; CATION-RATIO; ACCELERATOR; SPECTROMETRY; DOLOMITE; EARTH AB Using cosmogenic Cl-36 buildup and rock varnish radiocarbon, we have measured the exposure age of rock surfaces at Meteor Crater, Arizona. Our Cl-36 measurements on four dolomite boulders ejected from the crater by the impact yield a mean age of 49.7 +/- 0.85 ka, which is in excellent agreement with an average age of 49 +/- 3 ka obtained from thermoluminescence studies on shock-metamorphosed dolomite and quartz. These ages are supported by undetectably low C-14 in the oldest rock varnish sample. C1 UNIV ROCHESTER,NUCL STRUCT RES LAB,ROCHESTER,NY 14627. ARIZONA STATE UNIV,DEPT GEOG,TEMPE,AZ 85287. US GEOL SURVEY,FLAGSTAFF,AZ 86001. RP PHILLIPS, FM (reprint author), NEW MEXICO INST MIN & TECHNOL,DEPT GEOSCI,SOCORRO,NM 87801, USA. NR 22 TC 70 Z9 71 U1 0 U2 1 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 0016-7037 J9 GEOCHIM COSMOCHIM AC JI Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta PD SEP PY 1991 VL 55 IS 9 BP 2695 EP 2698 DI 10.1016/0016-7037(91)90387-K PG 4 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA GG443 UT WOS:A1991GG44300026 ER PT J AU NISHIZUMI, K KOHL, CP SHOEMAKER, EM ARNOLD, JR KLEIN, J FINK, D MIDDLETON, R AF NISHIZUMI, K KOHL, CP SHOEMAKER, EM ARNOLD, JR KLEIN, J FINK, D MIDDLETON, R TI INSITU BE-10 AL-26 EXPOSURE AGES AT METEOR CRATER, ARIZONA SO GEOCHIMICA ET COSMOCHIMICA ACTA LA English DT Letter ID QUARTZ; BE-10; AL-26 AB A new method of dating the surface exposure of rocks from in situ production of Be-10 and Al-26 has been applied to determine the age of Meteor Crater, Arizona. A lower bound on the crater age of 49,200 +/- 1,700 years has been obtained by this method. C1 US GEOL SURVEY,FLAGSTAFF,AZ 86001. UNIV PENN,DEPT PHYS,PHILADELPHIA,PA 19104. RP NISHIZUMI, K (reprint author), UNIV CALIF SAN DIEGO,DEPT CHEM,LA JOLLA,CA 92093, USA. RI fink, David/A-9518-2012 NR 20 TC 60 Z9 60 U1 0 U2 1 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 0016-7037 J9 GEOCHIM COSMOCHIM AC JI Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta PD SEP PY 1991 VL 55 IS 9 BP 2699 EP 2703 DI 10.1016/0016-7037(91)90388-L PG 5 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA GG443 UT WOS:A1991GG44300027 ER PT J AU PIERCE, WG NELSON, WH TOKARSKI, AK PIEKARSKA, E AF PIERCE, WG NELSON, WH TOKARSKI, AK PIEKARSKA, E TI HEART MOUNTAIN, WYOMING, DETACHMENT LINEATIONS - ARE THEY IN MICROBRECCIA OR IN VOLCANIC TUFF SO GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA BULLETIN LA English DT Article ID FAULT AB The concept of tectonic denudation followed by deposition of lower middle Eocene Wapiti Formation volcanic rocks on the exposed Heart Mountain detachment has been challenged by Hauge. His "extending allochthon" interpretation requires that the Wapiti Formation be fault emplaced and that lineations in a volcanic tuff overlying the fault north of Jim Smith Peak be fault striae in "microbreccia." Our re-examination of the field evidence in minute detail indicates that these lineations were produced by flowage of volcanic rocks on a thin layer of air-fall tuff. The following lines of evidence indicate that this tuff was deposited on the detachment surface during the brief interval that the denuded surface was exposed. (1) Field relations indicate that the Wapiti volcanic rocks are younger than the detachment, and so they could not have been fault emplaced. (2) Lineations occur only on the upper surface of Wapiti Formation tuff; none were found at the contact of the tuff with the detachment surface. (3) The reported direction of translation indicated by the lineations is not consistent. Many lineations in the tuff indicate north and northeast movement-a direction that is consistent with lineations produced by lava flowing from a known vent but inconsistent with a southeast direction of detachment movement. (4) The lineations are restricted to the northwestern part of the area covered by the Wapiti Formation, which is also consistent with their derivation as volcanic flow lineations from a known vent. If the Wapiti had been tectonically emplaced, fault striae should occur elsewhere on the detachment surface, but none have been observed. (5) The lower contact of the tuff with the detachment surface, as seen in thin sections, is irregular, suggesting that it is a depositional rather than a fault contact. (6) The contact between the tuff and overlying Wapiti, as seen in thin sections, is also irregular, as would be expected if the Wapiti volcanic breccia had been deposited on the tuff. Thin sections of the "microbrecia" suggest that it is a sedimentary rock, not a "fault rock." (7) A remnant of the tectonic carpet of all-carbonate fault breccia lying on the detachment surface, unmixed with the overlying Wapiti volcanic rock, is compatible with the depositional emplacement of the Wapiti but is not compatible with Wapiti Formation being moved many kilometers across the carpet of all-carbonate fault breccia and not removing or becoming mixed with it. C1 POLISH ACAD SCI,PL-31002 KRAKOW,POLAND. RP PIERCE, WG (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,MENLO PK,CA 94025, USA. NR 30 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 3 U2 4 PU GEOLOGICAL SOC AMERICA PI BOULDER PA PO BOX 9140 3300 PENROSE PLACE, BOULDER, CO 80301 SN 0016-7606 J9 GEOL SOC AM BULL JI Geol. Soc. Am. Bull. PD SEP PY 1991 VL 103 IS 9 BP 1133 EP 1145 DI 10.1130/0016-7606(1991)103<1133:HMWDLA>2.3.CO;2 PG 13 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA GF121 UT WOS:A1991GF12100001 ER PT J AU JANNIK, NO PHILLIPS, FM SMITH, GI ELMORE, D AF JANNIK, NO PHILLIPS, FM SMITH, GI ELMORE, D TI A CL-36 CHRONOLOGY OF LACUSTRINE SEDIMENTATION IN THE PLEISTOCENE OWENS RIVER SYSTEM SO GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA BULLETIN LA English DT Article ID GREAT-BASIN; SEARLES LAKE; RECORD; ACCELERATOR; CALIFORNIA; CLIMATE; CORE AB We have used Cl-36 to date climatically sensitive saline-lake sediments from hydrologically closed basins in southeastern California, primarily sediments from Searles and Panamint basins. During wet periods of the past 2.0 m.y., lakes that formed in the closed basins fluctuated in size in direct response to the balance between runoff and evaporation. We have compiled a chronology for the KM-3 core from Searles Lake, based on ages determined by Cl-36 for the evaporites, together with those determined by C-14 and U-Th series for younger sediments, and by magnetostratigraphy for older sediments. This chronology, along with other criteria, such as correlations between Searles and Panamint basins, the chloride budget, and sedimentology, is used to reconstruct the history of lake fluctuations in the paleo-Owens River system. We infer that Searles Lake desiccated at most twice since 600 ka: during the interval around 290 ka, and from 10 ka to the present. The lake history curve shows that the Holocene Epoch is anomalously arid. Major overflows from Searles to Panamint occurred during the intervals between 1.3 Ma and 1.0 Ma, 750 ka and 600 ka, 500 ka and 400 ka, and 150 ka and 120 ka. Comparing the lake-fluctuation chronology to the delta-O-18 record of marine foraminifera, we infer that the strongest similarity is in the periodicities of the cycles-40 to 50 kyr before the Matuyama/Brunhes magnetic reversal (730 ka) and 100 kyr thereafter. We find, however, that at Searles Lake this fluctuation in the lake chronology is modulated by longer-term cycles of aridity and humidity. Thus, although the mid-latitude Quaternary climate record reflects the mid- to high-latitude ice-volume fluctuations that dominate the marine O-18 record, it also contains evidence for climatic forcing of a different type. C1 NEW MEXICO INST MIN & TECHNOL,DEPT GEOSCI,SOCORRO,NM 87801. US GEOL SURVEY,SEDIMENTARY PROC BRANCH,MENLO PK,CA 94025. PURDUE UNIV,DEPT PHYS,W LAFAYETTE,IN 47907. RP JANNIK, NO (reprint author), WINONA STATE UNIV,DEPT GEOSCI,WINONA,MN 55987, USA. NR 40 TC 45 Z9 45 U1 2 U2 4 PU GEOLOGICAL SOC AMERICA PI BOULDER PA PO BOX 9140 3300 PENROSE PLACE, BOULDER, CO 80301 SN 0016-7606 J9 GEOL SOC AM BULL JI Geol. Soc. Am. Bull. PD SEP PY 1991 VL 103 IS 9 BP 1146 EP 1159 DI 10.1130/0016-7606(1991)103<1146:ACCOLS>2.3.CO;2 PG 14 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA GF121 UT WOS:A1991GF12100002 ER PT J AU FRIDRICH, CJ SMITH, RP DEWITT, E MCKEE, EH AF FRIDRICH, CJ SMITH, RP DEWITT, E MCKEE, EH TI STRUCTURAL, ERUPTIVE, AND INTRUSIVE EVOLUTION OF THE GRIZZLY PEAK CALDERA, SAWATCH RANGE, COLORADO SO GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA BULLETIN LA English DT Article ID MAGMA CHAMBER; MOUNTAINS; BRECCIAS; LAYERS; TUFF; SR; PB AB Volcanic and shallow intrusive features of the deeply dissected 34 Ma Grizzly Peak caldera in west-central Colorado record evolution of the magmatic center from pre-caldera through post-resurgent stages. Pre-caldera dikes, zones of hydrothermally altered rocks, and lava flows formed along a circular swarm of cone-sheet fractures around the site of the future caldera. Early, largely rhyolitic upper-crustal magmatism culminated in the caldera-forming eruption of the Grizzly Peak Tuff. Intracaldera tuff is zoned from high-silica rhyolite at the base to low-silica rhyolite at the eroded top and, further, contains dacite to mafic latite pumice lumps in two heterogeneous tuff layers in the upper third of the preserved section. Half of the erupted tuff ponded in the 17-by 23-km, > 600-km3 caldera, filling the asymmetric depression to a compacted thickness locally > 2.7 km, including intercalated rock-avalanche megabreccias shed from ring-fault scarps. The asymmetric caldera has an inner ring-fracture zone that separates two structural segments that collapsed to different depths. Caldera fill buried collapse structures as they formed; the inner ring-fracture zone is a growth (or syn-depositional) fault in the single-cooling-unit tuff. Welded-tuff ring dikes are locally exposed at erosion levels below the caldera fill. These dikes are remanants of fissure vents in the outer ring-fracture zone. Following collapse, the Grizzly Peak caldera was uplifted, forming a complexly faulted resurgent dome. Resurgence resulted partly from emplacement of a composite granodiorite laccolith now exposed in the eroded core of the dome. A belt of mafic latite to rhyolite porphyry dikes and small stocks formed across the center of the domed caldera during the waning of the magmatic center. Latite intrusions in this suite represent the penetration of relatively mafic magma to the surface following solidification of the felsic subcaldera batholith. C1 STANFORD UNIV,DEPT GEOL,STANFORD,CA 94305. EG&G IDAHO INC,IDAHO NATL ENGN LAB,IDAHO FALLS,ID 83415. US GEOL SURVEY,DENVER FED CTR,DENVER,CO 80225. US GEOL SURVEY,MENLO PK,CA 94025. NR 45 TC 49 Z9 50 U1 0 U2 0 PU GEOLOGICAL SOC AMERICA PI BOULDER PA PO BOX 9140 3300 PENROSE PLACE, BOULDER, CO 80301 SN 0016-7606 J9 GEOL SOC AM BULL JI Geol. Soc. Am. Bull. PD SEP PY 1991 VL 103 IS 9 BP 1160 EP 1177 DI 10.1130/0016-7606(1991)103<1160:SEAIEO>2.3.CO;2 PG 18 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA GF121 UT WOS:A1991GF12100003 ER PT J AU MILLER, DM ALLMENDINGER, RW AF MILLER, DM ALLMENDINGER, RW TI JURASSIC NORMAL AND STRIKE-SLIP FAULTS AT CRATER ISLAND, NORTHWESTERN UTAH SO GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA BULLETIN LA English DT Article ID SEVIER OROGENIC BELT; NORTHEASTERN NEVADA; EASTERN NEVADA; ELKO COUNTY; THRUST BELT; GREAT-BASIN; HINTERLAND; REFLECTION; EVOLUTION; EXTENSION AB At Crater Island, northern Silver Island Mountains, northwestern Utah, an unbroken Tertiary fault block within the Basin and Range province exhibits Jurassic or older structures that are virtually unmodified by subsequent tectonism, providing an opportunity to examine the tectonics of the Jurassic back arc of the Cordillera. Widespread high-angle faults, mainly striking north and northeast, offset the moderately west-dipping strata down to the west, thereby extending the strata parallel to bedding by 10% to 20%. These faults apparently belong to a single kinematic event of west-northwest-oriented extension subparallel to bedding. The normal faults merge with a north-northwest dextral strike-slip fault system. The two fault systems are kinematically compatible, suggesting that they may have been contemporaneous. A low-angle (thrust?) fault nearly parallel to bedding within Ordovician strata is cut by the high-angle faults. Intrusive relations with about 160 Ma granitoid rocks show that all of these faults are Late Jurassic or older, with a reasonable lower age limit of Early Jurassic established on the basis of paleogeographic reconstructions using sedimentary deposits in the region. Jurassic dikes indicate a minimum horizontal compression direction that is parallel to the extension direction indicated by the normal faults, thus supporting the inference that normal and strike-slip faulting took place during the late Middle or early Late Jurassic. We interpret these data to indicate that minor thrusting, probably during the Jurassic, was followed by extensional faulting within a strike-slip fault system, probably close in time to intrusion. These relations are similar to those reported previously in the nearby Newfoundland Mountains. Other mountains of northern Utah and adjacent Nevada also have examples of Jurassic normal faults that contrast with the more generally observed thrust faults and tectonite fabrics. These data point to a possible regional extensional tectonic event affecting the crust far inland of the Jurassic magmatic arc, an event probably associated with back-arc magmatism. C1 CORNELL UNIV,DEPT GEOL SCI,ITHACA,NY 14853. RP MILLER, DM (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,345 MIDDLEFIELD RD,MENLO PK,CA 94025, USA. RI Allmendinger, Richard/F-9334-2013 OI Allmendinger, Richard/0000-0001-8958-6113 NR 60 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 0 PU GEOLOGICAL SOC AMERICA PI BOULDER PA PO BOX 9140 3300 PENROSE PLACE, BOULDER, CO 80301 SN 0016-7606 J9 GEOL SOC AM BULL JI Geol. Soc. Am. Bull. PD SEP PY 1991 VL 103 IS 9 BP 1239 EP 1251 DI 10.1130/0016-7606(1991)103<1239:JNASSF>2.3.CO;2 PG 13 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA GF121 UT WOS:A1991GF12100007 ER PT J AU TWICHELL, DC PAULL, CK PARSON, LM AF TWICHELL, DC PAULL, CK PARSON, LM TI TERRACES ON THE FLORIDA ESCARPMENT - IMPLICATIONS FOR EROSIONAL PROCESSES SO GEOLOGY LA English DT Article ID ORIGIN AB SeaBeam bathymetric data and GLORIA (Geologic LOng-Range Inclined Asdic) sidescan sonar images of a 175-km-long section of the Florida escarpment in the eastern Gulf of Mexico show that this carbonate escarpment has been eroded since its initial formation, but its morphology suggests that erosional processes have not acted uniformly on the escarpment. Parts of the escarpment are notched by box canyons that have extremely steep headwalls and may be sites of active ground-water sapping. The intercanyon areas commonly have previously unrecognized terraces below 2600 m. Above 2600 m, the escarpment is steeper and has no terraces. The terraces may reflect differences in platform strata exposed at the escarpment that are responding differently to erosional processes. C1 UNIV N CAROLINA,CHAPEL HILL,NC 27599. INST OCEANOG SCI,WORMLEY GU8 5UB,SURREY,ENGLAND. RP TWICHELL, DC (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,WOODS HOLE,MA 02543, USA. NR 22 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU GEOLOGICAL SOC AMERICA PI BOULDER PA PO BOX 9140 3300 PENROSE PLACE, BOULDER, CO 80301 SN 0091-7613 J9 GEOLOGY JI Geology PD SEP PY 1991 VL 19 IS 9 BP 897 EP 900 DI 10.1130/0091-7613(1991)019<0897:TOTFEI>2.3.CO;2 PG 4 WC Geology SC Geology GA GF115 UT WOS:A1991GF11500008 ER PT J AU GREENE, HG GARDNERTAGGART, J LEDBETTER, MT BARMINSKI, R CHASE, TE HICKS, KR BAXTER, C AF GREENE, HG GARDNERTAGGART, J LEDBETTER, MT BARMINSKI, R CHASE, TE HICKS, KR BAXTER, C TI OFFSHORE AND ONSHORE LIQUEFACTION AT MOSS LANDING SPIT, CENTRAL CALIFORNIA - RESULT OF THE OCTOBER 17, 1989, LOMA-PRIETA EARTHQUAKE SO GEOLOGY LA English DT Article AB As a result of the October 17, 1989, Loma Prieta (Santa Cruz Mountains, California) earthquake, liquefaction of the fluvial, estuarine, eolian, and beach sediments under a sand spit destroyed the Moss Landing Marine Laboratories and damaged other structures and utilities. Initial studies suggested that the liquefaction was a local phenomenon. More detailed offshore investigations, however, indicate that it occurred over a large area (max. 8 km2) during or shortly after the earthquake with movement of unconsolidated sediment toward and into the head of Monterey submarine canyon. This conclusion is supported by side-scan sonographs, high-resolution seismic-reflection and bathymetric profiles, onshore and sea-floor photographs, and underwater video tapes. Many distinct lobate features were identified on the shallow shelf. These features almost certainly were the result of the October 17 earthquake; they were subsequently destroyed by winter storms. In addition, fresh slump scars and recently dislodged mud debris were found on the upper, southern wall of Monterey submarine canyon. C1 MOSS LANDING MARINE LABS,MOSS LANDING,CA 95039. STANFORD UNIV,MONTEREY BAY AQUARIUM RES INST,HOPKINS MARINE STN,MONTEREY,CA 93940. RP GREENE, HG (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,345 MIDDLEFIELD RD,MS 999,MENLO PK,CA 94025, USA. NR 10 TC 21 Z9 22 U1 1 U2 3 PU GEOLOGICAL SOC AMERICA PI BOULDER PA PO BOX 9140 3300 PENROSE PLACE, BOULDER, CO 80301 SN 0091-7613 J9 GEOLOGY JI Geology PD SEP PY 1991 VL 19 IS 9 BP 945 EP 949 DI 10.1130/0091-7613(1991)019<0945:OAOLAM>2.3.CO;2 PG 5 WC Geology SC Geology GA GF115 UT WOS:A1991GF11500020 ER PT J AU FINN, C AF FINN, C TI UNITED-STATES WEST-COAST REVISITED - AN AEROMAGNETIC PERSPECTIVE - COMMENT SO GEOLOGY LA English DT Note C1 US GEOL SURVEY,DENVER FED CTR,DENVER,CO 80225. NR 0 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU GEOLOGICAL SOC AMERICA PI BOULDER PA PO BOX 9140 3300 PENROSE PLACE, BOULDER, CO 80301 SN 0091-7613 J9 GEOLOGY JI Geology PD SEP PY 1991 VL 19 IS 9 BP 950 EP 951 DI 10.1130/0091-7613(1991)019<0950:CAROUS>2.3.CO;2 PG 2 WC Geology SC Geology GA GF115 UT WOS:A1991GF11500021 ER PT J AU JOHNSON, PR AF JOHNSON, PR TI UNITED-STATES WEST-COAST REVISITED - AN AEROMAGNETIC PERSPECTIVE - REPLY SO GEOLOGY LA English DT Note RP JOHNSON, PR (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,POB 1488,JEDDAH 21431,SAUDI ARABIA. NR 9 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU GEOLOGICAL SOC AMERICA PI BOULDER PA PO BOX 9140 3300 PENROSE PLACE, BOULDER, CO 80301 SN 0091-7613 J9 GEOLOGY JI Geology PD SEP PY 1991 VL 19 IS 9 BP 950 EP 951 PG 2 WC Geology SC Geology GA GF115 UT WOS:A1991GF11500022 ER PT J AU SANSONE, FJ RESING, JA TRIBBLE, GW SEDWICK, PN KELLY, KM HON, K AF SANSONE, FJ RESING, JA TRIBBLE, GW SEDWICK, PN KELLY, KM HON, K TI LAVA-SEAWATER INTERACTIONS AT SHALLOW-WATER SUBMARINE LAVA FLOWS SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article ID DE-FUCA RIDGE; EAST PACIFIC RISE; HYDROTHERMAL SOLUTIONS; METHANE; RATES; 21-DEGREES-N; CHEMISTRY; SPRINGS; PLUME AB Hydrothermal plumes associated with nearshore lava flows from Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii were studied on five occasions during 1989-1990 to address the current lack of data on direct lava-seawater interactions. The following enrichments were found in the sea-surface hydrothermal plumes above the active underwater lava flows: H2, 15,000x ambient seawater concentrations; Mn, 250x; and Si, 20x. Water temperatures reached 46-degrees-C. Lower concentrations and temperatures were observed in the plumes with increasing distance from shore, with H-2, Si, and Mn concentrations linearly related to seawater temperature. Unlike deep sea spreading center hydrothermal plumes, no CH4 enrichment was observed. The elevated H-2 is likely to be from water-rock reactions, rather than from the release of magmatic gas. The plume mass/heat ratios presented here suggest that submarine flood basalts, although aerially large, should be relatively small immediate contributors to oceanic geochemical cycles compared to hydrothermal circulation through the crust. C1 US GEOL SURVEY,DIV WATER RESOURCES,HONOLULU,HI 96813. US GEOL SURVEY,HAWAIIAN VOLCANO OBSERV,VOLCANO,HI 96718. RP SANSONE, FJ (reprint author), UNIV HAWAII MANOA,DEPT OCEANOG,1000 POPE RD,HONOLULU,HI 96822, USA. RI Sansone, Francis/B-9915-2013 NR 37 TC 20 Z9 20 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 SN 0094-8276 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD SEP PY 1991 VL 18 IS 9 BP 1731 EP 1734 DI 10.1029/91GL01279 PG 4 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA GF593 UT WOS:A1991GF59300020 ER PT J AU PHILLIPS, SP BELITZ, K AF PHILLIPS, SP BELITZ, K TI CALIBRATION OF A TEXTURE-BASED MODEL OF A GROUNDWATER-FLOW SYSTEM, WESTERN SAN JOAQUIN VALLEY, CALIFORNIA SO GROUND WATER LA English DT Article AB The occurrence of selenium in agricultural drain water from the western San Joaquin Valley, California, has focused concern on the semiconfined ground-water flow system, which is underlain by the Corcoran Clay Member of the Tulare Formation. A two-step procedure is used to calibrate a preliminary model of the system for the purpose of determining the steady-state hydraulic properties. Horizontal and vertical hydraulic conductivities are modeled as functions of the percentage of coarse sediment, hydraulic conductivities of coarse-textured (K(coarse)) and fine-textured (K(fine)) end members, and averaging methods used to calculate equivalent hydraulic conductivities. The vertical conductivity of the Corcoran (K(corc)) is an additional parameter to be evaluated. In the first step of the calibration procedure, the model is run by systematically varying the following variables: (1) K(coarse)/K(fine), (2) K(coarse)/K(corc), and (3) choice of averaging methods in the horizontal and vertical directions. Root mean square error and bias values calculated from the model results are functions of these variables. These measures of error provide a means for evaluating model sensitivity and for selecting values of K(coarse), K(fine), and K(corc) for use in the second step of the calibration procedure. In the second step, recharge rates are evaluated as functions of K(coarse), K(corc), and a combination of averaging methods. The associated K(fine) values are selected so that the root mean square error is minimized on the basis of the results from the first step. The results of the two-step procedure indicate that the spatial distribution of hydraulic conductivity that best produces the measured hydraulic head distribution is created through the use of arithmetic averaging in the horizontal direction and either geometric or harmonic averaging in the vertical direction. The equivalent hydraulic conductivities resulting from either combination of averaging methods compare favorably to field- and laboratory-based values. RP PHILLIPS, SP (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,WRD,2800 COTTAGE WAY,ROOM W-2234,SACRAMENTO,CA 95825, USA. NR 31 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 1 U2 1 PU GROUND WATER PUBLISHING CO PI COLUMBUS PA 2600 GROUND WATER WAY, COLUMBUS, OH 43219 SN 0017-467X J9 GROUND WATER JI Ground Water PD SEP-OCT PY 1991 VL 29 IS 5 BP 702 EP 715 DI 10.1111/j.1745-6584.1991.tb00562.x PG 14 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Geology; Water Resources GA GD509 UT WOS:A1991GD50900009 ER PT J AU DODD, CK SEIGEL, RA AF DODD, CK SEIGEL, RA TI RELOCATION, REPATRIATION, AND TRANSLOCATION OF AMPHIBIANS AND REPTILES - ARE THEY CONSERVATION STRATEGIES THAT WORK SO HERPETOLOGICA LA English DT Article DE AMPHIBIANS; REPTILES; REPATRIATION; RELOCATION; TRANSLOCATION; CONSERVATION; MANAGEMENT ID SEX-RATIO; SPECIES CONSERVATION; POPULATION SIZES; GOPHER TORTOISE; ECOLOGY; TURTLES; SCIENCE AB Conservation strategies involving relocations, repatriations, and translocations (RRT) have been carried out, are underway, or are advocated for a number of endangered and threatened amphibians and reptiles. However, recent reviews of RRT projects involving birds and mammals suggest that the success rate is low and that the factors that lead to endangerment operate to impede effective RRT results. In this paper, we review available information on RRT projects involving amphibians and reptiles, examine the motives for advocating RRT strategies, and recommend biological and management criteria that should be considered prior to undertaking RRT projects. Most RRT projects involving amphibians and reptiles have not demonstrated success as conservation techniques and should not be advocated as if they are acceptable management and mitigation practices. We urge caution in accepting claims of success and urge colleagues to publish detailed methods and results of past and ongoing RRT projects. C1 SE LOUISIANA STATE UNIV, DEPT BIOL SCI, HAMMOND, LA 70402 USA. RP DODD, CK (reprint author), US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV, NATL ECOL RES CTR, 412 NE 16TH AVE, ROOM 250, GAINESVILLE, FL 32601 USA. NR 87 TC 250 Z9 268 U1 8 U2 97 PU HERPETOLOGISTS LEAGUE PI EMPORIA PA EMPORIA STATE UNIV, DIVISION BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES, 1200 COMMERCIAL ST, EMPORIA, KS 66801-5087 USA SN 0018-0831 EI 1938-5099 J9 HERPETOLOGICA JI Herpetologica PD SEP PY 1991 VL 47 IS 3 BP 336 EP 350 PG 15 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA GK951 UT WOS:A1991GK95100009 ER PT J AU LYONS, PC AF LYONS, PC TI BACTERIA-LIKE BODIES IN COALFIELD CARBONIFEROUS XYLEM - ENIGMATIC MICROSPHEROIDS OR POSSIBLE EVIDENCE OF MICROBIAL SAPROPHYTES IN A VITRINITE PRECURSOR SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF COAL GEOLOGY LA English DT Article ID ORIGIN; COALS AB Possible fossil cocci, both solitary and diplococcus types, have been discovered in coalified tissue (xylem) from coal balls and bituminous coal of Carboniferous age. Most of the presumed bacteria are microspheroids 1-2.5-mu-m in diameter and were found in partly degraded humic tissue (xylem) from a medullosan seed fern preserved in a coal ball (Herrin No. 6 coal bed, Westphalian D), an indication that they may have been saprotrophs (decay causing). The same kind of bodies were also found in coalified xylem from the Pittsburgh coal bed (early Stephanian). Whatever the origin of the bacteria-like bodies, they provide direct evidence of secondary organic components in tissue that gives rise to vitrinite and fusinite, major macerals of bituminous and anthracitic coals. RP LYONS, PC (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,NATL CTR,COAL GEOL BRANCH,MS 956,RESTON,VA 22092, USA. NR 34 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 1 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0166-5162 J9 INT J COAL GEOL JI Int. J. Coal Geol. PD SEP PY 1991 VL 18 IS 3-4 BP 293 EP 303 DI 10.1016/0166-5162(91)90054-M PG 11 WC Energy & Fuels; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Energy & Fuels; Geology GA GF861 UT WOS:A1991GF86100006 ER PT J AU SAVAGE, WZ BRADDOCK, WA AF SAVAGE, WZ BRADDOCK, WA TI A MODEL FOR HYDROSTATIC CONSOLIDATION OF PIERRE SHALE SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ROCK MECHANICS AND MINING SCIENCES & GEOMECHANICS ABSTRACTS LA English DT Article AB This paper presents closed-form solutions for consolidation of transversely isotropic porous media under hydrostatic stress. The solutions are applied to model the time variation of pore pressure, volume strain and strains parallel and normal to bedding, and to obtain coefficients of consolidation and permeability, as well as other properties, and the bulk modulus resulting from hydrostatic consolidation of Pierre shale. It is found that the coefficients of consolidation and permeability decrease and the bulk moduli increase with increasing confining pressure, reflecting the closure of voids in the rock. C1 UNIV COLORADO,DEPT GEOL SCI,BOULDER,CO 80309. RP SAVAGE, WZ (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,DENVER FED CTR,BOX 25046,MS 966,DENVER,CO 80225, USA. NR 10 TC 12 Z9 16 U1 3 U2 4 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 0148-9062 J9 INT J ROCK MECH MIN JI Int. J. Rock Mech. Min. Sci. PD SEP PY 1991 VL 28 IS 5 BP 345 EP 354 DI 10.1016/0148-9062(91)90073-U PG 10 WC Engineering, Geological; Mining & Mineral Processing SC Engineering; Mining & Mineral Processing GA GH277 UT WOS:A1991GH27700001 ER PT J AU AMADEI, B SAVAGE, WZ AF AMADEI, B SAVAGE, WZ TI ANALYSIS OF BOREHOLE EXPANSION AND GALLERY TESTS IN ANISOTROPIC ROCK MASSES SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ROCK MECHANICS AND MINING SCIENCES & GEOMECHANICS ABSTRACTS LA English DT Article ID JACK AB Closed-form solutions are used to show how rock anisotropy affects the variation of the modulus of deformation around the walls of a hole in which expansion tests are conducted. These tests include dilatometer and NX-jack tests in boreholes and gallery tests in tunnels. The effects of rock anisotropy on the modulus of deformation are shown for transversely isotropic and regularly jointed rock masses with planes of transverse isotropy or joint planes parallel or normal to the hole longitudinal axis for plane strain or plane stress condition. The closed-form solutions can also be used when determining the elastic properties of anisotropic rock masses (intact or regularly jointed) in situ. C1 US GEOL SURVEY,DENVER FED CTR,DENVER,CO 80225. RP AMADEI, B (reprint author), UNIV COLORADO,DEPT CIVIL ENGN,BOULDER,CO 80309, USA. NR 21 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 1 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 0148-9062 J9 INT J ROCK MECH MIN JI Int. J. Rock Mech. Min. Sci. PD SEP PY 1991 VL 28 IS 5 BP 383 EP 396 DI 10.1016/0148-9062(91)90077-Y PG 14 WC Engineering, Geological; Mining & Mineral Processing SC Engineering; Mining & Mineral Processing GA GH277 UT WOS:A1991GH27700005 ER PT J AU FOSTER, GD FOREMAN, WT GATES, PM AF FOSTER, GD FOREMAN, WT GATES, PM TI PERFORMANCE OF THE GOULDEN LARGE-SAMPLE EXTRACTOR IN MULTICLASS PESTICIDE ISOLATION AND PRECONCENTRATION FROM STREAM WATER SO JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID POLLUTANTS AB The reliability of the Goulden large-sample extractor in preconcentrating pesticides from water was evaluated from the recoveries of 35 pesticides amended to filtered stream waters. Recoveries greater than 90% were observed for many of the pesticides in each major chemical class, but recoveries for some of the individual pesticides varied in seemingly unpredictable ways. Corrections cannot yet be factored into liquid-liquid extraction theory to account for matrix effects, which were apparent between the two stream waters tested. The Goulden large-sample extractor appears to be well suited for rapid chemical screening applications, with quantitative analysis requiring special quality control considerations. C1 US GEOL SURVEY,NATL WATER QUAL LAB,METHODS RES & DEV PROGRAM,ARVADA,CO 80002. RP FOSTER, GD (reprint author), GEORGE MASON UNIV,DEPT CHEM,4400 UNIV DR,FAIRFAX,VA 22030, USA. NR 13 TC 21 Z9 21 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0021-8561 J9 J AGR FOOD CHEM JI J. Agric. Food Chem. PD SEP PY 1991 VL 39 IS 9 BP 1618 EP 1622 DI 10.1021/jf00009a016 PG 5 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA GF929 UT WOS:A1991GF92900016 ER PT J AU WEISS, NT SAMUEL, MD RUSCH, DH CASWELL, FD AF WEISS, NT SAMUEL, MD RUSCH, DH CASWELL, FD TI EFFECTS OF RESIGHTING ERRORS ON CAPTURE-RESIGHT ESTIMATES FOR NECK-BANDED CANADA GEESE SO JOURNAL OF FIELD ORNITHOLOGY LA English DT Article ID SURVIVAL RATES AB Biologists who study neck-banded Canada Geese (Branta canadensis) have used capture and resighting histories to estimate annual resighting rates, survival rates and the number of marked birds in the population. Resighting errors were associated with 9.4% (n = 155) of the birds from a sample of Canada Geese neckbanded in the Mississippi flyway, 1974-1987, and constituted 3.0% (n = 208) of the resightings. Resighting errors significantly reduced estimated resighting rates and significantly increased estimated numbers of marked geese in the sample. Estimates of survival rates were not significantly affected by resighting errors. Recommendations are offered for using neck-band characters that may reduce resighting errors. C1 UNIV WISCONSIN,WISCONSIN COOPERAT WILDLIFE RES UNIT,MADISON,WI 53706. UNIV WISCONSIN,DEPT WILDLIFE ECOL,MADISON,WI 53706. US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,NATL WILDLIFE HLTH RES CTR,MADISON,WI 53771. CANADIAN WILDLIFE SERV,WINNIPEG R3T 2N6,MANITOBA,CANADA. NR 24 TC 9 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 0 PU ASSOC FIELD ORNITHOLOGISTS PI BELOIT PA BELOIT COLLEGE, DEPT BIOLOGY, 700 COLLEGE ST, BELOIT, WI 53511 SN 0273-8570 J9 J FIELD ORNITHOL JI J. Field Ornithol. PD FAL PY 1991 VL 62 IS 4 BP 464 EP 473 PG 10 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA GY137 UT WOS:A1991GY13700006 ER EF