FN Thomson Reuters Web of Science™ VR 1.0 PT J AU McMahon, PB Bruce, BW AF McMahon, PB Bruce, BW TI Distribution of terminal electron-accepting processes in an aquifer having multiple contaminant sources SO APPLIED GEOCHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID SULFATE REDUCTION; SEDIMENTS; BIODEGRADATION; GROUNDWATER; OXIDATION AB Concentrations of electron accepters, electron donors, and Hz in groundwater were measured to determine the distribution of terminal electron-accepting processes (TEAPs) in an alluvial aquifer having multiple contaminant sources. Upgradient contaminant sources included two separate hydrocarbon point sources, one of which contained the fuel oxygenate methyl tertbutyl ether (MTBE). Infiltrating river water was a source of dissolved NO3, SO4 and organic carbon (DOC) to the downgradient part of the aquifer. Groundwater downgradient from the MTBE source had larger concentrations of electron accepters (dissolved O-2 and SO4) and smaller concentrations of TEAR end products (dissolved inorganic C, Fe2+ and CH4) than groundwater downgradient from the other hydrocarbon source, suggesting that MTBE was not as suitable for supporting TEAPs as the other hydrocarbons. Measurements of dissolved H-2 indicated that SO4 reduction predominated in the aquifer during a period of high water levels in the aquifer and river. The predominant TEAP shifted to Fe3+ reduction in upgradient areas after water levels receded but remained SO4 reducing downgradient near the liver. This distribution of TEAPs is the opposite of what is commonly observed in aquifers having a single contaminant point source and probably reflects the input of DOC and SO4 to the aquifer from the river. Results of this study indicate that the distribution of TEAPs in aquifers having multiple contaminant sources depends on the composition and location of the contaminants and on the availability of electron accepters. (C) 1997 Elsevier Science Ltd. RP McMahon, PB (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,DENVER FED CTR,MAIL STOP 415,DENVER,CO 80225, USA. NR 26 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 3 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 0883-2927 J9 APPL GEOCHEM JI Appl. Geochem. PD JUL PY 1997 VL 12 IS 4 BP 507 EP 516 DI 10.1016/S0883-2927(97)00029-2 PG 10 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA XP477 UT WOS:A1997XP47700014 ER PT J AU Loery, G Nichols, JD Hines, JE AF Loery, G Nichols, JD Hines, JE TI Capture-recapture analysis of a wintering Black-capped Chickadee population in Connecticut, 1958-1993 SO AUK LA English DT Article ID SURVIVAL RATES; MODELS; HYPOTHESES; RECOVERY AB We investigated the dynamics of a wintering population of Black-capped Chickadees (Parus atricapillus) using data from a long-term capture-recapture study. Goodness-of-fit and likelihood-ratio tests indicated that the standard Jolly-Seber model was inadequate for the data, so we explored different parameterizations of a model in which survival probability for new captures differed from that of previously marked birds. One possible explanation for the lower local survival rate of new captures is that some of the birds were transients that had no chance of being recaptured. Average survival probability over the entire period was 0.62, and the estimated fraction of transients among unmarked birds was 0.27. We found evidence that chickadee survival rates were lower in years immediately following establishment of the Tufted Titmouse (Parus bicolor) as a territorial species (after 1967) than during years immediately preceding this event. We found no evidence that chickadee survival rates were lower in the years immediately following establishment of territorial raptors (after 1984) than during preceding years. Evidence suggested a long-term decline in survival probability from 1959 to 1991. C1 US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,PATUXENT WILDLIFE RES CTR,LAUREL,MD 20708. RP Loery, G (reprint author), WHITE MEM CONSERVAT CTR,LITCHFIELD,CT 06759, USA. NR 34 TC 44 Z9 46 U1 1 U2 9 PU AMER ORNITHOLOGISTS UNION PI LAWRENCE PA ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC NORTH AMER PO BOX 1897, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 SN 0004-8038 J9 AUK JI AUK PD JUL PY 1997 VL 114 IS 3 BP 431 EP 442 PG 12 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA XM886 UT WOS:A1997XM88600011 ER PT J AU Lawrence, GB David, MB Bailey, SW Shortle, WC AF Lawrence, GB David, MB Bailey, SW Shortle, WC TI Assessment of soil calcium status in red spruce forests in the northeastern United States SO BIOGEOCHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE atmospheric deposition; calcium; forest floor; forest soils; red spruce ID WHITEFACE-MOUNTAIN; NEW-ENGLAND; NEW-YORK; ATMOSPHERIC DEPOSITION; ACID PRECIPITATION; FIR FOREST; ALUMINUM; CHEMISTRY; FLOOR; USA AB Long-term changes in concentrations of available Ca in soils of red spruce forests have been documented, but remaining questions about the magnitude and regional extent of these changes have precluded an assessment of the current and future status of soil Ca. To address this problem, soil samples were collected in 1992-93 from 12 sites in New York, Vermont, New Hampshire, and Maine to provide additional data necessary to synthesize all available research results on soil Ca in red spruce forests. Sites were chosen to encompass the range of environmental conditions experienced by red spruce. Concentrations of exchangeable Ca ranged from 2.13 to 21.6 cmol(c) kg(-1) in the Oa horizon, and from 0.11 to 0.68 cmol(c) kg(-1) in the upper 10 cm of the B horizon. These measurements expanded the range of exchangeable Ca reported in the literature for both horizons in northeastern red spruce forests. Exchangeable Ca was the largest Ca fraction in the forest floor at most sites (92% of acid-extractable Ca), but mineral Ca was the largest fraction at the three sites that also had the highest mineral-matter concentrations. The primary factor causing variability in Ca concentrations among sites was the mineralogy of parent material, but exchangeable concentrations in the B horizon of all sites were probably reduced by acidic deposition. Because the majority of Ca in the forest floor is in a readily leachable form, and Ca inputs to the forest floor from the mineral soil and atmospheric deposition have been decreasing in recent decades, the previously documented decreases in Ca concentrations in the forest floor over previous decades may extend into the future. C1 UNIV ILLINOIS, URBANA, IL 61801 USA. US FOREST SERV, USDA, NE EXPT STN, DURHAM, NH 03824 USA. RP Lawrence, GB (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY, 425 JORDAN RD, TROY, NY 12180 USA. OI Bailey, Scott/0000-0002-9160-156X NR 46 TC 60 Z9 61 U1 0 U2 10 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0168-2563 J9 BIOGEOCHEMISTRY JI Biogeochemistry PD JUL PY 1997 VL 38 IS 1 BP 19 EP 39 DI 10.1023/A:1005790130253 PG 21 WC Environmental Sciences; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Geology GA XH841 UT WOS:A1997XH84100002 ER PT J AU May, B Krueger, CC Kincaid, HL AF May, B Krueger, CC Kincaid, HL TI Genetic variation at microsatellite loci in sturgeon: primer sequence homology in Acipenser and Scaphirhynchus SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FISHERIES AND AQUATIC SCIENCES LA English DT Article ID MITOCHONDRIAL-DNA VARIATION; ORGANIZER REGIONS; CONSERVATION; EVOLUTION; DYNAMICS; MARKERS; ONTARIO; PISCES; GENOME; TROUT AB Eleven tri-and tetra-meric motif microsatellite loci were identified in a lake sturgeon genomic library and were tested against the six: North American species of Acipenser (lake sturgeon, A. fulvescens; shortnose sturgeon, A. brevirostrum; white sturgeon, A. transmontanus; green sturgeon, A. medirostris; Atlantic sturgeon, A. oxyrhynchus oxyrhynchus; gulf sturgeon, A. o. desotoi) and the two species of Scaphirhynchus (pallid sturgeon, S. albus; shovelnose sturgeon, S. platorhynchus) using four to six individuals of each species. Eight loci were amplified equally well in all eight species, and the remaining three loci were amplified in two, four, and seven species, respectively. Of the eight loci that worked in all species, one was monomorphic in all species, while the other seven were polymorphic in three to eight species. Single repeat differences in these tri-and tetra-meric repeat motifs can be readily scored on 4% Metaphor agarose gels stained with ethidium bromide. In addition, dosage for those loci exhibiting four gene doses can also be readily scored with this technique. These loci provide a much needed group of genetic markers, detectable with non-invasive sampling (blood, barbel, or fin), that should work well in threatened and endangered species of sturgeon worldwide. C1 CORNELL UNIV,DEPT NAT RESOURCES,ITHACA,NY 14853. US GEOL SURVEY,NATL FISHERY RES & DEV LAB,BIOL RESOURCES DIV,WELLSBORO,PA 16901. RP May, B (reprint author), UNIV CALIF DAVIS,DEPT ANIM SCI,MEYER HALL,DAVIS,CA 95616, USA. NR 23 TC 101 Z9 116 U1 1 U2 7 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA ON K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0706-652X J9 CAN J FISH AQUAT SCI JI Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. PD JUL PY 1997 VL 54 IS 7 BP 1542 EP 1547 DI 10.1139/cjfas-54-7-1542 PG 6 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA XW701 UT WOS:A1997XW70100010 ER PT J AU Neuman, J Pearl, DL Ewins, PJ Black, R Weseloh, DV Pike, M Karwowski, K AF Neuman, J Pearl, DL Ewins, PJ Black, R Weseloh, DV Pike, M Karwowski, K TI Spatial and temporal variation in the diet of double-crested cormorants (Phalacrocorax auritus) breeding on the lower Great Lakes in the early 1990s SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FISHERIES AND AQUATIC SCIENCES LA English DT Article ID SPECIES-DIVERSITY; PERCA-FLAVESCENS; POPULATION-SIZE; YELLOW PERCH; FISH; CARBO; ABUNDANCE; PREDATION; PELLETS; PREY AB We sampled 1573 pellets and 560 boli regurgitated at double-crested cormorant (Phalacrocorax auritus) colonies on the three lower Laurentian Great Lakes (Lake Ontario, Lake Huron, and Lake Erie) during the breeding season in 1992 and 1994. This constitutes the first extensive study of cormorant diet in this region. We found significant spatial and temporal heterogeneity in diet among colonies within a lake. Differences in diet among colonies were usually consistent with knowledge of changes in fish behaviour during the cormorant breeding season, differences in the surrounding bathymetry among breeding colonies, and the proximity of colonies to the preferred habitat of prey species. Our results indicate that temporal and spatial variation, as well as the technique for diet determination, are very important factors that must be considered when assessing the effects of double-crested cormorant predation on fisheries. C1 ENVIRONM CANADA,CANADIAN WILDLIFE SERV,DOWNSVIEW,ON M3H 5T4,CANADA. UNIV GUELPH,ONTARIO VET COLL,GUELPH,ON N1G 2W1,CANADA. ONTARIO MINIST NAT RESOURCES,PARRY SOUND,ON P2A 1S4,CANADA. SUNY SYRACUSE,COLL ENVIRONM SCI & FORESTRY,SYRACUSE,NY 13210. US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,CORTLAND,NY 13045. NR 59 TC 40 Z9 41 U1 0 U2 9 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA ON K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0706-652X J9 CAN J FISH AQUAT SCI JI Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. PD JUL PY 1997 VL 54 IS 7 BP 1569 EP 1584 DI 10.1139/cjfas-54-7-1569 PG 16 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA XW701 UT WOS:A1997XW70100013 ER PT J AU Chou, IM AF Chou, IM TI The use and misuse of the f(H2) sensors: a discussion of the paper by Dachs (1994) SO CONTRIBUTIONS TO MINERALOGY AND PETROLOGY LA English DT Editorial Material RP Chou, IM (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,959 NATL CTR,RESTON,VA 20192, USA. NR 12 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 SN 0010-7999 J9 CONTRIB MINERAL PETR JI Contrib. Mineral. Petrol. PD JUL PY 1997 VL 128 IS 2-3 BP 302 EP 305 DI 10.1007/s004100050310 PG 4 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Mineralogy SC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Mineralogy GA XQ309 UT WOS:A1997XQ30900014 ER PT J AU Buhl, KJ AF Buhl, KJ TI Relative sensitivity of three endangered fishes, Colorado squawfish, bonytail, and razorback sucker, to selected metal pollutants SO ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY LA English DT Article ID MINNOW PIMEPHALES-PROMELAS; CHRONIC TOXICITY; GREEN-RIVER; HABITAT USE; CADMIUM; UTAH; WATER; ZINC AB The acute toxicity of four metal pollutants to larval and juvenile stages of endangered Colorado squawfish (Ptychocheilus lucius), nonytail (Gila elegans), and razorback sucker (Xyrauchen texanus) were determined in a water quality representative of that in the Green River, Utah. The rank order of toxicity (96-hr LC50) of the metals to all species and life stages from most toxic to least toxic was mercury (57-168 mu g/liter) > cadmium (78-168 mu g/liter) > hexavalent chromium (32,000-123,000 mu g/liter) > lead (>170,000 mu g/liter). In tests with lead, a precipitate formed in all test solutions and no mortalities occurred in these treatments, The larvae of each species were as sensitive or more sensitive than the juveniles to cadmium, hexavalent chromium, and mercury, Overall, the three species exhibited similar sensitivities to cadmium, hexavalent chromium, and mercury, Comparison of test results for the juveniles with toxicity values reported for other freshwater fishes tested in different water qualities indicates that the endangered fishes are more sensitive to cadmium than other cyprinids and centrarchids and less sensitive than salmonids, whereas their sensitivity to hexavalent chromium and mercury is similar to that of other cyprinids, centrarchids, and salmonids. (C) 1997 Academic Press. RP Buhl, KJ (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,BIOL RESOURCES DIV,MIDWEST SCI CTR,ECOTOXICOL RES STN,RR1 BOX 295,YANKTON,SD 57078, USA. NR 35 TC 18 Z9 20 U1 1 U2 4 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC JNL-COMP SUBSCRIPTIONS PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 SN 0147-6513 J9 ECOTOX ENVIRON SAFE JI Ecotox. Environ. Safe. PD JUL PY 1997 VL 37 IS 2 BP 186 EP 192 DI 10.1006/eesa.1997.1543 PG 7 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA XQ806 UT WOS:A1997XQ80600011 PM 9262959 ER PT J AU Graham, TB Chomel, BB AF Graham, TB Chomel, BB TI Population dynamics of the deer mouse (Peromyscus maniculatus) and Sin Nombre virus, California Channel Islands SO EMERGING INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Article ID GENETIC IDENTIFICATION; HANTAVIRUS AB Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome, first documented in 1993, is caused by Sin Nombre virus (SNV), which is carried by the Peromyscus species. In 1994, high SNV antibody prevalence was identified in deer mice from two California Channel Islands. We sampled two locations on three islands to estimate mouse population density and SNV prevalence. Population flux and SNV prevalence appear to vary independently. C1 UNIV CALIF DAVIS,DAVIS,CA. RP Graham, TB (reprint author), USGS,BIOL RES DIV,MOAB,UT 84532, USA. NR 10 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 6 PU CENTER DISEASE CONTROL PI ATLANTA PA ATLANTA, GA 30333 SN 1080-6040 J9 EMERG INFECT DIS JI Emerg. Infect. Dis PD JUL-SEP PY 1997 VL 3 IS 3 BP 367 EP 370 PG 4 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases GA XR517 UT WOS:A1997XR51700015 PM 9284383 ER PT J AU Braddock, JF Ruth, ML Catterall, PH Walworth, JL Mccarthy, KA AF Braddock, JF Ruth, ML Catterall, PH Walworth, JL Mccarthy, KA TI Enhancement and inhibition of microbial activity in hydrocarbon-contaminated arctic soils: Implications for nutrient-amended bioremediation SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID OIL SLUDGE; BIODEGRADATION; DEGRADATION AB Bioremediation is being used or proposed as a treatment option at many hydrocarbon-contaminated sites. One such site is a former bulk-fuel storage facility near Barrow, AK, where contamination persists after approximately 380 m(3) of JP-5 was spilled in 1970. The soil at the site is primarily coarse sand with low organic carbon (1%) and low moisture (1-3%) contents. We examined the effects of nutrient additions on microorganisms in contaminated soil from this site in laboratory microcosms and in mesocosms incubated for 6 weeks in the field. Nitrogen was the major limiting nutrient in this system, but microbial populations and activity were maximally enhanced by additions of both nitrogen and phosphorus. When nutrients were added to soil in the field at three levels of N:P (100:45, 200:90, and 300:135 mg/kg soil), the greatest stimulation in microbial activity occurred at the lowest, rather than the highest, level of nutrient addition. The total soil-water potentials ranged from -2 to -15 bar with increasing levels of fertilizer. Semi-volatile hydrocarbon concentrations declined significantly only in the soils treated at the low fertilizer level. These results indicate that an understanding of nutrient effects at a specific site is essential for successful bioremediation. C1 UNIV ALASKA FAIRBANKS,PALMER RES CTR,PALMER,AK 99645. US GEOL SURVEY,DIV WATER RESOURCES,PORTLAND,OR 97216. RP Braddock, JF (reprint author), UNIV ALASKA,INST ARCTIC BIOL,FAIRBANKS,AK 99775, USA. NR 30 TC 140 Z9 152 U1 5 U2 26 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0013-936X J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD JUL PY 1997 VL 31 IS 7 BP 2078 EP 2084 DI 10.1021/es960904d PG 7 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA XH483 UT WOS:A1997XH48300057 ER PT J AU Rader, BR Nimmo, DWR Chapman, PL AF Rader, BR Nimmo, DWR Chapman, PL TI Phytotoxicity of floodplain soils contaminated with trace metals along the Clark Fork River, Grant-Kohrs Ranch National Historic Site, Deer Lodge, Montana, USA SO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE phytotoxicity; Clark Fork River; metals; soils; seed germination tests ID TOXICITY TESTS; PLANTS; WATER; GERMINATION; EFFLUENTS; SEDIMENT; GROWTH AB Concentrations of metals in sediments and soils deposited along the floodplain of the Clark Fork River, within the Grant-Kohrs Ranch National Historic Site, Deer Lodge, Montana, USA, have exceeded maximum background concentrations in the United States for most metals tested. As a result of mining and smelting activities, portions of the Deer Lodge Valley, including the Grant-Kohrs Ranch, have received National Priority List Designation under the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation and Liability Act. Using a series of plant germination tests, pH measurements, and metal analyses, this study investigated the toxicity of soils from floodplain ''slicken'' areas, bare spots devoid of vegetation, along the Clark Fork River. The slicken soils collected from the Grant-Kohrs Ranch were toxic to all four plant species tested. The most sensitive endpoint in the germination tests was root length and the least sensitive was emergence. Considering emergence, the most sensitive species was the resident grass species Agrostis gigantea. The sensitivities were reversed when root lengths were examined, with Echinochloa crusgalli showing the greatest sensitivity. Both elevated concentrations of metals and low pH were necessary to produce an acutely phytotoxic response in laboratory seed germination tests using slicken soils. Moreover, pH values on the Grant-Kohrs Ranch appear to be a better predictor of acutely phytotoxic conditions than total metal levels. C1 COLORADO STATE UNIV, DEPT FISHERY & WILDLIFE BIOL, GRAD DEGREE PROGRAM ECOL, FT COLLINS, CO 80523 USA. COLORADO STATE UNIV, US GEOL SURVEY, FT COLLINS, CO 80523 USA. COLORADO STATE UNIV, DEPT STAT, FT COLLINS, CO 80523 USA. NR 29 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 1 U2 2 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ USA SN 0730-7268 EI 1552-8618 J9 ENVIRON TOXICOL CHEM JI Environ. Toxicol. Chem. PD JUL PY 1997 VL 16 IS 7 BP 1422 EP 1432 DI 10.1897/1551-5028(1997)016<1422:POFSCW>2.3.CO;2 PG 11 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA XM539 UT WOS:A1997XM53900015 ER PT J AU Powell, DC Aulerich, RJ Meadows, JC Tillitt, DE Powell, JF Restum, JC Stromborg, KL Giesy, JP Bursian, SJ AF Powell, DC Aulerich, RJ Meadows, JC Tillitt, DE Powell, JF Restum, JC Stromborg, KL Giesy, JP Bursian, SJ TI Effects of 3,3',4,4',5-pentachlorobiphenyl (PCB 126), 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD), or an extract derived from field-collected cormorant eggs injected into double-crested cormorant (Phalacrocorax auritus) eggs SO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin; 3,3',4,4',5-pentachlorobiphenyl; double-crested cormorant; egg injection ID POLYCHLORINATED-BIPHENYLS PCBS; FISH-EATING BIRDS; EROD-INDUCING POTENCY; LAKES FOOD-CHAINS; GREAT-LAKES; DEVELOPMENTAL TOXICANTS; REPRODUCTIVE OUTCOMES; DIBENZOFURANS PCDFS; AVIAN EMBRYOS; DIOXINS PCDDS AB Double-crested cormorant (Phalacrocorax auritus) eggs were injected with either 3,3',4,4',5-pentachlorobiphenyl (PCB 126), 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD), or an extract derived from field-collected double-crested cormorant eggs. These compounds were injected into the yolks of cormorant eggs from an isolated colony on Lake Winnipegosis, Manitoba, Canada. Upon hatching, chicks were necropsied. The brain, bursa, heart, liver, and spleen were removed and weighed. An approximate median lethal dose (LD50) of 158 mu g/kg egg was determined for PCB 126, which is 69 times greater than the LD50 determined for the chicken (Gallus domesticus) in a previous study. A significantly greater mortality occurred at the highest dose of TCDD (4.0 mu g/kg egg) when compared to the vehicle control. However, the mortality data did not provide sufficient information for the determination of an LD50. The cormorant egg extract did not adversely affect hatchability. No significant increases were observed in the incidence of developmental abnormalities, including pronounced edema, in any of the treatment groups, nor were there any relevant effects on body and organ weights. Based on the results from this study, the cormorant appears to be considerably less sensitive to polyhalogenated diaromatic hydrocarbons than the chicken, which has been the typical species used for egg injection studies. C1 MICHIGAN STATE UNIV, DEPT ANIM SCI, E LANSING, MI 48824 USA. MICHIGAN STATE UNIV, INST ENVIRONM TOXICOL, E LANSING, MI 48824 USA. NATL BIOL SERV, MIDWEST SCI CTR, COLUMBIA, MO 65201 USA. MICHIGAN STATE UNIV, DEPT BOT & PLANT PATHOL, E LANSING, MI 48824 USA. MICHIGAN STATE UNIV, PESTICIDE RES CTR, E LANSING, MI 48824 USA. US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV, GREEN BAY, WI 54301 USA. MICHIGAN STATE UNIV, DEPT FISHERIES & WILDLIFE, E LANSING, MI 48824 USA. NR 31 TC 32 Z9 34 U1 0 U2 4 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ USA SN 0730-7268 EI 1552-8618 J9 ENVIRON TOXICOL CHEM JI Environ. Toxicol. Chem. PD JUL PY 1997 VL 16 IS 7 BP 1450 EP 1455 DI 10.1897/1551-5028(1997)016<1450:EOPPTP>2.3.CO;2 PG 6 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA XM539 UT WOS:A1997XM53900018 ER PT J AU Wang, J Cheng, RT Smith, PC AF Wang, J Cheng, RT Smith, PC TI Seasonal sea-level variations in San Francisco Bay in response to atmospheric forcing, 1980 SO ESTUARINE COASTAL AND SHELF SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE subtidal; sea level; slope; runoff; multiple linear regression ID LAGRANGIAN RESIDUAL CURRENT; CALIFORNIA; TRANSPORT AB The seasonal response of sea level in San Francisco Bay (SFB) to atmospheric forcing during 1980 is investigated. The relations between sea-level data from the Northern Reach, Central Bay and South Bay, and forcing by local wind stresses, sea-level pressure (SLP), runoff and the large-scale sea-level pressure field are examined in detail. The analyses show that the sea-level elevations and slopes respond to the along-shore wind stress T-y at most times of the year, and to the cross-shore wind stress T-x during two transition periods in spring and autumn. River runoff raises the sea-level elevation during winter. It is shown that winter precipitation in the SFB area is mainly attributed to the atmospheric circulation associated with the Aleutian Low, which transports the warm, moist air into the Bay area. A multiple linear regression model is employed to estimate the independent contributions of barometric pressure and wind stress to adjusted sea level. These calculations have a simple dynamical interpretation which confirms the importance of along-shore wind to both sealevel and north-south slope within the Bay. (C) 1997 Academic Press Limited. C1 US GEOL SURVEY,MENLO PK,CA 94025. FISHERIES & OCEANS CANADA,BEDFORD INST OCEANOG,COASTAL OCEANOG DIV,DARTMOUTH,NS B2Y 4A2,CANADA. RP Wang, J (reprint author), UNIV MIAMI,ROSENSTIEL SCH MARINE & ATMOSPHER SCI,4600 RICKENBACKER CAUSEWAY,MIAMI,FL 33149, USA. NR 15 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 3 PU ACADEMIC PRESS LTD PI LONDON PA 24-28 OVAL RD, LONDON, ENGLAND NW1 7DX SN 0272-7714 J9 ESTUAR COAST SHELF S JI Estuar. Coast. Shelf Sci. PD JUL PY 1997 VL 45 IS 1 BP 39 EP 52 DI 10.1006/ecss.1996.0162 PG 14 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography SC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA XL580 UT WOS:A1997XL58000004 ER PT J AU Kinner, NE Harvey, RW KazmierkiewiczTabaka, M AF Kinner, NE Harvey, RW KazmierkiewiczTabaka, M TI Effect of flagellates on free-living bacterial abundance in an organically contaminated aquifer SO FEMS MICROBIOLOGY REVIEWS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Subsurface Microbiology CY SEP 15-21, 1996 CL DAVOS, SWITZERLAND DE subsurface flagellates; free-living bacterial abundance; predation; organically contaminated aquifer ID MARINE PHAGOTROPHIC PROTOZOA; SUBSURFACE SEDIMENTS; PELAGIC BACTERIA; SANDY AQUIFER; WATER; RATES; BACTERIOPLANKTON; GROUNDWATER; PREDATION; MICROFLAGELLATE AB Little is known about the role of protists in the saturated subsurface. Porous media microcosms, containing bacteria and protists, were used to determine whether flagellates from an organically contaminated aquifer could substantively affect the number of free-living bacteria (FLB), When flagellates were present, the 3-40% maximum breakthrough of fluorescently labelled FLB injected into the microcosms was much lower than the 60-130% observed for killed controls. Grazing and clearance rates (3-27 FLB flag(-1) h(-1) and 12-23 nl flag(-1) h(-1) respectively) calculated from the data were in the range reported for flagellates in other aqueous environments, The data provide evidence that flagellate bacterivory is an important control on groundwater FLB populations. C1 US GEOL SURVEY,DIV WATER RESOURCES,BOULDER,CO. RP Kinner, NE (reprint author), UNIV NEW HAMPSHIRE,ENVIRONM RES GRP,KINGSBURY HALL,DURHAM,NH 03842, USA. RI Harvey, Ronald/C-5783-2013 OI Harvey, Ronald/0000-0002-2791-8503 NR 47 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 4 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0168-6445 J9 FEMS MICROBIOL REV JI Fems Microbiol. Rev. PD JUL PY 1997 VL 20 IS 3-4 BP 249 EP 259 DI 10.1111/j.1574-6976.1997.tb00312.x PG 11 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA XV020 UT WOS:A1997XV02000007 PM 9299705 ER PT J AU Novarino, G Warren, A Butler, H Lambourne, G Boxshall, A Bateman, J Kinner, NE Harvey, RW Mosse, RA Teltsch, B AF Novarino, G Warren, A Butler, H Lambourne, G Boxshall, A Bateman, J Kinner, NE Harvey, RW Mosse, RA Teltsch, B TI Protistan communities in aquifers: a review SO FEMS MICROBIOLOGY REVIEWS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Subsurface Microbiology CY SEP 15-21, 1996 CL DAVOS, SWITZERLAND DE amoeba; aquifer; ecology; flagellate; groundwater; protist; protozoa; subsurface ID SOIL CILIATES PROTOZOA; NOV-SPEC CILIOPHORA; ANTARCTIC SEA-ICE; SUBSURFACE SEDIMENTS; CLASSIFICATION-SYSTEM; CONTAMINATED AQUIFER; MICROBIAL ECOLOGY; WATER-COLUMN; NAKED AMEBAS; CAPE-COD AB Eukaryotic microorganisms (protists) are a very important component of microbial communities inhabiting groundwater aquifers. This is not unexpected when one considers that many protists feed heterotrophically,,by means of either phagotrophy (bacterivory) or osmotrophy. Protistan numbers are usually low (<10(2) per g dw of aquifer material) in pristine, uncontaminated aquifers but may increase by several orders of magnitude in aquifers subject to organic pollution. small flagellates (typically 2-3(5) mu n in size in situ) are by far the dominant protists in aquifers, although amoebae and occasionally ciliates may also be present in much lower numbers. Although a wealth of new taxonomic information is waiting to be brought to light, interest in the identity of aquifer protists is not exclusively academic. If verified, the following hypotheses may prove to be important towards our understanding of the functioning of microbial communities in aquifers: (1) Differences in swimming behavior between species of flagellates lead to feeding heterogeneity and niche differentiation, implying that bacterivorous flagellates graze on different subsets of the bacterial community, and therefore play different roles in controlling bacterial densities. (2) Bacterivorous flagellates grazing on bacteria capable of degrading organic compounds have an indirect effect on the overall rates of biodegradation. C1 UNIV MARINE BIOL STN, MILLPORT, ISLE CUMBRAE, SCOTLAND. UNIV NEW HAMPSHIRE, DEPT CIVIL ENGN, ENVIRONM RES GRP, DURHAM, NH 03824 USA. US GEOL SURVEY, DIV WATER RESOURCES, BOULDER, CO USA. MEKOROT WATER CO LTD, NAZARETH, ISRAEL. RP Novarino, G (reprint author), NAT HIST MUSEUM, DEPT ZOOL, CROMWELL RD, LONDON SW7 5BD, ENGLAND. RI Harvey, Ronald/C-5783-2013 OI Harvey, Ronald/0000-0002-2791-8503 NR 95 TC 63 Z9 64 U1 5 U2 28 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 0168-6445 J9 FEMS MICROBIOL REV JI Fems Microbiol. Rev. PD JUL PY 1997 VL 20 IS 3-4 BP 261 EP 275 DI 10.1016/S0168-6445(97)00046-6 PG 15 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA XV020 UT WOS:A1997XV02000008 PM 9299706 ER PT J AU Harvey, RW AF Harvey, RW TI Microorganisms as tracers in groundwater injection and recovery experiments: a review SO FEMS MICROBIOLOGY REVIEWS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Subsurface Microbiology CY SEP 15-21, 1996 CL DAVOS, SWITZERLAND DE microorganism; groundwater; tracer; aquifer; transport; subsurface ID HUMAN ENTERIC VIRUSES; SANDY AQUIFER; TRANSPORT; BACTERIA; MOVEMENT; SOIL; MICROSPHERES; INFILTRATION; SEDIMENTS; RECHARGE AB Modern day injection and recovery techniques designed to examine the transport behavior of microorganisms in groundwater have evolved from experiments conducted in the late 1800s, in which bacteria that form red or yellow pigments were used to trace flow paths through karst and fractured-rock aquifers. A number of subsequent groundwater hydrology studies employed bacteriophage that can be injected into aquifers at very high concentrations (e.g., 10(13) phage ml(-1)) and monitored through many log units of dilution to follow groundwater flow paths for great distances, particularly in karst terrain. Starting in the 1930s, microbial indicators of fecal contamination (particularly coliform bacteria and their coliphages) were employed as tracers to determine potential migration of pathogens in groundwater. Several injection and recovery experiments performed in the 1990s employed indigenous groundwater microorganisms (both cultured and uncultured) that are better able to survive under in situ conditions. Better methods for labeling native bacteria (e.g. by stable isotope labeling or inserting genetic markers, such as the ability to cause ice nucleation) are being developed that will not compromise the organisms' viability during the experimental time course. RP Harvey, RW (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,3215 MARINE ST,BOULDER,CO 80303, USA. RI Harvey, Ronald/C-5783-2013 OI Harvey, Ronald/0000-0002-2791-8503 NR 45 TC 59 Z9 60 U1 5 U2 25 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0168-6445 J9 FEMS MICROBIOL REV JI Fems Microbiol. Rev. PD JUL PY 1997 VL 20 IS 3-4 BP 461 EP 472 DI 10.1016/S0168-6445(97)00026-0 PG 12 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA XV020 UT WOS:A1997XV02000025 PM 9299714 ER PT J AU Fuenzalida, H Rivera, L Haessler, H Legrand, D Philip, H Dorbath, L McCormack, D Arefiev, S Langer, C Cisternas, A AF Fuenzalida, H Rivera, L Haessler, H Legrand, D Philip, H Dorbath, L McCormack, D Arefiev, S Langer, C Cisternas, A TI Seismic source study of the Racha-Dzhava (Georgia) earthquake from aftershocks and broad-band teleseismic body-wave records: An example of active nappe tectonics SO GEOPHYSICAL JOURNAL INTERNATIONAL LA English DT Article DE aftershocks; Caucasus; earthquake-source mechanism; seismotectonics ID ARMENIAN EARTHQUAKE; CAUCASUS; SEQUENCE AB The Racha-Dzhava earthquake (Ms = 7.0) that occurred on 1991 April 29 at 09: 12:48.1 GMT in the southern border of the Great Caucasus is the biggest event ever recorded in the region, stronger than the Spitak earthquake (Ms= 6.9) of 1988. A field expedition to the epicentral area was organised and a temporary seismic network of 37 stations was deployed to record the aftershock activity. A very precise image of the aftershock distribution is obtained, showing an elongated cloud oriented N105 degrees, with one branch trending N310 degrees in the western part. The southernmost part extends over 80 km, with the depth ranging from 0 to 15 km, and dips north. The northern branch, which is about 30 km long, shows activity that ranges in depth from 5 to 15 km. The complex thrust dips northwards. A stress-tenser inversion from P-wave first-motion polarities shows a state of triaxial compression, with the major principal axis oriented roughly N-S, the minor principal axis being vertical. Body-waveform inversion of teleseismic seismograms was performed for the main shock, which can be divided into four subevents with a total rupture-time duration of 22 s. The most important part of the seismic moment was released by a gentle northerly dipping thrust. The model is consistent with the compressive tectonics of the region and is in agreement with the aftershock distribution and the stress tensor deduced from the aftershocks. The focal mechanisms of the three largest aftershocks were also inverted from body-wave records. The April 29th (Ms = 6.1) and May 5th (Ms = 5.4) aftershocks have thrust mechanisms on roughly E-W-oriented planes, similar to the main shock. Surprisingly, the June 15th (Ms = 6.2) aftershock shows a thrust fault striking N-S. This mechanism is explained by the structural control of the rupture along the east-dipping geometry of the Dzirula Massif close to the Borzhomi-Kazbeg strike-slip fault. In fact, the orientation and shape of the stress tensor produce a thrust on a N-S oriented plane. Nappe tectonics has been identified as an important feature in the Caucasus, and the source mechanism is consistent with this observation. A hidden fault is present below the nappe, and no large surface breaks were observed due to the main shock. The epicentral region is characterized by sediments that are trapped between two crystalline basements: the Dzirula Massif, which crops out south of Chiatoura, and the Caucasus Main Range north of Oni. Most, if not all, of the rupture is controlled by the thrusting of overlapping, deformed and folded sediments over the Dzirula Massif. This event is another example of blind active faults, with the distinctive feature that the fault plane dips at a gentle angle. The Racha Range is one of the surface expressions of this blind thrust, and its growth is the consequence and evidence of similar earthquakes in the past. C1 UNIV MONTPELLIER 2,LAB GEOL STRUCT,F-34060 MONTPELLIER,FRANCE. UNIV CAMBRIDGE,BULLARD LABS,CAMBRIDGE,ENGLAND. RUSSIAN ACAD SCI,INST PHYS EARTH,MOSCOW 123810,RUSSIA. US GEOL SURVEY,DENVER FED CTR,DENVER,CO 80225. ORSTOM,F-75480 PARIS 10,FRANCE. RP Fuenzalida, H (reprint author), INST PHYS GLOBE STRASBOURG,5 RUE RENE DESCARTES,F-67084 STRASBOURG,FRANCE. OI LEGRAND, Denis/0000-0003-2620-5525 NR 30 TC 25 Z9 28 U1 0 U2 4 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA P O BOX 88, OSNEY MEAD, OXFORD, OXON, ENGLAND OX2 0NE SN 0956-540X J9 GEOPHYS J INT JI Geophys. J. Int. PD JUL PY 1997 VL 130 IS 1 BP 29 EP 46 DI 10.1111/j.1365-246X.1997.tb00985.x PG 18 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA XJ712 UT WOS:A1997XJ71200004 ER PT J AU Thurber, C Roecker, S Ellsworth, W Chen, Y Lutter, W Sessions, R AF Thurber, C Roecker, S Ellsworth, W Chen, Y Lutter, W Sessions, R TI Two-dimensional seismic image of the San Andreas fault in the northern Gabilan range, central California: Evidence for fluids in the fault zone SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article ID CRUSTAL STRUCTURE; ARRIVAL TIMES; BEHAVIOR AB A joint inversion for two-dimensional P-wave velocity (Vp), P-to-S velocity ratio (Vp/Vs), and earthquake locations along the San Andreas fault (SAF) in central California reveals a complex relationship among seismicity, fault zone structure, and the surface fault trace. A zone of low Vp and high Vp/Vs lies beneath the SAF surface trace (SAFST), extending to a depth of about 6 km. Most of the seismic activity along the SAF occurs at depths of 3 to 7 km in a southwest-dipping zone that roughly intersects the SAFST, and lies near the southwest edge of the low Vp and high Vp/Vs zones. Tests indicate that models in which this seismic zone is significantly closer to vertical can be confidently rejected. A second high Vp/Vs zone extends to the northeast, apparently dipping beneath the Diablo Ranger Another zone of seismicity underlies the northeast portion of this Vp/Vs high. The high Vp/Vs zones cut across areas of very different Vp values, indicating that the high Vp/Vs values are due to the presence of fluids, not just lithology. The close association between the zones of high Vp/Vs and seismicity suggests a direct involvement of fluids in the faulting process. C1 RENSSELAER POLYTECH INST,DEPT EARTH & ENVIRONM STUDIES,TROY,NY 12180. US GEOL SURVEY,MENLO PK,CA 94025. RP Thurber, C (reprint author), UNIV WISCONSIN,DEPT GEOL & GEOPHYS,1215 W DAYTON ST,MADISON,WI 53706, USA. NR 32 TC 80 Z9 86 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 SN 0094-8276 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD JUL 1 PY 1997 VL 24 IS 13 BP 1591 EP 1594 DI 10.1029/97GL01435 PG 4 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA XJ380 UT WOS:A1997XJ38000012 ER PT J AU Hinkley, T Pertsiger, F Zavjalova, L AF Hinkley, T Pertsiger, F Zavjalova, L TI The modern atmospheric background dust load: Recognition in Central Asian snowpack, and compositional constraints SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article ID ROCK-FORMING METALS; ICE AB Dusts in strata of snowpack in the Alai-Pamir range, Kirghizstan, Central Asia, have chemical compositions that are in the same restricted range as those of the dusts found in snowpacks at three other locations: central south Greenland, the St. Elias range (Alaska), and coastal Antarctica, where special-type local dust sources certainly cannot dominate. This similarity at the four widely separated sites appears to indicate that there is a modern atmospheric background dust that is the same on a regional, hemispheric, or global scale. The common compositional range is that of average crustal rock, or of moderately ferromagnesian volcanic rock. It is not that of carbonate, nor highly siliciceous rocks. Previously, the existence of an atmospheric background dust has been postulated only on the basis of its particle size distribution, and only from observations in polar regions. The present study partially determines the chemical composition of the background dust, and confirms its existence in snowpack at four localities worldwide, including the center of the earth's largest continent where dusts of local source have considerable influence. C1 GLAVGIDROMET,CABINET MINISTERS,MAIN ADM HYDROMETEOROL,TASHKENT 700052,UZBEKISTAN. SANIGMI,CENT ASIAN RES HYDROMETEOROL INST,MAIN ADM HYDROMETEOROL,TASHKENT 700052,UZBEKISTAN. RP Hinkley, T (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,DENVER FED CTR,BOX 25046,DENVER,CO 80225, USA. NR 15 TC 21 Z9 23 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 SN 0094-8276 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD JUL 1 PY 1997 VL 24 IS 13 BP 1607 EP 1610 DI 10.1029/97GL01533 PG 4 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA XJ380 UT WOS:A1997XJ38000016 ER PT J AU Goode, DJ AF Goode, DJ TI Composite recovery type curves in normalized time from Theis' exact solution SO GROUND WATER LA English DT Article AB Type curves derived from Theis' exact nonequilibrium well function solution are proposed for graphical estimation of aquifer hydraulic properties, transmissivity (T), and storage coefficient (S), from water-level recovery data after cessation of a constant-rate discharge test. Drawdown (on log scale) is plotted versus the ratio of time since pumping stopped to duration of pumping, a normalized time. Under Theis conditions, individual type curves depend on only the dimensionless pumping duration, which depends in turn on S and radial distance from the pumping well. Type curve matching, in contrast to the Theis procedure for pumping data, is performed by shifting only the drawdown axis; the time axis is fixed because it is a relative or normalized time. The match-point for the drawdown axis is used to compute T, and S is determined from matching the curve shape, which depends on early dimensionless-time data. Multiple well data can be plotted and matched simultaneously (a composite plot), with drawdown at different radial distances matching different curves. The ratio of dimensionless pumping durations for any two matched curves is equal to one over the squared ratio of radial distances. Application to two recovery datasets from the literature confirm the utility of these type curves in normalized time for composite estimation of T and S. C1 PRINCETON UNIV,PRINCETON,NJ 08544. RP Goode, DJ (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,111 GREAT VALLEY PKWY,MALVERN,PA 19355, USA. OI Goode, Daniel/0000-0002-8527-2456 NR 30 TC 10 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 0 PU GROUND WATER PUBLISHING CO PI WESTERVILLE PA 601 DEMPSEY RD, WESTERVILLE, OH 43081 SN 0017-467X J9 GROUND WATER JI Ground Water PD JUL-AUG PY 1997 VL 35 IS 4 BP 672 EP 678 DI 10.1111/j.1745-6584.1997.tb00133.x PG 7 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Geology; Water Resources GA XH943 UT WOS:A1997XH94300018 ER PT J AU Kolpin, DW Kalkhoff, SJ Goolsby, DA SneckFahrer, DA Thurman, EM AF Kolpin, DW Kalkhoff, SJ Goolsby, DA SneckFahrer, DA Thurman, EM TI Occurrence of selected herbicides and herbicide degradation products in Iowa's ground water, 1995 SO GROUND WATER LA English DT Article ID CHROMATOGRAPHY MASS-SPECTROMETRY; LINKED-IMMUNOSORBENT-ASSAY; SOLID-PHASE EXTRACTION; SHALLOW GROUNDWATER; UNITED-STATES; SURFACE-WATER; ATRAZINE; PESTICIDES; DEETHYLATRAZINE; TRANSPORT AB Herbicide compounds were prevalent in ground water across Iowa, being detected in 70% of the 106 municipal wells sampled during the summer of 1995, Herbicide degradation products were three of the four most frequently detected compounds for this study. The degradation product alachlor ethanesulfonic acid was the most frequently detected compound (65.1%), followed by atrazine (40.6%), and the degradation products deethylatrazine (34.9%), and cyanazine amide (19.8%). The corn herbicide acetochlor, first registered for widespread use in the United States in March 1994, was detected in a single water sample, No reported herbicide compound concentrations for this study exceeded current U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's maximum contaminant levels or health advisory levels for drinking water, although the herbicide degradation products examined have get to have such levels established. The occurrence of herbicide compounds had a significant, inverse relation to well depth and a significant, positive relation to dissolved-oxygen concentration. It is felt that both well depth and dissolved oxygen are acting as rough surrogates to ground-water age, with younger ground water being more likely to contain herbicide compounds. The occurrence of herbicide compounds was substantially different among the major aquifer types across Iowa, being detected in 82.5% of the alluvial, 81.8% of the bedrock/ karst region, 40.0% of the glacial-drift, and 25.0% of the bedrock/nonkarst region aquifers. The observed distribution was partially attributed to variations in general ground-water age among these aquifer types. A significant, inverse relation was determined between total herbicide compound concentrations in ground water and the average soil slope within a 2-km radius of sampled wens. Steeper soil slopes may increase the likelihood of surface runoff occurring rather than ground-water infiltration-decreasing the transport of herbicide compounds to ground water. As expected, a significant positive relation was determined between intensity of herbicide use and herbicide concentrations in ground water. C1 US GEOL SURVEY,DENVER,CO 80225. US GEOL SURVEY,LAWRENCE,KS 66049. RP Kolpin, DW (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,400 S CLINTON ST,BOX 1230,IOWA CITY,IA 52244, USA. RI Thurman, Earl/B-5131-2011; OI Kalkhoff, Stephen/0000-0003-4110-1716 NR 62 TC 64 Z9 66 U1 0 U2 12 PU GROUND WATER PUBLISHING CO PI WESTERVILLE PA 601 DEMPSEY RD, WESTERVILLE, OH 43081 SN 0017-467X J9 GROUND WATER JI Ground Water PD JUL-AUG PY 1997 VL 35 IS 4 BP 679 EP 688 DI 10.1111/j.1745-6584.1997.tb00134.x PG 10 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Geology; Water Resources GA XH943 UT WOS:A1997XH94300019 ER PT J AU Wolock, DM Fan, J Lawrence, GB AF Wolock, DM Fan, J Lawrence, GB TI Effects of basin size on low-flow stream chemistry and subsurface contact time in the Neversink River Watershed, New York SO HYDROLOGICAL PROCESSES LA English DT Article DE subsurface contact time; stream chemistry; basin size ID BROOK-EXPERIMENTAL-FOREST; HUBBARD-BROOK; NEW-HAMPSHIRE; ALUMINUM CHEMISTRY; DEPOSITION; RUNOFF; SCALE AB The effects of basin size on low-flow stream chemistry and subsurface contact time were examined for a part of the Neversink River watershed in southern New York State. Acid neutralizing capacity (ANC), the sum of base cation concentrations (SBC), pH and concentrations of total aluminum (Al), dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and silicon (Si) were measured during low stream flow at the outlets of nested basins ranging in size from 0.2 to 166.3 km(2). ANC, SBC, pH, Al and DOC showed pronounced changes as basin size increased from 0.2 to 3 km(2), but relatively small variations were observed as basin size increased beyond 3 km(2). An index of subsurface contact time computed from basin topography and soil hydraulic conductivity also showed pronounced changes as basin size increased from 0.2 to 3 km(2) and smaller changes as basin size increased beyond 3 km(2). These results suggest that basin size affects low-flow stream chemistry because of the effects of basin size on subsurface contact time. (C) 1997 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. RP Wolock, DM (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,4821 QUAIL CREST PL,LAWRENCE,KS 66049, USA. NR 30 TC 85 Z9 87 U1 2 U2 14 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD PI W SUSSEX PA BAFFINS LANE CHICHESTER, W SUSSEX, ENGLAND PO19 1UD SN 0885-6087 J9 HYDROL PROCESS JI Hydrol. Process. PD JUL PY 1997 VL 11 IS 9 BP 1273 EP 1286 PG 14 WC Water Resources SC Water Resources GA XQ937 UT WOS:A1997XQ93700013 ER PT J AU Hogenboom, DL Kargel, JS Consolmagno, GJ Holden, TC Lee, L Buyyounouski, M AF Hogenboom, DL Kargel, JS Consolmagno, GJ Holden, TC Lee, L Buyyounouski, M TI The ammonia-water system and the chemical differentiation of icy satellites SO ICARUS LA English DT Article ID PLANETOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS; GALILEAN SATELLITES; PHASE-DIAGRAM; EVOLUTION; VOLCANISM; PRESSURES; SATURN; LIQUID; NEBULA AB We report the discovery of the first high-pressure polymorphs of ammonia hydrates: ammonia monohydrate II and ammonia dihydrate II. The subsolidus transitions and melting curves of these substances are shown by their volume-temperature functions; uncalibrated calorimetry corroborates these phase changes, From 20 to 300 MPa ammonia dihydrate and ice melt at a eutectic to form water-rich liquids; at lower and higher pressures, ammonia dihydrate melts incongruently to ammonia-rich liquids. The new data are consistent with independently known thermodynamic parameters of the ammonia-water system, These results fill in an important region of pressure-temperature space not previously studied; a body of previous data reported by other investigators covers a complementary region (higher pressures), but in the light of the new data those earlier results now appear to have been misinterpreted. We show that a suitable reinterpretation of the previous data supports the identification of at least one high-pressure polymorph of each compound, The behavior of the system H2O-NH3 in many ways follows that of MgO-SiO2, and the roles of ammonia-water in icy satellite evolution may parallel those of magnesium silicates in Earth's structure, volcanism, and deep mantle tectonism, Pressure-related effects, including a pressure influence on the ammonia content of cryomagmas, might be significant in determining some potentially observable aspects of cryovolcanic morphologies, surface compositions, and interior structures of icy satellites. (C) 1997 Academic Press. C1 US GEOL SURVEY, FLAGSTAFF, AZ 86001 USA. VATICAN OBSERV, V-00120 VATICAN CITY, VATICAN. RP Hogenboom, DL (reprint author), LAFAYETTE COLL, DEPT PHYS, EASTON, PA 18042 USA. NR 50 TC 55 Z9 56 U1 0 U2 17 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0019-1035 J9 ICARUS JI Icarus PD JUL PY 1997 VL 128 IS 1 BP 171 EP 180 DI 10.1006/icar.1997.5705 PG 10 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA XR109 UT WOS:A1997XR10900014 ER PT J AU Lu, N Zhang, YQ AF Lu, N Zhang, YQ TI Onset of thermally induced gas convection in mine wastes SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER LA English DT Article ID MODEL AB A mine waste dump in which active oxidation of pyritic materials occurs can generate a large amount of heat to form convection cells. We analyze the onset of thermal convection in a two-dimensional, infinite horizontal layer of waste rock filled with moist gas, with the top surface of the waste dump open to the atmosphere and the bedrock beneath the waste dump forming a horizontal and impermeable boundary. Our analysis shows that the thermal regime of a waste rock system depends heavily on the atmospheric temperature, the strength of the heat source and the vapor pressure. (C) 1997 Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 SS PAPADOPULOS & ASSOCIATES INC, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA. RP Lu, N (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY, LAKEWOOD, CO 80225 USA. NR 38 TC 7 Z9 8 U1 1 U2 5 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0017-9310 EI 1879-2189 J9 INT J HEAT MASS TRAN JI Int. J. Heat Mass Transf. PD JUL PY 1997 VL 40 IS 11 BP 2621 EP 2636 PG 16 WC Thermodynamics; Engineering, Mechanical; Mechanics SC Thermodynamics; Engineering; Mechanics GA WP146 UT WOS:A1997WP14600010 ER PT J AU Finster, K Coates, JD Liesack, W Pfennig, N AF Finster, K Coates, JD Liesack, W Pfennig, N TI Desulfuromonas thiophila sp. nov, a new obligately sulfur-reducing bacterium from anoxic freshwater sediment SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SYSTEMATIC BACTERIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID PERFORMANCE LIQUID-CHROMATOGRAPHY; GEN-NOV; RENATURATION RATES; COMPLETE OXIDATION; DNA HYBRIDIZATION; ORGANIC-COMPOUNDS; EUBACTERIUM; ACETOXIDANS; REDUCTION; MARINE AB A mesophilic, acetate-oxidizing, sulfur-reducing bacterium, strain NZ27(T), was isolated from anoxic mud from a freshwater sulfur spring, The cells were ovoid, motile, and gram negative, In addition to acetate, the strain oxidized pyruvate, succinate, and fumarate, Sulfur flower could be replaced by polysulfide as an electron acceptor, Ferric nitrilotriacetic acid was reduced in the presence of pyruvate; however, this reduction did not sustain growth. These phenotypic characteristics suggested that strain NZ27(T) is affiliated with the genus Desulfuromonas. A phylogenetic analysis based on the results of comparative 16S ribosomal DNA sequencing confirmed that strain NZ27(T) belongs to the Desulfuromonas cluster in the recently proposed family ''Geobacteraceae'' in the delta subgroup of the Proteobacteria, In addition, the results of DNA-DNA hybridization studies confirmed that strain NZ27(T) represents a novel species, Desulfuromonas thiophila, a name tentatively used in previous publications, is the name proposed for strain NZ27(T) in this paper. C1 US GEOL SURVEY,DIV WATER RESOURCES,RESTON,VA 22092. MAX PLANCK INST TERR MIKROBIOL,D-35043 MARBURG,GERMANY. RP Finster, K (reprint author), AARHUS UNIV,DEPT MICROBIAL ECOL,INST BIOL SCI,NY MUNKEGADE,DK-8000 AARHUS C,DENMARK. RI Finster, Kai/I-7475-2013 NR 34 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1325 MASSACHUSETTS AVENUE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005-4171 SN 0020-7713 J9 INT J SYST BACTERIOL JI Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. PD JUL PY 1997 VL 47 IS 3 BP 754 EP 758 PG 5 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA XK390 UT WOS:A1997XK39000025 PM 9226908 ER PT J AU Koster, RD Milly, PCD AF Koster, RD Milly, PCD TI The interplay between transpiration and runoff formulations in land surface schemes used with atmospheric models SO JOURNAL OF CLIMATE LA English DT Article ID SOIL-MOISTURE; PARAMETERIZATION; BIOSPHERE AB The Project for Intercomparison of Land-surface Parameterization Schemes (PILPS) has shown that different land surface models (LSMs) driven by the same meteorological forcing can produce markedly different surface energy and water budgets, even when certain critical aspects of the LSMs (vegetation cover, albedo, turbulent drag coefficient, and snowcover) are carefully controlled. To help explain these differences, the authors devised a monthly water balance model that successfully reproduces the annual and seasonal water balances of the different PILPS schemes. Analysis of this model leads to the identification of two quantities that characterize an LSM's formulation of soil water balance dynamics: 1) the efficiency of the soil's evaporation sink integrated over the active soil moisture range, and 2) the fraction of this range over which runoff is generated. Regardless of the LSM's complexity, the combination of these two derived parameters with rates of interception loss, potential evaporation, and precipitation provides a reasonable estimate for the LSM's simulated annual water balance. The two derived parameters shed light on how evaporation and runoff formulations interact in an LSM, and the analysis as a whole underscores the need for compatibility in these formulations. C1 US GEOL SURVEY, GEOPHYS FLUID DYNAM LAB, NOAA, PRINCETON, NJ USA. RP Koster, RD (reprint author), NASA, GODDARD SPACE FLIGHT CTR, HYDROL SCI BRANCH, LAB HYDROSPHER PROC, CODE 974, GREENBELT, MD 20771 USA. RI Koster, Randal/F-5881-2012 OI Koster, Randal/0000-0001-6418-6383 NR 27 TC 198 Z9 207 U1 3 U2 10 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0894-8755 J9 J CLIMATE JI J. Clim. PD JUL PY 1997 VL 10 IS 7 BP 1578 EP 1591 DI 10.1175/1520-0442(1997)010<1578:TIBTAR>2.0.CO;2 PG 14 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA XP278 UT WOS:A1997XP27800007 ER PT J AU Wang, PF Mill, T Martin, JL Wool, TA AF Wang, PF Mill, T Martin, JL Wool, TA TI Fate and transport of metam spill in Sacramento River SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING-ASCE LA English DT Article AB A mass balance model was developed and applied to the Sacramento River in northern California during the July 1991 Sacramento River metam-sodium spill. The transport and reactions of metam-sodium, a soil fumigant, and the volatile and toxic methyl isothiocyanate (MITC) were simulated during the two-and-a-half days of movement alone a 68-km stretch of river. Results from modeling were compared with field data for MITC, which is the only product measured downriver after the spill. Agreement between the simulated and measured values of MITC concentrations were found at Doney Creek (65.9 km downstream). Results illuminated the complexities and unique characteristics associated with the multiple kinetic processes of the chemical plume in the river. In particular, the photolysis of metam-sodium followed zero-order kinetics for high concentrations and first-order kinetics for low concentrations, a unique phenomenon consistent with the finding reported in a laboratory study. Concentrations of metam-sodium for transition from zero- to first-order, obtained by calibration and model sensitivity analyses, were in the same range as those in the reported laboratory results. C1 STANFORD RES INST,MENLO PK,CA. ASCI CORP,ATHENS,GA 30605. RP Wang, PF (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,345 MIDDLEFIELD RD,MS 496,MENLO PK,CA 94025, USA. NR 12 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 4 PU ASCE-AMER SOC CIVIL ENGINEERS PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017-2398 SN 0733-9372 J9 J ENVIRON ENG-ASCE JI J. Environ. Eng.-ASCE PD JUL PY 1997 VL 123 IS 7 BP 704 EP 712 DI 10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9372(1997)123:7(704) PG 9 WC Engineering, Environmental; Engineering, Civil; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA XF801 UT WOS:A1997XF80100013 ER PT J AU Kolpin, DW SneckFahrer, D Hallberg, GR Libra, RD AF Kolpin, DW SneckFahrer, D Hallberg, GR Libra, RD TI Temporal trends of selected agricultural chemicals in Iowa's groundwater, 1982-1995: Are things getting better? SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY LA English DT Article ID ATRAZINE; ALACHLOR; METOLACHLOR; DEETHYLATRAZINE; PERSISTENCE; DEGRADATION; HERBICIDE; MOBILITY; PRODUCTS; SURFACE AB Since 1982, the Iowa Groundwater Monitoring (IGWM) Program has been used to sample untreated groundwater from Iowa municipal wells for selected agricultural chemicals. This long-term database was used to determine if concentrations of select agricultural chemicals in groundwater have changed with time, Nitrate, alachlor [2-chloro-2'-6'-diethyl-N-(methoxymethyl)-acetanilide], atrazine (2-chloro-4-ethylamino-6-isopropylamino-s-triazine), cyanazine {2-[[4-chloro-6-(ethylamino)-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl]amino]-2-methyl- propionitrile)} and metolachlor [2-chloro-N- (2-ethyl-6-methylphenyl)-N-(2-methoxy-1-methylethyl) acetamide] were selected for this temporal analysis of the data. Conclusive temporal changes in frequency of detection and median chemical concentrations were found only for atrazine (decrease) and metolachlor (increase), The greatest temporal chemical changes occurred in the shallowest wells and in alluvial aquifers-both relating to groups of wells generally having the youngest groundwater age, The temporal patterns found for atrazine and metolachlor are consistent with their patterns of chemical use and/or application rates and are suggestive of a causal relation. Only continued data collection, however, will indicate if the trends in chemical concentrations described here represent long-term temporal patterns or only shortterm changes in groundwater, No definitive answers could be made in regards to the question of overall improvements in groundwater quality with respect to agricultural chemical contamination and time, due to the inherent problems with the simplistic measurement of overall severity (summation of alachlor + atrazine + cyanazine + metolachlor concentrations) examined for this study, To adequately determine if there is an actual decreasing trend in the overall severity of contamination (improving groundwater quality), the collection of additional water-chemistry data and the investigation of other measures of severity are needed. C1 UNIV IOWA,HYG LAB,IOWA CITY,IA 52242. GEOL SURVEY BUR,IOWA DEPT NAT RESOURCES,IOWA CITY,IA 52242. RP Kolpin, DW (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,400 S CLINTON ST,BOX 1230,IOWA CITY,IA 52244, USA. NR 61 TC 35 Z9 37 U1 1 U2 7 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 SN 0047-2425 J9 J ENVIRON QUAL JI J. Environ. Qual. PD JUL-AUG PY 1997 VL 26 IS 4 BP 1007 EP 1017 PG 11 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA XN531 UT WOS:A1997XN53100015 ER PT J AU Kolpin, DW AF Kolpin, DW TI Agricultural chemicals in groundwater of the midwestern United States: Relations to land use SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY LA English DT Article ID CHROMATOGRAPHY MASS-SPECTROMETRY; LINKED-IMMUNOSORBENT-ASSAY; SOLID-PHASE EXTRACTION; NEAR-SURFACE AQUIFERS; SHALLOW GROUNDWATER; WATER; ALACHLOR; HERBICIDES; PESTICIDES; IRRIGATION AB To determine the relations between land use and concentrations of selected agricultural chemicals (nitrate, atrazine residue [atrazine (2-chloro-4-ethylamino-6-isopropylamino-s-triazine) + deethylatrazine (2-amino-4-chloro-6-isopropylamino-6-isopropylamino-s-triazine) + deisopropylatrazine (2-amino-4-chloro-6-ethylamino-s-triazine)], and alachlor residue [alachlor, [2-chloro-2',6'-diethyl-N-(methoxymethyl) acetanilide] + alachlor ethanesulfonic acid (alachlor-ESA; 2-[(2,6-diethylphenyl)(methoxymethyl)amino]-2-oxoethanesulfonic acid)] in groundwater, detailed land use information based on accurate measurements from aerial photographs for the 1991 growing season was obtained within a 2-km radius surrounding 100 wells completed in near-surface unconsolidated aquifers in the midwestern USA, The most significant land use factors to the agricultural chemicals examined were: nitrate (amount of irrigated crop production, positive relation), atrazine residue (amount of irrigated crop production, positive relation), and alachlor residue (amount of highly erodible land, inverse relation). The investigation of smaller buffer sizes (size of circular area around sampled wells) proved insightful for this study. Additional land use factors having significant relations to all three agricultural chemicals were identified using these smaller buffer radii. The most significant correlations (correlation maxima) generally occurred at less than or equal to 500-m for nitrate and greater than or equal to 1000-m for atrazine residue and alachlor residue. An attempt to improve the statistical relations to land use by taking hydrologic considerations into account (removing land outside the estimated most probable recharge area from the statistical analysis) was not as successful as anticipated. Only 45% (if the nitrate, 32% of the atrazine residue, and 20% of the alachlor residue correlations were improved by a consideration of the estimated most probable recharge area. RP Kolpin, DW (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,400 S CLINTON ST,IOWA CITY,IA 52244, USA. NR 51 TC 57 Z9 58 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 SN 0047-2425 J9 J ENVIRON QUAL JI J. Environ. Qual. PD JUL-AUG PY 1997 VL 26 IS 4 BP 1025 EP 1037 PG 13 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA XN531 UT WOS:A1997XN53100017 ER PT J AU Juracek, KE Thurman, EM AF Juracek, KE Thurman, EM TI Assessing aquifer contamination risk using immunoassay: Trace analysis of atrazine in unsaturated zone sediments SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY LA English DT Article ID CHROMATOGRAPHY MASS-SPECTROMETRY; NONPOINT-SOURCE CONTAMINATION; LINKED-IMMUNOSORBENT-ASSAY; MIDWESTERN UNITED-STATES; SOLID-PHASE EXTRACTION; SURFACE-WATER; TRIAZINE HERBICIDES; ENZYME-IMMUNOASSAY; MISSISSIPPI RIVER; SOIL AB The vulnerability of a shallow aquifer in south-central Kansas to contamination by atrazine (2-chloro-4-ethylamino-6-isopropylamine-s-triazine) was assessed by analyzing unsaturated zone soil and sediment samples from about 60 dryland and irrigated sites using an ultrasensitive immunoassay (detection level of 0.02 mu g/kg) with verification by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). Samples were collected at depths of 0 to 1.2 m (i.e., the root zone), 1.2 to 1.8 m, and 1.8 to 3.0 m during two time periods - prior to planting and after harvest of crops. About 75% of the samples contained detectable concentrations of parent atrazine. At the shallow sampling depth, atrazine concentrations ranged from 0.5 to approximately 12 mu g/kg. Atrazine concentrations at the intermediate (1.2-1.8m) depth generally were <1.0 mu g/kg, with most of the concentrations <0.10 mu g/kg, which suggests substantial degradation of parent atrazine in the root zone. Likewise, atrazine concentrations from the deepest (1.8-3.0m) depth ranged from <0.02 to 0.33 mu g/kg. The metabolite deethylatrazine (2-amino-4-chloro-6-isopropylamine-s-triazine) was detected by GC/MS only in 2 or 60 samples with concentrations of 1.4 and 1.5 mu g/kg. The reconnaissance survey shows that, in spite of atrazine use ranging from 1 to 5 or more years, there does not appear to be a significant buildup of parent compound below the root zone, Therefore, the unsaturated zone does not appear to be a major storage compartment of atrazine contamination for the underlying shallow aquifer. RP Juracek, KE (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,LAWRENCE,KS 66049, USA. RI Thurman, Earl/B-5131-2011 NR 42 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 SN 0047-2425 J9 J ENVIRON QUAL JI J. Environ. Qual. PD JUL-AUG PY 1997 VL 26 IS 4 BP 1080 EP 1089 PG 10 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA XN531 UT WOS:A1997XN53100023 ER PT J AU Chen, CL AF Chen, CL TI Free-surface stability criterion as affected by velocity distribution - Closure SO JOURNAL OF HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING-ASCE LA English DT Editorial Material ID WAVE RP Chen, CL (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,DIV WATER RESOURCES,345 MIDDLEFIELD RD,MS-496,MENLO PK,CA 94025, USA. NR 4 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU ASCE-AMER SOC CIVIL ENGINEERS PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017-2398 SN 0733-9429 J9 J HYDRAUL ENG-ASCE JI J. Hydraul. Eng.-ASCE PD JUL PY 1997 VL 123 IS 7 BP 667 EP 668 DI 10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9429(1997)123:7(667) PG 2 WC Engineering, Civil; Engineering, Mechanical; Water Resources SC Engineering; Water Resources GA XH832 UT WOS:A1997XH83200015 ER PT J AU WilliamsStroud, SC Paul, J AF WilliamsStroud, SC Paul, J TI Initiation and growth of gypsum piercement structures in the Zechstein Basin SO JOURNAL OF STRUCTURAL GEOLOGY LA English DT Article ID ROCK-SALT; CLASTIC ACCUMULATION; SVERDRUP BASIN; ARCTIC CANADA; EVAPORITES; DIAPIRISM; EXTENSION; DYNAMICS; SYSTEMS; CREEP AB The importance of tectonic processes in initiating halite diapirs has become much better understood in recent years. Less well understood is the development of diapiric structures involving rocks composed predominantly of gypsum. Below about 1000 m, gypsum dehydrates to anhydrite, which often obscures primary sedimentary textures. If the strain associated with diapiric rise in the rock induces the transition to anhydrite, obliteration of primary features in the gypsum can be expected. In our study, we infer that the diapiric movement in the Werra Anhydrite member of cycle 1 of the Zechstein Formation of Europe occurred before the initial transition of gypsum to anhydrite based on the presence of pseudomorphs of bedded primary gypsum crystals, the overburden lithologies and depositional environment, and the mechanical properties of gypsum, anhydrite and carbonate rocks. Faulting and differential loading of a shallow overburden were the key components in initiating the gypsum diapirism. The transition to anhydrite occurred after burial and after cessation of diapirism. In comparison, the diapirism of calcium sulfate of the Leine Anhydrite into the Leine Halite members of cycle 3 of the Zechstein Formation probably occurred much later after burial and appears to have been triggered by halite diapirism, which in turn triggered the dehydration reaction: causing the calcium sulfate to become the incompetent phase relative to the halite. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 UNIV GOTTINGEN,INST GEOL & PALAONTOL,D-37077 GOTTINGEN,GERMANY. RP WilliamsStroud, SC (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,BOX 25046,MS 911,DENVER,CO 80225, USA. NR 54 TC 14 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 6 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 0191-8141 J9 J STRUCT GEOL JI J. Struct. Geol. PD JUL PY 1997 VL 19 IS 7 BP 897 EP 907 DI 10.1016/S0191-8141(97)00017-5 PG 11 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA XH992 UT WOS:A1997XH99200001 ER PT J AU Meteyer, CU Dubielzig, RR Dein, FJ Baeten, LA Moore, MK Jehl, JR Wesenberg, K AF Meteyer, CU Dubielzig, RR Dein, FJ Baeten, LA Moore, MK Jehl, JR Wesenberg, K TI Sodium toxicity and pathology associated with exposure of waterfowl to hypersaline playa lakes of southeast New Mexico SO JOURNAL OF VETERINARY DIAGNOSTIC INVESTIGATION LA English DT Article ID CATARACT AB Cause of mortality was studied in waterfowl in hypersaline playa lakes of southeast New Mexico during spring and fall migration. Mortality was not common in wild ducks resting on the playas during good weather. However, when birds remained on the lakes for prolonged periods of time, such as during experimental trials and stormy weather, a heavy layer of salt precipitated on their feathers. Sodium toxicity was the cause of death for all experimental mallards housed on playa water and for 50% of the wild waterfowl found moribund or dead during the spring of 1995. Gross lesions included heavy salt precipitation on the feathers, ocular lens opacities, deeply congested brains, and dilated, thin-walled, fluid-filled cloacae. Microscopic lesions in the more severely affected birds included liquefaction of ocular lens cortex with lens fiber swelling and multifocal to diffuse ulcerative conjunctivitis with severe granulocytic inflammation, edema, and granulocytic vasculitis resulting in thrombosis. Inflammation similar to that seen in the conjunctiva occasionally involved the mucosa of the mouth, pharynx, nasal turbinates, cloaca, and bursa. Transcorneal movement of water in response to the hypersaline conditions on the playa lakes or direct contact with salt crystals could induce anterior segment dehydration of the aqueous humor and increased osmotic pressure on the lens, leading to cataract formation. C1 US Geol Survey, Natl Wildlife Hlth Ctr, Biol Resource Div, Madison, WI 53711 USA. Univ Wisconsin, Sch Vet Med, Dept Pathobiol Sci, Madison, WI 53706 USA. Hubbs Sea World Res Inst, San Diego, CA 92109 USA. RP Meteyer, CU (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Natl Wildlife Hlth Ctr, Biol Resource Div, Madison, WI 53711 USA. OI Wesenberg, Katherine/0000-0001-9995-2973 NR 35 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 5 PU AMER ASSOC VETERINARY LABORATORY DIAGNOSTICIANS INC PI TURLOCK PA PO BOX 1522, TURLOCK, CA 95381 USA SN 1040-6387 J9 J VET DIAGN INVEST JI J. Vet. Diagn. Invest. PD JUL PY 1997 VL 9 IS 3 BP 269 EP 280 PG 12 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA ZB336 UT WOS:000072460800008 PM 9249166 ER PT J AU Harrenstien, LA Munson, L Ramsay, EC Lucash, CF Kania, CA Potgieter, LND AF Harrenstien, LA Munson, L Ramsay, EC Lucash, CF Kania, CA Potgieter, LND TI Antibody responses of red wolves to canine distemper virus and canine parvovirus vaccination SO JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE DISEASES LA English DT Article DE Red wolf; Canis rufus; vaccination; canine distemper virus; canine parvovirus; serology ID WILD DOGS; KENYA AB Twenty captive red wolves (Canis rufus), including 16 intended for release into Great Smoky Mountains National Park, Cades Cove, Tennessee (USA), and four housed at Knoxville Zoological Gardens, Inc., Knoxville, Tennessee, were evaluated for immunologic response to vaccination between June 1994 and April 1995. Wolves were vaccinated with modified-live (MLV) canine distemper virus (CDV) and canine parvovirus type-2 (CPV2). Sera were collected, and immunofluorescent staining was performed for determination of immunoglobulin titers (CDV IgM, CDV IgG, and CPV2 IgG). A capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was performed for validation purposes, to confirm the reactivity of our standard diagnostic reagents with red wolf serum. All wolves produced a measurable antibody response to CDV and CPV2 vaccination. Titers against CDV and CPV2 varied widely among individual wolves, but between-litter differences in mean titers were not significant. No consistent response between the degree of response to CDV versus CPV2 vaccination was observed in individual wolves. No differences were seen between IgG responses of pups vaccinated with univalent vaccines given concurrently or during alternating weeks. Pups had an IgG response to CDV and CPV2 vaccination as early as 9 wk of age. Mean post-vaccination IgG titers against CDV were at or above the level normally measured in vaccinated domestic dogs. Mean post-vaccination IgG titers against CPV2 were below the level normally measured in domestic dogs. Adult previously-vaccinated wolves had measurable CDV and CPV2 IgG titers more than 1 yr after vaccination, but did not have significant IgG titer increases after revaccination. We conclude that red wolves are capable of producing an antibody response after vaccination with commercial canine products but that their response to CPV2 vaccination was minimal. This response can be assayed using tests developed for domestic dogs. C1 UNIV TENNESSEE,COLL VET MED,DEPT COMPARAT MED,KNOXVILLE,TN 37901. US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,RED WOLF RECOVERY PROGRAM,TOWNSEND,TN 37882. RP Harrenstien, LA (reprint author), UNIV TENNESSEE,COLL VET MED,DEPT PATHOL,POB 1071,KNOXVILLE,TN 37901, USA. OI Kania, Stephen/0000-0002-4490-7347 NR 13 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 5 PU WILDLIFE DISEASE ASSN, INC PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH ST, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 SN 0090-3558 J9 J WILDLIFE DIS JI J. Wildl. Dis. PD JUL PY 1997 VL 33 IS 3 BP 600 EP 605 PG 6 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA XM004 UT WOS:A1997XM00400024 PM 9249706 ER PT J AU Perkins, AL Clark, WR Riley, TZ Vohs, PA AF Perkins, AL Clark, WR Riley, TZ Vohs, PA TI Effects of landscape and weather on winter survival of ring-necked pheasant hens SO JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE agricultural landscapes; habitat use; home range; Iowa; Phasianus colchicus; movements; ring-necked pheasant; survival; weather; winter ID HABITAT USE; HOME RANGE; CAPERCAILLIE; SELECTION; PATTERNS AB We studied populations of ring-necked pheasant hens (Phasianus colchicus) on a diverse landscape in Pale Alto County, Iowa and on an intensively farmed area in Kossuth County, Iowa to examine the hypothesis that differences in habitat composition influence winter survival. We captured hen pheasants by nightlighting or bait trapping on each site and relocated them with telemetry from December through March, 1989-94. We determined home range area, habitat use, and movements during the day. We estimated survival using Kaplan-Meier statistics and related survival to habitat and weather covariates using parametric models. In both landscapes, home ranges were located in areas with more grass habitat than the surrounding landscape (P < 0.05). Home range area averaged 76 ha and daily movements averaged 251 m at Palo Alto, whereas these variables were 96 ha and 270 m at Kossuth. Survival from 27 November to 1 April ranged from 0.23 in 1993 on Kossuth to 0.96 in 1990 on Palo Alto but the average difference in survival between sites among years was not different from zero (P = 0.77). Parametric hazards models indicated that measures of weather and temperature were predictive of mortality, but that small scale habitat use and daily movements were not. Winters with extensive snow cover and fold temperatures periodically reduce survival even where the distribution of small blocks of cover such as idle grass, woody cover, and wetlands is considered adequate by managers. C1 IOWA STATE UNIV,DEPT ANIM ECOL,AMES,IA 50011. IOWA DEPT NAT RESOURCES,CHANITON,IA 50049. US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,IOWA COOPERAT FISH & WILDLIFE RES UNIT,AMES,IA 50011. RP Perkins, AL (reprint author), IOWA DEPT NAT RESOURCES,BOONE,IA 50036, USA. NR 48 TC 23 Z9 39 U1 1 U2 11 PU WILDLIFE SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2197 SN 0022-541X J9 J WILDLIFE MANAGE JI J. Wildl. Manage. PD JUL PY 1997 VL 61 IS 3 BP 634 EP 644 DI 10.2307/3802171 PG 11 WC Ecology; Zoology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Zoology GA XR474 UT WOS:A1997XR47400005 ER PT J AU Reading, RP Matchett, R AF Reading, RP Matchett, R TI Attributes of black-tailed prairie dog colonies in north central Montana SO JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE black-footed ferrets; black-tailed prairie dog; colony; Cynomys ludovicianus; geographic information system; GIS; modeling; Montana; Mustela nigripes AB We examined several characteristics of black-tailed prairie dog (Cynomys ludovicianus) colonies in Phillips County, Montana, including slope, aspect, soils, land tenure, and distance from roads using a geographic information system (GIS). Colonies exhibited significantly smaller slopes, but not significantly different aspects than did randomly located polygons. In addition, colonies were more prevalent than expected on well drained clay-loam and loam soils and on U.S. Bureau of Land Management (BLM) laud than on other soil types or on private land. Although prairie dogs commonly use roads for dispersal, distance to nearest road was not related to prairie dog density nor to colony area. These findings could be used to develop a cartographic model of preferred black-tailed prairie dog habitat useful for prairie dog monitoring and management, and for estimating prairie dog expansion potential for possible black-footed ferret (Mustela nigripes) reintroduction sites. C1 US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,CHARLES M RUSSELL NATL WILDLIFE REFUGE,LEWISTOWN,MT 59457. RP Reading, RP (reprint author), DENVER ZOOL FDN & NO ROCKIES CONSERVAT COOPERAT,2900 E 23RD AVE,DENVER,CO 80205, USA. NR 40 TC 24 Z9 24 U1 3 U2 17 PU WILDLIFE SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2197 SN 0022-541X J9 J WILDLIFE MANAGE JI J. Wildl. Manage. PD JUL PY 1997 VL 61 IS 3 BP 664 EP 673 DI 10.2307/3802174 PG 10 WC Ecology; Zoology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Zoology GA XR474 UT WOS:A1997XR47400008 ER PT J AU Krapu, GL Greenwood, RJ Dwyer, CP Kraft, KM Cowardin, LM AF Krapu, GL Greenwood, RJ Dwyer, CP Kraft, KM Cowardin, LM TI Wetland use, settling patterns, and recruitment in mallards SO JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE Anas platyrhynchos; breeding pairs; Conservation Reserve Program; drought; land use; mallard; May ponds; pond density; Prairie Pothole Region; seasonal ponds; wetland complexes; wetland use ID NORTH-DAKOTA; REPRODUCTION; POPULATIONS; ABUNDANCE AB The correlation between number of May ponds in the Prairie Pothole Region (PPR) of North America and size of the continental mallard (Anas platyrhynchos) breeding population the following spring weakened from the 1950s to the 1980s, suggesting possible changes in suitability of prairie ponds for meeting reproductive needs. We studied wetland use and preferences of radioequipped female mallards by reproductive stage (1988-90) in eastern North Dakota and westcentral Minnesota and evaluated effect of land use on pair distribution in eastern North Dakota (1987-91). May pond density varied among years and study areas, with changes in number of temporary and seasonal ponds accounting for 93% of variation in total ponds. During all reproductive stages, semipermanent basins were used most by females, but temporary and seasonal ponds were preferred during prenesting and egg production. Accounting for number of relocations, number of ponds used varied by year, by reproductive stage and with pond density during egg production. Numbers of breeding mallard pairs in stratum 46 in eastern North Dakota increased as May ponds increased from 1963 to 1985, but 33,659 fewer breeding pairs on average were present in 1971-85 than in 1963-70. Number of breeding pairs declined relative to May ponds from the 1960s to the 1980s, probably because fewer pairs settle in temporary and seasonal ponds as the percent of landscape in cropland increases. Waterfowl managers in the PPR should target efforts to increase duck production on landscapes where non-cropped temporarily and seasonally flooded wetland habitats are plentiful, thereby increasing cost effectiveness of management actions taken to increase nest success rate. RP Krapu, GL (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY, BIOL RESOURCES DIV, NO PRAIRIE SCI CTR, 8711 37 ST SE, JAMESTOWN, ND 58401 USA. NR 39 TC 37 Z9 38 U1 0 U2 15 PU WILDLIFE SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2197 SN 0022-541X J9 J WILDLIFE MANAGE JI J. Wildl. Manage. PD JUL PY 1997 VL 61 IS 3 BP 736 EP 746 DI 10.2307/3802180 PG 11 WC Ecology; Zoology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Zoology GA XR474 UT WOS:A1997XR47400014 ER PT J AU Sedinger, JS Lindberg, MS Rexstad, MS Rexstad, EA Chelgren, ND Ward, DH AF Sedinger, JS Lindberg, MS Rexstad, MS Rexstad, EA Chelgren, ND Ward, DH TI Testing for handling bias in survival estimation for black brant SO JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE Alaska; banding; black brant; Branta bernicla nigricans; estimation; goose; handling effects; heterogeneity; survival; ultrastructure ID CANADA GEESE; RATES; RECOVERY AB We used an ultrastructure approach in program SURVIV to test for, and remove, bias in survival estimates for the year following mass banding of female black brant (Branta bernicla nigricans) We used relative banding-drive size as the independent variable to control for handling effects in our ultrastructure models, which took the form: S = S-0(1 - alpha D), where alpha was handling effect and D was the ratio of banding-drive size to the largest banding drive. Brant were divided. into 3 classes: goslings, initial captures, and recaptures, based on their state at the time of banding, because we anticipated the potential for heterogeneity iri model parameters among classes of brant. Among models examined, for which alpha was not constrained, a model with alpha constant across classes of brant and years, constant survival rates among years for initially captured brant but year-specific survival rates for goslings and recaptures, and year- and class-specific detection probabilities had the lowest Akaike Information Criterion (AIC). Handling effect, alpha, was -0.47 +/- 0.13 SE, -0.14 +/- 0.057, and -0.12 +/- 0.049 for goslings, initially released adults, and recaptured adults. Gosling annual survival in the first year ranged from 0.738 +/- 0.072 for the 1986 cohort to 0.260 +/- 0.025 for the 1991 cohort. Inclusion of winter observations increased estimates of first-year survival rates by an average of 30%, suggesting that permanent emigration had. an important influence on apparent survival: especially for later cohorts. We estimated annual survival for initially captured brant as 0.782 +/- 0.013, while that for recaptures varied from 0.726 +/- 0.034 to 0.900 +/- 0.062. Our analyses failed to detect a negative effect of handling on survival of brant, which is consistent with an hypothesis of substantial inherent heterogeneity in post-fledging survival rates, such that individuals most likely to die as a result of handling also have lower inherent survival probabilities. C1 UNIV ALASKA, DEPT BIOL & WILDLIFE, FAIRBANKS, AK 99775 USA. US GEOL SURVEY, ALASKA SCI CTR, ANCHORAGE, AK 99503 USA. RP Sedinger, JS (reprint author), UNIV ALASKA, INST ARCTIC BIOL, FAIRBANKS, AK 99775 USA. OI Rexstad, Eric/0000-0002-4323-8161 NR 27 TC 32 Z9 33 U1 1 U2 5 PU WILDLIFE SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2197 SN 0022-541X J9 J WILDLIFE MANAGE JI J. Wildl. Manage. PD JUL PY 1997 VL 61 IS 3 BP 782 EP 791 DI 10.2307/3802185 PG 10 WC Ecology; Zoology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Zoology GA XR474 UT WOS:A1997XR47400019 ER PT J AU Paveglio, FL Kilbride, KM Bunck, CM AF Paveglio, FL Kilbride, KM Bunck, CM TI Selenium in aquatic birds from central California SO JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE adaptive management; aquatic birds; California drainage water; ducks; irrigation; pollution; selenium; toxicology; waterfowl; wetlands ID IRRIGATION DRAINWATER; REPRODUCTION; GRASSLANDS; MALLARDS; BIOACCUMULATION; CONTAMINANTS; WATERFOWL; IMPACTS; VALLEY AB Subsurface agricultural drainwater used for wetland management has resulted in selenium (Se) contamination of aquatic bird food chains in central California. After freshwater replaced agricultural drainage water during autumn 1985, Se concentrations in mallards (Anas platyrhynchos), northern shovelers (A. clypeata), northern pintails (A. acuta), American coots (Fulica americana), and black-necked stilts (Himantopus mexicanus) collected from the Grassland Water District (GWD) of California declined from 1986 to 1988 (Paveglio et al. 1992); however, Se concentrations were still above levels associated with reproductive impairment in laboratory and field studies. Consequently, we conducted follow-up collections from the GWD during 1989 and 1994 to determine Se concentrations in aquatic birds after long-term use of freshwater for wetland management. As was found during 1986-88, Se concentrations were higher for birds from the South Grasslands, which historically received more undiluted drainage water compared with the North Although Se concentrations were lower in 1994 compared with 1986 for aquatic birds (except pintails from the North Grasslands), values generally remained stable or declined slightly from 1988 to 1994. After 9 years of freshwater management of the Grasslands, liver Se concentrations in some wintering birds still were above concentrations associated with impaired reproduction in laboratory and field studies. Under our adaptive management strategy, an additional 1-13 years from 1994 are projected for mallards, shovelers, and stilts from the North and South Grasslands and coots from the South Grasslands to reach background Se concentrations in liver (5.5 ppm dry mass [DM]). In contrast, only an additional 2-7 years from 1994 of freshwater management will be required far stilts and shovelers in the South Grasslands to reduce Se liver concentrations below the threshold associated with reproductive impairment (9 ppm DM). We recommend that freshwater flows to arid wetlands be restored and use of agricultural drainage water for management or disposal in arid wetlands be discontinued. C1 US DEPT INTERIOR,WASHINGTON,DC 20240. RP Paveglio, FL (reprint author), US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,9317 NE HIGHWAY 99,SUITE D,VANCOUVER,WA 98665, USA. NR 32 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 1 U2 3 PU WILDLIFE SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2197 SN 0022-541X J9 J WILDLIFE MANAGE JI J. Wildl. Manage. PD JUL PY 1997 VL 61 IS 3 BP 832 EP 839 DI 10.2307/3802191 PG 8 WC Ecology; Zoology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Zoology GA XR474 UT WOS:A1997XR47400025 ER PT J AU Bowman, TD Schempf, PF Hodges, JI AF Bowman, TD Schempf, PF Hodges, JI TI Bald eagle population in Prince William Sound after the Exxon Valdez oil spill SO JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE aerial survey age ratio; Alaska; bald eagle; contaminants; Exxon Valdez; Haliaeetus leucocephalus; oil; oil spill; populations; Prince William Sound; raptors; surveys ID SOUTHEASTERN ALASKA AB We initiated studies to determine whether the Exxon Valdez oil spill influenced bald eagle (Haliacetus leucoephalus) demography in Prince William Sound (PWS), Alaska. Using fixed-wing aircraft, we surveyed bald eagle populations within random plots once each year and censused nearly all islands in PWS in 1989-91 and 1995 to estimate population size. We calculated population indices (uncorrected for birds not seen) of 2,199; 1,935; 2,116; and 2,641 adult eagles for the 4 years studies. Subsequent to the 1989 oil spill, the eagle population returned to its estimated pre-spill size by 1995. The PWS bald eagle population has increased at an average annual rate of 3.7% from 1982 to 1995. The proportion of immatures in the population averaged 29% and did not vary significantly among years. RP Bowman, TD (reprint author), US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV, 1011 E TUDOR RD, ANCHORAGE, AK 99503 USA. NR 16 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 3 U2 8 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 0022-541X J9 J WILDLIFE MANAGE JI J. Wildl. Manage. PD JUL PY 1997 VL 61 IS 3 BP 962 EP 967 DI 10.2307/3802206 PG 6 WC Ecology; Zoology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Zoology GA XR474 UT WOS:A1997XR47400040 ER PT J AU Bodkin, JL Ames, JA Jameson, RJ Johnson, AM Matson, GM AF Bodkin, JL Ames, JA Jameson, RJ Johnson, AM Matson, GM TI Estimating age of sea otters with cementum layers in the first premolar SO JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE age determination; aging; annuli; cementum; Enhydra lutris; known age; measurement error; premolar; sea otter; teeth ID REPRODUCTION; ALASKA AB We assessed sources of variation in the use of tooth cementum layers to determine age by comparing counts in premolar tooth sections to known ages of 20 sea otters (Enhydra lutris). Three readers examined. each sample 3 times, and the 3 readings of each sample were averaged by reader to provide the mean estimated age. The mean (SE) of the known age sample was 5.2 years (1.0) and the 3 mean estimated ages were 7.0 (1.0), 5.9 (1.1) and, 4.4 (0.8). The proportions of estimates accurate to within +/-1 year were 0.25, 0.55, and 0.65 and to within +/-2 rears 0.65, 0.80, and 0.70, by reader. The proportions of samples estimated with >3 years error were 0.20, 0.10, and 0.05. Errors as large as 7, 6, and 5 years were made among readers. In few instances did all readers uniformly provide either accurate (error <1 yr) or inaccurate (error >1 yr) counts. In most cases (0.85), 1 or 2 of the readers provided accurate counts. Coefficients of determination (R-2) between known ages and mean estimated ages were 0.81, 0.87, and 0.87, by reader. The results of this study suggest that cementum layers within sea otter premolar teeth likely are deposited annually and can be used for age estimation. However, criteria used in interpreting layers apparently varied by reader, occasionally resulting in large errors, which were not consistent among readers. While large errors were evident for some individual otters, there were no differences between the known and estimated age-class distributions generated by each reader. Until accuracy can be improved, application of this ageing technique should be limited to sample sizes of at least 6-7 individuals within age classes of greater than or equal to 1 year. C1 CALIF DEPT FISH & GAME,MONTEREY,CA 93940. US GEOL SURVEY,PACIFIC SCI CTR,BIOL RESOURCES DIV,CORVALLIS,OR 97333. RP Bodkin, JL (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,ALASKA SCI CTR,BIOL RESOURCES DIV,1011 E TUDOR RD,ANCHORAGE,AK 99503, USA. NR 22 TC 30 Z9 31 U1 0 U2 3 PU WILDLIFE SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2197 SN 0022-541X J9 J WILDLIFE MANAGE JI J. Wildl. Manage. PD JUL PY 1997 VL 61 IS 3 BP 967 EP 973 DI 10.2307/3802207 PG 7 WC Ecology; Zoology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Zoology GA XR474 UT WOS:A1997XR47400041 ER PT J AU Grossman, JN Brearley, AJ AF Grossman, JN Brearley, AJ TI Contrasting styles of alteration in radial pyroxene and low-iron-oxide porphyritic chondrules in Semarkona. SO METEORITICS & PLANETARY SCIENCE LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US GEOL SURVEY,RESTON,VA 22092. UNIV NEW MEXICO,INST METEORIT,DEPT EARTH & PLANETARY SCI,ALBUQUERQUE,NM 87131. NR 8 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 0 PU METEORITICAL SOC PI FAYETTEVILLE PA DEPT CHEMISTRY/BIOCHEMISTRY, UNIV ARKANSAS, FAYETTEVILLE, AR 72701 SN 0026-1114 J9 METEORIT PLANET SCI JI Meteorit. Planet. Sci. PD JUL PY 1997 VL 32 IS 4 SU S BP A53 EP A53 PG 1 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA XP024 UT WOS:A1997XP02400095 ER PT J AU McCord, TB Hansen, G Hibbitts, C Carlson, RW Smythe, W Matson, DL Johnson, TV Clark, RM Granahan, J Fanale, F Segura, M AF McCord, TB Hansen, G Hibbitts, C Carlson, RW Smythe, W Matson, DL Johnson, TV Clark, RM Granahan, J Fanale, F Segura, M TI Analysis of near-infrared mapping spectrometer reflectance spectra for the icy Galilean satellites. SO METEORITICS & PLANETARY SCIENCE LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 UNIV HAWAII,HAWAII INST GEOPHYS & PLANETOL,NIMS TEAM,HONOLULU,HI 96822. SETS TECHNOL INC,MILILANI,HI. US GEOL SURVEY,DENVER,CO 80225. CALTECH,JET PROP LAB,PASADENA,CA 91109. RI Hibbitts, Charles/B-7787-2016 OI Hibbitts, Charles/0000-0001-9089-4391 NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU METEORITICAL SOC PI FAYETTEVILLE PA DEPT CHEMISTRY/BIOCHEMISTRY, UNIV ARKANSAS, FAYETTEVILLE, AR 72701 SN 0026-1114 J9 METEORIT PLANET SCI JI Meteorit. Planet. Sci. PD JUL PY 1997 VL 32 IS 4 SU S BP A86 EP A87 PG 2 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA XP024 UT WOS:A1997XP02400163 ER PT J AU Campbell, JL Czamanske, GK MacDonald, L Teesdale, WJ AF Campbell, JL Czamanske, GK MacDonald, L Teesdale, WJ TI Quantitative analysis of major elements in silicate minerals and glasses by micro-PIXE SO NUCLEAR INSTRUMENTS & METHODS IN PHYSICS RESEARCH SECTION B-BEAM INTERACTIONS WITH MATERIALS AND ATOMS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 5th International Conference on Nuclear Microprobe Technology and Applications (ICNMTA) CY NOV 11-15, 1996 CL SANTA FE, NM SP Sandia Natl Labs, Los Alamos Natl Lab, Lawrence Livermore Natl lab ID NUCLEAR MICROPROBE; SOFTWARE PACKAGE; SPECIMENS AB The Guelph micro-PIXE facility has been modified to accommodate a second Si(Li) X-ray detector which records the spectrum due to light major elements (11 less than or equal to Z less than or equal to 20) with no deleterious effects from scattered 3 MeV protons. Spectra have been recorded from 30 well-characterized materials, including a broad range of silicate minerals and both natural and synthetic glasses. Sodium is mobile in some of the glasses, but not in the studied mineral lattices. The mean value of the instrumental constant H for each of the elements Mg, Al, and Si in these materials is systematically 6-8% lower than the H-value measured for the pure metals. Normalization factors are derived which permit the matrix corrections requisite for trace-element measurements in silicates to be based upon pure metal standards for Mg, Al and Si, supplemented by well-established, silicate mineral standards for the elements Na, K and Ca. Rigorous comparisons of electron microprobe and micro-PIXE analyses for the entire, 30-sample suite demonstrate the ability of micro-PIXE to produce accurate analysis for the light major elements in silicates. (C) 1997 Elsevier Science B.V. C1 US GEOL SURVEY,MENLO PK,CA 94025. RP Campbell, JL (reprint author), UNIV GUELPH,GUELPH WATERLOO PROGRAM GRAD WORK PHYS,GUELPH,ON N1G 2W1,CANADA. NR 13 TC 15 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0168-583X J9 NUCL INSTRUM METH B JI Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. Sect. B-Beam Interact. Mater. Atoms PD JUL PY 1997 VL 130 IS 1-4 BP 608 EP 616 DI 10.1016/S0168-583X(97)00258-9 PG 9 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Nuclear Science & Technology; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical; Physics, Nuclear SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Nuclear Science & Technology; Physics GA XZ017 UT WOS:A1997XZ01700103 ER PT J AU Lauer, DT Morain, SA Salomonson, VV AF Lauer, DT Morain, SA Salomonson, VV TI The Landsat program: Its origins, evolution, and impacts SO PHOTOGRAMMETRIC ENGINEERING AND REMOTE SENSING LA English DT Article AB Landsat 1 began an era of space-based resource data collection that changed the way science, industry, governments, and the general public view the Earth. For the last 25 years, the Landsat program - despite being hampered by institutional problems and budget uncertainties - has successfully provided a continuous supply of synoptic, repetitive, multispectral data of the Earth's land areas. These data have profoundly affected programs for mapping resources, monitoring environmental changes, and assessing global habitability. The societal applications this program generated are so compelling that international systems have proliferated to carry on the tasks initiated with Landsat data. C1 UNIV NEW MEXICO,DEPT GEOG,ALBUQUERQUE,NM 87131. UNIV NEW MEXICO,EARTH DATA ANAL CTR,ALBUQUERQUE,NM 87131. NASA,GODDARD SPACE FLIGHT CTR,GREENBELT,MD 20771. RP Lauer, DT (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,EROS DATA CTR,SIOUX FALLS,SD 57198, USA. NR 48 TC 32 Z9 33 U1 1 U2 4 PU AMER SOC PHOTOGRAMMETRY PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 210, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2160 SN 0099-1112 J9 PHOTOGRAMM ENG REM S JI Photogramm. Eng. Remote Sens. PD JUL PY 1997 VL 63 IS 7 BP 831 EP 838 PG 8 WC Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Physical Geography; Geology; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA XJ280 UT WOS:A1997XJ28000011 ER PT J AU Draeger, WC Holm, TM Lauer, DT Thompson, RJ AF Draeger, WC Holm, TM Lauer, DT Thompson, RJ TI The availability of Landsat data: Past, present, and future SO PHOTOGRAMMETRIC ENGINEERING AND REMOTE SENSING LA English DT Article AB It has long been recognized that the success of the Landsat program would depend on an effective distribution of its data to a wide variety of users, worldwide, in a timely manner. Since 1972, nearly $250 million worth of data have been distributed by a network of ground stations around the world. The policies of the U.S. Government affecting the distribution, availability, and pricing of Landsat data have been controversial, and have been strongly affected by the attempts to commercialize the program. At the present time, data ore being distributed in the U.S. by either government or commercial entities, depending on the date of acquisition of the data in question and whether or not the customer is affiliated with the Federal Government. Although the future distribution of Landsat data is currently under discussion, it seems likely that data distribution initially will be the responsibility of NOAA. In any case, the long-term archive and distribution of all Landsat data will be the responsibility of the Department of Interior's U.S. Geological Survey. RP Draeger, WC (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,EROS DATA CTR,SIOUX FALLS,SD 57198, USA. NR 15 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER SOC PHOTOGRAMMETRY PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 210, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2160 SN 0099-1112 J9 PHOTOGRAMM ENG REM S JI Photogramm. Eng. Remote Sens. PD JUL PY 1997 VL 63 IS 7 BP 869 EP 875 PG 7 WC Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Physical Geography; Geology; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA XJ280 UT WOS:A1997XJ28000016 ER PT J AU Moulton, SR Harris, SC AF Moulton, SR Harris, SC TI New species of southwestern Nearctic microcaddisflies (Trichoptera:Hydroptilidae) SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON LA English DT Article DE Trichoptera; Hydroptilidae; microcaddisflies; Texas; Mexico; new species AB Four new species of Hydroptilidae are described and illustrated. Hydroptila abbotti n. sp. and Ochrotrichia boquillas n. sp. are known from the Austroriparian and Chihuahuan biotic provinces of Texas, respectively. Oxyethira garifora n. sp. and Oxyethira a desadorna n. sp. are described from northern Mexico. The new species are diagnosed with closely related congeners. RP Moulton, SR (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,NATL WATER QUAL LAB,BIOL UNIT,5293 WARD RD,MS 407,ARVADA,CO 80002, USA. NR 7 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU ENTOMOL SOC WASHINGTON PI WASHINGTON PA SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION DEPT ENTOMOLOGY, WASHINGTON, DC 20560 SN 0013-8797 J9 P ENTOMOL SOC WASH JI Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash. PD JUL PY 1997 VL 99 IS 3 BP 494 EP 501 PG 8 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA XM735 UT WOS:A1997XM73500011 ER PT J AU Rach, JJ Gaikowski, MP Olson, JJ AF Rach, JJ Gaikowski, MP Olson, JJ TI Importance of analytically verifying chemical treatments SO PROGRESSIVE FISH-CULTURIST LA English DT Article AB Hydrogen peroxide is considered a low regulatory priority compound by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration. It is used to control fungal infections on fish eggs. We studied the treatment profiles of hydrogen peroxide in Heath, McDonald egg jar, and Clark-Williamson incubators during treatments intended to deliver an effective regimen of at least 500 mu L hydrogen peroxide/L (i.e., treatments of 500 and 1,000 mu L/L) for 15 min. Hydrogen peroxide concentrations decreased with increasing distance from the influent water in both Heath and Clark-Williamson incubators. The top treatment tray (tray 2) of the Heath incubator received more than 90% of the intended regimen during the 500 mu L/L treatment, whereas at 1,000 mu L/L, all trays had hydrogen peroxide concentrations at or above 500 mu L/L for 15 min. None of the compartments in the Clark-Williamson incubator received the intended therapeutic regimen when treated at 500 mu L/L. The McDonald egg jar system distributed the intended concentration for the designated treatment period in all jars, except those located directly below the influent water. Our results indicate that dilution of therapeutants applied through certain egg incubation systems significantly decreases the efficacy of treatments and may render them ineffective. The dilution characteristics of egg incubation systems should be assessed in order to ensure proper delivery of all intended chemical concentrations and exposure regimens. Suggestions for maintaining the minimum effective concentrations in evaluated incubators are included. RP Rach, JJ (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,UPPER MISSISSIPPI SCI CTR,2630 FANTA REED RD,LA CROSSE,WI 54603, USA. OI Gaikowski, Mark/0000-0002-6507-9341 NR 3 TC 30 Z9 30 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 SN 0033-0779 J9 PROG FISH CULT JI Progress. Fish-Cult. PD JUL PY 1997 VL 59 IS 3 BP 222 EP 228 DI 10.1577/1548-8640(1997)059<0222:IOAVCT>2.3.CO;2 PG 7 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA XZ019 UT WOS:A1997XZ01900007 ER PT J AU Menking, KM Bischoff, JL Fitzpatrick, JA Burdette, JW Rye, RO AF Menking, KM Bischoff, JL Fitzpatrick, JA Burdette, JW Rye, RO TI Climatic/hydrologic oscillations since 155,000 yr BP at Owens Lake, California, reflected in abundance and stable isotope composition of sediment carbonate SO QUATERNARY RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID DEVILS-HOLE; PYRAMID LAKE; CLIMATE; NEVADA; OXYGEN; RECORDS; CALCITE; RATIOS AB Sediment grain size, carbonate content, and stable isotopes in 70-cm-long (similar to 1500-yr) channel samples from Owens Lake core OL-92 record many oscillations representing climate change in the eastern Sierra Nevada region since 155,000 yr B,P, To first order, the records match well the marine delta(18)O record. At Owens Lake, however, the last interglaciation appears to span the entire period from 120,000 to 50,000 yr B,P,, according to our chronology, and was punctuated by numerous short periods of wetter conditions during an otherwise dry climate. Sediment proxies reveal that the apparent timing of glacial-interglacial transitions, notably the penultimate one, is proxy-dependent, In the grain-size and carbonate-content records this transition is abrupt and occurs at similar to 120,000 yr B,P, In contrast, in the isotopic records the transition is gradual and occurs between 145,000 and 120,000 yr B. P. Differences in timing of the transition are attributed to variable responses by proxies to climate change. (C) 1997 University of Washington. C1 UNIV CALIF SANTA CRUZ,DEPT EARTH SCI,SANTA CRUZ,CA 95064. US GEOL SURVEY,MENLO PK,CA 94025. US GEOL SURVEY,DENVER,CO 80225. NR 60 TC 35 Z9 44 U1 2 U2 6 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC JNL-COMP SUBSCRIPTIONS PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 SN 0033-5894 J9 QUATERNARY RES JI Quat. Res. PD JUL PY 1997 VL 48 IS 1 BP 58 EP 68 DI 10.1006/qres.1997.1898 PG 11 WC Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Physical Geography; Geology GA XQ623 UT WOS:A1997XQ62300006 ER PT J AU Jackson, JC Ericksen, GE AF Jackson, JC Ericksen, GE TI An X-ray diffraction method for semiquantitative mineralogical analysis of Chilean nitrate ore SO REVISTA GEOLOGICA DE CHILE LA English DT Article DE X-ray diffraction; semiquantitative; nitrate ore; Chile AB Computer analysis of X-ray diffraction (XRD) data provides a simple method for determining the semiquantitative mineralogical composition of naturally occurring mixtures of saline minerals. The method herein described was adapted from a computer program for the study of mixtures of naturally occurring clay minerals. The prog ram evaluates the relative intensities of selected diagnostic peaks for the minerals in a given mixture, and then calculates the relative concentrations of these minerals. The method requires precise calibration of XRD data for the minerals to be studied and selection of diffraction peaks that minimize inter-compound interferences. The calculated relative abundances are sufficiently accurate for direct comparison with bulk chemical analyses of naturally occurring saline mineral 'assemblages. RP Jackson, JC (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,NATL CTR MS 954,RESTON,VA 20192, USA. NR 8 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 2 PU SERVICIO NACIONAL GEOLOGIA MINERVA PI SANTIAGO PA AVDA SANTA MARIO 0104, CASILLA 10465, SANTIAGO, CHILE SN 0716-0208 J9 REV GEOL CHILE JI Rev. Geol. Chile PD JUL PY 1997 VL 24 IS 1 BP 45 EP 53 PG 9 WC Geology SC Geology GA XP322 UT WOS:A1997XP32200003 ER PT J AU Finn, JE Burger, CV HollandBartels, L AF Finn, JE Burger, CV HollandBartels, L TI Discrimination among populations of sockeye salmon fry with Fourier analysis of otolith banding patterns formed during incubation SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE AMERICAN FISHERIES SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID DAILY GROWTH INCREMENTS; ONCORHYNCHUS-TSHAWYTSCHA; STOCK IDENTIFICATION; ATLANTIC SALMON; SHAPE-ANALYSIS; FISH OTOLITHS; CHUM SALMON; MICROSTRUCTURE; ALASKA; NERKA AB We used otolith banding patterns formed during incubation to discriminate among hatchery-and wild-incubated fry of sockeye salmon Oncorhynchus nerka from Tustumena Lake, Alaska. Fourier analysis of otolith luminance profiles was used to describe banding patterns; the amplitudes of individual Fourier harmonics were discriminant variables. Correct classification of otoliths to either hatchery or wild origin was 83.1% (cross-validation) and 72.7% (test data) with the use of quadratic discriminant function analysis on 10 Fourier amplitudes. Overall classification rates among the six test groups (one hatchery and five wild groups) were 46.5% (cross-validation) and 39.3% (test data) with the use of linear discriminant function analysis on 16 Fourier amplitudes. Although classification rates for wild-incubated fry from any one site never exceeded 67% (cross-validation) or 60% (test data), location-specific information was evident for all groups because the probability of classifying an individual to its true incubation location was significantly greater than chance. Results indicate phenotypic differences in otolith microstructure among incubation sites separated by less than 10 km. Analysis of otolith luminance profiles is a potentially useful technique for discriminating among and between various populations of hatchery and wild fish. RP Finn, JE (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,ALASKA SCI CTR,BIOL RESOURCES DIV,1011 E TUDOR RD,ANCHORAGE,AK 99503, USA. NR 61 TC 8 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 5 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 SN 0002-8487 J9 T AM FISH SOC JI Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. PD JUL PY 1997 VL 126 IS 4 BP 559 EP 578 DI 10.1577/1548-8659(1997)126<0559:DAPOSS>2.3.CO;2 PG 20 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA XU266 UT WOS:A1997XU26600002 ER PT J AU Osmundson, DB Ryel, RJ Mourning, TE AF Osmundson, DB Ryel, RJ Mourning, TE TI Growth and survival of Colorado squawfish in the upper Colorado River SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE AMERICAN FISHERIES SOCIETY LA English DT Article AB Growth and adult survival rates were estimated for the endangered Colorado squaw-fish Ptychocheilus lucius inhabiting the upper Colorado River by using data from fish captured during 1990-1995. Mean annual growth rates of fish aged 3-6 years ranged from 32.2 (age 6) to 82.0 (age 3) mm/year. Growth rates for older fish were highest for fish 400-449 mm total length, TL, (42.7 mm/year) and declined to 19.8 mm/year for fish 500-549 mm TL. Fish 550 mm and longer grew an average 9.5 mm/year. Survival rates for fish 550 mm and longer were estimated by comparing measured size distributions with simulated stable age and size distributions; these ranged from 0.83-0.87, with the best fit at 0.85. Though lack of historical data precludes comparisons with past growth and survival rates, our data serve as a baseline for future population monitoring efforts. C1 UTAH STATE UNIV,DEPT RANGELAND RESOURCES,LOGAN,UT 84322. RP Osmundson, DB (reprint author), US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,COLORADO RIVER FISHERY PROJECT,764 HORIZON DR,S ANNEX A,GRAND JCT,CO 81506, USA. RI Ryel, Ronald/A-3422-2008 NR 36 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 SN 0002-8487 J9 T AM FISH SOC JI Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. PD JUL PY 1997 VL 126 IS 4 BP 687 EP 698 DI 10.1577/1548-8659(1997)126<0687:GASOCS>2.3.CO;2 PG 12 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA XU266 UT WOS:A1997XU26600012 ER PT J AU Woodward, DF Goldstein, JN Farag, AM Brumbaugh, WG AF Woodward, DF Goldstein, JN Farag, AM Brumbaugh, WG TI Cutthroat trout avoidance of metals and conditions characteristic of a mining waste site: Coeur d'Alene River, Idaho SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE AMERICAN FISHERIES SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID RESPONSES; FISHES; CONTAMINANTS; LEAD AB The South Fork basin of the Coeur d'Alene River, Idaho, has been an area of heavy mining activity since the 1880s. The mining operations have resulted in elevated concentrations of metals in surface water, most notably cadmium, lead, zinc, and, to a lesser extent, copper. The metals affected surface water quality downstream in the Coeur d'Alene basin and are suspected to be one of the primary reasons for the reduction in populations of native westslope cutthroat trout Oncorhynchus clarki lewisi. The avoidance response of a surrogate species, Snake River cutthroat trout O. clarki (unnamed subspecies), was evaluated against conditions simulating those in the Coeur d'Alene River basin. Cutthroat trout avoided a metals mixture of these concentrations: Cd (0.30 mu g/L), Cu (6.0 mu g/L), Pb (0.6 mu g/L), and Zn (28 mu g/L). The avoidance response to either Cu or Zn alone was similar to the avoidance response to the mixture, suggesting that avoidance to the mixture was due to these metals. After acclimation to Zn at 55 mu g/L for 90 d, cutthroat trout detected and preferred a lower Zn concentration of 28 mu g/L. The lowest Zn concentrations avoided (28 mu g/L) were 1/6 to 1/78 the Zn concentrations measured in the South Fork and lower Coeur d'Alene River basins. Avoidance of metals-contaminated habitats by cutthroat trout may be, in part, responsible for reduced fish populations. C1 US GEOL SURVEY,BIOL RESOURCES DIV,CTR MARINE SCI,COLUMBIA,MO 65201. RP Woodward, DF (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,BIOL RESOURCES DIV,MIDWEST SCI CTR,JACKSON FIELD STN,JACKSON,WY 83001, USA. NR 25 TC 25 Z9 26 U1 0 U2 9 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 SN 0002-8487 J9 T AM FISH SOC JI Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. PD JUL PY 1997 VL 126 IS 4 BP 699 EP 706 DI 10.1577/1548-8659(1997)126<0699:CTAOMA>2.3.CO;2 PG 8 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA XU266 UT WOS:A1997XU26600013 ER PT J AU Hemming, CH Bunde, RL Liszewski, MJ Rosentreter, JJ Welhan, J AF Hemming, CH Bunde, RL Liszewski, MJ Rosentreter, JJ Welhan, J TI Effect of experimental technique on the determination of strontium distribution coefficients of a surficial sediment from the Idaho National Engineering Laboratory, Idaho SO WATER RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE strontium; distribution coefficient; Kd; Idaho National Engineering Laboratory; experimental technique ID SORPTION; AQUIFER; SR-90 AB The effect of experimental technique on strontium distribution coefficients (K-d's) was determined as part of an investigation of strontium geochemical transport properties of surficial sediment from the Idaho National Engineering Laboratory, Idaho. The investigation was conducted by the U.S. Geological Survey and Idaho State University, in cooperation with the U.S. Department of Energy. Batch experiments were conducted to quantify the effect of different experimental techniques on experimentally derived strontium K-d's at a fixed pH of 8.0. Combinations of three variables were investigated: method of sample agitation (rotating-mixer and shaker table), ratio of the mass-of-sediment to the volume-of-reaction-solution (1:2 and 1:20), and method of sediment preparation (crushed and non-crushed). Strontium K-d's ranged from 11 to 23 mlg(-1) among all three experimental variables examined. Strontium K-d's were bimodally grouped around 12 and 21 mlg(-1). Among the three experimental variables examined, the mass-to-volume ratio appeared to be the only one that could account for this bimodal distribution. The bimodal distribution of the derived strontium K-d's may. occur because the two different mass-to-volume ratios represent different natural systems. The high mass-to-volume ratio of 1:2 models a natural system, such as an aquifer, in which there is an abundance of favorable sorption sites relative to the amount of strontium in solution. The low mass-to-volume ratio of 1:20 models a natural system, such as a stream, in which the relative amount of strontium in Solution exceeds the favorable surface sorption site concentration. Except for low mass-to-volume ratios of non-crushed sediment using a rotating mixer, the method of agitation and sediment preparation appears to have little influence on derived strontium K-d's. (C) 1997 Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 US GEOL SURVEY,IDAHO FALLS,ID 83403. IDAHO STATE UNIV,DEPT CHEM,POCATELLO,ID 83209. IDAHO STATE UNIV,DEPT GEOL,IDAHO GEOL SURVEY,POCATELLO,ID 83209. NR 17 TC 18 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 1 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 0043-1354 J9 WATER RES JI Water Res. PD JUL PY 1997 VL 31 IS 7 BP 1629 EP 1636 DI 10.1016/S0043-1354(96)00408-3 PG 8 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences; Water Resources SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Water Resources GA XE042 UT WOS:A1997XE04200012 ER PT J AU Dillard, LA Essaid, HI Herkelrath, WN AF Dillard, LA Essaid, HI Herkelrath, WN TI Multiphase flow modeling of a crude-oil spill site with a bimodal permeability distribution SO WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID HETEROGENEOUS POROUS-MEDIA; HYDRAULIC-PROPERTIES; 2-PHASE FLOW; SPATIAL VARIABILITY; IMMISCIBLE FLUIDS; UNSATURATED ZONE; SOIL; SIMULATION; BEHAVIOR; AQUIFER AB Fluid saturation, particle-size distribution, and porosity measurements were obtained from 269 core samples collected from six boreholes along a 90-m transect at a subregion of a crude-oil spill site, the north pool, near Bemidji, Minnesota. The oil saturation data, collected 11 years after the spill, showed an irregularly shaped oil body that appeared to be affected by sediment spatial variability. The particle-size distribution data were used to estimate the permeability (k) and retention curves for each sample. An additional 344 k estimates were obtained from samples previously collected at the north pool. The 613 k estimates were distributed bimodal lognormally with the two population distributions corresponding to the two predominant lithologies: a coarse glacial outwash deposit and fine-grained interbedded lenses. A two-step geostatistical approach was used to generate a conditioned realization of k representing the bimodal heterogeneity. A cross-sectional multiphase flow model was used to simulate the flow of oil and water in the presence of air along the north pool transect for an 11-year period. The inclusion of a representation of the bimodal aquifer heterogeneity was crucial for reproduction of general features of the observed oil body. If the bimodal heterogeneity was characterized, hysteresis did not have to be incorporated into the model because a hysteretic effect was produced by the sediment spatial variability. By revising the relative permeability functional relation, an improved reproduction of the observed oil saturation distribution was achieved. The inclusion of water table fluctuations in the model did not significantly affect the simulated oil saturation distribution. C1 US GEOL SURVEY,DIV WATER RESOURCES,MENLO PK,CA 94025. RP Dillard, LA (reprint author), STANFORD UNIV,DEPT GEOG & ENVIRONM SCI,POB 7992,STANFORD,CA 94305, USA. NR 46 TC 35 Z9 35 U1 1 U2 5 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 SN 0043-1397 J9 WATER RESOUR RES JI Water Resour. Res. PD JUL PY 1997 VL 33 IS 7 BP 1617 EP 1632 DI 10.1029/97WR00857 PG 16 WC Environmental Sciences; Limnology; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Water Resources GA XG958 UT WOS:A1997XG95800009 ER PT J AU Lins, HF AF Lins, HF TI Regional streamflow regimes and hydroclimatology of the United States SO WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID PRINCIPAL COMPONENTS; VARIABILITY; PATTERNS; CLIMATOLOGY AB The dominant regions of interannual streamflow variability in the United States are defined, and their seasonality and persistence characteristics identified, using an orthogonally rotated principal components analysis (RPCA) of a climatically sensitive network of 559 stream gages for the period 1941-1988. This classification of streamflow regimes is comprehensive and unique in that separate analyses of the streamflow record, for each month of the year, are carried out to detail the month-to-month changes in the dominant streamflow patterns. Streamflow variations, or anomalies, in the Upper Mississippi, South Atlantic/Gulf, Far West, Ohio Valley, Northeast, and Eastern/Mid-Atlantic regions, as well as a pattern of opposing streamflow anomalies in the West, are observed in all seasons of the year. Anomalies in the Southern Plains and New England regions are observed in autumn, winter, and spring; those in the Rocky Mountains and Middle Mississippi regions occur in late spring and summer. RP Lins, HF (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,415 NATL CTR,RESTON,VA 20192, USA. NR 45 TC 60 Z9 61 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 SN 0043-1397 J9 WATER RESOUR RES JI Water Resour. Res. PD JUL PY 1997 VL 33 IS 7 BP 1655 EP 1667 DI 10.1029/97WR00615 PG 13 WC Environmental Sciences; Limnology; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Water Resources GA XG958 UT WOS:A1997XG95800012 ER PT J AU Wagner, BJ Harvey, JW AF Wagner, BJ Harvey, JW TI Experimental design for estimating parameters of rate-limited mass transfer: Analysis of stream tracer studies SO WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID TRANSIENT STORAGE MODEL; PUMPING TEST DESIGN; SOLUTE TRANSPORT; SYSTEMS AB Tracer experiments are Valuable tools for analyzing the transport characteristics of streams and their interactions with shallow groundwater. The focus of this work is the design of tracer studies in high-gradient stream systems subject to advection, dispersion, groundwater inflow, and exchange between the active channel and zones in surface or subsurface water where flow is stagnant or slow moving. We present a methodology for (1) evaluating and comparing alternative stream tracer experiment designs and (2) identifying those combinations of stream transport properties that pose limitations to parameter estimation and therefore a challenge to tracer test design. The methodology uses the concept of global parameter uncertainty analysis, which couples solute transport simulation with parameter uncertainty analysis in a Monte Carlo framework. Two general conclusions resulted from this work. First, the solute injection and sampling strategy has an important effect on the reliability of transport parameter estimates. We found that constant injection with sampling through concentration rise, plateau, and fall provided considerably more reliable parameter estimates than a pulse injection across the spectrum of transport scenarios likely encountered in high-gradient streams. Second, for a given tracer test design, the uncertainties in mass transfer and storage-zone parameter estimates are strongly dependent on the experimental Damkohler number, DaI, which is a dimensionless combination of the rates of exchange between the stream and storage zones, the stream-water velocity, and the stream reach length of the experiment. Parameter uncertainties are lowest at DaI values on the order of 1.0. When DaI values are much less than 1.0 (owing to high velocity, long exchange timescale, and/or short reach length), parameter uncertainties are high because only a small amount of tracer interacts with storage zones in the reach. For the opposite conditions (DaI much greater than 1.0), solute exchange rates are fast relative to stream-water velocity and all solute is exchanged with the storage zone over the experimental reach. As DaI increases, tracer dispersion caused by hyporheic exchange eventually reaches an equilibrium condition and storage-zone exchange parameters become essentially nonidentifiable. C1 US GEOL SURVEY,RESTON,VA 20192. RP Wagner, BJ (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,345 MIDDLEFIELD RD,MENLO PK,CA 94025, USA. RI Harvey, Judson/L-2047-2013 OI Harvey, Judson/0000-0002-2654-9873 NR 30 TC 155 Z9 158 U1 1 U2 14 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 SN 0043-1397 J9 WATER RESOUR RES JI Water Resour. Res. PD JUL PY 1997 VL 33 IS 7 BP 1731 EP 1741 DI 10.1029/97WR01067 PG 11 WC Environmental Sciences; Limnology; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Water Resources GA XG958 UT WOS:A1997XG95800019 ER PT J AU Leavesley, GH Turner, K DAgnese, FA McKnight, D AF Leavesley, GH Turner, K DAgnese, FA McKnight, D TI Regional delineation of North America for the assessment of freshwater ecosystems and climate change SO HYDROLOGICAL PROCESSES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Regional Assessment of Freshwater Ecosystems and Climate Change in North America CY OCT 24-26, 1994 CL LEESBURG, VA SP Amer Soc Limnol & Oceanog, N Amer Benthol Soc, US EPA, US Geol Survey RP Leavesley, GH (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,DENVER FED CTR,POB 25046,M5412,DENVER,CO 80225, USA. OI MCKNIGHT, DIANE/0000-0002-4171-1533 NR 8 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 1 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD PI W SUSSEX PA BAFFINS LANE CHICHESTER, W SUSSEX, ENGLAND PO19 1UD SN 0885-6087 J9 HYDROL PROCESS JI Hydrol. Process. PD JUN 30 PY 1997 VL 11 IS 8 BP 819 EP 824 DI 10.1002/(SICI)1099-1085(19970630)11:8<819::AID-HYP508>3.0.CO;2-8 PG 8 WC Water Resources SC Water Resources GA XL947 UT WOS:A1997XL94700002 ER PT J AU Lienkaemper, JJ Galehouse, JS Simpson, RW AF Lienkaemper, JJ Galehouse, JS Simpson, RW TI Creep response of the Hayward fault to stress changes caused by the Loma Prieta earthquake SO SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID CALIFORNIA; SLIP AB In 1996, an 18-millimeter creep event, the largest ever observed on the Hayward fault, occurred between surveys 63 days apart. This event marked the end of a period of severely reduced creep on the southern part of the fault that began after the 1989 Loma Prieta, California, earthquake. The reduction in creep was consistent wi th elastic models for earthquake-induced static stress changes on the Hayward fault. These data suggest that creep observations can indicate regional stress changes of about 1 bar or less. C1 SAN FRANCISCO STATE UNIV,DEPT GEOSCI,SAN FRANCISCO,CA 94132. RP Lienkaemper, JJ (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,345 MIDDLEFIELD RD,MAIL STOP 977,MENLO PK,CA 94025, USA. NR 14 TC 42 Z9 44 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER ASSOC ADVANCEMENT SCIENCE PI WASHINGTON PA 1200 NEW YORK AVE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 SN 0036-8075 J9 SCIENCE JI Science PD JUN 27 PY 1997 VL 276 IS 5321 BP 2014 EP 2016 DI 10.1126/science.276.5321.2014 PG 3 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA XG748 UT WOS:A1997XG74800056 ER PT J AU Goldstein, S Arndt, NT Stallard, RF AF Goldstein, S Arndt, NT Stallard, RF TI The history of a continent from U-Pb ages of zircons from Orinoco River sand and Sm-Nd isotopes in Orinoco basin river sediments SO CHEMICAL GEOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Highlights of the Goldschmidt Meeting CY MAR 31-APR 04, 1996 CL HEIDELBERG, GERMANY DE U-Pb ages; zircons; Sm-Nd isotopes; Orinoco River; sediments ID EPISODIC CRUSTAL GROWTH; DETRITAL ZIRCONS; RB-SR; SUPERIOR PROVINCE; ION-MICROPROBE; RESIDENCE AGES; WEST-AFRICA; EVOLUTION; PROVENANCE; TECTONICS AB We report SHRIMP U-Pb ages of 49 zircons from a sand sample from the lower Orinoco River, Venezuela, and Nd model ages of the fine sediment load from the main river and tributaries. The U-Pb ages reflect individual magmatic or metamorphic events, the Sm-Nd model ages reflect average crustal-residence ages of the sediment sources. Together they allow delineation of the crust-formation history of the basement precursors of the sediments. The U-Pb ages range from 2.83 to 0.15 Ga, and most are concordant or nearly so. Discrete age groupings occur at similar to 2.8, similar to 2.1, and similar to 1.1 Ga. The oldest group contains only three samples but is isolated from its closest neighbors by a similar to 600 Ma age gap. Larger age groupings at similar to 2.1 and similar to 1.1 Ga make up about a third and a quarter of the total number of analyses, respectively. The remaining analyses scatter along concordia, and most are younger than 1.6 Ga. The similar to 2.8 and similar to 2.1 Ga ages correspond to periods of crust formation of the Imataca and Trans-Amazonian provinces of the Guyana Shield, respectively, and record intervals of short but intensive continental growth. These ages coincide with similar to 2.9 and similar to 2.1 Ga Nd model ages of sediments from tributaries draining the Archean and Proterozoic provinces of the Guyana Shield, respectively, indicating that the U-Pb ages record the geological history of the crystalline basement of the Orinoco basin. Zircons with ages corresponding to the major orogenies of the North Atlantic continents (the Superior at similar to 2.7 Ga and Hudsonian at 1.7-1.9 Ga) were not found in the Orinoco sample. The age distribution may indicate that South and North America were separated throughout their history. Nd model ages of sediments from the lower Orinoco River and Andean tributaries are similar to 1.9 Ga, broadly within the range displayed by major rivers and dusts. This age does not coincide with known thermal events in the region and reflects mixing of sources with different crust-formation ages. The igneous and metamorphic history of these sources, as recorded by the detrital zircons, is that of the Orinoco basin basement. This implies that, despite evidence of fast sedimentary recycling, global similarities in Nd crustal-residence ages, and the probability of cross-continent mixing through continental drift, the sedimentary material carried by individual rivers is mainly derived from the crystalline basement in the basin, The global semblance in Nd isotope ratios in major river sediments and atmospheric dusts results from the averaging effect of large-scale sampling of the continents, which are heterogeneous in age on smaller regional scales. A large portion of the continental crust in the Orinoco basin formed during the Trans-Amazonian orogeny at 2.0-2.1 Ga, and smaller portions formed both earlier, at similar to 2.8 Ga, and later, after 1.6 Ga. These observations, which are consistent with the relative sizes of crustal age provinces in the Orinoco basin, indicate that sediments from the lower Orinoco and Andean tributaries contain 25-35% of material added to the crust since Trans-Amazonian times. Nd model ages of these sediments underestimate the average crust-formation age of the basement of the Orinoco basin by only about 10%. if this relationship holds in other river basins, then Nd model ages of major rivers and wind blown particulates indicate that the mean age of the continental crust is similar to 1.9-2 Ga. (C) 1997 Elsevier Science B.V. C1 MAX PLANCK INST CHEM,D-50220 MAINZ,GERMANY. UNIV RENNES,INST GEOL,F-35042 RENNES,FRANCE. US GEOL SURVEY,BOULDER,CO 80303. RI Stallard, Robert/H-2649-2013 OI Stallard, Robert/0000-0001-8209-7608 NR 70 TC 58 Z9 63 U1 1 U2 12 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0009-2541 J9 CHEM GEOL JI Chem. Geol. PD JUN 25 PY 1997 VL 139 IS 1-4 BP 271 EP 286 DI 10.1016/S0009-2541(97)00039-9 PG 16 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA XG571 UT WOS:A1997XG57100015 ER PT J AU Mundy, NI Winchell, CS Burr, T Woodruff, DS AF Mundy, NI Winchell, CS Burr, T Woodruff, DS TI Microsatellite variation and microevolution in the critically endangered San Clemente Island loggerhead shrike (Lanius ludovicianus mearnsi) SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY B-BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES LA English DT Article ID POPULATION-STRUCTURE; GENETIC-VARIABILITY; CONSERVATION; MAMMALS; DNA AB Polymorphic nuclear microsatellite loci were used to characterize genetic variation in contemporary and historic populations of the San Clemente Island loggerhead shrike (Lanius ludovicianus mearnsi), an endangered bird with a current population of about 30 individuals, that is endemic to one of the California Channel Islands. We also compared the population of the shrike with two contemporary populations of the still abundant subspecies, L. l. gambeli, which live 120 km away on the adjacent mainland. The current population of L. l. mearnsi has 60 % of the genetic variation of the mainland shrike populations and is strongly differentiated from them. Comparison of living birds with 19 birds collected in 1915 shows that most of the variation within the island population was lost before the recent 90% decline in population size, and the 20 % decrease in variation this century is probably attributable to genetic drift. Mitochondrial DNA control region sequence data from 80-year-old specimens show that there may have been limited introgression to L. l. mearnsi, this century, from another island subspecies, L. l. anthonyi, found in the northern Channel Islands. Today, gene flow between L. l. mearnsi and mainland L. l. gambeli is very low, even though a few mainland birds visit the island annually. The island subspecies population has evolved sufficient genetic independence to justify ongoing conservation efforts to counter demographic collapse and genetic erosion; the course of genetic erosion can now be monitored noninvasively, as demonstrated by this study, based on DNA amplified from feathers. C1 UNIV CALIF SAN DIEGO, CTR MOL GENET, DEPT BIOL, LA JOLLA, CA 92093 USA. US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV, CARLSBAD FIELD OFF, CARLSBAD, CA 92008 USA. NAVAL FACIL ENGN COMMAND, SW DIV, SAN DIEGO, CA 92132 USA. NR 40 TC 45 Z9 49 U1 0 U2 14 PU ROYAL SOC PI LONDON PA 6-9 CARLTON HOUSE TERRACE, LONDON SW1Y 5AG, ENGLAND SN 0962-8452 J9 P ROY SOC B-BIOL SCI JI Proc. R. Soc. B-Biol. Sci. PD JUN 22 PY 1997 VL 264 IS 1383 BP 869 EP 875 PG 7 WC Biology; Ecology; Evolutionary Biology SC Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Evolutionary Biology GA XH131 UT WOS:A1997XH13100012 ER PT J AU OBrien, AK Rice, KC Bricker, OP Kennedy, MM Anderson, RT AF OBrien, AK Rice, KC Bricker, OP Kennedy, MM Anderson, RT TI Use of geochemical mass balance modelling to evaluate the role of weathering in determining stream chemistry in five mid-atlantic watersheds on different lithologies SO HYDROLOGICAL PROCESSES LA English DT Article DE mineral weathering; mass balance; solute concentrations; mid-Atlantic watersheds ID SOUTHERN BLUE RIDGE; FORESTED WATERSHEDS; DEPOSITION; VEGETATION; MOUNTAINS; COLORADO; SULFATE; BUDGETS; RATES AB The importance of mineral weathering was assessed and compared for five mid-Atlantic watersheds receiving similar atmospheric inputs but underlain by differing bedrock. Annual solute mass balances and volume-weighted mean solute concentrations were calculated for each watershed for each year of record. In addition, primary and secondary mineralogy were determined for each of the watersheds through analysis of soil samples and thin sections using petrographic, scanning electron microscope, electron microprobe and X-ray diffraction techniques. Mineralogical data were also compiled from the literature. These data were input to NETPATH, a geochemical program that calculates the masses of minerals that react with precipitation to produce stream water chemistry. The feasibilities of the weathering scenarios calculated by NETPATH were evaluated based on relative abundances and reactivities of minerals in the watershed. In watersheds underlain by reactive bedrocks, weathering reactions explained the stream base cation loading. In the acid-sensitive watersheds on unreactive bedrock, calculated weathering scenarios were not consistent with the abundance of reactive minerals in the underlying bedrock, and alternative sources of base cations are discussed. (C) 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. RP OBrien, AK (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,TRENTON,NJ, USA. RI Rice, Karen/A-8945-2013; OI Rice, Karen/0000-0002-9356-5443 NR 38 TC 25 Z9 26 U1 0 U2 5 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD PI W SUSSEX PA BAFFINS LANE CHICHESTER, W SUSSEX, ENGLAND PO19 1UD SN 0885-6087 J9 HYDROL PROCESS JI Hydrol. Process. PD JUN 15 PY 1997 VL 11 IS 7 BP 719 EP 744 DI 10.1002/(SICI)1099-1085(199706)11:7<719::AID-HYP522>3.0.CO;2-2 PG 26 WC Water Resources SC Water Resources GA XF679 UT WOS:A1997XF67900006 ER PT J AU Baron, JS Campbell, DH AF Baron, JS Campbell, DH TI Nitrogen fluxes in a high elevation Colorado Rocky Mountain basin SO HYDROLOGICAL PROCESSES LA English DT Article DE nitrogen; annual budget; dry and wet deposition; watershed; Rocky Mountains ID ORGANIC-MATTER DYNAMICS; PHYTOPLANKTON DYNAMICS; FOREST ECOSYSTEMS; ALPINE TUNDRA; NIWOT-RIDGE; LAKES; DEPOSITION; TRANSFORMATIONS; PRECIPITATION; SATURATION AB Measured, calculated and simulated values were combined to develop an annual nitrogen budget for Loch Vale Watershed (LVWS) in the Colorado Front Range. Nine-year average wet nitrogen deposition values were 1.6 (s = 0.36) kg NO3-N ha(-1), and 1.0 (s = 0.3) kg NH4-N ha(-1). Assuming dry nitrogen deposition to be half that of measured wet deposition, this high elevation watershed receives 3.9 kg N ha(-1). Although deposition values fluctuated with precipitation, measured stream nitrogen outputs were less variable. Of the total N input to the watershed (3.9 kg N ha(-1) wet plus dry deposition), 49% of the total N input was immobilized. Stream losses were 2.0 kg N ha(-1) (1125 kg measured dissolved inorganic N in 1992, 1-2 kg calculated dissolved organic N, plus an average of 203 kg algal N from the entire 660 ha watershed). Tundra and aquatic algae were the largest reservoirs for incoming N, at approximately 18% and 15% of the total 2574 kg N deposition, respectively. Rocky areas and forest stored the remaining 11% and 5%, respectively. Fully 80% of N losses from the watershed came from the 68% of LVWS that is alpine. (C) 1997 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. RP Baron, JS (reprint author), COLORADO STATE UNIV,US GEOL SURVEY,NAT RESOURCE ECOL LAB,FT COLLINS,CO 80523, USA. RI Baron, Jill/C-5270-2016 OI Baron, Jill/0000-0002-5902-6251 NR 60 TC 70 Z9 71 U1 6 U2 18 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD PI W SUSSEX PA BAFFINS LANE CHICHESTER, W SUSSEX, ENGLAND PO19 1UD SN 0885-6087 J9 HYDROL PROCESS JI Hydrol. Process. PD JUN 15 PY 1997 VL 11 IS 7 BP 783 EP 799 DI 10.1002/(SICI)1099-1085(199706)11:7<783::AID-HYP519>3.0.CO;2-U PG 17 WC Water Resources SC Water Resources GA XF679 UT WOS:A1997XF67900009 ER PT J AU Walters, RA AF Walters, RA TI A model study of tidal and residual flow in Delaware Bay and River SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-OCEANS LA English DT Article ID ESTUARY; CIRCULATION; CHESAPEAKE; SEA AB A numerical model, along with existing field data, is used in an exploratory study of the dynamics of Delaware Bay and River. A three-dimensional hydrodynamic model has been constructed using a finite element discretization in space and a harmonic representation in time. These choices allow for adequate resolution of geometric and flow features but still allow an efficient numerical solution. The nodes in the horizontal are arranged into triangular elements, and the nodes in the vertical are transformed into a terrain-following coordinate system. The nodes in the vertical are arranged logarithmically from the bottom so that the model resolves' the bottom boundary layer. This paper focuses on the hydrodynamics rather than the salt dynamics. The model results are sensitive to stratification and to the details of the time dependence of the vertical eddy viscosity, A(v). After consideration of several processes, it was found that the stratification effects arise from the tidal straining of the vertical density profile by the velocity. A harmonic expansion of A(v) indicates that the frictional effects of a time-varying vertical viscosity are more pronounced on the secondary constituents (S-2, N-2, O-1, K-1) than the dominant constituent (M-2) Thus the ratio of the amplitude of the secondary constituents to the amplitude of the primary constituent provides a sensitive measure for comparison with field data. This comparison places constraints on the variability of A(v). RP Walters, RA (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY, 1201 PACIFIC AVE, SUITE 600, TACOMA, WA 98402 USA. NR 26 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-OCEANS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans PD JUN 15 PY 1997 VL 102 IS C6 BP 12689 EP 12704 DI 10.1029/97JC00612 PG 16 WC Oceanography SC Oceanography GA XF422 UT WOS:A1997XF42200023 ER PT J AU Dixon, TH Mao, AL Bursik, M Heflin, M Langbein, J Stein, R Webb, F AF Dixon, TH Mao, AL Bursik, M Heflin, M Langbein, J Stein, R Webb, F TI Continuous monitoring of surface deformation at Long Valley Caldera, California, with GPS SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SOLID EARTH LA English DT Article ID GLOBAL POSITIONING SYSTEM; EASTERN CALIFORNIA; KILAUEA VOLCANO; 2-COLOR GEODIMETER; MOTION; ERUPTION; DISPLACEMENT; ATTENUATION; VELOCITIES; INFLATION AB Continuous Global Positioning System (GPS) measurements at Long Valley Caldera, an active volcanic region in east central California, have been made on the south side of the resurgent dome since early 1993. A site on the north side of the dome was added in late 1994. Special adaptations for autonomous operation in remote regions and enhanced vertical precision were made. The data record ongoing volcanic deformation consistent with uplift and expansion of the surface above a shallow magma chamber. Measurement precisions (1 standard error) for ''absolute'' position coordinates, i.e., relative to a global reference frame, are 3-4 mm (north), 5-6 mm (east), and 10-12 mm (vertical) using 24 hour solutions. Corresponding velocity uncertainties for a 12 month period are about 2 mm/yr in the horizontal components and 3-4 mm/yr in the vertical component. High precision can also be achieved for relative position coordinates on short (<10 km) baselines using broadcast ephemerides and observing times as short as 3 hours, even when data are processed rapidly on site. Comparison of baseline length changes across the resurgent dome between the two GPS sites and corresponding two-color electronic distance measurements indicates similar extension rates within error (similar to 2 mm/yr) once we account for a random walk noise component in both systems that may reflect spurious monument motion. Both data sets suggest a pause in deformation for a 3.5 month period in mid-1995, when the extension rate across the dome decreased essentially to zero. Three dimensional positioning data from the two GPS stations suggest a depth (5.8 +/- 1.6 km) and location (west side of the resurgent dome) of a major inflation center, I in agreement with other geodetic techniques, near the top of a magma chamber inferred from seismic data. GPS systems similar to those installed at Long Valley can provide a practical method for near real-time monitoring and hazard assessment on many active volcanoes. C1 SUNY BUFFALO, DEPT GEOL, BUFFALO, NY 14260 USA. CALTECH, JET PROP LAB, PASADENA, CA 91109 USA. US GEOL SURVEY, MENLO PK, CA 94025 USA. RP Dixon, TH (reprint author), UNIV MIAMI, ROSENSTIEL SCH MARINE & ATMOSPHER SCI, 4600 RICKENBACKER CAUSEWAY, MIAMI, FL 33149 USA. NR 53 TC 49 Z9 49 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-9313 EI 2169-9356 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-SOL EA JI J. Geophys. Res.-Solid Earth PD JUN 10 PY 1997 VL 102 IS B6 BP 12017 EP 12034 DI 10.1029/96JB03902 PG 18 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA XD578 UT WOS:A1997XD57800024 ER PT J AU Hayba, DO Ingebritsen, SE AF Hayba, DO Ingebritsen, SE TI Multiphase groundwater flow near cooling plutons SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SOLID EARTH LA English DT Article ID HYDROTHERMAL SYSTEMS; CONTACT-METAMORPHISM; FLUID-FLOW; QUANTITATIVE-ANALYSIS; FRACTURE PROPAGATION; MAGMA CHAMBER; PRESSURE; EVOLUTION; TRANSPORT; MODELS AB We investigate groundwater flow near cooling plutons with a computer program that can model multiphase flow, temperatures up to 1200 degrees C, thermal pressurization, and temperature-dependent rock properties. A series of experiments examines the effects of host-rock permeability, size and depth of pluton emplacement, single versus multiple intrusions, the influence of a caprock, and the impact of topographically driven groundwater flow. We also reproduce and evaluate some of the pioneering numerical experiments on flow around plutons. Host-rock permeability is the principal factor influencing fluid circulation and heat transfer in hydrothermal systems. The hottest and most steam-rich systems develop where permeability is of the order of 10(-15) m(2). Temperatures and life spans of systems decrease with increasing permeability. Conduction-dominated systems, in which permeabilities are less than or equal to 10(-16) m(2), persist longer but exhibit relatively modest increases in near-surface temperatures relative to ambient conditions. Pluton size, emplacement depth, and initial thermal conditions have less influence on hydrothermal circulation patterns but affect the extent of boiling and duration of hydrothermal systems. Topographically driven groundwater flow can significantly alter hydrothermal circulation; however, a low-permeability caprock effectively decouples the topographically and density-driven systems and stabilizes the mixing interface between them thereby defining a likely ore-forming environment. C1 US GEOL SURVEY, MENLO PK, CA 94025 USA. RP Hayba, DO (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY, MAIL STOP 956, NATL CTR, RESTON, VA 20192 USA. NR 51 TC 111 Z9 116 U1 3 U2 10 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-9313 EI 2169-9356 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-SOL EA JI J. Geophys. Res.-Solid Earth PD JUN 10 PY 1997 VL 102 IS B6 BP 12235 EP 12252 DI 10.1029/97JB00552 PG 18 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA XD578 UT WOS:A1997XD57800037 ER PT J AU Savage, JC Lockner, DA AF Savage, JC Lockner, DA TI A test of the double-shearing model of flow for granular materials SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SOLID EARTH LA English DT Article ID GOUGE AB The double-shearing model of flow attributes plastic deformation in granular materials to cooperative slip on conjugate Coulomb shears (surfaces upon which the Coulomb yield condition is satisfied). The strict formulation of the double-shearing model then requires that the slip lines in the material coincide with the Coulomb shears. Three different experiments that approximate simple shear deformation in granular media appear to be inconsistent with this strict formulation. For example, the orientation of the principal stress axes in a layer of sand driven in steady, simple shear was measured subject to the assumption that the Coulomb failure criterion was satisfied on some surfaces (orientation unspecified) within the sand layer. The orientation of the inferred principal compressive axis was then compared with the orientations predicted by the double-shearing model. The strict formulation of the model [Spencer, 1982] predicts that the principal stress axes should rotate in a sense opposite to that inferred from the experiments. A less restrictive formulation of the double-shearing model by de Josselin de Jong [1971] does not completely specify the solution but does prescribe limits oh the possible orientations of the principal stress axes. The orientations of the principal compression axis inferred from the experiments are probably within those limits. An elastoplastic formulation of the double-shearing model [de Josselin de Jong, 1988] is reasonably consistent with the experiments, although quantitative agreement was not attained. Thus we conclude that the double-shearing model may be a viable law to describe deformation of granular materials, but the macroscopic slip surfaces will not in general coincide with the Coulomb shears. RP Savage, JC (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY, MS 977, 345 MIDDLEFIELD RD, MENLO PK, CA 94025 USA. NR 19 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 1 U2 3 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-9313 EI 2169-9356 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-SOL EA JI J. Geophys. Res.-Solid Earth PD JUN 10 PY 1997 VL 102 IS B6 BP 12287 EP 12294 DI 10.1029/97JB00779 PG 8 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA XD578 UT WOS:A1997XD57800040 ER PT J AU Plunkert, PA AF Plunkert, PA TI Bauxite SO AMERICAN CERAMIC SOCIETY BULLETIN LA English DT Article RP Plunkert, PA (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,WASHINGTON,DC 20242, USA. NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CERAMIC SOC PI WESTERVILLE PA 735 CERAMIC PLACE, PO BOX 6136, WESTERVILLE, OH 43081-6136 SN 0002-7812 J9 AM CERAM SOC BULL JI Am. Ceram. Soc. Bull. PD JUN PY 1997 VL 76 IS 6 BP 77 EP 78 PG 2 WC Materials Science, Ceramics SC Materials Science GA XE799 UT WOS:A1997XE79900010 ER PT J AU Kramer, DA AF Kramer, DA TI Beryllium minerals SO AMERICAN CERAMIC SOCIETY BULLETIN LA English DT Article RP Kramer, DA (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,WASHINGTON,DC 20242, USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER CERAMIC SOC PI WESTERVILLE PA 735 CERAMIC PLACE, PO BOX 6136, WESTERVILLE, OH 43081-6136 SN 0002-7812 J9 AM CERAM SOC BULL JI Am. Ceram. Soc. Bull. PD JUN PY 1997 VL 76 IS 6 BP 78 EP & PG 3 WC Materials Science, Ceramics SC Materials Science GA XE799 UT WOS:A1997XE79900011 ER PT J AU Papp, JF AF Papp, JF TI Chromite SO AMERICAN CERAMIC SOCIETY BULLETIN LA English DT Article RP Papp, JF (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,WASHINGTON,DC 20242, USA. NR 3 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CERAMIC SOC PI WESTERVILLE PA 735 CERAMIC PLACE, PO BOX 6136, WESTERVILLE, OH 43081-6136 SN 0002-7812 J9 AM CERAM SOC BULL JI Am. Ceram. Soc. Bull. PD JUN PY 1997 VL 76 IS 6 BP 84 EP 88 PG 5 WC Materials Science, Ceramics SC Materials Science GA XE799 UT WOS:A1997XE79900013 ER PT J AU Virta, RL AF Virta, RL TI Clays SO AMERICAN CERAMIC SOCIETY BULLETIN LA English DT Article RP Virta, RL (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,WASHINGTON,DC 20242, USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CERAMIC SOC PI WESTERVILLE PA 735 CERAMIC PLACE, PO BOX 6136, WESTERVILLE, OH 43081-6136 SN 0002-7812 J9 AM CERAM SOC BULL JI Am. Ceram. Soc. Bull. PD JUN PY 1997 VL 76 IS 6 BP 88 EP & PG 3 WC Materials Science, Ceramics SC Materials Science GA XE799 UT WOS:A1997XE79900014 ER PT J AU Lemons, JF AF Lemons, JF TI Diatomite SO AMERICAN CERAMIC SOCIETY BULLETIN LA English DT Article RP Lemons, JF (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,WASHINGTON,DC 20242, USA. NR 0 TC 36 Z9 37 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER CERAMIC SOC PI WESTERVILLE PA 735 CERAMIC PLACE, PO BOX 6136, WESTERVILLE, OH 43081-6136 SN 0002-7812 J9 AM CERAM SOC BULL JI Am. Ceram. Soc. Bull. PD JUN PY 1997 VL 76 IS 6 BP 92 EP & PG 2 WC Materials Science, Ceramics SC Materials Science GA XE799 UT WOS:A1997XE79900015 ER PT J AU Potter, MJ AF Potter, MJ TI Feldspar SO AMERICAN CERAMIC SOCIETY BULLETIN LA English DT Article RP Potter, MJ (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,WASHINGTON,DC 20242, USA. NR 1 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CERAMIC SOC PI WESTERVILLE PA 735 CERAMIC PLACE, PO BOX 6136, WESTERVILLE, OH 43081-6136 SN 0002-7812 J9 AM CERAM SOC BULL JI Am. Ceram. Soc. Bull. PD JUN PY 1997 VL 76 IS 6 BP 96 EP & PG 2 WC Materials Science, Ceramics SC Materials Science GA XE799 UT WOS:A1997XE79900017 ER PT J AU Potter, MJ AF Potter, MJ TI Kyanite SO AMERICAN CERAMIC SOCIETY BULLETIN LA English DT Article RP Potter, MJ (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,WASHINGTON,DC 20242, USA. NR 1 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CERAMIC SOC PI WESTERVILLE PA 735 CERAMIC PLACE, PO BOX 6136, WESTERVILLE, OH 43081-6136 SN 0002-7812 J9 AM CERAM SOC BULL JI Am. Ceram. Soc. Bull. PD JUN PY 1997 VL 76 IS 6 BP 109 EP 110 PG 2 WC Materials Science, Ceramics SC Materials Science GA XE799 UT WOS:A1997XE79900021 ER PT J AU Hedrick, JB AF Hedrick, JB TI Mica SO AMERICAN CERAMIC SOCIETY BULLETIN LA English DT Article RP Hedrick, JB (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,WASHINGTON,DC 20242, USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CERAMIC SOC PI WESTERVILLE PA 735 CERAMIC PLACE, PO BOX 6136, WESTERVILLE, OH 43081-6136 SN 0002-7812 J9 AM CERAM SOC BULL JI Am. Ceram. Soc. Bull. PD JUN PY 1997 VL 76 IS 6 BP 115 EP 117 PG 3 WC Materials Science, Ceramics SC Materials Science GA XE799 UT WOS:A1997XE79900024 ER PT J AU Bolen, WP AF Bolen, WP TI Perlite SO AMERICAN CERAMIC SOCIETY BULLETIN LA English DT Article RP Bolen, WP (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,WASHINGTON,DC 20242, USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER CERAMIC SOC PI WESTERVILLE PA 735 CERAMIC PLACE, PO BOX 6136, WESTERVILLE, OH 43081-6136 SN 0002-7812 J9 AM CERAM SOC BULL JI Am. Ceram. Soc. Bull. PD JUN PY 1997 VL 76 IS 6 BP 122 EP 124 PG 3 WC Materials Science, Ceramics SC Materials Science GA XE799 UT WOS:A1997XE79900028 ER PT J AU Searls, J AF Searls, J TI Potash SO AMERICAN CERAMIC SOCIETY BULLETIN LA English DT Article RP Searls, J (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,WASHINGTON,DC 20242, USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CERAMIC SOC PI WESTERVILLE PA 735 CERAMIC PLACE, PO BOX 6136, WESTERVILLE, OH 43081-6136 SN 0002-7812 J9 AM CERAM SOC BULL JI Am. Ceram. Soc. Bull. PD JUN PY 1997 VL 76 IS 6 BP 124 EP 124 PG 1 WC Materials Science, Ceramics SC Materials Science GA XE799 UT WOS:A1997XE79900029 ER PT J AU Hedrick, JB AF Hedrick, JB TI Rare earths SO AMERICAN CERAMIC SOCIETY BULLETIN LA English DT Article RP Hedrick, JB (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,WASHINGTON,DC 20242, USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CERAMIC SOC PI WESTERVILLE PA 735 CERAMIC PLACE, PO BOX 6136, WESTERVILLE, OH 43081-6136 SN 0002-7812 J9 AM CERAM SOC BULL JI Am. Ceram. Soc. Bull. PD JUN PY 1997 VL 76 IS 6 BP 125 EP 128 PG 4 WC Materials Science, Ceramics SC Materials Science GA XE799 UT WOS:A1997XE79900031 ER PT J AU Bolen, WP AF Bolen, WP TI Silica SO AMERICAN CERAMIC SOCIETY BULLETIN LA English DT Article RP Bolen, WP (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,WASHINGTON,DC 20242, USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CERAMIC SOC PI WESTERVILLE PA 735 CERAMIC PLACE, PO BOX 6136, WESTERVILLE, OH 43081-6136 SN 0002-7812 J9 AM CERAM SOC BULL JI Am. Ceram. Soc. Bull. PD JUN PY 1997 VL 76 IS 6 BP 130 EP & PG 2 WC Materials Science, Ceramics SC Materials Science GA XE799 UT WOS:A1997XE79900033 ER PT J AU Potter, MJ AF Potter, MJ TI Vermiculite SO AMERICAN CERAMIC SOCIETY BULLETIN LA English DT Article RP Potter, MJ (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,WASHINGTON,DC 20242, USA. NR 2 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CERAMIC SOC PI WESTERVILLE PA 735 CERAMIC PLACE, PO BOX 6136, WESTERVILLE, OH 43081-6136 SN 0002-7812 J9 AM CERAM SOC BULL JI Am. Ceram. Soc. Bull. PD JUN PY 1997 VL 76 IS 6 BP 137 EP & PG 2 WC Materials Science, Ceramics SC Materials Science GA XE799 UT WOS:A1997XE79900035 ER PT J AU Gambag, J AF Gambag, J TI Zirconium minerals SO AMERICAN CERAMIC SOCIETY BULLETIN LA English DT Article RP Gambag, J (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,WASHINGTON,DC 20242, USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CERAMIC SOC PI WESTERVILLE PA 735 CERAMIC PLACE, PO BOX 6136, WESTERVILLE, OH 43081-6136 SN 0002-7812 J9 AM CERAM SOC BULL JI Am. Ceram. Soc. Bull. PD JUN PY 1997 VL 76 IS 6 BP 143 EP 144 PG 2 WC Materials Science, Ceramics SC Materials Science GA XE799 UT WOS:A1997XE79900038 ER PT J AU Anthony, RM AF Anthony, RM TI Home ranges and movements of arctic fox (Alopex lagopus) in Western Alaska SO ARCTIC LA English DT Article DE Alaska; arctic fox; Alopex lagopus; home range; telemetry ID BREEDING PRODUCTION; AVAILABILITY DATA; BLACK BRANT; BEHAVIOR; SIZE; PREDATION; SVALBARD; BERNICLA; AREA AB During the period from 1985 to 1990, radio collars were attached to 61 arctic foxes (Alopex lagopus) in the coastal region of the Yukon-Kuskokwim Delta in western Alaska. Radio tracking using hand-held receivers from aircraft and from fixed towers was conducted to determine daily and seasonal movements of foxes. Intensive radio tracking of 18 foxes from May through July indicated that males used larger areas ((x) over bar = 10.22 +/- 6.18 km(2)) than females ((x) over bar = 4.57 +/- 1.94 km(2)) regardless of breeding status. Generally foxes were relocated near ((x) over bar = 3.4 +/- 2.4 km) their summer home ranges during other seasons of the year. There were no complex social groups of foxes among the marked population. Foxes did not have a definitive preference for any plant community, probably because of the even distribution and abundance of prey throughout all communities. Thirty foxes were relocated repeatedly during a period of at least 10 months, which included the denning season of one year and the breeding season of the next. Of 24 confirmed deaths of collared foxes, 16 were caused by shooting or trapping by local residents and 8 had unidentified causes. Maximum distance moved between relocations was 48.4 km. Males moved farther from initial capture sites in the winter following capture than did females, largely because of greater than 20 km movements by two foxes. There were no seasonal differences in movements between males and females. RP Anthony, RM (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,BIOL RESOURCES DIV,ALASKA SCI CTR,1011 E TUDOR RD,ANCHORAGE,AK 99503, USA. NR 57 TC 34 Z9 37 U1 1 U2 10 PU ARCTIC INST N AMER PI CALGARY PA UNIV OF CALGARY 2500 UNIVERSITY DRIVE NW 11TH FLOOR LIBRARY TOWER, CALGARY AB T2N 1N4, CANADA SN 0004-0843 J9 ARCTIC JI Arctic PD JUN PY 1997 VL 50 IS 2 BP 147 EP 157 PG 11 WC Environmental Sciences; Geography, Physical SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Physical Geography GA XE936 UT WOS:A1997XE93600005 ER PT J AU Link, WA Sauer, JR AF Link, WA Sauer, JR TI Estimation of population trajectories from count data SO BIOMETRICS LA English DT Article DE breeding bird survey; counts; Dirichlet compound multinomial; quasi-likelihood; trend AB Monitoring changes in animal population size is rarely possible through complete censuses; frequently, the only feasible means of monitoring changes in population size is to use counts of animals obtained by skilled observers as indices to abundance. Analysis of changes in population size can be severely biased if factors related to the acquisition of data are not adequately controlled for. In particular, we identify two types of observer effects: these correspond to baseline differences in observer competence and to changes through time in the ability of individual observers. We present a family of models for count data in which the first of these observer effects is treated as a nuisance parameter. Conditioning on totals of negative binomial counts yields a Dirichlet compound multinomial vector for each observer. Quasi-likelihood is used to estimate parameters related to population trajectory and other parameters of interest; model selection is carried out on the basis of Akaike's information criterion. An example is presented using data on Wood thrush from the North American Breeding Bird Survey. RP Link, WA (reprint author), US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,PATUXENT WILDLIFE RES CTR,NATL BIOL SERV,LAUREL,MD 20708, USA. NR 15 TC 63 Z9 65 U1 2 U2 25 PU INTERNATIONAL BIOMETRIC SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 808 17TH ST NW SUITE 200, WASHINGTON, DC 20006-3910 SN 0006-341X J9 BIOMETRICS JI Biometrics PD JUN PY 1997 VL 53 IS 2 BP 488 EP 497 DI 10.2307/2533952 PG 10 WC Biology; Mathematical & Computational Biology; Statistics & Probability SC Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics; Mathematical & Computational Biology; Mathematics GA XE965 UT WOS:A1997XE96500008 ER PT J AU Stannard, DI AF Stannard, DI TI A theoretically based determination of Bowen-ratio fetch requirements SO BOUNDARY-LAYER METEOROLOGY LA English DT Article ID FLUX MEASUREMENTS; SURFACE-LAYER; SCALAR FLUXES; FOOTPRINT; EVAPOTRANSPIRATION; BALANCE; SYSTEMS; TERRAIN; ENERGY; FOREST AB Determination of fetch requirements for accurate Bowen-ratio measurements of latent- and sensible-heat fluxes is more involved than for eddy-correlation measurements because Bowen-ratio sensors are located at two heights, rather than just one. A simple solution to the diffusion equation is used to derive an expression for Bowen-ratio fetch requirements, downwind of a step change in surface fluxes. These requirements are then compared to eddy-correlation fetch requirements based on the same diffusion equation solution. When the eddy-correlation and upper Bowen-ratio sensor heights are equal, and the available energy upwind and downwind of the step change is constant, the Bowen-ratio method requires less fetch than does eddy correlation. Differences in fetch requirements between the two methods are greatest over relatively smooth surfaces. Bowen-ratio fetch can be reduced significantly by lowering the lower sensor, as well as the upper sensor. The Bowen-ratio fetch model was tested using data from a field experiment where multiple Bowen-ratio systems were deployed simultaneously at various fetches and heights above a field of bermudagrass. Initial comparisons were poor, but improved greatly when the model was modified (and operated numerically) to account for the large roughness of the upwind cotton field. RP Stannard, DI (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,BOX 25046,DENVER,CO 80225, USA. NR 34 TC 45 Z9 46 U1 1 U2 6 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0006-8314 J9 BOUND-LAY METEOROL JI Bound.-Layer Meteor. PD JUN PY 1997 VL 83 IS 3 BP 375 EP 406 DI 10.1023/A:1000286829849 PG 32 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA XH608 UT WOS:A1997XH60800002 ER PT J AU Talbot, SS Talbot, SL Thomson, JW Schofield, WB AF Talbot, SS Talbot, SL Thomson, JW Schofield, WB TI Lichens of Adak island, central Aleutian islands, Alaska SO BRYOLOGIST LA English DT Article ID CONTINENTAL UNITED-STATES; ALLIED FUNGI; 5TH CHECKLIST; CANADA AB Two hundred nineteen taxa of lichens including one lichen parasite are reported from Adak Island in the central Aleutian Islands, Alaska. Stereocaulon leprocephalum is new to North America; Caloplaca ferrugineofusca and Verrucaria ditmarsica are new to Alaska. The lichen flora is dominated by wide-ranging arctic-alpine and boreal species; a coastal element is moderately represented, while amphi-Beringian species form a minor element. This phytogeographic pattern is very similar to that of Attu Island, the westernmost Aleutian Island. C1 UNIV WISCONSIN,DEPT BOT,MADISON,WI 53706. UNIV BRITISH COLUMBIA,DEPT BOT,VANCOUVER,BC V6T 1Z4,CANADA. RP Talbot, SS (reprint author), US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,1011 E TUDOR RD,ANCHORAGE,AK 99503, USA. RI Talbot, Sandra/C-9433-2011 NR 29 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER BRYOLOGICAL LICHENOLOGICAL SOCIETY INC PI FAIRFAX PA C/O JAMES D LAWREY, GEORGE MASON UNIV, DEPT BIOLOGY MSN 3E1, FAIRFAX, VA 22030 SN 0007-2745 J9 BRYOLOGIST JI Bryologist PD SUM PY 1997 VL 100 IS 2 BP 241 EP 250 PG 10 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA YA998 UT WOS:A1997YA99800016 ER PT J AU Bodin, P Gomberg, J Singh, SK Santoyo, M AF Bodin, P Gomberg, J Singh, SK Santoyo, M TI Dynamic deformations of shallow sediments in the Valley of Mexico .1. Three-dimensional strains and rotations recorded on a seismic array SO BULLETIN OF THE SEISMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA LA English DT Article ID GROUND MOTION; EARTHQUAKE; CITY; WAVES; CALIFORNIA; MICHOACAN AB We study the spatial variation in earthquake ground motions, or equivalently the dynamic displacement gradient held, using a novel analysis procedure borrowed from geodesy. Seismic data recorded in the Valley of Mexico by a microarray of three three-component surface accelerographs and two three-component accelerographs at depths of 30 m and 102 m constrain our estimates of the dynamic displacement gradient field (from which strains and rotations derive) for four moderate earthquakes at distances of 250 to 300 km. Our study focuses on the effects of low-velocity surface materials on the deformation. At the surface, the gradients corresponding to deformation across vertical planes dominate, and vertical-axis rotations are of similar magnitudes as strains. The greatest peak surface gradient we observed was 206 mu strain for the 14 September 1995 M-w 7.5 earthquake at a distance of similar to 300 km. However, much larger gradients occur across horizontal planes (partial derivative u partial derivative z, where u is a horizontal displacement and z is depth) at some depth between 0 and 30 m. These values are about a factor 10 greater than the corresponding gradient components at the surface. partial derivative u partial derivative z for the 14 September earthquake equaled or exceeded 665 mu strain at depth. The dynamic deformations experienced in Mexico City undoubtedly have occurred before and will occur again in other densely populated areas. However, in many other regions, the sediment response will not remain linear and elastic, resulting instead in Liquefaction and ground failure. C1 US GEOL SURVEY, MEMPHIS, TN 38152 USA. UNIV NACL AUTONOMA MEXICO, INST GEOFIS, MEXICO CITY 04510, DF, MEXICO. UNIV NACL AUTONOMA MEXICO, INST INGN, MEXICO CITY 04510, DF, MEXICO. CTR NACL PREVENC DESASTRES, MEXICO CITY 04650, DF, MEXICO. RP Bodin, P (reprint author), UNIV MEMPHIS, CTR EARTHQUAKE RES & INFORMAT, MEMPHIS, TN 38152 USA. RI Santoyo, Miguel Angel/N-4961-2014 OI Santoyo, Miguel Angel/0000-0003-2333-6263 NR 32 TC 49 Z9 49 U1 0 U2 1 PU SEISMOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI EL CERRITO PA PLAZA PROFESSIONAL BLDG, SUITE 201, EL CERRITO, CA 94530 USA SN 0037-1106 J9 B SEISMOL SOC AM JI Bull. Seismol. Soc. Amer. PD JUN PY 1997 VL 87 IS 3 BP 528 EP 539 PG 12 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA XF578 UT WOS:A1997XF57800002 ER PT J AU Singh, SK Santoyo, M Bodin, P Gomberg, J AF Singh, SK Santoyo, M Bodin, P Gomberg, J TI Dynamic deformations of shallow sediments in the Valley of Mexico .2. Single-station estimates SO BULLETIN OF THE SEISMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA LA English DT Article ID GROUND MOTION; EARTHQUAKE; CITY; MICHOACAN; WAVES; SITE AB We develop simple relations to estimate dynamic displacement gradients (and hence the strains and rotations) during earthquakes in the lake-bed zone of the Valley of Mexico, where the presence of low-velocity, high-water content clays in the uppermost layers cause dramatic amplification of seismic waves and large strains. The study uses results from a companion article (Bodin et al., 1997) in which the data from an array at Roma, a lake-bed site, were analyzed to obtain displacement gradients. In this article, we find that the deformations st other lake-bed sites may differ from those at Roma by a factor of 2 to 3. More accurate estimates of the dominant components of the deformation at an individual instrumented lake-bed site may be obtained from the maximum horizontal velocity and displacement, nu(max) and u(max), at the surface. The maximum surface strain epsilon(max) is related to nu(max) by epsilon(max) = nu max/C, with C similar to 0.6 km/sec. From analysis of data from sites equipped with surface and borehold sensors, we find that the vertical gradient of peak horizontal displacement (Delta u(max)/Delta z) computed from sensors at 0 and 30 m equals (u(max))(z=0)/Delta z, Delta z = 30, within a factor of 1.5. This is the largest gradient component, and the latter simple relation permits its estimation from surface records alone. The observed profiles of u(max) versus depth suggest a larger gradient in some depth range of 10 to 20 m, in agreement with synthetic calculations presented in Bodin et. al (1997). From the free-field recordings of the 19 September 1985 Michoacan earthquake, we estimate a maximum surface strain, epsilon(max) between 0.05% and 0.11%, and a lower bound for the peak vertical gradient (Delta u(max)Delta z) between 0.3% and 1.3%. This implies that (1) the extensive failure of water pipe joints during the Michoacan earthquake in the valley occurred at axial strains of about 0.1%, not 0.38% as previously reported, and (2) the clays of the valley behave almost linearly even at shear strain of about 1%, in agreement with laboratory tests. The available data in the valley can be used to predict deformations during future earthquakes using self-similar earthquake scaling. C1 UNIV NACL AUTONOMA MEXICO,INST INGN,MEXICO CITY 04510,DF,MEXICO. CTR NACL PREVENC DISASTRES,MEXICO CITY 04650,DF,MEXICO. UNIV MEMPHIS,CTR EARTHQUAKE RES & INFORMAT,US GEOL SURVEY,MEMPHIS,TN 38152. RP Singh, SK (reprint author), UNIV NACL AUTONOMA MEXICO,INST GEOFIS,MEXICO CITY 04510,DF,MEXICO. RI Santoyo, Miguel Angel/N-4961-2014 OI Santoyo, Miguel Angel/0000-0003-2333-6263 NR 27 TC 21 Z9 21 U1 0 U2 2 PU SEISMOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI EL CERRITO PA PLAZA PROFESSIONAL BLDG, SUITE 201, EL CERRITO, CA 94530 SN 0037-1106 J9 B SEISMOL SOC AM JI Bull. Seismol. Soc. Amer. PD JUN PY 1997 VL 87 IS 3 BP 540 EP 550 PG 11 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA XF578 UT WOS:A1997XF57800003 ER PT J AU Benz, HM Frankel, A Boore, DM AF Benz, HM Frankel, A Boore, DM TI Regional Lg attenuation for the continental United States SO BULLETIN OF THE SEISMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA LA English DT Article ID GROUND MOTION; WAVES; SCATTERING; CODA; PROPAGATION; CANADA AB Measurements of the Fourier amplitude spectra of Lg phases recorded at high frequency (0.5 to 14.0 Hz) by broadband seismic stations are used to determine regional attenuation relationships for southern California, the Basin and Range Province, the central United States, and the northeastern United States and southeastern Canada. Fourier spectral amplitudes were measured every quarter octave from Lg phases windowed between 3.0 and 3.7 km sec(-1) and recorded in the distance range of 150 to 1000 km. Attenuation at each frequency is determined by assuming a geometrical spreading exponent of 0.5 and inverting for Q and source and receiver terms. Both southern California and the Basin and Range Province are well described by low Lg Q and frequency-dependent attenuation. Lg spectral amplitudes in southern California are fit at low frequencies (0.625 to 0.875 Hz) by a constant Lg Q of 224 and by a frequency-dependent Lg Q function Q = 187(-7)(+7) f(0.55(+/-0.03)) in the frequency band 1.0 to 7.0 Hz. The Basin and Range Province is characterized by a constant Lg Q of 192 for frequencies of 0.5 to 0.875 Hz and by the frequency-dependent Lg Q function Q = 235(-11)(+11) f(0.56(+/-0.04)) in the frequency band 1.0 to 5.0 Hz. A change in frequency dependence above 5.0 Hz is possible due to contamination of the Lg window by Pn and Sn phases. Lg spectral amplitudes in central United States are fit by a mean frequency-dependent of Lg Q of 1291 for frequencies of 1.5 to 7.0 Hz, while a frequency-dependent Lg Q of Q = 1052(-83)(+91)(f/1.5)(0.22(+/-0.06)) fits the Lg spectral amplitudes for the northeastern United States and southeastern Canada over the pass band 1.5 to 14.0 Hz. Attenuation measurements for these areas were restricted to frequencies >1.5 Hz due to larger microseismic noise levels at the lower frequencies. C1 US GEOL SURVEY,MENLO PK,CA 94025. RP Benz, HM (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,BOX 25046,MS966,DENVER,CO 80225, USA. NR 25 TC 74 Z9 75 U1 1 U2 9 PU SEISMOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI EL CERRITO PA PLAZA PROFESSIONAL BLDG, SUITE 201, EL CERRITO, CA 94530 SN 0037-1106 J9 B SEISMOL SOC AM JI Bull. Seismol. Soc. Amer. PD JUN PY 1997 VL 87 IS 3 BP 606 EP 619 PG 14 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA XF578 UT WOS:A1997XF57800007 ER PT J AU Merrick, RL Chumbley, MK Byrd, GV AF Merrick, RL Chumbley, MK Byrd, GV TI Diet diversity of Steller sea lions (Eumetopias jubatus) and their population decline in Alaska: a potential relationship SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FISHERIES AND AQUATIC SCIENCES LA English DT Article ID SCATS AB We examined the diet of Steller sea lions (Eumetopias jubatus) during June-August 1990-1993 from six areas in the Aleutian Islands and Gulf of Alaska and related these diets to sea lion population changes that occurred during the period. Seven general prey categories were identified, but either walleye pollock (Theragra chalcogramma) or Atka mackerel (Pleurogrammus monopterygius) dominated in every area. The diversity of prey consumed varied among sites. Only the eastern Aleutian Islands area had all seven categories in the diet, and there, walleye pollock and Atka mackerel each made up around 30% of the diet. The remainder was composed mostly of small schooling fish (e.g., Pacific herring (Clupea pallasi) and salmon (Oncorhynchus spp.)). The diet in the Gulf of Alaska included mostly walleye pollock whereas the central and western Aleutian diet was composed mostly of Atka mackerel. Populations in the six areas decreased up to 49% during 1990-1994. A strong positive correlation (r = 0.949, P = 0.004) was found between diet diversity and the amount of decline in an area: as diet diversity decreased, populations decreased. This suggests that sea lions need a variety of prey available, perhaps to buffer significant changes in abundance of any single prey. C1 US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,ALASKA MARITIME NATL WILDLIFE REFUGE,HOMER,AK 99603. RP Merrick, RL (reprint author), NATL MARINE MAMMAL LAB,7600 SAND POINT WAY NE,SEATTLE,WA 98115, USA. NR 32 TC 134 Z9 141 U1 0 U2 26 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA ON K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0706-652X J9 CAN J FISH AQUAT SCI JI Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. PD JUN PY 1997 VL 54 IS 6 BP 1342 EP 1348 DI 10.1139/cjfas-54-6-1342 PG 7 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA XR889 UT WOS:A1997XR88900014 ER PT J AU Rathbun, RE AF Rathbun, RE TI Effect of reaction time on the formation of disinfection byproducts SO CHEMOSPHERE LA English DT Article ID TRIHALOMETHANE FORMATION; WATER; CHLORINATION; ORGANOHALIDES; EQUATION; BROMIDE AB The effect of reaction lime on the trihalomethane and nonpurgeable total organic-halide formation potentials was determined by chlorinating water samples from the Mississippi, Missouri, and Ohio Rivers. Samples were collected for three seasons at 12 locations on the Mississippi from Minneapolis, Minnesota, to New Orleans, Louisiana, and on the Missouri and Ohio 1.6 kilometers above their confluences with the Mississippi. Both types of compounds formed rapidly during the initial stages of the reaction-time period, with formation rates decreasing with time. The ratio of the nonpurgeable total organic-halide and trihalomethane concentrations decreased with time, with the nonpurgeable total organic-halide compounds forming faster during the first stages of the time period and the trihalomethane compounds forming faster during the latter stages of the time period. Variation with distance along the Mississippi River of the formation rates approximately paralleled the variation of the dissolved organic carbon concentration, indicating that the rates of formation, as well as the concentrations of the compounds formed, depended on the dissolved organic carbon concentration. (C) Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. RP Rathbun, RE (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,5293 WARD RD,ARVADA,CO 80002, USA. NR 28 TC 4 Z9 6 U1 1 U2 7 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 0045-6535 J9 CHEMOSPHERE JI Chemosphere PD JUN PY 1997 VL 34 IS 12 BP 2699 EP 2713 DI 10.1016/S0045-6535(97)00090-8 PG 15 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA XD920 UT WOS:A1997XD92000017 ER PT J AU Hall, RB Foord, EE Keller, DJ Keller, WD AF Hall, RB Foord, EE Keller, DJ Keller, WD TI Phosphates in some Missouri refractory clays SO CLAYS AND CLAY MINERALS LA English DT Article DE calcian goyazite; diaspore; flint clay; francolite; genesis of the phosphates; strengite; strontian crandallite; variscite; wavellite ID ALUMINUM; DEPOSIT AB This paper describes in detail phosphate minerals occurring in refractory clays of Missouri and their effect on the refractory degree of the clays. The minerals identified include carbonate-fluorapatite (francolite), crandallite, goyazite, wavellite, variscite and strengite. It is emphasized that these phosphates occur only in local isolated concentrations, and not generally in Missouri refractory clays. The Missouri fireclay region comprises 2 districts, northern and southern, separated by the Missouri River. In this region, clay constitutes a major part of the Lower Pennsylvanian Cheltenham Formation. The original Cheltenham mud was an argillic residue derived from leaching and dissolution of pre-Pennsylvanian carbonates. The mud accumulated on a karstic erosion surface truncating the pre-Cheltenham rocks. Fireclays of the northern district consist mainly of poorly ordered kaolinite, with variable but minor amounts of illite, chlorite and fine-grained detrital quartz. Clays of the southern district were subjected to extreme leaching that produced well-ordered kaolinite hint clays. Local desilication formed pockets of diaspore, or more commonly, kaolinite, with oolite-like nubs or hurls of diaspore (''burley'' clay). The phosphate-bearing materials have been studied by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive spectral analysis (SEM-EDS) and chemical analysis. Calcian goyazite was identified in a sample of diaspore, and francolite in a sample of flint clay. A veinlet of wavellite occurs in hint clay at one locality, and a veinlet of variscite-strengite at another locality. The Missouri flint-clay-hosted francolite could not have formed in the same manner as marine francolite. The evidence suggests that the Cheltenham francolite precipitated from ion complexes in pore water, nearly simultaneously with crystallization of kaolinite flint clay from an alumina-silica gel. Calcian goyazite is an early diagenetic addition to its diaspore host. The wavellite and variscite-strengite veinlets are secondary, precipitated from ion complexes in ground water percolating along cracks in the flint clay. The hint clay host of the variscite-strengite veinlet contains strontian crandallite. All of the phosphates contain significant amounts of strontium. The source of P, Ca and Sr was the marine carbonates. Dissolution of these carbonates produced the argillic residue that became the primordial Cheltenham paludal mud, which ultimately altered to fireclay. Preliminary firing tests show that the presence of phosphates lowers fusion temperature. However, it is not clear whether poor refractoriness is due to the presence of phosphates, per se, or to Ca, Sr and other alkaline elements present in the phosphates. C1 US GEOL SURVEY,DENVER FED CTR,DENVER,CO 80225. HARBISON WALKER REFRACTORIES,FULTON,MO 65251. UNIV MISSOURI,DEPT GEOL SCI,COLUMBIA,MO 65211. NR 51 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 1 U2 5 PU CLAY MINERALS SOCIETY PI BOULDER PA PO BOX 4416, BOULDER, CO 80306 SN 0009-8604 J9 CLAY CLAY MINER JI Clay Clay Min. PD JUN PY 1997 VL 45 IS 3 BP 353 EP 364 DI 10.1346/CCMN.1997.0450306 PG 12 WC Chemistry, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Mineralogy; Soil Science SC Chemistry; Geology; Mineralogy; Agriculture GA XU565 UT WOS:A1997XU56500006 ER PT J AU Drits, V Srodon, J Eberl, DD AF Drits, V Srodon, J Eberl, DD TI XRD measurement of mean crystalline thickness of illite and illite/smectite: Reappraisal of the Kubler index and the Scherrer equation SO CLAYS AND CLAY MINERALS LA English DT Article DE crystal thickness; illite; illite/smectite; Kubler index; mixed-layer crystals; Scherrer equation; XRD ID RAY-POWDER DIFFRACTION; FUNDAMENTAL PARTICLES; SMECTITE; IDENTIFICATION; MINERALS; CHEMISTRY; CLAYS AB The standard form of the Scherrer equation, which has been used to calculate the mean thickness of the coherent scattering domain (CSD) of illite crystals from X-ray diffraction (XRD) full width data at half maximum (FWHM) intensity, employs a constant, K-sh, of 0.89. Use of this constant is unjustified, even if swelling has no effect on peak broadening, because this constant is valid only if all CSDs have a single thickness. For different thickness distributions, the Scherrer ''constant'' has very different values. Analysis of fundamental particle thickness data (transmission electron microscopy, TEM) for samples of authigenic illite and illite/smectite from diagenetically altered pyroclastics and filamentous illites from sandstones reveals a unique family of lognormal thickness distributions for these clays. Experimental relations between the distributions' lognormal parameters and mean thicknesses are established. These relations then are used to calculate the mean thickness of CSDs for illitic samples from XRD FWHM, or from integral XRD peak widths (integrated intensity/maximum intensity). For mixed-layer illite/smectite, the measured thickness of the CSD corresponds to the mean thickness of the mixed-layer crystal. Using this measurement, the mean thickness of the fundamental particles that compose the mixed-layer crystals can be calculated after XRD determination of percent smectitic interlayers. The effect of mixed layering (swelling) on XRD peak width for these samples is eliminated by using the 003 reflection for glycolated samples, and the 001, 002 or 003 reflection for dehydrated, K-saturated samples. If this technique is applied to the 001 reflection of air-dried samples (Kubler index measurement), mean CSD thicknesses are underestimated due to the mixed-layering effect. The technique was calibrated using NEWMOD@-simulated XRD profiles of illite, and then tested on well-characterized illite and illite/smectite samples. The XRD measurements are in good agreement with estimates of the mean thickness of fundamental particles obtained both from TEM measurements and from fixed cations content, up to a mean value of 20 layers. Correction for instrumental broadening under the conditions employed here is unnecessary for this range of thicknesses. C1 PAN,INST GEOL SCI,PL-31002 KRAKOW,POLAND. US GEOL SURVEY,BOULDER,CO 80303. RP Drits, V (reprint author), RUSSIAN ACAD SCI,INST GEOG,PYZHEVSKY ST 7,MOSCOW 109017,RUSSIA. NR 23 TC 163 Z9 170 U1 5 U2 66 PU CLAY MINERALS SOCIETY PI BOULDER PA PO BOX 4416, BOULDER, CO 80306 SN 0009-8604 J9 CLAY CLAY MINER JI Clay Clay Min. PD JUN PY 1997 VL 45 IS 3 BP 461 EP 475 DI 10.1346/CCMN.1997.0450315 PG 15 WC Chemistry, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Mineralogy; Soil Science SC Chemistry; Geology; Mineralogy; Agriculture GA XU565 UT WOS:A1997XU56500015 ER PT J AU Abbott, DH Drury, R Mooney, WD AF Abbott, DH Drury, R Mooney, WD TI Continents as lithological icebergs: The importance of buoyant lithospheric roots SO EARTH AND PLANETARY SCIENCE LETTERS LA English DT Article DE continental crust; basalts; subduction; lithosphere; mantle ID ANGAYUCHAM TERRANE; SULFIDE DEPOSITS; OCEANIC PLATEAU; CRUST; ACCRETION; GEOCHEMISTRY; PROVINCE; CANADA; MANTLE; ARC AB An understanding of the formation of new continental crust provides an important guide to locating the oldest terrestrial rocks and minerals. We evaluated the crustal thicknesses of the thinnest stable continental crust and of an unsubductable oceanic plateau and used the resulting data to estimate the amount of mantle melting which produces permanent continental crust. The lithospheric mantle is sufficiently depleted to produce permanent buoyancy (i.e., the crust is unsubductable) at crustal thicknesses greater than 25-27 km. These unsubductable oceanic plateaus and hotspot island chains are important sources of new continental crust. The newest continental crust (e.g., the Ontong Java plateau) has a basaltic composition, not a granitic one. The observed structure and geochemistry of continents are the result of convergent margin magmatism and metamorphism which modify the nascent basaltic crust into a lowermost basaltic layer overlain by a more silicic upper crust. The definition of a continent should imply only that the lithosphere is unsubductable over greater than or equal to 0.25 Ga time periods. Therefore, the search for the oldest crustal rocks should include rocks from lower to mid-crustal levels. C1 US GEOL SURVEY,MENLO PK,CA 94025. RP Abbott, DH (reprint author), LAMONT DOHERTY EARTH OBSERV,PALISADES,NY 10964, USA. OI Abbott, Dallas/0000-0003-4713-6098 NR 50 TC 49 Z9 52 U1 0 U2 4 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0012-821X J9 EARTH PLANET SC LETT JI Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. PD JUN PY 1997 VL 149 IS 1-4 BP 15 EP 27 DI 10.1016/S0012-821X(97)00065-4 PG 13 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA XJ234 UT WOS:A1997XJ23400002 ER PT J AU VonDamm, KL Buttermore, LG Oosting, SE Bray, AM Fornari, DJ Lilley, MD Shanks, WC AF VonDamm, KL Buttermore, LG Oosting, SE Bray, AM Fornari, DJ Lilley, MD Shanks, WC TI Direct observation of the evolution of a seafloor 'black smoker' from vapor to brine SO EARTH AND PLANETARY SCIENCE LETTERS LA English DT Article DE black smokers; hydrothermal processes; mid-ocean ridges; East Pacific Rise ID EAST PACIFIC RISE; DE-FUCA RIDGE; VENT FLUIDS; HYDROTHERMAL SOLUTIONS; VOLCANIC-ERUPTION; MIDOCEAN RIDGES; CHEMISTRY; CREST; GEOCHEMISTRY; 21-DEGREES-N AB A single hydrothermal vent, 'F' vent, occurring on very young crust at 9 degrees 16.8'N, East Pacific Rise, was sampled in 1991 and 1994. In 1991, at the measured temperature of 388 degrees C and seafloor pressure of 258 bar, the fluids from this vent were on the two-phase curve for seawater. These fluids were very low in chlorinity and other dissolved species, and high in gases compared to seawater and most sampled seafloor hydrothermal vent fluids. In 1994, when this vent was next sampled, it had cooled to 351 degrees C and was venting fluids similar to 1.5 times seawater chlorinity. This is the first reported example of a single seafloor hydrothermal vent evolving from vapor to brine. The 1991 and 1994 fluids sampled from this vent are compositionally conjugate pairs to one another. These results support the hypothesis that vapor-phase fluids vent in the early period following a volcanic eruption, and that the liquid-phase brines are stored within the oceanic crust, and vent at a later time, in this case 3 years. These results demonstrate that the venting of brines can occur in the same location, in fact from the same sulfide edifice, where the vapor-phase fluids vented previously. C1 WOODS HOLE OCEANOG INST,MARINE GEOL & GEOPHYS DEPT,WOODS HOLE,MA 02543. UNIV WASHINGTON,SCH OCEANOG,SEATTLE,WA 98195. US GEOL SURVEY,BRANCH GEOCHEM,DENVER,CO 80225. UNIV NEW HAMPSHIRE,INST STUDY EARTH OCEANS & SPACE,DURHAM,NH 03824. RP VonDamm, KL (reprint author), UNIV NEW HAMPSHIRE,DEPT EARTH SCI,JAMES HALL,DURHAM,NH 03824, USA. NR 29 TC 112 Z9 113 U1 2 U2 17 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0012-821X J9 EARTH PLANET SC LETT JI Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. PD JUN PY 1997 VL 149 IS 1-4 BP 101 EP 111 DI 10.1016/S0012-821X(97)00059-9 PG 11 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA XJ234 UT WOS:A1997XJ23400009 ER PT J AU Nichols, JD Hines, JE Blums, P AF Nichols, JD Hines, JE Blums, P TI Tests for senescent decline in annual survival probabilities of common pochards, Aythya ferina SO ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Aythya ferina; capture-recapture models; senescence; survival probabilities ID CAPTURE-RECAPTURE DATA; MORTALITY-RATES; SELECTION; AGE; HETEROGENEITY; HYPOTHESES; EVOLUTION; MODELS; BIRDS AB Senescent decline in survival probabilities of animals is a topic about which much has been written but little is known. Here, we present formal tests of senescence hypotheses, using 1373 recaptures from 8877 duckling (age 0) and 504 yearling Common Pochards (Aythya ferina) banded at a Latvian study site, 1975-1992. The tests are based on capture-recapture models that explicitly incorporate sampling probabilities that, themselves, may exhibit time- and age-specific variation. The tests provided no evidence of senescent decline in survival probabilities for this species. Power of the most useful test was low for gradual declines in annual survival probability with age, but good for steeper declines. We recommend use of this type of capture-recapture modeling and analysis for other investigations of senescence in animal survival rates. C1 US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,PATUXENT WILDLIFE RES CTR,NATL BIOL SERV,LAUREL,MD 20708. LATVIAN ACAD SCI,INST BIOL,LV-2169 RIGA,LATVIA. NR 45 TC 50 Z9 51 U1 2 U2 8 PU ECOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 2010 MASSACHUSETTS AVE, NW, STE 400, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0012-9658 J9 ECOLOGY JI Ecology PD JUN PY 1997 VL 78 IS 4 BP 1009 EP 1018 DI 10.1890/0012-9658(1997)078[1009:TFSDIA]2.0.CO;2 PG 10 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA XB144 UT WOS:A1997XB14400005 ER PT J AU Walsh, SJ Haney, DC Timmerman, CM AF Walsh, SJ Haney, DC Timmerman, CM TI Variation in thermal tolerance and routine metabolism among spring- and stream-dwelling freshwater sculpins (Teleostei: Cottidae) of the southeastern United States SO ECOLOGY OF FRESHWATER FISH LA English DT Article DE Cottidae; Cottus sculpin; spring; temperature tolerance; metabolism; oxygen consumption; respiration ID FLUCTUATING ENVIRONMENTS; ETHEOSTOMA-FLABELLARE; TEMPERATURE TOLERANCE; RHINICHTHYS-OSCULUS; STANDARD METABOLISM; PUPFISH CYPRINODON; ENERGY-METABOLISM; MICROHABITAT USE; SPECKLED DACE; BODY SIZE AB Evolutionary theory predicts that some aquatic organisms may adapt by directional selection to limiting physical environmental conditions, yet empirical data are conflicting. We sought to test the assumption that sculpins (family Cottidae) inhabiting thermally stable springs of the southeastern United States differ in temperature tolerance and metabolism from populations inhabiting more thermally labile stream habitats. Spring populations of pygmy sculpins (Cottus pygmaeus) and Ozark sculpins (C. hypselurus) differed interspecifically in thermal tolerance from populations of stream-dwelling mottled (C. bairdi) and Tallapoosa sculpins (C. tallapoosae), and both stream and spring populations of banded sculpins (C. carolinae). No intra- or interspecific differences in thermal tolerance were found among populations of C. bairdi, C. tallapoosae, or C. carolinae. Cottus pygmaeus acclimated to 15 degrees C differed intraspecifically in routine metabolism from fish acclimated to 20 degrees and 25 degrees C. Cottus pygmaeus and stream-dwelling C. bairdi and C. carolinae acclimated to temperatures of 20 degrees and 25 degrees C showed no interspecific differences in routine metabolism. Our results suggest that some spring-adapted populations or species may be more stenothermal than stream-dwelling congeners, but a greater understanding of the interactions of other physical and biological factors is required to better explain micro- and macrohabitat distributions of eastern North American sculpins. RP Walsh, SJ (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,DIV BIOL RESOURCES,7920 NW 71ST ST,GAINESVILLE,FL 32653, USA. NR 60 TC 10 Z9 11 U1 3 U2 12 PU MUNKSGAARD INT PUBL LTD PI COPENHAGEN PA 35 NORRE SOGADE, PO BOX 2148, DK-1016 COPENHAGEN, DENMARK SN 0906-6691 J9 ECOL FRESHW FISH JI Ecol. Freshw. Fish PD JUN PY 1997 VL 6 IS 2 BP 84 EP 94 DI 10.1111/j.1600-0633.1997.tb00148.x PG 11 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA XL315 UT WOS:A1997XL31500003 ER PT J AU Beyer, WN Blus, LJ Henny, CJ Audet, D AF Beyer, WN Blus, LJ Henny, CJ Audet, D TI The role of sediment ingestion in exposing wood ducks to lead SO ECOTOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article DE lead; wood ducks; sediment ingestion; exposure ID IDAHO AB Waterfowl on lateral lakes of the Coeur d'Alene River and on Lake Coeur d'Alene have been poisoned for many years by lead (Ph) from mining and smelting. In 1992 we undertook a study in the area to determine the importance of sediment ingestion in exposing wood ducks (Air sponsa) to Pb. Digesta were removed from the intestines of wood ducks collected from contaminated and reference areas. The mean Pb concentration in the digesta of wood ducks from the contaminated area was 32 p.p.m. dry weight. The sediment content was estimated to average less than 2% of the dry weight of the wood duck diet. The lead concentrations in the digesta were closely correlated with the concentrations of acid-insoluble ash, Al, Ti and Fe in the digesta and these four variables are associated with sediment. Samples containing low concentrations of these variables also had low concentrations of Pb. These results suggest that most of the Pb in the digesta came from ingested sediment, rather than from plant material in the diet. The importance of ingested sediment as a source of lead was unexpected, because wood ducks are surface feeders on aquatic plants and they rarely dabble beneath the surface or feed on the bottom. However, it appears that sediment ingestion is sometimes the principal route of exposure to environmental contaminants that are not readily taken up by plants and invertebrates and this route should be considered in risk assessments of waterfowl. C1 FOREST & RANGELAND ECOSYST SCI CTR,NATL BIOL SERV,CORVALLIS,OR 97333. US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,COEUR ALENE BASIN NRDA RESTORAT OFF,SPOKANE,WA 99206. RP Beyer, WN (reprint author), US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,PATUXENT WILDLIFE RES CTR,NATL BIOL SERV,12011 BEECH FOREST RD,LAUREL,MD 20708, USA. NR 13 TC 37 Z9 38 U1 1 U2 8 PU CHAPMAN HALL LTD PI LONDON PA 2-6 BOUNDARY ROW, LONDON, ENGLAND SE1 8HN SN 0963-9292 J9 ECOTOXICOLOGY JI Ecotoxicology PD JUN PY 1997 VL 6 IS 3 BP 181 EP 186 PG 6 WC Ecology; Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA XD839 UT WOS:A1997XD83900005 ER PT J AU Gould, P Ostrom, P Walker, W AF Gould, P Ostrom, P Walker, W TI Food of flesh-tooted shearwaters Puffinus carneipes associated with high-seas driftnets in the central North Pacific Ocean SO EMU LA English DT Article ID CARBON ISOTOPES; STABLE ISOTOPES; DIET; FRACTIONATION; NITROGEN; TURNOVER; ANIMALS; TISSUES AB We examined digestive tract contents and stable nitrogen isotope ratios in breast muscles of Flesh-footed Shearwaters Puffinus carneipes associated with high-seas driftnet fisheries in the central North Pacific Ocean. Small fish, Lanternfish (Myctophidae) and Pacific Saury Cololabis saira, were the principal prey found in the digestive tracts. Pieces of unidentified fish, possibly Pacific Pomfret Brama japonica, and shredded squid tissue, mostly Neon Flying Squid Ommastrephes bartrami, in the digestive tracts indicate scavenging at driftnet fishing operations. Although soft-bodied animals such as Velella sp. were rare in the digestive tracts, low stable nitrogen isotope values (delta(15)N) suggest Flesh-footed Shearwaters feed heavily on such low trophic level animals. C1 MICHIGAN STATE UNIV, DEPT GEOL SCI, E LANSING, MI 48824 USA. NOAA, NATL MARINE FISHERIES SERV, ALASKA FISHERIES SCI CTR, NATL MARINE MAMMAL LAB, SEATTLE, WA 98115 USA. RP Gould, P (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY, ALASKA SCI CTR, BIOL RESOURCES DIV, 1011 E TUDOR RD, ANCHORAGE, AK 99503 USA. NR 25 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 4 PU CSIRO PUBLISHING PI CLAYTON PA UNIPARK, BLDG 1, LEVEL 1, 195 WELLINGTON RD, LOCKED BAG 10, CLAYTON, VIC 3168, AUSTRALIA SN 0158-4197 EI 1448-5540 J9 EMU JI Emu PD JUN PY 1997 VL 97 BP 168 EP 173 DI 10.1071/MU97020 PN 2 PG 6 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA XT914 UT WOS:A1997XT91400008 ER PT J AU Lee, FT Odum, JK Lee, JD AF Lee, FT Odum, JK Lee, JD TI Slope failures in northern vermont, USA SO ENVIRONMENTAL & ENGINEERING GEOSCIENCE LA English DT Article DE rockfalls; debris avalanches; hazards; freeze/thaw AB Rockfalls and debris avalanches from steep hillslopes in northern Vermont are a continuing hazard for motorists, mountain climbers, and hikers, Huge blocks of massive schist and gneiss can reach the valley floor intact, whereas others may trigger debris avalanches on their downward travel. Block movement is facilitated by major joints both parallel and perpendicular to the glacially over-steepened valley walls. The slope failures occur most frequently in early spring, accompanying freeze/thaw cycles, and in the summer, following heavy rains. The study reported here began in August 1986 and ended in June 1989. Manual and automated measurements of temperature and displacement were made at two locations on opposing valley walls. Both cyclic-reversible and permanent displacements occurred during the 13-month monitoring period. The measurements indicate that freeze/thaw mechanisms produce small irreversible incremental movements, averaging 0.53 mm/yr, that displace massive blocks and produce rockfalls, The initial freeze/thaw weakening of the rock mass also makes slopes more susceptible to attrition by water, and heavy rains have triggered rockfalls and consequent debris flows and avalanches, Temperature changes on the rock surface produced time-dependent cyclic displacements of the rock blocks that were not instantaneous but lagged behind the temperature changes. Statistical analyses of the data were used to produce models of cyclic time-dependent rock block behavior. Predictions based solely on temperature changes gave poor results. A model using time and temperature and incorporating the lag effect predicts block displacement more accurately. C1 US Geol Survey, Denver, CO 80225 USA. Battele Seattle Res Ctr, Seattle, WA 98105 USA. RP Lee, FT (reprint author), 3712 31st Ave NW, Gig Harbor, WA 98332 USA. RI Lee, John/A-9774-2009 NR 37 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 2 PU ASSOC ENGINEERING GEOLOGISTS GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY AMER PI COLLEGE STN PA TEXAS A & M UNIV, DEPT GEOLOGY & GEOPHYSICS, COLLEGE STN, TX 77843-3115 USA SN 1078-7275 J9 ENVIRON ENG GEOSCI JI Environ. Eng. Geosci. PD SUM PY 1997 VL 3 IS 2 BP 161 EP 182 PG 22 WC Engineering, Environmental; Engineering, Geological; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Engineering; Geology GA ZQ285 UT WOS:000073842200001 ER PT J AU Chin, YP Aiken, GR Danielsen, KM AF Chin, YP Aiken, GR Danielsen, KM TI Binding of pyrene to aquatic and commercial humic substances: The role of molecular weight and aromaticity SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID DISPERSED ORGANIC POLYMERS; FULVIC-ACIDS; SOLUBILITY ENHANCEMENT; NATURAL SOLIDS; WATER; HYDROCARBONS; CONTAMINANTS; SEDIMENTS; SORPTION; CARBON AB The binding of pyrene to a number of humic substances isolated from various aquatic sources and a commercial humic acid was measured using the solubility enhancement method. The humic materials used in this study were characterized by various spectroscopic and liquid chromatography methods. A strong correlation was observed between the pyrene binding coefficient, K-doc, and the molecular weights, molar absorptivities at 280 nm, and aromaticity of the aquatic humic substances. Binding of pyrene to the commercial humic acid, however, was significantly stronger and did not obey the relationships observed between K-doc and the chemical properties of the aquatic humic substrates. These results suggest that the molecular weight and the aromatic content of the humic substrates exert influences on the binding of nonpolar and planar aromatic molecules and that the physicochemical properties of both humic materials and organic solutes are important in controlling the speciation of nonpolar organic contaminants in natural waters. C1 US GEOL SURVEY,DIV WATER RESOURCES,BOULDER,CO 80303. RP Chin, YP (reprint author), OHIO STATE UNIV,DEPT GEOL SCI,COLUMBUS,OH 43210, USA. NR 34 TC 382 Z9 419 U1 9 U2 82 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0013-936X J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD JUN PY 1997 VL 31 IS 6 BP 1630 EP 1635 DI 10.1021/es960404k PG 6 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA XB620 UT WOS:A1997XB62000026 ER PT J AU Tolan, JM Holt, SA Onuf, CP AF Tolan, JM Holt, SA Onuf, CP TI Distribution and community structure of ichthyoplankton in Laguna Madre seagrass meadows: Potential impact of seagrass species change SO ESTUARIES LA English DT Article ID CHESAPEAKE BAY; FISH COMMUNITIES; SPATIAL SCALE; EELGRASS; DECAPODS; HABITATS; ECOLOGY; DENSITY; BIOMASS AB Seasonal ichthyoplankton surveys were made in the lower Laguna Madre, Texas, to compare the relative utilization of various nursery habitats (shoal grass, Halodule wrightii; manatee grass, Syringodium filiforme; and unvegetated sand bottom) for both estuarine and offshore-spawned larvae. The species composition and abundance of fish larvae were determined for each habitat type at six locations in the bay. Pushnet ichthyoplankton sampling resulted in 296 total collections, yielding 107,463 fishes representing 55 species in 24 families. A broad spectrum of both the biotic and physical habitat parameters were examined to link the dispersion and distribution of both pre-settlement and post-settlement larvae to the utilization of shallow seagrass habitats. Sample sites were grouped by cluster analysis (Ward's minimum variance method) according to the similarity of their fish assemblages and subsequently examined with a multiple discriminant function analysis to identify important environmental variables. Abiotic environmental factors were most influential in defining groups for samples dominated by early larvae, whereas measures of seagrass complexity defined groups dominated by older larvae and juveniles. Juvenile-stage individuals showed clear habitat preference, with the more shallow Halodule wrightii being the habitat of choice, whereas early larvae of most species were widely distributed over all habitats. As a result of the recent shift of dominance from Halodule wrightii to Syringodium filiforme, overall reductions in the quality of nursery habitat for fishes in the lower Laguna Madre are projected. C1 TEXAS A&M UNIV, CTR SCI, CORPUS CHRISTI, TX 78412 USA. UNIV TEXAS, INST MARINE SCI, PORT ARANSAS, TX 78373 USA. US GEOL SURVEY, TEXAS GULF COAST FIELD STN, CORPUS CHRISTI, TX 78412 USA. NR 41 TC 41 Z9 43 U1 4 U2 15 PU ESTUARINE RESEARCH FEDERATION PI PORT REPUBLIC PA 2018 DAFFODIL, PO BOX 510, PORT REPUBLIC, MD 20676 USA SN 0160-8347 J9 ESTUARIES JI Estuaries PD JUN PY 1997 VL 20 IS 2 BP 450 EP 464 DI 10.2307/1352357 PG 15 WC Environmental Sciences; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA XF141 UT WOS:A1997XF14100017 ER PT J AU Fenn, DB AF Fenn, DB TI The biological resources division of the US Geological Survey: What it can mean for fisheries SO FISHERIES LA English DT Editorial Material RP Fenn, DB (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,NATL CTR,BIOL RESOURCES DIV,MAILSTOP 300,12201 SUNRISE VALLEY DR,RESTON,VA 20192, USA. NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 SN 0363-2415 J9 FISHERIES JI Fisheries PD JUN PY 1997 VL 22 IS 6 BP 4 EP 4 PG 1 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA XC727 UT WOS:A1997XC72700001 ER PT J AU Hornbeck, JW Bailey, SW Buso, DC Shanley, JB AF Hornbeck, JW Bailey, SW Buso, DC Shanley, JB TI Streamwater chemistry and nutrient budgets for forested watersheds in New England: Variability and management implications SO FOREST ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE atmospheric deposition; forest harvest; nitrogen; cation depletion ID EASTERN-UNITED-STATES; ATMOSPHERIC DEPOSITION; SURFACE WATERS; NEW-HAMPSHIRE; ALUMINUM; ECOSYSTEMS; PRECIPITATION; NITROGEN; CALCIUM; BROOK AB Chemistry of precipitation and streamwater and resulting input-output budgets for nutrient ions were determined concurrently for three years on three upland, forested watersheds located within an 80km radius in central New England. Chemistry of precipitation and inputs of nutrients via wet deposition were similar among the three watersheds and were generally typical of central New England. In contrast, chemistry and nutrient outputs in streamwater varied dramatically between watersheds, with chemistries ranging from acidic to alkaline. Comparisons with data reported for 159 other upland, forested watersheds in central New England show that our study watersheds span the regional range likely to be encountered in stream chemistry. The regional variability stems in part from past natural disturbances such as wildfire, and variations in source of soil parent material. An approach is presented for predicting the important influence of glacial till on stream chemistry, including acid-base relationships, aluminum content, and nutrient outputs. Knowledge of streamwater chemistry and controlling factors can serve as an index of how terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems will respond to forest management activities and atmospheric deposition. (C) 1997 Elsevier Science B.V. C1 INST ECOSYST STUDIES,MILLBROOK,NY 12545. US GEOL SURVEY,MONTPELIER,VT 05601. RP Hornbeck, JW (reprint author), USDA,US FOREST SERV,NE FOREST EXPT STN,POB 640,DURHAM,NH 03824, USA. OI Bailey, Scott/0000-0002-9160-156X NR 58 TC 80 Z9 82 U1 0 U2 12 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0378-1127 J9 FOREST ECOL MANAG JI For. Ecol. Manage. PD JUN 1 PY 1997 VL 93 IS 1-2 BP 73 EP 89 DI 10.1016/S0378-1127(96)03937-0 PG 17 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA XG247 UT WOS:A1997XG24700008 ER PT J AU Bloom, NS Colman, JA Barber, L AF Bloom, NS Colman, JA Barber, L TI Artifact formation of methyl mercury during aqueous distillation and alternative techniques for the extraction of methyl mercury from environmental samples SO FRESENIUS JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 4th International Conference on Mercury as a Global Pollutant CY AUG 04-08, 1996 CL HAMBURG, GERMANY SP Aluminium Co Amer (ALCOA), BSL Olefinverbund GMBH, City Hamburg, Deut Forschungsgemeinsch, Elect Power Res Inst, Environm Canada, AES, European Commiss, SM&T, Florida Dept Environm Protect, Frontier Geosci, USA, GKSS Res Ctr, Hlth Canada, MSB, Oak Ridge Natl Lab, US DOE, US EPA, Verein Freunde Forderer GKSS ID ATOMIC FLUORESCENCE DETECTION; GAS-CHROMATOGRAPHY; PHASE ETHYLATION; LEVEL; METHYLMERCURY; WATER AB Aqueous distillation as a pre-extraction step for monomethyl mercury (MMHg) in waters and sediments is the most common method because it eliminates negative interferences in the aqueous ethylation procedure. However, the distillation procedure generates a positive MMHg artifact as a result of the action of naturally occurring organic substances on inorganic Hg in the sample. Methylation of Hg(II) does not occur in deionized water samples, indicating that the artifact is not due to the distillation itself or the reagents added (ammonium pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate, HCl), but rather to naturally occurring organic matter. Methylation of Hg(II) spikes ranged from 0.001% for rainwater and oligotrophic lake water to 0.08% for brown, humic-rich water. Methylation of Hg(II) spikes in sediment's ranged from 0.005 to 0.1%, with the highest conversions in wetland peat. In most water samples, the artifact is not significant, as the ambient concentration of MMHg is 1-10% of the total, well above the contribution due to the artifact. The artifact may be significant in sediments and in Hg-contaminated water samples, where the measured fraction of MMHg is less than 1% of the total. The best of six alternative techniques involves leaching with KBr/H2SO4/CuSO4 and extraction into CH2Cl2, followed by back extraction into water, and subsequent ethylation. C1 USGS,MARLBOROUGH,MA 01752. DUKE UNIV,SCH ENVIRONM,DURHAM,NC 27708. RP Bloom, NS (reprint author), FRONTIER GEOSCI INC,414 PONTIUS N,SEATTLE,WA 98109, USA. NR 17 TC 170 Z9 171 U1 2 U2 35 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 SN 0937-0633 J9 FRESEN J ANAL CHEM JI Fresenius J. Anal. Chem. PD JUN PY 1997 VL 358 IS 3 BP 371 EP 377 DI 10.1007/s002160050432 PG 7 WC Chemistry, Analytical SC Chemistry GA XF901 UT WOS:A1997XF90100003 ER PT J AU Olson, ML Cleckner, LB Hurley, JP Krabbenhoft, DP Heelan, TW AF Olson, ML Cleckner, LB Hurley, JP Krabbenhoft, DP Heelan, TW TI Resolution of matrix effects on analysis of total and methyl mercury in aqueous samples from the Florida Everglades SO FRESENIUS JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 4th International Conference on Mercury as a Global Pollutant CY AUG 04-08, 1996 CL HAMBURG, GERMANY SP Aluminium Co Amer (ALCOA), BSL Olefinverbund GMBH, City Hamburg, Deut Forschungsgemeinsch, Elect Power Res Inst, Environm Canada, AES, European Commiss, SM&T, Florida Dept Environm Protect, Frontier Geosci, USA, GKSS Res Ctr, Hlth Canada, MSB, Oak Ridge Natl Lab, US DOE, US EPA, Verein Freunde Forderer GKSS ID ATOMIC FLUORESCENCE DETECTION; OPEN OCEAN WATERS; GAS-CHROMATOGRAPHY; LEVEL AB Aqueous samples from the Florida Everglades present several problems for the analysis of total mercury (HgT) and methyl mercury (MeHg). Constituents such as dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and sulfide at selected sites present particular challenges due to interferences with standard analytical techniques. This is manifested by 1) the inability to discern when bromine monochloride (BrCl) addition is sufficient for sample oxidation for HgT analysis; and 2) incomplete spike recoveries using the distillation/ethylation technique for MeHg analysis. Here, we suggest ultra-violet (UV) oxidation prior to addition of BrCl to ensure total oxidation of DOC prior to HgT analysis and copper sulfate (CuSO4) addition to aid in distillation in the presence of sulfide for MeHg analysis. Despite high chloride (Cl-) levels, we observed no effects on MeHg distillation/ethylation analyses. C1 UNIV WISCONSIN,WATER CHEM PROGRAM,MADISON,WI 53706. WISCONSIN DEPT NAT RESOURCES,MONONA,WI. RP Olson, ML (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,DIV WATER RESOURCES,MADISON,WI, USA. RI Hurley, James/A-9216-2010 NR 20 TC 51 Z9 51 U1 1 U2 6 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 SN 0937-0633 J9 FRESEN J ANAL CHEM JI Fresenius J. Anal. Chem. PD JUN PY 1997 VL 358 IS 3 BP 392 EP 396 DI 10.1007/s002160050435 PG 5 WC Chemistry, Analytical SC Chemistry GA XF901 UT WOS:A1997XF90100006 ER PT J AU Angermeier, PL Winston, MR AF Angermeier, PL Winston, MR TI Assessing conservation value of stream communities: A comparison of approaches based on centres of density and species richness SO FRESHWATER BIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID MAXIMIZE BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY; RESERVE SELECTION; BIODIVERSITY; POPULATIONS; CRITERIA AB 1. We used a recently developed Index of Centres of Density (ICD) to assess conservation value of thirty-nine sites in the upper Clinch River drainage of Virginia and Tennessee, U.S.A. The ICD incorporates information on the population density of each species at a site relative to sites throughout the region. 2. Value assessments based on the ICD were compared to those based on species richness. Species richness at sites was not related to ICD scores, but collective species lists from high-ranking sites were similar for both approaches. All sites with rare species had either a high ICD score or high species richness. 3. Four community types (defined by physiography and stream size) were better represented in sites with high-ranking ICDs than in sites with high-ranking species richness. Sites with high ICD scores were distributed uniformly throughout the region. 4. The ICD is a more powerful tool than species richness for assessing conservation value because the ICD identifies areas with regionally rare species, especially viable populations, or distinctive communities, all of which are key components of a region's biodiversity. C1 VIRGINIA POLYTECH INST & STATE UNIV,DEPT FISHERIES & WILDLIFE SCI,BLACKSBURG,VA 24061. RP Angermeier, PL (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,COOPERAT FISH & WILDLIFE RES UNIT,RESTON,VA 22092, USA. NR 29 TC 20 Z9 21 U1 0 U2 5 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA P O BOX 88, OSNEY MEAD, OXFORD, OXON, ENGLAND OX2 0NE SN 0046-5070 J9 FRESHWATER BIOL JI Freshw. Biol. PD JUN PY 1997 VL 37 IS 3 BP 699 EP 710 DI 10.1046/j.1365-2427.1997.00190.x PG 12 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Marine & Freshwater Biology GA XF540 UT WOS:A1997XF54000017 ER PT J AU Koopmans, MP SchaefferReiss, C DeLeeuw, JW Lewan, MD Maxwell, JR Schaeffer, P Damste, JSS AF Koopmans, MP SchaefferReiss, C DeLeeuw, JW Lewan, MD Maxwell, JR Schaeffer, P Damste, JSS TI Sulphur and oxygen sequestration of n-C-37 and n-C-38 unsaturated ketones in an immature kerogen and the release of their carbon skeletons during early stages of thermal maturation SO GEOCHIMICA ET COSMOCHIMICA ACTA LA English DT Article ID ORGANIC SULFUR-COMPOUNDS; LONG-CHAIN ALKENONES; MICROALGA BOTRYOCOCCUS-BRAUNII; VENA-DEL-GESSO; NATURAL SULFURIZATION; MOLECULAR STRATIGRAPHY; CHEMICAL DEGRADATION; HYDROUS PYROLYSIS; FLASH PYROLYSIS; CRUDE-OIL AB Sedimentary rock from the Gessoso-solfifera Formation (Messinian) in the Vena del Gesso Basin (northern Italy) containing immature (R-0 = 0.25%) S-rich organic matter was artificially matured by hydrous pyrolysis at temperatures from 160 to 330 degrees C for 72 h to study the diagenetic fate of n-C-37 and n-C-38 di- and tri-unsaturated methyl and ethyl ketones (alkenones) biosynthesised by several prymnesiophyte algae. During early diagenesis, the alkenones are incorporated into the kerogen by both sulphur and oxygen cross-linking as indicated by chemical degradation experiments with the kerogen of the unheated sample. Heating at temperatures between 160 and 260 degrees C, which still represents early stages of thermal maturation, produces large amounts (up to 1 mg/g TOC) of S-bound, O-bound, and both S- and O-bound n-C-37 and n-C-38 skeletons, saturated n-C-37 and n-C-38 methyl, ethyl, and mid-chain ketones, C-37 and C-38 mid-chain 2,5-di-n-alkylthiophenes, C-37 and C-38 1,2-di-alkylbenzenes, and C-37 and C-38 n-alkanes. With increasing thermal maturation, three forms of the n-C-37 and n-C-38 skeletons are relatively stable (saturated hydrocarbons, 1,2-di-n-alkylbenzenes and saturated ketones), whereas the S- and O-bound skeletons are relatively labile. These results suggest that in natural situations saturated ketones with an n-C-37 and n-C-38 skeleton can be expected as well as the corresponding hydrocarbons. Copyright (C) 1997 Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 NETHERLANDS INST SEA RES,NIOZ,DEPT MARINE BIOGEOCHEM & TOXICOL,NL-1790 AB DEN BURG,NETHERLANDS. UNIV BRISTOL,SCH CHEM,ORGAN GEOCHEM UNIT,BRISTOL BS8 1TS,AVON,ENGLAND. US GEOL SURVEY,DENVER FED CTR,DENVER,CO 80225. RI de Leeuw, Jan/F-6471-2011; Sinninghe Damste, Jaap/F-6128-2011 OI Sinninghe Damste, Jaap/0000-0002-8683-1854 NR 58 TC 43 Z9 43 U1 0 U2 13 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 0016-7037 J9 GEOCHIM COSMOCHIM AC JI Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta PD JUN PY 1997 VL 61 IS 12 BP 2397 EP 2408 DI 10.1016/S0016-7037(97)00099-9 PG 12 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA XL836 UT WOS:A1997XL83600005 ER PT J AU Moore, TC Klitgord, KD Golmshtok, AJ Weber, E AF Moore, TC Klitgord, KD Golmshtok, AJ Weber, E TI Sedimentation and subsidence patterns in the central and north basins of Lake Baikal from seismic stratigraphy SO GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA BULLETIN LA English DT Article ID EAST-AFRICA; RIFT BASINS; CENOZOIC TECTONICS; EXPLORATION; MALAWI; EARTHQUAKE; HISTORY; AMERICA; RECORD; ASIA AB Comparison of sedimentation patterns, basement subsidence, and faulting histories in the north and central basins of Lake Baikal aids in developing an interbasinal seismic stratigraphy that reveals the early synrift evolution of the central portion of the Baikal rift, a major continental rift system. Although there is evidence that the central and northern rift basins evolved at approximately the same time, their sedimentation histories are markedly different. Primary sediment sources for the initial rift phase were from the east flank of the rift; two major deltas developed adjacent to the central basin: the Selenga delta at the south end and the Barguzin delta at the north end, The Barguzin River system, located at the accommodation zone between the central and north basins, also fed into the southern part of the north basin and facilitated the stratigraphic linkage of the two basins. A shift in the regional tectonic environment in the mid Pliocene(?) created a second rift phase distinguished by more rapid subsidence and sediment accumulation in the north basin and by increased subsidence and extensive faulting in the central basin. The Barguzin delta ceased formation and parts of the old delta system were isolated within the north basin and on Academic Ridge. These isolated deltaic deposits provide a model for the development of hydrocarbon plays within ancient rift systems. In this second tectonic phase, the dominant sediment fill in the deeper and more rapidly subsiding north basin shifted from the flexural (eastern) margin to axial transport from the Upper Angara River at the north end of the basin. C1 US GEOL SURVEY,PALO ALTO,CA 94304. PP SHIRSHOV OCEANOL INST,SO BRANCH,GELENDZHIK,RUSSIA. RP Moore, TC (reprint author), UNIV MICHIGAN,DEPT GEOL SCI,1006 CC LITTLE BLDG,ANN ARBOR,MI 48109, USA. RI Moore, Theodore/N-8848-2014 OI Moore, Theodore/0000-0003-4121-1325 NR 47 TC 51 Z9 57 U1 3 U2 4 PU GEOLOGICAL SOC AMERICA PI BOULDER PA PO BOX 9140 3300 PENROSE PLACE, BOULDER, CO 80301 SN 0016-7606 J9 GEOL SOC AM BULL JI Geol. Soc. Am. Bull. PD JUN PY 1997 VL 109 IS 6 BP 746 EP 766 DI 10.1130/0016-7606(1997)109<0746:SASPIT>2.3.CO;2 PG 21 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA XC643 UT WOS:A1997XC64300009 ER PT J AU Crowley, JK Zimbelman, DR AF Crowley, JK Zimbelman, DR TI Mapping hydrothermally altered rocks on Mount Rainier, Washington, with Airborne Visible/Infrared Imaging Spectrometer (AVIRIS) data SO GEOLOGY LA English DT Article AB Mount Rainier has produced numerous Holocene debris flows, the largest of which contain clays and other minerals derived from hydrothermally altered rocks on the volcano's edifice. Imagery from an advanced airborne sensor mas used to map altered rocks at Mount Rainier and demonstrates their distinctly nonuniform distribution. The mapping of altered rocks helps to identify edifice failure surfaces and to recognize the source areas for the largest debris flow events. Remote sensing methods like those used at Mount Rainier can enhance ground-based mapping efforts and should prove useful for rapidly identifying hazardous sectors at other volcanoes. C1 MT RAINER NATL PK,ASHFORD,WA 98304. RP Crowley, JK (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,MS 954,RESTON,VA 22090, USA. NR 17 TC 52 Z9 54 U1 0 U2 9 PU GEOLOGICAL SOC AMERICA PI BOULDER PA PO BOX 9140 3300 PENROSE PLACE, BOULDER, CO 80301 SN 0091-7613 J9 GEOLOGY JI Geology PD JUN PY 1997 VL 25 IS 6 BP 559 EP 562 DI 10.1130/0091-7613(1997)025<0559:MHAROM>2.3.CO;2 PG 4 WC Geology SC Geology GA XC644 UT WOS:A1997XC64400020 ER PT J AU McGuire, AD Melillo, JM Kicklighter, DW Pan, YD Xiao, XM Helfrich, J Moore, B Vorosmarty, CJ Schloss, AL AF McGuire, AD Melillo, JM Kicklighter, DW Pan, YD Xiao, XM Helfrich, J Moore, B Vorosmarty, CJ Schloss, AL TI Equilibrium responses of global net primary production and carbon storage to doubled atmospheric carbon dioxide: Sensitivity to changes in vegetation nitrogen concentration SO GLOBAL BIOGEOCHEMICAL CYCLES LA English DT Article ID CHENOPODIUM-ALBUM L; USE EFFICIENCY; CO2 CONCENTRATION; GROWTH-RESPONSE; LEAF NITROGEN; PLANT-GROWTH; C-4 PLANTS; PHOTOSYNTHESIS; FORESTS; WATER AB We ran the terrestrial ecosystem model (TEM) for the globe at 0.5 degrees resolution for atmospheric CO2 concentrations of 340 and 680 parts per million by volume (ppmv) to evaluate global and regional responses of net primary production (NPP) and carbon storage to elevated CO2 for their sensitivity to changes in vegetation nitrogen concentration. At 340 ppmv, TEM estimated global NPP of 49.0 10(15) g (Pg) C yr(-1) and global total carbon storage of 1701.8 Pg C; the estimate of total carbon storage does not include the carbon content of inert soil organic matter. For the reference simulation in which doubled atmospheric CO2 was accompanied with no change in vegetation nitrogen concentration, global NPP increased 4.1 Pg C yr(-1) (8.3%), and global total carbon storage increased 114.2 Pg C. To examine sensitivity in the global responses of NPP and carbon storage to decreases in the nitrogen concentration of vegetation, we compared doubled CO2 responses of the reference TEM to simulations in which the vegetation nitrogen concentration was reduced without influencing decomposition dynamics (''lower N'' simulations) and to simulations in which reductions in vegetation nitrogen concentration influence decomposition dynamics (''lower N+D'' simulations). We conducted three lower N simulations and three lower N+D simulations in which we reduced the nitrogen concentration of vegetation by 7.5, 15.0, and 22.5%. In the lower N simulations, the response of global NPP to doubled atmospheric CO2 increased approximately 2 Pg C yr(-1) for each incremental 7.5% reduction in vegetation nitrogen concentration, and vegetation carbon increased approximately an additional 40 Pg C, and soil carbon increased an additional 30 Pg C, for a total carbon storage increase of approximately 70 Pg C. In the lower N+D simulations, the responses of NPP and vegetation carbon storage were relatively insensitive to differences in the reduction of nitrogen concentration, but soil carbon storage showed a large change. The insensitivity of NPP in the N+D simulations occurred because potential enhancements in NPP associated with reduced vegetation nitrogen concentration were approximately offset by lower nitrogen availability associated with the decomposition dynamics of reduced litter nitrogen concentration. For each 7.5% reduction in vegetation nitrogen concentration, soil carbon increased approximately an additional 60 Pg C, while vegetation carbon storage increased by only approximately 5 Pg C. As the reduction in vegetation nitrogen concentration gets greater in the lower N+D simulations, more of the additional carbon storage tends to become concentrated in the north temperate-boreal region in comparison to the tropics. Other studies with TEM show that elevated CO2 more than offsets the effects of climate change to cause increased carbon storage. The results of this study indicate that carbon storage would be enhanced by the influence of changes in plant nitrogen concentration on carbon assimilation and decomposition rates. Thus changes in vegetation nitrogen concentration may have important implications for the ability of the terrestrial biosphere to mitigate increases in the atmospheric concentration of CO2 and climate changes associated with the increases. C1 UNIV NEW HAMPSHIRE, INST STUDY EARTH OCEANS & SPACE, RES CTR COMPLEX SYST, DURHAM, NH 03824 USA. UNIV ALASKA, US GEOL SURVEY, ALASKA COOPERAT FISH & WILDLIFE RES UNIT, FAIRBANKS, AK 99701 USA. RP McGuire, AD (reprint author), MARINE BIOL LAB, CTR ECOSYST, WOODS HOLE, MA 02543 USA. RI Pan, Yude/F-6145-2015 NR 94 TC 122 Z9 138 U1 3 U2 25 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0886-6236 J9 GLOBAL BIOGEOCHEM CY JI Glob. Biogeochem. Cycle PD JUN PY 1997 VL 11 IS 2 BP 173 EP 189 DI 10.1029/97GB00059 PG 17 WC Environmental Sciences; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Geology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA XP160 UT WOS:A1997XP16000004 ER PT J AU Vroblesky, DA Hyde, WT AF Vroblesky, DA Hyde, WT TI Diffusion samplers as an inexpensive approach to monitoring VOCs in ground water SO GROUND WATER MONITORING AND REMEDIATION LA English DT Article ID WELL-PURGING PROCEDURES; CRITERIA; AQUIFER AB Diffusion samplers installed in observation wells were found to be capable of yielding representative water samples for chlorinated volatile organic compounds. The samplers consisted of polyethylene bags containing deionized water and relied on diffusion of chlorinated volatile organic compounds through the polyethylene membrane. The known ability of polyethylene to transmit other volatile compounds, such as benzene and toluene, indicates that the samplers can be used for a variety of volatile organic compounds. In wells at the study area, the volatile organic compound concentrations in water samples obtained using the samplers without prior purging were similar to concentrations in water samples obtained from the respective wells using traditional purging and sampling approaches. The low cost associated with this approach makes it a viable option for monitoring large observation-well networks for volatile organic compounds. C1 GE GAS TURBINE,GREENVILLE,SC 29602. RP Vroblesky, DA (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,720 GRACERN RD,STEPHENSON CTR,COLUMBIA,SC 29210, USA. NR 17 TC 39 Z9 40 U1 1 U2 7 PU GROUND WATER PUBLISHING CO PI WESTERVILLE PA 601 DEMPSEY RD, WESTERVILLE, OH 43081 SN 1069-3629 J9 GROUND WATER MONIT R JI Ground Water Monit. Remediat. PD SUM PY 1997 VL 17 IS 3 BP 177 EP 184 DI 10.1111/j.1745-6592.1997.tb00593.x PG 8 WC Water Resources SC Water Resources GA XR462 UT WOS:A1997XR46200013 ER PT J AU Pascho, RJ Goodrich, TD McKibben, CL AF Pascho, RJ Goodrich, TD McKibben, CL TI Evaluation by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) of Renibacterium salmoninarum bacterins affected by persistence of bacterial antigens SO JOURNAL OF AQUATIC ANIMAL HEALTH LA English DT Article ID SALMO-GAIRDNERI RICHARDSON; TROUT ONCORHYNCHUS-MYKISS; BROOD STOCK SEGREGATION; KIDNEY-DISEASE; CHINOOK SALMON; RAINBOW-TROUT; CAUSATIVE AGENT; SOLUBLE-ANTIGEN; TSHAWYTSCHA; FISH AB Rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss were injected intraperitoneally with a bacterin containing killed Renibacterium salmoninarum ells delivered alone or in an oil-based adjuvant. We evaluated the relative abilities of the bacterins to prevent the initiation or progression of infection in fish challenged by waterborne exposure to R. salmoninarum. Sixty-one days after vaccination, fish were held for 24 h in water containing either no bacteria or approximately 1.7 x 10(3), 1.7 x 10(5), or 5.3 x 10(6) live R. salmoninarum cells/mL. An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used to monitor changes in the levels of R. salmoninarum antigen in live fish before and after the immersion challenges. High levels of R. salmoninarum antigens were detected by ELISA in kidney-spleen tissue homogenates from vaccinated fish immediately before the challenges. Levels of those antigens remained high in the tissues of unchallenged fish throughout the study. We found that the ELISA used in this study may be unsuitable for evaluating the efficacy of bacterins because it did not distinguish antigens produced by the challenge bacteria during an infection from those of the bacterins. Groups of control and vaccinated fish also were injected with either 1.7 x 10(4) or 1.7 x 10(6) R. salmoninarum cells and served as R. salmoninarum virulence controls. Relative survival among the various subgroups in the injection challenge suggests that adverse effects might have been associated with the adjuvant used in this study. The lowest survival at both injection challenge levels was among fish vaccinated with bacteria in adjuvant. C1 ALPHARMA NW INC,BELLEVUE,WA 98005. RP Pascho, RJ (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,BIOL RESOURCES DIV,NW BIOL SCI CTR,6505 NE 65TH ST,SEATTLE,WA 98115, USA. NR 35 TC 25 Z9 25 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 SN 0899-7659 J9 J AQUAT ANIM HEALTH JI J. Aquat. Anim. Health PD JUN PY 1997 VL 9 IS 2 BP 99 EP 107 DI 10.1577/1548-8667(1997)009<0099:EBELIA>2.3.CO;2 PG 9 WC Fisheries; Veterinary Sciences SC Fisheries; Veterinary Sciences GA XN522 UT WOS:A1997XN52200003 ER PT J AU Cipriano, RC Ford, LA Smith, DR Schachte, JH Petrie, CJ AF Cipriano, RC Ford, LA Smith, DR Schachte, JH Petrie, CJ TI Differences in detection of Aeromonas salmonicida in covertly infected salmonid fishes by the stress-inducible furunculosis test and culture-based assays SO JOURNAL OF AQUATIC ANIMAL HEALTH LA English DT Article ID MUCUS AB Accurate detection of Aeromonas salmonicida subsp. salmonicida (the cause of furunculosis disease) in covertly infected salmonids is difficult and is a cause of concern for those involved in fish health inspection and resource management programs. In this study, we examined populations of brook trout Salvelinus fontinalis, Atlantic salmon Salmo saint; and lake trout Salvelinus namaycush that previously sustained natural episodes of furunculosis. Consequently. the sampled fish were presumed to harbor latent infections. Mucus, gill. liver, kidney, heart, spleen, and intestine samples (N = 100 fish per group sampled) were processed and examined by (1) diner dilution counts and (2) quadrant streaking after a 48-h pre-enrichment in trypticase soy broth (TSB). Another subsample of fish from each group was then subjected to stress-inducible furunculosis tests. Stress tests detected A. salmonicida in three of four groups of fish that were examined whereas the pathogen was detected in only two of the groups analyzed with culture-based assays. Although pre-enrichment in TSB enhanced detection within internal sampling sites including the liver, heart, spleen, and kidney, enrichment did not enhance detection from mucus, gill, or intestinal samples. C1 NEW YORK DEPT ENVIRONM CONSERVAT,FISH DIS CONTROL UNIT,ROME,NY 13440. RP Cipriano, RC (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,BIOL RES DIV,NATL FISH HLTH RES LAB,1700 LEETOWN RD,KEARNEYSVILLE,WV 25430, USA. NR 25 TC 5 Z9 6 U1 1 U2 4 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 SN 0899-7659 J9 J AQUAT ANIM HEALTH JI J. Aquat. Anim. Health PD JUN PY 1997 VL 9 IS 2 BP 108 EP 113 DI 10.1577/1548-8667(1997)009<0108:DIDOAS>2.3.CO;2 PG 6 WC Fisheries; Veterinary Sciences SC Fisheries; Veterinary Sciences GA XN522 UT WOS:A1997XN52200004 ER PT J AU Elliott, DG Pascho, RJ Jackson, LM Matthews, GM Harmon, JR AF Elliott, DG Pascho, RJ Jackson, LM Matthews, GM Harmon, JR TI Renibacterium salmoninarum in spring-summer Chinook salmon smelts at dams on the Columbia and Snake Rivers SO JOURNAL OF AQUATIC ANIMAL HEALTH LA English DT Article ID BACTERIAL KIDNEY-DISEASE; LINKED-IMMUNOSORBENT-ASSAY; FLUORESCENT-ANTIBODY TEST; BROOD STOCK SEGREGATION; ONCORHYNCHUS-TSHAWYTSCHA; TRANSMISSION; INFECTION; SEAWATER; PROGENY; TROUT AB We evaluated Renibacterium salmoninarum infection in smelts of hatchery and wild spring-summer chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha sampled during most of the out-migration at Little Goose (1988) and Lower Granite dams (1988-1991) on the Snake River and at Priest Rapids and McNary dams on the Columbia River(1988-1990). We sampled 860-2,178 fish per dam each year. Homogenates of kidney-spleen tissue from all fish were tested for the presence of R. salmoninarum antigens by the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and homogenates from 10%; of the fish were examined by the fluorescent antibody technique (FAT). Although only 1-11% of fish sampled at a given dam during any 1 year exhibited lesions characteristic of bacterial kidney disease, 86-100% of the fish tested positive for R. salmoninarum antigen by ELISA, whereas 4-17% of the fish tested positive by the FAT. During most years, a majority (68-87%) of fish testing positive by the ELISA had low R. salmoninarum antigen levels, but in 1989. 53% of positive fish from Lower Granite Dam and 52% from McNary Dam showed medium-to-high antigen levels. For most years, the highest mean antigen levels were measured in fish sampled after 75% of the total out-migrants had passed a given dam. When the largest numbers of fish were being collected for bypass or downriver transportation, mean antigen levels were relatively low. C1 NOAA,NATL MARINE FISHERIES SERV,NW FISHERIES CTR,SEATTLE,WA 98112. RP Elliott, DG (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,BIOL RESOURCES DIV,NW BIOL SCI CTR,6505 NE 65TH ST,SEATTLE,WA 98115, USA. NR 35 TC 35 Z9 35 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 SN 0899-7659 J9 J AQUAT ANIM HEALTH JI J. Aquat. Anim. Health PD JUN PY 1997 VL 9 IS 2 BP 114 EP 126 DI 10.1577/1548-8667(1997)009<0114:RSISSC>2.3.CO;2 PG 13 WC Fisheries; Veterinary Sciences SC Fisheries; Veterinary Sciences GA XN522 UT WOS:A1997XN52200005 ER PT J AU Blazer, VS Fabacher, DL Little, EE Ewing, MS Kocan, KM AF Blazer, VS Fabacher, DL Little, EE Ewing, MS Kocan, KM TI Effects of ultraviolet-B radiation on fish: Histologic comparison of a UVB-sensitive and a UVB-tolerant species SO JOURNAL OF AQUATIC ANIMAL HEALTH LA English DT Article ID SALMO-SALAR L; SACCIFORM CELLS; FINE-STRUCTURE; BROWN TROUT; CLUB CELLS; GENERAL ORGANIZATION; SALVELINUS-ALPINUS; SUNBURN LESIONS; ATLANTIC SALMON; ALARM SUBSTANCE AB Lahontan cutthroat trout Oncorhynchus clarki henshawi were sensitive to simulated solar ultraviolet-B radiation (UVB) and exhibited grossly visible signs of sunburn upon exposure. Razorback suckers Xyrauchen texanus, however. were tolerant to simulated solar UVB and showed no grossly visible signs of exposure. Cutthroat trout also had considerably less of an unidentified, possibly photoprotective, substance in the skin than did razorback suckers. In an attempt to characterize the cellular response to simulated solar UVR exposure in the skill of these two species. we examined sections from UVB-exposed fish by light and electron microscopy. Cutthroat trout showed grossly visible signs of sunburn by 48 h. Histologic observations included a sloughing of the mucous cells. necrosis and edema in the epidermis and dermis, and, in some cases, secondary fungal infections. Razorback suckers did not show any visible signs of sunburn during 72 h of experimental exposure. Histologic analyses revealed that cell necrosis had occurred. but the severe necrosis and sloughing noted in cutthroat trout was not observed. An increase in epidermal thickness, apparently due to hypertrophy and hyperplasia of large PAS-negative calls, occurred in the razorback suckers. These cells contained a large central region of low electron density and appeared to he club cells. In some, extensive interdigitation of the electron-lucent cytoplasm with adjacent epithelial cell margins occurred. Near the surface of the epidermis these cells were larger and the interface with epithelial cells lacked complex interdigitation. These cells may contain the substance that appears To protect razorback suckers against UV-B radiation. C1 US GEOL SURVEY,BIOL RESOURCES DIV,MIDWEST SCI CTR,COLUMBIA,MO 65201. OKLAHOMA STATE UNIV,DEPT ZOOL,STILLWATER,OK 74078. OKLAHOMA STATE UNIV,ANAT PATHOL & PHARMACOL DEPT,STILLWATER,OK 74078. RP Blazer, VS (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,BIOL RESOURCES DIV,NATL FISH HLTH RES LAB,LEETOWN SCI CTR,1700 LEETOWN RD,KEARNEYSVILLE,WV 25430, USA. NR 43 TC 55 Z9 57 U1 0 U2 9 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 SN 0899-7659 J9 J AQUAT ANIM HEALTH JI J. Aquat. Anim. Health PD JUN PY 1997 VL 9 IS 2 BP 132 EP 143 DI 10.1577/1548-8667(1997)009<0132:EOUBRO>2.3.CO;2 PG 12 WC Fisheries; Veterinary Sciences SC Fisheries; Veterinary Sciences GA XN522 UT WOS:A1997XN52200007 ER PT J AU Chen, TH Henderson-Sellers, A Milly, PCD Pitman, AJ Beljaars, ACM Polcher, J Abramopoulos, F Boone, A Chang, S Chen, F Dai, Y Desborough, CE Dickinson, RE Dumenil, L Ek, M Garratt, JR Gedney, N Gusev, YM Kim, J Koster, R Kowalczyk, EA Laval, K Lean, J Lettenmaier, D Liang, X Mahfouf, JF Mengelkamp, HT Mitchell, K Nasonova, ON Noilhan, J Robock, A Rosenzweig, C Schaake, J Schlosser, CA Schulz, JP Shao, Y Shmakin, AB Verseghy, DL Wetzel, P Wood, EF Xue, Y Yang, ZL Zeng, Q AF Chen, TH Henderson-Sellers, A Milly, PCD Pitman, AJ Beljaars, ACM Polcher, J Abramopoulos, F Boone, A Chang, S Chen, F Dai, Y Desborough, CE Dickinson, RE Dumenil, L Ek, M Garratt, JR Gedney, N Gusev, YM Kim, J Koster, R Kowalczyk, EA Laval, K Lean, J Lettenmaier, D Liang, X Mahfouf, JF Mengelkamp, HT Mitchell, K Nasonova, ON Noilhan, J Robock, A Rosenzweig, C Schaake, J Schlosser, CA Schulz, JP Shao, Y Shmakin, AB Verseghy, DL Wetzel, P Wood, EF Xue, Y Yang, ZL Zeng, Q TI Cabauw experimental results from the project for intercomparison of land-surface parameterization schemes SO JOURNAL OF CLIMATE LA English DT Article ID ANNUAL WATER-BALANCE; SOIL-MOISTURE; BIOSPHERE MODEL; BOUNDARY-LAYER; ECMWF MODEL; CLIMATE; HYDROLOGY; STORAGE; FLUXES; GCMS AB In the Project for Intercomparison of Land-Surface Parameterization Schemes phase 2a experiment, meteorological data for the year 1987 from Cabauw, the Netherlands, were used as inputs to 23 land-surface flux schemes designed for use in climate and weather models. Schemes were evaluated by comparing their outputs with long-term measurements of surface sensible heat fluxes into the atmosphere and the ground, and of upward longwave radiation and total net radiative fluxes, and also comparing them with latent heat fluxes derived from a surface energy balance. Tuning of schemes by use of the observed flux data was not permitted. On an annual basis, the predicted surface radiative temperature exhibits a range of 2 K across schemes, consistent with the range of about 10 W m(-2) in predicted surface net radiation. Most modeled values of monthly net radiation differ from the observations by less than the estimated maximum monthly observational error (+/-10 W m(-2)). However, modeled radiative surface temperature appears to have a systematic positive bias in most schemes; this might be explained by an error in assumed emissivity and by models' neglect of canopy thermal heterogeneity. Annual means of sensible and latent heat fluxes, into which net radiation is partitioned, have ranges across schemes of 30 W m(-2) and 25 W m(-2), respectively. Annual totals of evapotranspiration and runoff, into which the precipitation is partitioned, both have ranges of 315 mm. These ranges in annual heat and water fluxes were approximately halved upon exclusion of the three schemes that have no stomatal resistance under non-water-stressed conditions. Many schemes tend to underestimate latent heat flux and overestimate sensible heat flux in summer, with a reverse tendency in winter. For six schemes, root-mean-square deviations of predictions from monthly observations are less than the estimated upper bounds on observation errors (5 W m(-2) for sensible heat flux and 10 W m(-2) for latent heat flux). Actual runoff at the site is believed to be dominated by vertical drainage to groundwater, but several schemes produced significant amounts of runoff as overland flow or interflow. There is a range across schemes of 184 mm (40% of total pore volume) in the simulated annual mean root-zone soil moisture. Unfortunately, no measurements of soil moisture were available for model evaluation. A theoretical analysis suggested that differences in boundary conditions used in various schemes are not sufficient to explain the large variance in soil moisture. However, many of the extreme values of soil moisture could be explained in terms of the particulars of experimental setup or excessive evapotranspiration. C1 MACQUARIE UNIV, CLIMAT IMPACTS CTR, SYDNEY, NSW 2109, AUSTRALIA. US GEOL SURVEY, PRINCETON, NJ USA. NOAA, GEOPHYS FLUID DYNAM LAB, PRINCETON, NJ USA. ROYAL NETHERLANDS METEOROL INST, NL-3730 AE DE BILT, NETHERLANDS. CNRS, METEOROL DYNAM LAB, PARIS, FRANCE. SCI SYST & APPLICAT INC, NEW YORK, NY USA. NASA, GODDARD SPACE FLIGHT CTR, MESOSCALE DYNAM & PRECIPITAT BRANCH, GREENBELT, MD 20771 USA. PHILLIPS LAB, GPAB, HANSCOM AFB, MA USA. NOAA, DEV DIV, NATL CTR ENVIRONM PREDICT, CAMP SPRINGS, MD USA. CHINESE ACAD SCI, INST ATMOSPHER PHYS, BEIJING, PEOPLES R CHINA. UNIV ARIZONA, INST ATMOSPHER PHYS, TUCSON, AZ 85721 USA. MAX PLANCK INST METEOROL, HAMBURG, GERMANY. CSIRO, DIV ATMOSPHER RES, ASPENDALE, VIC 3195, AUSTRALIA. UNIV READING, DEPT METEOROL, READING, BERKS, ENGLAND. RUSSIAN ACAD SCI, INST WATER PROBLEMS, MOSCOW 103064, RUSSIA. LAWRENCE LIVERMORE NATL LAB, LIVERMORE, CA USA. NASA, GODDARD SPACE FLIGHT CTR, HYDROL SCI BRANCH, GREENBELT, MD 20771 USA. METEOROL OFF, HADLEY CTR CLIMATE PREDICT & RES, BRACKNELL, BERKS, ENGLAND. UNIV WASHINGTON, DEPT CIVIL ENGN, SEATTLE, WA 98195 USA. PRINCETON UNIV, DEPT CIVIL ENGN & OPERAT RES, PRINCETON, NJ 08544 USA. ECMWF, READING, BERKS, ENGLAND. GKSS FORSCHUNGSZENTRUM GEESTHACHT GMBH, INST ATMOSPHER PHYS, GEESTHACHT, GERMANY. METEO FRANCE, CNRM, TOULOUSE, FRANCE. UNIV MARYLAND, DEPT METEOROL, COLLEGE PK, MD 20742 USA. NATL WEATHER SERV, NOAA, OFF HYDROL, SILVER SPRING, MD USA. UNIV NEW S WALES, CTR ADV NUMER COMPUTAT ENGN & SCI, SYDNEY, NSW, AUSTRALIA. INST GEOG, MOSCOW, RUSSIA. ATMOSPHER ENVIRONM SERV, CLIMATE RES BRANCH, DOWNSVIEW, ON, CANADA. CTR OCEAN LAND ATMOSPHERE STUDIES, CALVERTON, MD USA. RI Shao, Yaping/G-3606-2013; Dai, Yongjiu/D-6261-2014; Yang, Zong-Liang/B-4916-2011; Pitman, Andrew/A-7353-2011; Henderson-Sellers, Ann/H-5323-2011; Koster, Randal/F-5881-2012; Chen, Fei/B-1747-2009; lettenmaier, dennis/F-8780-2011; Nasonova, Olga/B-6093-2014; gusev, yugeniy/G-4711-2014; Robock, Alan/B-6385-2016; OI Shao, Yaping/0000-0002-2041-5479; Dai, Yongjiu/0000-0002-3588-6644; Pitman, Andrew/0000-0003-0604-3274; Koster, Randal/0000-0001-6418-6383; lettenmaier, dennis/0000-0003-3317-1327; gusev, yugeniy/0000-0003-3886-2143; Wood, Eric/0000-0001-7037-9675 NR 49 TC 229 Z9 245 U1 3 U2 28 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0894-8755 EI 1520-0442 J9 J CLIMATE JI J. Clim. PD JUN PY 1997 VL 10 IS 6 BP 1194 EP 1215 DI 10.1175/1520-0442(1997)010<1194:CERFTP>2.0.CO;2 PG 22 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA XJ208 UT WOS:A1997XJ20800004 ER PT J AU Stone, GW Williams, SJ Burruss, AE AF Stone, GW Williams, SJ Burruss, AE TI Louisiana's barrier islands: An evaluation of their geological evolution, morphodynamics and rapid deterioration SO JOURNAL OF COASTAL RESEARCH LA English DT Editorial Material C1 US GEOL SURVEY,COASTAL & MARINE GEOL PROGRAM,RESTON,VA 20192. COALIT RESTORE COASTAL LOUISIANA,BATON ROUGE,LA 70801. RP Stone, GW (reprint author), LOUISIANA STATE UNIV,INST COASTAL STUDIES,BATON ROUGE,LA 70803, USA. NR 0 TC 5 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 0 PU COASTAL EDUCATION & RESEARCH FOUNDATION PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH STREET, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 SN 0749-0208 J9 J COASTAL RES JI J. Coast. Res. PD SUM PY 1997 VL 13 IS 3 BP 591 EP 592 PG 2 WC Environmental Sciences; Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Physical Geography; Geology GA XQ326 UT WOS:A1997XQ32600001 ER PT J AU Williams, SJ Stone, GW Burruss, AE AF Williams, SJ Stone, GW Burruss, AE TI A perspective on the Louisiana wetland loss and coastal erosion problem SO JOURNAL OF COASTAL RESEARCH LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Workshop on Louisianas Barrier Islands - An Evaluation of Their Geological Evolution, Morphodynamics and Rapid Deterioration CY APR, 1995 CL NEW ORLEANS, LA C1 LOUISIANA STATE UNIV,INST COASTAL STUDIES,BATON ROUGE,LA 70803. LOUISIANA STATE UNIV,DEPT OCEANOG & COASTAL SCI,BATON ROUGE,LA 70803. COALIT RESTORE COASTAL LOUISIANA,BATON ROUGE,LA 70801. RP Williams, SJ (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,COASTAL & MARINE GEOL PROGRAM,959 NATL CTR,RESTON,VA 22902, USA. NR 0 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 1 U2 4 PU COASTAL EDUCATION & RESEARCH FOUNDATION PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH STREET, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 SN 0749-0208 J9 J COASTAL RES JI J. Coast. Res. PD SUM PY 1997 VL 13 IS 3 BP 593 EP 594 PG 2 WC Environmental Sciences; Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Physical Geography; Geology GA XQ326 UT WOS:A1997XQ32600002 ER PT J AU Stone, GW Grymes, JM Dingler, JR Pepper, DA AF Stone, GW Grymes, JM Dingler, JR Pepper, DA TI Overview and significance of hurricanes on the Louisiana coast, USA SO JOURNAL OF COASTAL RESEARCH LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Workshop on Louisianas Barrier Islands - An Evaluation of Their Geological Evolution, Morphodynamics and Rapid Deterioration CY APR, 1995 CL NEW ORLEANS, LA DE hurricanes; Hurricane Andrew; Louisiana; storm surge; overwash; beach erosion; numerical modeling AB Hurricanes have played a critical role in the transgressive evolution of Louisiana's barrier islands and may account for up to 90% of shoreline retreat measured within the historic (10(2) years) time frame. Since 1901, some 55 tropical storms or hurricanes have made landfall along the Louisiana coast showing the highest incidence in September. Fewest landfalls have been recorded along the eastern region of Louisiana with the incidence being double that along the southcentral and southwest regions of the State, Approximately half the total number of tropical cyclone landfalls occurred in a thirty year period between 1931 and 1960, bounded by two of the 'quietist' decades of the past one hundred years; 1921-1930 with two direct landfalls, and 1961-1970 with two landfalls. Review of intensities of storms making landfall along the U.S. mainland through 1992 shows that 11 of the 50 strongest storms have impacted Louisiana. Given that the foredune elevation along the Louisiana coast seldom exceeds 2m above sea level, the significance of overwash processes and inlet breaching becomes readily apparent. Episodic landward translation of the beach of near 100 m is typical during stronger hurricanes. Post-storm recovery of the barrier islands has been thwarted by a reduction of sediment supplied to the littoral zone over time, subsidence, rapid relative sea-level rise and anthropogenic activity. Consequently, Louisiana's barrier islands are predisposed towards chronic erosion and land loss. Although hurricanes have proven destructive along the open coast, they have resulted in considerable deposition on portions of Louisiana's marshes. Examples include over 70 cm of mixed organic and inorganic debris accumulating after Hurricane Audrey (1957) and up to 16 cm of vertical accretion after Hurricane Andrew (1992). However, ongoing work suggests that substrate compression during storm passage may significantly reduce, or nullify, the effect of storm deposition on the marshes' long-term net elevation gain. Areas of floating marsh undergo considerable damage during severe hurricanes. Predictions of future wave and storm surge accompanying severe hurricanes (category 5) indicate that significant waves heights between 1 and 2 m can be anticipated as far inland as New Orleans, A gradual landward shift of larger waves is predicted with time due to the disappearance of barrier islands and coastal retreat. Wave heights up to 4 m are predicted in Lake Ponchartrain, located immediately north of New Orleans, for a category 5 hurricane making landfall along the Isles Dernieres. On considering that modeled surge levels increase from around 4 m to 7 m along the lake's northern shore, a hurricane of this magnitude Hill likely cause severe destruction and evacuation problems for the City of New Orleans and surrounding metropolitan areas. C1 LOUISIANA STATE UNIV,DEPT OCEANOG & COASTAL SCI,BATON ROUGE,LA 70803. LOUISIANA STATE UNIV,LOUISIANA OFF STATE CLIMATOL,SO REG CLIMATE CTR,BATON ROUGE,LA 70803. US GEOL SURVEY,MENLO PK,CA 94025. LOUISIANA STATE UNIV,DEPT GEOG & ANTHROPOL,BATON ROUGE,LA 70803. RP Stone, GW (reprint author), LOUISIANA STATE UNIV,INST COASTAL STUDIES,BATON ROUGE,LA 70803, USA. NR 33 TC 70 Z9 71 U1 1 U2 19 PU COASTAL EDUCATION & RESEARCH FOUNDATION PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH STREET, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 SN 0749-0208 J9 J COASTAL RES JI J. Coast. Res. PD SUM PY 1997 VL 13 IS 3 BP 656 EP 669 PG 14 WC Environmental Sciences; Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Physical Geography; Geology GA XQ326 UT WOS:A1997XQ32600006 ER PT J AU List, JH Jaffe, BE Sallenger, AH Hansen, ME AF List, JH Jaffe, BE Sallenger, AH Hansen, ME TI Bathymetric comparisons adjacent to the Louisiana barrier islands: Processes of large-scale change SO JOURNAL OF COASTAL RESEARCH LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Workshop on Louisianas Barrier Islands - An Evaluation of Their Geological Evolution, Morphodynamics and Rapid Deterioration CY APR, 1995 CL NEW ORLEANS, LA DE erosion; sea-floor change; sediment budget; sea-level rise; ebb-tidal delta; Louisiana; Mississippi Delta ID SEA-LEVEL RISE; DELTA PLAIN; SHORELINE; SAND AB This paper summarizes the results of a comparative bathymetric study encompassing 150 km of the Louisiana barrier-island coast. Bathymetric data surrounding the islands and extending to 12 m mater depth were processed from three survey periods: the 1880s, the 1930s, and the 1980s. Digital comparisons between surveys show large-scale, coherent patterns of sea-floor erosion and accretion related to the rapid erosion and disintegration of the islands. Analysis of she sea-door data reveals two primary processes driving this change: massive longshore transport, in the littoral zone and at shoreface depths: and increased sediment storage in ebb-tidal deltas. Relative sea-level rise, although extraordinarily high in the study area, is shown to be an indirect factor in causing the area's rapid shoreline retreat rates. C1 US GEOL SURVEY,MENLO PK,CA 94025. US GEOL SURVEY,ST PETERSBURG,FL 33701. RP List, JH (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,384 WOODS HOLE RD,WOODS HOLE,MA 02543, USA. RI Jaffe, Bruce/A-9979-2012 OI Jaffe, Bruce/0000-0002-8816-5920 NR 23 TC 18 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 2 PU COASTAL EDUCATION & RESEARCH FOUNDATION PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH STREET, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 SN 0749-0208 J9 J COASTAL RES JI J. Coast. Res. PD SUM PY 1997 VL 13 IS 3 BP 670 EP 678 PG 9 WC Environmental Sciences; Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Physical Geography; Geology GA XQ326 UT WOS:A1997XQ32600007 ER PT J AU Lidz, BH Shinn, EA Hine, AC Locker, SD AF Lidz, BH Shinn, EA Hine, AC Locker, SD TI Contrasts within an outlier-reef system: Evidence for differential Quaternary evolution, South Florida windward margin, USA SO JOURNAL OF COASTAL RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE Florida Keys and reef tract (USA); arcuate paleomargin; antecedent Pleistocene bedrock topography; upper-slope bedrock terrace; stillstand beach-dune ridges; sea-level fluctuations; protective rock-island barriers; Pleistocene and Holocene coral-reef distribution and thickness; effects of energy regime, sediment availability, sedimentary patterns, and water quality on reef vitality; hydrocarbon traps ID MARINE-SANCTUARY; BAHAMA BANK; KEY-LARGO; CORAL; ACCUMULATION; RECORD; GROWTH; RATES; MODEL; SEA AB Closely spaced, high-resolution, seismic-reflection profiles acquired off the upper Florida Keys (i.e., north) reveal a platform-margin reef-and-trough system grossly similar to, yet quite different from, that previously described off the lower Keys (i.e., south). Profiles and maps generated for both areas show that development was controlled by antecedent Pleistocene topography (presence or absence of an upper-slope bedrock terrace), sediment availability, fluctuating sea level, and coral growth rate and distribution. The north terrace is sediment-covered and exhibits linear, buried, low-relief, seismic features of unknown character and origin. The south terrace is essentially sediment-free and supports multiple, massive, high-relief outlier reefs. Uranium disequilibrium series dates on outlier-reef corals indicate a Pleistocene age (similar to 83-80 ka). A massive Pleistocene reef with both aggradational (north) and progradational (south) aspects forms the modern margin escarpment landward of the terrace. Depending upon interpretation (the north margin-escarpment reef may or may not be an outlier reef), the north margin is either more advanced or less advanced than the south margin. During Holocene sea-level rise, Pleistocene bedrock was inundated earlier and faster first to the north (deeper offbank terrace), then to the south (deeper platform surface). Holocene overgrowth is thick (8 m) on the north outer-bank reefs but thin (0.3 m) on the south outlier reefs. Differential evolution resulted from interplay between fluctuating sea level and energy regime established by prevailing east-southeasterly winds and waves along an arcuate (ENE-WSW) platform margin. C1 UNIV S FLORIDA,DEPT MARINE SCI,ST PETERSBURG,FL 33701. RP Lidz, BH (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,600 4TH ST S,ST PETERSBURG,FL 33701, USA. NR 64 TC 22 Z9 25 U1 0 U2 2 PU COASTAL EDUCATION & RESEARCH FOUNDATION PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH STREET, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 SN 0749-0208 J9 J COASTAL RES JI J. Coast. Res. PD SUM PY 1997 VL 13 IS 3 BP 711 EP 731 PG 21 WC Environmental Sciences; Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Physical Geography; Geology GA XQ326 UT WOS:A1997XQ32600012 ER PT J AU Kuletz, KJ Marks, DK AF Kuletz, KJ Marks, DK TI Post-fledging behavior of a radio-tagged juvenile Marbled Murrelet SO JOURNAL OF FIELD ORNITHOLOGY LA English DT Article AB We used telemetry to follow a Marbled Murrelet (Brachyramphus marmoratus) for 2 wk after it fledged in Prince William Sound, Alaska. Between 12 (fledging date) and 26 Aug. 1994 we made 12 relocations on 9 days. The chick fledged after 0100 h and was first located at 1020 h of the same morning, 12 km from the nest. Subsequent movements were within a 12 km(2) area, primarily along 4 km of shoreline. Average distance between consecutive relocations was 3.2 km (SD = 3.3), or 1.7 km (SD = 1.5) not including the first relocation. The juvenile was usually < 100 m from shore in water < 30 m deep or < 200 m from shore in water 50-210 m deep. Its movements often corresponded to tidal flux. RP Kuletz, KJ (reprint author), US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,1011 E TUDOR RD,ANCHORAGE,AK 99503, USA. NR 7 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU ASSOC FIELD ORNITHOLOGISTS PI STATESBORO PA GEORGIA SOUTHERN UNIV, DEPT BIOLOGY, STATESBORO, GA 30460-8042 SN 0273-8570 J9 J FIELD ORNITHOL JI J. Field Ornithol. PD SUM PY 1997 VL 68 IS 3 BP 421 EP 425 PG 5 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA XN790 UT WOS:A1997XN79000012 ER PT J AU Cope, WG Bartsch, MR Hayden, RR AF Cope, WG Bartsch, MR Hayden, RR TI Longitudinal patterns in abundance of the zebra mussel (Dreissena polymorpha) in the upper Mississippi River SO JOURNAL OF FRESHWATER ECOLOGY LA English DT Article ID IMPACT; DISPERSAL; BIVALVES AB We assessed the abundance of zebra mussels in the upper Mississippi River during 1995, four years after they were first found in the river. Samplers were deployed from May 30 to October 19, 1995, at 19 lock and dam facilities in the upper Mississippi River from Minneapolis, Minnesota, to Muscatine, Iowa. Zebra mussels were found at every lock and dam except the two sites farthest upstream (Minneapolis). Generally, densities of zebra mussels were greatest at sites 161 km and farther downstream of the Minneapolis area. The greatest mean mussel density was 11,432/m(2) at Fulton, Illinois. RP Cope, WG (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,BIOL RESOURCES DIV,UPPER MISSISSIPPI SCI CTR,POB 818,LA CROSSE,WI 54602, USA. OI Bartsch, Michelle/0000-0002-9571-5564 NR 9 TC 20 Z9 20 U1 0 U2 5 PU OIKOS PUBL INC PI LA CROSSE PA PO BOX 2558, LA CROSSE, WI 54601 SN 0270-5060 J9 J FRESHWATER ECOL JI J. Freshw. Ecol. PD JUN PY 1997 VL 12 IS 2 BP 235 EP 238 DI 10.1080/02705060.1997.9663531 PG 4 WC Ecology; Limnology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA WZ073 UT WOS:A1997WZ07300008 ER PT J AU Rider, SJ Margraf, FJ AF Rider, SJ Margraf, FJ TI Dynamics of ichthyoplankton in the Kanawha River, West Virginia SO JOURNAL OF FRESHWATER ECOLOGY LA English DT Article ID UPPER MISSISSIPPI RIVER; FISH LARVAE AB Ichthyoplankton distribution and abundance were examined in the upper Kanawha River in the main channel, main-channel border (nearshore), and shoreline habitats. Drift of larval fish was comprised of 25 taxa distributed among 11 families and occurred from early April to late August, with peak densities in early June. Fish larvae appeared and densities peaked at water temperatures of 8.5 degrees C and 22 degrees C, respectively. Larval freshwater drum (Aplodinotus grunniens) was the most abundant taxa followed by Clupeidae, common carp (Cyprinus carpio), and other Cyprinidae. Clupeidae, common carp, and freshwater drum dominated main channel and nearshore collections. Cyprinidae, Catostomidae, and bluegill sunfish (Lepomis macrochirus) dominated shoreline collections. Most fish larvae (99%) collected in the main channel and nearshore habitats were protolarvae, while the larger larvae, meso- and metalarvae, were more abundant along the shoreline. In the main channel, fish larvae and eggs were generally distributed throughout the water column, but at times were more abundant on the bottom. Generally, larval fish densities were lower in the main channel compared to nearshore habitats. C1 W VIRGINIA UNIV,US GEOL SURVEY,BIOL RESOURCES DIV,W VIRGINIA COOPERAT FISH & WILDLIFE RES UNIT,MORGANTOWN,WV 26506. NR 42 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 1 U2 3 PU OIKOS PUBL INC PI LA CROSSE PA PO BOX 2558, LA CROSSE, WI 54601 SN 0270-5060 J9 J FRESHWATER ECOL JI J. Freshw. Ecol. PD JUN PY 1997 VL 12 IS 2 BP 239 EP 251 DI 10.1080/02705060.1997.9663532 PG 13 WC Ecology; Limnology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA WZ073 UT WOS:A1997WZ07300009 ER PT J AU LaVoie, WJ Hubert, WA AF LaVoie, WJ Hubert, WA TI Late summer and fall use of stream margins by young-of-year brown trout in a high-elevation stream SO JOURNAL OF FRESHWATER ECOLOGY LA English DT Article ID HABITAT UTILIZATION; STEELHEAD TROUT; ATLANTIC SALMON; IDAHO; RIVER; KISUTCH; TRUTTA AB We determined the relative abundance of young-of-year (YOY) brown trout (Salmo trutta) from late summer to fall during day and night in stream margin habitats of Douglas Creek, Wyoming. No significant differences in relative abundance were observed from August 14 through October 26. Few YOY brown trout were observed during the day over the entire sampling period, but significantly greater numbers were seen at night. Within stream margins, YOY brown trout of 36-75 mm total length primarily resided in concealment cover among interstices of cobble during the day and emerged at night. Because no significant change in relative abundance was observed throughout the study period, we conclude that a shift to winter habitat did not occur up until three days prior to ice formation when the diurnal range in water temperature was 2.5-7.5 degrees C. C1 UNIV WYOMING,WYOMING COOPERAT FISH & WILDLIFE RES UNIT,US GEOL SURVEY,LARAMIE,WY 82071. NR 31 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 1 PU OIKOS PUBL INC PI LA CROSSE PA PO BOX 2558, LA CROSSE, WI 54601 SN 0270-5060 J9 J FRESHWATER ECOL JI J. Freshw. Ecol. PD JUN PY 1997 VL 12 IS 2 BP 291 EP 302 DI 10.1080/02705060.1997.9663536 PG 12 WC Ecology; Limnology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA WZ073 UT WOS:A1997WZ07300013 ER PT J AU Tillma, JS Milligan, J Guy, CS AF Tillma, JS Milligan, J Guy, CS TI Catch rates and size structure of two ictalurids sampled with different sizes of hoop nets SO JOURNAL OF FRESHWATER ECOLOGY LA English DT Article AB Hoop nets with initial openings of 0.6 m and 0.8 m were set in a Missouri River tributary stream to determine if catch per unit effort (CPUE) and size structure [length (mm)] of channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus and flathead catfish Pylodictus olivaris differed between the two sizes of nets, set baited or unbaited. Catch per unit effort for channel catfish varied from 0 to 12 and was higher in 0.6-m hoop nets independent of bait; however, CPUE was only significantly higher in unbaited 0.6-m hoop nets ((P) under bar = 0.03). Length of channel catfish captured in unbaited 0.6-m hoop nets was significantly ((P) under bar = 0.03) lower than in unbaited 0.8-m hoop nets. Similar trends were observed for flathead catfish; however, sample sizes were low and subsequently statistical power (1-beta) was less than or equal to 0.13. Nevertheless, these data indicate that standardizing initial hoop size is important, especially if comparative information is sought. C1 US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,COLUMBIA,MO 65201. RP Tillma, JS (reprint author), KANSAS STATE UNIV,KANSAS COOPERAT FISH & WILDLIFE RES UNIT,MANHATTAN,KS 66506, USA. NR 12 TC 3 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 1 PU OIKOS PUBL INC PI LA CROSSE PA PO BOX 2558, LA CROSSE, WI 54601 SN 0270-5060 J9 J FRESHWATER ECOL JI J. Freshw. Ecol. PD JUN PY 1997 VL 12 IS 2 BP 315 EP 319 DI 10.1080/02705060.1997.9663538 PG 5 WC Ecology; Limnology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA WZ073 UT WOS:A1997WZ07300015 ER PT J AU Allen, CR Rice, KG Wojcik, DP Percival, HF AF Allen, CR Rice, KG Wojcik, DP Percival, HF TI Effect of red imported fire ant envenomization on neonatal American alligators SO JOURNAL OF HERPETOLOGY LA English DT Article ID NORTHERN BOBWHITE; SIZE; TEXAS C1 UNIV FLORIDA,DEPT WILDLIFE ECOL & CONSERVAT,GAINESVILLE,FL 32611. USDA ARS,CTR MED AGR & VET ENTOMOL,GAINESVILLE,FL 32604. RP Allen, CR (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,FLORIDA COOPERAT FISH & WILDLIFE RES UNIT,BIOL RESOURCES DIV,GAINESVILLE,FL 32611, USA. NR 29 TC 35 Z9 37 U1 0 U2 7 PU SOC STUDY AMPHIBIANS REPTILES PI ATHENS PA OHIO UNIV, DEPT ZOOLOGY, ATHENS, OH 45701 SN 0022-1511 J9 J HERPETOL JI J. Herpetol. PD JUN PY 1997 VL 31 IS 2 BP 318 EP 321 DI 10.2307/1565408 PG 4 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA YJ611 UT WOS:A1997YJ61100025 ER PT J AU Hjalmarson, HW Phillips, JV AF Hjalmarson, HW Phillips, JV TI Potential effects of translatory waves on estimation of peak flows SO JOURNAL OF HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING-ASCE LA English DT Article AB During the afternoon of August 19, 1971, an intense thunderstorm a few miles southwest of Wikieup, Arizona, produced one of the largest known flood peaks for a 49.2-square-km drainage basin. Initial computations of the peak discharge assumed stable flow conditions and a four-section slope area measurement indicated that discharge was 2,082 m(3)/s. Recent findings based on free-surface instability characteristics at the site suggest that gravitational forces exceeded boundary retarding forces, and flow in the wide sand channel was unstable. Computations for roll or translatory waves indicate that waves crashed into the highway bridge at velocities of as much as 12.5 m/s. The close agreement of free surface instability results, translatory wave computations, estimates of the steady flow on which the translatory waves traveled, and an eyewitness account of the translatory waves suggest the total peak discharge could have been 2,742 m(3)/s or 32% greater than the published discharge. The occurrence of translatory waves in natural channels may be more common than previously thought, and instability criteria should be considered for hydraulic analysis of flow in steep smooth channels. C1 US GEOL SURVEY,WRD,TEMPE,AZ 85281. RP Hjalmarson, HW (reprint author), CONSULTING HYDRO,HC75 BOX 3558,CAMP VERDE,AZ 86322, USA. NR 22 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU ASCE-AMER SOC CIVIL ENGINEERS PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017-2398 SN 0733-9429 J9 J HYDRAUL ENG-ASCE JI J. Hydraul. Eng.-ASCE PD JUN PY 1997 VL 123 IS 6 BP 571 EP 575 DI 10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9429(1997)123:6(571) PG 5 WC Engineering, Civil; Engineering, Mechanical; Water Resources SC Engineering; Water Resources GA XA489 UT WOS:A1997XA48900011 ER PT J AU Spahr, NE Wynn, KH AF Spahr, NE Wynn, KH TI Nitrogen and phosphorus in surface waters of the upper Colorado River basin SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN WATER RESOURCES ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article DE water quality; nutrients; nitrogen; phosphorus; Colorado River ID QUALITY; CATCHMENTS; NUTRIENTS; STREAMS AB As part of a basinwide water-quality study, nitrogen and phosphorus data for the Upper Colorado River Basin from the Colorado-Utah State line to the Continental Divide were analyzed for spatial distributions, concentrations associated with various land uses, and temporal trends. Nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations generally increased in a downstream direction. Some nutrient concentrations were elevated at some sites in the upper parts of the basin in areas influenced by increasing urbanization. Sites were grouped according to land use and site type, and median nutrient concentrations were compared among groups. Sites within the agricultural areas of the basin generally had the highest concentrations of nitrogen and phosphorus; concentrations for mainstem, tributary and urbanization sites were slightly lower than for the agricultural sites. Background sites, or sites with minimal land-use impacts, had very low median nutrient concentrations. Several sites with long-term data were analyzed for temporal trends in concentrations. Several statistically significant downward trends of low and moderate magnitude were observed for nitrogen and phosphorus species. No upward trends were observed in the data at any site. RP Spahr, NE (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,DENVER FED CTR,COLORADO DIST,MS 415,BOX 25046,LAKEWOOD,CO 80225, USA. NR 23 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 2 U2 11 PU AMER WATER RESOURCES ASSOC PI HERNDON PA 950 HERNDON PARKWAY SUITE 300, HERNDON, VA 20170-5531 SN 0043-1370 J9 J AM WATER RESOUR AS JI J. Am. Water Resour. Assoc. PD JUN PY 1997 VL 33 IS 3 BP 547 EP 560 DI 10.1111/j.1752-1688.1997.tb03531.x PG 14 WC Engineering, Environmental; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Engineering; Geology; Water Resources GA XD799 UT WOS:A1997XD79900004 ER PT J AU McMahon, G Woodside, MD AF McMahon, G Woodside, MD TI Nutrient mass balance for the Albemarle-Pamlico drainage basin, North Carolina and Virginia, 1990 SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN WATER RESOURCES ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article DE mass balance; nutrients outputs; nutrient inputs; nutrient flux; nonpoint source pollution; water quality ID CONSTITUENT LOADS; CHESAPEAKE BAY; POLLUTION; NITROGEN; ESTUARY AB A 1990 nitrogen and phosphorus mass balance calculated for eight National Stream Quality Accounting Network (NASQAN) basins in the Albemarle-Pamlico Drainage Basin indicated the importance of agricultural nonpoint sources of nitrogen and phosphorus and watershed nitrogen retention and processing capabilities. Basin total nitrogen and phosphorus input estimates were calculated for atmospheric deposition (which averaged 27 percent of total nitrogen inputs and 22 percent of total phosphorus inputs); crop fertilizer (27 and 25 percent); animal-waste (22 and 50 percent, respectively); point sources (3 percent each of total nitrogen and total phosphorus inputs); and biological nitrogen fixation (21 percent of total nitrogen inputs). Highest in-stream nitrogen and phosphorus loads were measured in predominantly agricultural drainage areas. Intermediate loads were observed in mixed agricultural/urban drainage areas; the lowest loads were measured in mixed agricultural/forested drainage areas. The difference between the sum of the nutrient input categories and the sum of the in-stream nutrient loads and crop-harvest nutrient removal was assigned to a residual category for the basin. The residual category averaged 51 percent of total nitrogen inputs and 54 percent of total phosphorus inputs. C1 US GEOL SURVEY,RICHMOND,VA 23230. RP McMahon, G (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,3916 SUNSET RIDGE RD,RALEIGH,NC 27607, USA. NR 39 TC 26 Z9 26 U1 2 U2 6 PU AMER WATER RESOURCES ASSOC PI HERNDON PA 950 HERNDON PARKWAY SUITE 300, HERNDON, VA 20170-5531 SN 0043-1370 J9 J AM WATER RESOUR AS JI J. Am. Water Resour. Assoc. PD JUN PY 1997 VL 33 IS 3 BP 573 EP 589 DI 10.1111/j.1752-1688.1997.tb03533.x PG 17 WC Engineering, Environmental; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Engineering; Geology; Water Resources GA XD799 UT WOS:A1997XD79900006 ER PT J AU James, RT Martin, J Wool, T Wang, PF AF James, RT Martin, J Wool, T Wang, PF TI A sediment resuspension and water quality model of Lake Okeechobee SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN WATER RESOURCES ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article DE modeling; water quality; resuspension; sediment; suspended solids; nitrogen; phosphorus; algae; wind ID SHALLOW SUBTROPICAL LAKE; LIGHT CONDITIONS; NUTRIENT LIMITATION; TRANSPORT; FLORIDA; PARAMETERS AB The influence of sediment resuspension on the water quality of shallow labs is well documented. However, a search of the literature reveals no deterministic mass-balance eutrophication models that explicitly include resuspension. We modified the Lake Okeechobee water quality model - which uses the Water Analysis Simulation Package (WASP) to simulate algal dynamics and phosphorus, nitrogen, and oxygen cycles - to include inorganic suspended solids and algorithms that: (1) define changes in depth with changes in volume; (2) compute sediment resuspension based on bottom sheer stress; (3) compute partition coefficients for ammonia and ortho-phosphorus to solids; and (4) relate light attenuation to solids concentrations. The model calibration and validation were successful with the exception of dissolved inorganic nitrogen species which did not correspond well to observed data in the validation phase. This could be attributed to an inaccurate formulation of algal nitrogen preference and/or the absence of nitrogen fixation in the model. The model correctly predicted that the lake is light-limited from resuspended solids, and algae are primarily nitrogen limited. The model simulation suggested that biological fluxes greatly exceed external loads of dissolved nutrients; and sediment-water interactions of organic nitrogen and phosphorus far exceed external loads. A sensitivity analysis demonstrated that parameters affecting resuspension, settling sediment nutrient and solids concentrations, mineralization, algal productivity, and algal stoichiometry are factors requiring further study to improve our understanding of the Lake Okeechobee ecosystem. C1 ASCI CORP,ENGN SERV,ATHENS,GA 30605. US GEOL SURVEY,SAN DIEGO STATE UNIV FDN,MENLO PK,CA 94205. RP James, RT (reprint author), S FLORIDA WATER MANAGEMENT DIST,OKEECHOBEE SYST RES DIV,3301 GUN CLUB RD,W PALM BEACH,FL 33406, USA. NR 62 TC 55 Z9 64 U1 5 U2 24 PU AMER WATER RESOURCES ASSOC PI HERNDON PA 950 HERNDON PARKWAY SUITE 300, HERNDON, VA 20170-5531 SN 0043-1370 J9 J AM WATER RESOUR AS JI J. Am. Water Resour. Assoc. PD JUN PY 1997 VL 33 IS 3 BP 661 EP 680 DI 10.1111/j.1752-1688.1997.tb03540.x PG 20 WC Engineering, Environmental; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Engineering; Geology; Water Resources GA XD799 UT WOS:A1997XD79900013 ER PT J AU Callender, E Granina, L AF Callender, E Granina, L TI Biogeochemical phosphorus mass balance for Lake Baikal, southeastern Siberia, Russia SO MARINE GEOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 1994 Ocean Science Meeting of the American-Geophysical-Union CY FEB 21-22, 1994 CL SAN DIEGO, CA SP Amer Geophys Union DE lake sediments; Lake Baikal; phosphorus; mass balance ID DIFFUSION-COEFFICIENTS; MARINE-SEDIMENTS; GREAT-LAKES; SUPERIOR; MICHIGAN; SILICA; EUTROPHICATION; FLUXES; CYCLE; WATER AB Extensive data for Lake Baikal have been synthesized into a geochemical mass balance for phosphorus (P). Some of the P budget and internal cycling terms for Baikai have been compared to similar terms for oligotrophic Lake Superior, mesotrophic Lake Michigan and the Baltic Sea, and the Ocean. Lake Baikal has a large external source of fluvial P compared to the Laurentian upper Great Lakes and the Ocean. The major tributary to Lake Baikal has experienced substantial increases in organic P loading during the past 25 years. This, coupled with potential P inputs from possible phosphorite mining, may threaten Baikal's oligotrophic status in the future. Water-column remineralization of particulate organic P is substantially greater in Lake Baikal than in the Laurentian Great Lakes. This is probably due to the great water depths of Lake Baikal. There is a gradient in P burial efficiency, with very high values (80%) for Lake Baikal and Lake Superior, lower values (50%) for Lake Michigan and the Baltic Sea, and a low value (13%) for the Ocean. The accumulation rate of P in Lake Baikal sediments is somewhat greater than that in the Laurentian upper Great Lakes and the Baltic Sea, and much greater than in the Ocean. Benthic regeneration rates are surprisingly similar for large lacustrine and marine environments and supply less than 10% of the P utilized for primary production in these aquatic environments. (C) 1997 Elsevier Science B.V. C1 RUSSIAN ACAD SCI,INST LIMNOL,IRKUTSK 664003,RUSSIA. RP Callender, E (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,NATL CTR 432,RESTON,VA 22092, USA. NR 60 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 15 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0025-3227 J9 MAR GEOL JI Mar. Geol. PD JUN PY 1997 VL 139 IS 1-4 BP 5 EP 19 DI 10.1016/S0025-3227(96)00095-3 PG 15 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Oceanography SC Geology; Oceanography GA XK479 UT WOS:A1997XK47900002 ER PT J AU Deike, RG Granina, L Callender, E McGee, JJ AF Deike, RG Granina, L Callender, E McGee, JJ TI Formation of ferric iron crusts in quaternary sediments of Lake Baikal, Russia, and implications for paleoclimate SO MARINE GEOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 1994 Ocean Science Meeting of the American-Geophysical-Union CY FEB 21-22, 1994 CL SAN DIEGO, CA SP Amer Geophys Union DE lake sediments; Lake Baikal; quaternary paleoclimate; secondary iron oxide; paleomagnetism; phosphate adsorption ID PHOSPHATE SORPTION; PHOSPHORUS; SOILS; ADSORPTION; OXIDES; WATER; RATES; CORES AB Phosphate-bearing, ferric iron and siliceous crusts ranging in age from Recent to approximately 65,000 yr B.P. are observed in sediments of Lake Baikal. In younger sediments the crusts are at the base of a spectrum of secondary iron and manganese oxides that accumulate near the sediment/water interface in the zone of positive oxidation potential beneath an oxygenated water column. In areas where the average Quaternary sedimentation rates have been slow (e.g. 0.026 mm/yr), the crusts are more common, and span a wider range of ages, No crusts have been found where the Quaternary sedimentation mode has been deltaic and rapid (0.15 mm/yr). Independent core correlation based on magnetic properties of the sediment suggests that crusts can be correlated over most of Academician Ridge, an area that is particularly sensitive to climatic events affecting the concentration of suspended sediment. These crusts may be indicative of periods of low suspended sediment concentration, which occur during sustained transitions from glacial periods of high detrital input, to interglacial periods of high diatom sedimentation. The crusts are dominated by iron-rich and siliceous amorphous mineral phases, with an FeO:SiO2 by weight of 3:1. Regardless of age or location in the lake the Fe phase always includes Ca, P and Mn. Extensive microprobe data for these four elements recast as normalized elemental weight percent reveal linear trends of Ca:P and Fe:P. With increasing P, Ca also increases such that the two elements maintain a linear relationship passing very close to the origin and with a mean molar Ca:P=0.3 (too low for well-characterized apatite). Conversely, with increasing P, Fe decreases (mean molar Fe:P=3.4). There is no correlation between Mn and P. Molar Fe:P ratios for vivianite (an Fe(II) phosphate mineral observed in sediments closely below some crusts) are clustered around a stoichiometric composition. The covariant increase in Ca:P and the corresponding decrease in Fe:P may be explained by: (1) coupled adsorption of aqueous Ca and P by a colloidal ferric hydrous oxide; (2) loss of Fe from a Ca-P-Fe phase; or (3) oxidation of vivianite to a metastable mineral phase that gradually loses Ca and gains Fe. The first explanation is favored, because there is no petrographic evidence for either the existence of an originating Ca-P-Fe phase, or, for the oxidation of vivianite. Further, it is suggested that by continually equalizing surface charge, Ca allows more phosphate to be adsorbed leading to thicker crusts and longer preservation after burial. (C) 1997 Elsevier Science B.V. C1 RUSSIAN ACAD SCI,INST LIMNOL,IRKUTSK 664003,RUSSIA. RP Deike, RG (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,RESTON,VA 22092, USA. NR 74 TC 38 Z9 40 U1 3 U2 11 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0025-3227 J9 MAR GEOL JI Mar. Geol. PD JUN PY 1997 VL 139 IS 1-4 BP 21 EP 46 DI 10.1016/S0025-3227(96)00096-5 PG 26 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Oceanography SC Geology; Oceanography GA XK479 UT WOS:A1997XK47900003 ER PT J AU Chapman, PM Anderson, B Carr, S Engle, V Green, R Hameedi, J Harmon, M Haverland, P Hyland, J Ingersoll, C Long, E Rodgers, J Salazar, M Sibley, PK Smith, PJ Swartz, RC Thompson, B Windom, H AF Chapman, PM Anderson, B Carr, S Engle, V Green, R Hameedi, J Harmon, M Haverland, P Hyland, J Ingersoll, C Long, E Rodgers, J Salazar, M Sibley, PK Smith, PJ Swartz, RC Thompson, B Windom, H TI General guidelines for using the sediment quality triad SO MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN LA English DT Editorial Material ID INFAUNAL COMMUNITY COMPOSITION; SAN-FRANCISCO BAY; TOXICITY; CONTAMINATION C1 UNIV CALIF, INST MARINE SCI, MONTEREY, CA 93940 USA. TEXAS A&M UNIV, USGS BRD, CTR COASTAL STUDIES, CORPUS CHRISTI, TX 78412 USA. USGS BRD, GULF BREEZE, FL 32561 USA. UNIV WESTERN ONTARIO, DEPT ZOOL, LONDON, ON N6A 5B7, CANADA. NOAA, NOS, ORCA2, SILVER SPRING, MD 20910 USA. USGS, MIDWEST SCI CTR, COLUMBIA, MO 65201 USA. NOAA, NOS, CHARLESTON, SC 29422 USA. NOAA, ORCA, CMBAD, SEATTLE, WA 98115 USA. UNIV MISSISSIPPI, DEPT BIOL, UNIVERSITY, MS 38677 USA. APPL BIOMONITORING, KIRKLAND, WA 98034 USA. US EPA, MID OCEAN ECOL DIV, DULUTH, MN 55803 USA. UNIV MARYLAND, DEPT MATH, COLLEGE PK, MD 20742 USA. US EPA, NEWPORT, OR 97365 USA. SAN FRANCISCO ESTUARY INST, RICHMOND, CA 94804 USA. SKIDAWAY INST OCEANOG, SAVANNAH, GA 31411 USA. RP EVS CONSULTANTS LTD, 195 PEMBERTON AVE, N VANCOUVER, BC V7P 2R4, CANADA. NR 21 TC 58 Z9 65 U1 1 U2 10 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0025-326X EI 1879-3363 J9 MAR POLLUT BULL JI Mar. Pollut. Bull. PD JUN PY 1997 VL 34 IS 6 BP 368 EP 372 DI 10.1016/S0025-326X(96)00138-5 PG 5 WC Environmental Sciences; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA XR026 UT WOS:A1997XR02600011 ER PT J AU Bowers, JE AF Bowers, JE TI The effect of drought on Engelmann prickly pear (Cactaceae: Opuntia engelmannii) fruit and seed production SO SOUTHWESTERN NATURALIST LA English DT Article ID SONORAN DESERT RP Bowers, JE (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,1675 W ANKLAM RD,TUCSON,AZ 85745, USA. NR 10 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 1 U2 4 PU SOUTHWESTERN ASSN NATURALISTS PI SAN MARCOS PA SOUTHWEST TEXAS STATE UNIV, DEPT BIOLOGY, 601 UNIVERSITY DR, SAN MARCOS, TX 78666 SN 0038-4909 J9 SOUTHWEST NAT JI Southw. Natural. PD JUN PY 1997 VL 42 IS 2 BP 240 EP 242 PG 3 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA XT483 UT WOS:A1997XT48300020 ER PT J AU Clow, DW Mast, MA Bullen, TD Turk, JT AF Clow, DW Mast, MA Bullen, TD Turk, JT TI Strontium 87 strontium 86 as a tracer of mineral weathering reactions and calcium sources in an alpine/subalpine watershed, Loch Vale, Colorado SO WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID FORESTED WATERSHEDS; SR-87/SR-86; ISOTOPES; CHEMISTRY; RATIOS; RATES; DISSOLUTION; STREAMS; BIOTITE; INPUTS AB Sr isotopic ratios of atmospheric deposition, surface and subsurface water, and geologic materials were measured in an alpine/subalpine watershed to characterize weathering reactions and identify sources of dissolved Ca in stream water. Previous studies have noted an excess of Ca in stream water above that expected from stoichiometric weathering of the dominant bedrock minerals. Mixing calculations based on Sr-87/Sr-86 indicate that on an annual basis, 26 +/- 7% of Ca export in streams is atmospherically derived, 23 +/- 1% is from weathering of plagioclase, and the remainder is from weathering of calcite present in trace amounts in the bedrock. A potential source of error when applying Sr isotopes in catchment studies is determination of the Sr-87/Sr-86 of Sr released by mineral weathering, which is complicated by the wide range of mineral isotopic compositions, particularly in older rocks, and the variable rates at which the minerals weather. In this study, base-flow stream chemistry was used to represent the Sr-87/Sr-86 of Sr derived from mineral weathering because it effectively integrates the potentially variable isotopic composition of Sr released by weathering in the alpine environment. C1 US GEOL SURVEY, MENLO PK, CA 94025 USA. RP Clow, DW (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY, WRD, MS 415, FED CTR, BOX 25046, LAKEWOOD, CO 80225 USA. OI Clow, David/0000-0001-6183-4824 NR 68 TC 102 Z9 108 U1 3 U2 12 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0043-1397 J9 WATER RESOUR RES JI Water Resour. Res. PD JUN PY 1997 VL 33 IS 6 BP 1335 EP 1351 DI 10.1029/97WR00856 PG 17 WC Environmental Sciences; Limnology; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Water Resources GA XC196 UT WOS:A1997XC19600013 ER PT J AU Moench, AF AF Moench, AF TI Flow to a well of finite diameter in a homogeneous, anisotropic water table aquifer SO WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID UNCONFINED AQUIFER; TRANSIENT FLOW; MODELS AB A Laplace transform solution is presented for the problem of flow to a partially penetrating well of finite diameter in a slightly compressible water table aquifer. The solution, which allows for evaluation of both pumped well and observation piezometer data, accounts for effects of well bore storage and skin and allows for the noninstantaneous release of water from the unsaturated zone. For instantaneous release of water from the unsaturated zone the solution approaches the line source solution derived by Neuman as the diameter of the pumped well approaches zero. Delayed piezometer response? which is significant during times of rapidly changing hydraulic head, is included in the theoretical treatment and shown to be an important factor in accurate evaluation of specific storage. By means of a hypothetical field example it is demonstrated that evaluations of specific storage (S-s) using classical line source solutions may yield values of S-s that are overestimated by a factor of 100 or more, depending upon the location of the observation piezometers and whether effects of delayed piezometer response are included in the analysis. Theoretical responses obtained with the proposed model are used to suggest methods for evaluating specific storage. RP Moench, AF (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,345 MIDDLEFIELD RD,MS 496,MENLO PK,CA 94025, USA. NR 30 TC 102 Z9 102 U1 3 U2 16 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 SN 0043-1397 J9 WATER RESOUR RES JI Water Resour. Res. PD JUN PY 1997 VL 33 IS 6 BP 1397 EP 1407 DI 10.1029/97WR00651 PG 11 WC Environmental Sciences; Limnology; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Water Resources GA XC196 UT WOS:A1997XC19600018 ER PT J AU Allen, JA Chambers, JL Pezeshki, SR AF Allen, JA Chambers, JL Pezeshki, SR TI Effects of salinity on baldcypress seedlings: Physiological responses and their relation to salinity tolerance SO WETLANDS LA English DT Article DE Taxodium distichum; saltwater intrusion; salt tolerance; gas exchange; intraspecific variation; wetland restoration ID TAXODIUM-DISTICHUM L; SALT TOLERANCE; GAS-EXCHANGE; GULF-COAST; LOUISIANA; GROWTH AB Growth and physiological responses of 15 open-pollinated families of baldcypress (Taxodium distichum var. distichum) subjected to flooding with saline water were evaluated in this study. Ten of the families were from coastal sites in Louisiana and Alabama, USA that have elevated levels of soil-water salinity. The other five families were from inland, freshwater sites in Louisiana. Seedlings from all families tolerated flooding with water of low (2 g l(-1)) salinity. Differences in biomass among families became most apparent at the highest: salinity levels (6 and 8 g l(-1)), Overall, increasing salinity reduced leaf biomass more than root biomass, which in turn was reduced more than stem biomass. A subset of seedlings from the main greenhouse experiment was periodically placed indoors under artificial light, and measurements were made of gas exchange and leaf water potential, Also, tissue concentrations of Cl-, Na+, K+, and Ca2+ were determined at the end of the greenhouse experiment. Significant intraspecific variation was found for nearly all the physiological parameters evaluated, but only leaf concentrations of Na+ and Cl- were correlated with an index of family-level differences in salt tolerance. C1 US GEOL SURVEY, NATL WETLANDS RES CTR, LAFAYETTE, LA 70506 USA. RI Allen, James/K-9141-2013 OI Allen, James/0000-0001-6459-5734 NR 40 TC 29 Z9 34 U1 1 U2 11 PU SOC WETLAND SCIENTISTS PI LAWRENCE PA 810 E TENTH ST, P O BOX 1897, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 SN 0277-5212 J9 WETLANDS JI Wetlands PD JUN PY 1997 VL 17 IS 2 BP 310 EP 320 PG 11 WC Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA XG356 UT WOS:A1997XG35600013 ER PT J AU Frost, HC Storm, GL Batcheller, MJ Lovallo, MJ AF Frost, HC Storm, GL Batcheller, MJ Lovallo, MJ TI White tailed deer management at Gettysburg National Military Park and Eisenhower National Historic Site SO WILDLIFE SOCIETY BULLETIN LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Urban Deer Symposium - Urban Deer: A Manageable Resource, at the 55th Midwest Fish and Wildlife Conference CY DEC 12-14, 1993 CL ST LOUIS, MO DE compliance; environmental impact statement; modeling; Odocoileus virginianus; Pennsylvania; population control; reduction; research; white-tailed deer C1 PENN STATE UNIV,US GEOL SURVEY,BIOL RESOURCE DIV,PENN COOPERAT FISH & WILDLIFE RES UNIT,UNIVERSITY PK,PA 16802. PENN STATE UNIV,NATL PK SERV,UNIVERSITY PK,PA 16802. PENN STATE UNIV,SCH FOREST RESOURCES,UNIVERSITY PK,PA 16802. RP Frost, HC (reprint author), NATL PK SERV,GETTYSBURG NATL MIL PK,97 TANEYTOWN RD,GETTYSBURG,PA 17325, USA. RI Storm, Gert/O-8696-2016 NR 11 TC 21 Z9 22 U1 0 U2 3 PU WILDLIFE SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2197 SN 0091-7648 J9 WILDLIFE SOC B JI Wildl. Soc. Bull. PD SUM PY 1997 VL 25 IS 2 BP 462 EP 469 PG 8 WC Biodiversity Conservation SC Biodiversity & Conservation GA XU741 UT WOS:A1997XU74100043 ER PT J AU Wilkinson, FA Smith, UR AF Wilkinson, FA Smith, UR TI The first nest records of the Sooty Antbird (Myrmeciza fortis) with notes on eggs and nestling development. SO WILSON BULLETIN LA English DT Article C1 YALE UNIV, DEPT BIOL, NEW HAVEN, CT 06520 USA. RP Wilkinson, FA (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY, MUSEUM NATL HIST NAT, BIOL RESOURCES DIV, ROOM 378, 10TH ST & CONSTITUT AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20560 USA. NR 19 TC 5 Z9 6 U1 1 U2 1 PU WILSON ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC PI WACO PA 5400 BOSQUE BLVD, STE 680, WACO, TX 76710 USA SN 0043-5643 J9 WILSON BULL JI Wilson Bull. PD JUN PY 1997 VL 109 IS 2 BP 319 EP 324 PG 6 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA XC719 UT WOS:A1997XC71900014 ER PT J AU Lindsey, GD Pratt, TK Reynolds, MH Jacobi, JD AF Lindsey, GD Pratt, TK Reynolds, MH Jacobi, JD TI Response of six species of Hawaiian forest birds to a 1991-1992 El Nino drought. SO WILSON BULLETIN LA English DT Article ID SOUTHERN OSCILLATION; COMMON AMAKIHI; EVENT; CONSEQUENCES; FINCHES RP Lindsey, GD (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,BIOL RESOURCES DIV,PACIFIC ISL ECOSYST RES CTR,HAWAII FIELD STN,POB 44,HAWAII NATL PK,HI 96718, USA. NR 18 TC 12 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 4 PU WILSON ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC PI ANN ARBOR PA MUSEUM OF ZOOLOGY UNIV MICHIGAN, ANN ARBOR, MI 48109 SN 0043-5643 J9 WILSON BULL JI Wilson Bull. PD JUN PY 1997 VL 109 IS 2 BP 339 EP 343 PG 5 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA XC719 UT WOS:A1997XC71900019 ER PT J AU Watters, TR Robinson, MS AF Watters, TR Robinson, MS TI Radar and photoclinometric studies of wrinkle ridges on Mars SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-PLANETS LA English DT Article ID TOPOGRAPHY; ORIGIN; SERENITATIS; WASHINGTON; EVOLUTION; PLATEAU; REGION; ALBEDO; PLAINS AB Earth-based radar altimetry and image derived photoclinometric profiles were analyzed to examine both the long- and short-wavelength topography associated with wrinkle ridges on Mars. Photoclinometrically derived elevation data across wrinkle ridges were evaluated to determine the sensitivity of profiles to two empirical photoclinometric parameters, the horizontal digital number (HDN) and the scattered light value (SLV). The photoclinometric profiles are extremely sensitive to small variations in HDN. The sense of slope of a profile can be completely reversed over a range in HDN of as little as +/-1. Comparably small variations in the SLV have relatively minor effects on the photoclinometrically derived elevations. The existence of elevation offsets from one side of the ridge to the other, reported in previous photoclinometric studies of martian wrinkles, were not confirmed through photoclinometry. In addition, no evidence of elevation offsets were found in Earth-based radar altimetry profiles across wrinkle ridges. In order to more accurately model wrinkle ridge topography, we controlled photoclinometrically derived elevations with long-wavelength topography obtained from the radar altimetry. The results of this study do not support kinematic models for the origin of planetary wrinkle ridges that involve deeply rooted thrust faults which separate crustal blocks at different elevations. A kinematic model involving buckling of shallow crustal layers into concentric folds that close, leading to the development of thrust faults, is consistent with wrinkle ridge morphology and terrestrial analogs. Recent geophysical studies of terrestrial analogs and the influence of shallow subsurface structures, particularly buried craters, on the localization of many wrinkle ridges on Mars suggest that thrust faults associated with the ridges are confined to the ridged plains material and do not extend into the lithosphere. C1 US GEOL SURVEY,FLAGSTAFF,AZ 86001. RP Watters, TR (reprint author), SMITHSONIAN INST,NATL AIR & SPACE MUSEUM,CTR EARTH & PLANETARY STUDIES,WASHINGTON,DC 20560, USA. NR 49 TC 19 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 SN 0148-0227 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-PLANET JI J. Geophys. Res.-Planets PD MAY 25 PY 1997 VL 102 IS E5 BP 10889 EP 10903 DI 10.1029/97JE00411 PG 15 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA XB640 UT WOS:A1997XB64000003 ER PT J AU Medrano, MD Piper, DZ AF Medrano, MD Piper, DZ TI Fe-Ca-phosphate, Fe-silicate, and Mn-oxide minerals in concretions from the Monterey Formation SO CHEMICAL GEOLOGY LA English DT Article DE concretion; mitridatite; Monterey Formation; vivianite AB Concentrically zoned phosphatic-enriched concretions were collected at three sites from the Monterey Formation. The following minerals were identified: vivianite, lipscombite, rockbridgeite, leucophosphite, mitridatite, carbonate fluorapatite, nontronite, todorokite, and barite. The mineralogy of the concretions was slightly different at each of the three collection sites. None of the concretions contains all of the minerals, but the spatial distribution of minerals in individual concretions, overlapping mineralogies between different concretions, and the geochemical properties of the separate minerals suggest a paragenesis represented by the above order. Eh increased from the precipitation of vivianite to that of rockbridgeite/lips combite. The precipitation of leucophosphite, then mitridatite, carbonate fluorapatite and todorokite/Fe-oxide indicates increasing pH. Concretion growth culminated with the precipitation of todorokite, a Mn oxide, and minor amounts of barite along microfractures. Conspicuously absent are Fe-sulfide and Mn-phosphate minerals. The concretions are hosted by finely laminated diatomite. The laminations exhibit little to no deformation around the concretions, requiring that the concretions formed after compaction. We interpret this sediment feature and the paragenesis as recording the evolving pore-water chemistry as the formation was uplifted into the fresh-ground-water zone. RP Medrano, MD (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,345 MIDDLEFIELD RD,MENLO PK,CA 94025, USA. NR 38 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 1 U2 8 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0009-2541 J9 CHEM GEOL JI Chem. Geol. PD MAY 15 PY 1997 VL 138 IS 1-2 BP 9 EP 23 DI 10.1016/S0009-2541(96)00170-2 PG 15 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA XA810 UT WOS:A1997XA81000002 ER PT J AU McCabe, GJ Wolock, DM AF McCabe, GJ Wolock, DM TI Climate change and the detection of trends in annual runoff SO CLIMATE RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE runoff; climate change; trends; United States ID ATMOSPHERIC CARBON-DIOXIDE; RIVER BASIN; UNITED-STATES; PRECIPITATION; TEMPERATURE; SENSITIVITY; STREAMFLOW; INCREASE; CO2 AB This study examines the statistical Likelihood of detecting a trend in annual runoff given an assumed change in mean annual runoff, the underlying year-to-year variability in runoff, and serial correlation of annual runoff. Means, standard deviations, and lag-1 serial correlations of annual runoff were computed for 585 stream gages in the conterminous United States, and these statistics were used to compute the probability of detecting a prescribed trend in annual runoff. Assuming a Linear 20% change in mean annual runoff over a 100 yr period and a significance level of 95%, the average probability of detecting a significant trend was 28% among the 585 stream gages. The largest probability of detecting a trend was in the northwestern U.S., the Great Lakes region, the northeastern U.S., the Appalachian Mountains, and parts of the northern Rocky Mountains. The smallest probability of trend detection was in the central and southwestern U.S., and in Florida. Low probabilities of trend detection were associated with low ratios of mean annual runoff to the standard deviation of annual runoff and with high lag-1 serial correlation in the data. C1 US GEOL SURVEY,LAWRENCE,KS 66049. RP McCabe, GJ (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,DENVER FED CTR,MS 412,DENVER,CO 80225, USA. NR 32 TC 29 Z9 29 U1 1 U2 13 PU INTER-RESEARCH PI OLDENDORF LUHE PA NORDBUNTE 23, D-21385 OLDENDORF LUHE, GERMANY SN 0936-577X J9 CLIMATE RES JI Clim. Res. PD MAY 8 PY 1997 VL 8 IS 2 BP 129 EP 134 DI 10.3354/cr008129 PG 6 WC Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA XH990 UT WOS:A1997XH99000004 ER PT J AU Taylor, KL Grace, JB Marx, BD AF Taylor, KL Grace, JB Marx, BD TI The effects of herbivory on neighbor interactions along a coastal marsh gradient SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY LA English DT Article DE coastal marshes; communities; competition; herbivory; neighbor effects; positive interactions; wetlands ID PLANT COMMUNITY STRUCTURE; TIDAL ALGAL COMMUNITY; STRATEGY THEORY; DISTURBANCE; COMPETITION; DIVERSITY; SUCCESSION; LOUISIANA; FIRE; USA AB Many current theories of community function are based on the assumption that disturbances such as herbivory act to reduce the importance of neighbor interactions among plants. In this study, we examined the effects of herbivory (primarily by nutria, Myocastor coypus) on neighbor interactions between three dominant grasses in three coastal marsh communities, fresh, oligohaline, and mesohaline. The grasses studied were Panicum virgatum, Spartina patens, and Spartina alterniflora, which are dominant species in the fresh, oligohaline, and mesohaline marshes, respectively. Additive mixtures and monocultures of transplants were used in conjunction with exclosure fences to determine the impact of herbivory on neighbor interactions in the different marsh types. Herbivory bad a strong effect on ail three species and was important in all three marshes. In the absence of herbivores, the impact of neighbors was significant for two of the species (Panicum virgatum and Spartina patens) and varied considerably between environments, with competition intensifying for Panicum virgatum and decreasing for Spartina patens with increasing salinity. Indications of positive neighbor effects (mutualisms) were observed for both of these species, though in contrasting habitats and to differing degrees. In the presence of herbivores, however, competitive and positive effects were eliminated. Overall, then, it was observed that in this case, intense herbivory was able to override other biotic interactions such as competition and mutualism, which were not detectable in the presence of herbivores. C1 NATL WETLANDS RES CTR,US GEOL SURVEY,LAFAYETTE,LA 70506. COLUMBIA RIVER ESTUARY STUDY TASKFORCE,ASTORIA,OR 97103. LOUISIANA STATE UNIV,DEPT EXPT STAT,BATON ROUGE,LA 70803. NR 45 TC 25 Z9 26 U1 3 U2 12 PU BOTANICAL SOC AMER INC PI COLUMBUS PA OHIO STATE UNIV-DEPT BOTANY 1735 NEIL AVE, COLUMBUS, OH 43210 SN 0002-9122 J9 AM J BOT JI Am. J. Bot. PD MAY PY 1997 VL 84 IS 5 BP 709 EP 715 DI 10.2307/2445907 PG 7 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA WZ795 UT WOS:A1997WZ79500015 PM 21708623 ER PT J AU Hughes, JM Bloodaxe, ES Hanchar, JM Foord, EE AF Hughes, JM Bloodaxe, ES Hanchar, JM Foord, EE TI Incorporation of rare earth elements in titanite: Stabilization of the A2/a dimorph by creation of antiphase boundaries SO AMERICAN MINERALOGIST LA English DT Article ID ANTIFERROELECTRIC PHASE-TRANSITION; SYNTHETIC TITANITE; CATISIO5; DIFFRACTION AB The atomic arrangement of a natural rare-earth-rich titanite and two synthetic rare-earthdoped titanites have been refined in space group A2/a, and the atomic arrangement of an undoped P2(1)/a synthetic titanite was also refined for comparison. Previous work has shown that titanite possesses a domain structure, with domains formed of like-displaced Ti atoms in the [100] octahedral chains, P2(1)/a titanite results when the crystal is formed of a single domain, but as Ti-reversal sites occur in the octahedral chain the apparent A2/a structure results from the average of antiphase domains. Antiphase boundaries occur at O1, which is alternately overbonded or underbonded at the boundaries, depending on the displacement of the neighboring Ti atoms, Type 2 antiphase boundaries exist where two Ti atoms are displaced away from the intervening O1 atom and are energetically unfavorable because of underbonding of that O1 atom. However, substitution of a trivalent rare earth element in the adjacent Ca2+ site relieves that underbonding, favoring the creation of type 2 antiphase boundaries and stabilization of the A2/a dimorph. The results of high-precision crystal structure analyses demonstrate that rare earth substituents for Ca stabilize the A2/a dimorph at lower substitution levels than required for octahedral substitutions. C1 RENSSELAER POLYTECH INST,DEPT EARTH & ENVIRONM SCI,TROY,NY 12180. US GEOL SURVEY,DENVER FED CTR,DENVER,CO 80225. RP Hughes, JM (reprint author), MIAMI UNIV,DEPT GEOL,OXFORD,OH 45056, USA. NR 9 TC 30 Z9 30 U1 0 U2 1 PU MINERALOGICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 1130 17TH ST NW SUITE 330, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0003-004X J9 AM MINERAL JI Am. Miner. PD MAY-JUN PY 1997 VL 82 IS 5-6 BP 512 EP 516 PG 5 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Mineralogy SC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Mineralogy GA XE090 UT WOS:A1997XE09000010 ER PT J AU Hower, JC Robertson, JD Wong, AS Eble, CF Ruppert, LF AF Hower, JC Robertson, JD Wong, AS Eble, CF Ruppert, LF TI Arsenic and lead concentrations in the Pond Creek and Fire Clay coal beds, eastern Kentucky coal field SO APPLIED GEOCHEMISTRY LA English DT Article AB The Middle Pennsylvanian Breathitt Formation (Westphalian B) Pond Creek and Fire Clay coal beds are the 2 largest producing coal beds in eastern Kentucky. Single channel samples from 22 localities in the Pond Creek coal bed were obtained from active coal mines in Pike and Martin Countries, Kentucky, and a total of 18 Fire Clay coal bed channel samples were collected from localities in the central portion of the coal field. The overall objective of this study was to investigate the concentration and distribution of potentially hazardous elements in the Fire Clay and Pond Creek coal beds, with particular emphasis on As and Pb, 2 elements that are included in the 1990 Clean Air Act Amendments as potential air toxics. The 2 coals are discussed individually as the depositional histories are distinct, the Fire Clay coal bed having more sites where relatively high-S lithologies are encountered. In an effort to characterize these coals, 40 whole channel samples, excluding I-cm partings, were analyzed for major, minor and trace elements by X-ray fluorescence and proton-induced X-ray emission spectroscopy. Previously analyzed samples were added to provide additional geographic coverage and lithotype samples from one site were analyzed in order to provide detail of vertical elemental trends. The As and Pb levels in the Fire Clay coal bed tend to be higher than in the Pond Creek coal bed. One whole channel sample of the Fire Clay coal bed contains 1156 ppm As (ash basis), with a single lithotype containing 4000 ppm As (ash basis). Most of the As and Pb appears to be associated with pyrite, which potentially can be removed in beneficiation (particularly coarser pyrite). Disseminated finer pyrite may not be completely removable by cleaning. In the examination of pyrite conducted in this study, it does not appear that significant concentration of As or Pb occurs in the finer pyrite forms. The biggest potential problem of As- or Pb-enriched pyrite is, therefore, one of refuse disposal. (C) 1997 Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 UNIV KENTUCKY,DEPT CHEM,LEXINGTON,KY 40506. KENTUCKY GEOL SURVEY,LEXINGTON,KY 40506. US GEOL SURVEY,RESTON,VA 22092. RP Hower, JC (reprint author), UNIV KENTUCKY,CTR APPL ENERGY RES,3572 IRON WORKS PIKE,LEXINGTON,KY 40511, USA. OI Ruppert, Leslie/0000-0002-7453-1061 NR 28 TC 37 Z9 38 U1 0 U2 1 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 0883-2927 J9 APPL GEOCHEM JI Appl. Geochem. PD MAY PY 1997 VL 12 IS 3 BP 281 EP 289 DI 10.1016/S0883-2927(96)00071-6 PG 9 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA XJ840 UT WOS:A1997XJ84000005 ER PT J AU Fairchild, JF Ruessler, DS Haverland, PS Carlson, AR AF Fairchild, JF Ruessler, DS Haverland, PS Carlson, AR TI Comparative sensitivity of Selenastrum capricornutum and Lemna minor to sixteen herbicides SO ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article ID EURASIAN WATERMILFOIL; WATER AB Aquatic plant toxicity tests are frequently conducted in environmental risk assessments to determine the potential impacts of contaminants on primary producers. An examination of published plant toxicity data demonstrates that wide differences in sensitivity can occur across phylogenetic groups of plants. Yet relatively few studies have been conducted with the specific intent to compare the relative sensitivity of various aquatic plant species to contaminants. We compared the relative sensitivity of the algae Selenastrum capricornutum and the floating vascular plant Lemna minor to 16 herbicides (atrazine, metribuzin, simazine, cyanazine, alachlor, metolachlor, chlorsulfuron, metsulfuron, triallate, EPTC, trifluralin, diquat, paraquat, dicamba, bromoxynil, and 2,4-D). The herbicides studied represented nine chemical classes and several modes of action and were chosen to represent major current uses in the United States. Both plant species were generally sensitive to the triazines (atrazine, metribuzin, simazine, and cyanazine), sulfonureas (metsulfuron and chlorsulfuron), pyridines (diquat and paraquat), dinitroaniline (trifluralin), and acetanilide (alachlor and metolachlor) herbicides. Neither plant species was uniformly more sensitive than the other across the broad range of herbicides tested. Lemna was more sensitive to the sulfonureas (metsulfuron and chlorsulfuron) and the pyridines (diquat and paraquat) than Selenastrum. However Selenastrum was more sensitive than Lemna to one of two thiocarbamates (triallate) and one of the triazines (cyanazine). Neither species was sensitive to selective broadleaf herbicides including bromoxynil, EPTC, dicamba, or 2,4-D. Results were not always predictable in spite of obvious differences in herbicide modes of action and plant phylogeny. Major departures in sensitivity of Selenastrum occurred between chemicals within individual classes of the triazine, acetanilide, and thiocarbamate herbicides. Results indicate that neither species is predictively most sensitive, and that a number of species including a dicot species such as Myriophyllum are needed to perform accurate risk assessments of herbicides. C1 US GEOL SURVEY,BIOL RESOURCES DIV,MIDWEST SCI CTR,COLUMBIA,MO 65201. NR 24 TC 112 Z9 116 U1 4 U2 48 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 SN 0090-4341 J9 ARCH ENVIRON CON TOX JI Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. PD MAY PY 1997 VL 32 IS 4 BP 353 EP 357 PG 5 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA XG447 UT WOS:A1997XG44700003 PM 9175499 ER PT J AU Tiner, R AF Tiner, R TI NWI maps - Basic information on the nation's Wetlands SO BIOSCIENCE LA English DT Letter RP Tiner, R (reprint author), US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,US DEPT INTERIOR,HADLEY,MA 01035, USA. NR 0 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 1 U2 4 PU AMER INST BIOLOGICAL SCI PI WASHINGTON PA 1444 EYE ST, NW, STE 200, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 SN 0006-3568 J9 BIOSCIENCE JI Bioscience PD MAY PY 1997 VL 47 IS 5 BP 269 EP 269 DI 10.2307/1313186 PG 1 WC Biology SC Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics GA WV137 UT WOS:A1997WV13700003 ER PT J AU SmithVaniz, WF AF SmithVaniz, WF TI Five new species of jawfishes (Opistognathus: Opistognathidae) from the western Atlantic Ocean SO BULLETIN OF MARINE SCIENCE LA English DT Article AB Synonymies, diagnoses, descriptions, illustrations, and spot distribution maps are given for ten species of Opistognathus, including all western Atlantic species that have a cirrus on their anterior nostrils. Three deep-water species lacking nasal cirri are also treated, including O. leprocarus n. sp. (Bahamas and Lesser Antilles), O. melachasme (Yucatan), and O. nothus n. sp. (North Carolina, Gulf of Mexico and Cuba); the latter two species were originally thought to represent different sexes of the same species. The O. macrognathus species group is diagnosed primarily by having sexually dimorphic jaws and sexually dichromatic maxillary markings, and includes the eastern Pacific O. scops and the following live western Atlantic species: O. macrognathus (Florida, Gulf of Mexico, and Bahamas to northern South America), O. brasiliensis n. sp. (southern Brazil), O. cuverii (southern Brazil), O. robinsi n. sp. (South Carolina, Florida, Bahamas, and Gulf of Mexico), and O. signatus n. sp. (Nicaragua, Panama, and northern South America). Opistognathus robinsi and O. signatus are very similar morphologically and here recognized as allopatric sister-species but the possibility exists that their disjunct continental distributions may be a collecting artifact. The broadly distributed and shallow-water species Opistognathus whitehurstii and O. maxillosus are superficially similar to some members of the O. macrognathus species group, including having cirri on their anterior nostrils, but differ most obviously in having non-sexually dimorphic jaws and more numerous cephalic sensory pores. An identification key is provided for all known western Atlantic species of Opistognathus. RP SmithVaniz, WF (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,BIOL RESOURCES DIV,7920 NW 71ST ST,GAINESVILLE,FL 32653, USA. NR 57 TC 6 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 2 PU ROSENSTIEL SCH MAR ATMOS SCI PI MIAMI PA 4600 RICKENBACKER CAUSEWAY, MIAMI, FL 33149 SN 0007-4977 J9 B MAR SCI JI Bull. Mar. Sci. PD MAY PY 1997 VL 60 IS 3 BP 1074 EP 1128 PG 55 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography SC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA XT896 UT WOS:A1997XT89600028 ER PT J AU Sulak, KJ Shcherbachev, YN AF Sulak, KJ Shcherbachev, YN TI Zoogeography and systematics of six deep-living genera of synaphobranchid eels, with a key to taxa and description of two new species of Ilyophis SO BULLETIN OF MARINE SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID WESTERN NORTH-ATLANTIC; ROCKALL TROUGH; SEA; ECOLOGY; FISHES; PISCES; GENUS; POPULATIONS; ENGLAND; FAUNA AB An extensive series of deep-sea synaphobranchid eels was studied, primarily from previously unreported Russian collections in the southern Indian and southwestern Pacific oceans. Together with previous records, new Russian records provide a worldwide summary of the geographic and bathymetric distributions of the 14 species comprising the genera Diastobranchus, Haptenchelys, Histiobranchus, Ilyophis, Simenchelys, and Synaphobranchus. A diagnostic key defines species in these genera, including two newly discovered species of Ilyophis. The multi-character key facilitates unequivocal identification of synaphobranchid specimens. Diastobranchus and Histiobranchus are re-established as genera distinct from Synaphobranchus. Diagnoses of subfamilies and genera are refined. The zoogeography of studied taxa is summarized. C1 RUSSIAN ACAD SCI,INST OCEANOL,MOSCOW 117519,RUSSIA. RP Sulak, KJ (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,FLORIDA CARIBBEAN SCI CTR,7920 NW 71ST ST,GAINESVILLE,FL 32615, USA. NR 61 TC 25 Z9 30 U1 0 U2 0 PU ROSENSTIEL SCH MAR ATMOS SCI PI MIAMI PA 4600 RICKENBACKER CAUSEWAY, MIAMI, FL 33149 SN 0007-4977 J9 B MAR SCI JI Bull. Mar. Sci. PD MAY PY 1997 VL 60 IS 3 BP 1158 EP 1194 PG 37 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography SC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA XT896 UT WOS:A1997XT89600030 ER PT J AU Becker, PR Wise, SA Thorsteinson, L Koster, BJ Rowles, T AF Becker, PR Wise, SA Thorsteinson, L Koster, BJ Rowles, T TI Specimen banking of marine organisms in the United States: Current status and long-term prospective SO CHEMOSPHERE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 2nd International Symposium & Workshop on Biological Environmental Specimen Banking (BESB-2) CY MAY 20-23, 1996 CL SWEDISH MUSEUM NAT HIST, STOCKHOLM, SWEDEN HO SWEDISH MUSEUM NAT HIST ID ORGANOCHLORINE CONTAMINANTS; FOOD-CHAINS; FISH AB A major part of the activities conducted over the last decade by the National Biomonitoring Specimen Bank (NBSB) has involved the archival of marine specimens collected by ongoing environmental monitoring programs. These archived specimens include bivalves, marine sediments, and fish tissues collected by the National status and Trends and the Exxon Valdez Oil Spill Damage Assessment programs, and marine mammal tissues collected by the Marine Mammal Health and Stranding Response Program and the Alaska Marine Mammal Tissue Archival Project. In addition to supporting these programs, the specimens have been used to investigate circumpolar patterns of chlorinated hydrocarbon concentrations, genetic separation of marine animal stocks, baseline levels of essential and nonessential elements in marine mammals, and the potential risk to human consumers in the Arctic from anthropogenic contaminants found in local subsistence foods. The NBSB specimens represent a resource that has the potential for addressing future issues of marine environmental quality and ecosystem changes through retrospective analysis; however, an ecosystem-based food web approach would maximize this potential. The current status of the NBSB activities related to the banking of marine organisms is presented and discussed, the long-term prospective of these activities is presented, and the importance of an ecosystem-based food web monitoring approach to the value of specimen banking is discussed. C1 NIST, GAITHERSBURG, MD 20899 USA. US GEOL SURVEY, BIOL RESOURCES DIV, SEATTLE, WA USA. NOAA, OFF PROTECTED RESOURCES, SILVER SPRING, MD USA. RP Becker, PR (reprint author), NATL INST STAND & TECHNOL, CHARLESTON, SC USA. NR 33 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 4 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0045-6535 EI 1879-1298 J9 CHEMOSPHERE JI Chemosphere PD MAY PY 1997 VL 34 IS 9-10 BP 1889 EP 1906 DI 10.1016/S0045-6535(97)00051-9 PG 18 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA WY925 UT WOS:A1997WY92500004 PM 9159892 ER PT J AU Acevedo, W Masuoka, P AF Acevedo, W Masuoka, P TI Time-series animation techniques for visualizing urban growth SO COMPUTERS & GEOSCIENCES LA English DT Article DE urban; mapping; GIS; Chesapeake; historical; maps; animation AB Time-series animation is a visually intuitive way to display urban growth. Animations of landuse change for the Baltimore-Washington region were generated by showing a series of images one after the other in sequential order. Before creating an animation, various issues which will affect the appearance of the animation should be considered, including the number of original data frames to use, the optimal animation display speed, the number of intermediate frames to create between the known frames, and the output media on which the animations will be displayed. To create new frames between the known years of data, the change in each theme (i.e. urban development, water bodies, transportation routes) must be characterized and an algorithm developed to create the in-between frames. Example time-series animations were created using a temporal GIS database of the Baltimore-Washington area. Creating the animations involved generating raster images of the urban development, water bodies, and principal transportation routes; overlaying the raster images on a background image; and importing the frames to a movie file. Three-dimensional perspective animations were created by draping each image over digital elevation data prior to importing the frames to a movie file. (C) 1997 Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 UNIV MARYLAND BALTIMORE CTY,DEPT GEOG,GODDARD SPACE FLIGHT CTR,GREENBELT,MD 20770. RP Acevedo, W (reprint author), NASA,AMES RES CTR,US GEOL SURVEY,MS 242-4,MOFFETT FIELD,CA 94035, USA. NR 27 TC 23 Z9 24 U1 2 U2 8 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 0098-3004 J9 COMPUT GEOSCI JI Comput. Geosci. PD MAY PY 1997 VL 23 IS 4 BP 423 EP 435 DI 10.1016/S0098-3004(97)00006-X PG 13 WC Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Computer Science; Geology GA XP416 UT WOS:A1997XP41600007 ER PT J AU Matsuoka, SM Handel, CM Roby, DD AF Matsuoka, SM Handel, CM Roby, DD TI Nesting ecology of Townsend's Warblers in relation to habitat characteristics in a mature boreal forest SO CONDOR LA English DT Article DE bird blow-flies; Protocalliphora; nest success; predation; nesting ecology; habitat; Townsend's Warbler; Dendroica townsendi; Alaska ID PROTOCALLIPHORA-BRAUERI DIPTERA; NESTLING HOUSE WRENS; TROGLODYTES-AEDON; BIRD POPULATIONS; CLUTCH SIZE; CALLIPHORIDAE; PREDATION; SUCCESS; ECTOPARASITISM; HYPOTHESIS AB We investigated the nesting ecology of Townsend's Warblers (Dendroica townsendi) from 1993-1995 in an unfragmented boreal forest along the lower slopes of the Chugach Mountains in southcentral Alaska. We examined habitat characteristics of nest sites in relation to factors influencing reproductive success. Almost all territory-holding males (98%, n = 40) were successful in acquiring mates. Nest success was 54% (n = 24 nests), with nest survivorship greater during incubation (87%) than during the nestling period (62%), Most nesting failure (80%) was attributable to predation, which occurred primarily during the nestling period. Fifty-five percent of nests containing nestlings were infested with the larvae of bird blow-flies (Protocalliphora braueri and P. spenceri), obligatory blood-feeding parasites. The combined effects of Protocalliphora infestation and inclement weather apparently resulted in nestling mortality in 4 of the 24 nests. Nests that escaped predation were placed in white spruce with larger diameter than those lost to predation; nests that escaped blow-fly parasitism were located higher in nest trees and in areas with lower densities of woody shrubs than those that were infested. The availability of potential nest sites with these key features may be important in determining reproductive success in Townsend's Warblers. C1 UNIV ALASKA,ALASKA COOPERAT FISH & WILDLIFE RES UNIT,FAIRBANKS,AK 99775. RP Matsuoka, SM (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,ALASKA SCI CTR,BIOL RESOURCES DIV,1011 E TUDOR RD,ANCHORAGE,AK 99503, USA. OI Handel, Colleen/0000-0002-0267-7408 NR 60 TC 19 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 1 PU COOPER ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC PI LAWRENCE PA ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC NORTH AMER PO BOX 1897, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 SN 0010-5422 J9 CONDOR JI Condor PD MAY PY 1997 VL 99 IS 2 BP 271 EP 281 DI 10.2307/1369933 PG 11 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA WZ298 UT WOS:A1997WZ29800002 ER PT J AU Fowler, AC Ely, CR AF Fowler, AC Ely, CR TI Behavior of Cackling Canada Geese during brood rearing SO CONDOR LA English DT Article DE Cackling Canada Goose; Branta canadensis minima; feeding behavior; vigilance; brood rearing; brood density ID LESSER SNOW GEESE; PARENT-OFFSPRING CONFLICT; ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION; FORAGING BEHAVIOR; BRANTA-LEUCOPSIS; BARNACLE GOOSE; BLACK BRANT; SIZE; REPRODUCTION; AVAILABILITY AB We studied behavior of Cackling Canada Goose (Branta canadensis minima, cacklers) broods between 1992 and 1996 on the Yukon Delta National Wildlife Refuge in western Alaska. An increase in time spent foraging by goslings during our study was weakly correlated with an increase in the size of the local breeding population. Amount of time spent feeding by adults and goslings increased throughout the brood rearing period. Overall, goslings spent more time feeding than either adult females or males, and adult males spent the most time alert. Time alert varied among brood rearing areas and increased with brood size, but there was no variation in time spent alert among years. Increases in feeding or alert behaviors were at a cost to time spent in all other behaviors. We suggest that there is not a simple trade-off between feeding and alert behavior in cacklers, but instead that time spent feeding and alert are optimized against all other behaviors. We suggest that forage quality and availability determines the amount of time spent feeding, whereas the threat of predation or disturbance determines the amount of time spent alert. RP Fowler, AC (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,BIOL RESOURCES DIV,ALASKA SCI CTR,1011 E TUDOR RD,ANCHORAGE,AK 99503, USA. NR 30 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 1 U2 9 PU COOPER ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC PI LAWRENCE PA ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC NORTH AMER PO BOX 1897, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 SN 0010-5422 J9 CONDOR JI Condor PD MAY PY 1997 VL 99 IS 2 BP 406 EP 412 DI 10.2307/1369947 PG 7 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA WZ298 UT WOS:A1997WZ29800016 ER PT J AU Hohman, WL Manley, SW Richard, D AF Hohman, WL Manley, SW Richard, D TI Relative costs of prebasic and prealternate molts for male blue-winged teal SO CONDOR LA English DT Article DE Anas discors; Blue-winged Teal; Anatidae; molt; nutrition; plumage; stress ID AMINO-ACID CONCENTRATION; WHITE-CROWNED SPARROWS; RING-NECKED DUCKS; BODY-COMPOSITION; RUDDY DUCKS; AGE; DYNAMICS; CANVASBACKS; SEPARATION; LOUISIANA AB We compared masses of definitive basic and alternate plumages of male Blue-winged Teal (Anas discors) to evaluate the hypothesis that nutritional investments in basic and alternate plumages are related to the duration that plumages are worn and to assess the relative costs of prebasic and prealternate molts. Because these plumages are worn by males for approximately equal durations, we predicted that masses of the basic and alternate body plumages would be similar. To assess nutritional stress (demands greater than available resources) associated with molt, we examined the relation between remigial length and structural size and compared predicted and observed plumage masses of Blue-winged Teal and other ducks. If birds were nutritionally challenged during remigial molt, then we predicted remigial length would be influenced by nutrition lather than size, and remigial length and size would be unrelated. Alternate body plumage of male Blue-winged Teal weighed about 10% more than the basic body plumage; however, masses of both plumages were less than that predicted on the basis of lean body mass. We argue that deviations between observed and predicted plumage masses were related to factors other than nutrition. Further remigial lengths were significantly, albeit weakly, related to structural size. We therefore concluded that, although the potential for molt-induced stress may be greatest in small-bodied waterfowl species, there was no clear evidence that molting male Blue-winged Teal were nutritionally stressed. C1 MISSISSIPPI STATE UNIV,DEPT WILDLIFE & FISHERIES,MISSISSIPPI STATE,MS 39762. LOUISIANA DEPT WILDLIFE & FISHERIES,ROCKEFELLER STATE WILDLIFE REFUGE,GRAND CHENIER,LA 70643. RP Hohman, WL (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,BIOL RESOURCES DIV,NATL WETLANDS RES CTR,700 CAJUNDOME BLVD,LAFAYETTE,LA 70506, USA. NR 52 TC 2 Z9 3 U1 2 U2 5 PU COOPER ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC PI LAWRENCE PA ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC NORTH AMER PO BOX 1897, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 SN 0010-5422 J9 CONDOR JI Condor PD MAY PY 1997 VL 99 IS 2 BP 543 EP 548 DI 10.2307/1369965 PG 6 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA WZ298 UT WOS:A1997WZ29800034 ER PT J AU Ryan, HF Noble, MA Williams, EA Schroeder, WW Pennock, JR Gelfenbaum, G AF Ryan, HF Noble, MA Williams, EA Schroeder, WW Pennock, JR Gelfenbaum, G TI Tidal current shear in a broad, shallow, river-dominated estuary SO CONTINENTAL SHELF RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID STRATIFICATION; SHELF AB Approximately one year of current, temperature, salinity and pressure data were collected at a site near the mouth of the Mobile Bay estuary in Alabama. This estuary is broad, shallow (3 m) and relatively hat. Diurnal tides account for 85% of the current variance in the lower estuary. Tidal currents have significant vertical shear in both amplitude and direction. The principal diurnal constituents in the lower bay, O-1 and K-1, have amplitudes that range from 12 to 25 cm/s in the near-surface layer, 9 to 12 cm/s near the bed. The principal axis of the near-surface diurnal ellipse is rotated 30 degrees clockwise relative to the near-bottom ellipse. This strong tidal current shear can exist because the estuary has a strong, persistent, haline stratification maintained by a continuous river input. The cause and strength of the tidal shear depends on a combination of factors, including differential topographic forcing through separate entrances into the bay and spatial and temporal Variations in water column stability caused by changes in the magnitude of river flow and wind stress. C1 LAWRENCE LIVERMORE NATL LAB,LIVERMORE,CA 94550. UNIV ALABAMA,MARINE ENVIRONM SCI CONSORTIUM,DAUPHIN ISL,AL 36528. US GEOL SURVEY,ST PETERSBURG,FL 33701. RP Ryan, HF (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,MENLO PK,CA 92025, USA. NR 24 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 5 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 0278-4343 J9 CONT SHELF RES JI Cont. Shelf Res. PD MAY PY 1997 VL 17 IS 6 BP 665 EP 688 DI 10.1016/S0278-4343(96)00053-2 PG 24 WC Oceanography SC Oceanography GA WL707 UT WOS:A1997WL70700005 ER PT J AU Wilkin, RT Arthur, MA Dean, WE AF Wilkin, RT Arthur, MA Dean, WE TI History of water-column anoxia in the Black Sea indicated by pyrite framboid size distributions SO EARTH AND PLANETARY SCIENCE LETTERS LA English DT Article DE Black Sea; anaerobic environment; framboidal texture; pyrite; black shale ID ORGANIC-CARBON ACCUMULATION; SEDIMENTS; IRON; ENVIRONMENTS; SULFUR; PYRITIZATION; PRODUCTIVITY; CHEMOCLINE; SHALES; RECORD AB A detailed study of size distributions of framboidal pyrite in Holocene Black Sea sediments establishes the timing of a change from deposition under an oxic water column to deposition under an anoxic and sulfidic water column. In the most recent carbonate-rich sediments (Unit I) and in the organic carbon-rich sapropel (Unit II), framboid size distributions are remarkably uniform (mean diameter = 5 mu m); over 95% of the framboids in Unit I and Unit II are < 7 mu m in diameter. These properties of framboidal pyrite are consistent with framboid nucleation and growth within an anoxic and sulfidic water column, followed by transport to the sediment-water interface, cessation of pyrite growth due to the exhaustion of reactive iron, and subsequent burial. In contrast, the organic carbon-poor sediments of lacustrine Unit III contain pyrite framboids that are generally much larger in size (mean diameter = 10 mu m). In Unit III, over 95% of the framboids are < 25 mu m in diameter, 40% of framboids are between 7 mu m and 25 mu m, and framboids up to 50 mu m in diameter are present. This distribution of sizes suggests framboid nucleation and growth within anoxic sediment porewaters. These new data on size distributions of framboidal pyrite confirm that the development of water-column anoxia in the Black Sea coincided with the initiation of deposition of laminated Unit II sapropels. C1 US GEOL SURVEY,DENVER,CO 80225. RP Wilkin, RT (reprint author), PENN STATE UNIV,DEPT GEOSCI,UNIVERSITY PK,PA 16802, USA. RI Arthur, Michael/E-2872-2014 OI Arthur, Michael/0000-0002-3028-6279 NR 37 TC 145 Z9 160 U1 2 U2 32 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0012-821X J9 EARTH PLANET SC LETT JI Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. PD MAY PY 1997 VL 148 IS 3-4 BP 517 EP 525 DI 10.1016/S0012-821X(97)00053-8 PG 9 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA XE638 UT WOS:A1997XE63800009 ER PT J AU Kolar, CS Hudson, PL Savino, JF AF Kolar, CS Hudson, PL Savino, JF TI Conditions for the return and simulation of the recovery of burrowing mayflies in western Lake Erie SO ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS LA English DT Article DE Chironomus; competition; contaminants; dissolved oxygen; ecosystem recovery; Hexagenia; Lake Erie; macroinvertebrates; predation; recolonization; simulation model ID HEXAGENIA-LIMBATA; GREAT-LAKES; WATER; SEDIMENT; STREAM; INVERTEBRATES; DISTURBANCE; RESERVOIR; MICHIGAN; QUALITY AB In the 1950s, burrowing mayflies, Hexagenia spp. (H. limbata and H. rigida), were virtually eliminated from the western basin of Lake Erie (a 3300 km(2) area) because of eutrophication and pollution. We develop and present a deterministic model for the recolonization of the western basin by Hexagenia to pre-1953 densities. The model was based on the logistic equation describing the population growth of Hexagenia and a presumed competitor, Chironomus (dipteran larvae). Other parameters (immigration, low oxygen, toxic sediments, competition with Chironomus, and fish predation) were then individually added to the logistic model to determine their effect at different growth rates. The logistic model alone predicts 10-41 yr for Hexagenia to recolonize western Lake Erie. Immigration reduced the recolonization time by 2-17 yr. One low-oxygen event during the first 20 yr increased recovery time by 5-17 yr. Contaminated sediments added 5-11 yr to the recolonization time. Competition with Chironomus added 8-19 yr to recovery. Fish predators added 4-47 yr to the time required for recolonization. The full model predicted 48-81 yr for Hexagenia to reach a carrying capacity of approximate to 350 nymphs/m(2), or not until around the year 2038 if the model is started in 1990. The model was verified by changing model parameters to those present in 1970, beginning the model in 1970 and running it through 1990. Predicted densities overlapped almost completely with actual estimated densities of Hexagenia nymphs present in the western basin in Lake Erie in 1990. The model suggests that recovery of large aquatic ecosystems may lag substantially behind remediation efforts. C1 US GEOL SURVEY, GREAT LAKES SCI CTR, ANN ARBOR, MI 48105 USA. NR 89 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 2 U2 9 PU ECOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 1990 M STREET NW, STE 700, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 1051-0761 EI 1939-5582 J9 ECOL APPL JI Ecol. Appl. PD MAY PY 1997 VL 7 IS 2 BP 665 EP 676 PG 12 WC Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA WW233 UT WOS:A1997WW23300026 ER PT J AU Scott, ML Auble, GT Friedman, JM AF Scott, ML Auble, GT Friedman, JM TI Flood dependency of cottonwood establishment along the Missouri River, Montana, USA SO ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS LA English DT Article DE bottomland; dendrogeomorphology; disturbance; flood; Missouri River; Montana patch dynamics; Populus deltoides; riparian ecosystem; seedling establishment ID EPHEMERAL-STREAM PROCESSES; RIPARIAN VEGETATION; COMMUNITY STRUCTURE; FOREST SUCCESSION; SOUTHERN ALBERTA; DISTURBANCE; PATTERNS; REGENERATION; VARIABILITY; COLORADO AB Flow variability plays a central role in structuring the physical environment of riverine ecosystems. However, natural variability in flows along many rivers has been modified by water management activities. We quantified the relationship between flow and establishment of the dominant tree (plains cottonwood, Populus deltoides subsp. monilifera) along one of the least hydrologically altered alluvial reaches of the Missouri River: Coal Banks Landing to Landusky, Montana. Our purpose was to refine our understanding of how local fluvial geomorphic processes condition the relationship between flow regime and cottonwood recruitment. We determined date and elevation of tree establishment and related this information to historical peak stage and discharge over a 112-yr hydrologic record. Of the excavated trees, 72% were established in the year of a flow >1400 m(3)/s (recurrence interval of 9.3 yr) or in the following 2 yr. Flows of this magnitude or greater create the necessary bare, moist establishment sites at an elevation high enough to allow cottonwoods to survive subsequent floods and ice jams. Almost all cottonwoods that have survived the most recent flood (1978) were established >1.2 m above the lower limit of perennial vegetation (active channel shelf). Most younger individuals were established between 0 and 1.2 m, and are unlikely to survive over the long term. Protection of riparian cottonwood forest along this National Wild and Scenic section of the Missouri River depends upon maintaining the historical magnitude, frequency, and duration of floods >1400 m(3)/s. Here, a relatively narrow valley constrains lateral channel movement that could otherwise facilitate cottonwood recruitment at lower flows. Effective management of flows to promote or maintain cottonwood recruitment requires an understanding of locally dominant fluvial geomorphic processes. RP Scott, ML (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY, 4512 MCMURRY AVE, FT COLLINS, CO 80525 USA. OI Friedman, Jonathan/0000-0002-1329-0663 NR 73 TC 210 Z9 213 U1 5 U2 35 PU ECOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 1990 M STREET NW, STE 700, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 1051-0761 J9 ECOL APPL JI Ecol. Appl. PD MAY PY 1997 VL 7 IS 2 BP 677 EP 690 DI 10.1890/1051-0761(1997)007[0677:FDOCEA]2.0.CO;2 PG 14 WC Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA WW233 UT WOS:A1997WW23300027 ER PT J AU Rostad, CE AF Rostad, CE TI From the 1988 drought to the 1993 flood: Transport of halogenated organic compounds with the Mississippi River suspended sediment at Thebes, Illinois SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID MIDWESTERN UNITED-STATES; HERBICIDES; WATERS AB Suspended sediment was isolated from water samples collected from the Mississippi River at Thebes, IL, eight times over a 5-year period from May 1988 through September 1993 in order to evaluate the transport of lipophilic halogenated organic compounds associated with the suspended sediment. Two hydrologic extremes were included-the 1988 drought and the 1993 flood. Halogenated organic compounds included polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), hexachlorobenzene, pentachloroanisole, DCPA (dacthal), trifluralin, aldrin, dieldrin, and chlordane components. Sediment transport of most of these organic compounds was substantially higher during the 1993 flood than at other sampling times. The extreme transports during the flood were due to unusually high concentrations of some contaminants on the suspended sediment, low to average concentrations of suspended sediment being transported, and unusually high water discharges. RP Rostad, CE (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,MAIL STOP 408,5293 WARD RD,ARVADA,CO 80002, USA. NR 29 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 2 U2 6 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0013-936X J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD MAY PY 1997 VL 31 IS 5 BP 1308 EP 1312 DI 10.1021/es960513z PG 5 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA WW948 UT WOS:A1997WW94800025 ER PT J AU Goolsby, DA Thurman, EM Pomes, ML Meyer, MT Battaglin, WA AF Goolsby, DA Thurman, EM Pomes, ML Meyer, MT Battaglin, WA TI Herbicides and their metabolites in rainfall: Origin, transport, and deposition patterns across the midwestern and northeastern United States, 1990-1991 SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID CHROMATOGRAPHY MASS-SPECTROMETRY; NONPOINT-SOURCE CONTAMINATION; SURFACE-WATER; TRIAZINE HERBICIDES; GREAT-LAKES; PESTICIDES; ATRAZINE; GROUNDWATER; ALACHLOR AB Herbicides were detected in rainfall throughout the midwestern and northeastern United States during late spring and summer of 1990 and 1991. Herbicide concentrations exhibited distinct geographic and seasonal patterns. The highest concentrations occurred in midwestern cornbelt states following herbicide application to cropland. Volume-weighted concentrations of 0.2-0.4 mu g/L for atrazine and alachlor were typical in this area during mid-April through mid-July, and weighted concentrations as large as 0.6-0.9 mu g/L occurred at several sites. Concentrations of 1-3 mu g/L were measured in a few individual samples. Atrazine was detected most often followed by alachlor, deethylatrazine, metolachlor, cyanazine, and deisopropylatrazine. The high ratio (similar to 0.5) of deethylatrazine to atrazine in rainfall suggests atmospheric degradation of atrazine. Mass deposition of herbicides was greatest in areas where herbicide use was high and decreased with distance from the cornbelt. Estimated deposition rates for both atrazine and alachlor ranged from more than 240 mu g m(-2) yr(-1) for some areas in the midwestern states to less than 10 mu g m(-2) yr(-1) for the New England states. The estimated annual deposition of atrazine on the Great lakes ranged from about 12 to 63 mu g m(-2) yr(-1). The total a mounts of atrazine and alachlor deposited annually in rainfall in the study area represent about 0.6% of the atrazine and 0.4% of the alachlor applied annually to crops in the study area. C1 US GEOL SURVEY,LAWRENCE,KS 66049. US GEOL SURVEY,RALEIGH,NC 27607. RP Goolsby, DA (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,DENVER FED CTR,BOX 25046,MS 406,DENVER,CO 80225, USA. RI Thurman, Earl/B-5131-2011; OI Meyer, Michael/0000-0001-6006-7985 NR 39 TC 109 Z9 109 U1 0 U2 14 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0013-936X J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD MAY PY 1997 VL 31 IS 5 BP 1325 EP 1333 DI 10.1021/es960847o PG 9 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA WW948 UT WOS:A1997WW94800028 ER PT J AU Vroblesky, DA Bradley, PM Chapelle, FH AF Vroblesky, DA Bradley, PM Chapelle, FH TI Lack of correlation between organic acid concentrations and predominant electron-accepting processes in a contaminated aquifer SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID COASTAL-PLAIN AQUIFER; GROUND-WATER; SEDIMENTS; BIODEGRADATION; GEOCHEMISTRY; METABOLISM; ECOSYSTEMS; SULFATE AB Long-term (1992-1995) monitoring data from a petroleum hydrocarbon-contaminated aquifer were used to examine the hypothesis that concentrations of low molecular weight (LMW) aliphatic organic acids reflect terminal electron-accepting processes. During the period of study, concentrations of dissolved hydrogen (H-2) indicated that methanogenic, sulfate-reducing, and iron(III)-reducing conditions predominated at the site. However, there was no correlation between LMW organic acid concentrations and concentrations of dissolved H-2. These results indicate that organic acid concentrations are not a reliable indicator of local redox conditions at this site. RP Vroblesky, DA (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,STEPHENSON CTR,SUITE 129,720 CONCERN RD,COLUMBIA,SC 29210, USA. NR 23 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0013-936X J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD MAY PY 1997 VL 31 IS 5 BP 1416 EP 1418 DI 10.1021/es960662h PG 3 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA WW948 UT WOS:A1997WW94800039 ER PT J AU Connell, TL Joye, SB Miller, LG Oremland, RS AF Connell, TL Joye, SB Miller, LG Oremland, RS TI Bacterial Oxidation of methyl bromide in Mono Lake, California SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID METHANE OXIDATION; ATMOSPHERIC BROMINE; DIMETHYL ETHER; DEGRADATION; INHIBITORS; OZONE; MEROMIXIS; FLUORIDE; SOILS; OCEAN AB The oxidation of methyl bromide (MeBr) in the water column of Mono Lake, CA, was studied by measuring the formation of (HCO3)-C-14 from [C-14]MeBr. Potential oxidation was detected throughout the water column, with highest rates occurring in the epilimnion (5-12 m depth). The oxidation of MeBr was eliminated by filter-sterilization, thereby demonstrating the involvement of bacteria. Vertical profiles of MeBr activity differed from those obtained for nitrification and methane oxidation, indicating that MeBr oxidation is not simply a co-oxidation process by either nitrifiers or methanotrophs. Furthermore, specific inhibitors of methane oxidation and/or nitrification (e.g., methyl fluoride, acetylene, allyl sulfide) had no effect upon the rate of MeBr oxidation in live samples. Of a variety of potential electron donors added to Mono Lake water, only trimethylamine resulted in the stimulation of MeBr oxidation. Cumulatively, these results suggest that the oxidation of MeBr in Mono Lake waters is attributable to trimethylamine-degrading methylotrophs. Neither methyl chloride nor methanol inhibited the oxidation of [C-14]MeBr in live samples, indicating that these bacteria directly oxidized MeBr rather than the products of MeBr nucleophilic substitution reactions. C1 US GEOL SURVEY,MENLO PK,CA 94025. TEXAS A&M UNIV,COLLEGE STN,TX 77843. OI Joye, Samantha/0000-0003-1610-451X NR 38 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0013-936X J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD MAY PY 1997 VL 31 IS 5 BP 1489 EP 1495 DI 10.1021/es960732k PG 7 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA WW948 UT WOS:A1997WW94800050 ER PT J AU Lerch, RN Thurman, EM Kruger, EL AF Lerch, RN Thurman, EM Kruger, EL TI Mixed-mode sorption of hydroxylated atrazine degradation products to soil: A mechanism for bound residue SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID PERFORMANCE LIQUID-CHROMATOGRAPHY; SOLID-PHASE EXTRACTION; PESTICIDE-RESIDUES; HERBICIDE ATRAZINE; S-TRIAZINES; METOLACHLOR; SAMPLES AB This study tested the hypothesis that sorption of hydroxylated atrazine degradation products (HADPs: hydroxyatrazine, HA; deethylhydroxyatrazine, DEHA; and deisopropylhydroxyatrazine, DIHA) to soils occurs by mixed-mode binding resulting from two simultaneous mechanisms: (1) cation exchange and (2) hydrophobic interaction. The objective was to use liquid chromatography and soil extraction experiments to show that mixed-mode binding is the mechanism controlling HADP sorption to soils and is also a mechanism for bound residue. Overall, HADP binding to solid-phase extraction (SPE) sorbents occurred in the order: cation exchange much greater than octadecyl (C-18) much greater than cyanopropyl. Binding to cation exchange SPE and to a high-performance liquid chromatography octyl (C-8) column showed evidence for mixed-mode binding. Comparison of soil extracted by 0.5 M KH2PO4, pH 7.5, or 25% aqueous CH3CN showed that, for HA and DIHA, cation exchange was a more important binding mechanism to soils than hydrophobic interaction. Based on differences between several extractants, the extent of HADP mixed-mode binding to soil occurred in the following order: HA > DIHA > DEHA. Mixed-mode extraction recovered 42.8% of bound atrazine residues from aged soil, and 88% of this fraction was identified as HADPs. Thus, a significant portion of bound atrazine residues in soils is sorbed by the mixed-mode binding mechanisms. C1 US GEOL SURVEY,DIV WATER RESOURCES,LAWRENCE,KS 66049. IOWA STATE UNIV SCI & TECHNOL,DEPT ENTOMOL,PESTICIDE TOXICOL LAB,AMES,IA 50011. RP Lerch, RN (reprint author), UNIV MISSOURI,USDA ARS,CROPPING SYST & WATER QUAL RES UNIT,269 AGR ENGN BLDG,COLUMBIA,MO 65211, USA. RI Thurman, Earl/B-5131-2011 NR 43 TC 59 Z9 60 U1 3 U2 10 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0013-936X J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD MAY PY 1997 VL 31 IS 5 BP 1539 EP 1546 DI 10.1021/es960811w PG 8 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA WW948 UT WOS:A1997WW94800057 ER PT J AU Peterson, ML White, AF Brown, GE Parks, GA AF Peterson, ML White, AF Brown, GE Parks, GA TI Surface passivation of magnetite by reaction with aqueous Cr(VI): XAFS and TEM results SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID X-RAY-ABSORPTION; NEAR-EDGE STRUCTURE; SPECTROSCOPY; CR(III) C1 US GEOL SURVEY, MENLO PK, CA 94025 USA. STANFORD SYNCHROTRON RADIAT LAB, STANFORD, CA 94309 USA. RP STANFORD UNIV, DEPT GEOG & ENVIRONM SCI, STANFORD, CA 94305 USA. NR 24 TC 111 Z9 113 U1 3 U2 33 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0013-936X EI 1520-5851 J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD MAY PY 1997 VL 31 IS 5 BP 1573 EP 1576 DI 10.1021/es960868i PG 4 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA WW948 UT WOS:A1997WW94800061 ER PT J AU Langenheim, VE Hildenbrand, TG AF Langenheim, VE Hildenbrand, TG TI Commerce geophysical lineament - Its source, geometry, and relation to the Reelfoot rift and New Madrid seismic zone SO GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA BULLETIN LA English DT Article ID NORTH-AMERICA; MISSISSIPPI EMBAYMENT; EARTHQUAKE SWARM; GRAVITY-DATA; EASTERN; ARKANSAS; MISSOURI; ILLINOIS; BOUNDS; FIELD AB The Commerce geophysical lineament is a northeast-trending magnetic and gravity feature that extends from central Arkansas to southern Illinois over a distance of approximate to 400 km. It is parallel to the trend of the Reelfoot graben, but offset approximate to 40 km to the northwest of the western margin of the rift floor. Modeling indicates that the source of the aeromagnetic and gravity anomalies is probably a mafic dike swarm, The age of the source of the Commerce geophysical lineament is not known, but the linearity and trend of the anomalies suggest a relationship with the Reelfoot rift, which has undergone episodic igneous activity. The Commerce geophysical lineament coincides with several topographic lineaments, movement on associated faults at least as young as Quaternary, and intrusions of various ages. Several earthquakes (M-b > 3) coincide with the Commerce geophysical lineament, but the diversity of associated focal mechanisms and the variety of surface structural features along the length of the Commerce geophysical lineament obscure its relation to the release of present-day strain. With the available seismicity data, it is difficult to attribute individual earthquakes a specific structural lineament such as the Commerce geophysical lineament, However, the close correspondence between Quaternary faulting and present-day seismicity along the Commerce geophysical lineament is intriguing and warrants further study. RP Langenheim, VE (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,345 MIDDLEFIELD RD,MENLO PK,CA 94025, USA. NR 68 TC 32 Z9 32 U1 0 U2 1 PU GEOLOGICAL SOC AMERICA PI BOULDER PA PO BOX 9140 3300 PENROSE PLACE, BOULDER, CO 80301 SN 0016-7606 J9 GEOL SOC AM BULL JI Geol. Soc. Am. Bull. PD MAY PY 1997 VL 109 IS 5 BP 580 EP 595 DI 10.1130/0016-7606(1997)109<0580:CGLISG>2.3.CO;2 PG 16 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA WY671 UT WOS:A1997WY67100007 ER PT J AU Brewer, PG Orr, FM Friederich, G Kvenvolden, KA Orange, DL McFarlane, J Kirkwood, W AF Brewer, PG Orr, FM Friederich, G Kvenvolden, KA Orange, DL McFarlane, J Kirkwood, W TI Deep-ocean field test of methane hydrate formation from a remotely operated vehicle SO GEOLOGY LA English DT Article ID THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES; GAS AB We have observed the process of formation of clathrate hydrates of methane in experiments conducted on the remotely operated vehicle (ROV) Ventana in the deep waters of Monterey Bay. A tank of methane gas, acrylic tubes containing seawater, and seawater plus various types of sediment were carried down on Ventana to a depth of 910 m where methane gas was injected at the base of the acrylic tubes by bubble stream. Prior calculations had shown that the local hydrographic conditions gave an upper limit of 525 m for the P-T boundary defining methane hydrate formation or dissociation at this site, and thus our experiment took place well within the stability range for this reaction to occur. Hydrate formation in free seawater occurred within minutes as a buoyant mass of translucent hydrate formed at the gaswater interface. In a coarse sand matrix the filling of the pore spaces with hydrate turned the sand column into a solidified block, which gas pressure soon lifted and ruptured. In a fine-grained black mud the gas flow carved out flow channels, the walls of which became coated and then filled with hydrate in larger discrete masses. Our experiment shows that hydrate formation is rapid in natural seawater, that sediment type strongly influences the patterns of hydrate formation, and that the use of ROV technologies permits the synthesis of large amounts of hydrate material in natural systems under a variety of conditions so that fundamental research on the stability and growth of these substances is possible. C1 STANFORD UNIV,SCH EARTH SCI,STANFORD,CA 94305. US GEOL SURVEY,MENLO PK,CA 94025. RP Brewer, PG (reprint author), MONTEREY BAY AQUARIUM RES INST,MOSS LANDING,CA 95039, USA. NR 18 TC 50 Z9 58 U1 2 U2 9 PU GEOLOGICAL SOC AMERICA PI BOULDER PA PO BOX 9140 3300 PENROSE PLACE, BOULDER, CO 80301 SN 0091-7613 J9 GEOLOGY JI Geology PD MAY PY 1997 VL 25 IS 5 BP 407 EP 410 DI 10.1130/0091-7613(1997)025<0407:DOFTOM>2.3.CO;2 PG 4 WC Geology SC Geology GA WY670 UT WOS:A1997WY67000006 ER PT J AU Spicer, KR Costa, JE Placzek, G AF Spicer, KR Costa, JE Placzek, G TI Measuring flood discharge in unstable stream channels using ground-penetrating radar SO GEOLOGY LA English DT Article AB Field experiments were conducted to test the ability of ground-penetrating radar (GPR) to measure stream-channel cross sections at high flows without the necessity of placing instruments in the water. Experiments were conducted at four U.S. Geological Survey gaging stations in southwest Washington State. With the GPR antenna suspended above the water surface from a bridge or cableway, traverses were made across stream channels to collect radar profile plots of the streambed. Subsequent measurements of water depth were made using conventional depth-measuring equipment (weight and tape) and were used to calculate radar signal velocities. Other streamflow-parameter data were collected to examine their relation to radar signal velocity and to clarity of streambed definition. These initial tests indicate that GPR is capable of producing a reasonably accurate (+/-20%) stream-channel profile and discharge far more quickly than conventional stream-gaging procedures, while avoiding the problems and hazards associated with placing instruments in the water. C1 US GEOL SURVEY,HARTFORD,CT 06103. RP Spicer, KR (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,5400 MACARTHUR BLVD,VANCOUVER,WA 98661, USA. NR 8 TC 21 Z9 21 U1 1 U2 3 PU GEOLOGICAL SOC AMERICA PI BOULDER PA PO BOX 9140 3300 PENROSE PLACE, BOULDER, CO 80301 SN 0091-7613 J9 GEOLOGY JI Geology PD MAY PY 1997 VL 25 IS 5 BP 423 EP 426 DI 10.1130/0091-7613(1997)025<0423:MFDIUS>2.3.CO;2 PG 4 WC Geology SC Geology GA WY670 UT WOS:A1997WY67000010 ER PT J AU Marshall, GA Langbein, J Stein, RS Lisowski, M Svarc, J AF Marshall, GA Langbein, J Stein, RS Lisowski, M Svarc, J TI Inflation of Long Valley caldera, California, basin and range strain, and possible Mono craters dike opening from 1990-94 GPS surveys SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article ID GLOBAL POSITIONING SYSTEM; EASTERN CALIFORNIA; 2-COLOR GEODIMETER; KILAUEA VOLCANO; DEFORMATION; HAWAII; SPACE AB Five years of annual Global Positioning System (GPS) surveys of a network centered on Long Valley, California, constrain displacement rates for these stations relative. to a central station in the network. These observations are consistent with recent models of resurgent dome inflation in Long Valley (Langbein et al., 1995) and have sufficient signal to detect the presence of Basin and Range strain in the Long Valley region. The data also allow for the possibility of dike inflation beneath the Mono Craters; dike intrusion is consistent with the Mono Craters' recent geologic history of ash eruptions, with seismic tomography, leveling data, and geologic studies of these volcanic domes and flows. C1 US GEOL SURVEY,WESTERN REG EARTHQUAKE HAZARDS TEAM,MENLO PK,CA 94025. US GEOL SURVEY,HAWAIIAN VOLCANO OBSERV,HAWAII NATL PK,HI 96718. RP Marshall, GA (reprint author), TRIMBLE NAVAGAT LTD,COMMERCIAL SYST GRP,SURVEYING & MAPPING SYST,485 POTRERO AVE,SUNNYVALE,CA 94806, USA. NR 19 TC 23 Z9 23 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 SN 0094-8276 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD MAY 1 PY 1997 VL 24 IS 9 BP 1003 EP 1006 DI 10.1029/97GL00885 PG 4 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA WX269 UT WOS:A1997WX26900001 ER PT J AU Halford, KJ AF Halford, KJ TI Effects of unsaturated zone on aquifer test analysis in a shallow-aquifer system SO GROUND WATER LA English DT Article ID UNCONFINED AQUIFER; YIELD; FLOW AB A comparison between two hypothetical flow models of an unconfined aquifer, one saturated and the other variably saturated, indicates that the variably saturated model which explicitly models drainage from the unsaturated zone provides a better conceptual framework for analyzing unconfined aquifer test data and better estimates of the lateral and vertical hydraulic conductivity in fine-grained sands, Explicitly accounting for multiple aquifers, well-bore storage, and the effects of delayed drainage from the unsaturated zone increases confidence in aquifer property estimates by removing some assumptions and allowing for the inclusion of early time data and water-table observations in an aquifer test analysis, The inclusion of the unsaturated zone expands the number of parameters to be estimated, but reasonable estimates of lateral and vertical hydraulic conductivity and specific storage of the unconfined aquifer can be obtained. For the cases examined, only the van Genuchten parameter a needed to be determined by the test, because the parameters n and theta(r) had a minimal effect on the estimates of hydraulic conductivities, and literature values could be used for these parameters, Estimates of lateral and vertical hydraulic conductivity using MODFLOW were not as good as the VS2DT based estimates and differed from the known values by as much as 30 percent. The hydraulic properties of a surficial aquifer system were estimated through a series of aquifer tests conducted at Cecil Field Naval Air Station in Jacksonville, Florida. Aquifer test results were analyzed by calibrating a variably saturated, radial flow model to the measured drawdowns. Parameter estimation was performed by minimizing the difference between simulated and measured drawdowns with an optimization routine coupled to VS2DT and was constrained by assuming that the hydraulic properties of each aquifer or confining unit were homogeneous, Given the hydrogeologic conditions at the field site, estimating the hydraulic properties of the aquifers and confining units with analytically derived type curves would have been inappropriate, Estimates of the lateral hydraulic conductivity from the VS2DT solution were more consistent with the observed geology than estimates from Theis analyses, which ranged from 20 to 80 percent more than the final estimates. The unsaturated zone affected an aquifer test conducted in a leaky aquifer about 100 feet below land surface more than the other two aquifer tests because about half of the pumped water came from the overlying, unconfined aquifer. RP Halford, KJ (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,224 W CENT PKWY,SUITE 1006,ALTAMONTE SPRINGS,FL 32714, USA. NR 18 TC 19 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 9 PU GROUND WATER PUBLISHING CO PI WESTERVILLE PA 601 DEMPSEY RD, WESTERVILLE, OH 43081 SN 0017-467X J9 GROUND WATER JI Ground Water PD MAY-JUN PY 1997 VL 35 IS 3 BP 512 EP 522 DI 10.1111/j.1745-6584.1997.tb00112.x PG 11 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Geology; Water Resources GA WX770 UT WOS:A1997WX77000018 ER PT J AU Modica, E Reilly, TE Pollock, DW AF Modica, E Reilly, TE Pollock, DW TI Patterns and age distribution of ground-water flow to streams SO GROUND WATER LA English DT Article AB Simulations of ground-water flow in a generic aquifer system were made to characterize the topology of ground-water flow in the stream subsystem and to evaluate its relation to deeper ground-water flow, The flow models are patterned after hydraulic characteristics of aquifers of the Atlantic Coastal Plain and are based on numerical solutions to three-dimensional, steady-state, unconfined flow, The models were used to evaluate the effects of aquifer horizontal-to-vertical hydraulic conductivity ratios, aquifer thickness, and areal recharge rates on flow in the stream subsystem, A particle tracker was used to determine flow paths in a stream subsystem, to establish the relation between ground-water seepage to points along a simulated stream and its source area of flow, and to determine ground-water residence time in stream subsystems. In a geometrically simple aquifer system with accretion, the source area of flow to streams resembles an elongated ellipse that tapers in the downgradient direction, Increased recharge causes an expansion of the stream subsystem, The source area of flow to the stream expands predominantly toward the stream headwaters. Baseflow gain is also increased along the reach of the stream, A thin aquifer restricts ground-water flow and causes the source area of flow to expand near stream headwaters and also shifts the start-of-flow to the drainage basin divide, Increased aquifer anisotropy causes a lateral expansion of the source area of flow to streams. Ground-water seepage to the stream channel originates both from near- and far-recharge locations. The range in the lengths of flow paths that terminate at a point on a stream increase in the downstream direction, Consequently, the age distribution of ground water that seeps into the stream is skewed progressively older with distance downstream. Base flow ia an integration of ground water with varying age and potentially different water quality, depending on the source within the drainage basin, The quantitative results presented indicate that this integration can have a wide and complex residence time range and source distribution. C1 US GEOL SURVEY,NATL CTR 411,RESTON,VA 22091. RP Modica, E (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,810 BEAR TAVERN RD W,TRENTON,NJ 08628, USA. OI Reilly, Thomas/0000-0002-2988-9881 NR 10 TC 23 Z9 23 U1 1 U2 3 PU GROUND WATER PUBLISHING CO PI WESTERVILLE PA 601 DEMPSEY RD, WESTERVILLE, OH 43081 SN 0017-467X J9 GROUND WATER JI Ground Water PD MAY-JUN PY 1997 VL 35 IS 3 BP 523 EP 537 DI 10.1111/j.1745-6584.1997.tb00113.x PG 15 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Geology; Water Resources GA WX770 UT WOS:A1997WX77000019 ER PT J AU Spencer, JR McEwen, AS McGrath, MA Sartoretti, P Nash, DB Noll, KS Gilmore, D AF Spencer, JR McEwen, AS McGrath, MA Sartoretti, P Nash, DB Noll, KS Gilmore, D TI Volcanic resurfacing of Io: Post-repair HST imaging SO ICARUS LA English DT Article ID HUBBLE-SPACE-TELESCOPE; GALILEAN SATELLITES; SPECTRAL REFLECTANCE; ALBEDO CHANGES; SULFUR FLOWS; SURFACE; LO; ERUPTIONS; SEARCH; COLOR AB In March 1994, we used the newly refurbished Hubble Space Telescope (HST) to obtain global imaging of Io at five wavelengths between 0.34 and 1.02 mu m, with a spatial resolution of 160 km. The images provided the dearest view of Io since Voyager and the first systematic observations in the wavelength range 0.7-1.0 mu m. We have produced absolutely calibrated global mosaics of Io's reflectance in all our five wavelengths. The near-infrared images reveal that the 0.55- to 0.7-mu m absorption edge seen in lo's disk-integrated spectrum has a very different spatial distribution from the better-known 0.40- to 0.50-mu m absorption edge studied by Voyager, and must be generated by a different chemical species. The 0.55- to 0.7-mu m absorption edge is strongly concentrated in the pyroclastic ejecta blanket of the volcano Pele, at a few much smaller discrete spots, and probably also in the polar regions. The Pele ejecta spectrum is consistent with the idea that S2O, partially decomposed to S-4 (and probably S-3), may be the species responsible for the 0.55- to 0.7-mu m absorption edge at Pele and elsewhere on Io, though S-4 generated by other processes may also be a possibility. S2O can be produced by high-temperature decomposition of SO2 gas, and the high temperature of the Pele volcano may account for its concentration there. Spectral anomalies of comparable size and prominence are not seen around the other ''Pele-type'' volcanos Surt and Aten (A. S. McEwen and L. A. Soderblom, 1983, Icarus 55, 191-217), suggesting that these volcanos, if chemically similar to Pele, are much less active. The spectrum of high-latitude regions is similar to that of quenched red sulfur glass, and if this similarity is not coincidental, the glass may be preserved here by the low polar surface temperatures. Alternatively, the low polar temperatures may preserve sulfur that has been reddened by radiation. There are many changes in albedo patterns in the 15 years between Voyager and these HST observations, but these are generally subtle at HST resolution and are not strongly concentrated in longitude; however there was a major brightening of a 400-km-diameter region centered on Ra Patera between March 1994 and repeat HST observations in July 1995, which was a larger albedo change than any seen in the previous 15 years. This was presumably due to a large eruption at Ra Patera, as confirmed by Galileo images. Long-exposure eclipse images of Io at 1.02 mu m on March 6, 1994, place strong limits on the area of exposed silicate magma on Io at the time of the observations, (C) 1997 Academic Press. C1 US GEOL SURVEY,FLAGSTAFF,AZ 86001. SPACE TELESCOPE SCI INST,BALTIMORE,MD 21218. SAN JUAN CAPISTRANO RES INST,SAN JUAN CAPISTRANO,CA 92675. RP Spencer, JR (reprint author), LOWELL OBSERV,1400 W MARS HILL RD,FLAGSTAFF,AZ 86001, USA. RI Noll, Keith/C-8447-2012 NR 45 TC 52 Z9 52 U1 0 U2 0 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC JNL-COMP SUBSCRIPTIONS PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 SN 0019-1035 J9 ICARUS JI Icarus PD MAY PY 1997 VL 127 IS 1 BP 221 EP 237 DI 10.1006/icar.1996.5670 PG 17 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA XC406 UT WOS:A1997XC40600015 ER PT J AU Bowers, JE Webb, RH Pierson, EA AF Bowers, JE Webb, RH Pierson, EA TI Succession of desert plants on debris flow terraces, Grand Canyon, Arizona, USA SO JOURNAL OF ARID ENVIRONMENTS LA English DT Article DE debris flows; desert scrub; life history strategies; longevity; seed dispersal; succession; Grand Canyon National Park ID SONORAN DESERT; COMMUNITIES; CALIFORNIA; DYNAMICS; SHRUB AB Vegetation sampling on 11 debris flow terraces in Grand Canyon National Park, Arizona, U.S.A., showed that plant assemblages changed as age of surface increased. The terraces ranged in age from about 5 to about 3100 years. There were distinct differences among sites in the life history characteristics of the dominant plants. Young terraces (5-55 years) were dominated by short-lived plants that had high reproductive potential. Older surfaces were dominated by species with longer life-spans and lower reproductive potential. Density and cover of long-lived species increased with age of surface; for short-lived plants, density was inversely related to surface age. Species composition was also correlated with site age; however, location, exposure, and other factors ensured that no two debris hows supported identical mixtures of species. Succession on recent Grand Canyon debris flows is driven in part by life-history strategies, particularly life-span and seed dispersal traits, and also by climatic factors, especially those that control germination and establishment of the long-lived dominants. (C) 1997 Academic Press Limited. RP Bowers, JE (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,1675 W ANKLAM RD,TUCSON,AZ 85745, USA. NR 51 TC 23 Z9 25 U1 1 U2 4 PU ACADEMIC PRESS LTD PI LONDON PA 24-28 OVAL RD, LONDON, ENGLAND NW1 7DX SN 0140-1963 J9 J ARID ENVIRON JI J. Arid. Environ. PD MAY PY 1997 VL 36 IS 1 BP 67 EP 86 DI 10.1006/jare.1996.0197 PG 20 WC Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA WV927 UT WOS:A1997WV92700006 ER PT J AU Nolan, BT Clark, ML AF Nolan, BT Clark, ML TI Selenium in irrigated agricultural areas of the western United States SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY LA English DT Article ID CONTAMINATION AB A logistic regression model was developed to predict the likelihood that Se exceeds the USEPA chronic criterion for aquatic life (5 mu g/L) in irrigated agricultural areas of the western USA. Preliminary analysis of explanatory variables used in the model indicated that surface-water Se concentration increased with increasing dissolved solids (DS) concentration and with the presence of Upper Cretaceous, mainly marine sediment. The presence or absence of Cretaceous sediment was the major variable affecting Se concentration in surface-water samples from the National Irrigation Water Quality Program. Median Se concentration was 14 mu g/L in samples from areas underlain by Cretaceous sediments and <1 mu g/L in samples from areas underlain by non-Cretaceous sediments. Wilcoxon rank sum tests indicated that elevated Se concentrations in samples from areas with Cretaceous sediments, irrigated areas, and from closed lakes and ponds were statistically significant. Spearman correlations indicated that Se was positively correlated with a binary geology variable (0.64) and DS (0.45). Logistic regression models indicated that the concentration of Se in surface water was almost certain to exceed the Environmental Protection Agency aquatic-life chronic criterion of 5 mu g/L when DS was greater than 3000 mg/L in areas with Cretaceous sediments. The ''best'' logistic regression model correctly predicted Se exceedances and nonexceedances 84.4% of the time, and model sensitivity was 80.7%. A regional map of Cretaceous sediment showed the location of potential problem areas. The map and logistic regression model are tools that can be used to determine the potential for Se contamination of irrigated agricultural areas in the western USA. C1 US GEOL SURVEY,DIV WATER RESOURCES,CHEYENNE,WY 82001. RP Nolan, BT (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,DIV WATER RESOURCES,NATL CTR,MS 413,RESTON,VA 20192, USA. NR 20 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 SN 0047-2425 J9 J ENVIRON QUAL JI J. Environ. Qual. PD MAY-JUN PY 1997 VL 26 IS 3 BP 849 EP 857 PG 9 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA WZ349 UT WOS:A1997WZ34900042 ER PT J AU Shortle, WC Smith, KT Minocha, R Lawrence, GB David, MB AF Shortle, WC Smith, KT Minocha, R Lawrence, GB David, MB TI Acidic deposition, cation mobilization, and biochemical indicators of stress in healthy red spruce SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY LA English DT Article ID LARGE-SCALE DISTURBANCES; GROWTH DECLINE; FOREST-FLOOR; WOODY PLANT; ALUMINUM; CALCIUM; POLYAMINES; SOILS AB Dendrochemical and biochemical markers link stress in apparently healthy red spruce trees (Picea rubens) to acidic deposition. Acidic deposition to spruce forests of the northeastern USA increased sharply during the 1960s. Previous reports related visible damage of trees at high elevations to root and soil processes. In this report, dendrochemical and foliar biochemical markers indicate perturbations in biological processes in healthy red spruce trees across the northeastern USA. Previous research on the dendrochemistry of red spruce stemwood indicated that under uniform environmental conditions, stemwood concentrations of Ca and Mg decreased with increasing radial distance from the pith. For nine forest locations, frequency analysis shows that 28 and 52% of samples of red spruce stemwood formed in the 1960s are enriched in Ca and Mg, respectively, relative to wood formed prior to and after the 1960s. This enrichment in trees throughout the northeastern USA may be interpretable as a signal of increased availability of essential cations in forest soils. Such a temporary increase in the availability of Ca and Mg could be caused by cation mobilization, a consequence of increased acidic deposition. During cation mobilization, essential Ca and Mg as well as potentially harmful Al become more available for interaction with binding sites in the soil and absorbing roots. As conditions which favor cation mobilization continue, Ca and Mg can be leached or displaced from the soil. A measure of the interaction between Ca and Al is the Al/Ca binding ratio (molar charge ratio of exchangeable Al to exchangeable Ca). As the Al/Ca binding ratio in the root zone increased from 0.3 to 1.9, the foliar concentration of the biochemical stress marker putrescine also increased from 45 to 145 nm g(-1). The correlation of the putrescine concentration to the Al/Ca binding ratio (adj. r(2) = 0.68, P < 0.027) suggests that foliar stress may be linked to soil chemistry. C1 US FOREST SERV,USDA,NE FOREST EXPT STN,DURHAM,NH 03824. US GEOL SURVEY,TROY,NY 12180. UNIV ILLINOIS,URBANA,IL 61801. NR 31 TC 59 Z9 61 U1 1 U2 7 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 SN 0047-2425 J9 J ENVIRON QUAL JI J. Environ. Qual. PD MAY-JUN PY 1997 VL 26 IS 3 BP 871 EP 876 PG 6 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA WZ349 UT WOS:A1997WZ34900045 ER PT J AU Major, JJ AF Major, JJ TI Depositional processes in large-scale debris-flow experiments SO JOURNAL OF GEOLOGY LA English DT Article ID MOUNT-ST-HELENS; NEVADO-DEL-RUIZ; CLAST ORIENTATIONS; TURBIDITY CURRENTS; NEW-ZEALAND; MT THOMAS; LAHARS; CALIFORNIA; MOBILIZATION; EMPLACEMENT AB This study examines the depositional process and characteristics of deposits of large-scale experimental debris flows (to 15 m(3)) composed of mixtures of gravel (to 32 mm), sand, and mud. The experiments were performed using a 95-m-long, 2-m-wide debris-flow flume that slopes 31 degrees. Following release, experimental debris flows invariably developed numerous shallow (similar to 10 cm deep) surges. Sediment transported by surges accumulated abruptly on a 3 degrees runout slope at the mouth of the flume. Deposits developed in a complex manner through a combination of shoving forward and shouldering aside previously deposited debris and through progressive vertical accretion. Progressive accretion by the experimental flows is contrary to commonly assumed en masse sedimentation by debris flows. Despite progressive sediment emplacement, deposits were composed of unstratified accumulations of generally unsorted debris; hence massively textured, poorly sorted debris-flow deposits are not emplaced uniquely en masse. The depositional process was recorded mainly by deposit morphology and surface texture and was not faithfully registered by interior sedimentary texture; homogeneous internal textures could be misinterpreted as the result of en masse emplacement by a single surge. Deposition of sediment by similar, yet separate, debris flows produced a homogenous, massively textured composite deposit having little stratigraphic distinction. Similar deposit characteristics and textures are observed in natural debris-flow deposits. Experimental production of massively textured deposits by progressive sediment accre tion limits interpretations that can be drawn from deposit characteristics and casts doubt on methods of estimating flow properties from deposit thickness or from relations between particle size and bed thickness. RP Major, JJ (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,5400 MACARTHUR BLVD,VANCOUVER,WA 98661, USA. OI Major, Jon/0000-0003-2449-4466 NR 90 TC 189 Z9 198 U1 1 U2 23 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 5720 S WOODLAWN AVE, CHICAGO, IL 60637 SN 0022-1376 J9 J GEOL JI J. Geol. PD MAY PY 1997 VL 105 IS 3 BP 345 EP 366 PG 22 WC Geology SC Geology GA WX175 UT WOS:A1997WX17500005 ER PT J AU Domagalski, J AF Domagalski, J TI Results of a prototype surface water network design for pesticides developed for the San Joaquin River Basin, California SO JOURNAL OF HYDROLOGY LA English DT Article AB A nested surface water monitoring network was designed and tested to measure variability in pesticide concentrations in the San Joaquin River and selected tributaries during the irrigation season. The network design and sampling frequency necessary for determining the variability and distribution in pesticide concentrations were tested in a prototype study. The San Joaquin River Basin, California, was sampled from April to August, 1992, a period during the irrigation season where there was no rainfall. Orestimba Creek, which drains a part of the western San Joaquin Valley, was sampled three times per week for 6 weeks, followed by a once per week sampling for 6 weeks, and then three times per week sampling for 6 weeks. A site on the San Joaquin River near the mouth of the basin, and an irrigation drain of the eastern San Joaquin Valley, were sampled weekly during the entire sampling period. Pesticides were most often detected in samples collected from Orestimba Creek. This suggests that the western valley was the principal source of pesticides to the San Joaquin River during the irrigation season. Irrigation drainage water was the source of pesticides to Orestimba Creek. Pesticide concentrations of Orestimba Creek showed greater temporal variability when sampled three times per week than when sampled once a week, due to variations in field management and irrigation. The implication for the San Joaquin River basin (an irrigation-dominated agricultural setting) is that frequent sampling of tributary sites is necessary to describe the variability in pesticides transported to the San Joaquin River. (C) 1997 Elsevier Science B.V. RP Domagalski, J (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,6000 J ST,SACRAMENTO,CA 95819, USA. NR 10 TC 10 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0022-1694 J9 J HYDROL JI J. Hydrol. PD MAY PY 1997 VL 192 IS 1-4 BP 33 EP 50 DI 10.1016/S0022-1694(96)03124-1 PG 18 WC Engineering, Civil; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Engineering; Geology; Water Resources GA XH248 UT WOS:A1997XH24800003 ER PT J AU Heidari, M Moench, A AF Heidari, M Moench, A TI Evaluation of unconfined-aquifer parameters from pumping test data by nonlinear least squares SO JOURNAL OF HYDROLOGY LA English DT Article ID WATER-TABLE; FLOW; IDENTIFICATION; MODELS; YIELD; WELL AB Nonlinear least squares (NLS) with automatic differentiation was used to estimate aquifer parameters from drawdown data obtained from published pumping tests conducted in homogeneous, water-table aquifers. The method is based on a technique that seeks to minimize the squares of residuals between observed and calculated drawdown subject to bounds that are placed on the parameter of interest. The analytical model developed by Neuman for flow to a partially penetrating well of infinitesimal diameter situated in an infinite, homogeneous and anisotropic aquifer was used to obtain calculated drawdown. NLS was first applied to synthetic drawdown data from a hypothetical but realistic aquifer to demonstrate that the relevant hydraulic parameters (storativity, specific yield, and horizontal and vertical hydraulic conductivity) can be evaluated accurately. Next the method was used to estimate the parameters at three field sites with widely varying hydraulic properties. NLS produced unbiased estimates of the aquifer parameters that are close to the estimates obtained with the same data using a visual curve-matching approach. Small differences in the estimates are a consequence of subjective interpretation introduced in the visual approach. (C) 1997 Elsevier Science B.V. C1 US GEOL SURVEY, MENLO PK, CA 94025 USA. RP Heidari, M (reprint author), ILLINOIS STATE GEOL SURVEY, 615 E PEABODY DR, CHAMPAIGN, IL 61820 USA. NR 30 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0022-1694 J9 J HYDROL JI J. Hydrol. PD MAY PY 1997 VL 192 IS 1-4 BP 300 EP 313 DI 10.1016/S0022-1694(96)03101-0 PG 14 WC Engineering, Civil; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Engineering; Geology; Water Resources GA XH248 UT WOS:A1997XH24800015 ER PT J AU Spaulding, SA McKnight, DM Stoermer, EF Doran, PT AF Spaulding, SA McKnight, DM Stoermer, EF Doran, PT TI Diatoms in sediments of perennially ice-covered Lake Hoare, and implications for interpreting lake history in the McMurdo dry valleys of Antarctica SO JOURNAL OF PALEOLIMNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE McMurdo Dry Valleys; Antarctica; diatoms; ice-covered lakes; closed-basin lakes; amictic lakes ID GLACIAL HISTORY; SOUTH-SHETLAND; ALGAL MATS; ASSEMBLAGES; COMMUNITIES; ISLAND; BASIN; ENVIRONMENT; MICHIGAN; FRYXELL AB Diatom assemblages in surficial sediments, sediment cores, sediment traps, and inflowing streams of perennially ice-covered Lake Hoare, South Victorialand, Antarctica were examined to determine the distribution of diatom taxa, and to ascertain if diatom species composition has changed over time. Lake Hoare is a closed-basin lake with an area of 1.8 km(2), maximum depth of 34 m, and mean depth of 14 m, although lake level has been rising at a rate of 0.09 m yr(-1) in recent decades. The lake has an unusual regime of sediment deposition: coarse grained sediments accumulate on the ice surface and are deposited episodically on the lake bottom. Benthic microbial mats are covered in situ by the coarse episodic deposits, and the new surfaces are recolonized. Ice cover prevents wind-induced mixing, creating the unique depositional environment in which sediment cores record the history of a particular site, rather than a lake-wide integration. Shallow-water (<1 m) diatom assemblages (Stauroneis anceps, Navicula molesta, Diadesmis contenta var. parallela, Navicula peraustralis) were distinct from mid-depth (4-16 m) assemblages(Diadesmis contenta, Luticola muticopsis fo. reducta, Stauroneis anceps, Diadesmis contenta var. parallela, Luticola murrayi) and deep-water (26-31 m) assemblages (Luticola murrayi, Luticola muticopsis fo. reducta, Navicula molesta). Analysis of a sediment core (30 cm long, from 11 m water depth) from Lake Hoare revealed two abrupt changes in diatom assemblages. The upper section of the sediment core contained the greatest biomass of benthic microbial mat, as well as the greatest total abundance and diversity of diatoms. Relative abundances of diatoms in this section are similar to the surficial samples from mid-depths. An intermediate zone contained less organic material and lower densities of diatoms. The bottom section of core contained the least amount of microbial mat and organic material, and the lowest density of diatoms. The dominant process influencing species composition and abundance of diatom assemblages in the benthic microbial mars is episodic deposition of coarse sediment from the ice surface. C1 US GEOL SURVEY,BOULDER,CO 80302. UNIV MICHIGAN,CTR GREAT LAKES & AQUAT SCI,ANN ARBOR,MI 48109. UNIV NEVADA,DESERT RES INST,CTR BIOL SCI,RENO,NV 89506. OI MCKNIGHT, DIANE/0000-0002-4171-1533 NR 65 TC 51 Z9 52 U1 0 U2 7 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0921-2728 J9 J PALEOLIMNOL JI J. Paleolimn. PD MAY PY 1997 VL 17 IS 4 BP 403 EP 420 PG 18 WC Environmental Sciences; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Limnology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Geology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA XH709 UT WOS:A1997XH70900004 ER PT J AU Safak, E AF Safak, E TI Detection and identification of soil-structure interaction in buildings from vibration recordings - Closure SO JOURNAL OF STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING-ASCE LA English DT Editorial Material C1 US GEOL SURVEY,RESTON,VA 22092. RP Safak, E (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,GOLDEN,CO 80401, USA. NR 9 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 3 PU ASCE-AMER SOC CIVIL ENGINEERS PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017-2398 SN 0733-9445 J9 J STRUCT ENG-ASCE JI J. Struct. Eng.-ASCE PD MAY PY 1997 VL 123 IS 5 BP 691 EP 692 PG 2 WC Construction & Building Technology; Engineering, Civil SC Construction & Building Technology; Engineering GA WV716 UT WOS:A1997WV71600021 ER PT J AU Banks, NG Calvache, ML Williams, SN AF Banks, NG Calvache, ML Williams, SN TI C-14 ages and activity for the past 50 ka at Volcan Galeras, Colombia SO JOURNAL OF VOLCANOLOGY AND GEOTHERMAL RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE Galeras Volcano; eruption; pyroclastic flow; C-14 age; Colombia AB Volcan Galeras is the southernmost Colombian volcano with well-recorded historic activity. The volcano is part of a large and complex volcanic center upon which 400,000 people live. Historic activity has centered on a small-volume cone inside the youngest of several large amphitheaters that breach the west flank of the volcano, away from the city of Paste (population 300,000). Lava flows (SiO2 between 54.6 and 64.7 wt.%) have dominated activity for more than 1 Ma, but explosive events have also occurred. Joint studies by volcanologists from Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, Argentina, and the United States produced 24 new C-14 ages and more than 100 stratigraphic sections to interpret the past 50 ka of activity at Galeras, including sector collapse events. The youngest collapse event truncated 12.8 ka lava flows and may have occurred as recently as 8 to 10 ka. Tephra-fall material rapidly thins and becomes finer away from the vent area. The only widespread marker in the <10 ka section is a biotite-bearing tephra deposited between 4.1 and 4.5 ka from a source south of Galeras. It separates cryoturbated from largely undisturbed layers on Galeras, and thus dates a stratigraphic horizon which is useful in the interpretation of other volcanoes and geotectonics in the equatorial Andes. Pyroclastic flows during the past 50 ka have been small to moderate in volume, but they have left numerous thin deposits on the north and east flanks where lava flows have been impeded by crater and amphitheater walls. Many of the pyroclastic-flow deposits are lithic rich, with fines and clasts so strongly altered by hydrothermal action before eruption that they, as well as the sector collapse deposits, resemble waste dumps of leached cappings from disseminated sulfide deposits more than volcanogenic deposits. This evidence of a long-lived hydrothermal system indicates susceptibility to mass failure and explosive events higher than expected for a volcano built largely by lava flows and modest Vulcanian eruptions. Photographs, written accounts, and our study document historic north and east flank pyroclastic flows as far as 10 km from the summit; however, none have left recognizable deposits in Paste for more than 40 ka. C1 INGEOMINAS,OBSERV VULCANOL & SISMOL PASTO,PASTO,COLOMBIA. ARIZONA STATE UNIV,DEPT GEOL,TEMPE,AZ 85287. RP Banks, NG (reprint author), USGS,CASCADES VOLCANO OBSERV,5400 MACARTHUR BLVD,VANCOUVER,WA 98661, USA. NR 39 TC 11 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0377-0273 J9 J VOLCANOL GEOTH RES JI J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res. PD MAY PY 1997 VL 77 IS 1-4 BP 39 EP 55 DI 10.1016/S0377-0273(96)00085-6 PG 17 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA XC670 UT WOS:A1997XC67000004 ER PT J AU Cruz, FG Chouet, BA AF Cruz, FG Chouet, BA TI Long-period events, the most characteristic seismicity accompanying the emplacement and extrusion of a lava dome in Galeras Volcano, Colombia, in 1991 SO JOURNAL OF VOLCANOLOGY AND GEOTHERMAL RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE crack; dome; foam; resonance; vulcanian explosion ID FLUID-DRIVEN CRACK; SOURCE MODEL; TREMOR; KILAUEA; EARTHQUAKES; MECHANISM; ERUPTION; DYNAMICS; ROCKS; MELTS AB Since its reactivation in 1988 the principal eruptions of Galeras Volcano occurred on May 4-9, 1989, July 16, 1992, and January 14, March 23, April 3, April 14 and June 7, 1993. The initial eruption was a phreatic event which clearly marked a new period of activity. A lava dome was extruded within the main crater in October 1991 and subsequently destroyed in an explosive eruption on July 16, 1992. The eruptions that followed were all vulcanian-type explosions. The seismicity accompanying the emplacement, extrusion, and destruction of the lava dome was dominated by a mix of long-period (LP) events and tremor displaying a variety of waveforms. Repetitive LP events with dominant periods in the range 0.2-1 s were observed in October and November 1991 and visually correlated with short energetic pulses of gas venting through a crack bisecting the dome surface. Each LP event was characterized by a weak precursory signal with dominant periods in the range 0.05-0.1 s lasting roughly 7 s. Using the fluid-driven crack model of Chouet (1988, 1992), we infer that two distinct cracks may have acted as sources for the LP and precursor signals. Spectral analyses of the data yield the following parameters for the LP source: crack length, 240-360 m; crack width, 130-150 m; crack aperture, 0.5-3.4 mm; crack stiffness, 100-500; sound speed of fluid, 880 m/s; and excess pressure, 0.01-0.19 MPa. Similar analyses yield the parameters of the precursor source: crack length, 20-30 m; crack width, 15-25 m; crack aperture, 2.3-8.7 mm; crack stiffness, 5-15; sound speed of fluid, 140 m/s; and excess pressure, 0.06-0.15 MPa. Combined with geologic and thermodynamic constraints obtained from field observations, these seismic parameters suggest a gas-release mechanism in which the episodic collapse of a foam layer trapped at the top of the magma column subjacent to the dome releases a slug of pressurized gas which escapes to the surface while dilating a preexisting system of cracks in the dome structure. Accordingly, the fracture observed on the crystallized dome body is the surface extension of the LP-source crack, where LP activity is induced by the rapid emission and expansion of gas flowing through this conduit. The width and aperture of the crack estimated in the model are in good agreement with the length and aperture of the fracture estimated from visual observations. The source parameters of the precursor signal are suggestive of a nozzle-like conduit connecting the LP-source crack to the underlying magma reservoir. Excitation of this conduit segment is attributed to the rapid emission and acceleration of the frothy fluid resulting from the collapse of the foam layer at the top of the reservoir. The calculated periodicity of foam collapse events is in agreement with the observed average rate of thirteen LP events per hour. C1 US GEOL SURVEY,MENLO PK,CA 94025. RP Cruz, FG (reprint author), INGEOMINAS,OBSERV VULCANOL & SISMOL MANIZALES,AVE 12 OCTUBRE 15-47,MANIZALES,COLOMBIA. NR 62 TC 44 Z9 46 U1 2 U2 4 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0377-0273 J9 J VOLCANOL GEOTH RES JI J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res. PD MAY PY 1997 VL 77 IS 1-4 BP 121 EP 158 DI 10.1016/S0377-0273(96)00091-1 PG 38 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA XC670 UT WOS:A1997XC67000010 ER PT J AU Owen, WJ Gates, TK Flug, M AF Owen, WJ Gates, TK Flug, M TI Variability in perceived satisfaction of reservoir management objectives SO JOURNAL OF WATER RESOURCES PLANNING AND MANAGEMENT-ASCE LA English DT Article ID MEMBERSHIP AB Fuzzy set theory provides a useful model to address imprecision in interpreting linguistically described objectives for reservoir management. Fuzzy membership functions can be used to represent degrees of objective satisfaction for different values of management variables. However, lack of background information, differing experiences and qualifications, and complex interactions of influencing factors can contribute to significant variability among membership functions derived from surveys of multiple experts. In the present study, probabilistic membership functions are used to model variability in experts' perceptions of satisfaction of objectives for hydropower generation, fish habitat, kayaking, rafting, and scenery preservation on the Green River through operations of Flaming Gorge Dam. Degree of variability in experts' perceptions differed among objectives but resulted in substantial uncertainty in estimation of optimal reservoir releases. C1 COLORADO STATE UNIV,DEPT CIVIL ENGN,FT COLLINS,CO 80523. US GEOL SURVEY,BIOL RESOUR DIV,FT COLLINS,CO 80525. RP Owen, WJ (reprint author), RIVERSIDE TECHNOL INC,2290 E PROSPECT RD,STE 1,FT COLLINS,CO 80525, USA. NR 10 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 4 PU ASCE-AMER SOC CIVIL ENGINEERS PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017-2398 SN 0733-9496 J9 J WATER RES PL-ASCE JI J. Water Resour. Plan. Manage.-ASCE PD MAY-JUN PY 1997 VL 123 IS 3 BP 147 EP 153 DI 10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9496(1997)123:3(147) PG 7 WC Engineering, Civil; Water Resources SC Engineering; Water Resources GA WV765 UT WOS:A1997WV76500002 ER PT J AU Glass, BP Muenow, DW Bohor, BF Meeker, GP AF Glass, BP Muenow, DW Bohor, BF Meeker, GP TI Fragmentation and hydration of tektites and microtektites SO METEORITICS & PLANETARY SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID CRETACEOUS-TERTIARY BOUNDARY; DSDP SITE 612; CONTINENTAL-SLOPE; NEW-JERSEY; HAITI; SPHERULES; BARBADOS; LAYER; FIELD; GLASS AB An examination of data collected over the last 30 years indicates that the percent of glass fragments vs. whole splash forms in the Cenozoic microtektite strewn fields increases towards the source crater (or source region). We propose that this is due to thermal stress produced when tektites and larger microtektites fall into water near the source crater while still relatively hot (>1150 degrees C). We also find evidence (low major oxide totals, frothing when melted) for hydration of most of the North American tektite fragments and microtektites found in marine sediments. High-temperature mass spectrometry indicates that these tektite fragments and microtektites contain up to 3.8 wt% H2O. The H2O-release behavior during the high-temperature mass-spectrometric analysis, plus high Cl abundances (similar to 0.05 wt%), indicate that the North American tektite fragments and microtektites were hydrated in the marine environment (i.e., the H2O was not trapped solely on quenching from a melt). The younger Ivory Coast and Australasian microtektites do not exhibit much evidence of hydration (at least not in excess of 0.5 wt% H2O); this suggests that the degree of hydration increases with age. In addition, we find that some glass spherules (with <65 wt% SiO2) from the upper Eocene clinopyroxene-bearing spherule layer in the Indian Ocean have palagonitized rims. These spherules appear to have been altered in a similar fashion to the splash form WT boundary spherules. Thus, our data indicate that tektites and microtektites that generally contain >65 wt% SiO2 can undergo simple hydration in the marine environment, while impact glasses (with <65 wt% SiO2) can also undergo palagonitization. C1 UNIV HAWAII,HAWAII INST GEOPHYS,HONOLULU,HI 96822. US GEOL SURVEY,DENVER,CO 80225. RP Glass, BP (reprint author), UNIV DELAWARE,DEPT GEOL,NEWARK,DE 19716, USA. NR 40 TC 30 Z9 32 U1 0 U2 3 PU METEORITICAL SOC PI FAYETTEVILLE PA DEPT CHEMISTRY/BIOCHEMISTRY, UNIV ARKANSAS, FAYETTEVILLE, AR 72701 SN 0026-1114 J9 METEORIT PLANET SCI JI Meteorit. Planet. Sci. PD MAY PY 1997 VL 32 IS 3 BP 333 EP 341 PG 9 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA XA230 UT WOS:A1997XA23000004 ER PT J AU Haig, SM GrattoTrevor, CL Mullins, TD Colwell, MA AF Haig, SM GrattoTrevor, CL Mullins, TD Colwell, MA TI Population identification of western hemisphere shorebirds throughout the annual cycle SO MOLECULAR ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE RAPD; random amplified polymorphic DNA; Charadriiformes; shorebirds; population differentiation; migration; conservation genetics ID AMPLIFIED POLYMORPHIC DNA; CONTROL-REGION SEQUENCES; SEMIPALMATED SANDPIPERS; ARBITRARY PRIMERS; GENETIC-MARKERS; RAPD MARKERS; DIFFERENTIATION; MICROSATELLITE; MIGRATION; DUNLIN AB Identification of relationships among geographically distinct populations of migratory species can provide an understanding of breeding and natal philopatry, migration pathways, and population mixing during winter. We used random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analyses to search for markers specific to difficult-to-differentiate shorebird species (e.g. long-billed dowitcher Limnodromus scolopaceus and short-billed dowitcher L. griseus) as well as geographically distinct breeding populations of Hudsonian godwits Limosa haemastica, red-necked phalaropes Phalaropus lobatus, semipalmated plovers Charadrius semipalmatus, dunlin Calidris alpina, pectoral sandpipers C. melanotos, semipalmated sandpipers C. pusilla and western sandpipers C. mauri. Markers clearly differentiated all shorebird species. Estimates of population differentiation varied greatly among species (F-ST = 0.095-0.685) and correlated with interspecific variation in philopatry and geographical separation of breeding populations. We assigned individuals to putative breeding locales with greater certainty in well-differentiated species than in poorly differentiated species. Our findings indicate specific phylogeographical structure varies among species, which has strong implications for conservation of habitats within migratory corridors. We suggest that RAPDs are useful in identifying geographical populations of migratory species and that molecular markers should be considered for tracking migratory birds throughout the annual cycle. C1 ENVIRONM CANADA,CANADIAN WILDLIFE SERV,SASKATOON,SK S7N 0X4,CANADA. HUMBOLDT STATE UNIV,DEPT WILDLIFE,ARCATA,CA 95521. RP Haig, SM (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,FOREST & RANGELAND ECOSYST SCI CTR,BIOL RESOURCES DIV,3200 SW JEFFERSON WAY,CORVALLIS,OR 97331, USA. NR 65 TC 57 Z9 62 U1 3 U2 22 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA P O BOX 88, OSNEY MEAD, OXFORD, OXON, ENGLAND OX2 0NE SN 0962-1083 J9 MOL ECOL JI Mol. Ecol. PD MAY PY 1997 VL 6 IS 5 BP 413 EP 427 DI 10.1046/j.1365-294X.1997.t01-1-00203.x PG 15 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Ecology; Evolutionary Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Evolutionary Biology GA WY864 UT WOS:A1997WY86400002 ER PT J AU Keigley, RB AF Keigley, RB TI An increase in herbivory of cottonwood in Yellowstone National Park SO NORTHWEST SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID NORTHERN WINTER RANGE; UNGULATE HERBIVORY; WILLOWS; ASPEN AB This study examined an effect of elk (Cervus elaphus nelsoni) on narrowleaf cottonwood (Populus angustifolia) in northern Yellowstone National Park, where stands consist of old trees and younger, densely-branched bushes. The elk herd increased from a census of 3,172 in 1968 to a census of 18,913 in 1988. The purposes of this study were to: 1) document the height-growth of cottonwood bushes, 2) determine if the height of browsing corresponded with snow depth, and 3) determine if there has been a recent increase in cottonwood herbivory. In 5 stands of different age (ranging ca. 9-45 y old), I measured the height of live previous-year-growth and the height of the oldest stems killed by browsing. The tallest previous-year-growth was 80 cm; all stems taller than 29 cm had been browsed. Stems were killed by browsing closer to the ground in younger stands (respectively 87, 62, 28, 14, and 9 cm; P < 0.001). There was no change in mid-winter snow depth during the period 1950-1994. The 2 stands established since 1977 had relatively small variances in the height at which stems were killed by browsing (21 and 15 cm(2)), a uniformity likely caused by intense herbivory since respective stand creation. The large variances in the height of browse-killed stems in older stands (745, 399, and 291 cm(2)) were likely caused by an initial period of Light-to-moderate herbivory followed by an increase in herbivory that killed the stem tips at the heights existing at the time. The bush growth-form apparently results from an increase in herbivory that occurred between 1968 and 1977, a period in which the elk winter census increased from 3,172 to 8,981. The weight of evidence suggests that EuroAmerican influences have caused the northern elk herd to increase in number since the establishment of the park. If herbivory does not decrease, cottonwood may be eliminated from Yellowstone's northern range. RP Keigley, RB (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY, BIOL RESOURCES DIV, GREATER YELLOWSTONE RES GRP, BOZEMAN, MT 59718 USA. NR 32 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 2 PU WASHINGTON STATE UNIV PI PULLMAN PA PO BOX 645020, PULLMAN, WA 99164-5910 USA SN 0029-344X J9 NORTHWEST SCI JI Northwest Sci. PD MAY PY 1997 VL 71 IS 2 BP 127 EP 136 PG 10 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA XM580 UT WOS:A1997XM58000007 ER PT J AU Mitchell, JN Yu, N Devanathan, R Sickafus, KE Nastasi, MA Nord, GL AF Mitchell, JN Yu, N Devanathan, R Sickafus, KE Nastasi, MA Nord, GL TI Ion irradiation damage in ilmenite at 100 K SO NUCLEAR INSTRUMENTS & METHODS IN PHYSICS RESEARCH SECTION B-BEAM INTERACTIONS WITH MATERIALS AND ATOMS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 10th International Conference on Ion Beam Modification of Materials (IBMM-96) CY SEP 01-06, 1996 CL ALBUQUERQUE, NM ID ALUMINATE SPINEL; CATION DISORDER; AMORPHIZATION; CRYSTAL AB A natural single crystal of ilmenite (FeTiO3) was irradiated at 100 K with 200 keV Ar2+. Rutherford backscattering spectroscopy and ion channeling with 2 MeV He+ ions were used to monitor damage accumulation in the surface region of the implanted crystal, At an irradiation fluence of 1 x 10(15) Ar2+/cm(2), considerable near-surface He+ ion dechanneling was observed, to the extent that ion yield from a portion of the aligned crystal spectrum reached the yield level of a random spectrum. This observation suggests that the near-surface region of the crystal was amorphized by the implantation. Cross-sectional transmission electron microscopy and electron diffraction on this sample confirmed the presence of a 150 nm thick amorphous layer. These results are compared to similar investigations on geikielite (MgTiO3) and spinel (MgAl2O4) to explore factors that may influence radiation damage response in oxides. C1 US GEOL SURVEY,RESTON,VA 22092. RP Mitchell, JN (reprint author), LOS ALAMOS NATL LAB,DIV MAT SCI & TECHNOL,LOS ALAMOS,NM 87545, USA. RI Devanathan, Ram/C-7247-2008 OI Devanathan, Ram/0000-0001-8125-4237 NR 26 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0168-583X J9 NUCL INSTRUM METH B JI Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. Sect. B-Beam Interact. Mater. Atoms PD MAY PY 1997 VL 127 BP 629 EP 633 DI 10.1016/S0168-583X(96)01140-8 PG 5 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Nuclear Science & Technology; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical; Physics, Nuclear SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Nuclear Science & Technology; Physics GA XG605 UT WOS:A1997XG60500143 ER PT J AU White, JM Ager, TA Adam, DP Leopold, EB Liu, G Jette, H Schweger, CE AF White, JM Ager, TA Adam, DP Leopold, EB Liu, G Jette, H Schweger, CE TI An 18 million year record of vegetation and climate change in northwestern Canada and Alaska: Tectonic and global climatic correlates SO PALAEOGEOGRAPHY PALAEOCLIMATOLOGY PALAEOECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE palynology; paleoclimatology; paleoecology; neogene; quaternary; Yukon; Alaska ID MESSINIAN SALINITY CRISIS; LATE MIOCENE; LATE PLIOCENE; NORTHERN PAKISTAN; GLACIATION; PALEOSOLS; PACIFIC; UPLIFT; REGION; STRATIGRAPHY AB We reconstruct long-term vegetation/paleoclimatic trends. spanning the last 18 million years, in Alaska, Yukon and far western Northwest Territories. Twenty-one average percentage spectra for pollen and spores are assembled from eight surfade/subsurface sections. The sections are dated independently or by correlation. Pollen and spore ratios indicate the direction of change in vegetation and climatic parameters growing season temperature (T-est), tree canopy density (C-est) and paludification at study sites (P-est). A global warm peak ca. 15 Ma is shown by the abundance of thermophilous taxa, including Fagus and Quercus. A temperature decline immediately following IS Ma parallels climatic reconstructions based on marine oxygen isotopes. Subsequent declines correlate to the Messinian event and the onset of late Pliocene-Pleistocene glaciation. After 7 Ma herbs and shrubs become more important elements of the palynological assemblages, suggesting a more continental, colder/drier climate. However, a late Pliocene warm interval is evident. Vegetation/climatic changes during the early to late Miocene show synchrony with, and are most economically attributable to. global events. After 7 Ma, vegetation/climate change is attributed primarily to latest Miocene-to-Pleistocene uplift of the Alaska Range and St. Elias Mts. The continuing influence of global climatic patterns is shown in the late Pliocene warm interval, despite uplift to the south. The opening of the Bering Strait ca. 3 Ma may have moderated the climate in the study area. (C) Elsevier Science B.V. C1 US GEOL SURVEY,DENVER,CO 80225. US GEOL SURVEY,MENLO PK,CA 94025. UNIV WASHINGTON,DEPT BOT,SEATTLE,WA 98195. ACAD SINICA,NANJING INST GEOL & PALEONTOL,NANJING 210008,PEOPLES R CHINA. GEOL SURVEY CANADA,OTTAWA,ON K1A 0E8,CANADA. UNIV ALBERTA,DEPT ANTHROPOL,EDMONTON,AB T6G 2H4,CANADA. RP White, JM (reprint author), GEOL SURVEY CANADA,3303 33RD ST NW,CALGARY,AB T2L 2A7,CANADA. NR 80 TC 107 Z9 113 U1 6 U2 31 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0031-0182 J9 PALAEOGEOGR PALAEOCL JI Paleogeogr. Paleoclimatol. Paleoecol. PD MAY PY 1997 VL 130 IS 1-4 BP 293 EP 306 DI 10.1016/S0031-0182(96)00146-0 PG 14 WC Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Paleontology SC Physical Geography; Geology; Paleontology GA XE566 UT WOS:A1997XE56600013 ER PT J AU Sipkin, SA Zirbes, MD AF Sipkin, SA Zirbes, MD TI Moment-tensor solutions estimated using optimal filter theory: Global seismicity, 1995 SO PHYSICS OF THE EARTH AND PLANETARY INTERIORS LA English DT Article ID EARTHQUAKE SOURCE PARAMETERS; WAVEFORM DATA; INVERSION AB Moment-tensor solutions, estimated using optimal filter theory, are listed for 241 moderate-to-large size earthquakes that occurred during 1995. (C) 1997 Published by Elsevier Science B.V. RP Sipkin, SA (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,DENVER FED CTR,BOX 25046,MS 967,DENVER,CO 80225, USA. NR 12 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0031-9201 J9 PHYS EARTH PLANET IN JI Phys. Earth Planet. Inter. PD MAY PY 1997 VL 101 IS 3-4 BP 291 EP 301 DI 10.1016/S0031-9201(96)03266-9 PG 11 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA XJ594 UT WOS:A1997XJ59400007 ER PT J AU Benson, LV Smoot, JP Kashgarian, M SarnaWojcicki, A Burdett, JW AF Benson, LV Smoot, JP Kashgarian, M SarnaWojcicki, A Burdett, JW TI Radiocarbon ages and environments of deposition of the Wono and Trego Hot Springs tephra layers in the Pyramid Lake Subbasin, Nevada SO QUATERNARY RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID MASS-SPECTROMETRY; GREAT-BASIN; CORALS; CARBONATES; LAHONTAN; OXYGEN; SYSTEM AB Uncalibrated radiocarbon data from core PLC92B taken from Wizards Cove in the Pyramid Lake subbasin indicate that the Trego Hot Springs and Wono tephra layers were deposited 23,200+/-300 and 27,300+/-300 C-14 yr B.P. (uncorrected for reservoir effect). Sedimentological data from sites in the Pyramid Lake and Smoke Creek-Black Rock Desert subbasins indicate that the Trego Hot Springs tephra layer was deposited during a relatively dry period when Pyramid Lake was at or below its spill point (1177 m) to the Winnemucca Lake subbasin. The Wono tephra layer was deposited when lake depth was controlled by spill across Emerson Pass sill (1207 m) to the Smoke Creek-Black Rock Desert subbasin. O-18 data from core PLC92B also support the concept that the Trego Hot Springs tephra fell into a relatively shallow Pyramid Lake and that the Wono tephra fell into a deeper spilling lake. (C) 1997 University of Washington. C1 US GEOL SURVEY,RESTON,VA 22092. LAWRENCE LIVERMORE NATL LAB,LIVERMORE,CA 94550. US GEOL SURVEY,MENLO PK,CA 94025. US GEOL SURVEY,DENVER FED CTR,LAKEWOOD,CO 80225. RP Benson, LV (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,3215 MARINE ST,BOULDER,CO 80303, USA. RI Kashgarian, Michaele/E-1665-2011 OI Kashgarian, Michaele/0000-0001-7824-8418 NR 17 TC 37 Z9 37 U1 0 U2 0 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC JNL-COMP SUBSCRIPTIONS PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 SN 0033-5894 J9 QUATERNARY RES JI Quat. Res. PD MAY PY 1997 VL 47 IS 3 BP 251 EP 260 DI 10.1006/qres.1997.1897 PG 10 WC Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Physical Geography; Geology GA WZ990 UT WOS:A1997WZ99000001 ER PT J AU Nimmo, JR AF Nimmo, JR TI Modeling structural influences on soil water retention SO SOIL SCIENCE SOCIETY OF AMERICA JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID PARTICLE-SIZE DISTRIBUTION; BULK-DENSITY DATA; PHYSICOEMPIRICAL MODEL; FRACTAL FRAGMENTATION; SURFACE-TENSION; POROSITY; COMPACTION; HYSTERESIS; PREDICT AB A new model quantifies the effect of soil structure, considered as the arrangement of particles in the soil, on soil water retention. The model partitions the pore space into texture-related and structure-related components, the textural component being what can be deduced to exist if the arrangement of the particles were random, and the structural component being the remainder. An existing model, based on particle-size distributions, represents the textural component, and a new model, based on aggregate-size distributions, represents the structural component. This new model makes use of generalized properties that vary little from one medium to another, thereby eliminating any need for empirically fitted parameters. It postulates a particular character of the structural pore space that in some ways resembles texture-related pore space, but with pore shape related to the breadth of the aggregate-size distribution. To predict a soil water retention curve, this model requires the soil's porosity and particle- and aggregate-size distributions, Tested with measurements for 17 samples from two sources, it fits the data much better than does a model based on texture alone. Goodness of fit indicated by correlation coefficients ranged from 0.908 to 0.998 for the new model, compared with a range of 0.686 to 0.955 for the texture-based model. RP Nimmo, JR (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,DIV WATER RESOURCES,MS-421,345 MIDDLEFIELD RD,MENLO PK,CA 94025, USA. NR 25 TC 66 Z9 68 U1 1 U2 13 PU SOIL SCI SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 SOUTH SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 SN 0361-5995 J9 SOIL SCI SOC AM J JI Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. PD MAY-JUN PY 1997 VL 61 IS 3 BP 712 EP 719 PG 8 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA XC996 UT WOS:A1997XC99600002 ER PT J AU Waldman, JR Richards, RA Schill, WB Wirgin, I Fabrizio, MC AF Waldman, JR Richards, RA Schill, WB Wirgin, I Fabrizio, MC TI An empirical comparison of stock identification techniques applied to striped bass SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE AMERICAN FISHERIES SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID MITOCHONDRIAL-DNA POLYMORPHISMS; CHESAPEAKE BAY; HUDSON RIVER; RELATIVE CONTRIBUTIONS; FISHERY COMPOSITION; MORONE-SAXATILIS; ATLANTIC COAST; DISCRIMINATION; CLASSIFICATION; ONCORHYNCHUS AB Managers of migratory striped bass stocks that mix along the Atlantic coast of the USA require periodic estimates of the relative contributions of the individual stocks to coastal mixed-stock fisheries; however, to date, a standard approach has not been adopted. We compared the performances of alternative stock identification approaches, using samples taken from the same sets of fish. Reference (known) samples were collected from three Atlantic coast spawning systems: the Hudson River, Chesapeake Bay, and the Roanoke River. Striped bass of mixed-stock origin were collected from eastern Long Island, New York, and were used as test (unknown) samples. The approaches applied were discriminant analysis of morphometric data and of meristic data, logistic regression analysis of combined meristic and morphometric data, discriminant analysis of scale-shape features, discriminant analysis of immunoassay data, and mixed-stock analysis of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) data. Overall correct classification rates of reference samples ranged from 94% to 66% when just the Hudson and Chesapeake stocks were considered and were comparable when the Chesapeake and Roanoke stocks were grouped as the ''southern'' stock. When all three stocks were treated independently, correct classification rates ranged from 82% to 49%. Despite the moderate range in correct classification rates, bias due to misallocation was relatively low for all methods, suggesting that resulting stock composition estimates should be fairly accurate. However, relative contribution estimates for the mixed-stock sample varied widely (e.g., from 81% to 47% for the Hudson River stock, when only the Hudson River and Chesapeake Bay stocks were considered). Discrepancies may be related to the reliance by all of these approaches (except mtDNA) on phenotypic features. Our results support future use of either a morphometrics-based approach (among the phenotypic methods) or a genotypic approach based on mtDNA analysis. We further recommend a conservative strategy of reliance on a single approach in tracking changes in relative contributions of striped bass stocks to coastal fisheries. C1 NATL MARINE FISHERIES SERV,NE FISHERIES SCI CTR,WOODS HOLE,MA 02543. US GEOL SURVEY,LEETOWN SCI CTR,NATL FISH HLTH RES LAB,KEARNEYSVILLE,WV 25430. NYU,INST ENVIRONM MED,MED CTR,TUXEDO PK,NY 10987. US GEOL SURVEY,BIOL RESOURCES DIV,GREAT LAKES SCI CTR,ANN ARBOR,MI 48105. RP Waldman, JR (reprint author), HUDSON RIVER FDN SCI & ENVIRONM RES,40 W 20TH ST,9TH FLOOR,NEW YORK,NY 10011, USA. OI Fabrizio, Mary/0000-0002-6115-5490; Schill, William/0000-0002-9217-984X NR 50 TC 36 Z9 41 U1 0 U2 5 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 SN 0002-8487 J9 T AM FISH SOC JI Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. PD MAY PY 1997 VL 126 IS 3 BP 369 EP 385 DI 10.1577/1548-8659(1997)126<0369:AECOSI>2.3.CO;2 PG 17 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA XN047 UT WOS:A1997XN04700003 ER PT J AU Kruse, CG Hubert, WA Rahel, FJ AF Kruse, CG Hubert, WA Rahel, FJ TI Geomorphic influences on the distribution of Yellowstone cutthroat trout in the Absaroka Mountains, Wyoming SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE AMERICAN FISHERIES SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID BROOK TROUT; SALVELINUS-FONTINALIS; HABITAT FEATURES; RIVER DRAINAGE; STREAMS; GRADIENT; CLASSIFICATION; SELECTION; STEELHEAD; ABUNDANCE AB Influences of large-scale abiotic, geomorphic characteristics on distributions of Yellowstone cutthroat trout Oncorhynchus clarki bouvieri are poorly understood. We sampled 151 sites on 56 perennial streams in the Greybull-Wood river drainage in northwestern Wyoming to determine the effects of geomorphic variables on Yellowstone cutthroat trout distributions. Channel slope, elevation, stream size, and barriers to upstream movement significantly influenced the presence and absence of Yellowstone cutthroat trout. Wild populations of Yellowstone cutthroat trout were not found upstream of barriers to fish migration, at sites with channel slopes of 10% or greater, or at elevations above 3,182 m. Based on channel slope alone, logistic regression models correctly classified presence or absence of Yellowstone cutthroat trout in 83% of study sites. The addition of elevation and stream size in the models increased classification to 87%. Logistic models tested on an independent data set had agreement rates as high as 91% between actual and predicted fish presence. Large-scale geomorphic variables influence Yellowstone cutthroat trout distributions, and logistic functions can predict these distributions with a high degree of accuracy. C1 UNIV WYOMING,DEPT ZOOL & PHYSIOL,LARAMIE,WY 82071. RP Kruse, CG (reprint author), UNIV WYOMING,US GEOL SURVEY,WYOMING COOPERAT FISH & WILDLIFE RES UNIT,LARAMIE,WY 82071, USA. NR 44 TC 46 Z9 47 U1 0 U2 7 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 SN 0002-8487 J9 T AM FISH SOC JI Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. PD MAY PY 1997 VL 126 IS 3 BP 418 EP 427 DI 10.1577/1548-8659(1997)126<0418:GIOTDO>2.3.CO;2 PG 10 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA XN047 UT WOS:A1997XN04700006 ER PT J AU Munn, MD Short, TM AF Munn, MD Short, TM TI Spatial heterogeneity of mercury bioaccumulation by walleye in Franklin D. Roosevelt Lake and the upper Columbia River, Washington SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE AMERICAN FISHERIES SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID SUCKER CATOSTOMUS-COMMERSONI; BASS MICROPTERUS-DOLOMIEUI; TROUT SALVELINUS-NAMAYCUSH; CANADIAN SHIELD LAKES; WATER CHEMISTRY; ONTARIO LAKES; FISH; ACCUMULATION; COPPER; TISSUE AB We examined mercury concentration in muscle of walleye Stizostedion vitreum from three reaches in Franklin D. Roosevelt Lake, a reservoir on the Columbia River, and from the upper Columbia River, an area contaminated by wastes from metal mining and associated processing activities. Our objectives were to describe the relation between size and age of walleyes and tissue concentrations of mercury and to compare mercury concentrations within a single reservoir system among spatially segregated cohorts. Overall, mercury concentrations in walleye muscle ranged from 0.11 to 0.44 mg/kg (wet weight) and were positively correlated with age, weight, and length of the fish. Mercury concentrations in walleyes varied spatially within the system; the highest concentrations were in fish from the lower and middle reaches of the reservoir. Condition factor of age-2+ fish was inversely related to tissue concentration of mercury and was lower in fish from the lower and middle reaches than in fish from the upper reach. Spatial patterns in condition factor and mercury in walleyes were unrelated to concentrations of total mercury in surficial bed sediments, which ranged from less than 0.05 to 2.8 mg/kg (dry weight). We suggest that the observed spatial differences in the concentrations of mercury in walleyes may be attributed to the fish preferring to spawn and forage in specific areas where the bioavailability of mercury varies due to local differences in the physical and chemical environment. C1 US GEOL SURVEY,DIV WATER RESOURCES,MENLO PK,CA 94025. RP Munn, MD (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,DIV WATER RESOURCES,1201 PACIFIC AVE,SUITE 600,TACOMA,WA 98402, USA. NR 47 TC 20 Z9 21 U1 2 U2 19 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 SN 0002-8487 J9 T AM FISH SOC JI Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. PD MAY PY 1997 VL 126 IS 3 BP 477 EP 487 DI 10.1577/1548-8659(1997)126<0477:SHOMBB>2.3.CO;2 PG 11 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA XN047 UT WOS:A1997XN04700010 ER PT J AU Kharaka, YK Ambats, G Thordsen, JJ Davis, RA AF Kharaka, YK Ambats, G Thordsen, JJ Davis, RA TI Deep well injection of brine from Paradox Valley, Colorado: Potential major precipitation problems remediated by nanofiltration SO WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID MEMBRANE AB Groundwater brine seepage into the Dolores River in Paradox Valley, Colorado, increases the dissolved solids load of the Colorado River annually by similar to 2.0 x 10(8) kg. To abate this natural contamination, the Bureau of Reclamation plans to pump similar to 3540 m(3)/d of brine from 12 shallow wells located along the Dolores River. The brine, with a salinity of 250,000 mg/L, will be piped to the deepest (4.9 km) disposal well in the world and injected mainly into the Mississippian Leadville Limestone. Geochemical modeling indicates, and water-rock experiments confirm, that a huge mass of anhydrite (similar to 1.0 x 10(4) kg/d) likely will precipitate from the injected brine at downhole conditions of 120 degrees C and 500 bars. Anhydrite precipitation could increase by up to 3 times if the injected brine is allowed to mix with the highly incompatible formation water of the Leadville Limestone and if the Mg in this brine dolomitizes the calcite of the aquifer. Laboratory experiments demonstrate that nanofiltration membranes, which are selective to divalent anions, provide a new technology that remediates the precipitation problem by removing similar to 98% of dissolved SO4 from the hypersaline brine. The fluid pressure used (50 bars) is much lower than would be required for traditional reverse osmosis membranes because nanofiltration membranes have a low rejection efficiency (5-10%) for monovalent anions. Our results indicate that the proportion of treatable brine increases from similar to 60% to >85% with the addition of trace concentrations of a precipitation inhibitor and by blending the raw brine with the effluent stream. C1 DOW CHEM CO USA, LARKIN LAB, LIQUID SEPARAT, MIDLAND, MI 48674 USA. RP Kharaka, YK (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY, 345 MIDDLEFIELD RD, MENLO PK, CA 94025 USA. NR 25 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0043-1397 J9 WATER RESOUR RES JI Water Resour. Res. PD MAY PY 1997 VL 33 IS 5 BP 1013 EP 1020 DI 10.1029/97WR00573 PG 8 WC Environmental Sciences; Limnology; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Water Resources GA WX378 UT WOS:A1997WX37800009 ER PT J AU Calvin, WM AF Calvin, WM TI Variation of the 3-mu m absorption feature on Mars: Observations over eastern Valles Marineris by the Mariner 6 infrared spectrometer SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-PLANETS LA English DT Article ID REFLECTANCE SPECTRA; SPATIAL VARIATIONS; LAYERED DEPOSITS; SPECTROSCOPY; REGIONS; SURFACE; WATER AB A new approach for calibration of the shortest wavelength channel (1.8 to 6.0 mu m) of the Mariner 6 infrared spectrometer was derived. This calibration provides a new description of the instrument response function from 1.8 to 3.7 mu m and accounts for the thermal contribution to the signal at longer wavelengths. This allows the two segments from 1.8 to 6 mu m to be merged into a single spectrum. The broad water of hydration absorption spans these two segments and is examined in these merged spectra using a method of band integration. Unlike previous analyses which rely on ratios at two wavelengths, the integration method can assess the band strength independently from the albedo in the near infrared. Spectra taken over the eastern end of the Vadles Marineris are examined for variations of the band-integrated value, and three distinct clusters are found. Within the estimated uncertainty, two clusters (both low and high albedo) have approximately the same integrated band depth. The third cluster (medium albedo) has an integrated band depth about 10% higher. This difference cannot be systematically attributed to either surface or atmospheric parameters and suggests variation in the amount of water either chemically or physically bound in surface materials. Approximately one-half of the high integrated band depth cluster is associated with chaotic terrain at the source of outflow channels, the other half occurs over lower inertia plains adjacent to chasmata. This suggests both surface physical properties and mineralogy as well as water in exchange with the atmosphere contribute to the 3-mu m bound water absorption. RP Calvin, WM (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,2255 N GEMINI DR,FLAGSTAFF,AZ 86001, USA. NR 31 TC 22 Z9 22 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 SN 0148-0227 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-PLANET JI J. Geophys. Res.-Planets PD APR 25 PY 1997 VL 102 IS E4 BP 9097 EP 9107 DI 10.1029/96JE03767 PG 11 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA WX323 UT WOS:A1997WX32300005 ER PT J AU Carr, MH Chuang, FC AF Carr, MH Chuang, FC TI Martian drainage densities SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-PLANETS LA English DT Article ID EARLY MARS; CHANNELS; VALLEYS; ORIGIN; MORPHOLOGY; EVOLUTION; NETWORKS; WARM; WET AB Drainage densities on Mars range from zero over large areas of volcanic plains to 0.3-0.5 km(-1) locally on some volcanoes. These values refer to geologic units, not to drainage basins, as is normal for terrestrial drainage densities. The highest values are close to the lowest terrestrial values derived by similar techniques. Drainage densities were determined for every geologic unit portrayed on the 1:15,000,000 geologic map of Mars. Except for volcanoes the geologic unit with the highest drainage density is the dissected Noachian plains with a drainage density of 0.0074 km(-1). The average drainage density for Noachian units is 0.0032 km(-1), for Hesperian units is 0.00047 km(-1) and for Amazonian units is 0.00007 km(-1), excluding the volcanoes. These values are 2-3 orders of magnitude lower than typical terrestrial densities as determined by similar techniques from Landsat images. The low drainage densities, despite a cumulative record that spans billions of years, indicate that compared with the Earth, the channel-forming processes have been very inefficient or have operated only rarely or that the surface is extremely permeable. The high drainage density on volcanoes is attributed to a local cause, such as hydrothermal activity, rather than to a global cause such as climate change. RP Carr, MH (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,MS 946,345 MIDDLEFIELD RD,MENLO PK,CA 94025, USA. NR 28 TC 85 Z9 85 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 SN 0148-0227 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-PLANET JI J. Geophys. Res.-Planets PD APR 25 PY 1997 VL 102 IS E4 BP 9145 EP 9152 DI 10.1029/97JE00113 PG 8 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA WX323 UT WOS:A1997WX32300009 ER PT J AU McEwen, AS Moore, JM Shoemaker, EM AF McEwen, AS Moore, JM Shoemaker, EM TI The Phanerozoic impact cratering rate: Evidence from the farside of the moon SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-PLANETS LA English DT Article ID NEAR-INFRARED SPECTROSCOPY; LUNAR CRATERS; ORIENTALE; EVENTS; RADAR; FLYBY; EARTH; AGES; LIMB AB The relatively recent (< 1 b.y.) flux of asteroids and comets forming large craters on the Earth and Moon may be accurately recorded by craters with bright rays on the Moon's farside. Many previously unknown farside rayed craters are clearly distinguished in the low-phase-angle images returned by the Clementine spacecraft. Some large rayed craters on the lunar nearside are probably significantly older than 1 Ga; rays remain visible over the maria due to compositional contrasts long after soils have reached optical maturity. Most of the farside crust has a more homogeneous composition and only immature rays are visible. The size-frequency distribution of farside rayed craters is similar to that measured for Eratosthenian craters (up to 3.2 b.y.) at diameters larger than 15 km. The areal density of farside rayed craters matches that of a corrected tabulation of nearside Copernican craters. Hence the presence of bright rays due to immature soils around large craters provides a consistent time-stratigraphic basis for defining the base of the Copernican System. The density of large craters less than similar to 3.2 b.y. old is similar to 3.2 times higher than that of large farside rayed craters alone. This observation can be interpreted in two ways: (1) the average cratering rate has been constant over the past 3.2 b.y. and the base of the Copernican is similar to 1 Ga, or (2) the cratering rate has increased in recent geologic time and the base of the Copernican is less than 1 Ga. We favor the latter interpretation because the rays of Copernicus (800-850 m.y. old) appear to be very close to optical maturity, suggesting that the average Copernican cratering rate was similar to 35% higher than the average Eratosthenian rate. Other lines of evidence for an increase in the Phanerozoic (545 Ga) cratering rate are (1) the densities of small craters superimposed on Copernicus and Apollo landing sites, (2) the rates estimated from well-dated terrestrial craters (less than or equal to 120 m.y.) and from present-day astronomical observations, and (3) the Proterozoic rate suggested;by the crater record of Australia. The hypothesis most consistent with several key observations is that the cratering rate has increased by similar to 2x during the past similar to 300 m.y.. C1 NASA, AMES RES CTR, DIV SPACE SCI, MOFFETT FIELD, CA 94035 USA. US GEOL SURVEY, FLAGSTAFF, AZ 86001 USA. RP McEwen, AS (reprint author), UNIV ARIZONA, LUNAR & PLANETARY LAB, TUCSON, AZ 85721 USA. NR 86 TC 50 Z9 50 U1 2 U2 6 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0148-0227 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-PLANET JI J. Geophys. Res.-Planets PD APR 25 PY 1997 VL 102 IS E4 BP 9231 EP 9242 DI 10.1029/97JE00114 PG 12 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA WX323 UT WOS:A1997WX32300018 ER PT J AU Massonnet, D Holzer, T Vadon, H AF Massonnet, D Holzer, T Vadon, H TI Land subsidence caused by the East Mesa geothermal field, California, observed using SAR interferometry SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article ID DIFFERENTIAL RADAR INTERFEROMETRY; EARTHQUAKE; DEFORMATION AB Interferometric combination of pairs of synthetic aperture radar (SAR) images acquired by the ERS-1 satellite maps the deformation field associated with the activity of the East Mesa geothermal plant, located in southern California. SAR interferometry is applied to this flat area without the need of a digital terrain model. Several combinations are used to ascertain the nature of the phenomenon. Short term interferograms reveal surface phase changes on agricultural fields similar to what had been observed previously with SEASAT radar data. Long term (2 years) interferograms allow the study of land subsidence and improve prior knowledge of the displacement field, and agree with existing, sparse levelling data. This example illustrates the power of the interferometric technique for deriving accurate industrial intelligence as well as its potential for legal action, in cases involving environmental damages. C1 US GEOL SURVEY,MENLO PK,CA 94025. RP Massonnet, D (reprint author), CTR NATL ETUD SPATIALES,18 AVE EDOUARD BELIN,F-31055 TOULOUSE,FRANCE. NR 22 TC 71 Z9 79 U1 0 U2 8 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 SN 0094-8276 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD APR 15 PY 1997 VL 24 IS 8 BP 901 EP 904 DI 10.1029/97GL00817 PG 4 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA WU965 UT WOS:A1997WU96500019 ER PT J AU Weems, RE Bachman, JM AF Weems, RE Bachman, JM TI Cretaceous anuran and dinosaur footprints from the Patuxent Formation of Virginia SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON LA English DT Article ID POTOMAC GROUP; GENUS AB Footprints of an anuran (gen. et sp. indet.), a theropod dinosaur (Megalosauropus sp.), and an ornithopod dinosaur (Amblydactylus sp.) have been recovered from the Lower Cretaceous Patuxent Formation in Stafford County, Virginia. These footprints are the first record of terrestrial vertebrates from Cretaceous strata in Virginia, and their discovery suggests that the scarcity of bones and teeth in the Patuxent probably is an artifact of preservation. The anuran trackway provides the oldest known direct evidence for hopping locomotion among these amphibians. RP Weems, RE (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,MAIL STOP 926A,RESTON,VA 20192, USA. NR 47 TC 2 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU BIOL SOC WASHINGTON PI WASHINGTON PA NAT MUSEUM NAT HIST SMITHSONIAN INST, WASHINGTON, DC 20560 SN 0006-324X J9 P BIOL SOC WASH JI Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. PD APR 15 PY 1997 VL 110 IS 1 BP 1 EP 17 PG 17 WC Biology SC Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics GA WV254 UT WOS:A1997WV25400001 ER PT J AU Collett, TS AF Collett, TS TI Assessment of United States gas hydrate resources. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US GEOL SURVEY,DENVER FED CTR,DENVER,CO 80225. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD APR 13 PY 1997 VL 213 BP 23 EP FUEL PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA WP185 UT WOS:A1997WP18503310 ER PT J AU Brewer, PG Orr, FM Friederich, G Kvenvolden, KK Orange, DL AF Brewer, PG Orr, FM Friederich, G Kvenvolden, KK Orange, DL TI Hydrate formation during controlled release of CH4 and CO2 in Monterey Bay. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 MONTEREY BAY AQUARIUM RES INST,MOSS LANDING,CA 95039. STANFORD UNIV,STANFORD,CA 94305. US GEOL SURVEY,MENLO PK,CA 94025. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 2 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD APR 13 PY 1997 VL 213 BP 27 EP FUEL PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA WP185 UT WOS:A1997WP18503314 ER PT J AU Abrams, RH Kent, DB League, K AF Abrams, RH Kent, DB League, K TI Redox zones in contaminated aquifers: Implications of the reaction network on solute transport modeling. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 STANFORD UNIV,DEPT GEOG & ENVIRONM SCI,STANFORD,CA 94305. US GEOL SURVEY,MENLO PK,CA 94025. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD APR 13 PY 1997 VL 213 BP 43 EP ENVR PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA WP185 UT WOS:A1997WP18503074 ER PT J AU Stern, LA Kirby, SH Durham, WB AF Stern, LA Kirby, SH Durham, WB TI Synthesis of polycrystalline methane hydrate, and its phase stability and flow properties at elevated pressure. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 LAWRENCE LIVERMORE NATL LAB,LIVERMORE,CA 94550. US GEOL SURVEY,MENLO PK,CA 94025. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 1 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD APR 13 PY 1997 VL 213 BP 65 EP FUEL PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA WP185 UT WOS:A1997WP18503352 ER PT J AU Krueger, CJ Field, JA Barber, LB AF Krueger, CJ Field, JA Barber, LB TI Subsurface behavior of the surfactant linear alkylbenzenesulfonate in a sewage-contaminated aquifer. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 OREGON STATE UNIV,DEPT AGR CHEM,CORVALLIS,OR 97331. US GEOL SURVEY,BOULDER,CO 80303. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD APR 13 PY 1997 VL 213 BP 69 EP ENVR PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA WP185 UT WOS:A1997WP18503100 ER PT J AU Squillace, PJ Zogorski, JS Wilber, WG Price, CV AF Squillace, PJ Zogorski, JS Wilber, WG Price, CV TI Preliminary assessment of the occurrence and possible sources of MTBE in groundwater in the United States, 1993-1994. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US GEOL SURVEY,RAPID CITY,SD 57702. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 5 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD APR 13 PY 1997 VL 213 BP 99 EP ENVR PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA WP185 UT WOS:A1997WP18503130 ER PT J AU Delzer, GC Zogorski, JS Lopes, TJ AF Delzer, GC Zogorski, JS Lopes, TJ TI Occurrence of the gasoline oxygenate MTBE and BTEX compounds in municipal stormwater in the United States, 1991-95 SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US GEOL SURVEY,RAPID CITY,SD 57702. NR 0 TC 1 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD APR 13 PY 1997 VL 213 BP 100 EP ENVR PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA WP185 UT WOS:A1997WP18503131 ER PT J AU Pereira, WE Domagalski, JL Hostettler, FD AF Pereira, WE Domagalski, JL Hostettler, FD TI Accumulation of pesticides in sediments, water, and clams of the San Joaquin River and its tributaries, California. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US GEOL SURVEY,MENLO PK,CA 94025. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 2 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD APR 13 PY 1997 VL 213 BP 100 EP AGRO PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA WP185 UT WOS:A1997WP18500290 ER PT J AU Thorn, KA AF Thorn, KA TI Covalent binding of the reductive degradation products of TNT to humic substances examined by N-15 NMR. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US GEOL SURVEY,ARVADA,CO 80002. NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD APR 13 PY 1997 VL 213 BP 107 EP ENVR PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA WP185 UT WOS:A1997WP18503138 ER PT J AU Waychunas, GA Davis, JA Fuller, CC Myneni, SC Traina, SJ ODay, P AF Waychunas, GA Davis, JA Fuller, CC Myneni, SC Traina, SJ ODay, P TI Sorption of tetrahedral oxyanion complexes on mineral surfaces: Can we predict the geometry of complexation from basic principles? SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 STANFORD UNIV,CTR MAT RES,STANFORD,CA 94305. US GEOL SURVEY,MENLO PK,CA 94025. ARIZONA STATE UNIV,TEMPE,AZ 85287. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD APR 13 PY 1997 VL 213 BP 128 EP GEOC PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA WP185 UT WOS:A1997WP18503568 ER PT J AU White, AF Peterson, ML AF White, AF Peterson, ML TI Heterogeneous reduction of transition metals on Fe(II) oxide and silicate surfaces and the role of passivation by surface oxidation. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US GEOL SURVEY,MENLO PK,CA 94025. STANFORD UNIV,DEPT GEOL & ENVIRONM SCI,STANFORD,CA 94305. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD APR 13 PY 1997 VL 213 BP 130 EP GEOC PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA WP185 UT WOS:A1997WP18503570 ER PT J AU Bargar, JR Persson, P Brown, GE AF Bargar, JR Persson, P Brown, GE TI Characterization of outer-sphere EDTA and Pb(II)EDTA surface complexes on goethite by FTIR and XAFS spectroscopy. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US GEOL SURVEY,DIV WATER RESOURCES,MENLO PK,CA 94025. UMEA UNIV,DEPT INORGAN CHEM,S-90187 UMEA,SWEDEN. STANFORD UNIV,DEPT GEOL & ENVIRONM SCI,STANFORD,CA 94305. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 2 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD APR 13 PY 1997 VL 213 BP 135 EP GEOC PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA WP185 UT WOS:A1997WP18503575 ER PT J AU Nordstrom, DK Vivit, DV AF Nordstrom, DK Vivit, DV TI Testing speciation models: Computed versus measured free fluoride ion activities in Yellowstone Park water samples. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US GEOL SURVEY,MENLO PK,CA 94025. US GEOL SURVEY,BOULDER,CO 80303. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD APR 13 PY 1997 VL 213 BP 155 EP GEOC PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA WP185 UT WOS:A1997WP18503595 ER PT J AU Kent, DB Abrams, RH Davis, JA AF Kent, DB Abrams, RH Davis, JA TI Zinc contamination in a shallow aquifer: Characterization modeling, and fate after source-cessation. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 STANFORD UNIV,DEPT GEOL,STANFORD,CA 94305. US GEOL SURVEY,MENLO PK,CA 94025. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD APR 13 PY 1997 VL 213 BP 156 EP GEOC PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA WP185 UT WOS:A1997WP18503596 ER PT J AU White, AF Schulz, MS AF White, AF Schulz, MS TI Variations in surface areas of naturally occurring minerals. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US GEOL SURVEY,MENLO PK,CA 94025. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD APR 13 PY 1997 VL 213 BP 158 EP GEOC PN 1 PG 2 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA WP185 UT WOS:A1997WP18503598 ER PT J AU Bargar, JR Davis, JA Waychunas, GA AF Bargar, JR Davis, JA Waychunas, GA TI Characterization of uranyl-carbonate ternary complexes on Fe oxides by FTIR and XAFS spectroscopy. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US GEOL SURVEY,DIV WATER RESOURCES,MENLO PK,CA 94025. STANFORD UNIV,CTR MAT RES,STANFORD,CA 94305. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD APR 13 PY 1997 VL 213 BP 178 EP GEOC PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA WP185 UT WOS:A1997WP18503618 ER PT J AU ODay, PA Carroll, S Fuller, C AF ODay, PA Carroll, S Fuller, C TI Constraining metal ion surface reactions at acid mine sites using synchrotron X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS). SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 ARIZONA STATE UNIV,DEPT GEOL,TEMPE,AZ 85287. LAWRENCE LIVERMORE NATL LAB,LIVERMORE,CA 94551. STANFORD UNIV,STANFORD,CA 94305. US GEOL SURVEY,MENLO PK,CA 94025. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD APR 13 PY 1997 VL 213 BP 188 EP GEOC PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA WP185 UT WOS:A1997WP18503628 ER PT J AU Grady, SJ AF Grady, SJ TI Distribution of MTBE in ground water in New England by aquifer pipe and land use SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US GEOL SURVEY,HARTFORD,CT 06103. NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD APR 13 PY 1997 VL 213 BP 207 EP ENVR PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA WP185 UT WOS:A1997WP18503237 ER PT J AU Stackelberg, PE OBrien, AK AF Stackelberg, PE OBrien, AK TI Occurrence of MTBE in surface and ground water, Long Island, New York, and New Jersey. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US GEOL SURVEY,W TRENTON,NJ 08628. US GEOL SURVEY,CORAM,NY 11727. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD APR 13 PY 1997 VL 213 BP 208 EP ENVR PN 1 PG 2 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA WP185 UT WOS:A1997WP18503238 ER PT J AU Lindsey, BD Breen, KJ Daly, MH AF Lindsey, BD Breen, KJ Daly, MH TI MTBE in water from fractured-bedrock aquifers, southcentral Pennsylvania. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US GEOL SURVEY,NATL WATER QUAL ASSESSMENT PROGRAM,LEMOYNE,PA 17043. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD APR 13 PY 1997 VL 213 BP 210 EP ENVR PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA WP185 UT WOS:A1997WP18503240 ER PT J AU Baehr, AL Stackelberg, PE Baker, RJ Kauffman, LJ Hopple, JA Ayers, MA AF Baehr, AL Stackelberg, PE Baker, RJ Kauffman, LJ Hopple, JA Ayers, MA TI Design of a sampling network to determine the occurrence and movement of methyl tert-butyl ether and other organic compounds through the urban hydrologic cycle SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US GEOL SURVEY,W TRENTON,NJ 08628. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD APR 13 PY 1997 VL 213 BP 211 EP ENVR PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA WP185 UT WOS:A1997WP18503241 ER PT J AU Kvenvolden, KA AF Kvenvolden, KA TI The discovery of extraterrestrial amino acids in the Murchison meteorite - A personal recollection. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US GEOL SURVEY,DIV WATER RESOURCES,MENLO PK,CA 94025. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 2 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD APR 13 PY 1997 VL 213 BP 213 EP GEOC PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA WP185 UT WOS:A1997WP18503653 ER PT J AU Church, CD Isabelle, LM Pankow, JF Tratnyek, PG Rose, DL AF Church, CD Isabelle, LM Pankow, JF Tratnyek, PG Rose, DL TI Assessing the in situ degradation of methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE) by product identification at the sub-ppb levelusing direct aqueous injection GC/MS. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 OREGON GRAD INST,PORTLAND,OR 97291. US GEOL SURVEY,NATL WATER QUAL LAB,DENVER,CO 80225. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD APR 13 PY 1997 VL 213 BP 227 EP ENVR PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA WP185 UT WOS:A1997WP18503257 ER PT J AU Baehr, AL Baker, RJ Lahvis, MA AF Baehr, AL Baker, RJ Lahvis, MA TI Transport of methyl tert-butyl ether across the water table to the unsaturated zone at a gasoline-spill site in Beaufort, SC. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US GEOL SURVEY,W TRENTON,NJ 08628. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD APR 13 PY 1997 VL 213 BP 230 EP ENVR PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA WP185 UT WOS:A1997WP18503260 ER PT J AU Miller, KE Rosentreter, JL Liszewski, MJ Bunde, RL Colello, JJ AF Miller, KE Rosentreter, JL Liszewski, MJ Bunde, RL Colello, JJ TI Chemical & physical factors affecting the variability in strontium partition coefficients over an aerial distribution of surficial sediment samples at the Idaho National Engineering Laboratory, Idaho. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US GEOL SURVEY,IDAHO FALLS,ID 83403. IDAHO STATE UNIV,DEPT CHEM,POCATELLO,ID 83209. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD APR 13 PY 1997 VL 213 BP 305 EP CHED PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA WP185 UT WOS:A1997WP18501451 ER PT J AU Savage, JC Svarc, JL AF Savage, JC Svarc, JL TI Postseismic deformation associated with the 1992 M-w=7.3 Landers earthquake, southern California SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SOLID EARTH LA English DT Article ID EASTERN CALIFORNIA; HALF-SPACE; SLIP; SHEAR; ZONE AB Following the 1992 M-w = 7.3 Landers earthquake, a linear array of 10 geodetic monuments at roughly 5-km spacing was established across the Emerson fault segment of the Landers rupture. The array trends perpendicular to the local strike of the fault segment and extends about 30 km on either side of it. The array was surveyed by Global Positioning System 0.034, 0.048, 0.381, 1.27, 1.88, 2.60, and 3.42 years after the Landers earthquake to measure both the spatial and temporal character of the postearthquake relaxation. The temporal behavior is described roughly by a short-term (decay time 84 +/- 23 days) exponential relaxation superimposed upon an apparently linear trend. Because the linear trend represents motions much more rapid than the observed preseismic motions, we attribute that trend to a slower (decay time greater than 5 years) postseismic relaxation, the curvature of which cannot be resolved in the short run (3.4 years) of postseismic data. About 100 mm of right-lateral displacement and 50 mm of fault-normal displacement accumulated across the geodetic array in the 3.4-year interval covered by the postseismic surveys. Those displacements are attributed to postseismic, right-lateral slip in the depth interval 10 to 30 km on the downward extension of the rupture trace. The right-lateral slip amounted to about 1 m directly beneath the geodetic array, and the fault-normal displacement is apparently primarily a consequence of the curvature of the rupture. These conclusions are based upon dislocation models fit to the observed deformation. However, no dislocation model was found with rms residuals as small as the expected observational error. RP Savage, JC (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY, MS 977, 345 MIDDLEFIELD RD, MENLO PK, CA 94025 USA. NR 18 TC 116 Z9 121 U1 1 U2 3 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-9313 EI 2169-9356 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-SOL EA JI J. Geophys. Res.-Solid Earth PD APR 10 PY 1997 VL 102 IS B4 BP 7565 EP 7577 DI 10.1029/97JB00210 PG 13 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA WU876 UT WOS:A1997WU87600002 ER PT J AU Morrissey, MM Chouet, BA AF Morrissey, MM Chouet, BA TI A numerical investigation of choked flow dynamics and its application to the triggering mechanism of long-period events at Redoubt Volcano, Alaska SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SOLID EARTH LA English DT Article ID FLUID-DRIVEN CRACK; MOUNT-ST-HELENS; SOURCE MODEL; TREMOR; EXCITATION AB We use numerical simulations of transonic flow through a crack to study the dynamics of the formation of shock waves downstream from a nozzle-like constriction inside the crack. The model solves the full set of Navier-Stokes equations in two dimensions via an explicit multifield finite difference representation. The crack walls are assumed to be perfectly rigid, and elastic coupling to the solid is not considered. The simulations demonstrate how the behavior of unsteady shock waves near the walls can produce recurring step-like pressure transients in the flow, which in turn induce resonance of the fluid-filled crack. The motion of the shock waves is governed primarily by smooth, law-amplitude pressure fluctuations at the outlet of the crack. The force induced on the walls scales with the amplitude of the shock, which is a function of the magnitude of the inlet pressure, aperture of the constriction, and thickness of the boundary layer. The applied force also scales in proportion to the spatial extent of the shock excursion, which depends on the fluctuation rate of outlet pressure. Using the source parameters of long-period (LP) events at Redoubt Volcano, Alaska, as a guide for our simulations, we infer that coupling of the shock to the walls occurs for crack inlet to outlet pressure ratios p(i)/p(o) > 2.31 and that the position of the shock front becomes most sensitive to outlet pressure fluctuations for flow regimes with p(i)p(o) > 2.48. For such regimes, fluctuations of outlet pressure of up to +/-0.5 MPa at rates up to 3 MPa/s are sufficient to induce pressure transients with magnitudes up to 12.5 MPa over 0.1-2.5 m of the walls within similar to 0.5 s. These flow parameters may be adequate for triggering the LP events in the precursory swarm to the December 14, 1989, eruption of Redoubt. According to the flow model the recurrence rate and amplitudes of LP events are inferred to be a manifestation of the response of a shallow hydrothermal reservoir to the sustained injection of superheated steam from a magma column roofing below this reservoir. C1 US GEOL SURVEY, MENLO PK, CA 94025 USA. NR 33 TC 40 Z9 42 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-9313 EI 2169-9356 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-SOL EA JI J. Geophys. Res.-Solid Earth PD APR 10 PY 1997 VL 102 IS B4 BP 7965 EP 7983 DI 10.1029/97JB00023 PG 19 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA WU876 UT WOS:A1997WU87600028 ER PT J AU Gerlach, TM Delgado, H McGee, KA Doukas, MP Venegas, JJ Cardenas, L AF Gerlach, TM Delgado, H McGee, KA Doukas, MP Venegas, JJ Cardenas, L TI Application of the LI-COR CO2 analyzer to volcanic plumes: A case study, volcan Popocatepetl, Mexico, June 7 and 10, 1995 SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SOLID EARTH LA English DT Article ID CARBON-CYCLE; EMISSION AB Volcanic CO2 emission rate data are sparse despite their potential importance for constraining the role of magma degassing in the biogeochemical cycle of carbon and for assessing volcanic hazards. We used a LI-COR CO2 analyzer to determine volcanic CO2 emission rates by airborne measurements in volcanic plumes at Popocatepetl volcano on June 7 and 10, 1995. LI-COR sample, paths of similar to 72 m, compared with similar to 1 km for the analyzer customarily used, together with fast Fourier transforms to remove instrument noise from raw data greatly improve resolution of volcanic CO2 anomalies. Parametric models fit to background CO2 provide a statistical tool for distinguishing volcanic from ambient CO2. Global Positioning System referenced flight traverses provide vastly improved data on the shape, coherence, and spatial distribution of volcanic CO2 in plume cross sections and contrast markedly with previous results based on traverse stacking. The continuous escape of CO2 and SO2 from Popocatepetl was fundamentally noneruptive and represented quiescent magma degassing from the top of a magma chamber similar to 5 km deep. The average CO2 emission rate for January-June 1995 is estimated to be at least 6400 t d(-1) one of the highest determined for a quiescently degassing volcano, although correction for downwind dispersion effects on volcanic CO2 indicates a higher rate of similar to 9000 t d(-1). Analysis of random errors indicates emission rates have 95% confidence intervals of similar to+/-20%, with uncertainty contributed mostly by wind speed variance, although the variance of plume cross-sectional areas during traversing is poorly constrained and possibly significant. C1 CTR NACL PREVENC DESASTRES, MEXICO CITY, DF, MEXICO. NATL AUTONOMOUS UNIV MEXICO, INST GEOFIS, MEXICO CITY 04510, DF, MEXICO. RP Gerlach, TM (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY, CASCADES VOLCANO OBSERV, 5400 MACARTHUR BLVD, VANCOUVER, WA 98661 USA. RI Delgado Granados, Hugo/J-3056-2013 OI Delgado Granados, Hugo/0000-0001-5263-7968 NR 32 TC 53 Z9 55 U1 4 U2 6 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-9313 EI 2169-9356 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-SOL EA JI J. Geophys. Res.-Solid Earth PD APR 10 PY 1997 VL 102 IS B4 BP 8005 EP 8019 DI 10.1029/96JB03887 PG 15 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA WU876 UT WOS:A1997WU87600030 ER PT J AU vanderHilst, RD Widiyantoro, S Engdahl, ER AF vanderHilst, RD Widiyantoro, S Engdahl, ER TI Evidence for deep mantle circulation from global tomography SO NATURE LA English DT Article ID TRAVEL-TIME TOMOGRAPHY; EARTHS MANTLE; SUBDUCTED LITHOSPHERE; LAYERED CONVECTION; NORTHWEST PACIFIC; ISLAND ARCS; HETEROGENEITY; VELOCITY; BENEATH; MODELS AB Seismic tomography based on P-wave travel times and improved earthquake locations provides further evidence for mantle-wide convective now. The use of body waves makes it possible to resolve long, narrow structures in the lower mantle some of which can be followed to sites of present-day plate convergence at the Earth's surface. The transition from subduction-related linear structures in the mid-mantle to long-wavelength heterogeneity near the core-mantle boundary remains enigmatic, but at least some slab segments seem to sink to the bottom of the mantle. C1 AUSTRALIAN NATL UNIV,RES SCH EARTH SCI,CANBERRA,ACT 0200,AUSTRALIA. US GEOL SURVEY,DENVER FED CTR,DENVER,CO 80225. RP vanderHilst, RD (reprint author), MIT,DEPT EARTH ATMOSPHER & PLANETARY SCI,RM 54-514,CAMBRIDGE,MA 02139, USA. NR 56 TC 809 Z9 814 U1 6 U2 97 PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD PI LONDON PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW SN 0028-0836 J9 NATURE JI Nature PD APR 10 PY 1997 VL 386 IS 6625 BP 578 EP 584 DI 10.1038/386578a0 PG 7 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA WT273 UT WOS:A1997WT27300050 ER PT J AU Darling, RS Chou, IM Bodnar, RJ AF Darling, RS Chou, IM Bodnar, RJ TI An occurrence of metastable cristobalite in high-pressure garnet granulite SO SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID PHASE-TRANSITION; FLUID INCLUSIONS; RE-EQUILIBRATION; CENTRAL CHINA; COESITE; QUARTZ; METAMORPHISM; BEHAVIOR; KBAR AB High-pressure (0.8 gigapascals) granulite facies garnet from Gore Mountain, New York, hosts multiple solid inclusions containing the low-pressure silica polymorph cristobalite along with albite and minor ilmenite. Identification of cristobalite is based on Raman spectra, electron microprobe analysis, and microthermometric measurements on the alpha/beta phase transformation. The cristobalite plus albite inclusions may have originated as small, trapped samples of hydrous sodium-aluminum-siliceous melt. Diffusive loss of water from these inclusions under isothermal, isochoric conditions may have resulted in a large enough internal pressure decrease to promote the metastable crystallization of cristobalite. C1 US GEOL SURVEY,RESTON,VA 20192. VIRGINIA POLYTECH INST & STATE UNIV,DEPT GEOL SCI,BLACKSBURG,VA 24061. RP Darling, RS (reprint author), SUNY COLL CORTLAND,DEPT GEOL,CORTLAND,NY 13045, USA. RI Bodnar, Robert/A-1916-2009 NR 26 TC 23 Z9 28 U1 0 U2 5 PU AMER ASSOC ADVANCEMENT SCIENCE PI WASHINGTON PA 1200 NEW YORK AVE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 SN 0036-8075 J9 SCIENCE JI Science PD APR 4 PY 1997 VL 276 IS 5309 BP 91 EP 93 DI 10.1126/science.276.5309.91 PG 3 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA WR386 UT WOS:A1997WR38600051 ER PT J AU Heiny, JS Tate, CM AF Heiny, JS Tate, CM TI Concentration, distribution, and comparison of selected trace elements in bed sediment and fish tissue in the South Platte River Basin, USA, 1992-1993 SO ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article AB During August-November 1992 and August 1993, bed sediment and fish liver were sampled in the South Platte River Basin and analyzed for 45 elements in bed sediment and 19 elements in fish liver. The results for aluminum, arsenic, cadmium, chromium, copper, iron, lead, manganese, selenium, silver, uranium, and zinc are presented here. All 12 trace elements were detected in bed sediment, but not all were detected in fish liver or in all species of fish. A background concentration of trace elements in bed sediment was calculated using the cumulative frequency curves of trace element concentrations at all sites. Arsenic, cadmium, copper, lead, manganese, silver, uranium, and zinc concentrations were greater than background concentrations at sites in mining areas or at sites that have natural sources of these elements. Trace element concentrations in fish liver generally did not follow the same patterns as concentrations in bed sediment, although concentrations of aluminum and cadmium were higher in fish liver collected at mountain sites that had been disturbed by mining. Concentrations of aluminum, arsenic, cadmium, chromium, copper, iron, lead, silver, and zinc increased in bed sediments in urban areas. Iron, silver, and zinc concentrations in fish liver also increased in urban areas. Concentrations of cadmium, copper, silver, and zinc in fish liver increased in the agricultural areas of the basin. Downstream changes in trace element concentrations may be the result of geological changes in addition to changes in land use along the river. RP Heiny, JS (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,BOX 25046,MS 415,DENVER,CO 80225, USA. NR 34 TC 40 Z9 43 U1 0 U2 7 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 SN 0090-4341 J9 ARCH ENVIRON CON TOX JI Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. PD APR PY 1997 VL 32 IS 3 BP 246 EP 259 PG 14 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA XJ806 UT WOS:A1997XJ80600003 PM 9096073 ER PT J AU Powell, DC Aulerich, RJ Meadows, JC Tillitt, DE Stromborg, KL Kubiak, TJ Giesy, JP Bursian, SJ AF Powell, DC Aulerich, RJ Meadows, JC Tillitt, DE Stromborg, KL Kubiak, TJ Giesy, JP Bursian, SJ TI Organochlorine contaminants in double-crested cormorants from Green Bay, Wisconsin .2. Effects of an extract derived from cormorant eggs on the chicken embryo SO ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article ID FISH-EATING BIRDS; DEETHYLASE-INDUCING POTENCY; LAKES FOOD-CHAINS; GREAT-LAKES; POLYCHLORINATED-BIPHENYLS; DEVELOPMENTAL TOXICANTS; PHALACROCORAX-AURITUS; 2,3,7,8-TETRACHLORODIBENZO-P-DIOXIN EQUIVALENTS; REPRODUCTIVE OUTCOMES; PCBS AB White Leghorn chicken (Gallus domesticus) eggs were injected prior to incubation with one of four concentrations (0.001, 0.01, 0.1, and 1.0 egg-equivalent) of an extract derived from 1,000 double-crested cormorant (Phalacrocorax auritus) eggs collected at Spider Island adjacent to Green Bay in Lake Michigan. One egg-equivalent corresponded to the concentration of contaminants present in an average cormorant egg, This was approximately 322 pg toxic equivalents (TEQs)/g, ww egg with polychlorinatedbiphenyl congener 126 (3,3',4,4',5-pentachlorobiphenyl) accounting for over 70% of the TEQs. Injection of 1.0 egg-equivalent resulted in 77% mortality at hatch. The incidence of developmental abnormalities (structural defects or edema) was not affected by injection of the extract. Body weight gain of chicks was reduced in the 1.0 egg equivalent dose group in the first, second, and third week's post-hatch. Relative brain weights were greater and relative bursa weights were less in the 1.0 egg-equivalent dose group than in the vehicle control at three weeks of age. There were no significant differences in the relative weights of the heart, liver, spleen, testes, or comb among treated and control birds. C1 MICHIGAN STATE UNIV,DEPT ANIM SCI,E LANSING,MI 48824. MICHIGAN STATE UNIV,INST ENVIRONM TOXICOL,E LANSING,MI 48824. NATL BIOL SERV,MIDWEST SCI CTR,COLUMBIA,MO 65201. US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,GREEN BAY,WI 54311. US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,DIV ENVIRONM CONTAMINANTS,ARLINGTON,VA 22203. MICHIGAN STATE UNIV,DEPT FISHERIES & WILDLIFE,E LANSING,MI 48824. MICHIGAN STATE UNIV,PESTICIDE RES CTR,E LANSING,MI 48824. NR 43 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 1 U2 2 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 SN 0090-4341 J9 ARCH ENVIRON CON TOX JI Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. PD APR PY 1997 VL 32 IS 3 BP 316 EP 322 PG 7 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA XJ806 UT WOS:A1997XJ80600012 ER PT J AU Crone, AJ Machette, MN Bowman, JR AF Crone, AJ Machette, MN Bowman, JR TI Episodic nature of earthquake activity in stable continental regions revealed by palaeoseismicity studies of Australian and North American Quaternary faults SO AUSTRALIAN JOURNAL OF EARTH SCIENCES LA English DT Article DE earthquakes; palaeoseismology; Quaternary tectonics; seismic risk ID 1988 TENNANT CREEK; GROUND MOTION; PARAMETERS; INVERSION; SEQUENCE AB Palaeoseismic investigations of recent faulting in stable continental regions of Australia, North America and India show that these faults typically have a long-term behaviour characterised by episodes of activity separated by quiescent intervals of at least 10 000 and commonly 100 000 years or more. Long recurrence intervals such as these are well documented by detailed studies of the faults that ruptured during the 1986 Marryat Creek, South Australia and 1988 Tennant Creek, Northern Territory earthquakes. Thus, neotectonic features associated with stable continental region faults such as scarps and grabens commonly have subtle geomorphic expression and may be poorly preserved. Many potentially hazardous faults in stable continental regions are aseismic, which is one reason why the inventory of these faults is incomplete. Although they may be currently aseismic, faults in stable continental regions that are favourably oriented for movement in the current stress field could produce damaging earthquakes, often in unexpected places. Comprehensive palaeoseismic investigations of modern and prehistoric faulting events in stable continental regions are needed to understand the long-term behaviour of these faults, and thereby, improve seismic-hazard assessments. C1 SCI APPLICAT INT CORP, CTR MONITORING RES, ARLINGTON, VA 22209 USA. RP Crone, AJ (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY, BOX 25046, MS 966, DENVER, CO 80225 USA. NR 55 TC 84 Z9 92 U1 0 U2 3 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD PI ABINGDON PA 4 PARK SQUARE, MILTON PARK, ABINGDON OX14 4RN, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0812-0099 J9 AUST J EARTH SCI JI Aust. J. Earth Sci. PD APR PY 1997 VL 44 IS 2 BP 203 EP 214 DI 10.1080/08120099708728304 PG 12 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA WT844 UT WOS:A1997WT84400003 ER PT J AU Piatt, JF AF Piatt, JF TI Alternative interpretations of oil spill data SO BIOSCIENCE LA English DT Letter RP Piatt, JF (reprint author), US DEPT INTERIOR,US GEOL SURVEY,ALASKA SCI CTR,1011 E TUDOR RD,ANCHORAGE,AK 99503, USA. NR 9 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER INST BIOLOGICAL SCI PI WASHINGTON PA 1444 EYE ST, NW, STE 200, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 SN 0006-3568 J9 BIOSCIENCE JI Bioscience PD APR PY 1997 VL 47 IS 4 BP 202 EP 203 DI 10.2307/1313070 PG 2 WC Biology SC Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics GA WP627 UT WOS:A1997WP62700002 ER PT J AU KarounaRenier, NK Sparling, DW AF KarounaRenier, NK Sparling, DW TI Toxicity of stormwater treatment pond sediments to Hyalella azteca (Amphipoda) SO BULLETIN OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article ID CLARK-FORK RIVER; HEAVY-METALS; URBAN-RUNOFF; MONTANA; WATER; FISH C1 US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,PATUXENT WILDLIFE RES CTR,US GEOL SURVEY,LAUREL,MD 20708. UNIV MARYLAND,TOXICOL PROGRAM,BALTIMORE,MD 21227. OI Karouna-Renier, Natalie/0000-0001-7127-033X NR 17 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 5 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 SN 0007-4861 J9 B ENVIRON CONTAM TOX JI Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. PD APR PY 1997 VL 58 IS 4 BP 550 EP 557 PG 8 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA WK466 UT WOS:A1997WK46600007 PM 9060372 ER PT J AU Gomberg, J Blanpied, ML Beeler, NM AF Gomberg, J Blanpied, ML Beeler, NM TI Transient triggering of near and distant earthquakes SO BULLETIN OF THE SEISMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA LA English DT Article ID STATE DEPENDENT FRICTION; 28 JUNE 1992; SINGLE DEGREE; CONSTITUTIVE-EQUATIONS; SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA; LANDER EARTHQUAKE; SLIP INSTABILITY; ROCK FRICTION; ALGORITHM M8; FAULT ZONES AB We demonstrate qualitatively that frictional instability theory provides a context for understanding how earthquakes may be triggered by transient loads associated with seismic waves from near and distance earthquakes. We assume that earthquake triggering is a stick-slip process and test two hypotheses about the effect of transients on the timing of instabilities using a simple spring-slider model and a rate- and state-dependent friction constitutive law. A critical triggering threshold is implicit in such a model formulation. Our first hypothesis is that transient loads lead to clock advances; i.e., transients hasten the time of earthquakes that would have happened eventually due to constant background loading alone. Modeling results demonstrate that transient loads do lead to clock advances and that the triggered instabilities may occur after the transient has ceased (i.e., triggering may be delayed). These simple ''clock-advance'' models predict complex relationships between the triggering delay, the clock advance, and the transient characteristics. The triggering delay and the degree of clock advance both depend nonlinearly on when in the earthquake cycle the transient load is applied. This implies that the stress required to bring about failure does not depend linearly on loading time, even when the fault is loaded at a constant rate. The timing of instability also depends nonlinearly on the transient loading rate, faster rates more rapidly hastening instability. This implies that higher-frequency and/or longer-duration seismic waves should increase the amount of clock advance. These modeling results and simple calculations suggest that near (tens of kilometers) small/moderate earthquakes and remote (thousands of kilometers) earthquakes with magnitudes 2 to 3 units larger may be equally effective at triggering seismicity. Our second hypothesis is that some triggered seismicity represents earthquakes that would not have happened without the transient load (i.e., accumulated strain energy would have been relieved via other mechanisms). We test this using two ''new-seismicity'' models that (1) are inherently unstable but slide at steady-state conditions under the background load and (2) are conditionally stable such that instability occurs only for sufficiently large perturbations. For the new-seismicity models, very small-amplitude transients trigger instability relative to the clock-advance models. The unstable steady-state models predict that the triggering delay depends inversely and nonlinearly on the transient amplitude (as in the clock-advance models). We were unable to generate delayed triggering with conditionally stable models. For both new-seismicity models, the potential for triggering is independent of when the transient load is applied or, equivalently, of the prestress (unlike in the clock-advance models). In these models, a critical triggering threshold appears to be inversely proportional to frequency. Further advancement of our understanding will require more sophisticated, quantitative models and observations that distinguish between our qualitative, yet distinctly different,, model predictions. C1 US GEOL SURVEY, MENLO PK, CA 94025 USA. RP UNIV MEMPHIS, CERI, CAMPUS BOX 526590, MEMPHIS, TN 38112 USA. NR 73 TC 88 Z9 100 U1 1 U2 5 PU SEISMOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI ALBANY PA 400 EVELYN AVE, SUITE 201, ALBANY, CA 94706-1375 USA SN 0037-1106 EI 1943-3573 J9 B SEISMOL SOC AM JI Bull. Seismol. Soc. Amer. PD APR PY 1997 VL 87 IS 2 BP 294 EP 309 PG 16 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA WW750 UT WOS:A1997WW75000002 ER PT J AU Quilty, EG Roeloffs, EA AF Quilty, EG Roeloffs, EA TI Water-level changes in response to the 20 December 1994 earthquake near Parkfield, California SO BULLETIN OF THE SEISMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA LA English DT Article ID PREDICTION EXPERIMENT; STRAIN; WELLS AB We analyze co-seismic changes of water level in nine wells near Parkfield, California, produced by an M-D 4.7 earthquake on 20 December 1994 in order to test the hypothesis that co-seismic water-level changes are proportional to coseismic volumetric strain. For each well, a quantitative relationship between water level and volumetric strain can be inferred from water-level fluctuations due to earth tides and barometric pressure. The observed co-seismic water-level changes, which ranged from -16 to +34 cm, can therefore be compared with volumetric strain recorded by borehole strainmeters or calculated using a dislocation model of the earthquake. We were able to find a dislocation model of the earthquake rupture that predicts volumetric expansion at five of the six wells where water level fell co-seismically, as well as volumetric contraction at one of the two sites where water level rose. Strain predicted by the dislocation model is in good quantitative agreement with the strain inferred from water-level changes observed at four of the well sites, as well as strain recorded by three borehole strainmeters. Water-level changes at two more well sites correspond to strain somewhat greater than predicted by the model but agree in sign with model-calculated strains. At three of the well sites, however, water-level changes took place that cannot be explained as responses to co-seismic volumetric strain for any plausible dislocation model of the earthquake rupture. At two of these sites, one in and one near the San Andreas fault, large water-level drops are probably influenced by co-seismic fault creep. The third site has a history of large water-level rises in response to earthquakes at distances up to several hundred kilometers. This data set shows that co-seismic water-level changes in many wells are proportional to volumetric strain but that other wells exist in which different mechanisms dominate co-seismic response. C1 US GEOL SOC,VANCOUVER,WA. RP Quilty, EG (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,MS 977,345 MIDDLEFIELD RD,MENLO PK,CA 94025, USA. NR 20 TC 61 Z9 66 U1 1 U2 5 PU SEISMOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI EL CERRITO PA PLAZA PROFESSIONAL BLDG, SUITE 201, EL CERRITO, CA 94530 SN 0037-1106 J9 B SEISMOL SOC AM JI Bull. Seismol. Soc. Amer. PD APR PY 1997 VL 87 IS 2 BP 310 EP 317 PG 8 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA WW750 UT WOS:A1997WW75000003 ER PT J AU Boore, DM Joyner, WB AF Boore, DM Joyner, WB TI Site amplifications for generic rock sites SO BULLETIN OF THE SEISMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA LA English DT Article ID EASTERN NORTH-AMERICA; GROUND-MOTION; SOUTHERN-CALIFORNIA; EARTHQUAKE; VELOCITY; MODEL; ACCELERATION; ATTENUATION; SPECTRA; DEPTH AB Seismic shear-wave velocity as a function of depth for generic rock sites has been estimated from borehole data and studies of crustal velocities, and these velocities have been used to compute frequency-dependent amplifications for zero attenuation for use in simulations of strong ground motion. We define a generic rock site as one whose velocity at shallow depths equals the average of those from the rock sites sampled by the borehole data. Most of the boreholes are in populated areas; for that reason, the rock sites sampled are of particular engineering significance. We consider two generic rock sites: rock, corresponding to the bulk of the borehole data, and very hard rock, such as is found in glaciated regions in large areas of eastern North America or in portions of western North America. The amplifications on rock sites can be in excess of 3.5 at high frequencies, in contrast to the amplifications of less than 1.2 on very hard rock sites. The consideration of unattenuated amplification alone is computationally convenient, but what matters for ground-motion estimation is the combined effect of amplification and attenuation. For reasonable values of the attenuation parameter kappa(0), the combined effect of attenuation and amplification for rock sites peaks between about 2 and 5 Hz with a maximum level of less than 1.8. The combined effect is about a factor of 1.5 at 1 Hz and is less than unity for frequencies in the range of 10 to 20 Hz (depending on kappa(0)). Using these amplifications, we find provisional values of about Delta sigma = 70 bars and kappa(0) = 0.035 sec for rock sites in western North America by fitting our empirically determined response spectra for an M 6.5 event to simulated values. The borehole data yield shear velocities ((V) over bar(30)) of 618 and 306 m/sec for ''rock'' and ''soil'' sites, respectively, when averaged over the upper 30 m. From this, we recommend that (V) over bar(30) equals 620 and 310 m/sec for applications requiring the average velocity for rock and soil sites in western North America. By combining the amplifications for rock sites and the site factors obtained from our analysis of strong-motion data, we derive amplifications for sites with (V) over bar(30) = 520 m/sec (NEHRP class C, corresponding to a mix of rock and soil sites) and (V) over bar(30) = 310 and 255 m/sec (average soil and NEHRP class D sites, respectively). For the average soil site, the combined effect of amplification and attenuation exceeds a factor of 2.0 for frequencies between 0.4 and about 4 Hz, with a peak site effect of 2.4; the peak of the NEHRP class D site effect is 2.7. RP Boore, DM (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,MAIL STOP 977,345 MIDDLEFIELD RD,MENLO PK,CA 94025, USA. NR 63 TC 395 Z9 407 U1 1 U2 11 PU SEISMOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI EL CERRITO PA PLAZA PROFESSIONAL BLDG, SUITE 201, EL CERRITO, CA 94530 SN 0037-1106 J9 B SEISMOL SOC AM JI Bull. Seismol. Soc. Amer. PD APR PY 1997 VL 87 IS 2 BP 327 EP 341 PG 15 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA WW750 UT WOS:A1997WW75000005 ER PT J AU Ohminato, T Chouet, BA AF Ohminato, T Chouet, BA TI A free-surface boundary condition for including 3D topography in the finite-difference method SO BULLETIN OF THE SEISMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA LA English DT Article ID RAYLEIGH-WAVE SCATTERING; HETEROGENEOUS MEDIA; PROPAGATION; SCHEME; SV; DYNAMICS AB A flexible and simple way of introducing stress-free boundary conditions for including three-dimensional (3D) topography in the finite-difference method is presented. The 3D topography is discretized in a staircase by stacking unit material cells in a staggered-grid scheme. The shear stresses are distributed on the 12 edges of the unit material cell so that only shear stresses appear on the free surface and normal stresses always remain embedded within the solid region. This configuration makes it possible to implement stress-free boundary conditions at the free surface by setting the Lame coefficients lambda and mu to zero without generating any physically unjustified condition. Arbitrary 3D topographies are realized by changing the distribution of lambda and mu in the computational domain. Our method uses a parsimonious staggered-grid scheme that requires only 3/4 of the memory used in the conventional staggered-grid scheme in which six stress components and three velocity components need to be stored. Numerical tests indicate that 25 grids per wavelength are required for stable calculation. The finite-difference results are compared with those of the boundary-element method for the two-dimensional (2D) semi-circular canyon model, We also present the responses of a segment of semi-circular canyon and hemispherical cavity to vertically incident plane P, SV, and SH waves and discuss the response of a Gaussian hill to an isotropic point source embedded in the hill. in the segment of semi-circular canyon, the later portions of the synthetics are characterized by phases scattered from the two vertical side walls. The hemispherical cavity and 2D semi-circular canyon both show focusing of energy at the bottom of the cavity, although the focusing effect is stronger in the former geometry. Focusing and defocusing effects due to the strong topography of the Gaussian hill produce a strong amplification of displacements at a spot located on the flank opposite to the source. Backscattering from the top of the hill is also clearly seen. C1 US GEOL SURVEY,MENLO PK,CA 94025. RP Ohminato, T (reprint author), GEOL SURVEY JAPAN,1-1-3 HIGASHI,TSUKUBA,IBARAKI 305,JAPAN. NR 30 TC 172 Z9 179 U1 1 U2 16 PU SEISMOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI EL CERRITO PA PLAZA PROFESSIONAL BLDG, SUITE 201, EL CERRITO, CA 94530 SN 0037-1106 J9 B SEISMOL SOC AM JI Bull. Seismol. Soc. Amer. PD APR PY 1997 VL 87 IS 2 BP 494 EP 515 PG 22 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA WW750 UT WOS:A1997WW75000017 ER PT J AU Hildreth, W Fierstein, J AF Hildreth, W Fierstein, J TI Recent eruptions of Mount Adams, Washington Cascades, USA SO BULLETIN OF VOLCANOLOGY LA English DT Article DE cascade arc; stratovolcano; postglacial eruptions; lava flows; tephra; volcano hazards ID RANGE; CALIBRATION AB The postglacial eruption rate for the Mount Adams volcanic field is similar to 0.1 km(3)/k.y., four to seven times smaller than the average rate for the past 520 k.y. Ten vents have been active since the last main deglaciation similar to 15 ka. Seven high flank vents (at 2100-2600 m) and the central summit vent of the 3742-m stratocone produced varied andesites, and two peripheral vents (at 2100 and 1200 m) produced mildly alkalic basalt. Eruptive ages of most of these units are bracketed with respect to regional tephra layers from Mount Mazama and Mount St. Helens. The basaltic lavas and scoria cones north and south of Mount Adams and a 13-km-long andesitic lava flow on its east flank are of early postglacial age. The three most extensive andesitic lava-flow complexes were emplaced in the mid-Holocene (7-4 ka). Ages of three smaller Holocene andesite units are less well constrained. A phreatomagmatic ejecta cone and associated andesite lavas that together cap the summit may be of latest Pleistocene age, but a thin layer of mid-Holocene tephra appears to have erupted there as well. An alpine-meadow section an the southeast flank contains 24 locally derived Holocene andesitic ash layers intercalated with several silicic tephras from Mazama and St. Helens. Microprobe analyses of phenocrysts from the ash layers and postglacial lavas suggest a few correlations and refine some age constraints. Approximately 6 ka, a 0.07-km(3) debris avalanche from the southwest face of Mount Adams gen erated a clay-rich debris flow that devastated > 30 km(2) south of the volcano. A gravitationally metastable 2-to 3-km(3) reservoir of hydrothermally altered fragmental andesite remains on the ice-capped summit and, towering 3 km above the surrounding lowlands, represents a greater hazard than an eruptive recurrence in the style of the last 15 k.y. RP Hildreth, W (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY, VOLCANO HAZARDS TEAM, 345 MIDDLEFIELD RD, MENLO PK, CA 94025 USA. NR 19 TC 18 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 5 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 SN 0258-8900 J9 B VOLCANOL JI Bull. Volcanol. PD APR PY 1997 VL 58 IS 6 BP 472 EP 490 DI 10.1007/s004450050156 PG 19 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA WW141 UT WOS:A1997WW14100007 ER PT J AU Barnes, SJ Zientek, ML Severson, MJ AF Barnes, SJ Zientek, ML Severson, MJ TI Ni, Cu, Au, and platinum-group element contents of sulphides associated with intraplate magmatism: A synthesis SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF EARTH SCIENCES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT International Field Conference and Symposium on the Petrology and Metallogeny of Volcanic and Intrusive Rocks of the Middle Proterozoic Midcontinent Rift of North America CY AUG 19-SEP 01, 1995 CL UNIV MINNESOTA, DULUTH, MN HO UNIV MINNESOTA ID SMITH FOLD BELT; SULFIDE MELT; WESTERN-AUSTRALIA; NORTHERN QUEBEC; PRECIOUS METALS; DULUTH COMPLEX; NICKEL; SILICATE; GEOCHEMISTRY; INTRUSION AB The tectonic setting of intraplate magmas, typically a plume intersecting a rift, is ideal for the development of Ni - Cu - platinum-group element-bearing sulphides. The plume transports metal-rich magmas close to the mantle-crust boundary. The interaction of the rift and plume permits rapid transport of the magma into the crust, thus ensuring that no sulphides are lost from the magma en route to the crust. The rift may contain sediments which could provide the sulphur necessary to bring about sulphide saturation in the magmas. The plume provides large Volumes of mafic magma; thus any sulphides that form can collect metals from a large Volume of magma and consequently the sulphides will be metal rich. The large Volume of magma provides sufficient heat to release large quantities of S from the crust, thus providing sufficient S to form a large sulphide deposit. The composition of the sulphides varies on a number of scales: (i) there is a variation between geographic areas, in which sulphides from the Noril'sk-Talnakh area are the richest in metals and those from the Muskox intrusion are poorest in metals; (ii) there is a variation between textural types of sulphides, in which disseminated sulphides are generally richer in metals than the associated massive and matrix sulphides; and (iii) the massive and matrix sulphides show a much wider range of compositions than the disseminated sulphides, and on the basis of their Ni/Cu ratio the massive and matrix sulphides can be divided into Cu rich and Fe rich. The Cu-rich sulphides are also enriched in Pt, Pd, and Au; in contrast, the Fe-rich sulphides are enriched in Fe, Os, Tr, Ru, and Ph. Nickel concentrations are similar in both. Differences in the composition between the sulphides from different areas may be attributed to a combination of differences in composition of the silicate magma from which the sulphides segregated and differences in the ratio of silicate to sulphide liquid (R factors). The higher metal content of the disseminated sulphides relative to the massive and matrix sulphides may be due to the fact that the disseminated sulphides equilibrated with a larger volume of magma than massive and matrix sulphides. The difference in composition between the Cu- and Fe-rich sulphides may be the result of the fractional crystallization of monosulphide solid solution from a sulphide liquid, with the Cu-rich sulphides representing the liquid and the Fe-rich sulphides representing the cumulate. C1 US GEOL SURVEY, SPOKANE, WA 99201 USA. UNIV MINNESOTA, NAT RESOURCES RES INST, DULUTH, MN 55811 USA. RP Barnes, SJ (reprint author), UNIV QUEBEC, CHICOUTIMI, PQ G7H 2B1, CANADA. RI Barnes, S-J/I-5579-2012 NR 45 TC 48 Z9 53 U1 0 U2 5 PU CANADIAN SCIENCE PUBLISHING, NRC RESEARCH PRESS PI OTTAWA PA 1200 MONTREAL ROAD, BUILDING M-55, OTTAWA, ON K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0008-4077 EI 1480-3313 J9 CAN J EARTH SCI JI Can. J. Earth Sci. PD APR PY 1997 VL 34 IS 4 BP 337 EP 351 DI 10.1139/e17-030 PG 15 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA XF196 UT WOS:A1997XF19600002 ER PT J AU Nicholson, SW Shirey, SB Schulz, KJ Green, JC AF Nicholson, SW Shirey, SB Schulz, KJ Green, JC TI Rift-wide correlation of 1.1 Ga midcontinent rift system basalts: Implications for multiple mantle sources during rift development SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF EARTH SCIENCES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT International Field Conference and Symposium on the Petrology and Metallogeny of Volcanic and Intrusive Rocks of the Middle Proterozoic Midcontinent Rift of North America CY AUG 19-SEP 01, 1995 CL UNIV MINNESOTA, DULUTH, MN HO UNIV MINNESOTA ID MAMAINSE-POINT FORMATION; NORTHERN LAKE-SUPERIOR; SUB-CONTINENTAL MANTLE; TRACE-ELEMENT EVIDENCE; U-PB AGES; FLOOD BASALTS; SEISMIC-REFLECTION; HOT-SPOT; ONTARIO; CONSTRAINTS AB Magmatism that accompanied the 1.1 Ga Midcontinent rift system (MRS) is attributed to the upwelling and decompression melting of a mantle plume beneath North America. Five distinctive flood-basalt compositions are recognized in the rift-related basalt succession along the south shore of western Lake Superior, based on stratigraphically correlated major element, trace element, and Nd isotopic analyses. These distinctive compositions can be correlated with equivalent basalt types in comparable stratigraphic positions in other MRS localities around western Lake Superior. Four of these compositions are also recognized at Mamainse Point more than 200 km away in eastern Lake Superior. These regionally correlative basalt compositions provide the basis for determining the sequential contribution of various mantle sources to flood-basalt magmatism during rift development, extending a model originally developed for eastern Lake Superior. In this refined model, the earliest basalts were derived from small degrees of partial melting at great depth of an enriched, ocean-island-type plume mantle source (epsilon(Nd(1100)) value of about 0), followed by magmas representing melts from this plume source and interaction with another mantle source, most likely continental lithospheric mantle (epsilon(Nd(1100)) < 0). The relative contribution of this second mantle source diminished with time as larger degree partial melts of the plume became the dominant source for the voluminous younger basalts (epsilon(Nd(1100)) value of about 0). Towards the end of magmatism,mixtures of melts from the plume and a depleted asthenospheric mantle source became dominant (epsilon(Nd(1100)) = 0 to +3). C1 CARNEGIE INST WASHINGTON,DEPT TERR MAGNETISM,WASHINGTON,DC 20015. UNIV MINNESOTA,DEPT GEOL,DULUTH,MN 55812. RP Nicholson, SW (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,NATL CTR,MS 954,RESTON,VA 20192, USA. NR 86 TC 50 Z9 51 U1 1 U2 2 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA ON K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0008-4077 J9 CAN J EARTH SCI JI Can. J. Earth Sci. PD APR PY 1997 VL 34 IS 4 BP 504 EP 520 PG 17 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA XF196 UT WOS:A1997XF19600013 ER PT J AU Zartman, RE Nicholson, SW Cannon, WF Morey, GB AF Zartman, RE Nicholson, SW Cannon, WF Morey, GB TI U-Th-Ph zircon ages of some Keweenawan supergroup rocks from the south shore of Lake Superior SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF EARTH SCIENCES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT International Field Conference and Symposium on the Petrology and Metallogeny of Volcanic and Intrusive Rocks of the Middle Proterozoic Midcontinent Rift of North America CY AUG 19-SEP 01, 1995 CL UNIV MINNESOTA, DULUTH, MN HO UNIV MINNESOTA ID MIDCONTINENT RIFT SYSTEM; SEISMIC-REFLECTION; NORTHWESTERN WISCONSIN; EASTERN MINNESOTA; SEDIMENTARY-ROCKS; PB AGES; INTRUSIONS; CRUSTAL; BENEATH; EVOLUTION AB New single-crystal zircon U-Th-Pb ages for plutonic and rhyolitic Keweenawan Supergroup rocks from the south shore of Lake Superior provide geochronological constraints on magmatic evolution associated with the 1.1 Ca Midcontinent rift. Analyses of a granophyric phase of the Mineral Lake intrusion and the Mellen granite, both parts of the Mellen Intrusive Complex, and a laterally extensive rhyolite from the top of the Kallander Creek Volcanics have weighted average Pb-207/Pb-206 ages of 1102.0 +/- 2.8 Ma (N = 2), 1100.9 +/- 1.4 Ma (N = 5), and 1098.8 +/- 1.9 Ma (N = 4), respectively. Analyses of a pyroclastic rhyolite flow at the top of the Porcupine Volcanics result in Variable Pb-207/Pb-206 ages that range from 1080 to 1137 Ma. This rhyolite exhibits a continuum between morphologically complex and simpler prismatic zircon crystals, the latter yielding concordant analyses having a weighted average Pb-207/Pb-206 age of 1093.6 +/- 1.8 Ma (N = 2). Four prismatic zircons from an aphyric rhyolite of the Chengwatana Volcanics in the Ashland syncline form a linear array intersecting concordia at 1094.6 +/- 2.1 Ma (MSWD = 1.3). Another presumed Chengwatana rhyolite recovered from drill core intersecting the Hudson-Afton horst in southeast Minnesota yielded only similar to 20 morphologically indistinguishable zircons. Six analyses give Pb-207/Pb-206 ages ranging from 1112 to 1136 Ma, including one analysis with a virtually concordant age of 1130 Ma. This age, however, is considerably older than that obtained for the Chengwatana Volcanics in the Ashland syncline or any other precisely dated rock from the Midcontinent rift. C1 US GEOL SURVEY, DENVER, CO 80225 USA. US GEOL SURVEY, RESTON, VA 22092 USA. MINNESOTA GEOL SURVEY, ST PAUL, MN 55114 USA. NR 39 TC 24 Z9 26 U1 1 U2 2 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA ON K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0008-4077 J9 CAN J EARTH SCI JI Can. J. Earth Sci. PD APR PY 1997 VL 34 IS 4 BP 549 EP 561 PG 13 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA XF196 UT WOS:A1997XF19600016 ER PT J AU Mesa, MG Warren, JJ AF Mesa, MG Warren, JJ TI Predator avoidance ability of juvenile chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) subjected to sublethal exposures of gas-supersaturated water SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FISHERIES AND AQUATIC SCIENCES LA English DT Article ID JOHN-DAY-RESERVOIR; NORTHERN SQUAWFISH; COLUMBIA RIVER; PREY; VULNERABILITY; FISH AB To assess the effects of gas bubble trauma (GET) on the predator avoidance ability of juvenile chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha), we created groups of fish that differed in prevalence and severity of gas emboli in their lateral lines, fins, and gills by exposing them to 112% total dissolved gas (TDG) for 13 days, 120% TDG for 8 h, or 130% TDG for 3.5 h. We subjected exposed and unexposed control fish simultaneously to predation by northern squawfish (Ptychocheilus oregonensis) in water of normal gas saturation in 6, 18, and 10 tests using prey exposed to 112, 120, and 130% TDG, respectively. Only fish exposed to 130% TDG showed a significant increase in vulnerability to predation. The signs of GBT exhibited by fish sampled just prior to predator exposure were generally more severe in fish exposed to 130% TDG, which had the most extensive occlusion of the lateral line and gill filaments with gas emboli. Fish exposed to 112% TDG had the most severe signs of GET in the fms. Our results suggest that fish showing GET signs similar to those of our fish exposed to 130% TDG, regardless of their precise exposure history, may be more vulnerable to predation. RP Mesa, MG (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,COLUMBIA RIVER RES LAB,BIOL RESOURCES DIV,5501A COOK UNDERWOOD RD,COOK,WA 98605, USA. NR 37 TC 30 Z9 32 U1 0 U2 3 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA ON K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0706-652X J9 CAN J FISH AQUAT SCI JI Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. PD APR PY 1997 VL 54 IS 4 BP 757 EP 764 DI 10.1139/cjfas-54-4-757 PG 8 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA XA826 UT WOS:A1997XA82600002 ER PT J AU Bacon, CR Bruggman, PE Christiansen, RL Clynne, MA DonnellyNolan, JM Hildreth, W AF Bacon, CR Bruggman, PE Christiansen, RL Clynne, MA DonnellyNolan, JM Hildreth, W TI Primitive magmas at five Cascade volcanic fields: Melts from hot, heterogeneous sub-arc mantle SO CANADIAN MINERALOGIST LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Joint Annual Meeting of Geological-Association-of-Canada / Mineralogical-Association-of-Canada CY MAY, 1995 CL VICTORIA, CANADA SP Geol Assoc Canada, Mineral Assoc Canada DE arc magmatism; primitive basalt; geochemistry; isotopes; trace elements; Cascades; northwestern United States ID MEDICINE LAKE VOLCANO; SUBDUCTION ZONE MAGMATISM; HIGH-ALUMINA BASALT; LEAD-ISOTOPIC DATA; CRATER LAVA-FIELD; NORTHERN CALIFORNIA; TRACE-ELEMENT; CONTINENTAL-CRUST; MONOGENETIC VOLCANOS; SOUTHERN WASHINGTON AB Major and trace element concentrations, including REE by isotope dilution, and Sr, Nd, Pb, and O isotope ratios have been determined for 38 mafic lavas from the Mount Adams, Crater Lake, Mount Shasta, Medicine Lake, and Lassen Volcanic fields, in the Cascade are, northwestern part of the United States. Many of the samples have a high Mg# [100Mg/(Mg + Fe-T) > 60] and Ni content (>140 ppm) such that we consider them to be primitive. We recognize three end-member primitive magma groups in the Cascades, characterized mainly by their trace-element and alkali-metal abundances: (1) High-alumina olivine tholeiite (HAOT) has trace element abundances similar to N-MORB, except for slightly elevated LILE, and has Eu/Eu* > 1. (2) Are basalt and basaltic andesite have notably higher LILE contents, generally have higher SiO2 contents, are more oxidized, and have higher Cr for a given Ni abundance than HAOT. These lavas show relative depletion in HFSE, have lower HREE and higher LREE than HAOT, and have smaller Eu/Eu* (0.94-1.06). (3) Alkali basalt from the Simcoe volcanic field east of Mount Adams represents the third end-member, which contributes an intraplate geochemical signature to magma compositions. Notable geochemical features among the volcanic fields are: (1) Mount Adams rocks are richest in Fe and most incompatible elements including HFSE; (2) the most incompatible-element depleted lavas occur at Medicine Lake; (3) all centers have relatively primitive lavas with high LILE/HFSE ratios but only the Mount Adams, Lassen, and Medicine Lake volcanic fields also have relatively primitive rocks with an intraplate geochemical signature; (4) there is a tendency for increasing Sr-87/Sr-86, Pb-207/Pb-204, and delta(18)O and decreasing Pb-206/Pb-204 and Nd-143/Nd-144 from north to south. The three end-member Cascade magma types reflect contributions from three mantle components: depleted sub-are mantle modestly enriched in LILE during ancient subduction; a modern, hydrous subduction component; and GIB-source-like domains. Lavas with an: and intraplate (GIB) geochemical signatures were erupted close to HAOT, and many lavas are blends of two or more magma types. Pre-eruptive H2O contents of HAOT, coupled with phase-equilibrium studies, suggest that these magmas were relatively dry and last equilibrated in the mantle wedge at temperatures of similar to 1300 degrees C and depths of similar to 40 km, virtually at the base of the crust. Are basalt and basaltic andesite represent greater extents of melting than HAOT, presumably in the same general thermal regime but at somewhat lower mantle separation temperatures, of domains of sub-are mantle that have been enriched by a hydrous subduction component derived from the young, relatively hot Juan de Fuca plate. The primitive magmas originated by partial melting in response to adiabatic upwelling within the mantle wedge. Tectonic extension in this part of the Cascade are, one characterized by slow oblique convergence, contributes to mantle upwelling and facilitates eruption of primitive magmas. RP Bacon, CR (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,345 MIDDLEFIELD RD,MENLO PK,CA 94025, USA. NR 85 TC 124 Z9 126 U1 1 U2 17 PU MINERALOGICAL ASSOC CANADA PI NEPEAN PA CITYVIEW 78087, NEPEAN ON K2G 5W2, CANADA SN 0008-4476 J9 CAN MINERAL JI Can. Mineral. PD APR PY 1997 VL 35 BP 397 EP 423 PN 2 PG 27 WC Mineralogy SC Mineralogy GA XF229 UT WOS:A1997XF22900009 ER PT J AU Borg, LE Clynne, MA Bullen, TD AF Borg, LE Clynne, MA Bullen, TD TI The variable role of slab-derived fluids in the generation of a suite of primitive calc-alkaline lavas from the southernmost Cascades, California SO CANADIAN MINERALOGIST LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Joint Annual Meeting of Geological-Association-of-Canada / Mineralogical-Association-of-Canada CY MAY, 1995 CL VICTORIA, CANADA SP Geol Assoc Canada, Mineral Assoc Canada DE Cascade arc; calc-alkaline; primitive lava; slab-derived fluid; Sr enrichment; California ID LASSEN-VOLCANIC-CENTER; OCEAN RIDGE BASALT; LEAD-ISOTOPIC DATA; DE-FUCA RIDGE; TRACE-ELEMENT; SUBDUCTION ZONES; MAGMA GENESIS; ARC MAGMAS; MAGNESIAN ANDESITES; ICHINOMEGATA CRATER AB The compositional continuum observed in primitive calc-alkaline lavas erupted from small volcanoes across the southernmost Cascade are is produced by the introduction of a variable proportion of slab-derived fluid into the superjacent peridotite layer of the mantle wedge. Magmas derived from fluid-rich sources are erupted primarily in the forearc and are characterized by Sr and Pb enrichment (primitive mantle-normalized Sr/P > 5.5), depletions of Ta and Nh, low incompatible-element abundances, and MORE-like Sr and Pb isotopic ratios. Magmas derived from fluid-poor sources are erupted primarily in the are axis and behind the are, and are characterized by weak enrichment in Sr [1.0 < (Sr/P)(N) < 1.3], weak depletions in Ta and Nb, higher incompatible-element abundances, and GIB-like Sr, Nd, and Pb isotopic ratios. Fluxing the mantle wedge above the subducting slab with H2O-rich fluid stabilizes amphibole and enriches the wedge peridotites in incompatible elements, particularly unradiogenic Sr and Pb. The hydrated amphibole-bearing portion of the mantle wedge is downdragged beneath the forearc, where its solidus is exceeded, yielding melts that are enriched in Sr and Pb, and depleted in Ta and Nh (reflecting both high Sr and Pb relative to Ta and Nb in the fluid, and the greater compatibility of Ta and Nb in amphibole compared to other silicate phases in the wedge). A steady decrease of the fluid-contributed geochemical signature away from the trench is produced by the progressive dehydration of the downdragged portion of the mantle wedge with depth, resulting from melt extraction and increased temperature at the slab-wedge interface. Inverse correlation between incompatible-element abundances and the size of the fluid-contributed geochemical signature is generated by melting of more depleted peridotites, rather than by significant differences in the degree of melting. High-(Sr/P)(N) lavas of the forearc are generated by melting of a MORE-source-Like peridotite that has been fluxed with a greater proportion of slab-derived fluid, and low (Sr/P)(N) lavas of the are asis are produced by melting of an GIB-source-like peridotite in the presence of a smaller proportion of slab-derived fluid. This study documents the control that a slab-derived fluid can have on incompatible element and isotopic systematics of are magmas by 1) the addition of incompatible elements to the wedge, 2) the stabilization of hydrous phases in the wedge, and 3) the lowering of peridotite solidi. C1 UNIV TEXAS,DEPT GEOL SCI,AUSTIN,TX 78712. US GEOL SURVEY,MENLO PK,CA 94025. NR 107 TC 102 Z9 105 U1 1 U2 10 PU MINERALOGICAL ASSOC CANADA PI NEPEAN PA CITYVIEW 78087, NEPEAN ON K2G 5W2, CANADA SN 0008-4476 J9 CAN MINERAL JI Can. Mineral. PD APR PY 1997 VL 35 BP 425 EP 452 PN 2 PG 28 WC Mineralogy SC Mineralogy GA XF229 UT WOS:A1997XF22900010 ER PT J AU Clynne, MA Borg, LE AF Clynne, MA Borg, LE TI Olivine and chromian spinel in primitive calc-alkaline and tholeiitic lavas from the southernmost Cascade Range, California: A reflection of relative fertility of the source SO CANADIAN MINERALOGIST LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Joint Annual Meeting of Geological-Association-of-Canada / Mineralogical-Association-of-Canada CY MAY, 1995 CL VICTORIA, CANADA SP Geol Assoc Canada, Mineral Assoc Canada DE chromian spinel; olivine; arc basalt; mantle fertility; Lassen; Cascade arc; California ID MEDICINE LAKE VOLCANO; HIGH-ALUMINA BASALT; PETROGENETIC INDICATORS; ULTRAMAFIC INCLUSIONS; NORTHERN CALIFORNIA; MAGNESIAN ANDESITE; SOUTHWEST JAPAN; PHASE-RELATIONS; HIGH-PRESSURES; SILICATE MELT AB Chromian spinel and coexisting olivine phenocrysts from a geochemically diverse suite of primitive tholeiitic and calc-alkaline basalts and magnesian andesites from the Lassen region, in the southernmost Cascade Range, in California, show that the sub-are mantle is zoned. Depleted calc-alkaline basalts and magnesian andesites erupt in the forearc region, and calc-alkaline basalts contain increasing abundances of incompatible elements toward the backarc. High-alumina olivine tholeiites erupt from the are and backarc areas. Olivine from all these lavas displays a limited compositional range, from Fo(86) to Fo(91), and crystallized at high temperature, generally 1225-1275 degrees C. Chromian spinel trapped in the olivine phenocrysts displays a large range of composition: Cr# values span the range 9-76. Excess Al in the spinel relative to that in l-atm spinel suggests that it crystallized at elevated pressure. The phenocrysts in these lavas are in equilibrium with their host liquids. The full range of Cr# of the spinel compositions cannot be explained by differentiation or variable pressure, variations in f(O-2), subsolidus equilibration or variations in degree of partial melting of a single peridotitic source. Rather, the systematic compositional differences among phenocrysts in these primitive lavas result from bulk chemical variability in their mantle sources. Correlations between spinel and host-rock compositions support the assertion that the geochemical diversity of Lassen basalts reflects the relative fertility of their mantle sources. C1 UNIV TEXAS,DEPT GEOL SCI,AUSTIN,TX 78712. RP Clynne, MA (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,VOLCANO HAZARDS TEAM,345 MIDDLEFIELD RD,MAIL STOP 910,MENLO PK,CA 94025, USA. NR 89 TC 46 Z9 46 U1 0 U2 4 PU MINERALOGICAL ASSOC CANADA PI NEPEAN PA CITYVIEW 78087, NEPEAN ON K2G 5W2, CANADA SN 0008-4476 J9 CAN MINERAL JI Can. Mineral. PD APR PY 1997 VL 35 BP 453 EP 472 PN 2 PG 20 WC Mineralogy SC Mineralogy GA XF229 UT WOS:A1997XF22900011 ER PT J AU Kretzmann, MB Gilmartin, WG Meyer, A Zegers, GP Fain, SR Taylor, BF Costa, DP AF Kretzmann, MB Gilmartin, WG Meyer, A Zegers, GP Fain, SR Taylor, BF Costa, DP TI Low genetic variability in the Hawaiian monk seal SO CONSERVATION BIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID MITOCHONDRIAL-DNA; INBREEDING DEPRESSION; MONACHUS-SCHAUINSLANDI; CONSERVATION GENETICS; POPULATIONS; DIFFERENTIATION; CHEETAH; FINGERPRINTS; SIMILARITY; EXTINCTION AB The Hawaiian monk seal (Monachus schauinslandi) is a critically endangered species that has failed to recover from human exploitation despite decades of protection and ongoing management efforts designed to increase population growth. The seals breed at five principal locations in the northwestern Hawaiian islands, and inter-island migration is limited. Genetic variation in this species is expected to be low due to a recent population bottleneck and probable inbreeding within small subpopulations. To test the hypothesis that small population size and strong site fidelity has led to low within-island genetic variability and significant between-island differentiation, we used two independent approaches to quantify genetic variation both within and among the principal subpopulations. Mitochondrial control region and tRNA gene sequences (359 base pairs) were obtained from 50 seals and revealed very low genetic diversity (0.6% variable sites), with no evidence of subpopulation differentiation. Multilocus DNA fingerprints from 22 individuals also indicated low genetic variation in at least some subpopulations (band-sharing values for ''unrelated'' seals from the same island ranged from 49 to 73%). This method also provided preliminary evidence of population subdivision (F'(st) estimates of 0.20 and 0.13 for two adjacent island pairs). Translocations of seals among islands may therefore have the potential to relieve local inbreeding and possibly to reduce the total amount of variation preserved in the population. Genetic variation is only one of many factors that determine the ability of an endangered species to recover. Maintenance of existing genetic diversity, however, remains an important priority for conservation programs because of the possibility of increased disease resistance in more variable populations and the chance that inbreeding depression may only be manifest under adverse environmental conditions. C1 UNIV CALIF SANTA CRUZ, BIOL BOARD, SANTA CRUZ, CA 95064 USA. HAWAII WILDLIFE FUND, VOLCANO, HI 96785 USA. US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV, FORENS LAB, ASHLAND, OR 97520 USA. RP Kretzmann, MB (reprint author), SUNY STONY BROOK, DEPT ECOL & EVOLUT, STONY BROOK, NY 11794 USA. RI Meyer, Axel/C-9826-2009 OI Meyer, Axel/0000-0002-0888-8193 NR 70 TC 30 Z9 30 U1 4 U2 20 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ USA SN 0888-8892 EI 1523-1739 J9 CONSERV BIOL JI Conserv. Biol. PD APR PY 1997 VL 11 IS 2 BP 482 EP 490 DI 10.1046/j.1523-1739.1997.96031.x PG 9 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA WV115 UT WOS:A1997WV11500030 ER PT J AU Grove, TL DonnellyNolan, JM Housh, T AF Grove, TL DonnellyNolan, JM Housh, T TI Magmatic processes that generated the rhyolite of Glass Mountain, Medicine Lake volcano, N California SO CONTRIBUTIONS TO MINERALOGY AND PETROLOGY LA English DT Article ID CRYSTAL-CHEMICAL CONTROLS; HIGH-ALUMINA BASALT; CRATER LAVA-FIELD; NORTHERN CALIFORNIA; SILICIC MAGMAS; CASCADE RANGE; ST-HELENS; LOW-MGO; EVOLUTION; ANDESITE AB Glass Mountain consists of a 1 km(3), compositionally zoned rhyolite to dacite glass flow containing magmatic inclusions and xenoliths of underlying shallow crust. Mixing of magmas produced by fractional crystallization of andesite and crustal melting generated the rhyolite of Glass Mountain. Melting experiments were carried out on basaltic andesite and andesite magmatic inclusions at 100, 150 and 200 MPa, H2O-saturated with oxygen fugacity controlled at the nickel-nickel oxide buffer to provide evidence of the role of fractional crystallization in the origin of the rhyolite of Glass Mountain. Isotopic evidence indicates that the crustal component assimilated at Glass Mountain constitutes at least 55 to 60% of the mass of erupted rhyolite. A large volume of mafic andesite (2 to 2.5 km(3)) periodically replenished the magma reservoir(s) beneath Glass Mountain, underwent extensive fractional crystallization and provided the heat necessary to melt the crust. The crystalline residues of fractionation as well as residual liquids expelled from the cumulate residues are preserved as magmatic inclusions and indicate that this fractionation process occurred at two distinct depths. The presence and composition of amphibole in magmatic inclusions preserve evidence for crystallization of the andesite at pressures of at least 200 MPa (6 km depth) under near H2O-saturated conditions. Mineralogical evidence preserved in olivine-plagioclase and olivine-plagioclase-high-Ca clinopyroxene-bearing magmatic inclusions indicates that crystallization under near H2O-saturated conditions also occurred at pressures of 100 MPa (3 km depth) or less. Petrologic, isotopic and geochemical evidence indicate that the andesite underwent fractional crystallization to form the differentiated melts but had no chemical interaction with the melted crustal component. Heat released by the fractionation process was responsible for heating and melting the crust. C1 US GEOL SURVEY,MENLO PK,CA 94025. UNIV TEXAS,DEPT GEOL SCI,AUSTIN,TX 78712. RP Grove, TL (reprint author), MIT,DEPT EARTH ATMOSPHER & PLANETARY SCI,CAMBRIDGE,MA 02139, USA. RI Grove, Timothy/M-9638-2013 OI Grove, Timothy/0000-0003-0628-1969 NR 45 TC 108 Z9 109 U1 0 U2 12 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 SN 0010-7999 J9 CONTRIB MINERAL PETR JI Contrib. Mineral. Petrol. PD APR PY 1997 VL 127 IS 3 BP 205 EP 223 DI 10.1007/s004100050276 PG 19 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Mineralogy SC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Mineralogy GA WZ141 UT WOS:A1997WZ14100001 ER PT J AU Amelin, YV Ritsk, EY Neymark, LA AF Amelin, YV Ritsk, EY Neymark, LA TI Effects of interaction between ultramafic tectonite and mafic magma on Nd-Pb-Sr isotopic systems in the Neoproterozoic Chaya Massif, Baikal-Muya ophiolite belt SO EARTH AND PLANETARY SCIENCE LETTERS LA English DT Article DE Chaya Massif; isotopes; tectonite; mafic magmas; geochemistry ID RARE-EARTH ELEMENTS; DEPLETED MANTLE; CALC-ALKALINE; SM-ND; TROODOS OPHIOLITE; RIDGE BASALTS; RB-SR; EVOLUTION; COMPLEX; ISLANDS AB Sm-Nd, Rb-Sr and U-Pb isotopic systems have been studied in minerals and whole rocks of harzburgites and mafic cumulates from the Chaya Massif, Baikal-Muya ophiolite belt, eastern Siberia, in order to determine the relationship between mantle ultramafic and crustal mafic sections. Geological relations in the Chaya Massif indicate that the mafic magmas were emplaced into, and interacted with older solid peridotite, Hand picked, acid-leached, primary rock-forming and accessory minerals (olivine, orthopyroxene, clinopyroxene and plagioclase) from the two harzbugite samples show coherent behavior and yield Sm-147/Nd-144-Nd-143/Nd-144 and U-238/Pb-204-Pb-206/Pb-204 mineral isochrons, corresponding to ages of 640 +/- 58 Ma (95% confidence level) and 620 +/- 71 Ma, respectively. These values are indistinguishable from the crystallization age of the Chaya mafic units of 627 +/- 25 Ma (a weighted average of internal isochron Sm-Nd ages of four mafic cumulates). The Rb-Sr and Sm-Nd isotopic systems in the harzburgite whole-rock samples were disturbed by hydrothermal alteration. These alteration-related isotopic shifts mimic the trend of variations in primary isotopic compositions in the mafic sequence, thus emphasizing that isotopic data for ultramafic rocks should be interpreted with great caution. On the basis of initial Sr and Nd values, ultramafic and mafic rocks of the Chaya Massif can be divided into two groups: (1) harzburgites and the lower mafic unit gabbronorites with epsilon(Nd) = +6.6 to +7.1 and epsilon(Sr) = -11 to -16; and (2) websterite of the lower unit and gabbronorites of the upper mafic unit: epsilon(Nd) = +4.6 to +6.1 and epsilon(Sr) = -8 to -9. Initial Pb isotopic ratios are identical in all rocks studied, with mean values of Pb-206/Pb-204 = 16.994 +/- 0.023 and Pb-207/Pb-204 = 15.363 +/- 0.015. The similarity of ages and initial isotopic ratios within the first group indicates that the isotopic systems in the pre-existing depleted peridotite were reset by extensive interaction with basaltic magma during formation of the mafic crustal sequence. The isotopic data agree with a hypothesized formation of the Chaya Massif in a suprasubduction-zone environment. C1 INST PRECAMBRIAN GEOL & GEOCHRONOL, ST PETERSBURG 199034, RUSSIA. US GEOL SURVEY, DENVER FED CTR, DENVER, CO 80225 USA. RP Amelin, YV (reprint author), ROYAL ONTARIO MUSEUM, GEOCHRONOL LAB, 100 QUEENS PK, TORONTO, ON M5S 2C6, CANADA. NR 52 TC 35 Z9 36 U1 0 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0012-821X EI 1385-013X J9 EARTH PLANET SC LETT JI Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. PD APR PY 1997 VL 148 IS 1-2 BP 299 EP 316 DI 10.1016/S0012-821X(97)00046-0 PG 18 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA XC561 UT WOS:A1997XC56100021 ER PT J AU Edgington, DN Robbins, JA Colman, SM Orlandini, KA Gustin, MP Klump, JV Granina, LZ AF Edgington, DN Robbins, JA Colman, SM Orlandini, KA Gustin, MP Klump, JV Granina, LZ TI Comment on ''Uranium-series disequilibrium, sedimentation, diatom frustules, and paleoclimate change in Lake Baikal'' - Reply SO EARTH AND PLANETARY SCIENCE LETTERS LA English DT Editorial Material ID EQUILIBRIA; CARBON C1 NOAA, GREAT LAKES ENVIRONM RES LAB, ANN ARBOR, MI 48105 USA. US GEOL SURVEY, WOODS HOLE, MA 02543 USA. ARGONNE NATL LAB, DIV ENVIRONM RES, ARGONNE, IL 60439 USA. RUSSIAN ACAD SCI, INST LIMNOL, SIBERIAN DIV, IRKUTSK 664003, RUSSIA. RP UNIV WISCONSIN, CTR GREAT LAKES STUDIES, MILWAUKEE, WI 53204 USA. NR 17 TC 11 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0012-821X EI 1385-013X J9 EARTH PLANET SC LETT JI Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. PD APR PY 1997 VL 148 IS 1-2 BP 399 EP 404 DI 10.1016/S0012-821X(97)00033-2 PG 6 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA XC561 UT WOS:A1997XC56100030 ER PT J AU Pieper, AP Ryan, JN Harvey, RW Amy, GL Illangasekare, TH Metge, DW AF Pieper, AP Ryan, JN Harvey, RW Amy, GL Illangasekare, TH Metge, DW TI Transport and recovery of bacteriophage PRD1 in a sand and gravel aquifer: Effect of sewage-derived organic matter SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID GRADIENT TRACER TEST; POROUS-MEDIA; VIRUS ADSORPTION; NATURAL-GRADIENT; CAPE-COD; CHEMICAL PERTURBATIONS; ALKYLBENZENE SULFONATE; IONIC-STRENGTH; SURFACE-CHARGE; IRON-OXIDE AB To test the effects of sewage-derived organic matter on virus attachment, P-32-labeled bacteriophage PRD1, linear alkylbenzene sulfonates (LAS), and tracers were injected into sewage-contaminated (suboxic, elevated organic matter) and uncontaminated (oxic, low organic matter) zones of an iron oxide-coated quartz sand and gravel aquifer on Cape God, MA. In the uncontaminated zone, 83% of the PRD1 were attenuated over the first meter of transport by attachment to aquifer grains. In the contaminated zone, 42% of the PRD1 were attenuated over the first meter of transport. Sewage-derived organic matter contributed to the difference in PRD1 attenuation by blocking attachment sites in the contaminated zone. At greater distances downgradient (to a total transport distance of 3.6 m), a near-constant amount of PRD1 continued to break through, suggesting that aquifer grain heterogeneities allowed a small amount of reversible attachment. Injection of an LAS mixture (25 mg L(-1)), a common sewage constituent, remobilized 87% of the attached PRD1 in the contaminated zone, but only 2.2% in the uncontaminated zone. LAS adsorption promoted virus recovery in the contaminated zone by altering the PRD1-surface interactions; however, the amount of LAS adsorbed was not sufficient to promote release of the attached PRD1 in the uncontaminated zone. C1 UNIV COLORADO,DEPT CIVIL ENVIRONM & ARCHITECTURAL ENGN,BOULDER,CO 80309. US GEOL SURVEY,DIV WATER RESOURCES,BOULDER,CO 80303. RI Ryan, Joseph/H-7025-2012; Harvey, Ronald/C-5783-2013 OI Harvey, Ronald/0000-0002-2791-8503 NR 78 TC 127 Z9 129 U1 2 U2 17 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0013-936X J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD APR PY 1997 VL 31 IS 4 BP 1163 EP 1170 DI 10.1021/es960670y PG 8 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA WR546 UT WOS:A1997WR54600057 ER PT J AU Barber, WE Smith, RL Vallarino, M Meyer, RM AF Barber, WE Smith, RL Vallarino, M Meyer, RM TI Demersal fish assemblages of the northeastern Chukchi Sea, Alaska SO FISHERY BULLETIN LA English DT Article ID CONTINENTAL-SHELF; UPPER SLOPE; SCOTIAN SHELF; ATLANTIC AB We documented the distribution and abundance of demersal fishes in the northeastern Chukchi Sea, Alaska, in 1990 and 1991, and described 1990 demersal fish assemblages and their relationship to general oceanographic features in the area. We collected samples using an otter trawl at 48 stations in 1990 and 16 in 1991, and we identified a total of 66 species in 14 families. Gadids made up 83% and 69% of the abundance in 1990 and 1991, respectively. Cottids, pleuronectids, and zoarcids together made up 15% of the species in 1990, 28% in 1991. The number of species, species diversity (H), and evenness (V') generally were greater inshore than offshore and greater in the south than in the north. There were significant differences in ranks of species, species diversity, and evenness at 3 of 8 stations sampled both years. From data collected in 1990, 3 nearshore and 3 offshore station groupings were defined. The northern offshore assemblages had the fewest species,lowest diversity and evenness, and least abundance, whereas two southern assemblages had the most species, highest diversity and evenness, and greatest abundance. We determined that bottom salinity and percent gravel were probably the primary factors influencing assemblage arrangement. C1 UNIV ALASKA,INST MARINE SCI,FAIRBANKS,AK 99775. USGS,BIOL RESOURCES DIV,EASTERN REG OFF,KEARNEYSVILLE,WV 25430. RP Barber, WE (reprint author), UNIV ALASKA FAIRBANKS,SCH FISHERIES & OCEAN SCI,FAIRBANKS,AK 99775, USA. NR 27 TC 35 Z9 42 U1 1 U2 3 PU NATL MARINE FISHERIES SERVICE SCIENTIFIC PUBL OFFICE PI SEATTLE PA 7600 SAND POINT WAY NE BIN C15700, SEATTLE, WA 98115 SN 0090-0656 J9 FISH B-NOAA JI Fish. Bull. PD APR PY 1997 VL 95 IS 2 BP 195 EP 208 PG 14 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA WU782 UT WOS:A1997WU78200002 ER PT J AU Slater, CH Schreck, CB AF Slater, CH Schreck, CB TI Physiological levels of testosterone kill salmonid leukocytes in vitro SO GENERAL AND COMPARATIVE ENDOCRINOLOGY LA English DT Article ID IMMUNE-RESPONSE; ONCORHYNCHUS-TSHAWYTSCHA; CHINOOK SALMON; BROWN TROUT; SAPROLEGNIA INFECTION; DISEASE RESISTANCE; RAINBOW-TROUT; TRUTTA-L; LYMPHOCYTES; APOPTOSIS AB Adult spring chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) elaborate high plasma concentrations of testosterone during sexual maturation, and these levels of testosterone have been shown to reduce the salmonid immune response in vitro. Our search for the mechanism of testosterone's immunosuppressive action has led to the characterization of an androgen receptor in salmonid leukocytes. In the present study we examined the specific effects that testosterone had on salmonid leukocytes. Direct counts of viable leukocytes after incubation with and without physiological levels of testosterone demonstrate a significant loss of leukocytes in cultures exposed to testosterone. At least 5 days of contact with testosterone was required to produce significant immunosuppression and addition of a ''conditioned media'' (supernatant from proliferating lymphocytes not exposed to testosterone) did not reverse the immunosuppressive effects of testosterone. These data lead us to conclude that testosterone may exert its immunosuppressive effects by direct action on salmonid leukocytes, through the androgen receptor described, and that this action leads to the death of a significant number of these leukocytes. (C) 1997 Academic Press. C1 OREGON STATE UNIV,OREGON COOPERAT FISHERY RES UNIT,DEPT FISHERIES & WILDLIFE,CORVALLIS,OR 97330. RP Slater, CH (reprint author), OREGON STATE UNIV,USGS BIOL RESOURCES DIV,DEPT FISHERIES & WILDLIFE,CORVALLIS,OR 97330, USA. NR 38 TC 47 Z9 48 U1 0 U2 0 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC JNL-COMP SUBSCRIPTIONS PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 SN 0016-6480 J9 GEN COMP ENDOCR JI Gen. Comp. Endocrinol. PD APR PY 1997 VL 106 IS 1 BP 113 EP 119 DI 10.1006/gcen.1996.6858 PG 7 WC Endocrinology & Metabolism SC Endocrinology & Metabolism GA WR725 UT WOS:A1997WR72500012 PM 9126471 ER PT J AU Lehnert, O Miller, JF Repetski, JE AF Lehnert, O Miller, JF Repetski, JE TI Paleogeographic significance of Clavohamulus hintzei Miller (Conodonta) and other Ibexian conodonts in an early Paleozoic carbonate platform facies of the Argentine Precordillera SO GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA BULLETIN LA English DT Review ID LOWER ORDOVICIAN; EVOLUTION; MARGIN; ATLANTIC; SYSTEM AB Pre-Tremadocian conodonts and trilobites and Tremadocian conodonts are reported from the Cambrian and Ordovician La Silla Formation in the Cerro La Silla section in east-southeast Jachal, San Juan Province, Argentina, A shallow marine conodont fauna contains elements of Clavohamulus hintzei Miller, a common species in North America, but reported for the first time from the early Paleozoic platform carbonates of the western Argentine Precordillera, The presence of this species suggests a correlation with the Clavohamulus hintzei conodont subbiozone of the Cordylodus intermedius conodont biozone in North America, considered Early Ordovician (Skullrockian Stage, Ibexian Series) in North America, but by South American and European standards, this biozone would be of latest Cambrian age, C. hintzei and associated conodonts of the La Silla Formation are typical of the tropical faunas of the North American Midcontinent Faunal Province; Late Cambrian trilobites from lower in the formation also are typical North American taxa. The presence of these faunas in the platform carbonates is consistent with plate reconstructions suggesting that the Precordillera was in a tropical or subtropical position close to Laurentia during the late Precambrian and early Paleozoic, These new paleontological data provide one more argument for recent models of the Precordillera as a displaced terrane derived from the Ouachita Embayment at the southern margin of Laurentia. C1 SW MISSOURI STATE UNIV, DEPT GEOG GEOL & PLANNING, SPRINGFIELD, MO 65804 USA. US GEOL SURVEY, RESTON, VA 22092 USA. RP UNIV ERLANGEN NURNBERG, INST GEOL & MINERAL, SCHLOSSGARTEN 5, D-91054 ERLANGEN, GERMANY. NR 118 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 1 PU GEOLOGICAL SOC AMER, INC PI BOULDER PA PO BOX 9140, BOULDER, CO 80301-9140 USA SN 0016-7606 EI 1943-2674 J9 GEOL SOC AM BULL JI Geol. Soc. Am. Bull. PD APR PY 1997 VL 109 IS 4 BP 429 EP 443 DI 10.1130/0016-7606(1997)109<0429:PSOCHM>2.3.CO;2 PG 15 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA WU321 UT WOS:A1997WU32100004 ER PT J AU VanGeen, A Adkins, JF Boyle, EA Nelson, CH Palanques, A AF VanGeen, A Adkins, JF Boyle, EA Nelson, CH Palanques, A TI A 120 yr record of widespread contamination from mining of the Iberian pyrite belt SO GEOLOGY LA English DT Article ID MASSIVE SULFIDE DEPOSITS; TRACE-METAL ENRICHMENTS; MEDITERRANEAN-SEA; SPAIN; WATER; DRAINAGE; TINTO; GULF AB A metal-enriched seawater plume entering the western Mediterranean Sea through the Strait of Gibraltar originates 300 km to the west in the Rio Tinto estuary of southwestern Spain, Mining of Rio Tinto ore, one of the largest metal-rich sulfide deposits in the world, started well before Roman times, Contemporary Rio Tinto waters draining the region are highly acidic (pH 2.5) with dissolved cadmium, zinc, and copper concentrations 10(5)-10(6) times higher than in uncontaminated surface water of the Gulf of Cadiz, Two dated sediment cores from the Spanish continental shelf show that metal inputs to the region increased with the onset of intensive mining activities during the second half of the 19th century, Although the impact of mining may have decreased over the past few decades, the Tinto river and estuary remain highly contaminated. C1 MIT,DEPT EARTH ATMOSPHER & PLANETARY SCI,CAMBRIDGE,MA 02139. US GEOL SURVEY,MENLO PK,CA 94025. INST CIENCIAS MAR,E-08039 BARCELONA,SPAIN. RP VanGeen, A (reprint author), COLUMBIA UNIV,LAMONT DOHERTY EARTH OBSERV,PALISADES,NY 10964, USA. RI Mason, Robert/A-6829-2011; Palanques, Albert/C-2661-2013 NR 28 TC 138 Z9 140 U1 0 U2 14 PU GEOLOGICAL SOC AMERICA PI BOULDER PA PO BOX 9140 3300 PENROSE PLACE, BOULDER, CO 80301 SN 0091-7613 J9 GEOLOGY JI Geology PD APR PY 1997 VL 25 IS 4 BP 291 EP 294 DI 10.1130/0091-7613(1997)025<0291:AYROWC>2.3.CO;2 PG 4 WC Geology SC Geology GA WU319 UT WOS:A1997WU31900001 ER PT J AU Fleming, RW Johnson, AM AF Fleming, RW Johnson, AM TI Growth of a tectonic ridge during the Landers earthquake SO GEOLOGY LA English DT Article ID STRIKE-SLIP FAULTS; 1992 LANDERS; SHEAR ZONES; CALIFORNIA AB The formation of tectonic ridges by localized vertical uplift along strike-slip faults has long been suspected, but the actual growth of a tectonic ridge during an earthquake has never been documented. During the 1992 Landers, California, earthquake sequence, an awl-shaped, dome-like topographic ridge along the Emerson fault zone increased its height at least 1 m concurrently with 3 m of right-lateral shift across the fault zone containing the ridge. Five deformation vectors within the ridge reveal dilatant behavior in addition to the uplift and shift on boundary faults. C1 PURDUE UNIV,DEPT GEOSCI,HARRY FIELDING REID EARTHQUAKE RES LAB,W LAFAYETTE,IN 47907. RP Fleming, RW (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,BOX 25046,DENVER,CO 80225, USA. NR 9 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 1 PU GEOLOGICAL SOC AMERICA PI BOULDER PA PO BOX 9140 3300 PENROSE PLACE, BOULDER, CO 80301 SN 0091-7613 J9 GEOLOGY JI Geology PD APR PY 1997 VL 25 IS 4 BP 323 EP 326 DI 10.1130/0091-7613(1997)025<0323:GOATRD>2.3.CO;2 PG 4 WC Geology SC Geology GA WU319 UT WOS:A1997WU31900009 ER PT J AU Dean, WE AF Dean, WE TI Rates, timing, and cyclicity of Holocene eolian activity in north-central United States: Evidence from varved lake sediments SO GEOLOGY LA English DT Article AB Most of the sediment components that accumulated in Elk Lake, northwestern Minnesota, during the Holocene are autochthonous or biogenic, delivered to the sediment-mater interface on a seasonal schedule, preserved in distinct annual laminae (varves), The main allochthonous component is detrital clastic material, as measured by bulk-sediment concentrations of aluminum, sodium, potassium, titanium, and quartz, that enters the lake mostly as eolian dust, The eolian clastic influx to Elk Lake was considerably greater during the mid-Holocene (8-4 ka) than it has been for the past 4000 yr, when periods of increased eolian activity correspond to the time of the Little Ice Age and the dust bowl, Geochemical records of eolian activity exhibit distinct cyclicities with dominant periodicities of 400 and 84 yr. RP Dean, WE (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,DENVER FED CTR,MS 980,DENVER,CO 80225, USA. NR 13 TC 96 Z9 102 U1 1 U2 12 PU GEOLOGICAL SOC AMERICA PI BOULDER PA PO BOX 9140 3300 PENROSE PLACE, BOULDER, CO 80301 SN 0091-7613 J9 GEOLOGY JI Geology PD APR PY 1997 VL 25 IS 4 BP 331 EP 334 DI 10.1130/0091-7613(1997)025<0331:RTACOH>2.3.CO;2 PG 4 WC Geology SC Geology GA WU319 UT WOS:A1997WU31900011 ER PT J AU Dahms, DE Shroba, RR Gosse, JC Hall, RD Sorenson, CJ Reheis, MC AF Dahms, DE Shroba, RR Gosse, JC Hall, RD Sorenson, CJ Reheis, MC TI Relation between soil age and silicate weathering rates determined from the chemical evolution of a glacial chronosequence: Comment SO GEOLOGY LA English DT Article ID WIND RIVER RANGE; DUST DEPOSITION; SOUTHERN NEVADA; BULL LAKE; USA; PINEDALE; CALIFORNIA; MOUNTAINS; MORAINES C1 US GEOL SURVEY,DENVER FED CTR,DENVER,CO 80225. UNIV KANSAS,DEPT GEOL,LAWRENCE,KS 66045. INDIANA UNIV PURDUE UNIV,DEPT GEOL,INDIANAPOLIS,IN 46202. RP Dahms, DE (reprint author), UNIV NO IOWA,DEPT GEOG,CEDAR FALLS,IA 50614, USA. RI Gosse, John/B-4934-2012 NR 14 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 6 PU GEOLOGICAL SOC AMERICA PI BOULDER PA PO BOX 9140 3300 PENROSE PLACE, BOULDER, CO 80301 SN 0091-7613 J9 GEOLOGY JI Geology PD APR PY 1997 VL 25 IS 4 BP 381 EP 382 PG 2 WC Geology SC Geology GA WU319 UT WOS:A1997WU31900025 ER PT J AU Julian, BR Miller, AD Foulger, GR AF Julian, BR Miller, AD Foulger, GR TI Non-double-couple earthquake mechanisms at the Hengill-Grensdalur volcanic complex, southwest Iceland SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article ID TOMOGRAPHIC INVERSION; FOCAL MECHANISMS; TRIPLE JUNCTION; PLATE BOUNDARY AB The Hengill-Grensdalur area in Iceland generates frequent small non-double-couple earthquakes with explosive volumetric components. We collected high quality three-component digital recordings of 4,000 earthquakes on a purpose-designed, 32-station network in 1991, and determined focal mechanisms for 100 of the best-recorded earthquakes by inverting amplitude ratios. Many of the mechanisms are consistent, within the errors, with simultaneous shear and tensile faulting, with tensile faults parallel to the local spreading ridge, and shear faulting similar to that in the South Iceland transform-fault zone. Some events cannot be explained by this model, however, and require other processes, such as crack closing and partial compensation of tensile cracks by fluid flow. C1 UNIV DURHAM,DEPT GEOL SCI,DURHAM DH1 3LE,ENGLAND. RP Julian, BR (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,MS 977,345 MIDDLEFIELD RD,MENLO PK,CA 94025, USA. NR 16 TC 34 Z9 34 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 SN 0094-8276 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD APR 1 PY 1997 VL 24 IS 7 BP 743 EP 746 DI 10.1029/97GL00499 PG 4 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA WR211 UT WOS:A1997WR21100003 ER PT J AU Sorey, ML Colvard, EM AF Sorey, ML Colvard, EM TI Hydrologic investigations in the Mammoth Corridor, Yellowstone National Park and vicinity, USA SO GEOTHERMICS LA English DT Article DE hydrogeology; geothermal system; Yellowstone; U.S.A ID CHLORIDE FLUX AB The Mammoth Corridor in and adjacent to Yellowstone National Park encompasses a N-S alignment of geothermal features that extends from the Norris Geyser Basin adjacent to the Yellowstone caldera through Mammoth Hot Springs to the Corwin Springs Known Geothermal Resources Area (KGRA). Thermal springs in this region discharge water that ranges from Na-K-Cl, silica-depositing type to Ca-Na-HCO3-SO4, travertine-depositing type. Although only a few relatively shallow wells have been drilled in the corridor, the region is of special interest because of the environmental issues associated with potential geothermal development adjacent to Yellowstone National Park. The U.S. Geological Survey conducted an intensive hydrogeologic study of this region during 1988-1990 and continued to collect hydrologic and geophysical data until 1994. The results of these investigations document the rates of discharge of thermal water and heat within the corridor, evidence for a magmatic heat source beneath the Mammoth Hot Springs area, and evidence for separate geothermal systems associated with Mammoth Hot Springs and with thermal waters discharging in the KGRA in the vicinity of La Duke Hot Springs, These investigations also indicate that limited development of the 70 degrees C geothermal resource in the La Duke area would not affect thermal springs in Yellowstone National Park. (C) 1997 CNR. RP Sorey, ML (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,345 MIDDLEFIELD RD,MENLO PK,CA 94025, USA. NR 28 TC 15 Z9 21 U1 0 U2 7 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 0375-6505 J9 GEOTHERMICS JI Geothermics PD APR PY 1997 VL 26 IS 2 BP 221 EP 249 DI 10.1016/S0375-6505(96)00041-7 PG 29 WC Energy & Fuels; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Energy & Fuels; Geology GA WQ144 UT WOS:A1997WQ14400005 ER PT J AU Oliver, WA AF Oliver, WA TI Women & the Ph.D. SO GEOTIMES LA English DT Letter C1 NATL MUSEUM NAT HIST,DEPT PALEOBIOL,WASHINGTON,DC 20560. RP Oliver, WA (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,WASHINGTON,DC 20242, USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER GEOLOGICAL INST PI ALEXANDRIA PA 4220 KING ST, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22302-1507 SN 0016-8556 J9 GEOTIMES JI Geotimes PD APR PY 1997 VL 42 IS 4 BP 4 EP 4 PG 1 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA WR555 UT WOS:A1997WR55500005 ER PT J AU DeMulder, ML Rohde, WG Donnelly, J AF DeMulder, ML Rohde, WG Donnelly, J TI Mapping in the information age: The role of the US Geological Survey SO GEOTIMES LA English DT Article RP DeMulder, ML (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,NATL MAPPING DIV,RESTON,VA, USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER GEOLOGICAL INST PI ALEXANDRIA PA 4220 KING ST, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22302-1507 SN 0016-8556 J9 GEOTIMES JI Geotimes PD APR PY 1997 VL 42 IS 4 BP 22 EP 25 PG 4 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA WR555 UT WOS:A1997WR55500022 ER PT J AU Morton, MD Walters, FH Aga, DS Thurman, EM Larive, CK AF Morton, MD Walters, FH Aga, DS Thurman, EM Larive, CK TI Nuclear magnetic resonance identification of new sulfonic acid metabolites of chloroacetanilide herbicides SO JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE chloracetanilide metabolites; acetochlor; alachlor; metolachlor; propachlor ID SOIL; GLUTATHIONE; ALACHLOR AB The detection of the sulfonic acid metabolites of the chloroacetanilide herbicides acetochlor, alachlor, butachlor, propachlor, and, more recently, metolachlor in surface and ground water suggests that a common mechanism for dechlorination exists via the glutathione conjugation pathway. The identification of these herbicides and their metabolites is important due to growing public awareness and concern about pesticide levels in drinking water. Although these herbicides are regulated, little is known about the fate of their metabolites in soil. The sulfonic acid metabolites were synthesized by reaction of the parent compounds with an excess of sodium sulfite. Acetochlor alachlor, butachlor, metolachlor, and propachlor and their sulfonic acid metabolites were studied by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and fast atom bombardment mass spectrometry. This paper provides a direct method for the preparation and characterization of these compounds that will be useful in the analysis and study of chloracetanilide herbicides and their metabolites. C1 UNIV KANSAS,DEPT CHEM,LAWRENCE,KS 66045. UNIV SW LOUISIANA,DEPT CHEM,LAFAYETTE,LA 70504. US GEOL SURVEY,LAWRENCE,KS 66049. RI Thurman, Earl/B-5131-2011; Larive, Cynthia/E-4640-2012; OI Larive, Cynthia/0000-0003-3458-0771 NR 16 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 1 U2 5 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0021-8561 J9 J AGR FOOD CHEM JI J. Agric. Food Chem. PD APR PY 1997 VL 45 IS 4 BP 1240 EP 1243 DI 10.1021/jf960453g PG 4 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA WU773 UT WOS:A1997WU77300037 ER PT J AU Rosenberry, DO Winter, TC AF Rosenberry, DO Winter, TC TI Dynamics of water-table fluctuations in an upland between two prairie-pothole wetlands in North Dakota SO JOURNAL OF HYDROLOGY LA English DT Article ID GROUNDWATER-FLOW; LONG-TERM; USA; HYDROLOGY; SYSTEM; SLOUGH; LAKES; SOILS; PLAIN AB Data from a string of instrumented wells located on an upland of 55 m width between two wetlands In central North Dakota, USA, indicated frequent changes in water-table configuration following wet and dry periods during 5 years of investigation, A seasonal wetland is situated about 1.5 m higher than a nearby semipermanent wetland, suggesting an average ground water-table gradient of 0.02. However, water had the potential to flow as ground water from the upper to the lower wetland during only a few instances, A water-table trough adjacent to the lower semipermanent wetland was the most common water-table configuration during the first 4 years of the study, but it is likely that severe drought during those years contributed to the longevity and extent of the water-table trough, Water-table mounds that formed In response to rainfall events caused reversals of direction of flow that frequently modified the more dominant water-table trough during the severe drought. Rapid and large water-table rise to near land surface in response to intense rainfall was aided by the thick capillary fringe. One of the wettest summers on record ended the severe drought during the last year of the study, and caused a larger-scale water-table mound to form between the two wetlands. The mound was short in duration because it was overwhelmed by rising stage of the higher seasonal wetland which spilled into the lower wetland. Evapotranspiration was responsible for generating the water-table trough that formed between the two wetlands, Estimation of evapotranspiration based on diurnal fluctuations in wells yielded rates that averaged 3-5 mm day(-1). On many occasions water levels in wells closer to the semipermanent wetland indicated a direction of Bow that was different from the direction indicated by water levels in wells farther from the wetland. Misinterpretation of direction and magnitude of gradients between ground water and wetlands could result from poorly placed or too few observation wells, and also from infrequent measurement of water levels in wells. RP Rosenberry, DO (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,DENVER FED CTR,BOX 25046,MAIL STOP 413,DENVER,CO 80225, USA. RI Rosenberry, Donald/C-2241-2013; OI Rosenberry, Donald/0000-0003-0681-5641 NR 34 TC 105 Z9 106 U1 1 U2 22 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0022-1694 J9 J HYDROL JI J. Hydrol. PD APR PY 1997 VL 191 IS 1-4 BP 266 EP 289 DI 10.1016/S0022-1694(96)03050-8 PG 24 WC Engineering, Civil; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Engineering; Geology; Water Resources GA XG472 UT WOS:A1997XG47200014 ER PT J AU Newman, J Price, LC Johnston, JH AF Newman, J Price, LC Johnston, JH TI Hydrocarbon source potential and maturation in Eocene New Zealand vitrinite-rich coals - Insights from traditional coal analyses, and Rock-Eval and biomarker studies SO JOURNAL OF PETROLEUM GEOLOGY LA English DT Article ID PYROLYSIS; BASIN; STERANES; RANK; REFLECTANCE; TERPANES; KEROGEN; SHALES; OILS AB The results of traditional methods of coal characterisation (proximate, specific energy, and ultimate analyses)for 28 Eocene coal samples from the West Coast of New Zealand correspond well with biomarker ratios and Rock-Eval analyses. Isorank variations in vitrinite fluorescence and reflectance recorded for these samples are closely related to their volatile-matter content, and therefore indicate that the original vitrinite chemistry is a key controlling factor. By contrast, the mineral-matter content and the proportion of coal macerals present appear to have had only a minor influence on the coal samples' properties. Our analyses indicate that a number of triterpane biomarker ratios show peak maturities by high volatile bituminous A rank; apparent maturities are then reversed and decline at the higher medium volatile bituminous rank. The Rock-Eval S1 + S2 yield also maximizes by high volatile bituminous A rank, and then declines; however this decline is retarded in samples with the most hydrogen-rich (perhydrous) vitrinites. These Rock-Eval and biomarker trends, as well as trends in traditional coal analyses, are used to define the rank at which expulsion of gas and oil occurs from the majority of the coals. This expulsion commences at high volatile A bituminous rank, and persists up to the threshold of medium volatile bituminous rank (c. 1.1% Ro ran. or 1.2% Ro max in this sample set), where marked hydrocarbon expulsion from perhydrous vitrinites begins to take place. C1 US GEOL SURVEY,ENERGY TEAM,DENVER,CO 80225. UNIV VICTORIA,RES SCH EARTH SCI,WELLINGTON,NEW ZEALAND. RP Newman, J (reprint author), UNIV CANTERBURY,DEPT GEOL,CRL LTD,PB4800,CHRISTCHURCH 1,NEW ZEALAND. NR 54 TC 28 Z9 28 U1 1 U2 3 PU SCIENTIFIC PRESS LTD PI BEACONSFIELD PA PO BOX 21, BEACONSFIELD, BUCKS, ENGLAND HP9 1NS SN 0141-6421 J9 J PETROL GEOL JI J. Pet. Geol. PD APR PY 1997 VL 20 IS 2 BP 137 EP 163 DI 10.1111/j.1747-5457.1997.tb00770.x PG 27 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA XA464 UT WOS:A1997XA46400002 ER PT J AU Celebi, M AF Celebi, M TI Response of Olive View Hospital to Northridge and Whittier earthquakes SO JOURNAL OF STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING-ASCE LA English DT Article AB The purpose of this paper is to study the response of the conventionally designed new Olive View Medical Center (OVMC) building at 16 km from the epicenter of the January 17, 1994 Northridge, California earthquake (M(s) = 6.8). OVMC is on an alluvial deposit. The building was subjected to design level peak accelerations during the earthquake and suffered only limited structural and nonstructural damage. The recorded motions at different levels of the OVMC building as well as its associated free-field sites are analyzed using spectral analyses and system identification techniques. The new OVMC building was conservatively designed in 1976 with very high lateral load resisting capability-particularly as a reaction to the detrimental fate of the original Olive View Hospital that was heavily damaged during the 1971 San Fernando earthquake. The original hospital building was later razed. The replacement structure, the new cross-shaped OVMC building, experienced peak acceleration of 2.31g at the roof while its peak ground floor acceleration was 0.82g. The free-field peak acceleration was 0.91g. The lateral load resisting system of the OVMC building consists of concrete shear walls in the lower two stories and steel shear walls at the perimeter of the upper four stories. Spectral analysis shows that this stiff structure was not affected by the long duration pulses of the motions recorded at this site. RP Celebi, M (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,MS 977,345 MIDDLEFIELD RD,MENLO PK,CA 94025, USA. NR 17 TC 5 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 1 PU ASCE-AMER SOC CIVIL ENGINEERS PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017-2398 SN 0733-9445 J9 J STRUCT ENG-ASCE JI J. Struct. Eng.-ASCE PD APR PY 1997 VL 123 IS 4 BP 389 EP 396 PG 8 WC Construction & Building Technology; Engineering, Civil SC Construction & Building Technology; Engineering GA WP848 UT WOS:A1997WP84800002 ER PT J AU Stackelberg, PE AF Stackelberg, PE TI Presence and distribution of chlorinated organic compounds in streambed sediments, New Jersey SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN WATER RESOURCES ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article DE modeling/statistics; nonpoint source pollution; urban hydrology; streambed sediments ID NEWARK BAY; DIBENZOFURAN RESIDUES; SURFICIAL SEDIMENTS; HUDSON RIVER; NEW-YORK; DIOXIN; QUALITY; COAST AB Concentrations of 18 hydrophobic chlorinated organic compounds in streambed sediments from 100 sites throughout New Jersey were examined to determine (1) which compounds were detected most frequently, (2) whether detection frequencies differed among selected drainage basins, and (3) whether concentrations differed significantly among selected drainage basins. Twelve drainage basins across New Jersey that contain a range of land-use patterns and population densities were selected to represent various types and degrees of development. To ensure an adequate number of samples for statistical comparison among drainage basins, the 12 selected basins were consolidated into seven drainage areas on the basis of similarities in land-use patterns and population densities. Additionally, data for three classes of chlorinated organic compounds in streambed sediments from 255 sites throughout New Jersey were examined to determine whether the presence of these compounds in streambed sediments is related to the type and degree of development within the drainage area of each sampling site. Chlorinated organic compounds detected most frequently within the seven representative drainage areas were DDT, DDE, DDD, chlordane, dieldrin, and PCBs. DDT, DDE, and DDD, which were the most widely distributed organic compounds, were detected in about 60 to 100 percent of the samples from all drainage areas but one (where the detection rate for these compounds was about 20 to 40 percent). Chlordane and dieldrin were detected in about 80 to 100 percent of samples from highly urbanized and populated drainage areas; detection frequencies for these compounds tended to be smaller in less developed and populated areas. PCBs were detected in about 40 to 85 percent of samples from all drainage areas; detection frequencies were highest in the most heavily developed and populated areas. Analysis of variance on rank-transformed organic compound concentrations normalized to sediment organic carbon content was used to evaluate differences in concentrations among the seven representative drainage areas. Chlordane and PCBs were the chlorinated organic compounds with the most highly elevated concentrations in streambed sediments across the State. Median normalized concentrations of all six of the most frequently detected chlorinated organic compounds were highest in the most heavily urbanized and populated drainage area and lowest in the less populated, predominantly agricultural or forested areas. Concentrations of DDT and DDE, however, did not differ significantly among most of the drainage areas. Concentrations of DDD, chlordane, dieldrin, and PCBs differed significantly among drainage areas. The highest median normalized concentrations were found in samples from the most heavily urbanized and populated areas, and the lowest were in samples from the least developed, most heavily forested area. Logistic regression was used to examine relations between the presence of hydrophobic chlorinated organic compounds in streambed sediments at specified concentrations and variables that characterize the type and degree of development within the drainage areas of 255 sites across New Jersey. The explanatory variables found most useful for predicting the presence of chlorinated organic compounds in streambed sediments include total population and amounts (in square kilometers) of various land-use categories. Logistic regression equations were developed to identify significant relations between population and amounts of specific land-use categories within drainage areas and the probability of detecting chlorinated organic contaminants in streambed sediments. These relations can be used to assist in the identification of geographic regions of primary concern for contamination of bed sediments by chlorinated organic compounds across the State. RP Stackelberg, PE (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,810 BEAR TAVERN RD,SUITE 206,W TRENTON,NJ 08628, USA. NR 38 TC 11 Z9 12 U1 1 U2 2 PU AMER WATER RESOURCES ASSOC PI HERNDON PA 950 HERNDON PARKWAY SUITE 300, HERNDON, VA 20170-5531 SN 0043-1370 J9 J AM WATER RESOUR AS JI J. Am. Water Resour. Assoc. PD APR PY 1997 VL 33 IS 2 BP 271 EP 284 DI 10.1111/j.1752-1688.1997.tb03508.x PG 14 WC Engineering, Environmental; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Engineering; Geology; Water Resources GA WX811 UT WOS:A1997WX81100005 ER PT J AU OBrien, AK AF OBrien, AK TI Presence and distribution of trace elements in New Jersey streambed sediments SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN WATER RESOURCES ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article DE bed-sediment quality; trace elements; land use ID QUALITY AB The distribution of trace elements in New Jersey streambed sediments is described with respect to physiographic provinces and major drainage areas. Samples were collected during 1976-1993 at 295 sites distributed throughout New Jersey. Copper, chromium, lead, and zinc were detected with the greatest frequency and at the highest concentrations of the elements. Concentrations of most trace elements were significantly higher in streambed sediments from the New England (glaciated) and Piedmont physiographic provinces - the provinces with the lowest and highest percentages of urban land use, respectively - than in sediments from the other provinces. High trace-element concentrations in the New England (glaciated) province reflect previous mining of extensive magnetite deposits, whereas those in the Piedmont province most likely reflect urban land use. Significantly lower trace-element concentrations in streambed sediments from the Coastal Plain are attributable to the low pH of the streamwater, the lack of iron and manganese available to form coatings that scavenge trace elements, and the relatively low percentage of urban land use in the province. Trace-element concentrations were related to land use, population, or point sources in the drainage basin specific to the sampling location by using logistic regression. Results of this analysis indicate a relation between arsenic and agricultural land use; chromium and physiographic province; and copper, lead, and zinc and population density. RP OBrien, AK (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,810 BEAR TAVERN RD,SUITE 206,W TRENTON,NJ 08628, USA. NR 36 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 1 U2 1 PU AMER WATER RESOURCES ASSOC PI HERNDON PA 950 HERNDON PARKWAY SUITE 300, HERNDON, VA 20170-5531 SN 0043-1370 J9 J AM WATER RESOUR AS JI J. Am. Water Resour. Assoc. PD APR PY 1997 VL 33 IS 2 BP 387 EP 403 DI 10.1111/j.1752-1688.1997.tb03518.x PG 17 WC Engineering, Environmental; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Engineering; Geology; Water Resources GA WX811 UT WOS:A1997WX81100015 ER PT J AU Fierstein, J Houghton, BF Wilson, CJN Hildreth, W AF Fierstein, J Houghton, BF Wilson, CJN Hildreth, W TI Complexities of plinian fall deposition at vent: An example from the 1912 Novarupta eruption (Alaska) SO JOURNAL OF VOLCANOLOGY AND GEOTHERMAL RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE Novarupta 1912 AD; plinian; pyroclastic fall; tephra dispersal; ejecta ring; dispersal index; eruption column ID KATMAI-NATIONAL-PARK; VOLCANIC PLUMES; TEPHRA; SEDIMENTATION; THICKNESS AB An extremely proximal ejecta ring, with exposures to within 100 m of vent, was deposited during later-stage plinian fall activity during the 1912 Novarupta eruption in Alaska. One bed in the ejecta ring (bed S) contains predominantly andesitic clasts which serve to delineate the striking contrast in thinning rates along dispersal axis of the ejecta ring [Pyle b(t) values of 70 m (bed S alone) or 190 m (whole ejecta ring)] and the coeval dacitic plinian fall deposits [Pyle b(t) values of 4 km (proximal) and 37 lan (medial-distal)]. The locally deposited andesitic and dacitic clasts of the ejecta ring are interpreted as products of an irregular 'collar' of low-fountaining ejecta partially sheathing the core of higher-velocity dacitic ejecta that fed the stable, convecting 23-km-high column. The presence of such an extremely proximal accumulation of ejecta appears to be a feature common to several other historic eruptions that generated widespread fall deposits. This feature in part accounts for conflicts between measured and calculated values for thickness maxima in plinian fall deposits and suggests that modifications may be required of existing models for plinian eruption columns. C1 INST GEOL & NUCL SCI,TAUPO 2730,NEW ZEALAND. US GEOL SURVEY,MENLO PK,CA 94025. RI Wilson, Colin/E-9457-2011 OI Wilson, Colin/0000-0001-7565-0743 NR 18 TC 29 Z9 29 U1 0 U2 4 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0377-0273 J9 J VOLCANOL GEOTH RES JI J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res. PD APR PY 1997 VL 76 IS 3-4 BP 215 EP 227 DI 10.1016/S0377-0273(96)00081-9 PG 13 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA WX078 UT WOS:A1997WX07800003 ER PT J AU Sparling, DW Gustafson, M Klein, P KarounaRenier, N AF Sparling, DW Gustafson, M Klein, P KarounaRenier, N TI Toxicity of white phosphorus to waterfowl: Acute exposure in mallards SO JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE DISEASES LA English DT Article DE white phosphorus; mallards; acute toxicity; munitions; ordnance; Anas platyrhynchos AB As part of an effort to understand extensive, white phosphorus (P-4)-induced waterfowl mortality at Eagle River Flats, Fort Richardson, Alaska (USA), we conducted a number of acute toxicity tests using penned mallards (Anas platyrhynchos) in 1993 and 1994. The 24-hr median lethal dose (LD50) for P-4 dissolved in oil was 6.46 mg/kg in adult males and 6.96 mg/kg in adult females. Although the median lethal doses were not statistically different, the female dose-response curve had a statistically shallower slope than that of males. The LD50 for the ecologically more relevant pelletized form of P-4 in adult males was 4.05 mg/kg. In mallards, one mechanism of P-4 toxicity caused rapid (3 to 10 hr) mortality and had signs consistent with anoxia. A second, slower acting mechanism resulted in hepatic and renal pathology including extensive fat deposition in the liver and cellular necrosis. White phosphorus accumulated in adipose tissues, but only for a few days. C1 HUMANE SOC US, WASHINGTON, DC USA. RENSSELAER POLYTECH INST, DEPT BIOL, TROY, NY 12180 USA. RP Sparling, DW (reprint author), US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV, PATUXENT WILDLIFE RES CTR, NATL BIOL SERV, 11510 AMER HOLLY DR, LAUREL, MD 20708 USA. OI Karouna-Renier, Natalie/0000-0001-7127-033X NR 26 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 5 PU WILDLIFE DISEASE ASSN, INC PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH ST, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 SN 0090-3558 J9 J WILDLIFE DIS JI J. Wildl. Dis. PD APR PY 1997 VL 33 IS 2 BP 187 EP 197 PG 11 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA WW770 UT WOS:A1997WW77000002 PM 9131547 ER PT J AU Greenwood, RJ Newton, WE Pearson, GL Schamber, GJ AF Greenwood, RJ Newton, WE Pearson, GL Schamber, GJ TI Population and movement characteristics of radio-collared striped skunks in North Dakota during an epizootic of rabies SO JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE DISEASES LA English DT Article DE distance traveled; epizootiology; home range; Mephitis mephitis; North Dakota; rabies epizootic; radio-telemetry; striped skunk; survival rate; travel rate ID MEPHITIS-MEPHITIS; ALBERTA; FOXES; SURVIVAL; AGE AB We observed a total of 102 striped skunks (Mephitis mephitis) from March to July of both 1991 and 1992 in Stutsman County, North Dakota (USA) during an experiment wit food supplementation. Twenty-three apparently healthy skunks in 1991 and 56 in 1992 were equipped with radio-collars. In 1991, one of the 23 was tested and found to be rabid. In 1992, 50 of 56 were tested; 35 (70%) were rabid. Of skunks with ages estimated, 19 (66%) of 29 were first year animals in 1991 compared with nine (22%) of 41 first year animals in 1992. All 18 females captured in 1991 were pregnant or parous compared with 21 (60%) of 35 in 1992. The estimated survival rate of skunks was 0.85 during April to June 1991, but only 0.17 during April to July 1992. In 1992, the survival rate of first year skunks was 0.08, compared with 0.35 for older animals. Eleven (31%) of 36 skunks found dead of rabies or in late clinical stage were located below ground. We detected no differences in 1992 between healthy and rabid skunks in estimated mean (+/- SE) rate of travel (232 +/- 14 m/hr), distance traveled (2,047 +/- 141 m/night), or home range size (1.6 +/- 0.4 km(2)) during half-month periods from April through June. Among rabid skunks, mean rate of travel tended to decrease from 298 +/- 48 m/hr during the 14 days preceding the clinical period of rabies (pre-clinical) to 174 +/- 48 m/hr during the clinical period of rabies (14 days immediately before death). Similar decrease occurred in distance traveled in a night (2,318 +/- 281 m, pre-clinical; 1,497 +/- 281 m, clinical). Mean home range size of males (2.8 +/- 0.4) was greater than of females (1.2 +/- 0.4) during the pre-clinical period: but during the clinical period home range sizes of males (1.8 +/- 0.4) and females (1.8 +/- 0.4) were similar Mean home range size of females did not differ between pre-clinical (1.2 +/- 0.4) and clinical (1.8 +/- 0.4) periods (P = 0.22). Deaths of skunks from rabies in 1992 tended to be more spatially clumped than expected had they been random, mostly due to deaths detected before 8 May. We detected no correlation between locations of animals found dead of rabies and dates of death. C1 PRAIRIE VET HOSP, JAMESTOWN, ND 58401 USA. N DAKOTA STATE UNIV, VET DIAGNOST LAB, FARGO, ND 58105 USA. RP Greenwood, RJ (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY, BIORESOURCES DIV, NO PRAIRIE SCI CTR, JAMESTOWN, ND 58401 USA. NR 43 TC 45 Z9 46 U1 0 U2 3 PU WILDLIFE DISEASE ASSN, INC PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH ST, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 SN 0090-3558 J9 J WILDLIFE DIS JI J. Wildl. Dis. PD APR PY 1997 VL 33 IS 2 BP 226 EP 241 PG 16 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA WW770 UT WOS:A1997WW77000007 PM 9131552 ER PT J AU Garcelon, DK Thomas, NJ AF Garcelon, DK Thomas, NJ TI DDE poisoning in an adult bald eagle SO JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE DISEASES LA English DT Article DE DDE; poisoning; organochlorine; bald eagle; Haliaeetus leucocephalus; mortality; California ID AUTOPSY DATA; ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINANTS; ORGANOCHLORINE PESTICIDES; POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYLS; CHOLINESTERASE ACTIVITY; NECROPSY DATA; WILD BIRDS; RESIDUES; BRAIN; ORGANOPHOSPHORUS AB A 12-year-old female bald eagle (Haliaeetus leucocephalus) was found in May 1993 on Santa Catalina Island, California (USA), in a debilitated condition, exhibiting ataxia and tremors; it died within hours. On necropsy, the bird was emaciated but had no evidence of disease or physical injury. Chemical analyses were negative organophosphorus pesticides and lead poisoning. High concentrations of DDE (wet weight basis) were found in the brain (212 ppm), liver (838 ppm), and serum (53 ppm). Mobilization of DDE, from depleted fat deposits, probably resulted in the lethal concentration in the eagle's brain. C1 US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,NATL WILDLIFE HLTH RES CTR,NATL BIOL SERV,MADISON,WI 53711. RP Garcelon, DK (reprint author), INST WILDLIFE STUDIES,POB 1104,ARCATA,CA 95518, USA. NR 30 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 3 PU WILDLIFE DISEASE ASSN, INC PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH ST, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 SN 0090-3558 J9 J WILDLIFE DIS JI J. Wildl. Dis. PD APR PY 1997 VL 33 IS 2 BP 299 EP 303 PG 5 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA WW770 UT WOS:A1997WW77000017 PM 9131562 ER PT J AU Olsen, GH Turell, MJ Pagac, BB AF Olsen, GH Turell, MJ Pagac, BB TI Efficacy of eastern equine encephalitis immunization in whooping cranes SO JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE DISEASES LA English DT Article DE eastern equine encephalitis virus; Grus americana; Grus canadensis; whooping cranes; sandhill cranes; vaccine ID ENCEPHALOMYELITIS VIRUS AB An epizootic of eastern equine encephalitis (EEE) at the Patuxent Wildlife Research Center (PWRC), Laurel, Maryland (USA), in 1989 provided an opportunity to determine if EEE immunization protected whooping cranes (Grus americana). Based on seroconversion of 31% of sympatric hatch-year sandhill cranes, Grus canadensis, and a previous 35% case fatality rate in whooping cranes, 17 (37%) of the 46 susceptible whooping cranes should have been exposed to virus and six should have died. As there were no deaths in these birds, the EEE vaccination program appeared to be efficacious in this whooping crane population. C1 USA,MED RES INST INFECT DIS,DIAGNOST SYST DIV,FT DETRICK,MD 21702. USA,ENTOMOL SCI DIV,FT GEORGE G MEADE,MD 20735. RP Olsen, GH (reprint author), US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,PATUXENT WILDLIFE RES CTR,LAUREL,MD 20708, USA. NR 12 TC 18 Z9 18 U1 3 U2 4 PU WILDLIFE DISEASE ASSN, INC PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH ST, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 SN 0090-3558 J9 J WILDLIFE DIS JI J. Wildl. Dis. PD APR PY 1997 VL 33 IS 2 BP 312 EP 315 PG 4 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA WW770 UT WOS:A1997WW77000020 PM 9131565 ER PT J AU Mech, LD Kurtz, HJ Goyal, S AF Mech, LD Kurtz, HJ Goyal, S TI Death of a wild wolf from canine parvoviral enteritis SO JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE DISEASES LA English DT Article DE canine parvovirus; wolf; Canis lupus; disease; serology; mortality ID WOLVES; MINNESOTA; LUPUS AB A g-mo-old female wolf (Canis lupus) in the Superior National Forest of Minnesota (USA) died from a canine parvovirus (CPV) infection. This is the first direct evidence that this infection effects free-ranging wild wolves. C1 US GEOL SURVEY,PATUXENT WILDLIFE RES CTR,BIOL RESOURCES DIV,LAUREL,MD 20708. UNIV MINNESOTA,COLL VET MED,ST PAUL,MN 55108. NR 7 TC 10 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 1 PU WILDLIFE DISEASE ASSN, INC PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH ST, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 SN 0090-3558 J9 J WILDLIFE DIS JI J. Wildl. Dis. PD APR PY 1997 VL 33 IS 2 BP 321 EP 322 PG 2 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA WW770 UT WOS:A1997WW77000022 PM 9131567 ER PT J AU Samuel, MD Goldberg, DR Shadduck, DJ Price, JI Cooch, EG AF Samuel, MD Goldberg, DR Shadduck, DJ Price, JI Cooch, EG TI Pasteurella multocida serotype 1 isolated from a lesser snow goose: Evidence of a carrier state SO JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE DISEASES LA English DT Article DE avian cholera; Pasteurella multocida; carriers; snow geese; Chen caerulescens caerulescens ID AVIAN CHOLERA; WATERFOWL; CANADA AB Pharyngeal swabs were collected from 298 lesser snow geese (Chen caerulescens caerulescens) at Banks Island (Northwest Territories, Canada) in the summer of 1994. Pasteurella multocida serotype 1 was isolated from an adult male bird and P. multocida serotype 3 was isolated from an adult female goose. Pathogenicity of the serotype 1 isolate was confirmed by inoculation in Pekin ducks (Anas plathrhynchos). The serotype 3 isolate was non-pathogenic in Pekin ducks. This is the first documented isolation of pathogenic P. multocida serotype 1 from apparently healthy wild snow geese. C1 SIMON FRASER UNIV,DEPT BIOL SCI,BURNABY,BC V5A 1S6,CANADA. RP Samuel, MD (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,BIOL RESOUCES DIV,NATL WILDLIFE HLTH CTR,6006 SCHROEDER RD,MADISON,WI 53711, USA. OI Goldberg, Diana/0000-0001-8540-8512 NR 24 TC 23 Z9 23 U1 0 U2 0 PU WILDLIFE DISEASE ASSN, INC PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH ST, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 SN 0090-3558 J9 J WILDLIFE DIS JI J. Wildl. Dis. PD APR PY 1997 VL 33 IS 2 BP 332 EP 335 PG 4 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA WW770 UT WOS:A1997WW77000025 PM 9131570 ER PT J AU Pung, OJ Maxwell, NE Greiner, EC Robinette, JR Thul, JE AF Pung, OJ Maxwell, NE Greiner, EC Robinette, JR Thul, JE TI Haemoproteus greineri in wood ducks from the Atlantic flyway SO JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE DISEASES LA English DT Article DE wood duck; Aix sponsa; hematozoa; Haemoproteus greineri; H-nettionis; Leucocytozoon simondi; microfilariae; survey ID AVIAN HAEMOPROTEIDAE AB Thin smears of blood were examined from 157 wood ducks (Air sponsa) trapped at Savannah National Wildlife Refuge (South Carolina, USA) and Harris Neck National Wildlife Refuge (Georgia, USA) during spring and summer, 1994 and 1995. Thirteen wood ducks (8%) were infected with blood parasites. Eleven of these birds were infected with Haemoproteus nettionis, seven with Leucocytozoon simondi, and five with unidentified microfilariae. Additionally, eight wood ducks (5%) were infected with Haemoproteus greineri. This is the first record of H. greineri in anatids trapped along the Atlantic Flyway south of Labrador and the first record of this species in wood ducks. To further characterize the distribution of H. greineri in the wood duck, blood smears were examined from hatching year ducks trapped at 10 different Atlantic flyway locations during spring and summer, 1980 to 1983. Haemoproteus greineri was found in wood ducks trapped in all 10 locations which extend from 46 degrees N latitude in New Brunswick to 37 degrees N latitude in Virginia. These findings indicate that H. greineri is not exclusively boreal in distribution, but also is found, at least in wood ducks, along much of the Atlantic Flyway. C1 GEORGIA SO UNIV,INST ARTHROPODOL & PARASITOL,STATESBORO,GA 30460. UNIV FLORIDA,COLL VET MED,DEPT PATHOBIOL,GAINESVILLE,FL 32611. US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,SAVANNAH COASTAL REFUGES,SAVANNAH,GA 31045. RP Pung, OJ (reprint author), GEORGIA SO UNIV,DEPT BIOL,STATESBORO,GA 30460, USA. NR 15 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 3 PU WILDLIFE DISEASE ASSN, INC PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH ST, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 SN 0090-3558 J9 J WILDLIFE DIS JI J. Wildl. Dis. PD APR PY 1997 VL 33 IS 2 BP 355 EP 358 PG 4 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA WW770 UT WOS:A1997WW77000031 PM 9131576 ER PT J AU Eggeman, DR Johnson, FA Conroy, MJ Brakhage, DH AF Eggeman, DR Johnson, FA Conroy, MJ Brakhage, DH TI Evaluation of an aerial quadrat survey for monitoring wintering duck populations SO JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE aerial survey; Anatidae; ducks; Florida; population monitoring; populations; power; precision; sampling; serial correlation; simulation; trends AB We designed and conducted an aerial survey for monitoring trends in duck populations in Florida during January. The state's wetland habitats were represented by a stratified random sample of 150 62.2-km(2) units. Statewide estimates for total ducks averaged about 538,000 during 1989-93. Total dabbling duck population estimates averaged 117,000, and total diving duck estimates averaged 399,000. Annual population estimates generally were imprecise (coefficients of variation [CVs] averaged 0.52 and ranged from 0.20 to 0.97), resulting in generally low probability (<0.70) of detecting annual rates of change of <0.09 over 10-years (alpha = 0.10). Serial correlation of population estimates from repeated sampling of survey units potentially inflated Type I error rates above the nominal alpha = 0.10 level, and were accounted for in our analyses by specifying lower alpha levels for rejection. We recommend that winter surveys of ducks be spatially replicated to assure CV (25% of annual abundance estimates: Replicates should be randomly drawn each year of the survey to avoid serial correlation in the estimates; if precluded by logistical constraints, investigators should estimate, ideally through simulation, the effect of serial correlation on Type I error rates. C1 US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,OFF MIGRATORY BIRD MANAGEMENT,LAUREL,MD 20708. UNIV GEORGIA,NATL BIOL SERV,GEORGIA COOPERAT FISH & WILDLIFE RES UNIT,ATHENS,GA 30602. RP Eggeman, DR (reprint author), FLORIDA GAME & FRESH WATER FISH COMMISS,WATERFOWL MANAGEMENT SECT,8932 APALACHEE PKWY,TALLAHASSEE,FL 32311, USA. NR 22 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 1 U2 4 PU WILDLIFE SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2197 SN 0022-541X J9 J WILDLIFE MANAGE JI J. Wildl. Manage. PD APR PY 1997 VL 61 IS 2 BP 403 EP 412 DI 10.2307/3802597 PG 10 WC Ecology; Zoology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Zoology GA XD779 UT WOS:A1997XD77900017 ER PT J AU Cox, RR Afton, AD AF Cox, RR Afton, AD TI Use of habitats by female northern pintails wintering in southwestern Louisiana SO JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE Anas acuta; behavior; fallow; Gulf Coast; habitat use; hunting; Louisiana; northern pintail; radiotelemetry; refuges; rice; winter ID SACRAMENTO-VALLEY; CALIFORNIA AB The breeding population of northern pintails (Anas acuta) in 1996 was 39% below the long-term average. Because winter habitat quality may influence subsequent breeding population size in pintails, identification of habitats used by wintering pintails and factors influencing use of habitats may be important for managing for population increase. We examined variation in diel use of habitats by radiotagged female pintails (n = 272) in southwestern Louisiana in relation to age (imm and ad), winter (1991-92 and 1992-93), and time period within winters (pre-hunting season, first hunting season, time between split hunting seasons, second hunting season, and post-hunting season). Diurnal use of refuges was significantly greater during hunting seasons than during immediately preceding or succeeding nonhunting seasons. Consequently, we reject Tamisier's (1976) hypothesis that high diurnal use of refuges by pintails in southwestern Louisiana occurs independent of hunting. Nocturnal use of refuges was low (<14%) during all time periods, and declined later in winters. Time-period differences in diurnal and nocturnal use of habitats (large permanent pools, marsh, rice, fallow [idle], and other agriculture [primarily soybeans]) were not consistent between winters. Diel use of refuges or habitats did not differ in relation to female age. Females used fallow and rice agriculture extensively particularly at night, and these habitats collectively accounted for 68-93% of nocturnal use. Differential use of habitats between winters was related to annual differences in relative abundances of rice and fallow agriculture. Proximity of refuges to agricultural areas should be an important management consideration for wintering pintails and other waterfowl. C1 LOUISIANA STATE UNIV,SCH FORESTRY WILDLIFE & FISHERIES,BATON ROUGE,LA 70803. LOUISIANA STATE UNIV,US GEOL SURVEY,BIOL RESOURCES DIV,BATON ROUGE,LA 70803. NR 37 TC 42 Z9 46 U1 0 U2 10 PU WILDLIFE SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2197 SN 0022-541X J9 J WILDLIFE MANAGE JI J. Wildl. Manage. PD APR PY 1997 VL 61 IS 2 BP 435 EP 443 DI 10.2307/3802601 PG 9 WC Ecology; Zoology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Zoology GA XD779 UT WOS:A1997XD77900021 ER PT J AU Mattson, DJ AF Mattson, DJ TI Use of lodgepole pine cover types by Yellowstone grizzly bears SO JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE cover types; feeding activity; forest management; grizzly bears; habitat ecology; habitat selection; lodgepole pine; Yellowstone National Park; Ursus arctos ID HABITAT SELECTION; AVAILABILITY DATA; FOOD-HABITS; MOVEMENTS; FIRES AB Lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta) forests are a large and dynamic part of grizzly bear (Ursus arctos) habitat in the Yellowstone ecosystem. Research in other areas suggests that grizzly bears select for young open forest stands, especially for grazing and feeding on berries. Management guidelines accordingly recommend timber harvest as a technique for improving habitat in areas potentially. dominated by lodgepole pine. In this paper I examine grizzly bear use of lodgepole pine forests in the Yellowstone area, and test several hypotheses with relevance to a new generation of management guidelines. Differences in grizzly bear selection of lodgepole pine cover types (defined on the basis of stand age and structure) were not pronounced. Selection furthermore varied among years, areas, and individuals. Positive selection for any lodgepole pine h-pe was uncommon. Estimates of selection took 5-11 years or 4-12 adult females to stabilize, depending upon the cover type. The variances of selection estimates tended to stabilize after 3-5 sample years. and were more-or-less stable to slightly increasing with progressively increased sample area. There was no conclusive evidence that Yellowstone's grizzlies favored young (<40 yr) stands in general or for their infrequent use of berries. On the other hand, these results corroborated previous observations that grizzlies favored open and/or young stands on wet and fertile sites for grazing. These results also supported the proposition that temporally and spatially robust inferences require extensive, long-duration studies, especially for wide-ranging vertebrates like grizzly bears. RP Mattson, DJ (reprint author), UNIV IDAHO, DEPT FISH & WILDLIFE RESOURCES, US GEOL SURVEY, BIOL RESOURCES DIV, MOSCOW, ID 83844 USA. NR 64 TC 12 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 2 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 0022-541X J9 J WILDLIFE MANAGE JI J. Wildl. Manage. PD APR PY 1997 VL 61 IS 2 BP 480 EP 496 DI 10.2307/3802606 PG 17 WC Ecology; Zoology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Zoology GA XD779 UT WOS:A1997XD77900026 PM 9209257 ER PT J AU Simoneit, BRT Schoell, M Kvenvolden, KA AF Simoneit, BRT Schoell, M Kvenvolden, KA TI Carbon isotope systematics of individual hydrocarbons in hydrothermal petroleum from Escanaba Trough, northeastern Pacific Ocean SO ORGANIC GEOCHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE compound specific isotope analysis; alkanes; PAH; hydrothermal petroleum; Escanaba Trough ID GUAYMAS BASIN; CALIFORNIA; GULF AB We submitted individual aliphatic and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in samples of hydrothermal petroleum from Escanaba Trough to compound specific isotope analysis to trace their origins. The carbon isotope compositions of the alkanes and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (means -27.5 and -24.7 parts per thousand, respectively) reflect a primarily terrestrial organic matter source. (C) 1997 Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 CHEVRON PETR TECHNOL CO,LA HABRA,CA 90631. US GEOL SURVEY,MENLO PK,CA 94025. RP Simoneit, BRT (reprint author), OREGON STATE UNIV,COLL OCEAN & ATMOSPHER SCI,PETR & ENVIRONM GEOCHEM GRP,CORVALLIS,OR 97331, USA. RI SIMONEIT, BERND/A-2008-2013 NR 14 TC 13 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 2 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 0146-6380 J9 ORG GEOCHEM JI Org. Geochem. PD APR-MAY PY 1997 VL 26 IS 7-8 BP 511 EP 515 DI 10.1016/S0146-6380(97)00042-9 PG 5 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA YE240 UT WOS:A1997YE24000009 PM 11541391 ER PT J AU Ortiz, J Mix, A Hostetler, S Kashgarian, M AF Ortiz, J Mix, A Hostetler, S Kashgarian, M TI The California current of the last glacial maximum: Reconstruction at 42 degrees N based on multiple proxies SO PALEOCEANOGRAPHY LA English DT Article ID NORTHERN CALIFORNIA; PACIFIC-OCEAN; SURFACE; FORAMINIFERA; TEMPERATURE; SYSTEM AB Multiple paleoceanographic proxies in a zonal transect across the California Current near 42 degrees N record modem and last glacial maximum (LGM) thermal and nutrient gradients. The offshore thermal gradient, derived from foraminiferal species assemblages and oxygen isotope data, was similar at the LGM to that at present (warmer offshore), but average temperatures were 3.3 degrees +/-1.5 degrees C colder. Observed gradients require that the sites remained under the southward flow of the California Current, and thus that the polar front remained north of 42 degrees N during the LGM. Carbon isotopic and foraminiferal flux data suggests enhanced nutrients and productivity of foraminfera in the northern California Current up to 650 km offshore. In contrast, marine organic carbon and coastal diatom burial rates decreased during the LGM. These seemingly contradictory results are reconciled by model simulations of the LGM wind- field, which suggest that wind stress curl at 42 degrees N (and thus open-ocean upwelling) increased, while offshore Ekman transport (and thus coastal upwelling) decreased during the last ice age. The ecosystem of the northern California Current during the LGM approximated that of the modem Gulf of Alaska. Cooling anti production in this legion was thus driven by stronger open-ocean upwelling and/or southward flow of high-latitude water masses, rather than by coastal upwelling. C1 OREGON STATE UNIV,COLL OCEAN & ATMOSPHER SCI,CORVALLIS,OR 97331. LAWRENCE LIVERMORE NATL LAB,LIVERMORE,CA 92717. US EPA,US GEOL SURVEY,CORVALLIS,OR 97330. RI Kashgarian, Michaele/E-1665-2011; Ortiz, Joseph/E-1144-2011 OI Kashgarian, Michaele/0000-0001-7824-8418; Ortiz, Joseph/0000-0002-6583-3850 NR 48 TC 53 Z9 56 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 SN 0883-8305 J9 PALEOCEANOGRAPHY JI Paleoceanography PD APR PY 1997 VL 12 IS 2 BP 191 EP 205 DI 10.1029/96PA03165 PG 15 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Oceanography; Paleontology SC Geology; Oceanography; Paleontology GA WQ646 UT WOS:A1997WQ64600004 ER PT J AU Gardner, JV Dean, WE Dartnell, P AF Gardner, JV Dean, WE Dartnell, P TI Biogenic sedimentation beneath the California Current system for the past 30 kyr and its paleoceanographic significance SO PALEOCEANOGRAPHY LA English DT Review ID DEEP-SEA SEDIMENTS; ORGANIC-CARBON PRESERVATION; OXYGEN-MINIMUM ZONE; LAST 8000 YEARS; NORTHEAST PACIFIC; MARINE-SEDIMENTS; LATE PLEISTOCENE; INTERANNUAL VARIABILITY; SULFATE REDUCTION; EARLY HOLOCENE AB A north-south transect of 17 cores was constructed along the eastern boundary of the California Current system from 33 degrees to 42 degrees N to investigate the changes in biogenic sedimentation over the past 30 kyr. Percentages and mass accumulation rates of CaCO3, C-org, and biogenic opal were assembled at 500 to 1000 years/sample to provide relatively high resolution. Time-space maps reveal a complex pattern of changes that do not follow a simple glacial-interglacial two-mode model. Biogenic sedimentation shows responses that are sometimes time-transgressive and sometimes coeval, and most of the responses show more consistency within a limited geographic area than any temporal consistency. Reconstructed conditions during late oxygen isotope stage 3 were more like early Holocene conditions than any other time during the last 30 kyr. Coastal upwelling and productivity during oxygen isotope stage 3 were relatively strong along the central California margin but were weak along the northern California margin. Precipitation increased during the last glacial interval in the central California region, and the waters of the southern California margin had relatively low productivity. Productivity on the southern Oregon margin was relatively low at the beginning of the last glacial interval, but by about 20 ka, productivity in this area significantly increased. This change suggests that the center of the divergence of the West Wind Drift shifted south at this time. The end of the last glacial interval was characterized by increased productivity in the southern California margin and increased upwelling along the central California margin but upwelling remained weak along the northern California margin. A sudden (<300 years) decrease in CaCO3, C-org, and biogenic opal occurred at 13 ka. The changes suggest a major reorientation of the atmospheric circulation in the North Pacific and western North America and the establishment of a strong seasonality in the central California region. A carbonate preservation event occurred at 10 ka that appears to reflect the uptake of CO;! by the terrestrial biosphere as the northern latitudes were reforested following retreat of the glaciers. The Holocene has been a period of relatively high productivity in the southern California margin, relatively strong coastal upwelling along the central California margin, relatively weak upwelling along the northern California margin, and the northward migration of the divergence zone of die West Wind Drift. C1 US GEOL SURVEY,DENVER,CO 80225. RP Gardner, JV (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,345 MIDDLEFIELD RD,MAIL STOP 999,MENLO PK,CA 94025, USA. NR 102 TC 69 Z9 70 U1 4 U2 11 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 SN 0883-8305 J9 PALEOCEANOGRAPHY JI Paleoceanography PD APR PY 1997 VL 12 IS 2 BP 207 EP 225 DI 10.1029/96PA03567 PG 19 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Oceanography; Paleontology SC Geology; Oceanography; Paleontology GA WQ646 UT WOS:A1997WQ64600005 ER PT J AU Minocha, R Shortle, WC Lawrence, GB David, MB Minocha, SC AF Minocha, R Shortle, WC Lawrence, GB David, MB Minocha, SC TI Relationships among foliar chemistry, foliar polyamines, and soil chemistry in red spruce trees growing across the northeastern United States SO PLANT AND SOIL LA English DT Article DE aluminium; calcium; magnesium; putrescine; spermidine ID ALUMINUM TOXICITY; INORGANIC-IONS; CELLULAR POLYAMINES; SUSPENSION-CULTURES; CATHARANTHUS-ROSEUS; FOREST DECLINE; PLANT-TISSUES; WOODY PLANT; SEEDLINGS; CALCIUM AB Forest trees are constantly exposed to various types of natural and anthropogenic stressors. A major long-term goal of our research is to develop a set of early physiological and biochemical markers of stress in trees before the appearance of visual symptoms. Six red spruce (Picea rubens Sarg.) stands from the northeastern United States were selected for collection of soil and foliage samples. All of the chosen sites had soil solution pH values below 4.0 in the Oa horizon but varied in their geochemistry. Some of these sites were apparently under some form of environmental stress as indicated by a large number of dead and dying red spruce trees. Samples of soil and needles (from apparently healthy red spruce trees) were collected from these sites four times during a two-year period. The needles were analyzed for perchloric acid-soluble polyamines and exchangeable inorganic ions. Soil and soil solution samples from the Oa and B horizons were analyzed for their exchange chemistry. The data showed a strong positive correlation between Ca and Mg concentrations in the needles and in the Oa horizon of the soil. However, needles from trees growing on relatively Ca-rich soils with a low exchangeable Al concentration and a low Al:Ca soil solution ratio had significantly lower concentrations of putrescine and spermidine than those growing on Ca-poor soils with a high exchangeable ill concentration and a high AI:Ca soil solution in the Oa horizon. The magnitude of this change was several fold higher for putrescine concentrations than for spermidine concentrations. Neither putrescine nor spermidine were correlated with soil solution Ca, Mg, and Al concentrations in the B horizon. The putrescine concentrations of the needles always correlated significantly with exchangeable Al (r(2)=0.73, p less than or equal to 0.05) and soil solution Al:Ca ratios (r(2)=0.91, p less than or equal to 0.01) of the Oa horizon. This suggests that in conjunction with soil chemistry, putrescine and/or spermidine may be used as a potential early indicator of Al stress before the appearance of visual symptoms in red spruce trees. C1 US GEOL SURVEY,TROY,NY 12180. UNIV ILLINOIS,URBANA,IL 61801. UNIV NEW HAMPSHIRE,DEPT PLANT BIOL,DURHAM,NH 03824. RP Minocha, R (reprint author), US FOREST SERV,NE FOREST EXPT STN,POB 640,DURHAM,NH 03824, USA. NR 41 TC 36 Z9 37 U1 0 U2 6 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0032-079X J9 PLANT SOIL JI Plant Soil PD APR PY 1997 VL 191 IS 1 BP 109 EP 122 DI 10.1023/A:1004293523185 PG 14 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences; Soil Science SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences GA XP697 UT WOS:A1997XP69700011 ER PT J AU Patino, R AF Patino, R TI Manipulations of the reproductive system of fishes by means of exogenous chemicals SO PROGRESSIVE FISH-CULTURIST LA English DT Article ID OOCYTE MATURATIONAL COMPETENCE; LATES-CALCARIFER BLOCH; HORMONE ANALOG; ATLANTIC CROAKER; RAINBOW-TROUT; IN-VITRO; ONCORHYNCHUS-KISUTCH; CYNOSCION-NEBULOSUS; INDUCED OVULATION; CHANNEL CATFISH AB Environmental control of reproductive activity of captive fish is feasible (or potentially feasible) but, with few exceptions, is currently impractical for most species, Therefore, chemical methods of manipulating reproductive activity continue to be widely used in fish production operations worldwide. However, the control of fish reproduction in captivity cannot be exercised without regard to adequate environmental conditions, which can differ markedly for different species. This review provides a synopsis of relevant aspects of fish reproductive physiology and addresses current and promising future chemical methods of sex control, gonadal recrudescence, and spawning. Most research on the control of reproduction in fishes has focused on female physiology because ovarian development and maturation are easily disturbed by environmental stressors. Control of sex ratios by steroid treatment has become a well-established technique for several fish species, but the technique continues to be problematic in some cases. Final gonadal growth and spawning usually can be achieved by implant treatment with gonadotropin-releasing hormone analogs (GnRHa), which in some species have to be applied in combination with dopamine antagonists to enhance responsiveness to GnRHa. However, efforts to accelerate gonadal recrudescence and maturational competence by chemical means have yielded mixed results, reflecting a relative lack of understanding of the basic physiological and biochemical mechanisms controlling these processes. The potential benefits of using reproductive pheromones to manipulate gonadal development and spawning has been demonstrated in a few species, but further research is needed to determine whether this technique is applicable to fish culture. Because a reliable supply of young fish is critical for the expansion and diversification of fish culture operations, the use of chemicals in combination with adequate environmental conditions to control gametogenesis and spawning in fishes will continue to be an important tool for the fish culturist. RP Patino, R (reprint author), TEXAS TECH UNIV,US GEOL SURVEY,TEXAS COOPERAT FISH & WILDLIFE RES UNIT,LUBBOCK,TX 79409, USA. NR 75 TC 56 Z9 62 U1 1 U2 6 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 SN 0033-0779 J9 PROG FISH CULT JI Progress. Fish-Cult. PD APR PY 1997 VL 59 IS 2 BP 118 EP 128 DI 10.1577/1548-8640(1997)059<0118:MOTRSO>2.3.CO;2 PG 11 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA XB916 UT WOS:A1997XB91600005 ER PT J AU Barth, AP Tosdal, RM Wooden, JL Howard, KA AF Barth, AP Tosdal, RM Wooden, JL Howard, KA TI Triassic plutonism in southern California: Southward younging of arc initiation along a truncated continental margin SO TECTONICS LA English DT Review ID WESTERN UNITED-STATES; CENTRAL MOJAVE DESERT; NORTHERN-GREAT-BASIN; SAN-ANDREAS FAULT; SIERRA-NEVADA BATHOLITH; KLAMATH MOUNTAINS; CRUSTAL STRUCTURE; SOUTHEASTERN CALIFORNIA; SUBDUCTION COMPLEX; COLORADO PLATEAU AB Earliest Cordilleran magmatism in the southwestern United States is recorded by a belt of Triassic plutons that intrude Proterozoic basement of the Mojave crustal province and its cratonal/miogeoclinal cover. The belt extends from the western Mojave Desert through the Transverse Ranges to the Colorado River trough. Triassic plutons are predominantly alkali-calcic, Fe and Sr-enriched quartz monzodiorites and monzonites. The northern part of the belt is composed of two older plutonic suites (241-231 Ma) which are high K to shoshonitic; the southern part of the belt is a younger (218-213 Ma), sodic-alkalic suite. The plutonic record in southern California suggests a short-lived, southward younging continental margin are setting for emplacement of Triassic plutons, superimposed on a continental margin modified by sinistral transform faulting Triassic plutonism in this region was followed by a magmatic lull prior to the onset of voluminous Middle to Late Jurassic Cordilleran arc magmatism. C1 US GEOL SURVEY,MENLO PK,CA 94025. RP Barth, AP (reprint author), INDIANA UNIV PURDUE UNIV,DEPT GEOL,723 W MICHIGAN ST,INDIANAPOLIS,IN 46202, USA. NR 106 TC 41 Z9 41 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 SN 0278-7407 J9 TECTONICS JI Tectonics PD APR PY 1997 VL 16 IS 2 BP 290 EP 304 DI 10.1029/96TC03596 PG 15 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA WT483 UT WOS:A1997WT48300007 ER PT J AU Ranalli, AJ Turk, JT Campbell, DH AF Ranalli, AJ Turk, JT Campbell, DH TI The use of bulk collectors in monitoring wet deposition at high-altitude sites in winter SO WATER AIR AND SOIL POLLUTION LA English DT Article DE wet deposition; dry deposition; snow; sulfate; acid precipitation ID ATMOSPHERIC DEPOSITION; PRECIPITATION SAMPLES; COLORADO; CHEMISTRY AB Concentrations of dissolved ions from samples collected by wet/dry collectors were compared to those collected by bulk collectors at Halfmoon Creek and Ned Wilson Lake in western Colorado to determine if bulk collectors can be used to monitor wet deposition chemistry in remote, high-altitude regions in winter. Hydrogen-ion concentration was significantly lower (p<0.05) in the bulk collectors. All other ion concentrations were significantly higher (p<0.05) in the bulk collectors except for ammonium (p>0.05) at Halfmoon Creek. Wet deposition concentrations were predicated from bulk deposition concentrations through linear regression analysis. Results indicate that anions (chloride, nitrate and sulfate) can be predicted with a high degree of confidence. Lack of significant differences between seasonal (winter and summer) ratios of bulk to wet deposition concentrations indicates that at sites where operation of a wet/dry collector during the winter is not practical, wet deposition concentrations can be predicted from bulk collector samples through regression analysis of wet and bulk deposition data collected during the summer. RP Ranalli, AJ (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,DENVER FED CTR,BOX 25046,MAIL STOP 415,DENVER,CO 80225, USA. NR 20 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 3 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0049-6979 J9 WATER AIR SOIL POLL JI Water Air Soil Pollut. PD APR PY 1997 VL 95 IS 1-4 BP 237 EP 255 DI 10.1023/A:1026469911702 PG 19 WC Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Water Resources GA WV507 UT WOS:A1997WV50700018 ER PT J AU Ballard, WB Ayres, LA Krausman, PR Reed, DJ Fancy, SG AF Ballard, WB Ayres, LA Krausman, PR Reed, DJ Fancy, SG TI Ecology of wolves in relation to a migratory caribou herd in northwest Alaska SO WILDLIFE MONOGRAPHS LA English DT Review DE Alaska; caribou; demography migration; moose; predation; wolves ID MOOSE CALF MORTALITY; WOLF PREDATION; GRAY WOLVES; CANIS-LUPUS; BRITISH-COLUMBIA; CASE-HISTORY; MARROW FAT; DYNAMICS; SURVIVAL; DENSITY AB There is a paucity of data concerning wolf (Canis lupus) demography, movement patterns, and predation characteristics in relation to migratory caribou (Rangifer tarandus granti). Consequently, during 1987 through 1992, we studied wolves and the Western Arctic Caribou Herd in northwestern Alaska. We captured and radio collared 96 wolves in 19 packs and relocated them ion 1,830 occasions. Wolf packs usually did not follow migratory caribou but maintained year-round resident territories that averaged 1,868 km(2). However, during years when caribou were absent and moose (Alces alces) densities were low, up to 17% of the radio-marked wolf packs followed migratory caribou and then returned to their original territory for denning. Radio-collared wolves (n = 21) dispersed primarily during April through September. Spring wolf densities increased from 2.7 to 4.4 wolves/1,000 km(2) during 1987 through 1990, and then declined to 1.5 wolves/1,000 km(2) following a rabies epizootic. Annual wolf survival rates averaged 0.552 (rang = 0.464-0.656). Annual survival during 1990-91 and 1991-92 was lower than other years due to a rabies epizootic. Overall, hunting was the main cause of death (69%) for wolves (n = 52). Most (63%) mortality occurred during December through March when snow cover permitted wolf hunting from snowmobiles. Caribou and moose composed 51 and 42%, respectively, of the kills observed during the study; 59% of caribou and 64% of moose kills were adults. Ungulate kills averaged 4.6/wolf/100 days and provided 5.3 kg of available food/wolf/day. In northwest Alaska, caribou were the principal prey when present within areas by wolves. However, when caribou densities were <200/1,000 km(2), wolves switched to preying on resident moose. Wolves within the range of the Western Arctic Caribou Herd killed 6-7% of this caribou population annually. Caribou left wolf pack territories during winter, and wolves switched to preying on moose for approximately 4 months of each year. Wolves killed from 11 to 14% of the moose population annually. Wolf densities were limited by hunting and trapping, and wolf predation at levels found in 1987-91 did not strongly limit caribou population growth. However, existing wolf populations may be able to regulate local, low-density moose populations that have become established during the past 40 years. C1 ALASKA DEPT FISH & GAME,NOME,AK 99762. NATL PK SERV,KOTZEBUE,AK 99752. UNIV ARIZONA,SCH RENEWABLE NAT RESOURCES,TUCSON,AZ 85721. ALASKA DEPT FISH & GAME,FAIRBANKS,AK 99701. US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,HAWAII NATL PK,HI 96718. NR 104 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 3 U2 55 PU WILDLIFE SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2197 SN 0084-0173 J9 WILDLIFE MONOGR JI Wildl. Monogr. PD APR PY 1997 IS 135 BP 5 EP 47 PG 43 WC Ecology; Zoology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Zoology GA XF655 UT WOS:A1997XF65500001 ER PT J AU Bohlke, JK Ericksen, GE Revesz, K AF Bohlke, JK Ericksen, GE Revesz, K TI Stable isotope evidence for an atmospheric origin of desert nitrate deposits in northern Chile and southern California, USA SO CHEMICAL GEOLOGY LA English DT Article DE nitrates; N-15/N-14; O-18/O-16; S-34/S-32; Atacama Desert; Mojave Desert ID NATURAL ABUNDANCE; GROUND-WATER; NITROGEN; N-15; OXYGEN; SOILS; FRACTIONATION; AMMONIUM; RATIOS; EVOLUTION AB Natural surficial accumulations of nitrate-rich salts in the Atacama Desert, northern Chile, and in the Death Valley region of the Mojave Desert, southern California, are well known, but despite many geologic and geochemical studies, the origins of the nitrates have remained controversial. N and O isotopes in nitrate, and S isotopes in coexisting soluble sulfate, were measured to determine if some proposed N sources could be supported or rejected, and to determine if the isotopic signature of these natural deposits could be used to distinguish them from various types of anthropogenic nitrate contamination that might be found in desert groundwaters. High-grade caliche-type nitrate deposits from both localities have delta(15)N values that range from -5 to +5 parts per thousand, but are mostly near 0 parts per thousand. Values of delta(15)N near 0 parts per thousand are consistent with either bulk atmospheric N deposition or microbial N fixation as major sources of the N in the deposits. delta(18)O values of those desert nitrates with delta(15)N near 0 parts per thousand range from about +31 to +50 parts per thousand (V-SMOW), significantly higher than that of atmospheric O-2 (+23.5 parts per thousand). Such high values of delta(18)O are considered unlikely to result entirely from nitrification of reduced N, but rather resemble those of modern atmospheric nitrate in precipitation from some other localities. Assuming that limited modern atmospheric isotope data are applicable to the deposits, and allowing for nitrification of co-deposited ammonium, it is estimated that the fraction of the nitrate in the deposits that could be accounted for isotopically by atmospheric N deposition may be at least 20% and possibly as much as 100%. delta(34)S values are less diagnostic but could also be consistent with atmospheric components in some of the soluble sulfates associated with the deposits. The stable isotope data support the hypothesis that some high-grade caliche-type nitrate-rich salt deposits in some of the Earth's hyperarid deserts represent long-term accumulations of atmospheric deposition (possibly in the order of 10(4) yr for the Death Valley region, 10(7) yr for the Atacama Desert) in the relative absence of soil leaching or biologic cycling. The combined N and O isotope signature of the nitrate in these deposits is significantly different from those of many other natural and anthropogenic sources of nitrate. C1 US GEOL SURVEY,NATL CTR,MS 954,RESTON,VA 22090. RP Bohlke, JK (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,NATL CTR,MS 431,RESTON,VA 22090, USA. NR 95 TC 120 Z9 131 U1 1 U2 26 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0009-2541 J9 CHEM GEOL JI Chem. Geol. PD MAR 27 PY 1997 VL 136 IS 1-2 BP 135 EP 152 DI 10.1016/S0009-2541(96)00124-6 PG 18 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA WM950 UT WOS:A1997WM95000008 ER PT J AU Hedrick, JB Sinha, SP Kosynkin, VD AF Hedrick, JB Sinha, SP Kosynkin, VD TI Loparite, a rare-earth ore (Ce, Na, Sr, Ca)(Ti, Nb, Ta, Fe+3)O-3 SO JOURNAL OF ALLOYS AND COMPOUNDS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 21st Rare Earth Research Conference CY JUL 07-12, 1996 CL DULUTH, MN SP Rare Earth Res Conf Inc, Univ Minnesota, USR Optonix Inc, Amer Chem Soc, Petr Res Fund, Arris Int Corp, Baotou Steel & Rare Earth Co, US DE loparite; rare-earth mineral; mineralogy; ore; process technology AB The mineral loparite (Ce, NA, Sr, Ca)(Ti, Nb, Ta, Fe+3)O-3 is the principal ore of the light-group rare-earth elements (LREE) in Russia. The complex oxide has a perovskite (ABO(3)) structure with coupled substitutions, polymorphism. defect chemistry and a tendency to become metamict. The A site generally contains weakly bonded, easily exchanged cations of the LREE, Na and Ca. The B site generally contains smaller, highly charged cations of Ti, Nb or Fe+3. Mine production is from Russia's Kola Peninsula. Ore is beneficiated to produce a 95% loparite concentrate containing 30% rare-earth oxides. Loparite concentrate is refined by either a chlorination process or acid decomposition process to recover rare-earths, titanium, niobium and tantalum. Rare-earths are separated by solvent extraction and selective precipitation/dissolution. The concentrate is processed at plants in Russia, Estonia and Kazakstan. C1 SCI RES & DEV,DAYTON,OH 45459. ALL UNION RES INST CHEM TECHNOL,MOSCOW 115230,RUSSIA. RP Hedrick, JB (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,983 NATL CTR,RESTON,VA 20192, USA. NR 10 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 7 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE SA LAUSANNE PI LAUSANNE PA PO BOX 564, 1001 LAUSANNE, SWITZERLAND SN 0925-8388 J9 J ALLOY COMPD JI J. Alloy. Compd. PD MAR 20 PY 1997 VL 250 IS 1-2 BP 467 EP 470 DI 10.1016/S0925-8388(96)02824-1 PG 4 WC Chemistry, Physical; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering SC Chemistry; Materials Science; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering GA XD794 UT WOS:A1997XD79400040 ER PT J AU Hedrick, JB AF Hedrick, JB TI Rare-earth metal prices in the USA ca.1960 to 1994 SO JOURNAL OF ALLOYS AND COMPOUNDS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 21st Rare Earth Research Conference CY JUL 07-12, 1996 CL DULUTH, MN SP Rare Earth Res Conf Inc, Univ Minnesota, USR Optonix Inc, Amer Chem Soc, Petr Res Fund, Arris Int Corp, Baotou Steel & Rare Earth Co, US DE rare-earth metals; prices; economics; metals; history AB Rare-earth metal prices were compiled from the late 1950s and early 1960s through 1994. Although commercial demand for rare-earth metals began in 1908, as the alloy mischmetal, commercial quantities of a wide range of individual rare-earth metals were not available until the late 1950s. The discovery of a large, high-grade rare-earth deposit at Mountain Pass, CA, USA, in 1949, was significant because it led to the production of commercial quantities of rare-earth elements that reduced prices and encouraged wider application of the materials. The availability of ore from Mountain Pass, and other large rare-earth deposits, especially those in Australia and China, has provided the world with abundant resources for rare-earth metal production. This availability, coupled with improved technology from Government and private-sector metallurgical research, has resulted in substantial decreases in rare-earth metal prices since the late 1950s and early 1960s. Price series for the individual rare-earth metals (except promethium) are quoted on a kilogram basis from the late 1950s and early 1960s through 1994. Prices are given in US dollars on an actual and constant dollar basis. Industrial and economic factors affecting prices during this time period are examined. RP Hedrick, JB (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,983 NATL CTR,RESTON,VA 20192, USA. NR 20 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 2 U2 8 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE SA LAUSANNE PI LAUSANNE PA PO BOX 564, 1001 LAUSANNE, SWITZERLAND SN 0925-8388 J9 J ALLOY COMPD JI J. Alloy. Compd. PD MAR 20 PY 1997 VL 250 IS 1-2 BP 471 EP 481 DI 10.1016/S0925-8388(96)02532-7 PG 11 WC Chemistry, Physical; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering SC Chemistry; Materials Science; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering GA XD794 UT WOS:A1997XD79400041 ER PT J AU Schneider, E Hajjeh, RA Spiegel, RA Jibson, RW Harp, EL Marshall, GA Gunn, RA McNeil, MM Pinner, RW Baron, RC Burger, RC Hutwagner, LC Crump, C Kaufman, L Reef, SE Feldman, GM Pappagianis, D Werner, SB AF Schneider, E Hajjeh, RA Spiegel, RA Jibson, RW Harp, EL Marshall, GA Gunn, RA McNeil, MM Pinner, RW Baron, RC Burger, RC Hutwagner, LC Crump, C Kaufman, L Reef, SE Feldman, GM Pappagianis, D Werner, SB TI A coccidioidomycosis outbreak following the Northridge, Calif, earthquake SO JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article AB Objective.-To describe a coccidioidomycosis outbreak in Ventura County following the January 1994 earthquake, centered in Northridge, Calif, and to identify factors that increased the risk for acquiring acute coccidioidomycosis infection. Design.-Epidemic investigation, population-based skin test survey, and case-control study. Setting.-Ventura County, California. Results.-In Ventura County, between January 24 and March 15, 1994, 203 outbreak-associated coccidioidomycosis cases, including 3 fatalities, were identified (attack rate [AR], 30 cases per 100 000 population). The majority of cases (56%) and the highest AR (114 per 100 000 population) occurred in the town of Simi Valley, a community located at the base of a mountain range that experienced numerous landslides associated with the earthquake. Disease onset for cases peaked 2 weeks after the earthquake. The AR was 2.8 times greater for persons 40 years of age and older than for younger persons (relative risk, 2.8; 95% confidence interval [CI], 2.1-3.7; P<.001). Environmental data indicated that large dust clouds, generated by landslides following the earthquake and strong aftershocks in the Santa Susana Mountains north of Simi Valley, were dispersed into nearby valleys by northeast winds. Simi Valley case-control study data indicated that physically being in a dust cloud (odds ratio, 3.0; 95% CI, 1.6-5.4; P<.001) and time spent in a dust cloud (P<.001) significantly increased the risk for being diagnosed with acute coccidioidomycosis. Conclusions.-Both the location and timing of cases strongly suggest that the coccidioidomycosis outbreak in Ventura County was caused when arthrospores were spread in dust clouds generated by the earthquake. This is the first report of a coccidioidomycosis outbreak following an earthquake. Public and physician awareness, especially in endemic areas following similar dust cloud-generating events, may result in prevention and early recognition of acute coccidioidomycosis. C1 EPIDEM INTELLIGENCE SERV,COMMUNITY DIS CONTROL,DEPT HLTH SERV,SAN DIEGO,CA. CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,DEPT FIELD EPIDEMIOL,EPIDEMIOL PROGRAM OFF,ATLANTA,GA. CDC,EPIDEM INTELLIGENCE SERV,DIV BACTERIAL & MYCOT DIS,NATL CTR INFECT DIS,ATLANTA,GA 30333. DEPT INTERIOR,CENT REG GEOL HAZARDS TEAM,US GEOL SURVEY,GOLDEN,CO. DEPT INTERIOR,US GEOL SURVEY,MENLO PK,CA. CDC,DIV STD HIV PREVENT,NATL CTR HIV STD & TB PREVENT,ATLANTA,GA 30333. DEPT HLTH SERV,COMMUNITY DIS CONTROL,SAN DIEGO,CA. CDC,OFF DIRECTOR,NATL CTR INFECT DIS,ATLANTA,GA 30333. CDC,DEPT FIELD EPIDEMIOL,EPIDEMIOL PROGRAM OFF,ATLANTA,GA 30333. CDC,EMERGENCY RESPONSE COORDINAT GRP,NATL CTR ENVIRONM HLTH,ATLANTA,GA 30333. VENTURA CTY PUBL HLTH,HLTH OFF,VENTURA,CA. UNIV CALIF DAVIS,SCH MED,DEPT MED MICROBIOL & IMMUNOL,SACRAMENTO,CA 95817. CALIF DEPT HLTH SERV,DIV COMMUNICABLE DIS CONTROL,BERKELEY,CA 94704. NR 29 TC 101 Z9 102 U1 1 U2 7 PU AMER MEDICAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 515 N STATE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60610 SN 0098-7484 J9 JAMA-J AM MED ASSOC JI JAMA-J. Am. Med. Assoc. PD MAR 19 PY 1997 VL 277 IS 11 BP 904 EP 908 DI 10.1001/jama.277.11.904 PG 5 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA WM774 UT WOS:A1997WM77400034 PM 9062329 ER PT J AU Melbourne, T Carmichael, I DeMets, C Hudnut, K Sanchez, O Stock, J Suarez, G Webb, F AF Melbourne, T Carmichael, I DeMets, C Hudnut, K Sanchez, O Stock, J Suarez, G Webb, F TI The geodetic signature of the M8.0 October 9, 1995, Jalisco subduction earthquake SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article ID MEXICO; RIVERA; DEFORMATION; PLATES; ZONE AB The October, 1995 Mw 8.0 Jalisco subduction earthquake has provided a thorough geodetic observation of the coseismic subduction process. An 11 station regional GPS network located directly onshore of the rupture demonstrates consistent vertical subsidence verified by tide gauge data and southwest-directed extension, with measured displacements reaching 1 meter. Unusually shallow and non-uniform faulting is required to explain the displacements. We determine that up to 5 meters of slip occurred within the upper 15 km of the thrust fault zone and 2 meters possibly as shallow as 8 km, and that slip was likely distributed in two main patches. The paucity of continental sediments in this subduction zone could be responsible for the anomalously shallow faulting. C1 UNIV CALIF BERKELEY, DEPT GEOL & GEOPHYS, BERKELEY, CA 94270 USA. UNIV WISCONSIN, DEPT GEOL & GEOPHYS, MADISON, WI 53076 USA. US GEOL SURVEY, PASADENA, CA 91106 USA. NATL AUTONOMOUS UNIV MEXICO, INST GEOFIS, MEXICO CITY 04510, DF, MEXICO. CALTECH, JET PROP LAB, PASADENA, CA 91109 USA. RP CALTECH, SEISMOL LAB 252 21, PASADENA, CA 91125 USA. RI Hudnut, Kenneth/B-1945-2009; Hudnut, Kenneth/G-5713-2010 OI Hudnut, Kenneth/0000-0002-3168-4797; NR 23 TC 44 Z9 47 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0094-8276 EI 1944-8007 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD MAR 15 PY 1997 VL 24 IS 6 BP 715 EP 718 DI 10.1029/97GL00370 PG 4 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA WN972 UT WOS:A1997WN97200024 ER PT J AU Burgmann, R Segall, P Lisowski, M Svarc, J AF Burgmann, R Segall, P Lisowski, M Svarc, J TI Postseismic strain following the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake from GPS and leveling measurements SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SOLID EARTH LA English DT Article ID SAN-ANDREAS FAULT; GLOBAL POSITIONING SYSTEM; CRUSTAL DEFORMATION; CALIFORNIA EARTHQUAKE; STRESS DIFFUSION; PLATE BOUNDARIES; CALAVERAS FAULT; CRUZ MOUNTAINS; OCTOBER 17; SLIP AB Postseismic deformation in the 5 years following the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake has been measured with the Global Positioning System and precise leveling. Postearthquake velocities at distances greater than similar to 20 km from the coseismic rupture are not significantly different from those observed in the 20 years prior to the earthquake. However, velocities at stations within similar to 20 km of the rupture exceed preearthquake rates and exhibit unanticipated contraction normal to the strike of the San Andreas fault system. A combination of forward modeling and nonlinear optimization suggests that the observed postseismic deformations were caused by aseismic oblique reverse slip averaging 2.9 cm/yr on the San Andreas fault and/or the Loma Prieta rupture zone and 2.4 cm/yr reverse slip along a buried fault within the Foothills thrust belt. The best fitting sources of postseismic deformation are all located at depths of less than 15 km. We find no evidence for accelerated flow or shear below the Loma Prieta rupture in the first 5 years following the earthquake. The inferred postseismic slip is likely to have been caused by the coseismic stress change updip of the 1989 rupture. C1 US GEOL SURVEY, HAWAIAN VOLCANO OBSERV, HAWAII NATL PK, HI 96718 USA. STANFORD UNIV, DEPT GEOPHYS, STANFORD, CA 94305 USA. US GEOL SURVEY, MENLO PK, CA 94025 USA. RP Burgmann, R (reprint author), LAWRENCE LIVERMORE NATL LAB, DEPT GEOL, DAVIS, CA 95616 USA. NR 75 TC 83 Z9 87 U1 0 U2 5 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-9313 EI 2169-9356 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-SOL EA JI J. Geophys. Res.-Solid Earth PD MAR 10 PY 1997 VL 102 IS B3 BP 4933 EP 4955 DI 10.1029/96JB03171 PG 23 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA WM584 UT WOS:A1997WM58400001 ER PT J AU Stern, LA Durham, WB Kirby, SH AF Stern, LA Durham, WB Kirby, SH TI Grain-size-induced weakening of H2O ices I and II and associated anisotropic recrystallization SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SOLID EARTH LA English DT Article ID SUPERPLASTIC FLOW; WATER ICE; RHEOLOGY AB Grain-size-dependent flow mechanisms tend to be favored over dislocation creep at low differential stresses and can potentially influence the rheology of low-stress, low-strain rate environments such as those of planetary interiors. We experimentally investigated the effect of reduced grain size on the solid-state flow of water ice I, a principal component of the asthenospheres of many icy moons of the outer solar system, using techniques new to studies of this deformation regime. We fabricated fully dense ice samples of approximate grain size 2 +/- 1 mu m by transforming ''standard'' ice I samples of 250 +/- 50 mu m grain size to the higher-pressure phase ice II, deforming them in the ice II field, and then rapidly releasing the pressure deep into the ice I stability field. At T less than or equal to 200 K, slow growth and rapid nucleation of ice I combine to produce a fine grain size. Constant-strain rate deformation tests conducted on these samples show that deformation rates are less stress sensitive than for standard ice and that the fine-grained material is markedly weaker than standard ice, particularly during the transient approach to steady state deformation. Scanning electron microscope examination of the deformed fine-grained ice samples revealed an unusual microstructure dominated by platelike grains that grew normal to the compression direction, with c axes preferentially oriented parallel to compression. In samples tested at T greater than or equal to 220 K the elongation of the grains is so pronounced that the samples appear finely banded, with aspect ratios of grains approaching 50:1. The anisotropic growth of these crystallographically oriented neoblasts likely contributes to progressive work hardening observed during the transient stage of deformation. We have also documented remarkably similar microstructural development and weak mechanical behavior in fine-grained ice samples partially transformed and deformed in the ice II field. C1 LAWRENCE LIVERMORE NATL LAB, LIVERMORE, CA 94550 USA. RP Stern, LA (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY, BRANCH EARTHQUAKE GEOL & GEOPHYS, MS 977, 345 MIDDLEFIELD RD, MENLO PK, CA 94025 USA. NR 28 TC 21 Z9 21 U1 1 U2 2 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-9313 EI 2169-9356 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-SOL EA JI J. Geophys. Res.-Solid Earth PD MAR 10 PY 1997 VL 102 IS B3 BP 5313 EP 5325 DI 10.1029/96JB03894 PG 13 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA WM584 UT WOS:A1997WM58400026 ER PT J AU Thatcher, W Marshall, G Lisowski, M AF Thatcher, W Marshall, G Lisowski, M TI Resolution of fault slip along the 470-km-long rupture of the great 1906 San Francisco earthquake and its implications SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SOLID EARTH LA English DT Article ID 1989 LOMA-PRIETA; 1979 IMPERIAL-VALLEY; ANDREAS FAULT; CRUZ MOUNTAINS; SURFACE DEFORMATION; COSEISMIC SLIP; SEISMIC HAZARD; GEODETIC DATA; BROAD-BAND; CALIFORNIA AB Data from all available triangulation networks affected by the 1906 earthquake have been combined to assess the trade-off between slip resolution and its uncertainty and to construct a conservative image of coseismic slip along the rupture. Because of varying network aperture and station density, slip resolution is very uneven. Although slip is determined within uncertainties of +/-1.0 m along 60% of the fault, constraints are poor on the remaining, mostly offshore portions of the rupture. Slip decreases from maxima of 8.6 and 7.5 m at Shelter Cove and Tomales Bay to 4.5 m near Mount Tamalpais and 2.7 m at Loma Prieta. The geodetically derived slip distribution is in poor agreement with estimates based on analysis of S wave seismograms, probably because these waves register only 20-30% of the total seismic moment obtained from longer-period surface waves. Consideration of a range of fault geometries for 1906 slip near Loma Prieta indicates right-lateral motions lie between 2.3 and 3.1 m, These values are considerably greater than the 1.5 m of measured surface slip on which several assessments of high earthquake hazard for this fault segment were based. This factor, along with the absence of 1989 slippage where 1906 surface slip was used to make the forecasts, casts doubt on some claims of success in predicting the 1989 M = 6.9 Loma Prieta earthquake. C1 US GEOL SURVEY, HAWAII VOLCANO OBSERV, HAWAII NATL PK, HI 96718 USA. TRIMBLE NAVIGAT LTD, SUNNYVALE, CA 94086 USA. RP Thatcher, W (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY, MS 977, 345 MIDDLEFIELD RD, MENLO PK, CA 94025 USA. NR 49 TC 92 Z9 92 U1 0 U2 7 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-9313 EI 2169-9356 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-SOL EA JI J. Geophys. Res.-Solid Earth PD MAR 10 PY 1997 VL 102 IS B3 BP 5353 EP 5367 DI 10.1029/96JB03486 PG 15 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA WM584 UT WOS:A1997WM58400028 ER PT J AU Hough, SE AF Hough, SE TI Empirical green's function analysis: Taking the next step SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SOLID EARTH LA English DT Article ID SOUTHERN-CALIFORNIA; SOURCE PARAMETERS; EARTHQUAKE SEQUENCE; NEW-YORK; SPECTRA; INVERSION; RUPTURE; STRESS; WAVES; FAULT AB An extension of the empirical Green's function (EGF) method is presented that involves determination of source parameters using standard EGF deconvolution, followed by inversion for a common attenuation parameter for a set of colocated events. Recordings of three or more colocated events can thus be used to constrain a single path attenuation estimate. I apply this method to recordings from the 1995-1996 Ridgecrest, California, earthquake sequence; I analyze four clusters consisting of 13 total events with magnitudes between 2.6 and 4.9. I first obtain corner frequencies, which are used to infer Brune stress drop estimates. I obtain stress drop values of 0.3-53 MPa (with all but one between 0.3 and 11 MPa), with no resolved increase of stress drop with moment. With the corner frequencies constrained, the inferred attenuation parameters are very consistent; they imply an average shear wave quality factor of approximately 20-25 for alluvial sediments within the Indian Wells Valley. Although the resultant spectral fitting (using corner frequency and kappa) is good, the residuals are consistent among the clusters analyzed. Their spectral shape is similar to the the theoretical one-dimensional response of a layered low-velocity structure in the valley (an absolute site response cannot be determined by this method, because of an ambiguity between absolute response and source spectral amplitudes). I show that even this subtle site response can significantly bias estimates of corner frequency and kappa, if it is ignored in an inversion for only source and path effects. The multiple-EGF method presented in this paper is analogous to a joint inversion for source, path, and site effects the use of colocated sets of earthquakes appears to offer significant advantages in improving resolution of all three estimates, especially if data are from a single site or sites-with similar site response. C1 US GEOL SURVEY, PASADENA, CA 91106 USA. NR 38 TC 57 Z9 57 U1 0 U2 6 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-9313 EI 2169-9356 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-SOL EA JI J. Geophys. Res.-Solid Earth PD MAR 10 PY 1997 VL 102 IS B3 BP 5369 EP 5384 DI 10.1029/96JB03488 PG 16 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA WM584 UT WOS:A1997WM58400029 ER PT J AU Parsons, T Zoback, ML AF Parsons, T Zoback, ML TI Three-dimensional upper crustal velocity structure beneath San Francisco Peninsula, California SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SOLID EARTH LA English DT Article ID TRAVEL-TIME TOMOGRAPHY; ANDREAS FAULT ZONE; MAJOR FAULTS; LOMA-PRIETA; EARTHQUAKE; MOTIONS; PACIFIC; PLATE AB This paper presents new seismic data from, and crustal models of the San Francisco Peninsula. In much of central California the San Andreas fault juxtaposes the Cretaceous granitic Salinian terrane on its west and the Late Mesozoic/Early Tertiary Franciscan Complex on its east. On San Francisco Peninsula, however, the present-day San Andreas fault is completely within a Franciscan terrane, and the Pilarcitos fault, located southwest of the San Andreas, marks the Salinian-Franciscan boundary. This circumstance has evoked two different explanations: either the Pilarcitos is a thrust fault that has pushed Franciscan rocks over Salinian rocks or the Pilarcitos is a transform fault that has accommodated significant right-lateral slip. In an effort to better resolve the subsurface structure of the peninsula faults, we established a temporary network of 31 seismographs arrayed across the San Andreas fault and the subparallel Pilarcitos fault at similar to 1-2 km spacings. These instruments were deployed during the first 6 months of 1995 and recorded local earthquakes, air gun sources set off in San Francisco Bay, and explosive sources. Travel times from these sources were used to augment earthquake arrival times recorded by the Northern California Seismic Network and were inverted for three-dimensional velocity structure. Results show lateral velocity changes at depth (-0.5-7 km) that correlate with downward vertical projections of the surface traces of the San Andreas and Pilarcitos faults. We thus interpret the faults as high-angle to vertical features (constrained to a 70 degrees 0-110 degrees dip range). From this we conclude that the Pilarcitos fault is probably an important strike-slip fault that accommodated much of the right-lateral plate boundary strain on the peninsula prior to the initiation of the modern-day San Andreas fault in this region sometime after about 3.0 m.y. ago. RP Parsons, T (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY, MS 999, 345 MIDDLEFIELD RD, MENLO PK, CA 94025 USA. RI Parsons, Tom/A-3424-2008; OI Parsons, Tom/0000-0002-0582-4338 NR 46 TC 31 Z9 31 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-9313 EI 2169-9356 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-SOL EA JI J. Geophys. Res.-Solid Earth PD MAR 10 PY 1997 VL 102 IS B3 BP 5473 EP 5490 DI 10.1029/96JB03222 PG 18 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA WM584 UT WOS:A1997WM58400035 ER PT J AU Beyer, N Spalding, M Morrison, D AF Beyer, N Spalding, M Morrison, D TI Mercury concentrations in feathers of wading birds from Florida SO AMBIO LA English DT Article ID HEAVY-METAL; SELENIUM LEVELS; WADDEN SEA; GULL; MOLT; CONTAMINATION; ACCUMULATION; SEABIRDS; CADMIUM; HERONS AB Primary or tail feathers were collected from 92 wading birds in Florida from Lake Okeechobee and wetlands farther south, from 1987 to 1990. Mean concentrations detected in feathers of nestlings were 2.0 ppm Hg in roseate spoonbills (Ajaia ajaja), 3.5 ppm Hg in great blue herons (Ardea herodias), 4.7 ppm Hg in great white herons (Ardea herodias occidentalis), and 7.1 ppm Hg in great egrets (Casmerodius albus). Concentrations in feathers of great white herons increased with the age of the bird, from 4.7 ppm Hg in nestlings, to 6.7 ppm Hg in juveniles, and 8.2 ppm Hg in adults. Mercury concentrations were greatest in species consuming large fish. Feathers collected from wood storks (Mycteria americana) contained an average of 3.3 ppm Hg. Mercury concentrations in feathers of wading birds from southern Florida were greater than those reported in feathers of wading birds from Asia. Both liver and feather Hg concentrations were known for 25 wading birds. The regression of liver (wet weight) Hg concentrations (Y) on feather Hg concentrations (X) was: log(Y) = 1.52 log(X) - 0.722. The correlation coefficient was 0.84. If reproductive disorders are expected when concentrations in feathers of adult birds average 9 ppm Hg, as might be inferred from a published laboratory study on mallards (Anas platyrhynchos), then Hg in southern Florida may be high enough to reduce productivity of wading bird populations. However, additional controlled studies are needed before a minimum toxic concentration in feathers can be designated with confidence. C1 UNIV FLORIDA, COLL VET MED, DEPT PATHOBIOL, GAINESVILLE, FL 32611 USA. US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV, WASHINGTON, DC 20240 USA. RP Beyer, N (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY, PATUXENT WILDLIFE RES CTR, 12011 BEECH FOREST RD, LAUREL, MD 20708 USA. NR 37 TC 31 Z9 33 U1 1 U2 7 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0044-7447 EI 1654-7209 J9 AMBIO JI Ambio PD MAR PY 1997 VL 26 IS 2 BP 97 EP 100 PG 4 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA WV110 UT WOS:A1997WV11000004 ER PT J AU Grace, JB Pugesek, BH AF Grace, JB Pugesek, BH TI A structural equation model of plant species richness and its application to a coastal wetland SO AMERICAN NATURALIST LA English DT Article ID FEN VEGETATION; STANDING CROP; PEARL RIVER; SALT-MARSH; DIVERSITY; COMMUNITY; EVOLUTIONARY; PATTERNS; BIOMASS; SCALE AB Studies of plant species richness have often emphasized the role of either community biomass (as an indicator of density effects) or abiotic factors. In this article we present a general model that simultaneously examines the relative importance of abiotic and density effects. General and specific models were developed to examine the importance of abiotic conditions, disturbance, and community biomass on plant species richness. Models were evaluated using structural equation modeling based on data from 190 plots across a coastal marsh landscape. The accepted model was found to explain 45% of the observed variation in richness, 75% of biomass, and 65% of light penetration. Model results indicate that abiotic conditions have both direct effects on the species pool and indirect effects on richness mediated through effects on biomass and shading. Effects of disturbance were found to be indirect via biomass. Strong density effects on richness were indicated by the results, and canopy light penetration was found to be a better predictor of richness than was biomass. Overall, it appears that richness in this coastal landscape is controlled in roughly equal proportions by abiotic influences on the species pool and density effects, with disturbance playing a lesser role. The structure of the general model presented should be applicable to a wide variety of herbaceous plant communities. RP Grace, JB (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,NATL WETLANDS RES CTR,700 CAJUNDOME BLVD,LAFAYETTE,LA 70506, USA. NR 60 TC 154 Z9 159 U1 9 U2 59 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 5720 S WOODLAWN AVE, CHICAGO, IL 60637 SN 0003-0147 J9 AM NAT JI Am. Nat. PD MAR PY 1997 VL 149 IS 3 BP 436 EP 460 DI 10.1086/285999 PG 25 WC Ecology; Evolutionary Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Evolutionary Biology GA WK458 UT WOS:A1997WK45800002 ER PT J AU Dyke, AS England, J Reimnitz, E Jette, H AF Dyke, AS England, J Reimnitz, E Jette, H TI Changes in driftwood delivery to the Canadian arctic archipelago: The hypothesis of postglacial oscillations of the transpolar drift SO ARCTIC LA English DT Article DE driftwood; Transpolar Drift; Beaufort Gyre; sea ice; ocean currents ID NORTHERNMOST ELLESMERE-ISLAND; SEA-LEVEL HISTORY; BEAUFORT SEA; HOLOCENE; SVALBARD; SPITSBERGEN; ALASKA; NWT; DISPLACEMENT; TREELINE AB Driftwood appears to be absent in the Beaufort Gyre but abundant in parts of the Transpolar Drift (TPD), which crosses the Arctic Ocean from the Chukchi Sea to the vicinity of northeastern Greenland. Nearly 300 radiocarbon dates on Holocene driftwood from the Canadian Arctic Archipelago reveal two regions with contrasting histories of driftwood incursion: the region accessible to wood brought into Baffin Bay by the West Greenland Current and the rest of the archipelago, which receives wood from the Arctic Ocean. We hypothesize that when the TPD was deflected westward along northern Greenland, wood was delivered widely to the Canadian Arctic Archipelago; when the TPD exited entirely through Fram Strait via the East Greenland Current, little or no wood was delivered to most of the archipelago, but some continued into Baffin Bay via the West Greenland Current. A split TPD delivered wood to both regions. The regional driftwood incursion histories exhibit multiple maxima and minima that can be explained by this hypothesis. The Larix to Picea ratio of wood arriving in the Canadian Arctic Archipelago has also changed through time. This may indicate varying contributions from Russian versus North American sources, which in turn may indicate variable mixing of wood en route. The inferred discharge paths of the TPD were apparently stable for intervals ranging from several millennia to centuries or perhaps only decades. The last major switch broadly correlates with the onset of Neoglaciation. Variations in the path and strength of the TPD may have important oceanographic and climatic consequences downstream in the North Atlantic Ocean. C1 UNIV ALBERTA,DEPT EARTH & ATMOSPHER SCI,EDMONTON,AB T6G 2E3,CANADA. US GEOL SURVEY,MENLO PK,CA 94025. RP Dyke, AS (reprint author), GEOL SURVEY CANADA,TERRAIN SCI DIV,601 BOOTH ST,OTTAWA,ON K1A 0E8,CANADA. NR 67 TC 86 Z9 87 U1 0 U2 8 PU ARCTIC INST N AMER PI CALGARY PA UNIV OF CALGARY 2500 UNIVERSITY DRIVE NW 11TH FLOOR LIBRARY TOWER, CALGARY AB T2N 1N4, CANADA SN 0004-0843 J9 ARCTIC JI Arctic PD MAR PY 1997 VL 50 IS 1 BP 1 EP 16 PG 16 WC Environmental Sciences; Geography, Physical SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Physical Geography GA WQ210 UT WOS:A1997WQ21000002 ER PT J AU Pradel, R Hines, JE Lebreton, JD Nichols, JD AF Pradel, R Hines, JE Lebreton, JD Nichols, JD TI Capture-recapture survival models taking account of transients SO BIOMETRICS LA English DT Article DE heterogeneity of capture; mixture models; open population; passage; proportions of transients ID UNEQUAL CATCHABILITY; RATES; POPULATION AB The presence of transient animals, common enough in natural populations, invalidates the estimation of survival by traditional capture-recapture (CR) models designed for the study of residents only. Also, the study of transit is interesting in itself. We thus develop here a class of CR models to describe the presence of transients. In order to assess the merits of this approach we examine the bias of the traditional survival estimators in the presence of transients in relation to the power of different tests for detecting transients. We also compare the relative efficiency of an ad hoc approach to dealing with transients that leaves out the first observation of each animal. We then study a real example using lazuli bunting (Passerina amoena) and, in conclusion, discuss the design of an experiment aiming at the estimation of transience. In practice, the presence of transients is easily detected whenever the risk of bias is high. The ad hoc approach, which yields unbiased estimates for residents only, is satisfactory in a time-dependent context but poorly efficient when parameters are constant. The example shows that intermediate situations between strict 'residence' and strict 'transience' may exist in certain studies. Yet, most of the time, if the study design takes into account the expected length of stay of a transient, it should be possible to efficiently separate the two categories of animals. C1 US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,PATUXENT WILDLIFE RES CTR,LAUREL,MD 20708. RP Pradel, R (reprint author), CNRS,CEFE,BP 5051,F-34033 MONTPELLIER,FRANCE. RI PRADEL, Roger/A-8666-2008 NR 38 TC 327 Z9 341 U1 8 U2 46 PU INTERNATIONAL BIOMETRIC SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 808 17TH ST NW SUITE 200, WASHINGTON, DC 20006-3910 SN 0006-341X J9 BIOMETRICS JI Biometrics PD MAR PY 1997 VL 53 IS 1 BP 60 EP 72 DI 10.2307/2533097 PG 13 WC Biology; Mathematical & Computational Biology; Statistics & Probability SC Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics; Mathematical & Computational Biology; Mathematics GA WN180 UT WOS:A1997WN18000006 ER PT J AU Sparling, DW Lowe, TP Pinkney, AE AF Sparling, DW Lowe, TP Pinkney, AE TI Toxicity of Abate(R) to green frog tadpoles SO BULLETIN OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article ID CRAB UCA-PUGNAX; INSECTICIDE; TEMEPHOS; TEMEFOS C1 US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,CHESAPEAKE BAY FIELD OFF,ANNAPOLIS,MD 21401. RP Sparling, DW (reprint author), US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,PATUXENT WILDLIFE RES CTR,NATL BIOL SERV,11510 AMER HOLLY DR,LAUREL,MD 20708, USA. NR 19 TC 14 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 SN 0007-4861 J9 B ENVIRON CONTAM TOX JI Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. PD MAR PY 1997 VL 58 IS 3 BP 475 EP 481 PG 7 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA WF217 UT WOS:A1997WF21700020 PM 9008060 ER PT J AU Baldigo, BP Murdoch, PS AF Baldigo, BP Murdoch, PS TI Effect of stream acidification and inorganic aluminum on mortality of brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) in the Catskill Mountains, New York SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FISHERIES AND AQUATIC SCIENCES LA English DT Article ID WHOLE-BODY IONS; WATER ACIDITY; LOW CALCIUM; SWIM-UP; PH; EXPOSURE; TOXICITY; FISH; CHEMISTRY; TRANSPORT AB Juvenile brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) were exposed in cages to fluctuating chemical conditions in four Catskill Mountain streams during the spring and fall of 1989 and the spring of 1990. Specific chemical constituents and characteristics of acidic episodes that correlated with increased fish mortality were identified. Mortality increased during acidic episodes in one poorly buffered stream when inorganic monomeric aluminum (Al-im) concentrations increased; mortality was low in three other streams during acidic episodes of shorter duration and smaller magnitude than measured in the poorly buffered stream. Variation in mortality was attributed primarily to differences in concentrations of both Al-im and dissolved organic carbon. Linear and logistic regression analyses indicate that either mean or median Al-im concentrations could account for 73-99% of the variability in mortality. Regression analyses suggest that mortality was highly related (in order of importance) to Al-im pH, dissolved organic carbon, calcium, and chloride concentration. Brook trout mortality was also highly related to durations of exposure above 0.225 and 0.250 mg/L Al-im during test periods. Characteristics of acidic-Al-im episodes that are critical to mortality of caged brook trout appear to be (i) Al-im concentrations of at least 0.225 +/- 0.025 mg/L and (ii) exposure to these toxic Al-im concentrations for at least 2 days. RP Baldigo, BP (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,DIV WATER RESOURCES,425 JORDAN RD,TROY,NY 12180, USA. NR 36 TC 20 Z9 20 U1 0 U2 2 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA ON K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0706-652X J9 CAN J FISH AQUAT SCI JI Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. PD MAR PY 1997 VL 54 IS 3 BP 603 EP 615 DI 10.1139/cjfas-54-3-603 PG 13 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA XB788 UT WOS:A1997XB78800011 ER PT J AU Dubrasich, ME Hann, DW Tappeiner, JC AF Dubrasich, ME Hann, DW Tappeiner, JC TI Methods for evaluating crown area profiles of forest stands SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FOREST RESEARCH-REVUE CANADIENNE DE RECHERCHE FORESTIERE LA English DT Article ID NORTHERN AB Canopy architectures of five structurally complex forest stands and three structurally simple forest stands in southwest Oregon and the Willamette Valley, Oregon, were evaluated and quantified through crown area profiles. Mixed conifer and mixed conifer-hardwood stands across a range of sites were sampled for crown widths and heights. Crown width and shape equations were derived and used to quantify the stand crown area at incremental heights above the forest floor. Crown area profiles describe the spatial arrangement of aboveground forest vegetation and the total pore spaces between crowns. Plot by plot profiles were combined to produce vertical and horizontal displays of the stand crown area distribution. In complex stands, the forest space was moderately occupied by crowns from the forest floor up to heights over 30 m, producing uniform distributions of between-crown porosity. The structurally complex stands had between-crown porosity values of 70% to 90% for more than 23 vertical metres of canopy, and they had total between-crown porosities of 86% to 91%. The structurally simple stands had between-crown porosity values of 70% to 90% for less than 8 vertical metres of canopy, and they had total between-crown porosities of 69% to 85%. Variances in crown area indicate that variation in horizontal crown area (within heights) was larger in complex stands than in simple stands, but vertical crown areas (between heights) varied less in complex stands. The study provides a basis for discriminating between canopy architectures and for quantifying the porosity of forest canopies. C1 OREGON STATE UNIV,DEPT FOREST RESOURCES,CORVALLIS,OR 97331. OREGON STATE UNIV,US GEOL SURVEY,DIV BIOL RES,CORVALLIS,OR 97331. OREGON STATE UNIV,DEPT FOREST RESOURCES,CORVALLIS,OR 97331. NR 17 TC 25 Z9 27 U1 1 U2 2 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA ON K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0045-5067 J9 CAN J FOREST RES JI Can. J. For. Res.-Rev. Can. Rech. For. PD MAR PY 1997 VL 27 IS 3 BP 385 EP 392 PG 8 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA XD793 UT WOS:A1997XD79300013 ER PT J AU Moberly, JW Kielty, ER Murray, S Deelo, ML Clow, B Anthony, M Jones, TS Upton, D Mew, M Kaiser, MK Breunig, W Bunting, RM Pool, TC Yates, EM Hogan, WT Christian, JM Gambogi, JM Doerell, PE Silva, E AF Moberly, JW Kielty, ER Murray, S Deelo, ML Clow, B Anthony, M Jones, TS Upton, D Mew, M Kaiser, MK Breunig, W Bunting, RM Pool, TC Yates, EM Hogan, WT Christian, JM Gambogi, JM Doerell, PE Silva, E TI The menu for 1997 - Our commodity review and outlook sampler SO E&MJ-ENGINEERING AND MINING JOURNAL LA English DT Article C1 US GEOL SURVEY, RESTON, VA 22092 USA. COMINCO LTD, MARKET RES, TRAIL, BC, CANADA. FORDHAM UNIV, IND ECON RES INST, BRONX, NY 10458 USA. CORP NACL COBRE, CHUQUICAMATA, CHILE. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU MACLEAN HUNTER PUBLISHING CORP PI CHICAGO PA 29 NORTH WACKER DRIVE, CHICAGO, IL 60606 SN 0095-8948 J9 ENG MIN J JI E&MJ-Eng. Min. J. PD MAR PY 1997 VL 198 IS 3 BP 10 EP + PG 70 WC Mining & Mineral Processing SC Mining & Mineral Processing GA WP503 UT WOS:A1997WP50300001 ER PT J AU McConnaughey, TA Whelan, JF AF McConnaughey, TA Whelan, JF TI Calcification generates protons for nutrient and bicarbonate uptake SO EARTH-SCIENCE REVIEWS LA English DT Review DE calcium; carbonate; bicarbonate; proton; acid; calcareous; nutrient; reef ID COCCOLITHOPHORID EMILIANIA-HUXLEYI; DISSOLVED INORGANIC CARBON; CARIBBEAN GORGONIANS PSEUDOPTEROGORGIA; O-18 ISOTOPIC DISEQUILIBRIUM; GREEN-ALGA-HALIMEDA; GIANT CLAM; STRUCTURAL DEFENSES; CALCIUM-CARBONATE; MAIZE ROOTS; PHOTOSYNTHETIC CHARACTERISTICS AB The biosphere's great carbonate deposits, from caliche soils to deep-sea carbonate oozes, precipitate largely as by-products of autotrophic nutrient acquisition physiologies. Protons constitute the critical link: Calcification generates protons, which plants and photosynthetic symbioses use to assimilate bicarbonate and nutrients. A calcium ATPase-based ''trans'' mechanism underlies most biological calcification. This permits high calcium carbonate supersaturations and rapid carbonate precipitation. The competitive advantages of calcification become especially apparent in light and nutrient-deficient alkaline environments. Calcareous plants often dominate the lower euphotic zone in both the benthos and the plankton. Geographically and seasonally, massive calcification concentrates in nutrient-deficient environments including alkaline soils, coral reefs, cyanobacterial mats and coccolithophorid blooms. Structural and defensive uses for calcareous skeletons are sometimes overrated. C1 US GEOL SURVEY,DENVER,CO 80225. RP McConnaughey, TA (reprint author), MARINE RES,BIOSPHERE CTR 2,HIGHWAY 77,POB 689,ORACLE,AZ 85623, USA. NR 203 TC 238 Z9 249 U1 6 U2 72 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0012-8252 J9 EARTH-SCI REV JI Earth-Sci. Rev. PD MAR PY 1997 VL 42 IS 1-2 BP 95 EP 117 DI 10.1016/S0012-8252(96)00036-0 PG 23 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA WU149 UT WOS:A1997WU14900003 ER PT J AU Kendall, WL Nichols, JD Hines, JE AF Kendall, WL Nichols, JD Hines, JE TI Estimating temporary emigration using capture-recapture data with Pollock's robust design SO ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE capture-recapture; demographic parameters; Microtus pennsylvanicus; models; open populations; Peromyscus leucopus; Pollock's robust design; statistical estimation; temporary emigration ID ESTIMATING POPULATION-SIZE; SMALL-MAMMAL POPULATION; HUSTING DILEMMA; BREEDING PROBABILITIES; VERTEBRATE POPULATIONS; METHODOLOGICAL NOTE; SAMPLE COVERAGE; SURVIVAL RATES; MODELS; RESIGHTINGS AB Statistical inference for capture-recapture studies of open animal populations typically relies on the assumption that all emigration from the studied population is permanent. However, there are many instances in which this assumption is unlikely to be met. We define two general models for the process of temporary emigration: completely random and Markovian. We then consider effects of these two types of temporary emigration on Jolly-Seber estimators and on estimators arising from the full-likelihood approach to robust design data. Capture-recapture data arising from Pollock's robust design provide the basis for obtaining unbiased estimates of demographic parameters in the presence of temporary emigration, and for estimating the probability of temporary emigration. We present a likelihood-based approach to dealing with temporary emigration that permits estimation under different models of temporary emigration and yields tests for completely random and Markovian emigration. In addition, we use the relationship between capture probability estimates based on closed and open models under completely random temporary emigration to derive three ad hoc estimators for the probability of temporary emigration. Two of these should be especially useful in situations where capture probabilities are heterogeneous among individual animals. Ad hoc and full-likelihood estimators are illustrated for small-mammal capture-recapture data sets. We believe that these models and estimators will be useful for testing hypotheses about the process of temporary emigration, for estimating demographic parameters in the presence of temporary emigration, and for estimating probabilities of temporary emigration. These latter estimates are frequently of ecological interest as indicators of animal movement and, in some sampling situations, as direct estimates of breeding probabilities and proportions. C1 US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV, OFF MIGRATORY BIRD MANAGEMENT, LAUREL, MD 20708 USA. RP Kendall, WL (reprint author), NATL BIOL SERV, PATUXENT WILDLIFE RES CTR, 11510 AMER HOLLY DR, LAUREL, MD 20708 USA. NR 45 TC 423 Z9 436 U1 5 U2 68 PU ECOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 1990 M STREET NW, STE 700, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0012-9658 EI 1939-9170 J9 ECOLOGY JI Ecology PD MAR PY 1997 VL 78 IS 2 BP 563 EP 578 PG 16 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA WN754 UT WOS:A1997WN75400020 ER PT J AU Stohlgren, TJ Bachand, RR AF Stohlgren, TJ Bachand, RR TI Lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta) ecotones in Rocky Mountain National Park, Colorado, USA SO ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE forest distributions; gradient analysis; lodgepole pine; Pinus contorta; species-environment relationships; vegetation ecotones ID CANONICAL CORRESPONDENCE-ANALYSIS; SUB-ALPINE FORESTS; GRADIENT ANALYSIS; FRONT RANGE; BEETLE OUTBREAKS; VEGETATION; SPRUCE; LANDSCAPE; GROWTH; SCALE AB Because ecotones often represent the physiological or competitive limit-of-distribution of species, they serve to define a species' local distribution. We take a relatively new approach to gradient analysis to quantify the changes in forest dominance (basal area of dominant tree species) and environmental factors (elevation, slope, aspect, intercepted photosynthetically active radiation [PAR], summer soil moisture, and soil depth and texture) across current lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta) ecotones in Rocky Mountain National Park, Colorado, USA. Based on canonical correspondence analysis on data from eight 20 m wide, 140-480 m long vegetation transects, we found that lodgepole pine distribution, is described generally by elevation and moisture gradients, and to a lesser degree by soil characteristics. The first two ordination axes explained 72% of the variance in forest patterns, Environmental factors significantly correlated to the first ordination axis included: elevation, summer soil moisture, and percentage sand in the soil. Environmental factors significantly correlated to the second ordination axis included: growing-season soil moisture, surface rockiness, percentage silt, and percentage clay. However, superimposed on these general environmental gradients are ecotone-specific gradients that cannot be detected by typical gradient analysis approaches using only homogeneous plots. The basal area of lodgepole pine decreased nonlinearly and more sharply toward the ecotones than did the basal area of the neighboring tree species. Stepwise multiple linear regression and path coefficient analysis models showed that the basal area gradients of lodgepole pine into spruce/fir (Picea engelmannii, Abies lasiocarpa) forests correlated with summer soil moisture; lodgepole pine gradients into lower elevation ponderosa pine (Finns ponderosa) forests correlated strongly with intercepted PAR, slope, percentage silt, soil depth, and percentage clay; and lodgepole pine gradients into limber pine (Pinus flexilis) forests correlated largely with elevation, intercepted PAR, percentage sand, and percentage clay. Furthermore, the factors controlling tree species distributions at ecotones are not symmetrical. For example, at the lodgepole pine to limber pine ecotone, different factors or different magnitudes of the same factors determined the upper limit of lodgepole pine and the lower limit of limber pine. We conclude that: (1) different factors control a species' upper and lower elevation limits: (2) unequal competition for resources occurs between tree species where their ranges overlap; and (3) generally, soil differences may not substantially restrain the movement of some forest types into neighboring types. RP Stohlgren, TJ (reprint author), COLORADO STATE UNIV,NAT RESOURCE ECOL LAB,NATL BIOL SERV,US GEOL SURVEY,BIOL RESOURCES DIV,FT COLLINS,CO 80523, USA. RI Lundquist, John/B-6433-2012 NR 43 TC 33 Z9 46 U1 0 U2 15 PU ECOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 2010 MASSACHUSETTS AVE, NW, STE 400, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0012-9658 J9 ECOLOGY JI Ecology PD MAR PY 1997 VL 78 IS 2 BP 632 EP 641 PG 10 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA WN754 UT WOS:A1997WN75400026 ER PT J AU Dewey, MR Richardson, WB Zigler, SJ AF Dewey, MR Richardson, WB Zigler, SJ TI Patterns of foraging and distribution of bluegill sunfish in a Mississippi River backwater: Influence of macrophytes and predation SO ECOLOGY OF FRESHWATER FISH LA English DT Article DE foraging; distribution; predation ID LEPOMIS-MACROCHIRUS; HABITAT USE; FOOD-HABITS; LAKE; FISH; ABUNDANCE; COMMUNITY; RISK; SIZE; DYNAMICS AB We studied the trophic interactions and spatial distributions of bluegills Lepomis macrachirus and largemouth bass Micropterus salmoides in a macrophyte bed in Lake Onalaska, a backwater lake in the upper Mississippi River. The diets of adult and age-0 bluegills were similar and changed seasonally probably in response to changes in life stages of macroinvertebrates (i.e. emergence of winged adults). Diets and diel patterns of abundance of bluegill suggest that age-0 and adults were feeding in the vegetated, littoral zone. Predation by age-0 largemouth bass appears to influence use of vegetated habitat by age-0 bluegills. In summer, when most age-0 bluegills were vulnerable to predation by age-0 largemouth bass, bluegill abundance was strongly correlated with vegetation biomass. In October and November, piscivory by age-0 largemouth bass was limited by gape. Consequently, the relationship between the abundance of age-0 bluegills and vegetation biomass was weakened because predation risk by age-0 largemouth bass was reduced. RP Dewey, MR (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,UPPER MISSISSIPPI SCI CTR,POB 818,LA CROSSE,WI 54602, USA. OI Zigler, Steven/0000-0002-4153-0652 NR 49 TC 31 Z9 32 U1 1 U2 8 PU MUNKSGAARD INT PUBL LTD PI COPENHAGEN PA 35 NORRE SOGADE, PO BOX 2148, DK-1016 COPENHAGEN, DENMARK SN 0906-6691 J9 ECOL FRESHW FISH JI Ecol. Freshw. Fish PD MAR PY 1997 VL 6 IS 1 BP 8 EP 15 DI 10.1111/j.1600-0633.1997.tb00137.x PG 8 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA XL314 UT WOS:A1997XL31400002 ER PT J AU Clarke, KC Hoppen, S Gaydos, L AF Clarke, KC Hoppen, S Gaydos, L TI A self-modifying cellular automaton model of historical urbanization in the San Francisco Bay area SO ENVIRONMENT AND PLANNING B-PLANNING & DESIGN LA English DT Article ID CONTERMINOUS UNITED-STATES; LAND AB In this paper we describe a cellular automaton (CA) simulation model developed to predict urban growth as part of a project for estimating the regional and broader impact of urbanization on the San Francisco Bay area's climate. The rules of the model are more complex than those of a typical CA and involve the use of multiple data sources, including topography, road networks, and existing settlement distributions, and their modification over time. In addition, the control parameters of the model are allowed to self-modify: that is, the CA adapts itself to the circumstances it generates, in particular, during periods of rapid growth or stagnation. In addition, the model was written to allow the accumulation of probabilistic estimates based on Monte Carlo methods. Calibration of the model has been accomplished by the use of historical maps to compare model predictions of urbanization, based solely upon the distribution in year 1900, with observed data for years 1940, 1954, 1962, 1974, and 1990. The complexity of this model has made calibration a particularly demanding step. Lessons learned about the methods, measures, and strategies developed to calibrate the model may be of use in other environmental modeling contexts. With the calibration complete, the model is being used to generate a set of future scenarios for the San Francisco Bay area along with their probabilities based on the Monte Carlo version of the model. Animated dynamic mapping of the simulations will be used to allow visualization of the impact of future urban growth. C1 NASA,AMES RES CTR,US GEOL SURVEY,EROS,DATA CTR,MOFFETT FIELD,CA 94035. RP Clarke, KC (reprint author), CUNY HUNTER COLL,DEPT GEOL & GEOG,GRAD SCH & UNIV CTR,695 PK AVE,NEW YORK,NY 10021, USA. RI Clarke, Keith/E-1863-2011 OI Clarke, Keith/0000-0001-5805-6056 NR 28 TC 532 Z9 650 U1 8 U2 91 PU PION LTD PI LONDON PA 207 BRONDESBURY PARK, LONDON, ENGLAND NW2 5JN SN 0265-8135 J9 ENVIRON PLANN B JI Environ. Plan. B-Plan. Des. PD MAR PY 1997 VL 24 IS 2 BP 247 EP 261 DI 10.1068/b240247 PG 15 WC Environmental Studies SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA WP572 UT WOS:A1997WP57200008 ER PT J AU Keenlyne, KD AF Keenlyne, KD TI Life history and status of the shovelnose sturgeon, Scaphirhynchus platorynchus SO ENVIRONMENTAL BIOLOGY OF FISHES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT International Conference on Sturgeon Biodiversity and Conservation CY JUL 28-30, 1994 CL AMER MUSEUM NAT HIST, NEW YORK, NY HO AMER MUSEUM NAT HIST DE range; commercial harvest; market value; Mississippi; Missouri River AB The shovelnose sturgeon, Scaphirhynchus platorynchus, is a freshwater sturgeon of the Mississippi and Missouri rivers and their tributaries. It is one of the smaller North American sturgeons, seldom weighing more than 2.5 kg over most of its range except in the upper Missouri River, where individuals of over 7 kg have been found. Spawning occurs in spring at temperatures between 17 and 21 degrees C over rock or gravel substrate downstream from dams, near rock structures, or in tributaries. most males reach sexual maturity at 5 years, most females at 7 years. Adults do not spawn every year. Shovelnose sturgeon are found in large, turbid rivers and frequently concentrate in areas downstream from dams or at the mouths of tributaries. Population densities range up to 2500 fish per km. They are commonly found in areas of current over sandy bottoms or near rocky points or bars, where they feed primarily on aquatic invertebrates. The shovelnose sturgeon is classified as a sport species in 12 of 24 states where it occurs. Commercial harvest is allowed in seven states, where fresh shovelnose sturgeon sell for 55 to 88 cents per kg, smoked shovelnose for about $5.75 per kg, and roe from 33 to 110 dollars per kg. About 25 tons of shovelnose sturgeon are harvested commercially each year. Shovelnose sturgeon are considered extirpated in three states, fully protected in four states, and rare, threatened, or of special concern in eight states. Populations are considered stable throughout most of the upper Mississippi, lower Missouri, Red, and Atchafalaya rivers. Three states, Wyoming, West Virginia, and New Mexico, have developed plans to reintroduce the species into rivers where it has been extirpated. RP Keenlyne, KD (reprint author), US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,420 S GARFIELD AVE,PIERRE,SD 57501, USA. NR 35 TC 71 Z9 74 U1 0 U2 8 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0378-1909 J9 ENVIRON BIOL FISH JI Environ. Biol. Fishes PD MAR PY 1997 VL 48 IS 1-4 BP 291 EP 298 DI 10.1023/A:1007349221987 PG 8 WC Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA WX720 UT WOS:A1997WX72000019 ER PT J AU Costa, JE AF Costa, JE TI Hydraulic modeling for lahar hazards at cascades volcanoes SO ENVIRONMENTAL & ENGINEERING GEOSCIENCE LA English DT Article DE lahars; debris flows; volcanoes; Oregon; Washington; surface-Water Model ID SIMULATION AB The National Weather Service flood routing model DAMBRK is able to closely replicate field-documented stages of historic and prehistoric lahars from Mt, Rainier, Washington, and Mt, Hood, Oregon. Modeled time-of-travel of flow waves are generally consistent with documented lahar travel-times from other volcanoes around the world, The model adequately replicates a range of lahars and debris flows, including the 230 million km(3) Electron lahar from Mt, Rainier, as well as a 10 m(3) debris flow generated in a large outdoor experimental flume. The model is used to simulate a hypothetical lahar with a volume of 50 million m(3) down the East Fork Hood River from Mt. Hood, Oregon, Although a now such as this is thought to be possible in the Hood River valley, no field evidence exists on which to base a hazards assessment, DAMBRK seems likely to be usable in many volcanic settings to estimate discharge, velocity, and inundation areas of lahars when input hydrographs and energy-loss coefficients can be reasonably estimated. RP Costa, JE (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,5400 MACARTHUR BLVD,VANCOUVER,WA 98661, USA. NR 37 TC 26 Z9 26 U1 1 U2 10 PU GEOLOGICAL SOC AMERICA PI BOULDER PA PO BOX 9140 3300 PENROSE PLACE, BOULDER, CO 80301 SN 1078-7275 J9 ENVIRON ENG GEOSCI JI Environ. Eng. Geosci. PD SPR PY 1997 VL 3 IS 1 BP 21 EP 30 PG 10 WC Engineering, Environmental; Engineering, Geological; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Engineering; Geology GA XN115 UT WOS:A1997XN11500005 ER PT J AU Reed, MF Bartholomay, RC Hughes, SS AF Reed, MF Bartholomay, RC Hughes, SS TI Geochemistry and stratigraphic correlation of basalt lavas beneath the Idaho Chemical Processing Plant, Idaho National Engineering Laboratory SO ENVIRONMENTAL GEOLOGY LA English DT Article DE stratigraphy; basalt; geochemistry; Snake River Plain aquifer; Idaho National Engineering Laboratory AB Thirty-nine samples of basaltic core were collected from wells 121 and 123, located approximately 1.8 km apart north and south of the Idaho Chemical Processing Plant at the Idaho National Engineering Laboratory. Samples were collected from depths ranging from 15 to 221 m below land surface for the purpose of establishing stratigraphic correlations between these two wells. Elemental analyses indicate that the basalts consist of three principal chemical types. Two of these types are each represented by a single basalt flow in each well. The third chemical type is represented by many basalt flows and includes a broad range of chemical compositions that is distinguished from the other two types. Basalt flows within the third type were identified by hierarchical K-cluster analysis of 14 representative elements: Fe, Ca, K, Na, Sc, Co, La, Ce, Sm, Eu, Yb, Hf, Ta, and Th. Cluster analyses indicate correlations of basalt flows between wells 121 and 123 at depths of approximately 38-40 m, 125-128 m, 131-137 m, 149-158 m, and 183-198 m. Probable correlations also are indicated for at least seven other depth intervals. Basalt flows in several depth intervals do not correlate on the basis of chemical compositions, thus reflecting possible flow margins in the sequence between the wells. Multi-element chemical data provide a useful method for determining stratigraphic correlations of basalt in the upper 1-2 km of the eastern Snake River Plain. C1 IDAHO STATE UNIV,DEPT GEOL,POCATELLO,ID 83209. US GEOL SURVEY,DIV WATER RESOURCES,INEL,IDAHO FALLS,ID 83403. NR 13 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 2 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 SN 0177-5146 J9 ENVIRON GEOL JI Environ. Geol. PD MAR PY 1997 VL 30 IS 1-2 BP 108 EP 118 PG 11 WC Environmental Sciences; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Geology; Water Resources GA WU695 UT WOS:A1997WU69500013 ER PT J AU Axtmann, EV Cain, DJ Luoma, SN AF Axtmann, EV Cain, DJ Luoma, SN TI Effect of tributary inflows on the distribution of trace metals in fine-grained bed sediments and benthic insects of the Clark Fork River, Montana SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID AQUATIC INSECTS; RAINBOW-TROUT; RELATIVE SENSITIVITY; ARKANSAS RIVER; BROWN TROUT; CONTAMINATION; INVERTEBRATES; USA; DRAINAGE; COLORADO AB The effect of tributary inflows on metal concentrations in <63-mu m sediments and benthic insects was examined on two scales (380 km and <2 km) in a river impacted by mining. A dilution-mixing model effectively described large-scale dispersion of Gd, Cu, and Pb in the sediments of the river. Input of metal from contaminated flood plains may introduce additional contamination in the middle reaches of the river. Intensive sampling around the confluences of two tributaries showed that there were significant, localized decreases in some metal concentrations immediately downstream of the inflows. Sediment metal concentrations 1 km below the inflows returned to values within the range predicted by the dilution-mixing model. Metal concentrations in benthic insects exhibited spatial patterns similar to those of the sediments, indicating that biological exposures to metals are at least partially dependent on the physical processes controlling the dispersion of sediment-bound metals. Tributary inflows introduce variability in metal contamination an different spatial scales that must be considered when assessing ecological risks in contaminated rivers. in addition to large-scale dilution of contaminants, smatter areas of reduced metal exposure occur near tributary inflows. These may shelter metal-sensitive taxa from severe metal contamination in the mainstem. C1 US GEOL SURVEY,MENLO PK,CA 94025. RP Axtmann, EV (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,3215 MARINE ST,BOULDER,CO 80303, USA. OI Cain, Daniel/0000-0002-3443-0493 NR 48 TC 33 Z9 35 U1 1 U2 11 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0013-936X J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD MAR PY 1997 VL 31 IS 3 BP 750 EP 758 DI 10.1021/es960417y PG 9 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA WK815 UT WOS:A1997WK81500047 ER PT J AU Lawrence, GB David, MB AF Lawrence, GB David, MB TI Response of aluminum solubility to elevated nitrification in soil of a red spruce stand in eastern Maine SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID LONG-TERM CHANGES; AQUEOUS ALUMINUM; ACID DEPOSITION; FOREST-FLOOR; HORIZONS; USA; MOUNTAINS; RETENTION; WATERS AB Elevated concentrations of soluble Al can impair tree growth and be toxic to aquatic biota, but effects of acidic deposition on Al solubility in forest soils are only partially understood because of complex interactions with Hf and organic matter. We therefore evaluated Al solubility in two red spruce stands in eastern Maine, one of which received dry (NH4)(2)SO4 at a rate of 1800 equiv ha(-1) yr(-1) during 1989-1995. Samples of soil (Spodosol Ca and Bh horizons) and soil solution were collected on five dates from 1992 to 1995. The treatment elevated nitrification, causing an increase in acid input that led to inorganic Al concentrations of greater than 60 mu mol L(-1) in both the Oa and Bh horizons. Solubility of Al was also lower in the Bh horizon of the treated stand than in the reference stand, a response related to higher DOC concentrations in the treated stand. Concentrations of CuCl2 and pyrophosphate-extractable Al were higher in the Oa horizon of the treated watershed than the reference stand, a result of accelerated weathering of mineral particles caused by lower solution pH in the treated stand (3.47) than in the reference stand (3.69). Dissolved Al concentrations in these soils are the result of complex mechanisms through which mineral matter, organic matter, and pH interact to control Al solubility; mechanisms that are not incorporated in current Al solubility models. C1 UNIV ILLINOIS,DEPT NAT RESOURCES & ENVIRONM SCI,URBANA,IL 61801. RP Lawrence, GB (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,425 JORDAN RD,TROY,NY 12180, USA. NR 32 TC 14 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0013-936X J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD MAR PY 1997 VL 31 IS 3 BP 825 EP 830 DI 10.1021/es960515j PG 6 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA WK815 UT WOS:A1997WK81500058 ER PT J AU Foreman, WT Gates, PM AF Foreman, WT Gates, PM TI Matrix-enhanced degradation of p,p'-DDT during gas chromatographic analysis: A consideration SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID DIFFERENT INJECTION TECHNIQUES; LARGE-SAMPLE EXTRACTOR; POLYCHLORINATED-BIPHENYLS; SPLITLESS INJECTION; DDT; ORGANOCHLORINES; PESTICIDES; OCEAN; WATER; FOOD AB Analysis of p,p'-DDT in environmental samples requires monitoring the GC-derived breakdown of this insecticide, which produces p,p'-DDD and/or p,p'-DDE, both also primary environmental degradation products. A performance evaluation standard (PES) containing p,p'-DDT but not p,p'-DDD or p,p'-DDE can be injected at regular intervals throughout an analytical sequence to monitor GC degradation. Some U.S. EPA methods limit GC breakdown of DDT in the PES to less than or equal to 20%. GC/MS analysis of large-volume natural water samples fortified with deuterium- and C-13-labeled p,p'-DDT exhibited up to 65% DDT breakdown by the GC inlet. These matrix-enhanced GC degradation amounts substantially exceeded the <20% breakdown levels indicated by bracketing injections of the PES containing unlabeled and labeled DDT. Substantial matrix-enhanced GC degradation was not observed during analysis of a limited number of fractionated bed-sediment extracts containing labeled DDT. Use of isotopically labeled DDT seems to provide an effective tool for monitoring sample-specific DDT breakdown during GC/MS analysis. However, analyte co-elutions render impractical their use in GC/ECD analysis. The occurrence of matrix-enhanced GC degradation might have important implications on data quality and the resultant interpretations of the environmental degradation of DDT and other thermolabile contaminants. RP Foreman, WT (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,METHODS RES & DEV PROGRAM,NATL WATER QUAL LAB,5293 WARD RD,ARVADA,CO 80002, USA. NR 36 TC 51 Z9 51 U1 3 U2 15 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0013-936X J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD MAR PY 1997 VL 31 IS 3 BP 905 EP 910 DI 10.1021/es960671q PG 6 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA WK815 UT WOS:A1997WK81500070 ER PT J AU Janecke, SU Hammond, BF Snee, LW Geissman, JW AF Janecke, SU Hammond, BF Snee, LW Geissman, JW TI Rapid extension in an Eocene volcanic arc: Structure and paleogeography of an intra-arc half graben in central Idaho SO GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA BULLETIN LA English DT Article ID CHALLIS FAULT SYSTEM; EAST-CENTRAL IDAHO; NEW-ZEALAND; TERTIARY EXTENSION; ALEUTIAN RIDGE; CENTRAL OREGON; UNITED-STATES; SUMMIT BASINS; GREAT-BASIN; MONTANA AB A study of extension, volcanism, and sedimentation in the middle Eocene Panther Creek half graben in central Idaho shows that it formed rapidly during an episode of voluminous volcanism. The east-southeast-tilted Panther Creek half graben developed across the northeast edge of the largest cauldron complex of the Challis volcanic held and along the northeast-trending Trans Chatlis fault zone. Two normal fault systems bound the east side of the half graben. One fault system strikes northeast, parallel to the Trans-Challis fault zone, and the other strikes north to northwest. The geometry of the basin-fill deposits shows that movement on these two normal fault systems was synchronous and that both faults controlled the development of the Panther Creek half graben. Strikes of the synextension volcanic and sedimentary rocks are similar throughout the half graben, whereas dips decrease incrementally upsection from as much as 60 degrees to less than 10 degrees. Previous K-Ar dates and a new Ar-40/Ar-39 plateau date from the youngest widespread tuff in the basin suggest that most of basin formation spanned 3 m.y. between about 47.7 Ma and 44.5 Ma. As much as 6.5 km of volcanic and sedimentary rocks mere deposited during that time. Although rates of extension and subsidence were very high, intense volcanic activity continually filled the basin with ash-flow tuffs, outpacing subsidence and sedimentation,until the end of basin development. After the abrupt end of Challis volcanism, locally derived pebble to boulder conglomerate and massive, reworked ash accumulated in the half graben. These sedimentary rocks make up a small part of the basin fill in the Panther Creek half graben and were derived mainly from Proterozoic metasedimentary rocks uplifted in the footwall of the basin. The east-southeast tilt of the sedimentary rocks, their provenance and coarse grain size, and the presence of a gravity slide block derived from tilted volcanic rocks in the hanging wall attest to continued tectonism during conglomerate deposition. Provenance data from the sedimentary rocks imply that the highland in the footwall of the Panther Creek half graben was never thickly blanketed by synextension volcanic rocks, despite intense volcanic activity Analysis of the Panther Creek half graben and other intra-arc rift basins supports previous interpretations that relative rates of volcanism and subsidence control the proportion of volcanic rocks deposited in intra-arc rifts. C1 US GEOL SURVEY,DENVER FED CTR,DENVER,CO 80225. UNIV NEW MEXICO,DEPT EARTH & PLANETARY SCI,ALBUQUERQUE,NM 87131. RP Janecke, SU (reprint author), UTAH STATE UNIV,DEPT GEOL,LOGAN,UT 84322, USA. NR 81 TC 29 Z9 31 U1 0 U2 4 PU GEOLOGICAL SOC AMERICA PI BOULDER PA PO BOX 9140 3300 PENROSE PLACE, BOULDER, CO 80301 SN 0016-7606 J9 GEOL SOC AM BULL JI Geol. Soc. Am. Bull. PD MAR PY 1997 VL 109 IS 3 BP 253 EP 267 DI 10.1130/0016-7606(1997)109<0253:REIAEV>2.3.CO;2 PG 15 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA WN967 UT WOS:A1997WN96700001 ER PT J AU Reheis, C Sawyer, TL AF Reheis, C Sawyer, TL TI Late Cenozoic history and slip rates of the Fish Lake Valley, Emigrant Peak, and Deep Springs fault zones, Nevada and California SO GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA BULLETIN LA English DT Article ID WESTERN UNITED-STATES; SIERRA-NEVADA; PANAMINT VALLEY; SHEAR ZONE; BASIN; DEFORMATION; EARTHQUAKES; MOTIONS; PACIFIC; STRESS AB Several well-dated stratigraphic markers permit detailed assessment of the temporal and spatial variation in slip rates along the interconnected faults of the Fish Lake Valley, Emigrant Peak, and Deep Springs Fault zones in west-central Nevada and east-central California. Right-lateral mol:ion on the Fish Lake Valley fault zone apparently began ca. 10 Ma (11.9-8.2 Ma). Associated extensional faulting probably began ca. 5 Ma (6.9-4 Ma) and resulted in the opening of Fish Lake Valley and Deep Springs Valley. The long-term lateral slip rate for the Fish Lake Valley fault zone since about 10 Ma is 5 mm/yr (3-12 mm/yr). Our preferred lateral-slip rate for the central, most active part of the Fish Lake Valley fault zone decreased from about 6 to 3 mm/yr from the late Miocene to the early Pleistocene, increased to about 11 mm/yr during the middle Pleistocene, and decreased to about 3 mm/yr during the late Pleistocene. Extension may account for some of the change in lateral-slip rate during the Pliocene. The large increase in lateral-slip rate during the middle Pleistocene is circumstantially linked to an increase in vertical-slip rates on the Fish Lake Valley and Deep Springs fault zones at about the time of the eruption of the Bishop ash (0.76 Ma). Vertical-slip rates along the three fault zones are also related to fault strike; vertical rates are highest on north-striking faults and approach zero on northwest-striking Faults. The long-lived slip history of the Fish Lake Valley fault zone fits a tectonic model in which the Death Valley-Furnace Creek-Fish Lake Valley fault system is integrated with right-lateral shear on faults of the central Walker Lane and the Eastern California shear zone to accommodate part of the Pacific-North American relative plate motion. Our research demonstrates that the Fish Lake Valley fault zone accounts for about half the rate of 10-12 mm/yr of Pacific-North American plate-boundary shear accommodated within the Basin and Range Province between about lat 37 degrees and 38 degrees N. RP Reheis, C (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,DENVER FED CTR,MS 980,BX 25046,DENVER,CO 80225, USA. NR 51 TC 35 Z9 35 U1 0 U2 7 PU GEOLOGICAL SOC AMERICA PI BOULDER PA PO BOX 9140 3300 PENROSE PLACE, BOULDER, CO 80301 SN 0016-7606 J9 GEOL SOC AM BULL JI Geol. Soc. Am. Bull. PD MAR PY 1997 VL 109 IS 3 BP 280 EP 299 PG 20 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA WN967 UT WOS:A1997WN96700003 ER PT J AU Howard, KA John, BE AF Howard, KA John, BE TI Fault-related folding during extension: Plunging basement-cored folds in the Basin and Range SO GEOLOGY LA English DT Article ID PEACH SPRINGS TUFF; ARIZONA AB Folds are able to form in highly extended areas where stratified cover rocks respond to basement fault offsets. The response of cover rocks to basement faulting can be studied especially well in plunging structures that expose large structural relief. The southern Basin and Range province contains plunging folds kilometres in amplitude at the corners of domino-like tilt blocks of basement rocks, where initially steep transverse and normal faults propagated upward toward the layered cover rocks. Exposed tilted cross sections, as much as 8 km thick, display transitions from faulted basement to folded cover that validate laboratory models of forced folds. The folded cover masks a deeper extensional style of brittle segmentation and uniform steep tilting. C1 UNIV WYOMING,DEPT GEOL & GEOPHYS,LARAMIE,WY 82071. RP Howard, KA (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,345 MIDDLEFIELD RD,MENLO PK,CA 94025, USA. NR 23 TC 14 Z9 15 U1 1 U2 1 PU GEOLOGICAL SOC AMERICA PI BOULDER PA PO BOX 9140 3300 PENROSE PLACE, BOULDER, CO 80301 SN 0091-7613 J9 GEOLOGY JI Geology PD MAR PY 1997 VL 25 IS 3 BP 223 EP 226 DI 10.1130/0091-7613(1997)025<0223:FRFDEP>2.3.CO;2 PG 4 WC Geology SC Geology GA WN968 UT WOS:A1997WN96800008 ER PT J AU Kilb, D Ellis, M Gomberg, J Davis, S AF Kilb, D Ellis, M Gomberg, J Davis, S TI On the origin of diverse aftershock mechanisms following the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake SO GEOPHYSICAL JOURNAL INTERNATIONAL LA English DT Article DE aftershocks; Loma Prieta ID WHITTIER-NARROWS; CALIFORNIA; SEQUENCE; INVERSION; STRESS; FAULT; SLIP; TECTONICS; GEOMETRY; HISTORY AB We test the hypothesis that the origin of the diverse suite of aftershock mechanisms following the 1989 M7.1 Loma Prieta, California, earthquake is related to the post-main-shock static stress field. We use a 3-D boundary-element algorithm to calculate static stresses, combined with a Coulomb failure criterion to calculate conjugate failure planes at aftershock locations. The post-main-shock static stress field is taken as the sum of a pre-existing stress field and changes in stress due to the heterogeneous slip across the Loma Prieta rupture plane. The background stress field is assumed to be either a simple shear parallel to the regional trend of the San Andreas fault or approximately fault-normal compression. A suite of synthetic aftershock mechanisms from the conjugate failure planes is generated and quantitatively compared (allowing for uncertainties in both mechanism parameters and earthquake locations) to well-constrained mechanisms reported in the US Geological Survey Northern California Seismic Network catalogue. We also compare calculated rakes with those observed by resolving the calculated stress tensor onto observed focal mechanism nodal planes, assuming either plane to be a likely rupture plane. Various permutations of the assumed background stress field, frictional coefficients of aftershock fault planes, methods of comparisons, etc. explain between 52 and 92 per cent of the aftershock mechanisms. We can explain a similar proportion of mechanisms, however, by comparing a randomly reordered catalogue with the various suites of synthetic aftershocks. The inability to duplicate aftershock mechanisms reliably on a one-to-one basis is probably a function of the combined uncertainties in models of main-shock slip distribution, the background stress field, and aftershock locations. In particular, we show theoretically that any specific main-shock slip distribution and a reasonable background stress held are able to generate a highly variable suite of failure planes such that quite different aftershock mechanisms may be expected to occur within a kilometre or less of each other. This scale of variability is less than the probable location error of aftershock earthquakes in the Loma Prieta region. We successfully duplicate a measure of the variability in the mechanisms of the entire suite of aftershocks. If static stress changes are responsible for the generation of aftershock mechanisms, we are able to place quantitative constraints on the level of stress that must have existed in the upper crust prior to the Loma Prieta rupture. This stress level appears to be too low to generate the average slip across the main-shock rupture plane. Possible reasons for this result range from incorrect initial assumptions of homogeneity in the background stress field, friction and fault geometry to driving stresses that arise from deeper in the crust or upper mantle. Alternatively, aftershock focal mechanisms may be determined by processes other than, or in addition to, static stress changes, such as pore-pressure changes or dynamic stresses. C1 US GEOL SURVEY,MEMPHIS,TN. UNIV COLORADO,NGDC,NOAA,CIRES,BOULDER,CO 80309. RP Kilb, D (reprint author), UNIV MEMPHIS,CTR EARTHQUAKE RES & INFORMAT,MEMPHIS,TN 38152, USA. NR 48 TC 38 Z9 43 U1 0 U2 3 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA P O BOX 88, OSNEY MEAD, OXFORD, OXON, ENGLAND OX2 0NE SN 0956-540X J9 GEOPHYS J INT JI Geophys. J. Int. PD MAR PY 1997 VL 128 IS 3 BP 557 EP 570 DI 10.1111/j.1365-246X.1997.tb05318.x PG 14 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA WL669 UT WOS:A1997WL66900005 ER PT J AU Stein, RS Barka, AA Dieterich, JH AF Stein, RS Barka, AA Dieterich, JH TI Progressive failure on the North Anatolian fault since 1939 by earthquake stress triggering SO GEOPHYSICAL JOURNAL INTERNATIONAL LA English DT Article DE earthquake prediction; seismic modelling; seismic stress; stress distribution ID STATIC STRESS; SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA; CRUSTAL DEFORMATION; LANDERS EARTHQUAKE; 1992 LANDERS; JUNE 1992; TURKEY; ZONE; SYSTEM; SLIP AB 10 M greater than or equal to 6.7 earthquakes ruptured 1000 km of the North Anatolian fault (Turkey) during 1939-1992, providing an unsurpassed opportunity to study how one large shock sets up the next. We use the mapped surface slip and fault geometry to infer the transfer of stress throughout the sequence. Calculations of the change in Coulomb failure stress reveal that nine out of 10 ruptures were brought closer to failure by the preceding shocks, typically by 1-10 bar, equivalent to 3-30 years of secular stressing. We translate the calculated stress changes into earthquake probability gains using an earthquake nucleation constitutive relation, which includes both permanent and transient effects of the sudden stress changes. The transient effects of the stress changes dominate during the mean 10 yr period between triggering and subsequent rupturing shocks in the Anatolia sequence. The stress changes result in an average three-fold gain in the net earthquake probability during the decade after each event. Stress is calculated to be high today at several isolated sites along the fault. During the next 30 years, we estimate a 15 per cent probability of a M greater than or equal to 6.7 earthquake east of the major eastern centre of Ercinzan, and a 12 per cent probability for a large event south of the major western port city of Izmit. Such stress-based probability calculations may thus be useful to assess and update earthquake hazards elsewhere. C1 ISTANBUL TECH UNIV,DEPT GEOL,TR-80626 ISTANBUL,TURKEY. RP Stein, RS (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,MS 977,345 MIDDLEFIELD RD,MENLO PK,CA 94025, USA. NR 62 TC 607 Z9 673 U1 5 U2 74 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA P O BOX 88, OSNEY MEAD, OXFORD, OXON, ENGLAND OX2 0NE SN 0956-540X J9 GEOPHYS J INT JI Geophys. J. Int. PD MAR PY 1997 VL 128 IS 3 BP 594 EP 604 DI 10.1111/j.1365-246X.1997.tb05321.x PG 15 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA WL669 UT WOS:A1997WL66900008 ER PT J AU Poeter, EP Hill, MC AF Poeter, EP Hill, MC TI Inverse models: A necessary next step in ground-water modeling SO GROUND WATER LA English DT Article ID PARAMETER-IDENTIFICATION; SOLUTE TRANSPORT; CALIBRATION; FLOW AB Inverse models using, for example, nonlinear least-squares regression, provide capabilities that help modelers take full advantage of the insight available from ground-water models. However, lack of information about the requirements and benefits of inverse models is an obstacle to their widespread use. This paper presents a simple ground-water flow problem to illustrate the requirements and benefits of the nonlinear least-squares regression method of inverse modeling and discusses how these attributes apply to field problems. The benefits of inverse modeling include: (1) expedited determination of best fit parameter values; (2) quantification of the (a) quality of calibration, (b) data shortcomings and needs, and (c) confidence limits on parameter estimates and predictions; and (3) identification of issues that are easily overlooked during nonautomated calibration. C1 US GEOL SURVEY,DIV WATER RESOURCES,DENVER,CO 80225. RP Poeter, EP (reprint author), COLORADO SCH MINES,DEPT GEOL & GEOL ENGN,GOLDEN,CO 80401, USA. NR 35 TC 170 Z9 176 U1 0 U2 11 PU GROUND WATER PUBLISHING CO PI WESTERVILLE PA 601 DEMPSEY RD, WESTERVILLE, OH 43081 SN 0017-467X J9 GROUND WATER JI Ground Water PD MAR-APR PY 1997 VL 35 IS 2 BP 250 EP 260 DI 10.1111/j.1745-6584.1997.tb00082.x PG 11 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Geology; Water Resources GA WM748 UT WOS:A1997WM74800011 ER PT J AU Mau, DP Winter, TC AF Mau, DP Winter, TC TI Estimating ground-water recharge from streamflow hydrographs for a small mountain watershed in a temperate humid climate, New Hampshire, USA SO GROUND WATER LA English DT Article ID AUTOMATED TECHNIQUES; RECESSION ANALYSES; BASE-FLOW; RECORDS AB Hydrographs of stream discharge were analyzed to determine ground-water recharge for two small basins draining into Mirror Lake, New Hampshire. Two methods of hydrograph analysis developed for determining ground-water recharge were evaluated, the instantaneous recharge method and the constant recharge method. For the instantaneous recharge method, recharge is assumed to be instantaneous and uniform over the basin. For the constant recharge method, recharge is assumed to be constant and uniform over the basin for a period of weeks to months. Both methods require that a ground-water recession slope be determined. The recession slope is used directly in the calculation for the instantaneous recharge method, and it is used as a base of reference for fitting a type curve in the constant recharge method. Results of the study indicated that the estimates of ground-water recharge for both methods agree to within about 10 percent. Two approaches to the instantaneous recharge method, manual and automated, were also evaluated, and the results were statistically similar. The baseflow component of streamflow commonly is assumed to be equivalent to ground-water recharge; therefore, two methods developed for determining the baseflow component of streamflow, graphical partitioning and digital filtering, were evaluated also. Baseflow values determined by graphical partitioning of hydrographs were about 25 percent less than the ground-water recharge values. Baseflow values determined by two different approaches to the mathematical digital filtering method were generally less than baseflow determined by graphical partitioning. However, one of the approaches to digital filtering agreed reasonably well with graphical partitioning if an appropriate filter constant was used. The other approach to digital filtering resulted in baseflow values that were much less than the other baseflow values and was therefore deemed inappropriate for use on these small mountain watersheds. RP Mau, DP (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,LAKEWOOD,CO 80225, USA. NR 26 TC 63 Z9 66 U1 4 U2 17 PU GROUND WATER PUBLISHING CO PI WESTERVILLE PA 601 DEMPSEY RD, WESTERVILLE, OH 43081 SN 0017-467X J9 GROUND WATER JI Ground Water PD MAR-APR PY 1997 VL 35 IS 2 BP 291 EP 304 DI 10.1111/j.1745-6584.1997.tb00086.x PG 14 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Geology; Water Resources GA WM748 UT WOS:A1997WM74800015 ER PT J AU Morin, RH Carleton, GB Poirier, S AF Morin, RH Carleton, GB Poirier, S TI Fractured-aquifer hydrogeology from geophysical logs; The Passaic Formation, New Jersey SO GROUND WATER LA English DT Article ID HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY; TRANSPORT-PROPERTIES; NETWORK; FLOW; PERMEABILITY; PERCOLATION; FLOWMETER; MEDIA; ROCKS AB The Passaic Formation consists of gradational sequences of mudstone, siltstone, and sandstone, and is a principal aquifer in central New Jersey, Ground-water flow is primarily controlled by fractures interspersed throughout these sedimentary rocks and characterizing these fractures in terms of type, orientation, spatial distribution, frequency, and transmissivity is fundamental towards understanding local fluid-transport processes, To obtain this information, a comprehensive suite of geophysical logs was collected in 10 wells roughly 46 m in depth and located within a.05 km(2) area in Hopewell Township, New Jersey, A seemingly complex, heterogeneous network of fractures identified with an acoustic televiewer was statistically reduced to two principal subsets corresponding to two distinct fracture types: (1) bedding-plane partings and (2) high-angle fractures, Bedding-plane partings are the most numerous and have an average strike of N84 degrees W and dip of 20 degrees N, The high-angle fractures are oriented subparallel to these features, with an average strike of N79 degrees E and dip of 71 degrees S, making the two fracture types roughly orthogonal, Their intersections form linear features that also retain this approximately east-west strike, Inspection of fluid temperature and conductance logs in conjunction with flowmeter measurements obtained during pumping allows the transmissive fractures to be distinguished from the general fracture population, These results show that, within the resolution capabilities of the logging tools, approximately 51 (or 18 percent) of the 280 total fractures are water producing, The bedding-plane partings exhibit transmissivities that average roughly 5 m(2)/day and that generally diminish in magnitude and frequency with depth, The high-angle fractures have average transmissivities that are about half those of the bedding-plane partings and show no apparent dependence upon depth, The geophysical logging results allow us to infer a distinct hydrogeologic structure within this aquifer that is defined by fracture type and orientation, Fluid flow near the surface! is controlled primarily by the highly transmissive, subhorizontal bedding-plane partings, As depth increases, the high-angle fractures apparently become more dominant hydrologically. C1 US GEOL SURVEY,W TRENTON,NJ 08628. UNIV QUEBEC,CHICOUTIMI,PQ G7H 2B1,CANADA. RP Morin, RH (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,BOX 25046,DENVER,CO 80225, USA. NR 37 TC 40 Z9 40 U1 0 U2 3 PU GROUND WATER PUBLISHING CO PI WESTERVILLE PA 601 DEMPSEY RD, WESTERVILLE, OH 43081 SN 0017-467X J9 GROUND WATER JI Ground Water PD MAR-APR PY 1997 VL 35 IS 2 BP 328 EP 338 DI 10.1111/j.1745-6584.1997.tb00090.x PG 11 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Geology; Water Resources GA WM748 UT WOS:A1997WM74800019 ER PT J AU Sanford, WE AF Sanford, WE TI Correcting for diffusion in carbon-14 dating of ground water SO GROUND WATER LA English DT Article ID FRACTURED POROUS-MEDIA; CONTAMINANT TRANSPORT; SINGLE FRACTURE; FISSURED ROCKS; MATRIX; AQUIFERS; C-14; RETARDATION; RADIOCARBON AB It has generally been recognized that molecular diffusion can be a significant process affecting the transport of carbon-14 in the subsurface when occurring either from a permeable aquifer into a confining layer or from a fracture into a rock matrix. An analytical solution that is valid for steady-state radionuclide transport through fractured rock is shown to be applicable to many multilayered aquifer systems. By plotting the ratio of the rate of difusion to the rate of decay of carbon-14 over the length scales representative of several common hydrogeologic settings, it is demonstrated that diffusion of carbon-14 should often be not only a significant process, but a dominant one relative to decay. An age-correction formula is developed and applied to the Bangkok Basin of Thailand, where a mean carbon-14-based age of 21,000 gears was adjusted to 11,000 years to account for diffusion. This formula and its graphical representation should prove useful for many studies, for they can be used first to estimate the potential role of diffusion and then to make a simple first-order age correction if necessary. RP Sanford, WE (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,MAIL STOP 430,RESTON,VA 22092, USA. NR 20 TC 75 Z9 75 U1 1 U2 11 PU GROUND WATER PUBLISHING CO PI WESTERVILLE PA 601 DEMPSEY RD, WESTERVILLE, OH 43081 SN 0017-467X J9 GROUND WATER JI Ground Water PD MAR-APR PY 1997 VL 35 IS 2 BP 357 EP 361 DI 10.1111/j.1745-6584.1997.tb00093.x PG 5 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Geology; Water Resources GA WM748 UT WOS:A1997WM74800022 ER PT J AU Dawson, VK Davis, RA AF Dawson, VK Davis, RA TI Liquid chromatographic determination of chloramine-T and its primary degradation product, p-toluenesulfonamide, in water SO JOURNAL OF AOAC INTERNATIONAL LA English DT Article AB N-sodium-N-chloro-rho-toluenesulfonamide (chloramine-T) effectively controls bacterial gill disease (BGD) in cultured fishes, BGD, a common disease of hatchery-reared salmonids, causes more fish losses than any other disease among these species, This study describes a liquid chromatographic (LC) method that is capable of direct, simultaneous analysis of chloramine-T and its primary degradation product, rho-toluenesulfonamide (rho-TSA), in water. The procedure involves reversed-phase (C-18) LC analysis with ion suppression, using 0.01 M phosphate buffer at pH 3. The mobile phase is phosphate buffer-acetonitrile (60 + 40) at 1 mL/min. Both chemicals can be detected with a UV spectrophotometer at 229 nm; the method is linear up to 40 mg, chloramine-T or rho-TSA/L. Mean recoveries were 96.4 +/- 6.1% for water samples fortified with 0.03 mg chloramine-T/L and 95.3 +/- 4.6% for water samples fortified with 0.005 mg rho-TSA/L. Limits of detection without sample enrichment for chloramine-T and rho-TSA are 0.01 mg/L and 0.001 mg/L, respectively. C1 VITERBO COLL,DEPT CHEM,LA CROSSE,WI 54601. RP Dawson, VK (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,UPPER MISSISSIPPI SCI CTR,POB 818,LA CROSSE,WI 54602, USA. NR 8 TC 9 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 1 PU AOAC INTERNATIONAL PI GAITHERSBURG PA 481 NORTH FREDRICK AVE, STE 500, GAITHERSBURG, MD 20877-2504 SN 1060-3271 J9 J AOAC INT JI J. AOAC Int. PD MAR-APR PY 1997 VL 80 IS 2 BP 316 EP 318 PG 3 WC Chemistry, Analytical; Food Science & Technology SC Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA WP016 UT WOS:A1997WP01600006 ER PT J AU Waterstrat, PR AF Waterstrat, PR TI Distribution and abundance of Saprolegnia in the water system of a Chinook salmon hatchery SO JOURNAL OF AQUATIC ANIMAL HEALTH LA English DT Article ID EGGS AB A pour-plate fungal assay was used to monitor the abundance of Saprolegnia fungi in the water supply of a hatchery for Columbia River chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha that was supplied with both single-pass creek water and 90% reuse well water. Hatchery production records were used to explore the relationship between the hatchery environment and fungal abundance. Saprolegnia was not detected in well water supplying the hatchery. Only minimal levels of Saprolegnia were detected in raceways receiving single-pass creek water. However, significant levels of Saprolegnia were observed in raceways receiving water from the 90% reuse system during the hatchery production cycle. During 1993, Saprolegnia in the reuse system increased from 33.5 colony-forming units per liter (cfu/L) upon the introduction of fish to the raceways to 592.5 cfu/L just prior to the final release of fish as smelts. Similar results were observed during the 1994 production cycle in which Saprolegnia increased from 141.6 cfu/L at the initiation of rearing to 550.0 cfu/L just prior to release. The major variables affecting the abundance of Saprolegnia in the reuse system were the duration of hatchery rearing, total fish biomass in the reuse system, and water temperature. Reuse system biomass was more significant than individual raceway biomass in determining the abundance of Saprolegnia. In reuse systems where water is mixed in common biofilters or aeration towers, reducing fish density within an individual raceway may have little effect on the exposure of fish to infectious agents unless the total biomass within the reuse system is reduced. C1 US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,ABERNATHY SALMON CULTURE TECHNOL CTR,LONGVIEW,WA 98632. NR 15 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 1 U2 3 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 SN 0899-7659 J9 J AQUAT ANIM HEALTH JI J. Aquat. Anim. Health PD MAR PY 1997 VL 9 IS 1 BP 58 EP 63 DI 10.1577/1548-8667(1997)009<0058:DAAOSI>2.3.CO;2 PG 6 WC Fisheries; Veterinary Sciences SC Fisheries; Veterinary Sciences GA XA291 UT WOS:A1997XA29100008 ER PT J AU Noble, AC Herman, RL Noga, EJ Bullock, GL AF Noble, AC Herman, RL Noga, EJ Bullock, GL TI Recurrent amoebic gill infestation in rainbow trout cultured in a semiclosed water recirculation system SO JOURNAL OF AQUATIC ANIMAL HEALTH LA English DT Article ID DISEASE AB Five lots of commercially purchased juvenile rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss (17-44 g) stocked in a continuous-production water recirculation system became infested with gill amoebae. The amoebae were introduced into the recirculation system, as evidenced by their presence on gills of fish held in quarantine tanks. Based on their morphology, as seen in histological sections and by electron microscopy, the amoebae appeared to be more closely related to the family Cochliopodiidae than to other taxa of free-living amoebae. Attempts to culture the amoebae in different media, at different temperatures of incubation, and in fish cell culture were not successful. Initial treatment of the recirculation system with formalin at 167 parts per million (ppm) for 1 h eliminated amoebae from the gills. Subsequent treatments of the entire system with formalin at 50-167 ppm reduced the intensity of further infestations. C1 US GEOL SURVEY,BIOL RESOURCES DIV,NATL FISH HLTH RES LAB,KEARNEYSVILLE,WV 25430. N CAROLINA STATE UNIV,COLL VET MED,RALEIGH,NC 27606. RP Noble, AC (reprint author), INST FRESHWATER,POB 1746,SHEPHERDSTOWN,WV 25443, USA. NR 10 TC 12 Z9 13 U1 1 U2 4 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 SN 0899-7659 J9 J AQUAT ANIM HEALTH JI J. Aquat. Anim. Health PD MAR PY 1997 VL 9 IS 1 BP 64 EP 69 DI 10.1577/1548-8667(1997)009<0064:RAGIIR>2.3.CO;2 PG 6 WC Fisheries; Veterinary Sciences SC Fisheries; Veterinary Sciences GA XA291 UT WOS:A1997XA29100009 ER PT J AU Heimann, DC Richards, JM Wilkison, DH AF Heimann, DC Richards, JM Wilkison, DH TI Agricultural chemicals in alluvial aquifers in Missouri after the 1993 flood SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY LA English DT Article ID SOLID-PHASE EXTRACTION; HERBICIDES; WATER AB Intense rains produced flooding during the spring and summer of 1993 over much of the midwestern USA including many agricultural areas of Missouri. Because of potential contamination from floodwater, an investigation was conducted to determine the changes in concentrations of agricultural chemicals in water samples from alluvial wells in Missouri after the flood. Water samples from 80 alluvial wells with historical data were collected in March, July, and November 1994, and analyzed for dissolved herbicides, herbicide metabolites, and nitrate (NO3). There were no statistically significant differences in the distribution of alachlor ((2,chloro-2'-6'-diethyl-N-[methoxymethyl]-acetanilide), atrazine (2-chloro-4-ethylamino-6-isopropylamino-1, 3, 5 triazine), and nitrate concentrations between pre- and postflood samples (alpha = 0.05). The detection frequency of alachlor and atrazine in postflood samples was generally lower than the frequency in preflood samples. Analyses of agricultural chemicals In water samples from an intensely sampled well field indicate significant differences between the distribution of dissolved P concentrations in pre- and postflood samples (alpha = 0.05). However, no significant differences were detected between the pre- and postflood distributions of NO3 or ammonia concentrations. Because of the numerous sources of temporal variability and the relatively short record of water-quality data for the study wells, a cause-and-effect relation between changes in agricultural chemical concentrations and a single factor of the 1993 flood is difficult to determine. Based on the results of this study, the 1993 flood did not cause widespread or long-term significant changes in concentrations of agricultural chemicals in water from alluvial aquifers in Missouri. C1 US GEOL SURVEY,ROLLA,MO 65401. RP Heimann, DC (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,301 W LEXINGTON,ROOM 227,FED BLDG,INDEPENDENCE,MO 64050, USA. NR 27 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 1 U2 1 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 SN 0047-2425 J9 J ENVIRON QUAL JI J. Environ. Qual. PD MAR-APR PY 1997 VL 26 IS 2 BP 361 EP 371 PG 11 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA WP039 UT WOS:A1997WP03900004 ER PT J AU Domagalski, JL Dubrovsky, NM Kratzer, CR AF Domagalski, JL Dubrovsky, NM Kratzer, CR TI Pesticides in the San Joaquin River, California: Inputs from dormant sprayed orchards SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY LA English DT Article ID LOWER MISSISSIPPI RIVER; HERBICIDES; DISTRIBUTIONS; TRIBUTARIES; TRANSPORT; WATER AB Rainfall-induced runoff mobilized pesticides to the San Joaquin River and its tributaries during a 3.8-cm rainstorm beginning the evening of 7 February and lasting through the morning of 8 Feb. 1993. Two distinct peaks of organophosphate pesticide concentrations were measured at the mouth of the San Joaquin River. These two peaks were attributed to contrasts between the soil texture, basin size, pesticide-use patterns, and hydrology of the eastern and western San Joaquin Valley. The fine soil texture and small size of the western tributary basins contributed to rapid runoff. In western valley streams, diazinon concentrations peaked within hours of the rainfall's end and then decreased because of a combination of dilution with pesticide-free runoff from the nearby Coast Ranges and decreasing concentrations in the agricultural runoff. Peak concentrations for the Merced River, a large tributary of the eastern San Joaquin Valley, occurred at least a day later than those of the western tributary streams. That delay may be due to the presence of well-drained soils in the eastern San Joaquin Valley, the larger size of the Merced River drainage basin, and the management of surface-water drainage networks. A subsequent storm on 18 and 19 February resulted in much lower concentrations of most organophosphate pesticides suggesting that the first storm had mobilized most of the pesticides that were available for rainfall-induced transport. RP Domagalski, JL (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,2800 COTTAGE WAY,RM W-2233,SACRAMENTO,CA 95025, USA. NR 20 TC 50 Z9 52 U1 0 U2 7 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 SN 0047-2425 J9 J ENVIRON QUAL JI J. Environ. Qual. PD MAR-APR PY 1997 VL 26 IS 2 BP 454 EP 465 PG 12 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA WP039 UT WOS:A1997WP03900016 ER PT J AU Elliott, AG Hubert, WA Anderson, SH AF Elliott, AG Hubert, WA Anderson, SH TI Habitat associations and effects of urbanization on macroinvertebrates of a small, high-plains stream SO JOURNAL OF FRESHWATER ECOLOGY LA English DT Article ID MICRODISTRIBUTION; INVERTEBRATES; INSECTS; RIVER; USA AB We described the relations between abundance of macroinvertebrates and several habitat variables in Crow Creek within F.E. Warren Air Force Base, Laramie County, Wyoming. Water velocity and longitudinal location showed the highest numbers of significant correlations with abundance of macroinvertebrate taxa. Changes in the macroinvertebrate community with changes in longitudinal location appeared to result from increasing urbanization with downstream movement. Caenis lattipennis, Ceratopogonidae, and Dubiraphia sp. were rare in the downstream portion of the study reach that has received substantial human disturbance. C1 UNIV WYOMING,WYOMJING COOPERAT FISH & WILDLIFE RES UNIT,US GEOL SURVEY,LARAMIE,WY 82071. NR 39 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 1 PU OIKOS PUBL INC PI LA CROSSE PA PO BOX 2558, LA CROSSE, WI 54601 SN 0270-5060 J9 J FRESHWATER ECOL JI J. Freshw. Ecol. PD MAR PY 1997 VL 12 IS 1 BP 61 EP 73 DI 10.1080/02705060.1997.9663509 PG 13 WC Ecology; Limnology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA WM932 UT WOS:A1997WM93200007 ER PT J AU HollandBartels, LE Dewey, MR AF HollandBartels, LE Dewey, MR TI The influence of seine capture efficiency on fish abundance estimates in the upper Mississippi River SO JOURNAL OF FRESHWATER ECOLOGY LA English DT Article ID COLLECTION EFFICIENCY; ROTENONE AB The effects of season, presence of vegetation, and time of day on seine capture efficiency for fish were evaluated using test enclosures in the upper Mississippi River. Overall capture efficiency of the seine haul was 49% (53% during the day and 43% at night). During daytime tests, the efficiency ranged from 39% to 74% but did not differ statistically between sites or among dates. At night, the efficiency was higher at the vegetated than at the nonvegetated site (55% vs 32%) and declined through time from 56% in May to 28% in October. Although susceptibility to capture differed among taxa, we could not predict either total catch efficiency or efficiency within a given taxon for a given sample. Adjustment of catch data with various estimates of efficiency reduced the mean absolute error for all sampling dates from 51% to 24%, but the error of the adjusted data still ranged from -58% to +54% on any given sampling date. These results indicate that it is difficult to make accurate adjustment of catch data to compensate for gear bias in studies of seasonal habitat use. C1 US GEOL SURVEY,UPPER MISSISSIPPI SCI CTR,LA CROSSE,WI 54602. NR 14 TC 13 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 3 PU OIKOS PUBL INC PI LA CROSSE PA PO BOX 2558, LA CROSSE, WI 54601 SN 0270-5060 J9 J FRESHWATER ECOL JI J. Freshw. Ecol. PD MAR PY 1997 VL 12 IS 1 BP 101 EP 111 DI 10.1080/02705060.1997.9663513 PG 11 WC Ecology; Limnology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA WM932 UT WOS:A1997WM93200011 ER PT J AU Plotkin, PT Rostal, DC Byles, RA Owens, DW AF Plotkin, PT Rostal, DC Byles, RA Owens, DW TI Reproductive and developmental synchrony in female Lepidochelys olivacea SO JOURNAL OF HERPETOLOGY LA English DT Article ID TURTLES CARETTA-CARETTA; SEA-TURTLES; OLIVE RIDLEY; EGGS; HATCHLINGS AB The reproductive behavior and movements of arribada nesting olive ridley turtles (Lepidochelys olivacea) were studied during the 1990 and 1991 nesting seasons (September through November) at Nancite Beach, Santa Rosa National Park, Guanacaste, Costa Pica. Females that normally emerge synchronously once a month on Nancite Beach to oviposit delayed oviposition in response to a period of very heavy rainfall. Females retained oviducal eggs for 63 days and emerged synchronously to oviposit at Nancite Beach after the rain had ceased. Egg retention in L. olivacea appears to be an adaptation which enables delayed oviposition when environmental conditions are unsuitable and may also facilitate reproductive synchrony. We suggest that preovipositional arrest of developing embryos may have occurred while oviducal eggs were retained. C1 TEXAS A&M UNIV, DEPT BIOL, COLLEGE STN, TX 77843 USA. GEORGIA SO UNIV, DEPT BIOL, STATESBORO, GA 30460 USA. US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV, ALBUQUERQUE, NM 87103 USA. NR 31 TC 27 Z9 29 U1 1 U2 9 PU SOC STUDY AMPHIBIANS REPTILES PI ST LOUIS PA C/O ROBERT D ALDRIDGE, ST LOUIS UNIV, DEPT BIOLOGY, 3507 LACLEDE, ST LOUIS, MO 63103 USA SN 0022-1511 J9 J HERPETOL JI J. Herpetol. PD MAR PY 1997 VL 31 IS 1 BP 17 EP 22 DI 10.2307/1565323 PG 6 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA YJ365 UT WOS:A1997YJ36500003 ER PT J AU Gilmour, EH McColloch, ME Wardlaw, BR AF Gilmour, EH McColloch, ME Wardlaw, BR TI Bryozoa of the Murdock Mountain Formation (Wordian, Permian), Leach Mountains, northeastern Nevada SO JOURNAL OF PALEONTOLOGY LA English DT Article AB A thin limestone tongue in the upper part of the Murdock Mountain Formation of northeastern Nevada contains abundant bryozoans of earliest Wordian age. This bryozoan fauna is close to the Kungurian-Kazanian boundary in Russia. These bryozoans are younger than those found in the Kaibab Formation of southern Nevada and slightly older than those in the Gerster Limestone of northern Nevada. This limestone tongue, herein referred to as the Stenodiscus beds, lies below the Thamnosia beds described by Wardlaw in the Murdock Mountain section of the Leach Mountains. This bryozoan-rich limestone tongue serves as a marker unit for mapping the Murdock Formation in the Leach Mountains. Nine new species of bryozoans occur in the Stenodiscus beds of the Murdock Mountain Formation: Hinganella felderi, Neoeridotrypella schilti, Stenopora parvaexozona, Stenodiscus murdockensis, Dyscritella acanthostylia, Pseudobatostomella irregularis, Streblotrypa (Streblotrypa) elongata, Morozoviella praecurriensis, and Thamniscus erraticus, Hinganella felderi, Neoeridotrypella schilti, Dyscritella acanthostylia, and Streblotrypa (Streblotrypa) elongata are very similar to species described from Russia. C1 US GEOL SURVEY,RESTON,VA 22092. RP Gilmour, EH (reprint author), EASTERN WASHINGTON UNIV,DEPT GEOL,CHENEY,WA 99004, USA. NR 46 TC 5 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 0 PU PALEONTOLOGICAL SOC INC PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH ST, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 SN 0022-3360 J9 J PALEONTOL JI J. Paleontol. PD MAR PY 1997 VL 71 IS 2 BP 214 EP 236 PG 23 WC Paleontology SC Paleontology GA WU624 UT WOS:A1997WU62400004 ER PT J AU Sageman, BB Rich, J Arthur, MA Birchfield, GE Dean, WE AF Sageman, BB Rich, J Arthur, MA Birchfield, GE Dean, WE TI Evidence for Milankovitch periodicities in Cenomanian-Turonian lithologic and geochemical cycles, western interior USA SO JOURNAL OF SEDIMENTARY RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID UNITED-STATES; TIME-SERIES; CLIMATE; COLORADO; BOUNDARY; RHYTHMS; ORIGIN; PUEBLO AB The limestone/marlstone bedding couplets of the Bridge Creek Limestone Member, Cenomanian-Turonian Greenhorn Formation, were analyzed by applying spectral techniques to high-resolution lithologic and geochemical data from a core. The results suggest that the Bridge Creek contains a complex record of orbital cyclicity. The dominant signal appears to be obliquity, but signals corresponding to precession and eccentricity were also observed. The development of the bedding couplets is interpreted to have resulted from a combination of factors, including insolation-controlled changes in higher-latitude precipitation leading to dilution/redox cycles, and in lower-latitude evaporation, leading to changes in surface water conditions and productivity cycles in the calcareous plankton. The data interpreted to reflect redox cycles appear to be more strongly influenced by obliquity, and show a weak precessional signal. In contrast, trends in the carbonate record show the opposite response. The complex bedding pattern observed in the Bridge Creek Limestone is interpreted to result from the competing influences of different orbital cycles expressed through different pathways of the depositional system, and was also affected by changes in sedimentation rates related to relative sea level fluctuations, aperiodic dilution by volcanic ash, and changes in organic matter production and redox conditions related to a global ''oceanic anoxic event''. These factors complicate cycle analysis in the lower part of the member but leave a relatively undisturbed record in the upper Bridge Creek Limestone. C1 PENN STATE UNIV,DEPT GEOSCI,UNIVERSITY PK,PA 16802. US GEOL SURVEY,MS 939,DENVER,CO 80225. RP Sageman, BB (reprint author), NORTHWESTERN UNIV,DEPT GEOL SCI,EVANSTON,IL 60208, USA. RI Sageman, Bradley/E-6363-2010; Arthur, Michael/E-2872-2014 OI Arthur, Michael/0000-0002-3028-6279 NR 80 TC 88 Z9 91 U1 1 U2 3 PU SEPM-SOC SEDIMENTARY GEOLOGY PI TULSA PA 1731 E 71ST STREET, TULSA, OK 74136-5108 SN 1073-130X J9 J SEDIMENT RES JI J. Sediment. Res. PD MAR PY 1997 VL 67 IS 2 BP 286 EP 302 PN B PG 17 WC Geology SC Geology GA WM580 UT WOS:A1997WM58000004 ER PT J AU McKnight, DM Tate, CM AF McKnight, DM Tate, CM TI Canada stream: A glacial meltwater stream in Taylor Valley, South Victoria Land, Antarctica SO JOURNAL OF THE NORTH AMERICAN BENTHOLOGICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID MICROBIAL COMMUNITIES; ECOSYSTEMS; NITROGEN RP McKnight, DM (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,DIV WATER RESOURCES,3215 MARINE ST,BOULDER,CO 80303, USA. OI MCKNIGHT, DIANE/0000-0002-4171-1533 NR 18 TC 22 Z9 22 U1 0 U2 4 PU NORTH AMER BENTHOLOGICAL SOC PI LAWRENCE PA 1041 NEW HAMSPHIRE STREET, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 SN 0887-3593 J9 J N AM BENTHOL SOC JI J. N. Am. Benthol. Soc. PD MAR PY 1997 VL 16 IS 1 BP 14 EP 17 DI 10.2307/1468224 PG 4 WC Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA WM593 UT WOS:A1997WM59300004 ER PT J AU Carter, HR AF Carter, HR TI Oiled seabird rescue at the J.V. Fitzgerald Marine Reserve, San Mateo County, California, 1968-1995 SO JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE REHABILITATION LA English DT Article DE oil pollution; oil spill; California; seabird; Common Murre; Uria aalge; rehabilitation; restoration AB Records of oiled and injured seabirds at the J.V. Fitzgerald Marine Reserve, San Mateo County, California, were collated from the daily log at the Reserve for the period 1968-1995. These records serve to demonstrate that oil spills and chronic oiling have occurred frequently in this area, just south of San Francisco. Common Murres (Uria aalge) were the most frequently-oiled species rescued at the Reserve. Greater efforts should be made by wildlife rehabilitators to collate large volumes of past data (prior to the early 1990s) on oiled and injured seabirds for similar documentation of large or moderate oil spills (including undocumented or poorly-known spills), chronic oiling from small spills, and injuries from other sources. RP Carter, HR (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,CALIF SCI CTR,BIOL RESOURCES DIV,6924 TREMONT RD,DIXON,CA 95620, USA. NR 25 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 5 PU INT WILDLIFE REHABILITATION COUNCIL PI SUISUN PA 4437 CENTRAL PLACE, B4, SUISUN, CA 94585 SN 1071-2232 J9 J WILDLIFE REHABIL JI J. Wildl. Rehabil. PD SPR PY 1997 VL 20 IS 1 BP 3 EP & PG 6 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA WZ548 UT WOS:A1997WZ54800002 ER PT J AU Rybicki, NB Jenter, HL Carter, V Baltzer, RA Turtora, M AF Rybicki, NB Jenter, HL Carter, V Baltzer, RA Turtora, M TI Observations of tidal flux between a submersed aquatic plant stand and the adjacent channel in the Potomac River near Washington, DC SO LIMNOLOGY AND OCEANOGRAPHY LA English DT Article ID MACROPHYTES AB Dye injection studies and direct velocity and water-level measurements were made in macrophyte stands and adjacent channels in order to observe the effects of the macrophyte stand on flow and mass exchange in the tidal Potomac River. During the summer, dense stands of submersed aquatic plants cover most shoals <2 m deep. Continuous summertime water-level records within a submersed aquatic plant stand and in the adjacent channel revealed time-varying gradients in water-surface elevation between the two areas. Water-level gradients are created by differing rates of tidal water-level change in vegetated and unvegetated areas. Results were consistent with the idea that on a rising tide the water was slower to enter a macrophyte stand, and on a falling tide it was slower to leave it. Differences in water elevation between the stand and the open channel generated components of velocity in the stand that were at right angles to the line of flow in the channel. Seasonal differences in flow speed and direction over the shoals indicate substantial differences in resistance to flow as a result of the vegetation. C1 US GEOL SURVEY,TALLAHASSEE,FL 32301. RP Rybicki, NB (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,NATL CTR 430,RESTON,VA 22092, USA. NR 24 TC 28 Z9 29 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER SOC LIMNOLOGY OCEANOGRAPHY PI WACO PA 5400 BOSQUE BLVD, STE 680, WACO, TX 76710-4446 SN 0024-3590 J9 LIMNOL OCEANOGR JI Limnol. Oceanogr. PD MAR PY 1997 VL 42 IS 2 BP 307 EP 317 PG 11 WC Limnology; Oceanography SC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA XK561 UT WOS:A1997XK56100011 ER PT J AU Chin, JL Karl, HA Maher, NM AF Chin, JL Karl, HA Maher, NM TI Shallow subsurface geology of the continental shelf, Gulf of the Farallones, California, and its relationship to surficial seafloor characteristics SO MARINE GEOLOGY LA English DT Article DE continental shelf; sea-level changes; shelf environment; seismic stratigraphy; surficial geology; unconformities; Pacific Coast; California AB The Gulf of the Farallones is located on a continental margin that is tectonically active and has experienced eustatic fluctuations of sea level throughout the Quaternary. Bathymetry of the Gulf suggests that it is different from the average continental shelf off California in that instead of a seafloor that slopes gently seaward from the shoreline to the shelf edge (dominantly west to southwest), much of the Gulf shelf slopes to the northwest, a direction that is subparallel to that of the adjacent mainland shoreline. Isobaths are oblique to shore-normal for much of the Gulf shelf as opposed to the more typical shore-parallel isobaths. This northwest trend is parallel to that of the offshore granitic outcrops, the Farallon Island ridge and Cordell Bank. 3.5 kHz shallow subsurface profiles show a regional unconformity (basal unconformity of this study) that truncates bedrock and typically is overlain by a very thin veneer (1-2 m or less) of acoustically transparent unconsolidated sediment. In places, the basal unconformity appears to be coincident with the seafloor. Where the basal unconformity is within 1-2 m of the seafloor, side-scan sonar reveals that either bedrock pierces the seafloor or numerous linear depressions dissect the shelf seafloor. Side-scan sonar shows that the central part of the study area is characterized by numerous linear depressions that are on the order of 1-3 m deep, several meters to 5 bm in length, and from 250 m to 2 km in width. The only Holocene unconsolidated sediment in excess of 1-2 m that has accumulated on the Gulf shelf is located where the bedrock surface is topographically depressed. The topographic lows are situated south of the Point Reyes headland and southwest of the Golden Gate. The sediment deposits that overlie these lows attain thicknesses up to 15-20 m; however, their average thickness is less than 10 m. Structure contours on the basal unconformity surface, essentially the top of the bedrock platform, also show that it is topographically high at its southern end and low at its northern end; the slope of the platform is therefore to the northwest. The seafloor mimics the attitude of the bedrock platform owing to the lack of appreciable sediment cover and hence also slopes northwest. This accounts for the oblique to shore-normal orientation of isobaths in the Gulf and the northwestward slope of the seafloor. The results of this investigation suggest that eustatic sea level fluctuations in conjunction with local tectonics had a profound effect on the deposition, erosion, and preservation of sediment on the Gulf shelf throughout the Quaternary and that the shallow subsurface greatly influences many aspects of the present surficial morphology. C1 MONTEREY BAY AQUARIUM RES INST,PACIFIC GROVE,CA 93950. RP Chin, JL (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,345 MIDDLEFIELD RD,MENLO PK,CA 94025, USA. NR 20 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0025-3227 J9 MAR GEOL JI Mar. Geol. PD MAR PY 1997 VL 137 IS 3-4 BP 251 EP 269 DI 10.1016/S0025-3227(96)00091-6 PG 19 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Oceanography SC Geology; Oceanography GA WT693 UT WOS:A1997WT69300005 ER PT J AU Hansen, DP Jakeman, AJ Kendall, C Weizu, G AF Hansen, DP Jakeman, AJ Kendall, C Weizu, G TI Identification of internal flow dynamics in two experimental catchments SO MATHEMATICS AND COMPUTERS IN SIMULATION LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 11th Biennial Conference on Modelling and Simulation CY NOV, 1995 CL NEWCASTLE, AUSTRALIA SP MSSA, IMACS ID RUNOFF MODEL; RAINFALL AB Identification of the internal flow dynamics in catchments is difficult because of the lack of information in precipitation-stream discharge time series alone. Two experimental catchments, Hydrohill and Nandadish, near Nanjing in China, have been set up to monitor internal flows reaching the catchment stream at various depths, from the surface runoff to the bedrock. With analysis of the precipitation against these internal discharges, it is possible to quantify the time constants and volumes associated with various flowpaths in both catchments. C1 AUSTRALIAN NATL UNIV,DEPT RESOURCE & ENVIRONM STUDIES,CANBERRA,ACT 0200,AUSTRALIA. US GEOL SURVEY,DIV WATER RESOURCES,MENLO PK,CA 94025. MINIST WATER RESOURCES,NANJING HYDRAUL RES INST,NANJING,PEOPLES R CHINA. RI Jakeman, Anthony/P-6786-2014 OI Jakeman, Anthony/0000-0001-5282-2215 NR 9 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0378-4754 J9 MATH COMPUT SIMULAT JI Math. Comput. Simul. PD MAR PY 1997 VL 43 IS 3-6 BP 367 EP 375 DI 10.1016/S0378-4754(97)00021-9 PG 9 WC Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications; Computer Science, Software Engineering; Mathematics, Applied SC Computer Science; Mathematics GA XJ411 UT WOS:A1997XJ41100017 ER PT J AU Cecil, LD Vogt, S AF Cecil, LD Vogt, S TI Identification of bomb-produced chlorine-36 in mid-latitude glacial ice of North America SO NUCLEAR INSTRUMENTS & METHODS IN PHYSICS RESEARCH SECTION B-BEAM INTERACTIONS WITH MATERIALS AND ATOMS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 7th Conference on Accelerator Mass Spectrometry CY MAY 20-24, 1996 CL TUCSON, AZ SP AMS ID CL-36 AB In 1991, the U.S. Geological Survey collected a 160-meter (m) ice core from the Upper Fremont Glacier (43 degrees 07'N, 109 degrees 36'W) in the Wind River Mountain Range of Wyoming in the western United States [1]. In 1994-95, ice from this core was processed at the National Ice Core Laboratory in Denver, Colorado, and analyzed for chlorine-36 (Cl-36) by accelerator mass spectrometry at PRIME Laboratory, Purdue University. A tritium bomb peak identified in the work by [1] was used as a marker to estimate the depth of bomb-produced Cl-36. Tritium concentrations ranged from 0 tritium units (TU) for older ice to more than 300 TU at 29 m below the surface of the glacier, a depth that includes ice that was deposited as snow during nuclear-weapons tests through the early 1960's. Maximum Cl-36 production during nuclear-weapons tests was in the late 1950's; therefore, the analyses were performed on ice from a depth of 29.8 to 32 m. Calculated flux for Cl-36 in ice deposited in the late 1950's ranged from 1.2 +/- 0.1 x 10(-1) atoms/cm(2) s for ice from 29.8 to 30.4 m, to 2.9 +/- 0.1 x 10(-1) atoms/cm(2) s for ice from 31.5 to 32.0 m. Ice samples from a depth of 104.7 to 106.3 m were selected to represent pre-weapons tests Cl-36 flux. Calculated flux for Cl-36. in this deeper ice was 4.6 +/- 0.8 x 10(-3) atoms/cm(2) s for ice from 104.7 to 105.5 m and 2.0 +/- 0.2 x 10(-2) atoms/cm(2) s for ice from 105.5 to 106.3 m. These flux calculations from the Upper Fremont Glacier analyses are the first for bomb-produced Cl-36 in ice from a mid-latitude glacier in North America. It may now be possible to fully quantify the flux of Cl-36 from nuclear-weapons tests archived in mid-latitude glacial ice and to gain a better understanding of the distribution of Cl-36 and other cosmogenic nuclides. C1 PURDUE UNIV,DEPT CHEM,W LAFAYETTE,IN 47907. RP Cecil, LD (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,IDAHO NATL ENGN LAB,PROJECT OFF,IDAHO FALLS,ID 83415, USA. NR 11 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0168-583X J9 NUCL INSTRUM METH B JI Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. Sect. B-Beam Interact. Mater. Atoms PD MAR PY 1997 VL 123 IS 1-4 BP 287 EP 289 PG 3 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Nuclear Science & Technology; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical; Physics, Nuclear SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Nuclear Science & Technology; Physics GA WT653 UT WOS:A1997WT65300060 ER PT J AU Paul, M Berkovits, D Cecil, LD Feldstein, H Hershkowitz, A Kashiv, Y Vogt, S AF Paul, M Berkovits, D Cecil, LD Feldstein, H Hershkowitz, A Kashiv, Y Vogt, S TI Environmental Sr-90 measurements SO NUCLEAR INSTRUMENTS & METHODS IN PHYSICS RESEARCH SECTION B-BEAM INTERACTIONS WITH MATERIALS AND ATOMS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 7th Conference on Accelerator Mass Spectrometry CY MAY 20-24, 1996 CL TUCSON, AZ SP AMS ID STRONTIUM; SAMPLES AB Sr-90 (T-1/2 = 28.5 years) is a long-lived radionuclide produced in nuclear fission. Fast radiochemical detection of Sr-90 in environmental samples is not feasible using current analytical methods. Accelerator Mass Spectrometry (AMS) measurements of Sr-90 were made with the Rehovot 14UD Pelletron accelerator at a terminal voltage of 11 or 12 MV using our standard detection system, Injection of hydride ions (SrH3-) was chosen owing to high beam intensity and low Coulomb explosion effects. Sr-90 ions were identified and discriminated from isobaric Zr-90 by measuring time of flight, total energy and three independent energy-loss signals in an ionization chamber, A reference sample and a ground-water sample were successfully measured. The detection limit determined for a laboratory blank by the residual counts in the Sr-90 region is Sr-90/Sr = 3 x 10(-13), corresponding in practice to (2-4) x 10(7 90)Sr atoms or about 0.5-1 pCi/L samples. C1 SOREQ NRC,IL-81800 YAVNE,ISRAEL. US GEOL SURVEY,IDAHO FALLS,ID 83403. PURDUE UNIV,DEPT CHEM,W LAFAYETTE,IN 47907. RP Paul, M (reprint author), HEBREW UNIV JERUSALEM,RACAH INST PHYS,IL-91904 JERUSALEM,ISRAEL. NR 12 TC 27 Z9 27 U1 0 U2 3 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0168-583X J9 NUCL INSTRUM METH B JI Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. Sect. B-Beam Interact. Mater. Atoms PD MAR PY 1997 VL 123 IS 1-4 BP 394 EP 399 DI 10.1016/S0168-583X(96)00708-2 PG 6 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Nuclear Science & Technology; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical; Physics, Nuclear SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Nuclear Science & Technology; Physics GA WT653 UT WOS:A1997WT65300079 ER PT J AU Anderson, JE Desmond, GB Lemeshewsky, GP Morgan, DR AF Anderson, JE Desmond, GB Lemeshewsky, GP Morgan, DR TI Reflectance calibrated digital multispectral video: A test-bed for high spectral and spatial resolution remote sensing SO PHOTOGRAMMETRIC ENGINEERING AND REMOTE SENSING LA English DT Article C1 USA,TOPOG ENGN CTR,WASHINGTON,DC 20310. RP Anderson, JE (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,MS 521 NATL CTR,RESTON,VA 22092, USA. NR 12 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC PHOTOGRAMMETRY PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 210, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2160 SN 0099-1112 J9 PHOTOGRAMM ENG REM S JI Photogramm. Eng. Remote Sens. PD MAR PY 1997 VL 63 IS 3 BP 224 EP & PG 5 WC Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Physical Geography; Geology; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA WL696 UT WOS:A1997WL69600001 ER PT J AU Ramsey, EW Chappell, DK Baldwin, DG AF Ramsey, EW Chappell, DK Baldwin, DG TI AVHRR imagery used to identify hurricane damage in a forested wetland of Louisiana SO PHOTOGRAMMETRIC ENGINEERING AND REMOTE SENSING LA English DT Article ID CANOPY REFLECTANCE; SPECTRAL RESPONSE; COVER PROPORTIONS; PLANT CANOPY; VEGETATION AB Certain events provide a unique opportunity to test the monitoring capability of AVHRR imagery. On 26 August 2992, Hurricane Andrew passed through Louisiana, impacting a large area of forested wetlands. One response to the widespread defoliation resulting from the hurricane impact was an abnormal bloom of new leaves and new growth in the underlying vegetation between September and October. To capture this atypical phenology, a time sequence of AVHRR images was transformed into a normalized difference vegetation index, NDVI, as an indicator of vegetation changes in the forest impacted by the passage of a hurricane. Using geographic information system functions, three sites in the impacted forest were vectorized as polygons, and the inclusive pixels were extracted for subsequent graphical and univariate statistical analysis. Temporal curves of mean NDVIs for the three sites for before, during, and after the hurricane passage, and aggregate curves of the impacted forest to an undisturbed forest, were compared. These comparisons corraborated the atypical phenology of the impacted forested wetland and directly related the cause to the hurricane passage. C1 UNIV COLORADO,COLORADO CTR ASTRODYNAM RES,BOULDER,CO 80309. RP Ramsey, EW (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,NATL WETLANDS RES CTR,700 CAJUNDOME BLVD,LAFAYETTE,LA 70506, USA. NR 28 TC 28 Z9 32 U1 1 U2 3 PU AMER SOC PHOTOGRAMMETRY PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 210, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2160 SN 0099-1112 J9 PHOTOGRAMM ENG REM S JI Photogramm. Eng. Remote Sens. PD MAR PY 1997 VL 63 IS 3 BP 293 EP 297 PG 5 WC Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Physical Geography; Geology; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA WL696 UT WOS:A1997WL69600019 ER PT J AU Evans, WC AF Evans, WC TI Avoid bumpy road to removing lake's CO2 just pap the piper SO PHYSICS TODAY LA English DT Letter RP Evans, WC (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,345 MIDDLEFIELD RD,MENLO PK,CA 94025, USA. RI Evans, William/J-4283-2012 NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI WOODBURY PA CIRCULATION FULFILLMENT DIV, 500 SUNNYSIDE BLVD, WOODBURY, NY 11797-2999 SN 0031-9228 J9 PHYS TODAY JI Phys. Today PD MAR PY 1997 VL 50 IS 3 BP 104 EP 105 DI 10.1063/1.881685 PG 2 WC Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Physics GA WK805 UT WOS:A1997WK80500026 ER PT J AU Fritts, SH Bangs, EE Fontaine, JA Johnson, MR Phillips, MK Koch, ED Gunson, JR AF Fritts, SH Bangs, EE Fontaine, JA Johnson, MR Phillips, MK Koch, ED Gunson, JR TI Planning and implementing a reintroduction of wolves to Yellowstone National Park and central Idaho SO RESTORATION ECOLOGY LA English DT Article ID GRAY WOLVES; CANIS-LUPUS; WOLF; CONSERVATION; ALBERTA AB The Northern Rocky Mountain Wolf Recovery plan proposed reintroduction of Canis lupus (gray wolf)to Yellowstone National Park and centra Idaho as part of a wolf restoration plan for the northern Rocky Mountains of the United States. Strong opposition from some factions within the region forestalled the action for two decades. An environmental impact statement, conducted in 1992-1994 with extensive public input, culminated in a proposal to reintroduce wolves designated as ''non-essential-experimental'' under Section 10 (j) of the federal Endangered Species Act. This approach, approved by the Secretary of the Interior in 1994, provided for wolf restoration while allowing management flexibility to deal with concerns of the local public. A reintroduction plan was developed in the summer and fall of 1994. Acquiring, holding, transporting, and releasing suitable wolves for reintroduction presented a myriad of technical and logistical challenges that required effective planning and coordination by all participants. In January 1995, 29 wolves were captured in Alberta and transported to Yellowstone National Park (14) and central Idaho (15). Idaho wolves were freed immediately upon arrival; Yellowstone wolves (three family groups) were held in acclimation pens in the park until late March. Most Idaho wolves traveled extensively within the area intended for them, averaging 82 km net distance away from release sites after 5 months (range = 30-220 km), and three male-female pairs formed by July. After 5 months in the wild, at least 13 of 15 Idaho-released wolves were a:live within the intended area, as were 13 of 14 Yellowstone wolves; one wolf was known to have been illegally killed in each area. No livestock were killed. Wolves released into Yellowstone Park continued to live as packs, stayed closer to their release sites ((x) over bar = 22 km at end of June), and settled into home ranges; two packs produced a total of nine pups. The progress of the reintroduction program in its first year far exceeded expectations. Reintroductions of about 15 wolves to each area for 2-4 more years are scheduled, but the project may be shortened because of early successes. Future reintroduction planners can expect sociocultural issues to pervade the effort, but they can be optimistic that, from a biological standpoint, reintroduction of wolves has strong potential as a restoration technique. C1 US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,HELENA,MT 59601. NATL PK SERV,YELLOWSTONE CTR RESOURCES,YELLOWSTONE NATL PK,WY 82190. US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,BOISE,ID 83705. ALBERTA ENVIRONM PROTECT,EDMONTON,AB T6H 4P2,CANADA. NR 58 TC 71 Z9 75 U1 17 U2 163 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE INC PI MALDEN PA 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN, MA 02148 SN 1061-2971 J9 RESTOR ECOL JI Restor. Ecol. PD MAR PY 1997 VL 5 IS 1 BP 7 EP 27 DI 10.1046/j.1526-100X.1997.09702.x PG 21 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA WP943 UT WOS:A1997WP94300002 ER PT J AU Weiner, A Berg, C Gerlach, T Grunblatt, J Holbrook, K Kuwada, M AF Weiner, A Berg, C Gerlach, T Grunblatt, J Holbrook, K Kuwada, M TI The Exxon Valdez oil spill: Habitat protection as a restoration strategy SO RESTORATION ECOLOGY LA English DT Article ID CRITERIA AB Habitat protection is a major component of the Exxon Valdez oil spill restoration process. The acquisition of private lands, or partial interests Ln private lands, is intended to promote natural recovery of spill-injured resources and services by removing the threat of additional development impacts, The Comprehensive Habitat Protection Process is the method that was designed to achieve this objective. Over one million acres within the oil spill affected area were evaluated, scored, and ranked by a multi-criteria evaluation process. Initially, lands were divided into large parcels encompassing entire bays and watersheds. Criteria were then used to assess the habitat and human-use values associated with each parcel and the protection benefit that acquisition would provide for 19 injured resources rand services. This process has been the basis for the acquisition of 41,549 acres of land an Afognak Island and 23,800 acres on the Kenai Peninsula and for agreements that if consummated, will result in the accquisition of fee or lesser rights an over a half million acres of land ira:he Kodiak Archipelago, on the Kenai Peninsula, and in Prince William Sound. All of these lands or rights, if acquired, will be incorporated into parks or refuges or otherwise managed in a manner that will facilitate the recovery of the resources and services injured by the oil spill. C1 US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,ANCHORAGE,AK 99503. US FOREST SERV,ANCHORAGE,AK 99503. ALASKA DEPT FISH & GAME,ANCHORAGE,AK 99518. RP Weiner, A (reprint author), DEPT NAT RESOURCES,3601 C ST,SUITE 1210,ANCHORAGE,AK 99503, USA. NR 35 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 2 U2 3 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE INC PI MALDEN PA 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN, MA 02148 SN 1061-2971 J9 RESTOR ECOL JI Restor. Ecol. PD MAR PY 1997 VL 5 IS 1 BP 44 EP 55 DI 10.1046/j.1526-100X.1997.09705.x PG 12 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA WP943 UT WOS:A1997WP94300005 ER PT J AU Boyer, ME Harris, JO Turner, RE AF Boyer, ME Harris, JO Turner, RE TI Constructed crevasses and land gain in the Mississippi River delta SO RESTORATION ECOLOGY LA English DT Article ID LOUISIANA; USA AB Extensive land loss, which is mostly wetland loss, has taken place during this century in the Mississippi River delta and other river deltas. Our purpose was to evaluate the effectiveness of constructing ''artificial'' crevasses, or cuts in the natural levee, made by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service in the Delta National Wildlife Refuge (DNWR) to slow or reverse this type of land loss. Land growth of the crevasses was determined from aerial photographs and was related to crevasse-site characteristics. The newly constructed crevasses create emergent wetlands after 2 years of subaqueous growth at about 4.7 ha/year and an average cost of $21,377 per crevasse. The present total cost per hectare declines with age as new land builds, and it will equal $48 per hectare if all the open water in the receiving ponds fills in. At these rates, the net land loss rates in the DNWR measured from 1958 to 1978 would be compensated for by the building of 63 crevasses, 24 of which are already in place. C1 US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,SLIDELL,LA 70458. LOUISIANA STATE UNIV,DEPT OCEANOG & COASTAL SCI,BATON ROUGE,LA 70803. LOUISIANA STATE UNIV,COASTAL ECOL INST,BATON ROUGE,LA 70803. RP Boyer, ME (reprint author), LOUISIANA STATE UNIV,SCH LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE,BATON ROUGE,LA 70803, USA. NR 21 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 1 U2 5 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE INC PI MALDEN PA 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN, MA 02148 SN 1061-2971 J9 RESTOR ECOL JI Restor. Ecol. PD MAR PY 1997 VL 5 IS 1 BP 85 EP 92 DI 10.1046/j.1526-100X.1997.09709.x PG 8 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA WP943 UT WOS:A1997WP94300009 ER PT J AU Custer, CM Custer, TW Zwank, PJ AF Custer, CM Custer, TW Zwank, PJ TI Migration chronology and distribution of redheads on the lower Laguna Madre, Texas SO SOUTHWESTERN NATURALIST LA English DT Article ID DUCKS AB An estimated 80% of redheads (Aythya americana) winter on the Laguna Madre of southern Texas and Mexico. Because there have been profound changes in the Laguna Madre over the past three decades and the area is facing increasing industrial and recreational development, we studied the winter distribution and habitat requirements of redheads during two winters (1987-1988 and 1988-1989) on the Lower Laguna Madre, Texas to provide information that could be used to understand, identify, and protect wintering redhead habitat. Redheads began arriving on the Lower Laguna Madre during early October in 1987 and 1988, and continued to arrive through November. Redhead migration was closely associated with passing weather fronts. Redheads arrived on the day a front arrived and during the following two days; no migrants were observed arriving the day before a weather front arrived. Flock size of arriving redheads was 26.4 +/- 0.6 birds and did not differ among days or by time of day (morning midday, or afternoon). Number of flocks arriving per 0.5 h interval (arrival rate) was greater during afternoon (21.7 +/- 0.6) than during morning (4.3 +/- 1.2) or midday (1.5 +/- 0.4) on the day of frontal passage and during the first day after frontal passage. Upon arrival, redhead flocks congregated in the central portion of the Lower Laguna Madre. They continued to use the central portion throughout the winter, but gradually spread to the northern and southern ends of the lagoon. Seventy-one percent of the area used by flocks was vegetated with shoalgrass (Halodule wrightii) although shoalgrass covered only 32% of the lagoon. Flock movements seemed to be related to tide level; redheads moved to remain in water 12-30 cm deep. These data can be used by the environmental community to identify and protect this unique and indispensable habitat for wintering redheads. RP Custer, CM (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,UPPER MISSISSIPPI SCI CTR,POB 818,LA CROSSE,WI 54602, USA. RI Custer, Christine/H-4871-2014; OI Custer, Thomas/0000-0003-3170-6519 NR 24 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 2 PU SOUTHWESTERN ASSN NATURALISTS PI SAN MARCOS PA SOUTHWEST TEXAS STATE UNIV, DEPT BIOLOGY, 601 UNIVERSITY DR, SAN MARCOS, TX 78666 SN 0038-4909 J9 SOUTHWEST NAT JI Southw. Natural. PD MAR PY 1997 VL 42 IS 1 BP 40 EP 51 PG 12 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA XE991 UT WOS:A1997XE99100006 ER PT J AU Maret, TR Robinson, CT Minshall, GW AF Maret, TR Robinson, CT Minshall, GW TI Fish assemblages and environmental correlates in least-disturbed streams of the upper Snake River basin SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE AMERICAN FISHERIES SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID WATER-QUALITY; ECOREGIONS; PATTERNS; COMMUNITIES; INTEGRITY; FRAMEWORK; GRADIENT AB Fish assemblages and environmental variables were evaluated from 37 least-disturbed, 1st- through 6th-order streams and springs in the upper Snake River basin, western USA. Data were collected as part of the efforts by the U.S. Geological Survey National Water Quality Assessment Program and the Idaho State University Stream Ecology Center to characterize aquatic biota and associated habitats in least-disturbed coldwater streams. Geographically, the basin comprises four ecoregions. Environmental variables constituting various spatial scales, from watershed characteristics to instream habitat measures, were used to examine distribution patterns in fish assemblages. Nineteen fish species in the families Salmonidae, Cottidae, Cyprinidae, and Catostomidae were collected. Multivariate analyses showed high overlap in stream fish assemblages among the ecoregions. Major environmental factors determining species distributions in the basin were stream gradient, watershed size, conductivity, and percentage of the watershed covered by forest. Lowland streams (below 1,600 m in elevation), located mostly in the Snake River Basin/High Desert ecoregion, displayed different fish assemblages than upland streams (above 2,000 m elevation) in the Northern Rockies, Middle Rockies, and Northern Basin and Range ecoregions. For example, cottids were not found in streams above 2,000 m in elevation. In addition, distinct fish assemblages were found in tributaries upstream and downstream from the large waterfall, Shoshone Falls, on the Snake River. Fish metrics explaining most of the variation among sites included the total number of species, number of native species, number of salmonid species, percent introduced species, percent cottids, and percent salmonids. Springs also exhibited different habitat conditions and fish assemblages than streams. The data suggest that the evolutionary consequences of geographic features and fish species introductions transcend the importance of ecoregion boundaries on fish distributions in the upper Snake River basin. C1 IDAHO STATE UNIV,DEPT BIOL SCI,STREAM ECOL CTR,POCATELLO,ID 83209. RP Maret, TR (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,DIV WATER RESOURCES,230 COLLINS RD,BOISE,ID 83702, USA. NR 48 TC 59 Z9 61 U1 4 U2 9 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 SN 0002-8487 J9 T AM FISH SOC JI Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. PD MAR PY 1997 VL 126 IS 2 BP 200 EP 216 DI 10.1577/1548-8659(1997)126<0200:FAAECI>2.3.CO;2 PG 17 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA WW217 UT WOS:A1997WW21700003 ER PT J AU Foster, AM Clugston, JP AF Foster, AM Clugston, JP TI Seasonal migration of Gulf sturgeon in the Suwannee River, Florida SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE AMERICAN FISHERIES SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID ATLANTIC STURGEONS; MOVEMENTS; SHORTNOSE AB The movements of 67 Gulf sturgeon Acipenser oxyrinchus desotoi equipped with radio transmitters were monitored in the Suwannee River, Florida, from March 1989 through August 1992. The objectives of this study were (1) to determine the seasonal movement patterns and distribution of Gulf sturgeon while in freshwater, (2) to document relationships between water temperature and Gulf sturgeon movement, and (3) to determine whether springs were used as thermal refugia by these fish. Gulf sturgeon were detected entering the river from mid-February through April; they moved upstream at an average speed of 3.5 km/d to areas where they remained until October or November. Gulf sturgeon moved no more than 0.6 river km (on average) upstream or downstream from their established summer area. Gulf sturgeon began leaving the Suwannee River from mid-September through early November and moved downstream at an average speed of 6.2 km/d; all fish returned to the Gulf of Mexico by early December. Water temperatures associated with spring and fall migrations averaged 22.1 degrees C (range, 16.0-28.0 degrees C) and 21.3 degrees C (range, 16.9-26.8 degrees C), respectively. Gulf sturgeon were frequently close to springs throughout the warmest period, but none were located within a spring or the thermal plume emanating from a spring. RP Foster, AM (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,BIOL RESOURCES DIV,7920 NW 71ST ST,GAINESVILLE,FL 32653, USA. NR 22 TC 46 Z9 46 U1 1 U2 12 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 SN 0002-8487 J9 T AM FISH SOC JI Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. PD MAR PY 1997 VL 126 IS 2 BP 302 EP 308 DI 10.1577/1548-8659(1997)126<0302:SMOGSI>2.3.CO;2 PG 7 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA WW217 UT WOS:A1997WW21700011 ER PT J AU Yanosky, TM Kappel, WM AF Yanosky, TM Kappel, WM TI Effects of solution mining of salt on wetland hydrology as inferred from tree rings SO WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID GROUNDWATER CONTAMINATION; TRENDS; DEPOSITION; CHEMISTRY; DECLINE AB Radial growth and concentrations of selected elements within rings were studied in white pine (Pinus strobus) trees from a wetland in central New York approximately 5 km north of a salt-solution mining field that operated from 1889 to 1988. Trees seemingly document three sequential episodes of mine-induced alterations of groundwater discharge irrigating the wetland during the 100-year period. The radial growth of trees established before the onset of mining declined abruptly in the early 1890s and remained suppressed until about 1960, as did growth of numerous other trees that became established after the onset of mining. Suppressed pre-1960 radial growth coincided with the interval that surface water was injected into the saltbeds, suggesting that losses of injected water to the bedrock and/or unconsolidated deposits increased groundwater flow into the wetland. An abrupt and sustained enhancement of radial growth beginning about 1960 indicates that the wetland became drier, and thus more conducive to tree growth, when injection practices were discontinued in the late 1950s despite the continued pumping of brine. Following the cessation of mining in the late 1980s, head pressures again increased in the upper valley, driving chloride-enriched flow northward along regional bedding-plane fractures and into the wetland. Large concentrations of chloride were detected within the most recently formed rings of some trees. As the result of chloride-enriched irrigation, the radial growth of some trees declined, and some trees died. Thus trees have preserved evidence of a century of hydrologic alterations, unobtainable by other means, where the effects of brine mining have not been documented previously. C1 US GEOL SURVEY,DIV WATER RESOURCES,RESTON,VA 22091. RP Yanosky, TM (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,DIV WATER RESOURCES,903 HANSHAW RD,ITHACA,NY 14850, USA. NR 34 TC 11 Z9 12 U1 1 U2 2 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 SN 0043-1397 J9 WATER RESOUR RES JI Water Resour. Res. PD MAR PY 1997 VL 33 IS 3 BP 457 EP 470 DI 10.1029/96WR03688 PG 14 WC Environmental Sciences; Limnology; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Water Resources GA WK638 UT WOS:A1997WK63800009 ER PT J AU Moench, AF AF Moench, AF TI Convergent radial dispersion in a double-porosity aquifer with fracture skin: Analytical solution and application to a field experiment in fractured chalk - Reply SO WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH LA English DT Editorial Material RP Moench, AF (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,345 MIDDLEFIELD RD,MS 496,MENLO PK,CA 94025, USA. NR 5 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 SN 0043-1397 J9 WATER RESOUR RES JI Water Resour. Res. PD MAR PY 1997 VL 33 IS 3 BP 501 EP 503 DI 10.1029/96WR03354 PG 3 WC Environmental Sciences; Limnology; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Water Resources GA WK638 UT WOS:A1997WK63800014 ER PT J AU Lent, RM Weiskel, PK Lyford, FP Armstrong, DS AF Lent, RM Weiskel, PK Lyford, FP Armstrong, DS TI Hydrologic indices for nontidal wetlands SO WETLANDS LA English DT Article DE wetland; hydrology; water balance; ground-water/surface-water interaction ID WATER-BALANCE; LAKES; SWAMP AB Two sets of hydrologic indices were developed to characterize the water-budget components of nontidal wetlands. The first set consisted of six water-budget indices for input and output variables, and the second set consisted of two hydrologic interaction indices derived from the water-budget indices. The indices then were applied to 19 wetlands with previously published water-budget data. Two trilinear diagrams for each wetland were constructed, one for the three input indices and another for the three output indices. These two trilinear diagrams then were combined with a central quadrangle to form a Piper-type diagram, with data points from the trilinear diagrams projected onto the quadrangle. The quadrangle then was divided into nine fields that summarized the water-budget information. Two quantitative ''interaction indices'' were calculated from two of the six water-budget indices (precipitation and evapotranspiration). They also were obtained graphically from the water-budget indices, which were first projected to the central quadrangle of a Piper-type diagram from the flanking trilinear plots. The first interaction index (I) defines the strength of interaction between a wetland and the surrounding ground- and surface-water system. The second interaction index (S) defines the nature of the interaction between the wetland and the surrounding ground- and surface-water system (source versus sink). Evaluation of these indices using published wetland water-budget data illustrates the usefulness of the technique. RP Lent, RM (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,28 LORD RD,SUITE 280,MARLBOROUGH,MA 01752, USA. NR 31 TC 11 Z9 12 U1 1 U2 6 PU SOC WETLAND SCIENTISTS PI LAWRENCE PA 810 E TENTH ST, P O BOX 1897, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 SN 0277-5212 J9 WETLANDS JI Wetlands PD MAR PY 1997 VL 17 IS 1 BP 19 EP 30 PG 12 WC Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA WQ468 UT WOS:A1997WQ46800003 ER PT J AU Auble, GT Scott, ML Friedman, JM Back, J Lee, VJ AF Auble, GT Scott, ML Friedman, JM Back, J Lee, VJ TI Constraints on establishment of plains cottonwood in an urban riparian preserve SO WETLANDS LA English DT Article DE channel change; channel stabilization; cottonwood; dam; disturbance; flood; flow regulation; riparian; urban floodplain ID RIVER FLOODPLAIN; MISSOURI RIVER; FOREST; VEGETATION; PATTERNS; DAMS AB Plot sampling and hydraulic modeling were combined to investigate establishment and survival of plains cottonwood along Boulder Creek, an urban stream on the Colorado Plains. We tested the hypothesis that establishment is limited to bare, moist surfaces produced by spring flooding in the current year. No cottonwood germination was observed in 1989 when peak flow was low. A moderate peak of 11.9 m(3)/s in 1990 resulted in cottonwood establishment on surfaces inundated by discharges less than 15 m(3)/s. Surviving sapling cottonwoods established before 1989 occurred on surfaces inundated by discharges of 15-31 m(3)/s and dated to years with peak flows over 15 m(3)/s. Since 1969, establishment of cottonwood has been limited to a floodplain 21 m wide. Flow regulation and channel stabilization upstream and downstream of the study area have reduced the channel movement and overbank flooding that otherwise would have created bare, moist sites suitable for cottonwood establishment across a wider area. GIS analysis of aerial photographs shows that between 1937 and 1992 the channel has not moved and forest has encroached upon formerly open areas near the channel. A terrace, 317 m wide, is now dominated by trees that can reproduce in the absence of disturbance, especially the exotic crack willow. RP Auble, GT (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,MIDCONTINENT ECOL SCI CTR,4512 MCMURRY AVE,FT COLLINS,CO 80525, USA. OI Friedman, Jonathan/0000-0002-1329-0663 NR 36 TC 22 Z9 22 U1 2 U2 8 PU SOC WETLAND SCIENTISTS PI LAWRENCE PA 810 E TENTH ST, P O BOX 1897, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 SN 0277-5212 J9 WETLANDS JI Wetlands PD MAR PY 1997 VL 17 IS 1 BP 138 EP 148 PG 11 WC Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA WQ468 UT WOS:A1997WQ46800013 ER PT J AU Field, R AF Field, R TI International Wildlife Management and Research Symposium - Introduction SO WILDLIFE SOCIETY BULLETIN LA English DT Editorial Material DE international wildlife management; sustainability ID AMPHIBIAN DECLINES; RAIN-FOREST; SUSTAINABILITY; CONSERVATION RP Field, R (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,MASSACHUSETTS COOPERAT FISH & WILDLIFE RES UNIT,BIOL RESOURCES DIV,AMHERST,MA 01003, USA. NR 38 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU WILDLIFE SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2197 SN 0091-7648 J9 WILDLIFE SOC B JI Wildl. Soc. Bull. PD SPR PY 1997 VL 25 IS 1 BP 28 EP 32 PG 5 WC Biodiversity Conservation SC Biodiversity & Conservation GA XA822 UT WOS:A1997XA82200008 ER PT J AU Wilson, MH Ryan, DA AF Wilson, MH Ryan, DA TI Conservation of Mexican wetlands: Role of the North American Wetlands Conservation Act SO WILDLIFE SOCIETY BULLETIN LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 2nd Annual Conference of the Wildlife-Society CY SEP, 1995 CL PORTLAND, OR SP Wildlife Soc DE conservation; Mexico; North American Wetlands Conservation Act; partnerships; wetlands C1 US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,N AMER WATERFOWL & WETLANDS OFF,ARLINGTON,VA 22203. RP Wilson, MH (reprint author), US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,PATUXENT WILDLIFE RES CTR,US GEOL SURVEY,BIOL RESOURCES DIV,LAUREL,MD 20708, USA. NR 11 TC 6 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 0 PU WILDLIFE SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2197 SN 0091-7648 J9 WILDLIFE SOC B JI Wildl. Soc. Bull. PD SPR PY 1997 VL 25 IS 1 BP 57 EP 64 PG 8 WC Biodiversity Conservation SC Biodiversity & Conservation GA XA822 UT WOS:A1997XA82200012 ER PT J AU Fuller, TK Fuller, MR DeGraaf, RM AF Fuller, TK Fuller, MR DeGraaf, RM TI Why do international research and management? SO WILDLIFE SOCIETY BULLETIN LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 2nd Annual Conference of the Wildlife-Society CY SEP, 1995 CL PORTLAND, OR SP Wildlife Soc DE collaboration; exchange; international; management; research ID WILDLIFE C1 US GEOL SURVEY,SNAKE RIVER FIELD STN,BOISE,ID 83706. UNIV MASSACHUSETTS,USDA,FOREST SERV,AMHERST,MA 01003. RP Fuller, TK (reprint author), UNIV MASSACHUSETTS,DEPT FORESTRY & WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT,AMHERST,MA 01003, USA. NR 5 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU WILDLIFE SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2197 SN 0091-7648 J9 WILDLIFE SOC B JI Wildl. Soc. Bull. PD SPR PY 1997 VL 25 IS 1 BP 74 EP 77 PG 4 WC Biodiversity Conservation SC Biodiversity & Conservation GA XA822 UT WOS:A1997XA82200014 ER PT J AU Bouffard, SH Hanson, MA AF Bouffard, SH Hanson, MA TI Fish in waterfowl marshes: Waterfowl managers' perspective SO WILDLIFE SOCIETY BULLETIN LA English DT Review DE aquatic communities; aquatic invertebrates; competition; fish; predation; trophic cascade; waterfowl; wetland ID SHALLOW PRAIRIE LAKE; GRAVEL PIT LAKES; COMMUNITY STRUCTURE; PLANKTON COMMUNITY; FEEDING ECOLOGY; BUCEPHALA-CLANGULA; AQUATIC VEGETATION; PLANKTIVOROUS FISH; BENTHIVOROUS FISH; INTRODUCED FISHES C1 MINNESOTA DEPT NAT RESOURCES,WETLAND WILDLIFE POPULAT & RES GRP,BEMIDJI,MN 56601. US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,POCATELLO,ID 83201. NR 174 TC 43 Z9 46 U1 1 U2 14 PU WILDLIFE SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2197 SN 0091-7648 J9 WILDLIFE SOC B JI Wildl. Soc. Bull. PD SPR PY 1997 VL 25 IS 1 BP 146 EP 157 PG 12 WC Biodiversity Conservation SC Biodiversity & Conservation GA XA822 UT WOS:A1997XA82200027 ER PT J AU Morrissey, MM Chouet, BA AF Morrissey, MM Chouet, BA TI Burst conditions of explosive volcanic eruptions recorded on microbarographs SO SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID MOUNT-ST-HELENS; WAVES; EXCITATION; PRESSURE; JETS AB Explosive volcanic eruptions generate pressure disturbances in the atmosphere that propagate away either as acoustic or as shock waves, depending on the explosivity of the eruption, Both types of waves are recorded on microbarographs as 1- to 0.1-hertz N-shaped signals followed by a longer period coda. These waveforms can be; used to estimate burst pressures and gas concentrations in explosive volcanic eruptions and provide estimates of eruption magnitudes. C1 US GEOL SURVEY,MENLO PK,CA 94025. RP Morrissey, MM (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,DENVER FED CTR,BOX 25046,MS-966,DENVER,CO 80225, USA. NR 26 TC 36 Z9 36 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER ASSOC ADVANCEMENT SCIENCE PI WASHINGTON PA 1200 NEW YORK AVE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 SN 0036-8075 J9 SCIENCE JI Science PD FEB 28 PY 1997 VL 275 IS 5304 BP 1290 EP 1293 DI 10.1126/science.275.5304.1290 PG 4 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA WK644 UT WOS:A1997WK64400037 ER PT J AU Golombek, MP Cook, RA Moore, HJ Parker, TJ AF Golombek, MP Cook, RA Moore, HJ Parker, TJ TI Selection of the Mars Pathfinder landing site SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-PLANETS LA English DT Article ID POLARIZATION RADAR OBSERVATIONS; PHYSICAL-PROPERTIES; MARTIAN SURFACE; THERMAL INERTIA; DEPOSITS; ALBEDO; TOPOGRAPHY; CRATER; IMAGES; ROCKS AB The Mars Pathfinder spacecraft will land on a depositional fan near the mouth of the catastrophic outflow channel, Ares Vallis (19.5 degrees N, 32.8 degrees W). This site offers the prospect of analyzing a variety of rock types from the ancient cratered highlands, intermediate-age ridged plains, and reworked channel deposits. Analyses of these rocks by Pathfinder instruments will enable first-order scientific questions to be addressed, such as differentiation of the crust, the development of weathering products, and the nature of the early environment, as well as their subsequent evolution on Mars. Constraints imposed by (1) spacecraft and rover designs (which are robust), (2) entry, descent, and landing, (3) scientific potential at various sites, and (4) safety were important considerations in site selection. Engineering constraints require a 70 km by 200 km smooth, flat (low slopes) area located between 10 degrees and 20 degrees N that is below 0 km elevation, with average radar reflectivity, little dust, and moderate rock abundance. Three regions on Mars are between 10 degrees and 20 degrees N and below 0 km elevation: Chryse, Amazonis, and Isidis-Elysium. Science considerations favor sites at the mouths of outflow channels (grab bag sites offer an assay of rock types on Mars), highland sites (early crustal differentiation and climate), and sites covered with dark (unoxidized) material. Sites are considered safe if they are clearly below 0 km elevation, appear acceptably free of hazards in high-resolution (< 50 m/pixel) Viking orbiter images and have acceptable reflectivity and roughness at radar wavelengths, thermal inertia, rock abundance, red to violet ratio, and albedo. Recent 3.5-cm wavelength radar observations were used to verify elevation, reflectivity, and roughness within the landing ellipses. Three sites meet all of these criteria: Ares Vallis, Tritonis Lacus, and Isidis. Although Isidis appears to be safer than Tritonis and Ares, the greater scientific potential at Ares Vallis resulted in its Selection. Comparisons of the Grand Coulee (channel) and the depositional Ephrata Fan of the Channeled Scabland in eastern Washington, with Ares Vallis and its depositional fan also suggest the Ares Vallis landing site is safe and scientifically interesting. C1 US GEOL SURVEY,ASTROL TEAM,MENLO PK,CA 94025. RP Golombek, MP (reprint author), CALTECH,JET PROP LAB,4800 OAK GROVE DR,MAIL STOP 230-235,PASADENA,CA 91109, USA. NR 75 TC 64 Z9 64 U1 1 U2 4 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 SN 0148-0227 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-PLANET JI J. Geophys. Res.-Planets PD FEB 25 PY 1997 VL 102 IS E2 BP 3967 EP 3988 DI 10.1029/96JE03318 PG 22 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA WK420 UT WOS:A1997WK42000003 ER PT J AU Matijevic, JR Bickler, DB Braun, DF Eisen, HJ Matthies, LH Mishkin, AH Stone, HW vanNieuwstadt, LM Wen, LC Wilcox, BH Ferguson, D Landis, GA Oberle, L Avril, LW Banes, RS Blomquist, RS Bolotin, GS Burger, DR Cooper, BK Deligiannis, F Dias, WC Fujiwara, BH Galletly, RD Hickey, GS Jewett, KA Jorgensen, EJ Kubo, HA Layman, WE McQuarie, DP Menke, RJ Mittman, DS Morrison, JC Nguyen, TT Noon, DE Ohm, TR Shinn, GM Shirley, DL Sirota, AR Stell, CB Sword, LF Ta, HC Thompson, AD Wallace, MT Wu, YC Jenkins, P Kolecki, J Stevenson, S Moore, HJ Crisp, J AF Matijevic, JR Bickler, DB Braun, DF Eisen, HJ Matthies, LH Mishkin, AH Stone, HW vanNieuwstadt, LM Wen, LC Wilcox, BH Ferguson, D Landis, GA Oberle, L Avril, LW Banes, RS Blomquist, RS Bolotin, GS Burger, DR Cooper, BK Deligiannis, F Dias, WC Fujiwara, BH Galletly, RD Hickey, GS Jewett, KA Jorgensen, EJ Kubo, HA Layman, WE McQuarie, DP Menke, RJ Mittman, DS Morrison, JC Nguyen, TT Noon, DE Ohm, TR Shinn, GM Shirley, DL Sirota, AR Stell, CB Sword, LF Ta, HC Thompson, AD Wallace, MT Wu, YC Jenkins, P Kolecki, J Stevenson, S Moore, HJ Crisp, J TI The Pathfinder microrover SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-PLANETS LA English DT Article ID ALH84001; SURFACE; LANDER; MARS AB An exciting scientific component of the Pathfinder mission is the rover, which will act as a mini-field geologist by providing us with access to samples for chemical analyses and close-up images of the Martian surface, performing active experiments to modify the surface and study the results, and exploring the landing site area. Structures, textures, and fabrics revealed in the rover camera images will provide a bounty of geologic information, which can be put in the larger context of geologic features seen in lander camera images. Rover technology experiments will improve our understanding of ''soil'' properties (grain size, bulk density, friction angle, cohesion, and compressibility) by contributing information not provided by the other Pathfinder instruments. Unplanned opportunities and activities are also likely to provide valuable science information, such as examination of any slumped or eroded soil that has been piled up by the rover wheels, and examination of overturned rocks. Using its ability to actively explore and experiment, the rover will fill in key gaps in our understanding of the landing site. C1 NASA,LEWIS RES CTR,CLEVELAND,OH 44135. US GEOL SURVEY,MENLO PK,CA 94025. RP Matijevic, JR (reprint author), CALTECH,JET PROP LAB,4800 OAK GROVE DR,PASADENA,CA 91109, USA. RI Crisp, Joy/H-8287-2016 OI Crisp, Joy/0000-0002-3202-4416 NR 34 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 6 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 SN 0148-0227 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-PLANET JI J. Geophys. Res.-Planets PD FEB 25 PY 1997 VL 102 IS E2 BP 3989 EP 4001 PG 13 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA WK420 UT WOS:A1997WK42000004 ER PT J AU Smith, PH Tomasko, MG Britt, D Crowe, DG Reid, R Keller, HU Thomas, N Gliem, F Rueffer, P Sullivan, R Greeley, R Knudsen, JM Madsen, MB Gunnlaugsson, HP Hviid, SF Goetz, W Soderblom, LA Gaddis, L Kirk, R AF Smith, PH Tomasko, MG Britt, D Crowe, DG Reid, R Keller, HU Thomas, N Gliem, F Rueffer, P Sullivan, R Greeley, R Knudsen, JM Madsen, MB Gunnlaugsson, HP Hviid, SF Goetz, W Soderblom, LA Gaddis, L Kirk, R TI The imager for Mars Pathfinder experiment SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-PLANETS LA English DT Article ID MAGNETIC-PROPERTIES; MARTIAN SURFACE; DUST; HEMATITE; ATMOSPHERE; PARTICLES; SPECTRA; DUNES; SOIL AB The imager for Mars Pathfinder (IMP), a stereoscopic, multispectral camera, is described in terms of its capabilities for studying the Martian environment. The camera's two eyes, separated by 15.0 cm, provide the camera with range-finding ability. Each eye illuminates half of a single CCD detector with a field of view of 14.4 x 14.0 degrees and has 12 selectable filters. The f/18 optics have a large depth of field, and no focussing mechanism is required; a mechanical shutter is avoided by using the frame transfer capability of the 512 x 512 CCD. The resolving power of the camera, 0.98 mrad/pixel, is approximately the same as the Viking Lander cameras; however, the signal-to-noise ratio for IMP greatly exceeds Viking, approaching 350. This feature along with the stable calibration of the filters between 440 and 1000 nm distinguishes IMP from Viking. Specially designed targets are positioned on the Lander; they provide information on the magnetic properties of wind-blown dust, measure the wind vectors, and provide radiometric standard reflectors for calibration. Also, eight low-transmission filters are included for imaging the Sun directly at multiple wavelengths, giving IMP the ability to measure dust opacity and potentially the water vapor content. Several experiments beyond the requisite color panorama are described in detail: contour mapping of the local terrain, multispectral imaging of the surrounding rock and soil to study local mineralogy, viewing of three wind socks, measuring atmospheric opacity and water vapor content, and estimating the magnetic properties of wind-blown dust. This paper is intended to serve as a guide to understanding the scientific integrity of the IMP data that will be returned from Mars starting on July 4, 1997. C1 US GEOL SURVEY,FLAGSTAFF,AZ 86001. TECH UNIV CAROLO WILHELMINA BRAUNSCHWEIG,D-3300 BRAUNSCHWEIG,GERMANY. ARIZONA STATE UNIV,DEPT GEOL,TEMPE,AZ 85287. MAX PLANCK INST AERON,D-3411 KATLENBURG DUHM,GERMANY. NIELS BOHR INST,DK-2100 COPENHAGEN,DENMARK. RP Smith, PH (reprint author), UNIV ARIZONA,LUNAR & PLANETARY LAB,TUCSON,AZ 85721, USA. RI Madsen, Morten/D-2082-2011 OI Madsen, Morten/0000-0001-8909-5111 NR 38 TC 91 Z9 91 U1 1 U2 7 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 SN 0148-0227 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-PLANET JI J. Geophys. Res.-Planets PD FEB 25 PY 1997 VL 102 IS E2 BP 4003 EP 4025 DI 10.1029/96JE03568 PG 23 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA WK420 UT WOS:A1997WK42000005 ER PT J AU Tanaka, KL AF Tanaka, KL TI Sedimentary history and mass flow structures of Chryse and Acidalia Planitiae, Mars SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-PLANETS LA English DT Article ID MARTIAN NORTHERN PLAINS; KASEI-VALLES; CHANNELS; ORIGIN; FEATURES; EARTH; WATER; CRUST AB Geologic mapping and crater counting in Chryse and Acidalia Planitiae (CAP) reveal five major sedimentary deposits of Hesperian to Early Amazonian age, including (1) a mass flow deposited during the Early Hesperian near Deuteronilus Mensae (northeast of the map region) that may have resulted from the carving of Kasei Valles, >3000 km southwest of the exposed part of the deposit; (2) knobby plains material consisting of channel (likely from Simud and Tiu Valles and possibly Ares and Shalbatana Valles) and mass-wasting deposits in central and eastern CAP; (3) material largely from Maja and Ares Valles emplaced in at least western apd southern CAP (outcrops in southern Chryse Planitia developed thermokarst); (4) a thin mass flow covering much of southern Chryse Planitia that emanated from Simud and Tiu Valles; and (5) a thick, extensive (perhaps >3500 km across) mass flow deposit in central and northern CAP derived from accumulation and backflow of the preceding thin mass flow or perhaps melting of polar deposits. Other possible deposits may not be recognizable owing to burial by younger materials or a lack of morphologic signature. Various associated landforms appear to be consistent with the mass flow interpretations, including lobate and linear scarps along deposit edges, fractures related to desiccation of thick sediments, troughs, and ridges near the edges of the deposit indicative of secondary mass movement and deformation, pitted domes and fissure-fed flows possibly formed by sedimentary (mud) eruptions, and longitudinal channel grooves perhaps formed by roller vortices. No convincing evidence for paleoshorelines or stagnant ice sheets is found in CAP. These findings suggest that mass flow and hyperconcentrated flooding may have been the predominant processes of outflow-channel dissection in CAP. Elsewhere in the northern plains, similar landforms are prevalent. The mass flow interpretation does not require either multiple episodes of extraordinarily high water-discharge rates achieved by freeing huge volumes of water from the crust, repetitive recycling of immense volumes of water into highland aquifers at the heads of Chryse channels, or profound climate change. Mars Pathfinder will most likely land on and inspect the surface of the thin mass flow that originated from the canyons of Simud and Tiu Valles. RP Tanaka, KL (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,2255 N GEMINI DR,FLAGSTAFF,AZ 86001, USA. NR 57 TC 105 Z9 105 U1 0 U2 8 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 SN 0148-0227 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-PLANET JI J. Geophys. Res.-Planets PD FEB 25 PY 1997 VL 102 IS E2 BP 4131 EP 4149 DI 10.1029/96JE02862 PG 19 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA WK420 UT WOS:A1997WK42000014 ER PT J AU Benoit, JP McNutt, SR AF Benoit, JP McNutt, SR TI New constraints on source processes of volcanic tremor at Arenal Volcano, Costa Rica, using broadband seismic data SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article AB Broadband seismic data recorded 2.3 km from the active vent of Arenal Volcano, Costa Rica, provide new constraints on tremor source processes. Arenal's tremor contains as many as seven harmonics, whose frequencies vary temporally by up to 75 percent, from initial values of 1.9 Hz for the first peak immediately following explosive eruptions to 3.2-3.5 Hz several minutes later. We infer that gas bubble concentration is variable within the conduit and also changes as a function of time, thereby changing the acoustic velocity We infer that the source is a shallow, 200-660 m-long, vertically oriented 1-D resonator with matched boundary conditions, radiating seismic energy from a displacement antinode. Polarization analyses show that particle motion azimuths abruptly rotate, which may be explained by a decrease of the incidence angle. We suggest that energy is radiated predominantly from a displacement antinode that is changing position with time. Tremor consists mainly of transverse waves that travel at speeds of about 800 m/s. P waves in the magma conduit will couple very efficiently into S waves in the surrounding medium when there is virtually no impedance contrast between the two media for these two types of waves. The tremor at Arenal is similar to tremor at nine other volcanoes. C1 UNIV ALASKA, ALASKA VOLCANO OBSERV, FAIRBANKS, AK 99775 USA. RP UNIV ALASKA, INST GEOPHYS, FAIRBANKS, AK 99775 USA. NR 21 TC 85 Z9 86 U1 0 U2 5 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0094-8276 EI 1944-8007 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD FEB 15 PY 1997 VL 24 IS 4 BP 449 EP 452 DI 10.1029/97GL00179 PG 4 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA WJ181 UT WOS:A1997WJ18100025 ER PT J AU Jones, LM Hauksson, E AF Jones, LM Hauksson, E TI The seismic cycle in southern California: Precursor or response? SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article ID SAN-ANDREAS FAULT; EARTHQUAKE; RATES AB The seismicity rate (M greater than or equal to 3.0) in southern California shows two cycles with periods of high activity (90 events/year), from 1945-1952 and 1969-1992, and lower activity (60-70 events/year) from 1952-1969 and 1992-present. Abrupt drops in the seismicity rate occur after the 1952 Kern County (M7.5) and the 1992 Landers (M7.3) earthquakes. The sudden increase in 1969 does not coincide with any major event but approximates the time needed to reaccumulate the seismic moment released in the 1952 earthquake. This temporal correlation with the preceding earthquake suggests that the seismic cycle (lower seismicity after a major earthquake and higher seismicity before the next major earthquake) should be interpreted as a response to the first earthquake rather than a precursor to the second. Southern California is now at a rate of seismicity as low as it experienced in the 1950s and 1960s. C1 CALTECH, SEISMOL LAB 25221, PASADENA, CA 91125 USA. RP US GEOL SURVEY, 525 S WILSON AVE, PASADENA, CA 91106 USA. OI Hauksson, Egill/0000-0002-6834-5051 NR 26 TC 24 Z9 24 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0094-8276 EI 1944-8007 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD FEB 15 PY 1997 VL 24 IS 4 BP 469 EP 472 DI 10.1029/97GL00188 PG 4 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA WJ181 UT WOS:A1997WJ18100030 ER PT J AU White, WB Lean, J Cayan, DR Dettinger, MD AF White, WB Lean, J Cayan, DR Dettinger, MD TI Response of global upper ocean temperature to changing solar irradiance SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-OCEANS LA English DT Article ID CLIMATE VARIABILITY; SURFACE-TEMPERATURE; CYCLE; INDICATOR; SIGNALS; LENGTH; MODEL AB By focusing on time sequences of basin-average and global-average upper ocean temperature (i.e., from 40 degrees S to 60 degrees N) we find temperatures responding to changing solar irradiance in three separate frequency bands with periods of >100 years, 18-25 years, and 9-13 years. Moreover, we find them in two different data sets, that is, surface marine weather observations from 1990 to 1991 and bathythermograph (BT) upper ocean temperature profiles from 1955 to 1994. Band-passing basin-average find each frequency component in phase across the Indian, Pacific, and Atlantic Oceans, yielding global-average records with maximum amplitudes of 0.04 degrees +/- 0.01 degrees K and 0.07 degrees 0.01 degrees K on decadal and interdecadal scales, respectively. These achieve maximum correlation with solar irradiance records (i.e., with maximum amplitude 0.5 W m(-2) at the top of the atmosphere) al phase lags ranging from 30 degrees to 50 degrees. From the BT data set, solar signals in global-average temperature penetrate to 80-160 m, confined to the upper layer above the main pycnocline. Operating a global-average heat budget for the upper ocean yields sea surface temperature responses of 0.01 degrees-0.03 degrees K and 0.02 degrees-0.05 degrees K on decadal and interdecadal scales, respectively, from the 0.1 W m(-2) Penetration of solar irradiance to the sea surface. Since this is of the same order as that observed (i.e., 0.04 degrees-0.07 degrees K), we can infer that anomalous heat from changing solar irradiance is stored in the upper layer of the ocean. C1 USN,RES LAB,EO HULBURT CTR SPACE RES,WASHINGTON,DC 20375. US GEOL SURVEY,SAN DIEGO,CA. RP White, WB (reprint author), UNIV CALIF SAN DIEGO,SCRIPPS INST OCEANOG,LA JOLLA,CA 92093, USA. NR 40 TC 213 Z9 228 U1 3 U2 10 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-OCEANS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans PD FEB 15 PY 1997 VL 102 IS C2 BP 3255 EP 3266 DI 10.1029/96JC03549 PG 12 WC Oceanography SC Oceanography GA WH737 UT WOS:A1997WH73700003 ER PT J AU Cronin, TM Raymo, ME AF Cronin, TM Raymo, ME TI Orbital forcing of deep-sea benthic species diversity SO NATURE LA English DT Article ID NORTH-ATLANTIC; GLACIATION; PLIOCENE; CYCLES AB Explanations for the temporal and spatial patterns of species biodiversity focus on stability-time(1-3), disturbance-mosaic (biogenic microhabitat heterogeneity)(4,5) and competition-predation (biotic interactions)(6,7) hypotheses. The stability-time hypothesis holds that high species diversity in the deep sea and in the tropics reflects long-term climatic stability(3). But the influence of climate change on deep-sea diversity has not been studied and recent evidence suggests that deep-sea environments undergo changes in climatically driven temperature(8) and flux of nutrients(9) and organic-carbon(10) during glacial-interglacial cycles. Here we show that Pliocene (2.85-2.40 Myr) deep-sea North Atlantic benthic ostracod (Crustacea) species diversity is related to solar insolation changes caused by 41,000-yr cycles of Earth's obliquity (tilt). Temporal changes in diversity, as measured by the Shannon-Weiner index, H(S), correlate with independent climate indicators of benthic foraminiferal oxygen-isotope ratios (mainly ice volume(11-13)) and ostracod Mg:Ca ratios (bottom-water temperature(8)). During glacial periods, H(S) = 0.2-0.6, whereas during interglacials, H(S) = 1.2-1.6, which is three to four times as high. The control of deep-sea benthic diversity by cyclic climate change at timescales of 10(3)-10(4) yr does not support the stability-time hypothesis because it shows that the deep sea is a temporally dynamic environment. Diversity oscillations reflect large-scale response of the benthic community to climatically driven changes in either thermohaline circulation, bottom temperature (or temperature-related factors) and food, and a coupling of benthic diversity to surface productivity. C1 MIT,DEPT EARTH ATMOSPHER & PLANETARY SCI,CAMBRIDGE,MA 02139. RP Cronin, TM (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,CLIMATE HIST TEAM 955,RESTON,VA 20192, USA. NR 30 TC 87 Z9 88 U1 1 U2 10 PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD PI LONDON PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW SN 0028-0836 J9 NATURE JI Nature PD FEB 13 PY 1997 VL 385 IS 6617 BP 624 EP 627 DI 10.1038/385624a0 PG 4 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA WH294 UT WOS:A1997WH29400047 ER PT J AU Hoisch, TD Heizler, MT Zartman, RE AF Hoisch, TD Heizler, MT Zartman, RE TI Timing of detachment faulting in the Bullfrog Hills and Bare Mountain area, southwest Nevada: Inferences from Ar-40/Ar-39, K-Ar, U-Pb, and fission track thermochronology SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SOLID EARTH LA English DT Review ID METAMORPHIC CORE COMPLEX; ANGLE NORMAL FAULTS; WEST CENTRAL ARIZONA; EAST HUMBOLDT RANGE; FUNERAL MOUNTAINS; DEATH-VALLEY; SOUTHEASTERN CALIFORNIA; TECTONIC IMPLICATIONS; DIFFUSION DOMAINS; ALKALI FELDSPARS AB Crustal extension in the Bullfrog Hills and Bare Mountain area of southwest Nevada is associated with movement along a regional detachment fault. Normal faulting in the upper plate and rapid cooling (denudation) of the lower plate were coeval with Miocene silicic volcanism and with west-northwest transport along the detachment fault. A west-northwest progression of tilting along upper plate normal faults is indicated by ages of the volcanic rocks in relation to angular unconformities. Near the breakaway, tilting in the upper plate occurred between 12.7 and 11.6 Ma, continued less strongly past 10.7 Ma, and was over by 8.2 Ma. Ten to 20 km west of the breakaway, tilting occurred between 10.7 and 10.33 Ma, continued less strongly after 10.33 Ma, and was over by 8.1 Ma. The cooling histories of the lower plate metamorphic rocks were determined by thermochronologic dating methods: K-Ar and Ar-40/(39)A on muscovite, biotite, and hornblende, Ar-40/(39)A on K-feldspar, U-Pb on apatite, zircon, and sphene, and fission track on apatite, zircon, and sphene. Lower plate rocks 10 km west of the breakaway cooled slowly from Early Cretaceous lower-amphibolite facies conditions through 350+/-50 degrees to 300+/-50 degrees C between 57 and 38 Ma, then cooled rapidly from 205+/-50 degrees to 120+/-5O degrees C between 12.6+/-1.6 and 11.1+/-1.9 Ma. Lower plate rocks 20 km west of the breakaway cooled slowly from Early Cretaceous upper-amphibolite facies conditions through 500+/-50 degrees C at 78-67 Ma, passed through 350+/-50 degrees to 300+/-50 degrees C between 16.3+/-0.4 and 10.5+/-0.3 Ma, then cooled rapidly from 285+/-50 degrees to 120+/-50 degrees C between 10.2 and 8.6 Ma. Upper plate tilting and rapid cooling (denudation) of the lower plate occurred simultaneously in the respective areas. The early slow-cooling part of the lower plate thermal histories was probably related to erosion at the Earth's surface, which stripped off about 9 km of material in 50 to 100 m.y. The results indicate an initial fault dip greater than or equal to 30 degrees and a 12 mm yr(-1) west-northwest migration of the locus of rapid tilting in the upper plate. C1 NEW MEXICO INST MIN & TECHNOL, NEW MEXICO BUR MINES & MINERAL RESOURCES, SOCORRO, NM 87801 USA. US GEOL SURVEY, DENVER, CO 80225 USA. RP NO ARIZONA UNIV, DEPT GEOL, BOX 4099, FLAGSTAFF, AZ 86011 USA. RI Hoisch, Thomas/L-2146-2013 OI Hoisch, Thomas/0000-0002-6500-9431 NR 104 TC 23 Z9 23 U1 1 U2 3 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-9313 EI 2169-9356 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-SOL EA JI J. Geophys. Res.-Solid Earth PD FEB 10 PY 1997 VL 102 IS B2 BP 2815 EP 2833 DI 10.1029/96JB03220 PG 19 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA WH694 UT WOS:A1997WH69400010 ER PT J AU Morrow, CA Lockner, DA AF Morrow, CA Lockner, DA TI Permeability and porosity of the Illinois UPH 3 drillhole granite and a comparison with other deep drillhole rocks SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SOLID EARTH LA English DT Article ID CORE SAMPLES; BOREHOLE UPH-3; MICROCRACK POROSITY; CAJON PASS; STRESS; PRESSURE; DEPTH; REDUCTION; CRYSTALLINE; COMPACTION AB Permeability, porosity, and volumetric strain measurements were conducted on granite cores obtained at depths of 0.7 to 1.6 km from the Illinois UPH 3 drillhole at effective confining pressures from 5 to 100 MPa. Initial permeabilities were in the range of 10(-17) to 10(-19) m(2) and dropped rapidly with applied pressure to values between 10(-20) and 10(-24) m(2) at 100 MPa, typical of other deep granite core samples. These values are several decades lower than equivalent weathered surface granites at comparable effective confining pressures, where weathering products in cracks and pores inhibit crack closure with applied pressure. Permeabilities of the Illinois cores were inversely related to sample,depth, suggesting that stress relief and thermal microfractures induced during core retrieval dominated the fluid now. Thus these samples provide an upper bound on in situ matrix permeability values. A comparison of core permeability from UPH 3 and other deep drillholes shows that stress relief damage can often dominate laboratory permeability measurements. We conclude that it may be difficult to make meaningful estimates of in situ permeability based on either borehole samples (possible damage during retrieval) or surface-derived analogs (altered by weathering). Volumetric strain determined from porosity measurements was compared with differential strain analysis (DSA) data reported by other investigators on samples from the same depths in the drillhole. Our strain measurements (0.002 to 0.005 at 100 MPa) were nearly twice as large as the DSA values, Probably because of the crack-enhancing effects of fluids present in our samples that are absent in the dry DSA cores, as well as other time-dependent deformation effects. This difference in observed strain magnitudes between the two measurement methods may be an important consideration if strain and/or porosity data from deep core samples are used in models of stress, fluid circulation, and excess fluid pressure generation in the midcrust. RP Morrow, CA (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY, 345 MIDDLEFIELD RD, MAIL STOP 977, MENLO PK, CA 94025 USA. NR 37 TC 24 Z9 25 U1 1 U2 10 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-9313 EI 2169-9356 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-SOL EA JI J. Geophys. Res.-Solid Earth PD FEB 10 PY 1997 VL 102 IS B2 BP 3067 EP 3075 DI 10.1029/96JB03178 PG 9 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA WH694 UT WOS:A1997WH69400027 ER PT J AU Abbott, LD Silver, EA Anderson, RS Smith, R Ingle, JC Kling, SA Haig, D Small, E Galewsky, J Sliter, W AF Abbott, LD Silver, EA Anderson, RS Smith, R Ingle, JC Kling, SA Haig, D Small, E Galewsky, J Sliter, W TI Measurement of tectonic surface uplift rate in a young collisional mountain belt SO NATURE LA English DT Article ID PAPUA-NEW-GUINEA; ARC-CONTINENT COLLISION; REGULARIZED SPLINE; HUON-PENINSULA; SEA; EVOLUTION; INTERPOLATION; STRATIGRAPHY; PLATEAU; TENSION AB Measurement of the rate of tectonically driven surface uplift is crucial to a complete understanding of mountain building dynamics. The lack of a suitable rock record typically prevents determination of this quantity, but the unusual geology of Papua New Guinea's Finisterre mountains makes measurement of this rate possible. The tectonic surface uplift rate at the Finisterre range is 0.8-2.1 mm yr(-1), approximately that expected to arise from crustal thickening. C1 UNIV CALIF SANTA CRUZ,DEPT EARTH SCI,SANTA CRUZ,CA 95064. GEOINFORMAT TECHNOL,FRESNO,CA 93710. STANFORD UNIV,DEPT GEOG & ENVIRONM SCI,STANFORD,CA 94305. UNIV WESTERN AUSTRALIA,DEPT GEOL & GEOPHYS,PERTH,WA 6009,AUSTRALIA. US GEOL SURVEY,WESTERN GEOL MAPPING TEAM,MENLO PK,CA 94025. RI small, eric/B-4939-2011; Small, eric/K-6007-2015 NR 38 TC 63 Z9 68 U1 0 U2 8 PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD PI LONDON PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW SN 0028-0836 J9 NATURE JI Nature PD FEB 6 PY 1997 VL 385 IS 6616 BP 501 EP 507 DI 10.1038/385501a0 PG 7 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA WG235 UT WOS:A1997WG23500037 ER PT J AU Densmore, RV AF Densmore, RV TI Effect of day length on germination of seeds collected in Alaska SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY LA English DT Article DE Alaska; boreal, daylength; dormancy; germination; seeds AB Day length control can effectively limit seed germination to favorable seasons, bur this phenomenon has been studied in relatively few wild plants. I tested species from interior Alaska for day length control of germination under controlled conditions, and I also monitored germination phenology in natural habitats. Unstratified and cold-stratified seeds were germinated on short (13 h) and long (22 h) day length and in the dark at constant and alternating temperatures. On long day length, unstratified Ledum decumbens and Saxifraga tricuspidata seeds germinated from 5 degrees C to 20 degrees C, but on short day length few or no seeds germinated at 5 degrees C and 10 degrees C and germination was reduced at higher temperatures. Unstratified seeds of Diapensia lapponica and Chamaedaphne calyculata germinated only at 15 degrees C and 20 degrees C on long day length, and short day length completely inhibited germination. Cord stratification widened the temperature range for germination on both long and short day lengths, but germination was still lower on short than long day length. Germination phenology in natural habitats was consistent with germination in controlled conditions. In these species, short day length and low temperatures interact to inhibit germination in the fall. After overwintering, seeds germinate in the spring at low temperatures and on long day lengths. The inhibitory effect of short day length is not important in the spring because day length is already long al snowmelt. RP Densmore, RV (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,BIOL RESOURCES DIV,1011 E TUDOR RD,ANCHORAGE,AK 99503, USA. NR 19 TC 22 Z9 23 U1 1 U2 4 PU BOTANICAL SOC AMER INC PI COLUMBUS PA OHIO STATE UNIV-DEPT BOTANY 1735 NEIL AVE, COLUMBUS, OH 43210 SN 0002-9122 J9 AM J BOT JI Am. J. Bot. PD FEB PY 1997 VL 84 IS 2 BP 274 EP 278 DI 10.2307/2446088 PG 5 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA WK843 UT WOS:A1997WK84300013 PM 21712206 ER PT J AU Reading, RP Clark, TW Griffith, B AF Reading, RP Clark, TW Griffith, B TI The influence of valuational and organizational considerations on the success of rare species translocations SO BIOLOGICAL CONSERVATION LA English DT Article DE translocation; valuation; organization; endangered species; sample survey; public relations; working group ID REINTRODUCTION; CONSERVATION; MANAGEMENT; POLICY AB Translocations of rare and endangered species face significant valuational and organizational challenges; however, these dimensions are rarely discussed in the translocation literature. We employed a 98 question sample mail survey to assess these variables and received 131 responses from 110 individuals in 10 nations. In contrast to the literature which suggests that most translocations fail, a large proportion of the programs surveyed were perceived as being successful and most respondents identified relatively few valuational or organizational problems or difficulties in their translocation programs. While perceived local support was correlated with perceived translocation success, the presence of public relations/education programs was not. Therefore, simply having a public relations/education program is no guarantee that public support will increase or that a translocation will be more successful. Organizationally, translocations which established special groups or teams were perceived as increasing innovation, but not in improving program organization, nor decreasing conflict Further, the presence of special groups or teams was not correlated with translocation success. Finally, translocations with the objective of augmenting populations were perceived to suffer from more problems, including greater local opposition, poorer public understanding, less money, and poorer leadership, than were translocations aimed at establishing or re-establishing populations. The results illustrated the difficulty of analyzing valuational and organizational aspects of conservation programs using questionnaires. Copyright (C) 1996 Elsevier Science Limited C1 YALE SCH FORESTRY & ENVIRONM STUDIES, JACKSON, WY 83001 USA. US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV, ALASKA RES CTR, FAIRBANKS, AK 99701 USA. RP Reading, RP (reprint author), NO ROCKIES CONSERVAT COOPERAT, POB 2705, JACKSON, WY 83001 USA. NR 33 TC 26 Z9 26 U1 4 U2 18 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0006-3207 EI 1873-2917 J9 BIOL CONSERV JI Biol. Conserv. PD FEB-MAR PY 1997 VL 79 IS 2-3 BP 217 EP 225 DI 10.1016/S0006-3207(96)00105-X PG 9 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA WE002 UT WOS:A1997WE00200010 ER PT J AU Santerre, CR Blazer, VS Khanna, N Reinert, RE Barrows, FT AF Santerre, CR Blazer, VS Khanna, N Reinert, RE Barrows, FT TI Absorption of dietary dieldrin by striped bass SO BULLETIN OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article ID RAINBOW-TROUT C1 NATL BIOL SERV,LEETOWN SCI CTR,NATL FISH HLTH RES LAB,KEARNEYSVILLE,WV 25430. UNIV GEORGIA,WARNELL SCH FOREST RESOURCES,ATHENS,GA 30602. US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,FISH TECHNOL CTR,BOZEMAN,MT 59715. RP Santerre, CR (reprint author), SILLIKER LABS OHIO INC,1224 KINNEAR RD,COLUMBUS,OH 43212, USA. NR 10 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 SN 0007-4861 J9 B ENVIRON CONTAM TOX JI Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. PD FEB PY 1997 VL 58 IS 2 BP 334 EP 340 PG 7 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA WB249 UT WOS:A1997WB24900024 PM 8975813 ER PT J AU Li, YG Ellsworth, WL Thurber, CH Malin, PE Aki, K AF Li, YG Ellsworth, WL Thurber, CH Malin, PE Aki, K TI Fault-zone guided waves from explosions in the San Andreas fault at Parkfield and Cienega Valley, California SO BULLETIN OF THE SEISMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA LA English DT Article ID VELOCITY STRUCTURE; EARTHQUAKE; SEISMICITY; LANDERS; MOTION; TIMES AB Fault-zone guided waves were successfully excited by near-surface explosions in the San Andreas fault zone both at Parkfield and Cienega Valley, central California. The guided waves were observed on linear, three-component seismic arrays deployed across the fault trace. These waves were not excited by explosions located outside the fault zone. The amplitude spectra of guided waves show a maximum peak at 2 Hz at Parkfield and 3 Hz at Cienega Valley. The guided wave amplitude decays sharply with observation distance from the fault trace. The explosion-excited fault-zone guided waves are similar to those generated by earthquakes at Parfield but have lower frequencies and travel more slowly. These observations suggest that the fault-zone wave guide has lower seismic velocities as it approaches the surface at Parfield. We have modeled the waveforms as S waves trapped in a low-velocity wave guide sandwiched between high-velocity wall rocks, resulting in Love-type fault-zone guided waves. While the results are nonunique, the Parkfield data are adequately fit by a shallow wave guide 170 m wide with an S velocity 0.85 km/sec and an apparent Q similar to 30 to 40. At Cienega Valley, the fault-zone wave guide appears to be about 120 m wide with an S velocity 0.7 km/sec and a Q similar to 30. C1 US GEOL SURVEY,MENLO PK,CA 94025. UNIV WISCONSIN,DEPT GEOL & GEOPHYS,MADISON,WI 53706. DUKE UNIV,DEPT GEOL,DURHAM,NC 27706. RP Li, YG (reprint author), UNIV SO CALIF,DEPT EARTH SCI,LOS ANGELES,CA 90089, USA. NR 46 TC 66 Z9 72 U1 1 U2 3 PU SEISMOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI EL CERRITO PA PLAZA PROFESSIONAL BLDG, SUITE 201, EL CERRITO, CA 94530 SN 0037-1106 J9 B SEISMOL SOC AM JI Bull. Seismol. Soc. Amer. PD FEB PY 1997 VL 87 IS 1 BP 210 EP 221 PG 12 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA WL061 UT WOS:A1997WL06100018 ER PT J AU Clague, JJ Naesgaard, E Nelson, AR AF Clague, JJ Naesgaard, E Nelson, AR TI Age and significance of earthquake-induced liquefaction near Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada SO CANADIAN GEOTECHNICAL JOURNAL LA English DT Article DE liquefaction; earthquake; risk assessment; British Columbia ID CASCADIA SUBDUCTION ZONE; RADIOCARBON TIME SCALE; PREHISTORIC EARTHQUAKES; PACIFIC-NORTHWEST; FRASER DELTA; CALIBRATION; OREGON; BC AB In late 1994, sand dykes, large sand blows, and deformed strata were exposed in the walls of an excavation at Annacis Island on the Fraser River delta near Vancouver, British Columbia. The features record liquefaction during a large earthquake about 1700 years ago; this was perhaps the largest earthquake to affect the Vancouver area in the last 3500 years. Similar, less well-dated features have been reported from several other sites on the Fraser delta and may be products of the same earthquake. Three radiocarbon ages that closely delimit the time of liquefaction on Annacis Island are similar to the most precise radiocarbon ages on coseismically subsided marsh soils at estuaries in southern Washington and Oregon. Both the liquefaction and the subsidence may have been produced by a single great plate-boundary earthquake at the Cascadia subduction zone. Alternatively, liquefaction at Annacis Island may have been caused by a large crustal or subcrustal earthquake of about the same age as a plate-boundary earthquake farther west. The data from Annacis Island and other sites on the Fraser delta suggest that earthquakes capable of producing extensive liquefaction in this area are rare events. Further, liquefaction analysis using historical seismicity suggests that current assessment procedures may overestimate liquefaction risk. C1 MACLEOD GEOTECH LTD,W VANCOUVER,BC V7T 1B8,CANADA. US GEOL SURVEY,DENVER,CO 80225. RP Clague, JJ (reprint author), GEOL SURVEY CANADA,101-605 ROBSON ST,VANCOUVER,BC V6B 5J3,CANADA. NR 48 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 1 U2 1 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA ON K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0008-3674 J9 CAN GEOTECH J JI Can. Geotech. J. PD FEB PY 1997 VL 34 IS 1 BP 53 EP 62 PG 10 WC Engineering, Geological; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Engineering; Geology GA XC879 UT WOS:A1997XC87900006 ER PT J AU Korzeb, SL Foord, EE Lichte, FE AF Korzeb, SL Foord, EE Lichte, FE TI The chemical evolution and paragenesis of uranium minerals from the Ruggles and Palermo granitic pegmatites, New Hampshire SO CANADIAN MINERALOGIST LA English DT Article DE uraninite; Ruggles granitic pegmatite; Palermo granitic pegmatite; schoepite; rutherfordine; soddyite; beta-uranophane; compreignacite; phosphuranylite; meta-autunite-I; New Hampshire ID URANINITE AB A study of the chemical evolution and paragenesis of the uranium minerals at the Palermo No. 1 and Ruggles granitic pegmatites, Grafton County, New Hampshire, revealed four stages of secondary mineralization. A total of eight uranium minerals were identified in the four stages. The first stage is a mixture of uranyl oxide hydroxide-hydrates represented by mineral ''A'', which surrounds and replaces a uraninite core. The second stage is a carbonate stage found only at the Palermo No. 1 pegmatite, and is represented by rutherfordine. The third stage is represented by uranyl silicates. At the Palermo No. 1 pegmatite, this stage consists of beta-uranophane, and at the Ruggles pegmatite, it consists of soddyite and beta-uranophane. A final fourth stage is a phosphate stage represented by phosphuranylite and meta-autunite I. The first three stages of mineralization developed from hydrothermal and meteoric processes. With dropping temperatures, hydrothermal fluids reached meteoric temperatures and acquired the characteristics of meteoric water. The pH shifted from acidic (pH less than about 6 at 100 degrees C) to alkaline (pH > 7 at 25 degrees C). Since mineral ''A'' contains hydroxyl and a low amount of molecular water, it probably formed at a temperature greater than 100 degrees C in the acidic environment. After the first stage, the hydrothermal fluids likely reached the temperatures of meteoric water. The initial pH of the meteoric water was acidic (pH less than about 6 at 25 degrees C) and then slowly shifted to alkaline. The mineralizing fluids became oversaturated in CO3, Ca, K, and Si. Uraninite and mineral ''A'' became unstable and were replaced by rutherfordine and uranyl silicates. The fourth or phosphate stage developed from the introduction of groundwater. The uranyl phosphate minerals precipitated from an acidic fluid (pH < 7 at 25 degrees C) that was oversaturated with Ca, K, U, and P. C1 US GEOL SURVEY,DENVER FED CTR,DENVER,CO 80225. US GEOL SURVEY,DENVER FED CTR,DENVER,CO 80225. NR 21 TC 21 Z9 21 U1 0 U2 4 PU MINERALOGICAL ASSOC CANADA PI NEPEAN PA CITYVIEW 78087, NEPEAN ON K2G 5W2, CANADA SN 0008-4476 J9 CAN MINERAL JI Can. Mineral. PD FEB PY 1997 VL 35 BP 135 EP 144 PN 1 PG 10 WC Mineralogy SC Mineralogy GA WW019 UT WOS:A1997WW01900010 ER PT J AU Foord, EE Korzeb, SL Lichte, FE Fitzpatrick, JJ AF Foord, EE Korzeb, SL Lichte, FE Fitzpatrick, JJ TI Additional studies on mixed uranyl oxide-hydroxide hydrate alteration products of uraninite from the Palermo and Ruggles granitic pegmatites, Grafton County, New Hampshire SO CANADIAN MINERALOGIST LA English DT Article DE mineral ''A''; uraninite; schoepite; UO2(OH)(2); Ruggles pegmatite; Palermo pegmatite; New Hampshire AB Additional studies on an incompletely characterized secondary uranium ''mineral'' from the Ruggles and Palermo granitic pegmatites, New Hampshire, referred to as mineral ''A'' by Frondel (1956), reveal a mixture of schoepite-group minerals and related uranyl oxide-hydroxide hydrated compounds. A composite chemical analysis yielded (in wt.%): PbO 4.85 (EMP), UO3 83.5 (EMP), BaO 0.675 (av. of EMP and ICP), CaO 0.167 (av. of EMP and ICP), K2O 2.455 (av. of EMP and ICP), SrO 0.21 (ICP), ThO2 0.85 (ICP), H2O 6.9, Sigma 99.61. Powder-diffraction X-ray studies indicate a close resemblance in patterns between mineral ''A'' and several uranyl oxide-hydroxide hydrated minerals, including the schoepite family of minerals and UO2(OH)(2). The powder-diffraction data for mineral ''A'' are most similar to those for synthetic UO2.86. 1.5H(2)O and UO2(OH)(2), but other phases are likely present as well. TGA analysis of both mineral ''A'' and metaschoepite show similar weight-loss and first derivative curves. The dominant losses are at 100 degrees C, with secondary events at 400 degrees and 600 degrees C. IR spectra show the presence of (OH) and H2O. Uraninite from both pegmatites, analyzed by LAM-ICP-MS, shows the presence of Th, Pb, K and Ca. RP Foord, EE (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,DENVER FED CTR,BOX 25046,MAIL STOP 905,DENVER,CO 80225, USA. NR 9 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 3 U2 8 PU MINERALOGICAL ASSOC CANADA PI NEPEAN PA CITYVIEW 78087, NEPEAN ON K2G 5W2, CANADA SN 0008-4476 J9 CAN MINERAL JI Can. Mineral. PD FEB PY 1997 VL 35 BP 145 EP 151 PN 1 PG 7 WC Mineralogy SC Mineralogy GA WW019 UT WOS:A1997WW01900011 ER PT J AU Moring, JB Rose, DR AF Moring, JB Rose, DR TI Occurrence and concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in semipermeable membrane devices and clams in three urban streams of the Dallas-Fort Worth Metropolitan Area, Texas SO CHEMOSPHERE LA English DT Article ID CONTAMINANTS; WATER; RIVER AB Semipermeable membrane devices (SPMDs) and Asiatic clams, Corbicula fluminea (MULLER), were deployed at stream sites in the Dallas-Fort Worth Metropolitan Area to assess the presence of bioavailable, dissolved polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Twenty-four PAHs were detected in SPMDs, 20 of which occurred at all sites. Only three PAHs were detected in the co-deployed clams. Throughout all sites, non-alkylated PAHs were found at greater levels in SPMDs than alkylated forms. Nine of 16 Priority Pollutant PAHs were detected in SPMDs. Estimated concentrations of PAHs in water were generally two to three orders of magnitude less than standard minimum analytical reporting levels; however, for bent (a) anthracene, benzo (a) pyrene, and chrysene, estimated concentrations in water exceeded the U. S. Environmental Protection Agency's human health criteria for these carcinogens in water and aquatic organisms. C1 US GEOL SURVEY,NATL WATER QTY LAB,ARVADA,CO 80002. RP Moring, JB (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,DIV WATER RESOURCES,8011 CAMERON RD,AUSTIN,TX 78754, USA. NR 15 TC 37 Z9 37 U1 0 U2 4 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 0045-6535 J9 CHEMOSPHERE JI Chemosphere PD FEB PY 1997 VL 34 IS 3 BP 551 EP 566 DI 10.1016/S0045-6535(96)00391-8 PG 16 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA WH209 UT WOS:A1997WH20900006 PM 9051903 ER PT J AU Eicken, H Reimnitz, E Alexandrov, V Martin, T Kassens, H Viehoff, T AF Eicken, H Reimnitz, E Alexandrov, V Martin, T Kassens, H Viehoff, T TI Sea-ice processes in the Laptev Sea and their importance for sediment export SO CONTINENTAL SHELF RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID ARCTIC-OCEAN; ENTRAINMENT; POLYNYAS AB Based on remote-sensing data and an expedition during August-September 1993, the importance of the Laptev Sea as a source area for sediment-laden sea ice was studied. Ice-core analysis demonstrated the importance of dynamic ice-growth mechanisms as compared to the multi-year cover of the Arctic Basin. Ice-rafted sediment (IRS) was mostly associated with congealed frazil ice, although evidence for other entrainment mechanisms (anchor ice, entrainment into freshwater ice) was also found. Concentrations of suspended particulate matter (SPM) in patches of dirty ice averaged at 156 g m(-3) (standard deviation sigma = 140 g m(-3)), with a background concentration of 5 g m(-3). The potential for sediment entrainment over the broad, shallow Laptev Sea shelf during fall freeze-up was studied through analysis of remote-sensing data and weather-station records for the period 1979-1994. Freeze-up commences on 26 September (sigma = 7 d) and is completed after 19 days (sigma = 6 d). Meteorological conditions as well as ice extent prior to and during freeze-up vary considerably, the open-water area ranging between 107 x 10(3) and 447 x 10(3) km(2). Ice motion and transport of IRS were derived from satellite imagery and drifting buoys for the period during and after the expedition (mean ice velocities of 0.04 and 0.05 m s(-1), respectively). With a best-estimate sediment load of 16 t km(-2) (ranging between 9 and 46 t km(-2)), sediment export from the eastern Laptev Sea amounts to 4 x 10(6) t yr(-1), with extremes of 2 x 10(6) and 11 x 10(6) t yr(-1). Implications for the sediment budget of the Laptev shelf, in particular with respect to riverine input of SPM, which may be of the same order of magnitude, are discussed. Copyright (C) 1996 Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 US GEOL SURVEY, MENLO PK, CA 94025 USA. ARCTIC & ANTARCTIC RES INST, ST PETERSBURG, RUSSIA. GEOMAR, D-24148 KIEL, GERMANY. RP Eicken, H (reprint author), ALFRED WEGENER INST POLAR & MARINE RES, POSTFACH 120161, D-27515 BREMERHAVEN, GERMANY. RI Eicken, Hajo/M-6901-2016 NR 46 TC 102 Z9 107 U1 1 U2 14 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0278-4343 J9 CONT SHELF RES JI Cont. Shelf Res. PD FEB PY 1997 VL 17 IS 2 BP 205 EP + DI 10.1016/S0278-4343(96)00024-6 PG 0 WC Oceanography SC Oceanography GA VY024 UT WOS:A1997VY02400004 ER PT J AU Steyaert, LT Loveland, TR Parton, WJ AF Steyaert, LT Loveland, TR Parton, WJ TI Land cover characterization and land surface parameterization research SO ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS LA English DT Editorial Material DE Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR); land cover characterization; land cover data; land process modeling; land surface parameterization; Landsat TM; remote sensing C1 COLORADO STATE UNIV,FT COLLINS,CO 80523. RP Steyaert, LT (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,EROS DATA CTR,WASHINGTON,DC 20242, USA. NR 1 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 3 PU ECOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 2010 MASSACHUSETTS AVE, NW, STE 400, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 1051-0761 J9 ECOL APPL JI Ecol. Appl. PD FEB PY 1997 VL 7 IS 1 BP 1 EP 2 PG 2 WC Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA WK441 UT WOS:A1997WK44100001 ER PT J AU Luo, HR Smith, LM Allen, BL Haukos, DA AF Luo, HR Smith, LM Allen, BL Haukos, DA TI Effects of sedimentation on playa wetland volume SO ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS LA English DT Article DE land use; playa; sedimentation; Southern High Plains; Texas; volume loss; wetlands ID SOUTHERN HIGH-PLAINS; LAKE BASINS; MEXICO; TEXAS; LOAD AB Over 50% of the wetlands in the conterminous United States have been lost; however, few studies have investigated the more insidious effects of sedimentation on wetland volume. We examined the effects of sedimentation on playa wetland volume in the Southern High Plains (Texas, USA). We compared 20 playas with watersheds dominated by rangeland to 20 playas that had cropland watersheds. Playas were located in fine- and medium-texture soil zones. Playas with cultivated watersheds contained more sediments than those with rangeland watersheds. Playas with cultivated watersheds had lost all of their original volume, on average, whereas playas with rangeland watersheds had lost only about one third of their volume. Of the approximate to 30 000 playas in the region, most have cultivated watersheds, and therefore the hydroperiod of playas has been drastically altered over the last 60 yr, changing the structure and function of these ecosystems. Also, sedimentation in playas in the medium-texture soil zone was greater than in the fine-texture soil zone. Therefore, management efforts should first focus on the coarser soil areas to prevent the greatest sedimentation rates. Permanent vegetative cover (e.g., buffer strips) should be encouraged on playa watersheds to prevent further degradation. C1 TEXAS TECH UNIV,DEPT RANGE & WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT,US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,LUBBOCK,TX 79409. TEXAS TECH UNIV,DEPT PLANT & SOIL SCI,LUBBOCK,TX 79409. NR 27 TC 92 Z9 95 U1 1 U2 10 PU ECOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 2010 MASSACHUSETTS AVE, NW, STE 400, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 1051-0761 J9 ECOL APPL JI Ecol. Appl. PD FEB PY 1997 VL 7 IS 1 BP 247 EP 252 PG 6 WC Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA WK441 UT WOS:A1997WK44100020 ER PT J AU Osterkamp, WR Toy, TJ AF Osterkamp, WR Toy, TJ TI Geomorphic considerations for erosion prediction SO ENVIRONMENTAL GEOLOGY LA English DT Article DE erosion prediction; sediment delivery; scale dependency; geomorphic processes ID SEDIMENT AB Current soil-erosion prediction technology addresses processes of rainsplash, overland-flow sediment transport, and rill erosion in small watersheds. The effects of factors determining sediment yield from larger-scale drainage basins, in which sediment movement is controlled by the combined small-scale processes and a complex set of channel and other basin-scale sediment-delivery processes, such as soil creep, bioturbation, and accelerated erosion due to denudation of vegetation, have been poorly evaluated. General suggestions are provided for the development of erosion-prediction technology at the geomorphic or drainage-basin scale based on the separation of sediment-yield data for channel and geomorphic processes from those of field-scale soil loss. An emerging technology must consider: (1) the effects on sediment yield of climate, geology and soils, topography, biotic interactions with other soil processes, and land-use practices; (2) all processes of sediment delivery to a channel system; and (3) the general tendency in most drainage basins for progressively greater sediment storage in the downstream direction. RP Osterkamp, WR (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,1675 W ANKLAM RD,TUCSON,AZ 85745, USA. NR 16 TC 50 Z9 55 U1 4 U2 10 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 SN 0177-5146 J9 ENVIRON GEOL JI Environ. Geol. PD FEB PY 1997 VL 29 IS 3-4 BP 152 EP 157 PG 6 WC Environmental Sciences; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Geology; Water Resources GA WN751 UT WOS:A1997WN75100002 ER PT J AU Eaton, GP AF Eaton, GP TI New strategic plan for USGS SO ENVIRONMENTAL GEOLOGY LA English DT Editorial Material RP Eaton, GP (reprint author), US DEPT INTERIOR,US GEOL SURVEY,MAIL STOP 100,RESTON,VA 22092, USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 SN 0177-5146 J9 ENVIRON GEOL JI Environ. Geol. PD FEB PY 1997 VL 29 IS 3-4 BP 267 EP 268 PG 2 WC Environmental Sciences; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Geology; Water Resources GA WN751 UT WOS:A1997WN75100016 ER PT J AU Custer, TW Hines, RK Melancon, MJ Hoffman, DJ Wickliffe, JK Bickham, JW Martin, JW Henshel, DS AF Custer, TW Hines, RK Melancon, MJ Hoffman, DJ Wickliffe, JK Bickham, JW Martin, JW Henshel, DS TI Contaminant concentrations and biomarker response in great blue heron eggs from 10 colonies on the upper Mississippi River, USA SO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE Organochlorines; great blue heron; PCB congeners; mercury; selenium ID CROWNED NIGHT-HERONS; CYTOMETRIC DNA ANALYSIS; FLOW-CYTOMETRY; ORGANOCHLORINE CONTAMINANTS; POLYCHLORINATED-BIPHENYLS; REPRODUCTIVE SUCCESS; EXPOSURE; EMBRYOS; MERCURY; 2,3,7,8-TETRACHLORODIBENZO-P-DIOXIN AB In 1993, great blue heron (Ardea herodias: GBH) eggs were collected from 10 colonies on the upper Mississippi River (UMR). They were then artificially incubated until pipping and analyzed for mercury, selenium, and organochlorines. Livers of embryos were analyzed for hepatic microsomal ethoxyresorufin-O-dealkylase (EROD) activity and four measures of oxidative stress. Brains were measured for asymmetry and blood was measured for the coefficient of variation of DNA (DNA CV). Organochlorine concentrations were generally low (geometric mean DDE = 1.3 mu g/g wet weight; polychlorinated biphenyl [PCB] = 3.0 mu g/g; 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin [TCDD] = 11.5 pg/g). Eggshell thickness was negatively correlated with DDE concentrations. Mercury (geometric mean = 0.8 mu g/g dry weight) and selenium (3.1 mu g/g dry weight) concentrations in GBH eggs were within background levels. EROD activity was not correlated with total PCBs, TCDD, or toxic equivalents (TEQs), based on the relative contribution of individual PCB congeners, dibenzodioxins (PCDDs), and dibenzofurans (PCDFs) to total calculated TEQs. Three of the four measures of oxidative stress were correlated with mercury concentrations. Twenty of 43 (47%) embryo brains were asymmetrical and the embryos with asymmetrical brains had higher EROD concentrations in the liver and higher DNA CV in the blood than embryos with symmetrical brains. C1 US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,PATUXENT WILDLIFE RES CTR,NATL BIOL SERV,LAUREL,MD 20708. TEXAS A&M UNIV,DEPT WILDLIFE & FISHERIES SCI,COLLEGE STN,TX 77843. INDIANA UNIV,SCH PUBL & ENVIRONM AFFAIRS,BLOOMINGTON,IN 47405. RP Custer, TW (reprint author), NATL BIOL SERV,UPPER MISSISSIPPI SCI CTR,POB 818,LA CROSSE,WI 54602, USA. OI Custer, Thomas/0000-0003-3170-6519 NR 69 TC 58 Z9 65 U1 0 U2 7 PU SETAC PRESS PI PENSACOLA PA 1010 NORTH 12TH AVE, PENSACOLA, FL 32501-3370 SN 0730-7268 J9 ENVIRON TOXICOL CHEM JI Environ. Toxicol. Chem. PD FEB PY 1997 VL 16 IS 2 BP 260 EP 271 DI 10.1897/1551-5028(1997)016<0260:CCABRI>2.3.CO;2 PG 12 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA WK824 UT WOS:A1997WK82400023 ER PT J AU Evernden, JF AF Evernden, JF TI What epsilon(a)=1/298 and C/Ma(2)=0.333? really tell us about the Earth SO FIZIKA ZEMLI LA Russian DT Editorial Material RP Evernden, JF (reprint author), US GEOL SERV,DENVER,CO 80225, USA. NR 14 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU MEZHDUNARODNAYA KNIGA PI MOSCOW PA 39 DIMITROVA UL., 113095 MOSCOW, RUSSIA SN 0002-3337 J9 FIZ ZEMLI+ JI Fiz. Zemli PD FEB PY 1997 IS 2 BP 85 EP 94 PG 10 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA WT968 UT WOS:A1997WT96800008 ER PT J AU McConnaughey, TA Burdett, J Whelan, JF Paull, CK AF McConnaughey, TA Burdett, J Whelan, JF Paull, CK TI Carbon isotopes in biological carbonates: Respiration and photosynthesis SO GEOCHIMICA ET COSMOCHIMICA ACTA LA English DT Article ID ABYSSAL BRINE SEEPS; SHELL CARBONATE; SCLERACTINIAN CORALS; FLORIDA ESCARPMENT; SUBDUCTION ZONE; SNAIL SHELLS; GIANT CLAMS; TUBE WORM; FRACTIONATION; C-13 AB Respired carbon dioxide is an important constituent in the carbonates of most air breathing animals but is much less important in the carbonates of most aquatic animals. This difference is illustrated using carbon isotope data from freshwater and terrestrial snails, ahermatypic corals, and chemoautotrophic and methanotrophic pelecypods. Literature data from fish otoliths and bird and mammal shell and bone carbonates are also considered. Environmental CO2/O-2 ratios appear to be the major controlling variable. Atmospheric CO2/O-2 ratios are about thirty times lower than in most natural waters, hence air breathing animals absorb less environmental CO2 in the course of obtaining O-2 Tissue CO2 therefore, does not isotopically equilibrate with environmental CO2 as thoroughly in air breathers as in aquatic animals, and this is reflected in skeletal carbonates. Animals having efficient oxygen transport systems, such as vertebrates, also accumulate more respired CO2 in their tissues. Photosynthetic corals calcify mainly during the daytime when photosynthetic CO2 uptake is several times faster than respiratory CO2 release. Photosynthesis, therefore, affects skeletal delta(13)C more strongly than does respiration. Corals also illustrate how ''metabolic'' effects on skeletal isotopic composition can be estimated, despite the presence of much larger ''kinetic'' isotope effects. Copyright (C) 1997 Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 US GEOL SURVEY,DENVER,CO 80225. UNIV N CAROLINA,DEPT GEOL,CHAPEL HILL,NC 27599. UNIV N CAROLINA,MARINE SCI CURRICULUM,CHAPEL HILL,NC 27599. RP McConnaughey, TA (reprint author), BIOSPHERE 2 CTR,HIGHWAY 77,POB 689,ORACLE,AZ 85623, USA. NR 90 TC 283 Z9 294 U1 4 U2 69 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 0016-7037 J9 GEOCHIM COSMOCHIM AC JI Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta PD FEB PY 1997 VL 61 IS 3 BP 611 EP 622 DI 10.1016/S0016-7037(96)00361-4 PG 12 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA WK514 UT WOS:A1997WK51400010 ER PT J AU Singer, BS Thompson, RA Dungan, MA Feeley, TC Nelson, ST Pickens, JC Brown, LL Wulff, AW Davidson, JP Metzger, J AF Singer, BS Thompson, RA Dungan, MA Feeley, TC Nelson, ST Pickens, JC Brown, LL Wulff, AW Davidson, JP Metzger, J TI Volcanism and erosion during the past 930 ky at the Tatara San Pedro complex, Chilean Andes SO GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA BULLETIN LA English DT Article ID LOMA SECA TUFF; SOUTHERN ANDES; QUATERNARY GLACIATIONS; ARGON GEOCHRONOLOGY; CALABOZOS CALDERA; CASCADE RANGE; EVOLUTION; MAGMAS; SYSTEM; 36-DEGREES-S AB Geologic mapping, together with 73 new K-Ar and Ar-40/Ar-39 age determinations of 45 samples from 17 different volcanic units, plus paleomagnetic orientations, geochemical compositions, and terrestrial photogrammetry are used to define the chronostratigraphy of the Tatara-San Pedro complex, an eruptive center at 36 degrees S on the volcanic front of the Andean southern volcanic zone. The Tatara-San Pedro complex preserves approximate to 55 km(3) of lavas that erupted from at least three central vent regions. Remnant, unconformity-bound sequences of lavas are separated by lacunae that include significant periods of erosion. Quaternary volcanism commenced ca. 930 ka with eruption of voluminous dacitic magma, followed 100 k.y. later by the only major rhyolitic eruption. From 780 ka onward, more than 80% of the preserved volume is basaltic andesite (52%-57% SiO2), but petrographically and geochemically diverse dacitic magmas (63%-69% SiO2) erupted sporadically throughout this younger, dominantly mafic phase of activity. A few basaltic lavas (49%-52% SiO2) are present, mainly in portions of the complex older than 230 ka. The number of vents, the petrologic and geochemical diversity, and the temporal distribution of mafic and silicic lavas are consistent with emplacement of many separate batches of mafic magma into the shallow crust beneath the Tatara-San Pedro complex over the past million years. Nearly two-thirds of the preserved volume of the Tatara-San Pedro complex comprises the two youngest volcanoes, which were active between ca. 188-83 ka and 90-19 ka. Repeated advances of mountain glaciers punctuated growth of the complex with major erosional episodes that removed much of the pre-200 ka volcanic record, particularly on the south flank of the complex. Dating the inception of a glaciation on the basis of preserved material is difficult, but the age of the oldest lava above a lacuna may be used to estimate the timing of deglaciation. On this basis, the argon ages of basal lavas of multiple sequences indicate minimum upper limits of lacunae at ca. 830, 790, 610, 400, 330, 230, 110, and 17 ka. These are broadly consistent with global ice-volume peaks predicted by the oxygen isotope-based astronomical time scale and with age brackets on North American glacial advances. Estimated growth rates for the two young volcanoes are 0.2 to 0.3 km(3)/k.y.; these are three to five times greater than a growth rate estimated from all preserved lavas in the complex (0.06 km(3)/k.y.). Removal of up to 50%-95% of the material erupted between 930 and 200 ka by repeated glacial advances largely explains this discrepancy, and it raises the possibility that episodic erosion of midlatitude frontal are complexes may be extensive and common. C1 US GEOL SURVEY, DENVER, CO 80225 USA. WOODWARD CLYDE FED SERV, LAS VEGAS, NV 89109 USA. UNIV MASSACHUSETTS, DEPT GEOSCI, AMHERST, MA 01003 USA. UNIV CALIF LOS ANGELES, DEPT EARTH & SPACE SCI, LOS ANGELES, CA 90024 USA. RP Singer, BS (reprint author), UNIV GENEVA, DEPT MINERAL, CH-1211 GENEVA 4, SWITZERLAND. RI Singer, Bradley/F-4991-2012 OI Singer, Bradley/0000-0003-3595-5168 NR 47 TC 71 Z9 72 U1 2 U2 9 PU GEOLOGICAL SOC AMER, INC PI BOULDER PA PO BOX 9140, BOULDER, CO 80301-9140 USA SN 0016-7606 EI 1943-2674 J9 GEOL SOC AM BULL JI Geol. Soc. Am. Bull. PD FEB PY 1997 VL 109 IS 2 BP 127 EP 142 DI 10.1130/0016-7606(1997)109<0127:VAEDTP>2.3.CO;2 PG 16 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA WK219 UT WOS:A1997WK21900001 ER PT J AU Vallance, JW Scott, KM AF Vallance, JW Scott, KM TI The Osceola Mudflow from Mount Rainier: Sedimentology and hazard implications of a huge clay-rich debris flow SO GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA BULLETIN LA English DT Article ID ST-HELENS; WASHINGTON; ORIENTATION; LAHARS; RIVER AB The 3.8 km(3) Osceola Mudflow began as a water-saturated avalanche during phreatomagmatic eruptions at the summit of Mount Rainier about 5600 years ago, It filled valleys of the White River system north and northeast of Mount Rainier to depths of more than 100 m, flowed northward and westward more than 120 km, covered more than 200 km(2) of the Puget Sound lowland, and extended into Puget Sound, The lahar had a velocity of approximate to 19 m/s and peak discharge of approximate to 2.5 x 10(6) m(3)/s, 40 to 50 km downstream, and was hydraulically dammed behind a constriction, It was coeval with the Paradise lahar, which flowed down the south side of Mount Rainier, and was probably related to it genetically. Osceola Mudflow deposits comprise three facies, The axial facies forms normally graded deposits 1.5 to 25 m thick in lowlands and valley bottoms and thinner ungraded deposits in lowlands; the valley-side facies forms ungraded deposits 0.3 to 2 m thick that drape valley slopes; and the hummocky facies, interpreted before as a separate (Greenwater) lahar, forms 2-10-m-thick deposits dotted with numerous hummocks up to 20 m high and 60 m in plan, Deposits show progressive downstream improvement in sorting, increase in sand and gravel, and decrease in clay, These downstream progressions are caused by incorporation (bulking) of better sorted gravel and sand, Normally graded axial deposits show similar trends from top to bottom because of bulking, The coarse grained basal deposits in valley bottoms are similar to deposits near inundation limits, Normal grading in deposits is best explained by incremental aggradation of a flow wave, coarser grained at its front than at its tail. The Osceola Mudflow transformed completely from debris avalanche to clay rich (cohesive) lahar within 2 km of its source because of the presence within the preavalanche mass of large volumes of pore water and abundant weak hydrothermally altered rock. A survey of cohesive lahars suggests that the amount of hydrothermally altered rock in the preavalanche mass determines whether a debris avalanche will transform into a cohesive debris flow or remain a largely unsaturated debris avalanche, The distinction among cohesive lahar, noncohesive lahar, and debris avalanche is important in hazard assessment because cohesive lahars spread much more widely than noncohesive lahars that travel similar distances, and travel farther and spread more widely than debris avalanches of similar volume, The Osceola Mudflow is documented here as an example of a cohesive debris flow of huge size that can be used as a model for hazard analysis of similar flows. C1 US GEOL SURVEY,VANCOUVER,WA 98661. NR 56 TC 180 Z9 188 U1 5 U2 48 PU GEOLOGICAL SOC AMERICA PI BOULDER PA PO BOX 9140 3300 PENROSE PLACE, BOULDER, CO 80301 SN 0016-7606 J9 GEOL SOC AM BULL JI Geol. Soc. Am. Bull. PD FEB PY 1997 VL 109 IS 2 BP 143 EP 163 DI 10.1130/0016-7606(1997)109<0143:TOMFMR>2.3.CO;2 PG 21 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA WK219 UT WOS:A1997WK21900002 ER PT J AU Weems, RE Olsen, PE AF Weems, RE Olsen, PE TI Synthesis and revision of groups within the Newark Supergroup, eastern North America SO GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA BULLETIN LA English DT Article ID HARTFORD BASIN; NEW-JERSEY; CONNECTICUT; AGE; USA AB The Newark Supergroup currently includes nine stratigraphic groups, each of which applies to part or all of the rock column of only one or a few basins, Because the group nomenclature within the Newark Supergroup is neither inclusive nor parallel in its concepts, nearly half of the strata within the Newark Supergroup lacks any group placement. A new system is proposed herein that (1) establishes unambiguous group boundaries, (2) places all Newark Supergroup strata into groups, (3) reduces the number of group names from nine to three, (4) creates parallelism between groups and three major successive tectonic events that created the rift basins containing the Newark Supergroup, and (5) coincidentally provides isochronous or nearly isochronous group boundaries, These proposed groups are (1) the Chatham Group (Middle Triassic to basal Lower Jurassic sedimentary rocks), (2) the Meriden Group (Lower Jurassic extrusive volcanic and sedimentary rocks), and (3) the Agawam Group (new name) (Lower Jurassic sedimentary rocks above all early Mesozoic igneous intrusive and extrusive rocks). This new rock classification system makes use of the fact that a discrete interval of synchronous or nearly synchronous volcanism and plutonism occurred throughout the early Mesozoic rift system of eastern North America, The presence or absence of volcanic rocks provides a powerful stratigraphic tool for establishing regional groups and group boundaries, The presence of sedimentary rocks injected by diabase dikes and sills, in the absence of extrusive volcanic rocks, places Newark Supergroup rocks in the Chatham Group, The presence of extrusive volcanic rocks, interbedded with sedimentary rocks injected by diabase dikes and sills, places Newark Supergroup rocks in the Meriden Group, The presence of sedimentary rocks lacking both extrusive volcanic rocks and diabase dikes and sills, places Newark Supergroup rocks in the Agawam Group, Application of this new regional group stratigraphy to the early Mesozoic rift basins requires revision of the stratigraphy of several basins to make formation boundaries match group boundaries. C1 COLUMBIA UNIV,LAMONT DOHERTY EARTH OBSERV,PALISADES,NY 10964. RP Weems, RE (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,MS 926A,RESTON,VA 22092, USA. NR 62 TC 28 Z9 29 U1 1 U2 7 PU GEOLOGICAL SOC AMERICA PI BOULDER PA PO BOX 9140 3300 PENROSE PLACE, BOULDER, CO 80301 SN 0016-7606 J9 GEOL SOC AM BULL JI Geol. Soc. Am. Bull. PD FEB PY 1997 VL 109 IS 2 BP 195 EP 209 DI 10.1130/0016-7606(1997)109<0195:SAROGW>2.3.CO;2 PG 15 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA WK219 UT WOS:A1997WK21900005 ER PT J AU Wheatcroft, RA Sommerfield, CK Drake, DE Borgeld, JC Nittrouer, CA AF Wheatcroft, RA Sommerfield, CK Drake, DE Borgeld, JC Nittrouer, CA TI Rapid and widespread dispersal of flood sediment on the northern California margin SO GEOLOGY LA English DT Article ID SUSPENDED SEDIMENT; RIVER; SHELF; DISCHARGE; LOADS; BE-7 AB The dispersal of flood sediment from small river systems is a poorly studied, yet potentially important aspect of active continental-margin sedimentation, In January 1995, during a flood with a 30 yr return period, the Eel River (northern California) delivered an estimated 25 +/- 3 x 10(6) t (metric tons) of fine-grained (<62 mu m) sediment to the ocean, The flood formed a distinct layer on the sea bed that was centered on the 70 m isobath, extended for 30 km along shelf and 8 km across shelf, and was as thick as 8.5 cm, but contained only 6 x 10(6) t of sediment, Thus, 75% of the flood-derived sediment did not form a recognizable deposit, but was instead rapidly and widely dispersed over the continental margin, Stratigraphic models of, and compilations of sediment flux to, active continental margins need to take the dispersive nature of small river systems into account. C1 SUNY STONY BROOK, MARINE SCI RES CTR, STONY BROOK, NY 11794 USA. US GEOL SURVEY, MENLO PK, CA 94025 USA. HUMBOLDT STATE UNIV, DEPT OCEANOG, ARCATA, CA 95521 USA. RP Wheatcroft, RA (reprint author), WOODS HOLE OCEANOG INST, WOODS HOLE, MA 02543 USA. NR 24 TC 144 Z9 145 U1 0 U2 7 PU GEOLOGICAL SOC AMER, INC PI BOULDER PA PO BOX 9140, BOULDER, CO 80301-9140 USA SN 0091-7613 J9 GEOLOGY JI Geology PD FEB PY 1997 VL 25 IS 2 BP 163 EP 166 DI 10.1130/0091-7613(1997)025<0163:RAWDOF>2.3.CO;2 PG 4 WC Geology SC Geology GA WG663 UT WOS:A1997WG66300017 ER PT J AU Milly, PCD AF Milly, PCD TI Sensitivity of greenhouse summer dryness to changes in plant rooting characteristics SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article ID ATMOSPHERIC CO2; CARBON-DIOXIDE; CLIMATE; INCREASES; RESPONSES; MODEL AB A possible consequence of increased concentrations of greenhouse gases in Earth's atmosphere is ''summer dryness,'' a decrease of summer plant-available soil water in middle latitudes, caused by increased availability of energy to drive evapotranspiration. Results from a numerical climate model indicate that summer dryness and related changes of land-surface water balances are highly sensitive to possible concomitant changes of plant-available water-holding capacity of soil, which depends on plant rooting depth and density. The model suggests that a 14% decrease of the soil volume whose water is accessible to plant roots would generate the same summer dryness, by one measure, as an equilibrium doubling of atmospheric carbon dioxide. Conversely, a 14% increase of that soil volume would be sufficient to offset the summer dryness associated with carbon-dioxide doubling. Global and regional changes in rooting depth and density may result from (1) plant and plant-community responses to greenhouse warming, to carbon-dioxide fertilization, and to associated changes in the water balance and (2) anthropogenic deforestation and desertification. Given their apparently critical role, heretofore ignored, in global hydroclimatic change, such changes of rooting characteristics should be carefully evaluated using ecosystem observations, theory, and models. C1 PRINCETON UNIV,NOAA,US GEOL SURVEY,PRINCETON,NJ 08542. PRINCETON UNIV,NOAA,GEOPHYS FLUID DYNAM LAB,PRINCETON,NJ 08542. NR 17 TC 27 Z9 28 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 SN 0094-8276 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD FEB 1 PY 1997 VL 24 IS 3 BP 269 EP 271 DI 10.1029/96GL03968 PG 3 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA WG511 UT WOS:A1997WG51100017 ER PT J AU Blair, N AF Blair, N TI Geoscience information SO GEOTIMES LA English DT Article RP Blair, N (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY LIB,345 MIDDLEFIELD RD,MS 955,MENLO PK,CA 94025, USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER GEOLOGICAL INST PI ALEXANDRIA PA 4220 KING ST, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22302-1507 SN 0016-8556 J9 GEOTIMES JI Geotimes PD FEB PY 1997 VL 42 IS 2 BP 21 EP 22 PG 2 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA WF545 UT WOS:A1997WF54500025 ER PT J AU Kelmelis, JA AF Kelmelis, JA TI Mapping applications SO GEOTIMES LA English DT Article C1 WHITE HOUSE,SCI ASSESSMENT & STRATEGY TEAM,WASHINGTON,DC. RP Kelmelis, JA (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,519 NATL CTR,RESTON,VA 22092, USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER GEOLOGICAL INST PI ALEXANDRIA PA 4220 KING ST, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22302-1507 SN 0016-8556 J9 GEOTIMES JI Geotimes PD FEB PY 1997 VL 42 IS 2 BP 29 EP 29 PG 1 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA WF545 UT WOS:A1997WF54500033 ER PT J AU Kelley, KD AF Kelley, KD TI Exploration geochemistry SO GEOTIMES LA English DT Article RP Kelley, KD (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,BOX 25046,MS 964,DENVER,CO 80225, USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER GEOLOGICAL INST PI ALEXANDRIA PA 4220 KING ST, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22302-1507 SN 0016-8556 J9 GEOTIMES JI Geotimes PD FEB PY 1997 VL 42 IS 2 BP 35 EP 36 PG 2 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA WF545 UT WOS:A1997WF54500040 ER PT J AU Reilly, TE Alley, WM AF Reilly, TE Alley, WM TI Hydrogeology SO GEOTIMES LA English DT Article RP Reilly, TE (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,OFF GROUND WATER,411 NATL CTR,RESTON,VA 20192, USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER GEOLOGICAL INST PI ALEXANDRIA PA 4220 KING ST, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22302-1507 SN 0016-8556 J9 GEOTIMES JI Geotimes PD FEB PY 1997 VL 42 IS 2 BP 37 EP 37 PG 1 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA WF545 UT WOS:A1997WF54500042 ER PT J AU Hemingway, BS Robie, RA Chase, MW AF Hemingway, BS Robie, RA Chase, MW TI Molar heat capacity and entropy of calcium metal SO JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL THERMODYNAMICS LA English DT Article DE calcium; calorimetry; entropy; heat capacity; thermodynamic properties ID THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES; STANDARD; COPPER AB The heat capacity of calcium has been measured at 85 mean temperatures between T approximate to 8K and T approximate to 369K using an adiabatically-shielded calorimeter in an intermittent healing mode. At T = 298.15 K, the recommended values for the molar heat capacity, molar entropy, and molar enthalpy increment referred to T = 0 are (25.77 +/- 0.08) J . K--l. mol(-1), (42.90 +/- O.11)J . K-1. mol(-1), and (5811 +/- 12) J . mol(-1), respectively. The uncertainties are twice the standard deviation of the mean. (C) 1997 Academic Press Limited. C1 NATL INST STAND & TECHNOL,DIV PHYS & CHEM PROPERT,GAITHERSBURG,MD 20899. US GEOL SURVEY,RESTON,VA 22092. NR 21 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 2 PU ACADEMIC PRESS LTD PI LONDON PA 24-28 OVAL RD, LONDON, ENGLAND NW1 7DX SN 0021-9614 J9 J CHEM THERMODYN JI J. Chem. Thermodyn. PD FEB PY 1997 VL 29 IS 2 BP 211 EP 220 DI 10.1006/jcht.1996.0154 PG 10 WC Thermodynamics; Chemistry, Physical SC Thermodynamics; Chemistry GA WK779 UT WOS:A1997WK77900006 ER PT J AU Bernknopf, RL Brookshire, DS McKee, M Soller, DR AF Bernknopf, RL Brookshire, DS McKee, M Soller, DR TI Estimating the social value of geologic map information: A regulatory application SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL ECONOMICS AND MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article ID ENVIRONMENTAL-HEALTH RISKS; UNCERTAINTY AB People frequently regard the landscape as part of a static system. The mountains and rivers that cross the landscape, and the bedrock that supports the surface, change little during the course of a lifetime. Society can alter the geologic history of an area and, in so doing, affect the occurrence and impact of environmental hazards. For example, changes in land use can induce changes in erosion, sedimentation, and ground-water supply. As the environmental system is changed by both natural processes and human activities, the system's capacity to respond to additional stresses also changes. Information such as geologic maps describes the physical world and is critical for identifying solutions to land use and environmental issues. In this paper, a method is developed for estimating the economic value of applying geologic map information to siting a waste disposal facility. An improvement in geologic map information is shown to have a net positive value to society. Such maps enable planners to make superior land management decisions. (C) 1997 Academic Press. C1 UNIV NEW MEXICO,DEPT ECON,ALBUQUERQUE,NM 87131. US GEOL SURVEY,RESTON,VA 22092. RP Bernknopf, RL (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,345 MIDDLEFIELD RD,MENLO PK,CA 94025, USA. NR 14 TC 5 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 6 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC JNL-COMP SUBSCRIPTIONS PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 SN 0095-0696 J9 J ENVIRON ECON MANAG JI J.Environ.Econ.Manage. PD FEB PY 1997 VL 32 IS 2 BP 204 EP 218 DI 10.1006/jeem.1996.0963 PG 15 WC Business; Economics; Environmental Studies SC Business & Economics; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA WK440 UT WOS:A1997WK44000005 ER PT J AU Perault, DR Wolf, PG Edwards, TC AF Perault, DR Wolf, PG Edwards, TC TI Hierarchical analysis of genetic partitioning by Tamias minimus and T-umbrinus SO JOURNAL OF MAMMALOGY LA English DT Article DE Tamias; population structure; genetic variation; gene flow; hierarchy; enzyme electrophoresis ID STARCH-GEL ELECTROPHORESIS; POPULATION-STRUCTURE; CHIPMUNKS EUTAMIAS; ALTITUDINAL ZONATION; NATURAL-POPULATIONS; FLOW; DIFFERENTIATION; SYSTEMATICS; COMPILATION; BEETLE AB We examined the geographic structure of allozymic variation in the least (Tamias minimus) and Uinta chipmunks (T. umbrinus) from across the Uinta Mountains in northeastern Utah. We used a hierarchical sampling strategy based on populations within drainages and drainages within slopes. As hierarchical level increased from populations to drainages to slopes, distances among populations and resistance to dispersal (in the form of higher mountain ridges) increased. We examined samples for allelic diversity and levels of heterozygosity at 29 loci, of which six were polymorphic. We used hierarchical F-statistics to show partitioning of variation across the hierarchy and estimate levels of gene flow at each spatial scale. Number of alleles, proportion of polymorphic loci, and observed heterozygosity were similar for both species. The two species also exhibited similar patterns of gene flow, with high rates within drainages, low rates among drainages, and negligible levels between slopes. Comparative magnitudes of gene flow, however, differed for each species at different spatial scales, with each exhibiting high levels of gene flow across the scale in which their habitat was most common. Results suggest that gene flow decreases with increasing spatial scale, random genetic drift is not acting locally upon the six marker loci, and differences in genetic patterns between the two species are influenced by availability of habitat and differences in use of habitat. C1 UTAH STATE UNIV,CTR ECOL,LOGAN,UT 84322. UTAH STATE UNIV,DEPT BIOL,LOGAN,UT 84322. UTAH STATE UNIV,US GEOL SURVEY,BIOL RESOURCES DIV,UTAH COOPERAT FISH & WILDLIFE RES UNIT,LOGAN,UT 84322. UTAH STATE UNIV,DEPT FISHERIES & WILDLIFE,LOGAN,UT 84322. RI Wolf, Paul/F-7664-2010 OI Wolf, Paul/0000-0002-4317-6976 NR 59 TC 5 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER SOC MAMMALOGISTS PI PROVO PA BRIGHAM YOUNG UNIV, DEPT OF ZOOLOGY, PROVO, UT 84602 SN 0022-2372 J9 J MAMMAL JI J. Mammal. PD FEB PY 1997 VL 78 IS 1 BP 134 EP 145 DI 10.2307/1382646 PG 12 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA WK300 UT WOS:A1997WK30000014 ER PT J AU Mattson, DJ AF Mattson, DJ TI Selection of microsites by grizzly bears to excavate biscuitroots SO JOURNAL OF MAMMALOGY LA English DT Article DE Ursus arctos; grizzly bears; biscuitroots; habitat selection; optimal foraging; Yellowstone National Park ID URSUS-ARCTOS; FOOD AB Roots of the biscuitroot (Lomatium cous) are a common food of grizzly bears (Ursus arctos horribilis) in drier parts of their southern range. I used random sampling and locations of radiomarked bears in the Yellowstone ecosystem to investigate the importance of mass and starch content of roots, digability of the site, and density of plants relative to selection of sites by grizzly bears to dig biscuitroots. Where biscuitroots were present, most differences between dug and undug sites were related to digability of the site and mass and starch content of roots. Grizzly bears more often dug in sites where average milligrams of starch per kilogram of pull per root (approximate to energy gain) was high. Density of biscuitroots was not related to selection of sites by grizzly bears. Mass of biscuitroot stems also provided relatively little information about mass of roots. Distribution of biscuitroots was associated with increased cover of rocks and exposure to wind, and with decreased slopes and cover of forbs. Digs by grizzly bears were associated with the presence of biscuitroots, proximity to edge of forest, and increased cover of rocks. Results were consistent with previously observed tendencies of grizzly bears to concentrate their feeding within 50-100 m of cover. RP Mattson, DJ (reprint author), UNIV IDAHO,US GEOL SURVEY,BIOL RESOURCES DIV,DEPT FISH & WILDLIFE RESOURCES,MOSCOW,ID 83843, USA. NR 44 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 1 U2 5 PU AMER SOC MAMMALOGISTS PI PROVO PA BRIGHAM YOUNG UNIV, DEPT OF ZOOLOGY, PROVO, UT 84602 SN 0022-2372 J9 J MAMMAL JI J. Mammal. PD FEB PY 1997 VL 78 IS 1 BP 228 EP 238 DI 10.2307/1382656 PG 11 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA WK300 UT WOS:A1997WK30000024 ER PT J AU Bradbury, JP VanMetre, PC AF Bradbury, JP VanMetre, PC TI A land-use and water-quality history of White Rock Lake reservoir, Dallas, Texas, based on paleolimnological analyses SO JOURNAL OF PALEOLIMNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE diatoms; pollen; sediment; reservoir limnology; land-use change; Texas ID DIATOMS; COMMUNITY AB White Rock Lake reservoir in Dallas, Texas contains a 150-cm sediment record of silty clay that documents land-use changes since its construction in 1912. Pollen analysis corroborates historical evidence that between 1912 and 1950 the watershed was primarily agricultural. Land disturbance by plowing coupled with strong and variable spring precipitation caused large amounts of sediment to enter the lake during this period. Diatoms were not preserved at this time probably because of low productivity compared to diatom dissolution by warm, alkaline water prior to burial in the sediments. After 1956, the watershed became progressively urbanized. Erosion decreased, land stabilized, and pollen of riparian trees increased as the lake water became somewhat less turbid. By 1986 the sediment record indicates that diatom productivity had increased beyond rates of diatom destruction. Neither increased nutrients nor reduced pesticides can account for increased diatom productivity, but grain size studies imply that before 1986 diatoms were light limited by high levels of turbidity. This study documents how reservoirs may relate to land-use practices and how watershed management could extend reservoir life and improve water quality. C1 US GEOL SURVEY,AUSTIN,TX 78754. RP Bradbury, JP (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,DENVER FED CTR,BOX 25046,MS 919,DENVER,CO 80225, USA. OI Van Metre, Peter/0000-0001-7564-9814 NR 25 TC 19 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 4 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0921-2728 J9 J PALEOLIMNOL JI J. Paleolimn. PD FEB PY 1997 VL 17 IS 2 BP 227 EP 237 DI 10.1023/A:1007923829759 PG 11 WC Environmental Sciences; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Limnology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Geology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA WP400 UT WOS:A1997WP40000005 ER PT J AU VanMetre, PC Callender, E AF VanMetre, PC Callender, E TI Water-quality trends in white rock creek basin from 1912-1994 identified using sediment cores from White Rock Lake reservoir, Dallas, Texas SO JOURNAL OF PALEOLIMNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE trends; sediment cores; PCB; pesticides; lead; water quality ID CHLORINATED HYDROCARBONS; POLYCHLORINATED-BIPHENYLS; NORTH-AMERICA; INPUTS; ACCUMULATION; DEPOSITION AB Historical trends in selected water-quality variables from 1912 to 1994 in White Rock Creek Basin were identified by dated sediment cores from White Rock Lake. White Rock Lake is a 4.4-km(2) reservoir filled in 1912 and located on the north side of Dallas, Texas, with a drainage area of 259 km(2). Agriculture dominated land use in White Rock Creek Basin before about 1950. By 1990, 72% of the basin was urban. Sediment cores were dated using cesium-137 and core lithology. Major element concentrations changed, and sedimentation rates and percentage of clay-sized particles in sediments decreased beginning in about 1952 in response to the change in land use. Lead concentrations, normalized with respect to aluminum, were six times larger in sediment deposited in about 1978 than in pre-1952 sediment. Following the introduction of unleaded gasoline in the 1970s, normalized lead concentrations in sediment declined and stabilized at about two and one-half times the pre-1952 level. Normalized zinc and arsenic concentrations increased 66 and 76%, respectively, from before 1952 to 1994. No organochlorine compounds were detected in sediments deposited prior to about 1940. Concentrations of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB) and DDE (a metabolite of DDT) increased rapidly beginning in the 1940s and peaked in the 1960s at 21 and 20 mu g kg(-1), respectively, which is coincident with their peak use in the United States. Concentrations of both declined about an order of magnitude from the 1960s to the 1990s to 3.0 and 2.0 mu g kg(-1), respectively. Chlordane and dieldrin concentrations increased during the 1970s and 1980s. The largest chlordane concentration was 8.0 mu g kg(-1) and occurred in a sediment sample deposited in about 1990. The largest dieldrin concentration was 0.7 mu g kg(-1) and occurred in the most recent sample deposited in the early 1990s. Agricultural use of chlordane and dieldrin was restricted in the 1970s; however, both were used as termiticides, and urban use of chlordane continued at least until 1990. Recent use of dieldrin and aldrin, which degrades to dieldrin, has not been reported; however, increasing trends in dieldrin since the 1970s suggest recent urban use could have occurred. C1 US GEOL SURVEY,RESTON,VA 22092. RP VanMetre, PC (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,8011 CAMERON RD,AUSTIN,TX 78754, USA. OI Van Metre, Peter/0000-0001-7564-9814 NR 31 TC 36 Z9 37 U1 0 U2 3 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0921-2728 J9 J PALEOLIMNOL JI J. Paleolimn. PD FEB PY 1997 VL 17 IS 2 BP 239 EP 249 DI 10.1023/A:1007923328851 PG 11 WC Environmental Sciences; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Limnology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Geology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA WP400 UT WOS:A1997WP40000006 ER PT J AU Kusky, TM Bradley, DC Haeussler, P AF Kusky, TM Bradley, DC Haeussler, P TI Progressive deformation of the Chugach accretionary complex, Alaska, during a paleogene ridge-trench encounter SO JOURNAL OF STRUCTURAL GEOLOGY LA English DT Article ID RANGES FAULT SYSTEM; 3-DIMENSIONAL STRAIN FIELDS; SOUTHERN ALASKA; THRUST BELTS; STRUCTURAL EVOLUTION; THEORETICAL-ANALYSIS; METAMORPHIC COMPLEX; CRUSTAL TRANSECT; NORTH-AMERICA; FORE-ARC AB The Mesozoic accretionary wedge of south-central Alaska is cut by an array of faults including dextral and sinistral strike-slip faults, synthetic and antithetic thrust faults, and synthetic and antithetic normal faults. The three fault sets are characterized by quartz +/- calcite +/- chlorite +/- prehnite slickensides, and are all relatively late, i.e. all truncate ductile fabrics of the host rocks. Cross-cutting relationships suggest that the thrust fault sets predate the late normal and strike-slip fault sets. Together, the normal and strike-slip fault system exhibits orthorhombic symmetry. Thrust faulting shortened the wedge subhorizontally perpendicular to strike, and then normal and strike-slip faulting extended the wedge oblique to orogenic strike. Strongly curved slickenlines on some faults of each set reveal that displacement directions changed over time. On dip-slip faults (thrust and normal), slickenlines tend to become steeper with younger increments of slip, whereas on strike-slip faults, slickenlines become shallower with younger strain increments. These patterns may result from progressive exhumation of the accretionary wedge while the faults were active, with the curvature of the slickenlines tracking the change from a non-Andersonian stress field at depth to a more Andersonian system (sigma(1) or sigma(2) nearly vertical) at shallower crustal levels. We interpret this complex fault array as a progressive deformation that is one response to Paleocene-Eocene subduction of the Kula-Farallon spreading center beneath the accretionary complex because: (1) on the Kenai Peninsula, ENE-striking dextral faults of this array exhibit mutually cross-cutting relationships with Paleocene-Eocene dikes related to ridge subduction; and (2) mineralized strike-slip and normal faults of the orthorhombic system have yielded Ar-40/Ar-39 ages identical to near-trench intrusives related to ridge subduction. Both features are diachronous along-strike, having formed at circa 65 Ma in the west and 50 Ma in the east. Exhumation of deeper levels of the southern Alaska accretionary wedge and formation of this late fault array is interpreted as a critical taper adjustment to subduction of progressively younger oceanic lithosphere yielding a shallower basal decollement dip as the Kula-Farallon ridge approached the accretionary prism. The late structures also record different kinematic regimes associated with subduction of different oceanic plates, before and after ridge subduction. Prior to triple junction passage, subduction of the Farallon plate occurred at nearly right angles to the trench axis, whereas after triple junction migration, subduction of the Kula plate involved a significant component of dextral transpression and northward translation of the Chugach terrane. The changes in kinematics are apparent in the sequence of late structures from: (1) thrusting; (2) near-trench plutonism associated with normal + strike-slip faulting; (3) very late gouge-filled dextral faults. (C) 1997 Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 US GEOL SURVEY,BRANCH ALASKAN GEOL,ANCHORAGE,AK 99508. RP Kusky, TM (reprint author), BOSTON UNIV,DEPT EARTH SCI,675 COMMONWEALTH AVE,BOSTON,MA 02215, USA. RI Kusky, Timothy/E-6016-2010; OI Haeussler, Peter/0000-0002-1503-6247; Kusky, Timothy/0000-0002-4553-620X NR 72 TC 47 Z9 47 U1 1 U2 3 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 0191-8141 J9 J STRUCT GEOL JI J. Struct. Geol. PD FEB PY 1997 VL 19 IS 2 BP 139 EP 157 DI 10.1016/S0191-8141(96)00084-3 PG 19 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA WM660 UT WOS:A1997WM66000001 ER PT J AU Squillace, PJ Burkart, MR Simpkins, WW AF Squillace, PJ Burkart, MR Simpkins, WW TI Infiltration of atrazine and metabolites from a stream to an alluvial aquifer SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN WATER RESOURCES ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article DE atrazine; deethylatrazine; deisopropylatrazine; stream aquifer interaction; alluvial aquifer ID CHROMATOGRAPHY MASS-SPECTROMETRY; SURFACE-WATER; GROUNDWATER; HERBICIDES; FIELD; RIVER AB The infiltration of atrazine, deethylatrazine, and deisopropylatrazine from Walnut Creek, a tributary stream, to the alluvial valley aquifer along the South Skunk River in central Iowa occurred where the stream transects the river's flood plain. A preliminary estimate indicated that the infiltration was significant and warrants further investigation. Infiltration was estimated by measuring the loss of stream discharge in Walnut Creek and the concentrations of atrazine and its metabolites deethylatrazine and deisopropylatrazine, in ground water 1 m beneath the streambed. Infiltration was estimated before application of agrichemicals to the fields during a dry period on April 7, 1994, and after application of agrichemicals during a period of small runoff on June 8, 1994. On April 7, the flux of atrazine, deethylatrazine, and deisopropylatrazine from Walnut Creek into the alluvial valley aquifer ranged from less than 10 to 60 (mu g/d)m(2), whereas on June 8 an increased flux ranged from 270 to 3060 (mu g/d)/m(2). By way of comparison, the calculated fluxes of atrazine beneath Walnut Creek, for these two dates, were two to five orders of magnitude greater than an estimated flux of atrazine to ground water caused by leaching from a field on a per-unit-area basis. Furthermore, the unit-area flux rates of water from Walnut Creek to the alluvial valley aquifer were about three orders of magnitude greater than estimated recharge to the alluvial aquifer from precipitation. The large flux of chemicals from Walnut Creek to the alluvial valley aquifer was due in part to the conductive streambed and rather fast ground water velocities; average vertical hydraulic conductivity through the streambed was calculated as 35 and 90 m/d for the two sampling dates, and estimated ground water velocities ranged from 1 to 5 m/d. C1 NATL SOIL TILTH LAB,AGR RES SERV,AMES,IA 50011. IOWA STATE UNIV,DEPT GEOL & ATMOSPHER SCI,AMES,IA 50011. RP Squillace, PJ (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,1608 MT VIEW RD,RAPID CITY,SD 57702, USA. NR 19 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 3 U2 5 PU AMER WATER RESOURCES ASSOC PI HERNDON PA 950 HERNDON PARKWAY SUITE 300, HERNDON, VA 20170-5531 SN 0043-1370 J9 J AM WATER RESOUR AS JI J. Am. Water Resour. Assoc. PD FEB PY 1997 VL 33 IS 1 BP 89 EP 95 DI 10.1111/j.1752-1688.1997.tb04085.x PG 7 WC Engineering, Environmental; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Engineering; Geology; Water Resources GA WX810 UT WOS:A1997WX81000010 ER PT J AU Pocernich, M Litke, DW AF Pocernich, M Litke, DW TI Nutrient concentrations in wastewater treatment plant effluents, South Platte River Basin SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN WATER RESOURCES ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article DE wastewater treatment; nitrogen; phosphorus; nutrient estimates; water management AB Accurate data about nutrient concentrations in wastewater treatment plant effluents are needed for river basin water-quality studies. As part of the U.S. Geological Survey's National Water-Quality Assessment Program in the South Platte River Basin, nutrient data were requested from 31 wastewater-treatment plants located in the basin. This article describes the types of nutrient data available from the plants, examines the variability of effluent nutrient concentrations, and discusses methods for estimation of nutrient concentrations where data are lacking. Ammonia was monitored at 88 percent of the plants, nitrite plus nitrate was monitored at 40 percent of the plants, and organic nitrogen and phosphorus were monitored at less than 25 percent of the plants. Median total nitrogen concentrations and median total phosphorus concentrations were small compared to typical literature estimates for wastewater-treatment plants with secondary treatment. Nutrient concentrations in effluent from wastewater-treatment plants varied widely between and within plants. For example, ammonia concentrations varied as much as 5 mg/L during a day, as much as 10 mg/L from day to day, and as much as 30 mg/L from summer to winter within a plant. In the South Platte River Basin, estimates of median annual ammonia and nitrite plus nitrate concentrations can be improved based on plant processes; and nitrite plus nitrate and organic nitrogen concentrations can be estimated based on ammonia concentrations. However, to avoid large estimation errors, more complete nutrient data from wastewater-treatment plants are needed for integration into river basin water quality studies. The paucity of data hinders attempts to evaluate the relative importance of point source and nonpoint source nutrient loadings to rivers. C1 US GEOL SURVEY,DENVER FED CTR,DENVER,CO 80225. RP Pocernich, M (reprint author), COLORADO STATE UNIV,4708 W 41ST AVE,DENVER,CO 80212, USA. NR 17 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 1 U2 4 PU AMER WATER RESOURCES ASSOC PI HERNDON PA 950 HERNDON PARKWAY SUITE 300, HERNDON, VA 20170-5531 SN 0043-1370 J9 J AM WATER RESOUR AS JI J. Am. Water Resour. Assoc. PD FEB PY 1997 VL 33 IS 1 BP 205 EP 214 DI 10.1111/j.1752-1688.1997.tb04096.x PG 10 WC Engineering, Environmental; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Engineering; Geology; Water Resources GA WX810 UT WOS:A1997WX81000021 ER PT J AU Morrissey, MM AF Morrissey, MM TI Long-period seismicity at Redoubt Volcano, Alaska, 1989-1990 related to magma degassing SO JOURNAL OF VOLCANOLOGY AND GEOTHERMAL RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE long-period seismicity; magma degassing; Redoubt Volcano; crystal size distribution ID MOUNT-ST-HELENS; FLUID-DRIVEN CRACK; CRYSTALLIZATION; DYNAMICS AB The mass of exsolved magmatic H2O is estimated and compared to the mass of superheated steam (25-50 Mtons) released through the resonating crack producing the December 13-14, 1989 swarm of long-period seismic events at Redoubt Volcano. Results indicate degassing of a H2O-CO2-SO2-saturated magma upon ascending from at least 12 km to 3-4 km beneath the crater as the source of the superheated steam, The mass of exsolved H2O (3.2-250 Mtons) is estimated from solubility diagrams of H2O-CO2-saturated silicate melts for the ascent history of the Redoubt magmas. Crystal size distribution, seismological, petrological, and geochemical data are used to constrain the ascent history of the two andesitic magmas prior to the eruption. Two stages of crystallization are inferred from crystal size distributions of plagioclase crystals in andesites erupted in December 1989, The first stage occurred 30-150 years before the eruption in both magmas and the second stage occurred at least 8 years and 15 years before the eruption in the dacitic andesite and rhyolitic andesite, respectively. The depths of crystallization are constrained from the spatial and temporal variations of volcano-tectonic earthquakes locations (Lahr et al., 1994) and from the P-wave and S-wave velocity structures (Bent et al., 1996), These data suggest that the rhyolitic andesite magma ascended to a depth of 7-8 km within at least 15 years of the eruption. Within at least 8 years of the eruption, the dacitic andesite magma migrated to a depth just below the other magma body where it resided until hours to days of the eruption. At this time, the dacitic andesite magma mixed with the rhyolitic andesite magma and established the reservoir for the eruption. Near the top of the reservoir, some of the mixed magma was displaced into fractures which extended 4-5 km toward the surface. This displaced magma created the eruption conduit and released the fluids related to the resonating crack. This scenario is consistent with the trends in major- and trace-element chemistry, and the stability of homblende in the pre-eruption Redoubt magmas. It also provides a source for the SO2 and CO2 emissions measured during the eruption. RP Morrissey, MM (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY, 345 MIDDLEFIELD RD, MS 977, MENLO PK, CA 94025 USA. NR 30 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 3 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0377-0273 J9 J VOLCANOL GEOTH RES JI J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res. PD FEB PY 1997 VL 75 IS 3-4 BP 321 EP 335 DI 10.1016/S0377-0273(96)00033-9 PG 15 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA WK942 UT WOS:A1997WK94200007 ER PT J AU Wiles, GJ Engbring, J Otobed, D AF Wiles, GJ Engbring, J Otobed, D TI Abundance, biology, and human exploitation of bats in the Palau Islands SO JOURNAL OF ZOOLOGY LA English DT Article ID FRUIT BATS; MARIANA ISLANDS; FLYING FOXES; OLD-WORLD; PTEROPUS AB Three species of bats, Pteropus pilosus, P. mariannus pelewensis, and Emballonura semicaudata palauensis, were surveyed by observations, systematic counts, and interviews with local residents in the Palau Islands of Micronesia during a one-month period in 1991. Pteropus pilosus is presumed extinct, with no observations made this century. Pteropus m. pelewensis occurred throughout the archipelago. It is less colonial than other subspecies of P. mariannus, with most of the population appearing to roost solitarily or in small groups of a few bats. Colonies were uncommon and typically ranged in size from about 30-200 animals. Evidence of two larger roosting concentrations, one of which may have held as many as 3,000 bats, was also found. These fruit bats forage and roost in a variety of forested habitats and have diverse diets known to contain the fruits of 53 species, the flowers of 28 species, and the leaves of one species. At dusk, most bats began foraging within several kilometres of their day roosts, but some flew at least 12 kin to reach feeding sites. The largest numbers of P. in. pelewensis roosted on rugged and fairly inaccessible limestone islands near the centre of the archipelago, near where most people also lived. We were unable to estimate population size or determine population trend in the island chain. The bats are heavily harvested for commercial export, with more than 180,000 animals shipped to the Mariana Islands from 1975-1994. Smaller numbers are also killed as a local food source. Emballonura s. palauensis, the only insectivorous bat in the islands, was seen at 65% of the evening count locations and was also widespread in the archipelago. Recommendations for managing bats in Palau include a prohibition on the export of fruit bats and the establishment of several protected areas. C1 US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV, HONOLULU, HI 96850 USA. DIV CONSERVAT & ENTOMOL, KOROR 96940, PALAU. RP Wiles, GJ (reprint author), GUAM DIV AQUAT & WILDLIFE RESOURCES, 192 DAIRY RD, MANGILAO, GU 96923 USA. NR 58 TC 31 Z9 34 U1 2 U2 15 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ USA SN 0952-8369 EI 1469-7998 J9 J ZOOL JI J. Zool. PD FEB PY 1997 VL 241 BP 203 EP 227 PN 2 PG 25 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA XF766 UT WOS:A1997XF76600001 ER PT J AU Wallace, WG Lopez, GR AF Wallace, WG Lopez, GR TI Bioavailability of biologically sequestered cadmium and the implications of metal detoxification SO MARINE ECOLOGY PROGRESS SERIES LA English DT Article DE detoxification; trophic transfer; cadmium oligochaetes; grass shrimp ID PALAEMONETES-PUGIO; GRASS SHRIMP; MARSH; METALLOTHIONEIN; ASSIMILATION; METABOLISM; ECOSYSTEM; COVE AB The deposit-feeding oligochaete Limnodrilus hoffmeisteri possesses metallothionein-like proteins and metal-rich granules for storing and detoxifying cadmium (Cd). in this study we investigated the bioavailability of Cd sequestered within this oligochaete by conducting feeding experiments with Cd-109-labeled oligochaetes and the omnivorous grass shrimp Palaemonetes pugio. We also make predictions on Cd trophic transfer based on oligochaete subcellular Cd distributions and absorption efficiencies of Cd by shrimp. Cytosol (including metallothionein-like proteins and other proteins) and a debris fraction (including metal-rich granules and tissue fragments) isolated from homogenized Cd-109-labeled oligochaetes were embedded in gelatin and fed to shrimp. The Cd-109 absorption efficiencies of shrimp fed these subcellular fractions were 84.8 and 48.6%, respectively, and were significantly different (p < 0.001), indicating that Cd-109 bound in these fractions was not equally available to a predator. Mass balance equations demonstrate that shrimp fed whole worms absorb 61.5% of the ingested Cd-109, an absorption efficiency similar to that obtained experimentally (57.1%). Furthermore, the majority of the absorbed Cd-109 comes from the fraction containing metallothionein-like proteins (i.e. cytosol). Cd-109 absorbed from the debris fraction probably comes from the digestion of tissue fragments, rather than metal-rich granules. The ecological significance of these findings is that prey detoxification mechanisms may mediate the bioreduction or bioaccumulation of toxic metals along food chains by altering metal bioavailability. Another important finding is that trophic transfer of metal can be predicted based on the subcellular metal distribution of prey. C1 SUNY STONY BROOK, MARINE SCI RES CTR, STONY BROOK, NY 11794 USA. RP Wallace, WG (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY, 345 MIDDLEFIELD RD, MS 465, MENLO PK, CA 94025 USA. NR 50 TC 116 Z9 117 U1 1 U2 12 PU INTER-RESEARCH PI OLDENDORF LUHE PA NORDBUNTE 23, D-21385 OLDENDORF LUHE, GERMANY SN 0171-8630 J9 MAR ECOL PROG SER JI Mar. Ecol.-Prog. Ser. PD FEB PY 1997 VL 147 IS 1-3 BP 149 EP 157 DI 10.3354/meps147149 PG 9 WC Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA WP969 UT WOS:A1997WP96900014 ER PT J AU Andreassen, K Hart, PE MacKay, M AF Andreassen, K Hart, PE MacKay, M TI Amplitude versus offset modeling of the bottom simulating reflection associated with submarine gas hydrates SO MARINE GEOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 3rd International Conference on Gas in Marine Sediments CY SEP 25-28, 1994 CL TEXEL, NETHERLANDS SP Netherlands Inst Sea Res DE gas hydrates; BSR; seismic data; seismic processing; modelling; AVO-studies ID CASCADIA ACCRETIONARY PRISM; VELOCITY STRUCTURE; METHANE HYDRATE; ZONE; SEDIMENTS; MARGIN; FUTURE; SANDS; BASE AB A bottom simulating seismic reflection (BSR) that parallels the sea floor occurs worldwide on seismic profiles from outer continental margins. The BSR coincides with the base of the gas hydrate stability held and is commonly used as indicator of natural submarine gas hydrates. Despite the widespread assumption that the BSR marks the base of gas hydrate-bearing sediments, the occurrence and importance of low-velocity free gas in the sediments beneath the BSR has long been a subject of debate. This paper investigates the relative abundance of hydrate and free gas associated with the BSR by modeling the reflection coefficient or amplitude variation with offset (AVO) of the BSR at two separate sites, offshore Oregon and the Beaufort Sea. The models are based on multichannel seismic profiles, seismic velocity data from both sites and downhole log data from Oregon ODP Site 892. AVO studies of the BSR can determine whether free gas exists beneath the BSR if the saturation of gas hydrate above the BSR is less than approximately 30% of the pore volume. Gas hydrate saturation above the BSR can be roughly estimated from AVO studies, but the saturation of free gas beneath the BSR cannot be constrained from the seismic data alone. The AVO analyses at the two study locations indicate that the high amplitude BSR results primarily from free gas beneath the BSR. Hydrate concentrations above the BSR are calculated to be less than 10% of the pore volume for both locations studied. C1 US GEOL SURVEY,MENLO PK,CA 94025. UNIV HAWAII,SCH OCEAN & EARTH SCI & TECHNOL,HAWAII INST GEOPHYS & PLANETOL,HONOLULU,HI 96822. RP Andreassen, K (reprint author), UNIV TROMSO,IBG,DEPT GEOL,N-9037 TROMSO,NORWAY. OI Andreassen, Karin/0000-0002-9407-526X NR 43 TC 59 Z9 70 U1 0 U2 5 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0025-3227 J9 MAR GEOL JI Mar. Geol. PD FEB PY 1997 VL 137 IS 1-2 BP 25 EP 40 DI 10.1016/S0025-3227(96)00076-X PG 16 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Oceanography SC Geology; Oceanography GA WR726 UT WOS:A1997WR72600004 ER PT J AU Lydeard, C Holznagel, WE Garner, J Hartfield, P Pierson, JM AF Lydeard, C Holznagel, WE Garner, J Hartfield, P Pierson, JM TI Molecular phylogeny of mobile river drainage basin pleurocerid snails (Caenogastropoda: Cerithioidea) SO MOLECULAR PHYLOGENETICS AND EVOLUTION LA English DT Article ID POLYMERASE CHAIN-REACTION; MITOCHONDRIAL-DNA; EVOLUTIONARY RATES; GONIOBASIS; SEQUENCES; GENE; POPULATIONS; COMPILATION; CONFIDENCE; PRIMERS AB Sequences from the mitochondrial 16S rRNA gene were obtained to construct a molecular phylogeny for Mobile River drainage basin pleurocerid snails. Data from 876 aligned positions generated a single most-parsimonious tree for each of three analytical approaches: (1) equal weighting, (2) transversions weighted 2x transitions; and (3) transversions weighted 4x transitions. Identical topologies for the resulting trees depict the genera Elimia and Pleurocera as monophyletic sister taxa. The genus Leptoxis is paraphyletic with Leptoxis plicata sister to the Elimia + Pleurocera clade. L. taeniata and L. ampla are sister taxa and L. picta is the most basal pleurocerid examined. When transversions were weighted 10x transitions a single most-parsimonious tree was obtained with the only topological difference being L. picta depicted as sister to L. taeniata and L. ampla and L. plicata is now the most basal pleurocerid examined. Many of the Elimia species are closely related, but we await further data before making any taxonomic recommendations. L. picta and L. plicata are quite distinct from each other and all other pleurocerid species examined. These data serves as an important foundation for future studies examining conservation genetics and systematics of this diverse and imperiled family. (C) 1997 Academic Press. C1 ALABAMA FISH & GAME DIV, DECATUR, AL 35602 USA. US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV, ENDANGERED SPECIES OFF, JACKSON, MS 39213 USA. RP Lydeard, C (reprint author), UNIV ALABAMA, DEPT BIOL SCI, AQUAT BIOL PROGRAM, BOX 870344, TUSCALOOSA, AL 35487 USA. NR 44 TC 31 Z9 31 U1 0 U2 2 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 1055-7903 EI 1095-9513 J9 MOL PHYLOGENET EVOL JI Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. PD FEB PY 1997 VL 7 IS 1 BP 117 EP 128 DI 10.1006/mpev.1996.0377 PG 12 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Evolutionary Biology; Genetics & Heredity SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Evolutionary Biology; Genetics & Heredity GA WN530 UT WOS:A1997WN53000011 PM 9007026 ER PT J AU Kruse, CG Hubert, WA Rahel, FJ AF Kruse, CG Hubert, WA Rahel, FJ TI Using otoliths and scales to describe age and growth of Yellowstone cutthroat trout in a high-elevation stream system, Wyoming SO NORTHWEST SCIENCE LA English DT Article AB Estimates of age and lengths al specific ages of Yellowstone cutthroat trout (Oncorhynchus clarki bouvieri Richardson) were made using otoliths and scales. Fish were sampled from 17 high-elevation streams in the Greybull River drainage, Wyoming. Variation in estimates of age within and among three readers were assessed using both structures. Variability among age estimates by individual readers was low for both structures. Estimates using otoliths were significantly less variable than were estimates based on scales both among readers and among estimates by individual readers. Otoliths were more accurate than scales for estimating the correct age of fish. Back-calculated estimates of fish lengths at given ages based on otoliths were significantly less than those based on scales. Hatchery fish grew faster than wild fish at younger ages. Overall, growth of wild fish was slower than in other areas where Yellowstone cutthroat trout are endemic, We predict that if otoliths were used instead of scales to assess age and growth of other trout species in high-elevation streams that similar differences in estimates based on the two structures would be observed. RP Kruse, CG (reprint author), UNIV WYOMING,US GEOL SURVEY,WYOMING COOPERAT FISH & WILDLIFE RES UNIT,LARAMIE,WY 82071, USA. NR 40 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 7 PU WASHINGTON STATE UNIV PI PULLMAN PA PO BOX 645910, PULLMAN, WA 99164-5910 SN 0029-344X J9 NORTHWEST SCI JI Northwest Sci. PD FEB PY 1997 VL 71 IS 1 BP 30 EP 38 PG 9 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA WR757 UT WOS:A1997WR75700004 ER PT J AU Houseknecht, DW Weesner, CMB AF Houseknecht, DW Weesner, CMB TI Rotational reflectance of dispersed vitrinite from the Arkoma basin SO ORGANIC GEOCHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE Ouachita mountains; Arkoma Basin; thermal maturity of thrust belts; rotational reflectance; thermal maturity measurement; vitrinite properties; maturation history ID TECTONIC DEFORMATION; OUACHITA MOUNTAINS; THERMAL MATURITY; ANISOTROPY; PENNSYLVANIA; COALS AB Rotational reflectance of dispersed vitrinite provides superior documentation of thermal maturity and a capability for interpreting relative timing between thermal and kinematic events in Arkoma Basin strata characterized by vitrinite reflectances up to 5%. Rotational reflectance (R-rot) is a more precise and less ambiguous index of thermal maturity than maximum (R-max'), minimum (R-min'), and random (R-ran) reflectance. Vitrinite reflectance anisotropy becomes sufficiently large to be measurable (using a microscope equipped with an automated rotating polarizer) at approximate to 2% R-rot and increases following a power function with increasing thermal maturity. Rotational reflectance data can be used to infer the shape of the vitrinite reflectance indicating surface (i.e. indicatrix) and, in turn, to enhance interpretations of the timing between thermal maxima and compressional tectonic events. Data from three wells in the Arkoma Basin-Ouachita frontal thrust belt are used as examples. The absence of offsets in measured R-rot across thrust faults combined with a predominance of uniaxial vitrinite in the thrust faulted part of the section suggest thermal maximum postdated thrust faulting in the western Ouachita frontal thrust belt of Oklahoma. In contrast, the general absence of offsets in measured R-rot across thrust faults combined with a predominance of biaxial vitrinite in the thrust faulted part of the section suggest that the thermal maximum was coeval with thrust faulting in the eastern Ouachita frontal thrust belt of Arkansas. The presence of biaxial vitrinite in an allochthonous section and uniaxial vitrinite in an underlying, autochthonous section suggests that the thermal maximum was coeval with listric thrust faulting in the central Arkoma Basin of Oklahoma, and that rotational reflectance data can be used as a strain indicator to detect subtle decollement zones. (C) 1997 Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 BOOZ ALLEN & HAMILTON INC,SAN ANTONIO,TX 78205. RP Houseknecht, DW (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,NATL CTR 915,RESTON,VA 20192, USA. NR 23 TC 8 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 1 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 0146-6380 J9 ORG GEOCHEM JI Org. Geochem. PD FEB PY 1997 VL 26 IS 3-4 BP 191 EP 206 DI 10.1016/S0146-6380(96)00161-1 PG 16 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA XG095 UT WOS:A1997XG09500004 ER PT J AU Pfeffer, WT Dyurgerov, M Kaplan, MR Dwyer, J Sassolas, C Jennings, A Raup, B Manley, W AF Pfeffer, WT Dyurgerov, M Kaplan, MR Dwyer, J Sassolas, C Jennings, A Raup, B Manley, W TI Numerical modeling of late Glacial Laurentide advance of ice across Hudson Strait: Insights into terrestrial and marine geology, mass balance, and calving flux SO PALEOCEANOGRAPHY LA English DT Article ID NORTH-ATLANTIC; CLIMATE-CHANGE; BAFFIN ISLAND; EVENT; SHEET; PALEOTOPOGRAPHY; CIRCULATION; THICKNESS; GRADIENT; CANADA AB A time-dependent finite element model was used to reconstruct the advance of ice from a late Glacial dome on northern Quebec/Labrador across Hudson Strait to Meta Incognita Peninsula (Baffin Island) and subsequently to the 9.9-9.6 ka C-14 Gold Cove position on Hall Peninsula. Terrestrial geological and geophysical information from Quebec and Labrador was used to constrain initial and boundary conditions, and the model results are compared with terrestrial geological information from Baffin Island and considered in the context of the marine event DC-0 and the Younger Dryas cooling. We conclude that advance across Hudson Strait from Ungava Bay to Baffin Island is possible using realistic glacier physics under a variety of reasonable boundary conditions. Production of ice flux from a dome centered on northeastern Quebec and Labrador sufficient to deliver geologically inferred ice thickness at Gold Cove (Hall Peninsula) appears to require extensive penetration of sliding south from Ungava Bay. The discharge of ice into the ocean associated with advance and retreat across Hudson Strait does not peak at a time coincident with the start of the Younger Dryas and is less than minimum values proposed to influence North Atlantic thermohaline circulation; nevertheless, a significant fraction of freshwater input to the North Atlantic may have been provided abruptly and at a critical time by this event. C1 UNIV COLORADO, DEPT GEOL SCI, BOULDER, CO 80309 USA. UNIV COLORADO, INST ARCTIC & ALPINE RES, BOULDER, CO 80309 USA. UNIV NEW HAMPSHIRE, DEPT MECH ENGN, DURHAM, NH 03824 USA. US GEOL SURVEY, FLAGSTAFF, AZ 86001 USA. RP UNIV COLORADO, INST ARCTIC & ALPINE RES, BOULDER, CO 80309 USA. RI Kaplan, Michael/D-4720-2011 NR 48 TC 32 Z9 32 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0883-8305 EI 1944-9186 J9 PALEOCEANOGRAPHY JI Paleoceanography PD FEB PY 1997 VL 12 IS 1 BP 97 EP 110 DI 10.1029/96PA03065 PG 14 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Oceanography; Paleontology SC Geology; Oceanography; Paleontology GA WD891 UT WOS:A1997WD89100008 ER PT J AU Bond, AR Levine, RM AF Bond, AR Levine, RM TI Development of the copper and molybdenum industries and the Armenian economy SO POST-SOVIET GEOGRAPHY AND ECONOMICS LA English DT Article ID RUSSIA AB Production of copper and molybdenum in Armenia is examined, with special emphasis on the location of major deposits, former and proposed future centers of processing, and contribution of metals exports to the country's foreign trade revenues. Particular emphasis is placed on the impacts on these industries of the disruption of economic ties resulting from the dissolution of the USSR and an economic crisis precipitated by a major earthquake, Armenia's tension with Azerbaijan over armed conflict in Nagomo-Karabakh and surrounding areas in Azerbaijan, an economic blockade imposed by Turkey and Azerbaijan, and a consequent severe energy crisis. The paper highlights developments in the mid-1990s in copper and molybdenum and in the recent expansion of trade relations with Iran. C1 US GEOL SURVEY,OFF MINERALS INFORMAT,RESTON,VA 22092. RP Bond, AR (reprint author), BELLWETHER PUBLISHING LTD,8640 GUILDORD RD,SUITE 200,COLUMBIA,MD 21046, USA. NR 40 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU V H WINSTON & SON INC PI PALM BEACH PA 360 SOUTH OCEAN BLVD, PH-B, PALM BEACH, FL 33480 SN 1088-9388 J9 POST-SOV GEOGR ECON JI Post-Sov. Geogr. Econ. PD FEB PY 1997 VL 38 IS 2 BP 105 EP 120 PG 16 WC Economics; Geography SC Business & Economics; Geography GA XB404 UT WOS:A1997XB40400003 ER PT J AU Krouse, HR Coplen, TB AF Krouse, HR Coplen, TB TI Reporting of relative sulfur isotope-ratio data (technical report) SO PURE AND APPLIED CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article AB To eliminate possible confusion in the reporting of sulfur isotope-ratio data, the Commission on Atomic Weights and Isotopic Abundances recommends that relative S-34/S-32 ratios of all sulfur-bearing substances be expressed on the VCDT scale, defined by assigning a delta(34)S value of -0.3 parts per thousand exactly (relative to VCDT) to the silver sulfide reference material IAEA-S-1. Reporting of sulfur isotope-ratio analyses relative to CDT should be discontinued. C1 US GEOL SURVEY,RESTON,VA 22092. RP Krouse, HR (reprint author), UNIV CALGARY,CALGARY,AB T2N 1N4,CANADA. NR 9 TC 40 Z9 42 U1 0 U2 4 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA P O BOX 88, OSNEY MEAD, OXFORD, OXON, ENGLAND OX2 0NE SN 0033-4545 J9 PURE APPL CHEM JI Pure Appl. Chem. PD FEB PY 1997 VL 69 IS 2 BP 293 EP 295 DI 10.1351/pac199769020293 PG 3 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA WP350 UT WOS:A1997WP35000024 ER PT J AU Schaber, GG McCauley, JF Breed, CS AF Schaber, GG McCauley, JF Breed, CS TI The use of multifrequency and polarimetric SIR-C/X-SAR data in geologic studies of Bir Safsaf, Egypt SO REMOTE SENSING OF ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article ID SHUTTLE IMAGING RADAR; EASTERN SAHARA; SOUTHERN EGYPT; DESERT; PALEODRAINAGES; PENETRATION; CALIFORNIA; IMAGES; VALLEY; SYSTEM AB Bir Safsaf, within the hyperarid ''core'' of the Sahara in the Western Desert of Egypt, was recognized following the SIR-A and SIR-B missions in the 1980s as one of the key localities in northeast Africa, where penetration of dry sand by radar signals delineates previously unknown, sand-buried paleodrainage valleys (''radar-rivers'') of middle Tertiary to Quaternary age. The Bir Safsaf area was targeted as a focal point for further research in sand penetration and geologic mapping using the multifrequency and polarimetric SIR-C/X-SAR sensors. Analysis of the SIR-C/X-SAR data from Bir Safsaf provides important new information on the roles of multiple SAR frequency and polarimetry in portraying specific types of geologic units, materials, and structures mostly hidden from view on the ground and on Landsat TM images by a relatively thin, but extensive blanket of blow sand. Basement rock units (granitoids and gneisses) and the fractures associated with them at Bir Safsaf are shown here for the first time to be clearly delineated using C- and L-band SAR images. The detectability of most geologic features is dependent primarily on radar frequency, as shown for wind erosion patterns in bedrock at X-band (3 cm wavelength), and for geologic units and sand and clay-filled fractures in weathered crystalline basement rocks at C-band (6 m) and L-band (24 cm). By contrast, Quaternary paleodrainage channels are detectable at all three radar frequencies owing, among other things, to an usually thin cover of blow sand. The SIR-C/X-SAR data investigated to date enable us to make specific recommendations about the utility of certain radar sensor configurations for geologic and paleoenvironmental reconnaissance in desert regions. Published by Elsevier Science Inc. C1 NO ARIZONA UNIV,FLAGSTAFF,AZ 86011. RP Schaber, GG (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,2255 N GEMINI DR,FLAGSTAFF,AZ 86001, USA. NR 42 TC 80 Z9 82 U1 0 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 655 AVENUE OF THE AMERICAS, NEW YORK, NY 10010 SN 0034-4257 J9 REMOTE SENS ENVIRON JI Remote Sens. Environ. PD FEB PY 1997 VL 59 IS 2 BP 337 EP 363 DI 10.1016/S0034-4257(96)00143-5 PG 27 WC Environmental Sciences; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA WQ318 UT WOS:A1997WQ31800017 ER PT J AU Poag, CW AF Poag, CW TI The Chesapeake Bay bolide impact: A convulsive event in Atlantic Coastal Plain evolution SO SEDIMENTARY GEOLOGY LA English DT Review DE crater; bolide impact; Chesapeake Bay; stratigraphy ID DRILLING PROJECT SITE-612; SEA BENTHIC FORAMINIFERA; LATE EOCENE; TERRESTRIAL IMPACT; CRATERING RECORD; JERSEY TRANSECT; UNITED-STATES; EAST-COAST; STRATIGRAPHY; EXTINCTIONS AB Until recently, Cenozoic evolution of the Atlantic Coastal Plain has been viewed as a subcyclical continuum of deposition and erosion. Marine transgressions alternated with regressions on a slowly subsiding passive continental margin, their orderly succession modified mainly by isostatic adjustments, occasional Appalachian tectonism, and paleoclimatic change. This passive scenario was dramatically transformed in the late Eocene, however, by a bolide impact on the inner continental shelf. The resultant crater is now buried 400-500 m beneath lower Chesapeake Bay, its surrounding peninsulas, and the continental shelf east of Delmarva Peninsula. This convulsive event, and the giant tsunami it engendered, fundamentally changed the regional geological framework and depositional regime of the Virginia Coastal Plain, and produced the following principal consequences. (1) The impact excavated a roughly circular crater, twice the size of Rhode Island (similar to 6400 km(2)) and nearly as deep as the Grand Canyon (similar to 1.3 km deep). (2) The excavation truncated all existing ground-water aquifers in the target area by gouging similar to 4300 km(3) of rock from the upper lithosphere, including Proterozoic and Paleozoic crystalline basement rocks and Middle Jurassic to upper Eocene sedimentary rocks. (3) Synimpact depositional processes, including ejecta fallback, massive crater-wall failure, water-column collapse, and tsunami backwash, filled the crater with a porous breccia lens, 600-1200 m thick, at a phenomenal rate of similar to 1200 m/hr. The breccia lens replaced the truncated ground-water aquifers with a single 4300 km(3) reservoir, characterized by ground water similar to 1.5 times saltier than normal sea water (chlorinities as high as 25,700 mg/l). (4) A structural and topographic low, created by differential subsidence of the compacting breccia, persisted over the crater at least through the Pleistocene. In the depression are preserved postimpact marine lithofacies and biofacies (upper Eocene, lower Oligocene, lower Miocene) not known elsewhere in the Virginia Coastal Plain. (5) Long-term differential compaction and subsidence of the breccia lens spawned extensive fault systems in the postimpact strata. Many of these faults appear to reach the bay floor, and may be potential hazards for motion-sensitive structures in population centers around Chesapeake Bay. Near-surface fracturing and faulting generated by the impact shock may extend as far as 90 km from the crater rim. (6) Having never completely filled with postimpact sediments, the sea-floor depression over the crater appears to have predetermined the location of Chesapeake Bay. (7) As large impact craters are principal sources for some of the world's precious metals, it is reasonable to expect that metal-enriched sills, dikes, and melt sheets are present in the inner basin of the crater. In addition to these specific consequences, the crater and the convulsive event that produced it, have widespread implications for traditional interpretations of certain structural and depositional features of the Atlantic Coastal Plain, particularly in southeastern Virginia. RP Poag, CW (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,384 WOODS HOLE RD,QUISSETT CAMPUS,WOODS HOLE,MA 02543, USA. NR 147 TC 69 Z9 71 U1 2 U2 16 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0037-0738 J9 SEDIMENT GEOL JI Sediment. Geol. PD FEB PY 1997 VL 108 IS 1-4 BP 45 EP & DI 10.1016/S0037-0738(96)00048-6 PG 45 WC Geology SC Geology GA WJ711 UT WOS:A1997WJ71100004 ER PT J AU BrewsterWingard, GL Scott, TM Edwards, LE Weedman, SD Simmons, KR AF BrewsterWingard, GL Scott, TM Edwards, LE Weedman, SD Simmons, KR TI Reinterpretation of the peninsular Florida Oligocene: An integrated stratigraphic approach SO SEDIMENTARY GEOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Oligocene; peninsular Florida; Hawthorn Group; Suwannee Limestone; Arcadia Formation ID STRONTIUM ISOTOPES; MIXING ZONE; DOLOMITIZATION; PHOSPHORITE; PLATFORM; SEAWATER; ATLANTIC AB A very thick (>300 m) nearly continuous Oligocene section exists in southern peninsular Florida, as revealed by lithostratigraphic, biostratigraphic (mollusks and dinocysts), chronostratigraphic (Sr isotopes) and petrographic analyses of twelve cores and two quarries. The Oligocene deposits in the subsurface of southern Florida are the thickest documented in the southeastern U.S., and they also may represent the most complete record of Oligocene deposition in this region. No major unconformities within the Oligocene section are detected in the southern portion of the peninsula; hiatuses at the Eocene-Oligocene boundary, the early Oligocene-late Oligocene boundary, and the late Oligocene-Miocene boundary, are of limited duration if they exist at all. No significant disconformity is recognized between the Suwannee Limestone and the Arcadia Formation in southern Florida. However, on the east coast of Florida a hiatus of more than 12 m.y., spanning from at least the middle of the early Oligocene to early Miocene is present. The Suwannee Limestone was deposited during the early Oligocene. The top of the Suwannee Limestone appears to be diachronous across the platform. The 'Suwannee' Limestone, previously identified incorrectly as a late Oligocene unit, is herein documented to be early Oligocene and is encompassed in the lower Oligocene Suwannee Limestone. An unnamed limestone, found on the east coast of the peninsula is, at least in part, correlative with the Suwannee Limestone. The Arcadia Formation, basal Hawthorn Group, accounts for a large portion of the Oligocene deposition in southern Florida, spanning the interval from the middle of the early Oligocene to at least the early Miocene. Comparisons of the depositional patterns, and the distribution of dolomite and phosphate within the Suwannee Limestone and the Arcadia Formation, suggest fluctuating sea levels and that the paleo-Gulf Stream played a role in determining the nature and extent of Oligocene deposition in peninsular Florida. C1 FLORIDA GEOL SURVEY,TALLAHASSEE,FL. US GEOL SURVEY,DENVER,CO 80225. RP BrewsterWingard, GL (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,959 NATL CTR,RESTON,VA 22092, USA. NR 61 TC 17 Z9 18 U1 1 U2 7 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0037-0738 J9 SEDIMENT GEOL JI Sediment. Geol. PD FEB PY 1997 VL 108 IS 1-4 BP 207 EP 228 DI 10.1016/S0037-0738(96)00055-3 PG 22 WC Geology SC Geology GA WJ711 UT WOS:A1997WJ71100011 ER PT J AU Wrucke, CT Stevens, CH Wooden, JL AF Wrucke, CT Stevens, CH Wooden, JL TI The Butte valley and Layton well thrusts of eastern California: Distribution and regional significance - Reply SO TECTONICS LA English DT Article C1 SAN JOSE STATE UNIV,DEPT GEOL,SAN JOSE,CA 95192. RP Wrucke, CT (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,345 MIDDLEFIELD RD,MS-901,MENLO PARK,CA 94025, USA. NR 11 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 1 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 SN 0278-7407 J9 TECTONICS JI Tectonics PD FEB PY 1997 VL 16 IS 1 BP 184 EP 185 DI 10.1029/96TC02357 PG 2 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA WG675 UT WOS:A1997WG67500015 ER PT J AU Hostetler, SW AF Hostetler, SW TI Palaeoclimatology - Near to the edge of an ice sheet SO NATURE LA English DT Editorial Material RP Hostetler, SW (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,200 SW 35TH ST,CORVALLIS,OR 97333, USA. NR 11 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 1 PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD PI LONDON PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW SN 0028-0836 J9 NATURE JI Nature PD JAN 30 PY 1997 VL 385 IS 6615 BP 393 EP 394 DI 10.1038/385393a0 PG 2 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA WF007 UT WOS:A1997WF00700029 ER PT J AU Schmoker, JW Attanasi, ED AF Schmoker, JW Attanasi, ED TI Reserve growth important to US gas supply SO OIL & GAS JOURNAL LA English DT Article C1 US GEOL SURVEY,RESTON,VA 22092. RP Schmoker, JW (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,BOX 25046,DENVER,CO 80225, USA. NR 8 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU PENNWELL PUBL CO ENERGY GROUP PI TULSA PA 1421 S SHERIDAN RD PO BOX 1260, TULSA, OK 74101 SN 0030-1388 J9 OIL GAS J JI Oil Gas J. PD JAN 27 PY 1997 VL 95 IS 4 BP 95 EP 96 PG 2 WC Energy & Fuels; Engineering, Petroleum SC Energy & Fuels; Engineering GA WF003 UT WOS:A1997WF00300026 ER PT J AU Foulger, GR Grant, CC Ross, A Julian, BR AF Foulger, GR Grant, CC Ross, A Julian, BR TI Industrially induced changes in Earth structure at The Geysers geothermal area, California SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article AB Industrial exploitation is causing clearly-measurable changes in Earth structure at The Geysers geothermal area, California. Production at The Geysers peaked in the late 1980s at similar to 3.5 x 10(3) kg s(-1) of steam and 1800 MW of electricity. It subsequently decreased by about 10% per year [Barker et at, 1992] because of declining reservoir pressure. The steam reservoir coincides with a strong negative anomaly (similar to 0.16, similar to 9%) in the compressional-to-shear seismic wave speed ratio nu(P)/nu(S),consistent with the expected effects of low-pressure vapor-phase pore fluid [Julian ed at, 1996]. Between 1991 and 1994 this anomaly increased in amplitude by up to about 0.07 (similar to 4%). This is consistent with the expected effects of continued pressure reduction and conversion of pore water to steam as a result of exploitation. These unique results show that nu(P)/nu(S) tomography can easily detect saturation changes caused by exploitation of reservoirs, and is a potentially valuable technique for monitoring environmental change. They also provide geophysical observational evidence that geothermal energy is not a renewable energy source. C1 US GEOL SURVEY,SEISMOL SECT,MENLO PK,CA 94025. RP Foulger, GR (reprint author), UNIV DURHAM,DEPT GEOL SCI,SOUTH RD,DURHAM DH1 3LE,ENGLAND. NR 11 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 SN 0094-8276 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD JAN 15 PY 1997 VL 24 IS 2 BP 135 EP 137 DI 10.1029/96GL03152 PG 3 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA WD301 UT WOS:A1997WD30100007 ER PT J AU Walters, RA Barragy, EJ AF Walters, RA Barragy, EJ TI Comparison of H and P finite element approximations of the shallow water equations SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR NUMERICAL METHODS IN FLUIDS LA English DT Article DE finite element; shallow water equations; adaptive refinement; convergence ID 3-DIMENSIONAL HYDRODYNAMICS; ADAPTIVE STRATEGY; ENGLISH-CHANNEL; FLUID-DYNAMICS; TIDAL MODEL; TIDES; VERSION; COMPUTATIONS; CIRCULATION; CURRENTS AB A p-type finite element scheme is introduced for the three-dimensional shallow water equations with a harmonic expansion in time. The wave continuity equation formulation is used which decouples the problem into a Helmholtz equation for surface elevation and a momentum equation for horizontal velocity. An exploration of the applicability of p methods to this form of the shallow water problem is presented, with a consideration of the problem of continuity errors. The convergence rates and relative computational efficiency between h- and p-type methods are compared with the use of three test cases representing various degrees of difficulty. A channel test case establishes convergence rates, a continental shelf test case examines a problem with accuracy difficulties at the shelf break, and a field-scale test case examines problems with highly irregular grids. For the irregular grids, adaptive h combined with uniform p refinement was necessary to retain high convergence rates. C1 INTEL CORP,BEAVERTON,OR 97006. RP Walters, RA (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,1201 PACIFIC AVE,SUITE 600,TACOMA,WA 98402, USA. NR 41 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 1 U2 3 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD PI W SUSSEX PA BAFFINS LANE CHICHESTER, W SUSSEX, ENGLAND PO19 1UD SN 0271-2091 J9 INT J NUMER METH FL JI Int. J. Numer. Methods Fluids PD JAN 15 PY 1997 VL 24 IS 1 BP 61 EP 79 DI 10.1002/(SICI)1097-0363(19970115)24:1<61::AID-FLD479>3.0.CO;2-Y PG 19 WC Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications; Mathematics, Interdisciplinary Applications; Mechanics; Physics, Fluids & Plasmas SC Computer Science; Mathematics; Mechanics; Physics GA WC477 UT WOS:A1997WC47700003 ER PT J AU Hatch, JR Leventhal, JS AF Hatch, JR Leventhal, JS TI Early diagenetic partial oxidation of organic matter and sulfides in the Middle Pennsylvanian (Desmoinesian) Excello Shale Member of the Fort Scott Limestone and equivalents, northern Midcontinent region, USA SO CHEMICAL GEOLOGY LA English DT Article DE diagenetic partial oxidation; organic matter; sulfides; Middle Pennsylvanian (Desmoinesian) Excello Shale Member; Fort Scott Limestone; Midcontinent region, USA ID BLACK SHALES; ISOTOPIC COMPOSITION; MECCA QUARRY; METALS; GEOCHEMISTRY; CYCLOTHEMS; ORIGINS; AMERICA; KANSAS; ROCKS AB A process of early diagenetic partial oxidation of organic matter and sulfides has altered the chemical composition of the Middle Pennsylvanian Excello Shale Member of the Fort Scott Limestone and equivalents in the northern Midcontinent region. This process was identified by comparison of organic carbon contents, Rock-Eval hydrogen indices, organic carbon delta(13)C and element compositions of core and surface mine samples of the Excello Shale Member with analyses of three other underlying and overlying organic-matter-rich marine shales (offshore shale lithofacies) from southern Iowa, northern Missouri, eastern Kansas and northeastern Oklahoma. The end product of the partial oxidation process is shale with relatively low contents of hydrogen-poor, C-13-enriched organic matter, lower contents of sulfur and sulfide-forming elements, and relatively unchanged contents of phosphorus and many trace elements (e.g. Cr, Ni, and V). However, because of lower organic carbon contents, element/organic carbon ratios are greatly increased. The partial oxidation process apparently took place during subaerial exposure of the overlying marine carbonate member (Blackjack Creek Member of the Fort Scott Limestone) following a marine regression when meteoric waters percolated down to the level of the Excello muds allowing oxidation of organic matter and sulfides. This hypothesis is supported by earlier workers, who have identified meteoric carbonate cements within, and soil horizons at the top of the Blackjack Creek Member. The period of oxidation is constrained in that organic matter and sulfides in the Little Osage Shale Member of the Fort Scott Limestone and equivalents (immediately overlying the Blackjack Creek Member) appear unaltered. Similar alteration of other shales in the Middle and Upper Pennsylvanian sections may be local to regional in extent and would depend on the extent and duration of the marine regression and be influenced by local variations in permeability and topography. The partial oxidation process has likely led to a redistribution of sulfur and sulfide-forming elements into other organic-rich lithologies in the section. The altered/oxidized shales are nongenerative with respect to hydrocarbon generation. RP Hatch, JR (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,DENVER FED CTR,MS939,BOX 25046,DENVER,CO 80225, USA. NR 54 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 1 U2 5 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0009-2541 J9 CHEM GEOL JI Chem. Geol. PD JAN 14 PY 1997 VL 134 IS 4 BP 215 EP 235 DI 10.1016/S0009-2541(96)00006-X PG 21 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA WE961 UT WOS:A1997WE96100001 ER PT J AU Norris, RD Meagher, KL Weaver, CS AF Norris, RD Meagher, KL Weaver, CS TI The 1936, 1945-1947, and 1950 earthquake sequences near Lassen Peak, California SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SOLID EARTH LA English DT Article ID LONG VALLEY CALDERA; CASCADE RANGE; VOLCANISM; SWARM AB Three vigorous earthquake sequences occurred near Lassen Peak in 1936, between 1945 and 1947, and in 1950; the latter two sequences included mainshocks of magnitude 5.0 and 5.5, respectively, and thousands of smaller events. No comparable earthquake sequences have occurred near Lassen Peak since 1950. The epicentral area lies within 20 km of the southern boundary of Lassen Volcanic National Park, in a northwest striking seismic zone that extends from Lake Tahoe to the vicinity of Mount Shasta. In comparing their time history and magnitude distribution with other earthquake sequences. that have occurred in regions of Cenozoic volcanism within and east of the Cascade Range and the Sierra Nevada, we find that the Lassen earthquake sequences show similar characteristics to two earthquake sequences that occurred on Basin and Range faults near Herlong, California, and Klamath Falls, Oregon. We interpret this similarity as evidence that the Lassen earthquakes were caused by Basin and Range extension and may have occurred on one or more Basin and Range faults in the Lassen region. However, the limitations of the data do not allow other possible sources, such as magmatic injection, to be ruled out. The most important implication of the Lassen earthquake sequences is that earthquakes of M 5 or greater may occur in the Lassen region, perhaps quite close to Lassen Peak or other volcanoes. The record of Holocene volcanism and fault displacements in the region indicates that earthquake sequences driven by either tectonic or magmatic processes may occur near Lassen Peak, and any significant earthquake sequence should be carefully monitored to assess its nature. RP Norris, RD (reprint author), UNIV WASHINGTON, US GEOL SURVEY, GEOPHYS PROGRAM, BOX 351650, SEATTLE, WA 98195 USA. NR 21 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 1 U2 4 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-9313 EI 2169-9356 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-SOL EA JI J. Geophys. Res.-Solid Earth PD JAN 10 PY 1997 VL 102 IS B1 BP 449 EP 457 DI 10.1029/96JB02793 PG 9 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA WC628 UT WOS:A1997WC62800003 ER PT J AU Andrews, DJ Ben-Zion, Y AF Andrews, DJ Ben-Zion, Y TI Wrinkle-like slip pulse on a fault between different materials SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SOLID EARTH LA English DT Article ID EARTHQUAKE RUPTURE; HEAT-FLOW; ZONE; CALIFORNIA; INTERFACE; WAVES; DISLOCATIONS; PARKFIELD; FRICTION; STRAIN AB Pulses of slip velocity can propagate on a planar interface governed by a constant coefficient of friction, where the interface separates different elastic materials. Such pulses have been found in two-dimensional plane strain finite difference calculations of slip on a fault between elastic media with wave speeds differing by 20%. The self-sustaining propagation of the slip pulse arises from interaction between normal and tangential deformation that exists only with a material contrast. These calculations confirm the prediction of Weertman [1980] that a dislocation propagating steadily along a material interface has a tensile change of normal traction with the same pulse shape as slip velocity. The self-sustaining pulse is associated with a rapid transition from a head wave traveling along the interface with the S wave speed of the faster material, to an opposite polarity body wave traveling with the slower S speed. Slip occurs during the reversal of normal particle velocity. The pulse can propagate in a region with constant coefficient of friction and an initial stress state below the frictional criterion. Propagation occurs in only one direction, the direction of slip in the more compliant medium, with rupture velocity near the slower S wave speed. Displacement is larger in the softer medium, which is displaced away from the fault during the passage of the slip pulse. Motion is analogous to a propagating wrinkle in a carpet. The amplitude of slip remains approximately constant during propagation, but the pulse width decreases and the amplitudes of slip velocity and stress change increase. The tensile change of normal traction increases until absolute normal traction reaches zero. The pulse can be generated as a secondary effect of a drop, of shear stress in an asperity. The pulse shape is unstable, and the initial slip pulse can change during propagation into a collection of sharper pulses. Such a pulse enables slip to occur with little loss of energy to friction, while at the same time increasing irregularity of stress and slip at the source. C1 UNIV SO CALIF, DEPT EARTH SCI, LOS ANGELES, CA 90089 USA. RP Andrews, DJ (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY, MAIL STOP 977, 345 MIDDLEFIELD RD, MENLO PK, CA 94025 USA. NR 35 TC 226 Z9 226 U1 1 U2 15 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-9313 EI 2169-9356 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-SOL EA JI J. Geophys. Res.-Solid Earth PD JAN 10 PY 1997 VL 102 IS B1 BP 553 EP 571 DI 10.1029/96JB02856 PG 19 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA WC628 UT WOS:A1997WC62800010 ER PT J AU Langbein, J Johnson, H AF Langbein, J Johnson, H TI Correlated errors in geodetic time series: Implications for time-dependent deformation SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SOLID EARTH LA English DT Article ID LONG-VALLEY-CALDERA; SAN-ANDREAS FAULT; 2-COLOR GEODIMETER MEASUREMENTS; GLOBAL POSITIONING SYSTEM; SOUTHERN-CALIFORNIA; EASTERN CALIFORNIA; INTERSEISMIC DEFORMATION; CRUSTAL DEFORMATION; STRAIN ACCUMULATION; SURFACE MONUMENTS AB Analysis of frequent trilateration observations from the two-color electronic distance measuring networks in California demonstrate that the-noise power spectra are dominated by white noise at higher frequencies and power law behavior at lower frequencies. In contrast, Earth scientists typically have assumed that only white noise is present in a geodetic time series, since a combination of infrequent measurements and low precision usually preclude identifying the time-correlated signature in such data. After removing a linear trend from the two-color data, it becomes evident that there are primarily two recognizable types of time-correlated noise present in the residuals. The first type is a seasonal variation in displacement which is probably a result of measuring to shallow surface monuments installed in clayey soil which responds to seasonally occurring rainfall; this noise is significant only for a small fraction of the sites analyzed. The second type of correlated noise becomes evident only after spectral analysis of line length changes and shows a functional relation at long periods between power and frequency of 1/f(alpha), where f is frequency and alpha approximate to 2. With alpha = 2, this type of correlated noise is termed random-walk noise, and its source is mainly thought to be small random motions of geodetic monuments with respect to the Earth's crust, though other sources are possible. Because the line length changes in the two-color networks are measured at irregular intervals, power spectral techniques cannot reliably estimate the level of 1/f(alpha) noise. Rather, we also use here a maximum likelihood estimation technique which assumes that there are only two sources of noise in the residual time series (white noise and random-walk noise) and estimates the amount of each. From this analysis we find that the random-walk noise level averages about 1.3 mm/root yr and that our estimates of the white noise component confirm theoretical limitations of the measurement technique. In addition, the seasonal noise can be as large as 3 mm in amplitude but typically is less than 0.5 mm. Because of the presence of random-walk noise in these time series, modeling and interpretation of the geodetic data must account for this source of error. By way of example we show that estimating the time-varying strain tensor (a form of spatial averaging) from geodetic data having both random-walk and white noise error components results in seemingly significant variations in the rate of strain accumulation; spatial averaging does reduce the size of both noise components but not their relative influence on the resulting strain accumulation model. C1 UNIV CALIF SAN DIEGO, INST GEOPHYS & PLANETARY PHYS 0225, LA JOLLA, CA 92093 USA. RP US GEOL SURVEY, MS 977, 345 MIDDLEFIELD RD, MENLO PK, CA 94025 USA. NR 31 TC 208 Z9 222 U1 3 U2 10 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-9313 EI 2169-9356 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-SOL EA JI J. Geophys. Res.-Solid Earth PD JAN 10 PY 1997 VL 102 IS B1 BP 591 EP 603 DI 10.1029/96JB02945 PG 13 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA WC628 UT WOS:A1997WC62800013 ER PT J AU Prentice, CS Ponti, DJ AF Prentice, CS Ponti, DJ TI Coseismic deformation of the Wrights tunnel during the 1906 San Francisco earthquake: A key to understanding 1906 fault slip and 1989 surface ruptures in the southern Santa Cruz Mountains, California SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SOLID EARTH LA English DT Article ID LOMA-PRIETA EARTHQUAKE; SEISMIC HAZARD; ANDREAS FAULT AB The Wrights tunnel is an abandoned railroad tunnel that crosses the San Andreas fault in the southern Santa Cruz Mountains in the vicinity of the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake. The tunnel was damaged and deformed during the 1906 San Francisco earthquake and a plot showing postearthquake measurements made in the tunnel is given by Lawson [1908]. The amount of offset shown on this plot (1.5 m) has been used in several studies as being representative of the amount of fault offset along this segment of the San Andreas fault in 1906. Our historical research shows that different observers reported different amounts of fault offset in the tunnel and that the 1.5 m given on the plot is not a surveyed measurement. In addition, the plot of the tunnel has been interpreted in several previous studies as evidence of a broad (1.5 km) zone of faulting beneath Summit Ridge. Our analysis shows that this plot need not indicate a broad zone of deformation. Our historical research and modeling of the tunnel measurements indicate that faulting was confined to a zone less than 400 m wide and that 60-85% of the coseismic slip occurred across a single fault plane. There is no evidence for offset across a second shear zone beneath Summit Ridge in 1906. This implies that surface fractures reported on Summit Ridge in 1906 were riot associated with significant deformation of the tunnel, implying that they were shallow, surficial features. By analogy, the very similar fractures that occurred on Summit Ridge in 1989 were also probably the result of shallow gravitational, rather than deep-seated tectonic, processes. Our modeling also indicates that total coseismic, near-surface slip across the San Andreas fault zone in the Wrights tunnel in 1906 was at least 1.7-1.8 m. RP Prentice, CS (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY, MS 977, 345 MIDDLEFIELD RD, MENLO PK, CA 94025 USA. NR 18 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 6 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-9313 EI 2169-9356 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-SOL EA JI J. Geophys. Res.-Solid Earth PD JAN 10 PY 1997 VL 102 IS B1 BP 635 EP 648 DI 10.1029/96JB02934 PG 14 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA WC628 UT WOS:A1997WC62800015 ER PT J AU Dolan, JF Wald, DJ AF Dolan, JF Wald, DJ TI The 1946 Hispaniola earthquake and the tectonics of the North America Caribbean plate boundary zone, northeastern Hispaniola - Comment SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SOLID EARTH LA English DT Article ID SLIP VECTORS; CARBONATE PLATFORMS; RELATIVE MOTION; SUBDUCTION; NEOTECTONICS; COLLISION; MARGIN C1 US GEOL SURVEY, PASADENA, CA 91106 USA. RP UNIV SO CALIF, DEPT EARTH SCI, LOS ANGELES, CA 90089 USA. NR 37 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-9313 EI 2169-9356 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-SOL EA JI J. Geophys. Res.-Solid Earth PD JAN 10 PY 1997 VL 102 IS B1 BP 785 EP 792 DI 10.1029/96JB00648 PG 8 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA WC628 UT WOS:A1997WC62800024 ER PT J AU Robinson, MS Lucey, PG AF Robinson, MS Lucey, PG TI Recalibrated Mariner 10 color mosaics: Implications for Mercurian volcanism SO SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID REFLECTANCE SPECTRA; SURFACE; SPECTROSCOPY; BASALT AB Recalibration of Mariner 10 color image data allows the identification of distinct color units on the mercurian surface. We analyze these data in terms of opaque mineral abundance, iron content, and soil maturity and find color units consistent with the presence of volcanic deposits on Mercury's surface. Additionally, materials associated with some impact craters have been excavated from a layer interpreted to be deficient in opaque minerals within the crust, possibly analogous to the lunar anorthosite crust. These observations suggest that Mercury has undergone complex differentiation like the other terrestrial planets and the Earth's moon. C1 UNIV HAWAII,HAWAII INST GEOPHYS & PLANETOL,HONOLULU,HI 96822. RP Robinson, MS (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,2255 N GEMINI DR,FLAGSTAFF,AZ 86001, USA. NR 37 TC 120 Z9 120 U1 1 U2 2 PU AMER ASSOC ADVANCEMENT SCIENCE PI WASHINGTON PA 1200 NEW YORK AVE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 SN 0036-8075 J9 SCIENCE JI Science PD JAN 10 PY 1997 VL 275 IS 5297 BP 197 EP 200 DI 10.1126/science.275.5297.197 PG 4 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA WC022 UT WOS:A1997WC02200033 ER PT S AU Jenkins, SE Guyette, R Rebertus, AJ AF Jenkins, SE Guyette, R Rebertus, AJ BE Pallardy, SG Cecich, RA Garrett, HG Johnson, PS TI Vegetation-site relationships and fire history of a savanna-glade-woodland mosaic in the Ozarks SO 11TH CENTRAL HARDWOOD FOREST CONFERENCE, PROCEEDINGS SE USDA FOREST SERVICE GENERAL TECHNICAL REPORT NORTH CENTRAL LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 11th Central Hardwood Forest Conference CY MAR 23-26, 1997 CL UNIV MISSOURI, COLUMBIA, MO SP Univ Missouri, Sch Nat Resources, USDA Forest Serv, N Cent Forest Expt Stn, Missouri Dept Conservat HO UNIV MISSOURI AB There is a growing interest in reconstructing past disturbance regimes and how they influenced plant composition, structure and landscape pattern. Such information is useful to resource managers for determining the effects of fire suppression on vegetation or tailoring prescribed fires to restore community and landscape diversity. In the spring of 1995, the National Park Service reintroduced landscape-scale prescribed fire to an extensive oak/pine woodland-savanna-glade complex on Turkey Mountain, Buffalo National River, Arkansas. We took advantage of this opportunity to: (1) reconstruct the fire history of Turkey Mountain from fire scars and (2) determine how plant composition, forest structure, and past fire intensity varied along topoedaphic gradients before the site was burned. A fire history was derived from wedges or cross-sections of one dead and eight live shortleaf pines. Woody and herbaceous vegetation were sampled in 18, 20 by 25-m plots systematically spaced along transects running upslope. The percentage of trees scarred was determined in 80, 20 by 20- or 20 by 40-m plots located along transects running upslope. Highest plant diversity occurred on shallow, calcareous soils (limestone glades). Lowest diversity was associated with deeper, acidic soils and high woody basal area. Vegetation composition changed gradually along environmental gradients, but the most distinct flora was associated with: (1) limestone glades, (2) deeper acid soils, (3) high basal area sites, and (4) sandstone glades. Savanna herbaceous species were characteristic of sites with intermediate soil depth and fertility. Black hickory, post oak, eastern red cedar, and chinquapin oak were overstory dominants. Encroachment of cedar (on circumneutral soils), blackjack oak, and black hickory (on acidic soils) may pose a serious threat to the diverse flora. For the 223-year fire record, the mean return interval was 5.7 years. The longest fire-free interval was 34 years (1770-1804) and the shortest was 1 year. No fire scars were documented between 1972 and 1993. The number of trees scarred per plot increased with fetch (distance from the bottom of the mountain), proximity to south-southwest slope aspects (especially on steeper slopes), and distance from the Buffalo River. Past variation in fire frequency and intensity may have acted synergistically with topoedaphic gradients to maintain a mosaic of plant communities. C1 Univ Missouri, Sch Nat Resources, Dept Soil & Atmospher Sci,USGS, Biol Res Div,Cent Plains Ozark Plateau Field Stn, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. RP Jenkins, SE (reprint author), Univ Missouri, Sch Nat Resources, Dept Soil & Atmospher Sci,USGS, Biol Res Div,Cent Plains Ozark Plateau Field Stn, 204 Gentry Hall, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. NR 0 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 3 U2 4 PU US DEPT AGR, FOREST SERV, N CENT RES STN PI ST PAUL PA 1992 FOLWELL AVENUE, ST PAUL, MN 55108 USA SN 0363-616X J9 US FOR SERV T R NC PY 1997 VL 188 BP 184 EP 201 PG 18 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA BK52U UT WOS:000072439000028 ER PT B AU Helm, RC Ammann, M AF Helm, RC Ammann, M GP API TI Joint trustee/industry cooperative prespill and NRDA planning SO 1997 INTERNATIONAL OIL SPILL CONFERENCE: IMPROVING ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT International Oil Spill Conference - Improving Environmental Protection CY APR 07-10, 1997 CL FT LAUDERDALE, FL SP US Coast Guard, US EPA, Amer Petr Inst, Int Petr Ind Environm Conservat Assoc, Int Maritime Org AB On the west coast of North America, representatives of several natural resource trustee agencies and several major oil companies have organized a cooperative working group named the Joint Assessment Team (JAT). To date, the JAT has (I) improved the working relationships among the trustees and oil companies, (2) discussed how each agency and company is organized and the role each plays if a spill occurs, (3) reached considerable consensus on how the trustees will interact with a company in the event of spill, and (4) shared in the review of oil-spill response and damage assessment documents. Future goals are to (I) continue to develop the relationships between the groups, (2) develop geography-specific pre-spill NRDA planning exercises, (3) develop written agreements between trustees and industry, and (4) jointly understand the principles and applications of basic restoration methodologies and economic valuation techniques. This paper reports on the formation of a unique association between several state and federal natural resource trustee agencies and several major oil companies for the purpose of improving the effectiveness and efficiency of conducting natural resource injury and damage assessments. It discusses the impetus for formation of the group, the persons involved the group's goals and accomplishments, and future plans. C1 US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Ecol Serv, Portland, OR 97232 USA. RP Helm, RC (reprint author), US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Ecol Serv, 911 NE 11th Ave, Portland, OR 97232 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER PETROLEUM INST PI WASHINGTON PA 1220 L STREET, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 USA PY 1997 BP 1031 EP 1032 PG 2 WC Engineering, Environmental; Engineering, Marine; Engineering, Petroleum; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA BK72X UT WOS:000073241400213 ER PT B AU Nilles, M Lear, G Welker, M AF Nilles, M Lear, G Welker, M BE PrabhuDayal, PE TI The NADP/NTN: Responding to new challenges SO ACID RAIN & ELECTRIC UTILITIES II LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT II Acid Rain & Electric Utilities Conference CY JAN 21-22, 1997 CL SCOTTSDALE, AZ SP US EPA, Elect Power Res Inst, Edison Elect Inst, Air & Waste Management Assoc C1 US Geol Survey, Denver, CO 80225 USA. RP Nilles, M (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Box 25046,MS-401, Denver, CO 80225 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOC PI PITTSBURGH PA ONE GATEWAY CTR, PITTSBURGH, PA 15222 USA PY 1997 BP 740 EP 749 PG 2 WC Engineering, Environmental; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA BL49Z UT WOS:000075703500055 ER PT B AU Gordon, JD Nilles, MA AF Gordon, JD Nilles, MA BE PrabhuDayal, PE TI Summary of external quality assurance programs and results for the NADP/NTN SO ACID RAIN & ELECTRIC UTILITIES II LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT II Acid Rain & Electric Utilities Conference CY JAN 21-22, 1997 CL SCOTTSDALE, AZ SP US EPA, Elect Power Res Inst, Edison Elect Inst, Air & Waste Management Assoc AB The U.S. Geological Survey utilizes several programs to document and improve the quality of NADP/NTN data. The contribution of sample collection and shipping container surfaces to wet deposition sample chemistry and routine sample handling effects are evaluated with a blind audit program. The results of the blind audit program indicate that the median amount of SO42- contamination attributable to handling and container contact has decreased from 0.04 mg/L in 1992 to 0.01 mg/L in 1995. Median percent bias in laboratory hydrogen ion concentration measurements due to handling and container contamination decreased from -9.76 mu eq/L in 1992 to -0.10 mu eq/L in 1995. An intersite comparison program evaluates onsite pH and specific conductance determinations. The median percent difference between the reported and expected pH value approximated 0% in every intersite comparison study, an indication that onsite pH measurements have consistently been unbiased. An interlaboratory comparison program compares the results from the NADP/NTN contract laboratory with results from other North American laboratories routinely analyzing wet deposition samples. The interlaboratory comparison program results in 1994-95 indicate cation precision estimates at the 50(th) percentile were quite similar between laboratories, with median absolute differences less than or equal to 0.004 mg/L. Anion precision estimates at the 50(th) percentile exhibited greater variability, but the median absolute differences were less than or equal to 0.014 mg/L. Network precision is estimated by the typical random error associated with differences between the existing and collocated collection equipment. For SO42- and NO3-, random error in network measurements has consistently been less than 7%. C1 US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Denver, CO 80225 USA. RP Gordon, JD (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, POB 25046,MS 401, Denver, CO 80225 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOC PI PITTSBURGH PA ONE GATEWAY CTR, PITTSBURGH, PA 15222 USA PY 1997 BP 833 EP 844 PG 4 WC Engineering, Environmental; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA BL49Z UT WOS:000075703500064 ER PT J AU Schloesser, DW Smithee, RD Longton, GD Kovalak, WP AF Schloesser, DW Smithee, RD Longton, GD Kovalak, WP TI Zebra mussel induced mortality of unionids in firm substrata of western Lake Erie and a habitat for survival SO AMERICAN MALACOLOGICAL BULLETIN LA English DT Article DE Dreissena; Unionidae; refugia; Great Lakes; unionid mortality ID DREISSENA-POLYMORPHA; GREAT-LAKES; ST-CLAIR; SPATIAL AGGREGATION; NATIVE BIVALVES; NORTH-AMERICA; COLONIZATION; INFESTATION; IMPACT; POPULATIONS AB The present study was conducted to determine impacts of zebra mussel [Dreissena polymorpha (Pallas, 1771); Dreissenidae] infestation on unionids in firm substrata in western Lake Erie. Unionid mollusks were collected at a total of 15 stations on three offshore depth contours (2, 3, and 4 m) in 1983 (before zebra mussel infestation), in 1990 and 1993 (after zebra mussel infestation), and at one station on a nearshore 2-m depth contour and along one transect on a nearshore I-m depth contour in 1993. Numbers of living unionids on substrata along offshore contours remained similar between 1983 and 1990 and then decreased from 97 individuals in 1990 to only five individuals in 1993. In addition, the number of species decreased from nine to four between 1990 and 1993. In contrast, on nearshore contours 85 living individuals representing nine species were found in 1993. About 48% of the living and 79% of the dead unionids at the two nearshore locations were covered with byssal threads of dreissenid mussels, but were not actively infested by mussels. The presence of living unionids on nearshore contours of western Lake Erie in 1993 indicates that survival of unionids in the presence of abundant zebra mussel populations can be possible in firm substrata and that these habitats can provide natural "refugia" for unionid populations. At present, we do not know what allows unionids to survive in the presence of zebra mussel colonization, but believe that water-level fluctuations and waves could contribute to the removal of mussels from unionids. This information could be of major concern in the mitigation of impacts of infestation on unionids in waters throughout North America. C1 US Geol Serv, Biol Resources Div, Great Lakes Sci Ctr, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA. RP Schloesser, DW (reprint author), US Geol Serv, Biol Resources Div, Great Lakes Sci Ctr, 1451 Green Rd, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA. NR 46 TC 26 Z9 27 U1 2 U2 10 PU AMER MALACOLOGICAL UNION PI NEW YORK PA AMER MUSEUM NATURAL HISTORY, DEPT INVERTEBRATES, CENTRAL PARK WEST 79TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10024-5192 USA SN 0740-2783 J9 AM MALACOL BULL JI Am. Malacol. Bull. PY 1997 VL 14 IS 1 BP 67 EP 74 PG 8 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Zoology SC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Zoology GA YP991 UT WOS:000071336400008 ER PT S AU Williams, RS Hall, DK Sigurdsson, O Chien, JYL AF Williams, RS Hall, DK Sigurdsson, O Chien, JYL BE Whillans, IM TI Comparison of satellite-derived with ground-based measurements of the fluctuations of the margins of Vatnajokull, Iceland, 1973-92 SO ANNALS OF GLACIOLOGY, VOL 24, 1997 SE ANNALS OF GLACIOLOGY LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT International Symposium on Changing Glaciers CY JUN 24-27, 1996 CL FJAERLAND, NORWAY SP Int Glaciol Soc AB Vatnajokull, Iceland, is the Earth's most studied ice cap and represents a classical glaciological field site on the basis of S. Palsson's seminal glaciological field research in the late 18th century. Since the 19th century, Vatnajokull has been the focus of an array of glaciological studies by scientists from many nations, including many remote-sensing investigations since 1951. Landsat-derived positions of the termini of 11 outlet glaciers of Vatnajokull were compared with frontal positions of six of these 11 outlet glaciers determined by field observations during the period 1973-92. The largest changes during the 19 year period (1973-92) occurred in the large lobate, surge-type outlet glaciers along the southwestern, western, and northern margins of Vatnajokull. Tungnaarjokull receded -1413 +/- 112 m (-1380 +/- 1 m from ground observations), and Bruarjokull receded -1975 +/- 191m (-2096 +/- 5 m from extrapolated ground observations) between 1973 and 1992. Satellite images can be used to delineate glacier margin changes on a time-lapse basis, if the glacier margin can be spectrally discriminated from terminal moraines and sandur deposits and if the advance/recession is larger than maximum image pixel size. "Local knowledge" of glaciers is critically important, however, in the accurate delineation of glacier margins on Landsat images. C1 US Geol Survey, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. RP Williams, RS (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Quissett Campus, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. RI Hall, Dorothy/D-5562-2012 NR 0 TC 60 Z9 75 U1 3 U2 9 PU INT GLACIOLOGICAL SOC PI CAMBRIDGE PA LENSFIELD RD, CAMBRIDGE CB2 1ER, ENGLAND SN 0260-3055 BN 0-946417-19-9 J9 ANN GLACIOL PY 1997 VL 24 BP 72 EP 80 PG 9 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA BK12Z UT WOS:000071281900014 ER PT S AU Fountain, AG Jacobel, RW AF Fountain, AG Jacobel, RW BE Whillans, IM TI Advances in ice radar studies of a temperate alpine glacier, South Cascade Glacier, Washington, USA SO ANNALS OF GLACIOLOGY, VOL 24, 1997 SE ANNALS OF GLACIOLOGY LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT International Symposium on Changing Glaciers CY JUN 24-27, 1996 CL FJAERLAND, NORWAY SP Int Glaciol Soc AB South Cascade Glacier, Washington, U.S.A., is one of the most extensively studied glaciers in the Western Hemisphere. In addition to mass-balance measurements, which date to 1958, numerous hydrological investigations have been carried out during the last three decades, and repeated ice-thickness determinations have been made using a variety of techniques. In the late 1960s, the basal topography was initially determined by gravitimetric methods. In the mid-1970s some of the first depth measurements using radar on temperate ice were made. The basal topography was remapped soon after from a series of point radar measurements and boreholes drilled to the glacier bottom. During the 1990s, the ice thickness was remapped using digital recording of continuous profiles that obtained over 5000 ice-thickness measurements. Profiles have been corrected for the finite beamwidth of the antenna radiation pattern and reflections in steep terrain, resulting in a significantly improved depiction of the basal surface and internal structures. The map based on our recent radar profiles confirms the large-scale features of the basal topography previously depicted and reveals more structural detail. A bright reflector was detected at the base of the glacier and could be traced in adjacent profiles. Comparison with results from water-level measurements in boreholes drilled to the bed indicates that the reflector is a subglacial conduit. C1 US Geol Survey, Denver, CO 80225 USA. RP Fountain, AG (reprint author), US Geol Survey, POB 25046,MS 412, Denver, CO 80225 USA. NR 0 TC 15 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 0 PU INT GLACIOLOGICAL SOC PI CAMBRIDGE PA LENSFIELD RD, CAMBRIDGE CB2 1ER, ENGLAND SN 0260-3055 BN 0-946417-19-9 J9 ANN GLACIOL PY 1997 VL 24 BP 303 EP 308 PG 6 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA BK12Z UT WOS:000071281900053 ER PT J AU Iverson, RM Reid, ME LaHusen, RG AF Iverson, RM Reid, ME LaHusen, RG TI Debris-flow mobilization from landslides SO ANNUAL REVIEW OF EARTH AND PLANETARY SCIENCES LA English DT Review DE debris flow; mudflow; initiation; hillslope; soil; mechanics; pore pressure ID RAPID GRANULAR FLOWS; GROUNDWATER-FLOW; ROCK MASSES; MODEL; FAILURE; SLOPES; LIQUEFACTION; SOIL; CALIFORNIA; AVALANCHES AB Field observations, laboratory experiments, and theoretical analyses indicate that landslides mobilize to form debris flows by three processes: (a) widespread Coulomb failure within a sloping soil, rock, or sediment mass, (b) partial or complete liquefaction of the mass by high pore-fluid pressures, and (c) conversion of landslide translational energy to internal vibrational energy (i.e. granular temperature). These processes can operate independently, but in many circumstances they appear to operate simultaneously and synergistically. Early work on debris-flow mobilization described a similar interplay of processes but relied on mechanical models in which debris behavior was assumed to be fixed and governed by a Bingham or Bagnold theology. In contrast, this review emphasizes models in which debris behavior evolves in response to changing pore pressures and granular temperatures. One-dimensional infinite-slope models provide insight by quantifying how pore pressures and granular temperatures can influence the transition from Coulomb failure to liquefaction. Analyses of multidimensional experiments reveal complications ignored in one-dimensional models and demonstrate that debris-flow mobilization may occur by at least two distinct modes in the field. C1 US GEOL SURVEY,MENLO PK,CA 94025. RP Iverson, RM (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,5400 MACARTHUR BLVD,VANCOUVER,WA 98661, USA. NR 133 TC 354 Z9 381 U1 15 U2 99 PU ANNUAL REVIEWS INC PI PALO ALTO PA 4139 EL CAMINO WAY, PO BOX 10139, PALO ALTO, CA 94303-0139 SN 0084-6597 J9 ANNU REV EARTH PL SC JI Annu. Rev. Earth Planet. Sci. PY 1997 VL 25 BP 85 EP 138 DI 10.1146/annurev.earth.25.1.85 PG 54 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geology GA XB772 UT WOS:A1997XB77200004 ER PT J AU Zielinski, RA AsherBolinder, S Meier, AL Johnson, CA Szabo, BJ AF Zielinski, RA AsherBolinder, S Meier, AL Johnson, CA Szabo, BJ TI Natural or fertilizer-derived uranium in irrigation drainage: A case study in southeastern Colorado, USA SO APPLIED GEOCHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID ARKANSAS RIVER; PHOSPHATE; THORIUM; WATERS; SOILS AB Drainage from heavily cultivated soils may be contaminated with U that is leached from the soil or added as a trace constituent of PO4-based commercial fertilizer. The effect of decades-long application of U-rich fertilizer on the U concentration of irrigation drainage was investigated in a small (14.2 km(2)) drainage basin in southeastern Colorado. The basin was chosen because previous reports indicated locally anomalous concentrations of dissolved NO3 (6-36 mg l(-1)) and dissolved U (61 mu g l(-1)) at the mouth of the only stream. Results of this study indicated minimal impact of fertilizer-U compared to natural U leached from the local soils. Detailed sampling of the stream along a 6 mile (9.7 km) reach through heavily cultivated lands indicated marked decoupling of the buildup of dissolved NO3 and U. Dissolved U increased markedly in the upstream half of the reach and correlated positively with increases in Na, Mg, SO4, B and Li derived from leaching of surrounding shaley soils. In contrast, major increases in dissolved NO, occurred farther downstream where stream water was heavily impacted by ground water return from extensively fertilized fields. Nitrogen isotopic measurements confirmed that dissolved NO3 originated from fertilizer and soil organic N (crop waste). Uranium isotopic measurements of variably uraniferous waters showed little evidence of contamination with fertilizer-derived U of isotopically distinct U-234/U-238 alpha activity ratio (A.R. = 1.0). Leaching experiments using local alkaline soil, irrigation water and U-rich fertilizer confirmed the ready leachability of soil-bound U and the comparative immobility of U added with liquid fertilizer. Relatively insoluble precipitates containing Ca-P-U were formed by mixing liquid fertilizer with water containing abundant dissolved Ca. In the local soils soluble Ca is provided by dissolution of abundant gypsum. Similar studies are needed elsewhere because the mobility of fertilizer-derived U is dependent on fertilizer type, porewater chemistry and soil properties (pH, moisture, mineralogy, texture). (C) 1997 Elsevier Science Ltd. RP US GEOL SURVEY, BOX 25046, DENVER, CO 80225 USA. NR 38 TC 41 Z9 41 U1 4 U2 11 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0883-2927 J9 APPL GEOCHEM JI Appl. Geochem. PD JAN PY 1997 VL 12 IS 1 BP 9 EP 21 DI 10.1016/S0883-2927(96)00050-9 PG 13 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA WR156 UT WOS:A1997WR15600002 ER PT J AU Lind, CJ Oscarson, RL AF Lind, CJ Oscarson, RL TI Iron deposition as acidic groundwater encounters carbonates in the alluvium of Pinal Creek, Arizona, USA SO APPLIED GEOCHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID BLUE RIDGE FRONT; CRYSTALLINE PRODUCTS; BEARING MINERALS; ALKALINE MEDIA; TRANSFORMATION; FERRIHYDRITE; SOILS; ADSORPTION; SAPROLITE; GOETHITE AB In a column experiment, acidic groundwater from Final Creek Arizona, a Cu mining area, was eluted through a composited alluvial sample obtained from a core that had been removed from a well downgradient of the acidic groundwater. The minerals present in typical grains and flakes in the alluvium before and after the elution were determined by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy, and energy dispersive multichannel analyses (EDX). The concentrations of Fe, Ti, Mn, Si, Al, Na, Ca, K, Mg and S in these grains and flakes and in their microcrystalline surface coatings were measured by EDX. In addition to magnetite, hematite, and Fe-Ti oxides, Fe was most concentrated in micas (especially biotite-like flakes) and in the microcrystalline coatings. The measured elements in these microcrystalline coatings were primarily K, Fe, Al, and Si. The microcrystalline coatings on the mica flakes also contained Mg. The approximate 1:3 Mg:Si atomic ratios (ARs) of the biotite-like flakes both before and after the elution would suggest that the Fe deposited during the elution had not substituted for Mg in these flakes. As a result of the elution, assuming no loss of Si, the averaged recorded Fe:Si AR of the microcrystalline coatings increased from (0.46 to 0.58):3.00. Iron deposition on the typical grains and flakes may relate to the presence of Fe in the particle on which it is deposited or to the presence of Fe in the microcrystalline surface coatings before elution. The data here are not sufficient for a statistical evaluation, but elution caused the following trends: (1)The Fe:Si AR increased in the (K,Fe,Al,Si)-microcrystalline surface coatings; (2) For the mica flakes, there was more than a 2-fold increase in the Fe:Si AR for the microcrystalline surface coatings of the Fe-rich biotite-like flakes but no measurable increase of the Fe:Si AR for the microcrystalline surface coatings of the muscovite-like flakes that contained 3-5 times less Fe; (3) Also for the biotite-like flakes, the increase in Fe:Si AR was greater in the flakes that had a higher Fe:Si AR; (4) The Fe deposition on the Fe-rich microcrystalline surface coatings of the feldspar was much greater than on the Fe-poor, beige quartz and feldspar grains that, prior to elution, had only CaSO4 microcrystalline coatings; and (5) No Fe was deposited on Fe-poor grains with no microcrystalline surface coating. (C) 1997 Elsevier Science Ltd. RP Lind, CJ (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,345 MIDDLEFIELD RD,MENLO PK,CA 94025, USA. NR 24 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 0 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 0883-2927 J9 APPL GEOCHEM JI Appl. Geochem. PD JAN PY 1997 VL 12 IS 1 BP 83 EP 95 DI 10.1016/S0883-2927(96)00056-X PG 13 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA WR156 UT WOS:A1997WR15600007 ER PT J AU Stolz, JF Gugliuzza, T Blum, JS Oremland, R Murillo, FM AF Stolz, JF Gugliuzza, T Blum, JS Oremland, R Murillo, FM TI Differential cytochrome content and reductase activity in Geospirillum barnesii strain SeS3 SO ARCHIVES OF MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID GEOBACTER-METALLIREDUCENS; POLYACRYLAMIDE GELS; NITRATE REDUCTASE; IRON; GROWTH; METABOLISM; OXIDATION; BACTERIA; MEMBRANE; PROTEINS AB The protein composition, cytochrome content, and reductase activity in the dissimilatory selenate-reducing bacterium Geospirillum barnesii strain SeS3, grown with thiosulfate, nitrate, selenate, or fumarate as the terminal electron acceptor, was investigated. Comparison of seven high-molecular-mass membrane proteins (105.3, 90.3, 82.6, 70.2, 67.4, 61.1, and 57.3 kDa) by SDS-PAGE showed that their detection was dependent on the terminal electron acceptor used. Membrane fractions from cells grown on thiosulfate contained a 70.2-kDa c-type cytochrome with absorbance maxima at 552, 522, and 421 nm. A 61.1-kDa c-type cytochrome with absorption maxima at 552, 523, and 423 nm was seen in membrane fractions from cells grown on nitrate. No c-type cytochromes were detected in membrane fractions of either selenate- or fumarate-grown cells. Difference spectra, however, revealed the presence of a cytochrome b(554) (absorption maxima at 554, 523, and 422 nm) in membrane fractions from selenate-grown cells and a cytochrome b(556) (absorption maxima at 556, 520, and 416 nm) in membrane fractions from fumarate-grown cells, Analysis of reductase activity in the different membrane fractions showed variability in substrate specificity. However, enzyme activity was greatest for the substrate on which the cells had been grown (e.g., membranes from nitrate-grown cells exhibited the greatest activity with nitrate). These results show that protein composition, cytochrome content, and reductase activity are dependent on the terminal electron acceptor used for growth. C1 US GEOL SURVEY,MENLO PK,CA 94025. RP Stolz, JF (reprint author), DUQUESNE UNIV,DEPT BIOL SCI,PITTSBURGH,PA 15282, USA. NR 22 TC 28 Z9 28 U1 1 U2 5 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 SN 0302-8933 J9 ARCH MICROBIOL JI Arch. Microbiol. PD JAN PY 1997 VL 167 IS 1 BP 1 EP 5 DI 10.1007/s002030050408 PG 5 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA WH410 UT WOS:A1997WH41000001 ER PT J AU Corbett, DG Lefevre, C Corbett, TJ West, D Siegel-Causey, D AF Corbett, DG Lefevre, C Corbett, TJ West, D Siegel-Causey, D TI Excavations at KIS-008, Buldir Island: Evaluation and potential SO ARCTIC ANTHROPOLOGY LA English DT Article AB In 1991 a multidisciplinary team initiated excavations at the only known midden site on Buldir Island in the western Aleutians. The project integrated archaeological and biological research to understand human adaptations and Holocene environments over time. Buldir was chosen for the project for several reasons: (1) it is strategically located between the Rat and Near Islands and potentially contributes information on rate of westward migration of hunters in the Aleutian chain, (2) it can provide clues to the amount and kind of communication and/or isolation that existed among the western islands, and (3) its extant faunal population was never impacted by foxes and should be an excellent analogue for the island's past biodiversity. Radiocarbon dates suggest the island was inhabited as early as 1100 years ago. This paper describes the bone, lithic, and wooden artifacts recovered from two test pits excavated on the beachfront of the midden site. Due to the unusual preservation in the island midden, fragile organics, including wood, were recovered. For the first time, western Aleut woodworking technology is discussed. Additionally, this paper explores the types and sources of lithic raw materials selected by ancient peoples on Buldir. Lithic and bone artifact analysis, coupled with radiocarbon dates, suggest that both Rat and Near Islanders used Buldir-sometimes concurrently. The first year's excavation on Buldir shows the potential for prehistoric research in the western Aleutian Islands. C1 US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Anchorage, AK 99503 USA. Museum Natl Hist Nat, CNRS URA 1415, Anat Comparee Lab, F-75005 Paris, France. WGM Inc, Anchorage, AK 99510 USA. Univ Kansas, Dept Anthropol, Lawrence, KS 66045 USA. Univ Nebraska, State Museum, Lincoln, NE 68588 USA. RP Corbett, DG (reprint author), US Fish & Wildlife Serv, 1011 E Tudor Rd, Anchorage, AK 99503 USA. NR 32 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 0 PU UNIV WISCONSIN PRESS PI MADISON PA JOURNAL DIVISION, 2537 DANIELS ST, MADISON, WI 53718 USA SN 0066-6939 J9 ARCTIC ANTHROPOL JI Arct. Anthropol. PY 1997 VL 34 IS 2 BP 100 EP 117 PG 18 WC Anthropology SC Anthropology GA YM592 UT WOS:000071080200006 ER PT J AU Lefevre, C Corbett, DG West, D Siegel-Causey, D AF Lefevre, C Corbett, DG West, D Siegel-Causey, D TI A zooarchaeological study at Buldir Island, western Aleutians, Alaska SO ARCTIC ANTHROPOLOGY LA English DT Article AB During 1991, an archaeological investigation was conducted on Buldir Island, Aleutian Islands, Alaska. This paper presents quantified zooarchaeological data for that site and constitutes the first such report for the western Aleutians. Excavations of two test pits produced a sample of 8822 vertebrate elements, representing marine mammals, birds, and fish. In terms of meat yield, Steller sea lion (Eumetopias jubata) dominated the assemblage. Although the most important parameters for traditional Aleut bird hunting have been size and weight, our research suggests that smaller bird species, including the whiskered auklet, were hunted for purposes of clothing ornamentation rather than for meat yield. Presence of alcids, pelagic fish, and infant sea lions in the assemblage supports a scenario for summer occupation of Buldir by Aleut hunters; however, the ratio of adult sea lion remains provides evidence for possible year-round habitation on the island. Although sea lions provided the highest meat yield in the eastern and western Aleutians, fish played a much larger role in the eastern economies. Alcids dominate the archaeological faunal assemblages in the western Aleutians, but albatrosses, cormorants, and other Procellaridae are the most prevalent species found in the east. Preliminary archaeological evidence suggests that short-tailed albatross, black-legged kittiwakes, murrelets, and least auklets varied in importance on Buldir over time. C1 Museum Natl Hist Nat, CNRS URA 1415, Anat Comparee Lab, F-75005 Paris, France. US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Anchorage, AK 99503 USA. Univ Kansas, Dept Anthropol, Lawrence, KS 66045 USA. Univ Nebraska, Sch Biol Sci, Lincoln, NE 68588 USA. RP Lefevre, C (reprint author), Museum Natl Hist Nat, CNRS URA 1415, Anat Comparee Lab, 55 Rue Buffon, F-75005 Paris, France. NR 59 TC 23 Z9 23 U1 0 U2 4 PU UNIV WISCONSIN PRESS PI MADISON PA JOURNAL DIVISION, 1930 MONROE ST, 3RD FL, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0066-6939 EI 1933-8139 J9 ARCTIC ANTHROPOL JI Arct. Anthropol. PY 1997 VL 34 IS 2 BP 118 EP 131 PG 14 WC Anthropology SC Anthropology GA YM592 UT WOS:000071080200007 ER PT J AU Krementz, DG Barker, RJ Nichols, JD AF Krementz, DG Barker, RJ Nichols, JD TI Sources of variation in waterfowl survival rates SO AUK LA English DT Article ID BAND RECOVERY RATES; CANADA GEESE; LIFE-HISTORY; BODY-WEIGHT; PHYLOGENETIC ANALYSIS; REPRODUCTIVE TRAITS; ATLANTIC FLYWAY; EUROPEAN BIRDS; BLACK DUCKS; NEW-ZEALAND AB Because of the need to manage hunted populations of waterfowl (Anatidae), biologists have studied many demographic traits of waterfowl by analyzing band recoveries. These analyses have produced the most extensive and best estimates of survival available for any group of birds. Using these data, we examined several factors that might explain variation among annual survival rates to explore large-scale patterns that might be useful in understanding waterfowl population dynamics. We found that geography, body mass, and tribe (i.e. phylogeny) were important in explaining variation in average waterfowl survival rates. C1 MASSEY UNIV, DEPT STAT, PALMERSTON NORTH, NEW ZEALAND. US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV, PATUXENT WILDLIFE RES CTR, LAUREL, MD 20708 USA. RP UNIV GEORGIA, WARNELL SCH FOREST RESOURCES, PATUXENT WILDLIFE RES CTR, ATHENS, GA 30602 USA. NR 63 TC 38 Z9 39 U1 1 U2 12 PU AMER ORNITHOLOGISTS UNION PI LAWRENCE PA ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC NORTH AMER PO BOX 1897, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 USA SN 0004-8038 EI 1938-4254 J9 AUK JI AUK PD JAN PY 1997 VL 114 IS 1 BP 93 EP 102 PG 10 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA WE345 UT WOS:A1997WE34500009 ER PT J AU Meteyer, CU Docherty, DE Glaser, LC Franson, JC Senne, DA Duncan, R AF Meteyer, CU Docherty, DE Glaser, LC Franson, JC Senne, DA Duncan, R TI Diagnostic findings in the 1992 epornitic of neurotropic velogenic Newcastle disease in double-crested cormorants from the upper midwestern United States SO AVIAN DISEASES LA English DT Article DE neurotropic velogenic Newcastle disease; Newcastle disease virus; paramyxovirus type 1; double-crested cormorant; Phalacrocorax auritus; viral encephalitis ID BIRDS AB Neurotropic velogenic Newcastle disease (NVND) occurred in juvenile double-crested cormorants, Phalacrocorax auritus, simultaneously in nesting colonies in Minnesota, North Dakota, South Dakota, and Nebraska and in Lakes Michigan, Superior, Huron, and Ontario during the summer of 1932. Mortality as high as 80%-90% was estimated in some of the nesting colonies. Clinical signs observed in 4- to -6wk-old cormorants included torticollis, tremors, ataxia, curled toes, and paresis or weakness of legs, wings or both, which was sometimes unilateral. No significant mortality or unusual clinical signs were seen in adult cormorants. Necropsy of 88 cormorants yielded no consistent gross observations. Microscopic lesions in the brain and spinal cord were consistently present in all cormorants from which Newcastle disease virus (NDV) was isolated. Characteristic brain lesions provided rapid identification of new suspect sites of NVND. Lesions were also present in the heart, kidney, proventriculus, spleen, and pancreas bur were less consistent or nonspecific. NDV was isolated at the National Wildlife Health Center from 27 of 93 cormorants rested. Virus was most frequently isolated from intestine or brain tissue of cormorants submitted within the first 4 wk of the epornitic. Sera collected from cormorants with neurologic signs were consistently positive for NDV antibody. The NDV isolate from cormorants was characterized as NVND virus at the National Veterinary Services Laboratories, Ames, Iowa. The NVND virus was also identified as the cause of neurologic disease in a North Dakota turkey hock during the summer of 1992. Although no virus was isolated from cormorants rested after the first month of submissions, brain and spinal cord lesions characteristic of NVND were observed in cormorants from affected sires for 2 mo, at which time nesting colonies dispersed and no more submissions were received. Risk to susceptible populations of both wild avian species and domestic poultry makes early recognition and confirmation of NVND in wild birds a priority. C1 ANIM & PLANT HLTH INSPECT SERV,DIAGNOST VIROL LAB,NATL VET SERV LABS,USDA,AMES,IA 50010. RP Meteyer, CU (reprint author), USGS,BIOL RESOURCES DIV,NATL WILDLIFE HLTH CTR,6006 SCHROEDER RD,MADISON,WI 53711, USA. OI Franson, J/0000-0002-0251-4238 NR 27 TC 27 Z9 27 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER ASSOC AVIAN PATHOLOGISTS PI KENNETT SQ PA UNIV PENN, NEW BOLTON CENTER, KENNETT SQ, PA 19348-1692 SN 0005-2086 J9 AVIAN DIS JI Avian Dis. PD JAN-MAR PY 1997 VL 41 IS 1 BP 171 EP 180 DI 10.2307/1592457 PG 10 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA WQ516 UT WOS:A1997WQ51600021 PM 9087334 ER PT J AU McKnight, DM Harnish, R Wershaw, RL Baron, JS Schiff, S AF McKnight, DM Harnish, R Wershaw, RL Baron, JS Schiff, S TI Chemical characteristics of particulate, colloidal, and dissolved organic material in Loch Vale Watershed, Rocky Mountain National Park SO BIOGEOCHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID AQUATIC HUMIC SUBSTANCES; MOLECULAR-WEIGHT; FULVIC-ACIDS; COLORADO; CARBON; FOREST; LAKE; DYNAMICS; RIVER; USA AB The chemical relationships among particulate and colloidal organic material and dissolved fulvic acid were examined in an alpine and subalpine lake and two streams in Loch Vale Watershed, Rocky Mountain National Park. The alpine lake, Sky Pond, had the lowest dissolved organic carbon (DOG) (0.37 mgC/L), the highest particulate carbon (POC) (0.13 mgC/L), and high algal biomass. The watershed of Sky Pond is primarily talus slope, and DOC and POC may be autochthonous. Both Andrews Creek and Icy Brook gain DOC as they flow through wet sedge meadows. The subalpine lake, The Loch, receives additional organic material from the surrounding forest and had a higher DOC (0.66 mgC/L). Elemental analysis, stable carbon isotopic compositon, and C-13-NMR characterization showed that: 1)particulate material had relatively high inorganic contents and was heterogeneous in compositon, 2) colloidal material was primarily carbohydrate material with a low inorganic content at all sites; and 3) dissolved fulvic acid varied in compositon among sites. The low concentration and carbohydrate-rich character of the colloidal material suggests that this fraction is labile to microbial degradation and may be turning over more rapidly than particulate fractions or dissolved fulvic acid. Fulvic acid from Andrews Creek had the lowest N content and aromaticity, whereas Sky Pond fulvic acid had a higher N content and lower aromaticity than fulvic acid from The Loch. The UV-visible spectra of the fulvic acids demonstrate that variation in characteristics with sources of organic carbon can explain to some extent the observed nonlinear relationship between UV-B extinction coefficients and DOC concentrations in lakes. C1 COLORADO STATE UNIV,NATL BIOL SERV,FT COLLINS,CO 80523. COLORADO STATE UNIV,NAT RESOURCE ECOL LAB,FT COLLINS,CO 80523. UNIV WATERLOO,WATERLOO CTR GROUNDWATER RES,WATERLOO,ON N2L 3G1,CANADA. RP McKnight, DM (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,3215 MARINE ST,BOULDER,CO 80303, USA. RI Baron, Jill/C-5270-2016; OI Baron, Jill/0000-0002-5902-6251; MCKNIGHT, DIANE/0000-0002-4171-1533 NR 30 TC 136 Z9 144 U1 3 U2 52 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0168-2563 J9 BIOGEOCHEMISTRY JI Biogeochemistry PD JAN PY 1997 VL 36 IS 1 BP 99 EP 124 DI 10.1023/A:1005783812730 PG 26 WC Environmental Sciences; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Geology GA WJ051 UT WOS:A1997WJ05100007 ER PT S AU Murphy, RK AF Murphy, RK BE Duncan, JR Johnson, DH Nicholls, TH TI Importance of prairie wetlands and avian prey to breeding great horned owls (Bubo virginianus) in northwestern north Dakota SO BIOLOGY AND CONSERVATION OF OWLS OF THE NORTHERN HEMISPHERE SE USDA FOREST SERVICE GENERAL TECHNICAL REPORT NORTH CENTRAL LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2nd International Symposium on Biology and Conservation of Owls of the Northern Hemisphere CY FEB 05-09, 1997 CL WINNIPEG, CANADA SP USDA, Washington Dept Fish & Wildlife, US Dept Interior, US Fish & Wildlife Serv, US Dept Interior, Bur Land Management, Manitoba Nat Resources, Environm Canada AB Prey use by Great Horned Owls (Bubo virginianus) is documented widely in North America, but not in the vast northern Great Plains. During spring through early summer 1986-1987, I recorded 2,900 prey items at 22 Great Horned Owl nesting areas in the prairie pothole farm- and rangelands of northwestern North Dakota. The owls relied heavily on wetland-dependent prey species (overall, 57 percent by number and 76 percent biomass) especially ducks (Anserinae) and rails (Rallidae). Far more avian (65 percent by number and 84 percent biomass) and less mammalian prey were used than typically reported. Variation in diet composition among owl families was not explained well by nesting area habitat, and was dominated by prey from wetlands regardless of wetland habitat availability. C1 US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Kenmare, ND 58746 USA. RP Murphy, RK (reprint author), US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Des Lacs Natl Wildlife Refuge Complex,8315 Hwy 8, Kenmare, ND 58746 USA. NR 0 TC 5 Z9 7 U1 1 U2 4 PU US DEPT AGR, FOREST SERV, N CENT RES STN PI ST PAUL PA 1992 FOLWELL AVENUE, ST PAUL, MN 55108 USA SN 0363-616X J9 US FOR SERV T R NC PY 1997 VL 190 BP 286 EP 298 PG 13 WC Ecology; Ornithology; Zoology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Zoology GA BM08A UT WOS:000077557600045 ER PT S AU Seaman, DE AF Seaman, DE BE Duncan, JR Johnson, DH Nicholls, TH TI Abundance and population characteristics of northern spotted owls (Strix occidentalis caurina) in Olympic National Park, Washington SO BIOLOGY AND CONSERVATION OF OWLS OF THE NORTHERN HEMISPHERE SE USDA FOREST SERVICE GENERAL TECHNICAL REPORT NORTH CENTRAL LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 2nd International Symposium on Biology and Conservation of Owls of the Northern Hemisphere CY FEB 05-09, 1997 CL WINNIPEG, CANADA SP USDA, Washington Dept Fish & Wildlife, US Dept Interior, US Fish & Wildlife Serv, US Dept Interior, Bur Land Management, Manitoba Nat Resources, Environm Canada C1 USGS, Biol Resources Div, Forest & Rangeland Ecosyst Sci Ctr, Olymp Field Stn, Port Angeles, WA 98362 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 1 PU US DEPT AGR, FOREST SERV, N CENT RES STN PI ST PAUL PA 1992 FOLWELL AVENUE, ST PAUL, MN 55108 USA SN 0363-616X J9 US FOR SERV T R NC PY 1997 VL 190 BP 381 EP 381 PG 1 WC Ecology; Ornithology; Zoology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Zoology GA BM08A UT WOS:000077557600055 ER PT S AU Wright, V Hejl, SJ Hutto, RL AF Wright, V Hejl, SJ Hutto, RL BE Duncan, JR Johnson, DH Nicholls, TH TI Conservation implications of a multi-scale study of Flammulated Owl (Otus flammeolus) habitat use in the northern Rocky Mountains, USA SO BIOLOGY AND CONSERVATION OF OWLS OF THE NORTHERN HEMISPHERE SE USDA FOREST SERVICE GENERAL TECHNICAL REPORT NORTH CENTRAL LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2nd International Symposium on Biology and Conservation of Owls of the Northern Hemisphere CY FEB 05-09, 1997 CL WINNIPEG, CANADA SP USDA, Washington Dept Fish & Wildlife, US Dept Interior, US Fish & Wildlife Serv, US Dept Interior, Bur Land Management, Manitoba Nat Resources, Environm Canada AB Our multi-scale analysis of Flammulated Owl (Otus flammeolus) habitat use in the northern Rocky Mountains indicates some landscapes may be unsuitable for this species. As a result, there may be less habitat available for Flammulated Owls than thought based on the results of microhabitat studies. Thus, we suggest Flammulated Owl habitat conservation measures be based on the results of landscape-level, as well as microhabitat studies. Habitat conservation and restoration efforts in the ponderosa pine ecosystem should retain large trees, large snags, understory tree thickets, and grassland openings within landscapes that contain an abundance of suitable forest types. C1 USGS, Biol Resource Div, Ctr Sci, W Glacier, MT 59936 USA. RP Wright, V (reprint author), USGS, Biol Resource Div, Ctr Sci, Glacier Natl Pk W, W Glacier, MT 59936 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU US DEPT AGR, FOREST SERV, N CENT RES STN PI ST PAUL PA 1992 FOLWELL AVENUE, ST PAUL, MN 55108 USA SN 0363-616X J9 US FOR SERV T R NC PY 1997 VL 190 BP 506 EP 516 PG 11 WC Ecology; Ornithology; Zoology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Zoology GA BM08A UT WOS:000077557600070 ER PT J AU Klump, JV Edgington, DN Sager, PE Robertson, DM AF Klump, JV Edgington, DN Sager, PE Robertson, DM TI Sedimentary phosphorus cycling and a phosphorus mass balance for the Green Bay (Lake Michigan) ecosystem SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FISHERIES AND AQUATIC SCIENCES LA English DT Article ID COASTAL MARINE BASIN; NUTRIENT REGENERATION; PHOSPHATE EXCHANGE; FLUXES; WATER; RATES; STOICHIOMETRY; TRANSPORT; CLIMATE; MODELS AB The tributaries of Green Bay have long been recognized as major sources of phosphorus in the Lake Michigan basin. The status of Green Bay as a sink or source of phosphorus for Lake Michigan proper has been less well defined. The bay receives nearly 70% of its annual load of phosphorus (700 metric tons (t).year(-1)) from a single source: the Fox River. Most of this phosphorus is deposited in sediments accumulating at rates that reach 160 mg.cm(-2).year(-1) with an average of 20 mg.cm(-2).year(-1). The phosphorus content of these sediments varies from <5 to >70 mu mol.g(-1). Deposition is highly focused, with similar to 70% of the total sediment accumulation and at least 80% of the phosphorus burial occurring within 20% of the surface area of the bay. Diagenetic and stoichiometric models of phosphorus cycling imply that >80% of the phosphorus deposited is permanently buried. External phosphorus loading to the bay is combined with sediment fluxes of phophorus to arrive at a simple phosphorus budget. Green Bay acts as an efficient nutrient trap, with the sediments retaining an estimated 70-90% of the external phosphorus inputs before flowing into Lake Michigan. C1 UNIV WISCONSIN,DEPT GEOSCI,MILWAUKEE,WI 53204. UNIV WISCONSIN,DEPT SCI BIOL,MILWAUKEE,WI 53201. UNIV WISCONSIN,DEPT BIOL,GREEN BAY,WI 54311. US GEOL SURVEY,DIV WATER RESOURCES,MADISON,WI 53719. RP Klump, JV (reprint author), UNIV WISCONSIN,CTR GREAT LAKES STUDIES,MILWAUKEE,WI 53204, USA. OI Robertson, Dale/0000-0001-6799-0596 NR 52 TC 22 Z9 25 U1 1 U2 10 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA ON K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0706-652X J9 CAN J FISH AQUAT SCI JI Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. PD JAN PY 1997 VL 54 IS 1 BP 10 EP 26 DI 10.1139/cjfas-54-1-10 PG 17 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA XB786 UT WOS:A1997XB78600002 ER PT J AU Simmonds, RL Zale, AV Leslie, DM AF Simmonds, RL Zale, AV Leslie, DM TI Physical and biological factors affecting seasonal Double-crested Cormorant densities on Oklahoma reservoirs SO COLONIAL WATERBIRDS LA English DT Article DE Double-crested Cormorant; habitat use; migration; Oklahoma; Phalacrocorax auritus; reservoir; winter residency ID PHALACROCORAX-AURITUS; LAKE-ONTARIO; POPULATION; DEPREDATION; COLONIES; MANITOBA; CATFISH; DIET AB We censused Double-crested Cormorants (Phalacrocorax auritus) on 8 reservoirs in north-central and northeastern Oklahoma from October 1992 through April 1994, excluding the months when the species was absent from the area (generally May-August). We used simple and multiple regression to identify physical and biological factors associated with seasonal densities of Double-crested Cormorants on reservoirs. Densities of Double-crested Cormorants varied between years and among reservoirs; they were absent during at least 1 census period, typically winter, on 5 of the 8 reservoirs. Densities of Double-crested cormorants were higher in 1992-93 than in 1993-94, which appeared to be related to low temperatures in 1993-94 that froze some study reservoirs and limited feeding opportunities. Size of a reservoir, the area of its drainage basin, and availability of forage fish were associated positively in simple regression models (adjusted r(2) = 0.215-0.471) with densities of Double-crested Cormorants in autumn 1992 and winter 1993. The density of boat ramps, an index of human disturbance, was correlated negatively in simple regression models with density of Double-crested Cormorants in autumns 1992 and 1993 and spring 1993, but only 4.4-13.5% of the variability in cormorant density was accounted for by density of boar ramps. Multiple regression models in autumn 1992 and winter 1993, both of which included size of the reservoir, accounted for 51.9% and 60.4% of the variability in densities of Double-crested Cormorants, respectively. Although we identified what appeared to be fundamental associations of physical and biological factors with densities of Double-crested Cormorants, they should be viewed as foundations for future hypotheses regarding habitat selection during migration and winter residency. C1 OKLAHOMA STATE UNIV,DEPT ZOOL,US GEOL SURVEY,BIOL RESOURCES DIV,STILLWATER,OK 74078. NR 50 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 2 PU COLONIAL WATERBIRD SOC PI WASHINGTON PA NATL MUSEUM NATURAL HISTORY SMITHSONIAN INST, WASHINGTON, DC 20560 SN 0738-6028 J9 COLON WATERBIRD JI Colon. Waterbirds PY 1997 VL 20 IS 1 BP 31 EP 40 DI 10.2307/1521761 PG 10 WC Ecology; Ornithology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Zoology GA WW857 UT WOS:A1997WW85700005 ER PT J AU Kushlan, JA McCrimmon, DA AF Kushlan, JA McCrimmon, DA TI Wading birds: Advances in knowledge since 1976 SO COLONIAL WATERBIRDS LA English DT Editorial Material RP Kushlan, JA (reprint author), US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV, PATUXENT WILDLIFE RES CTR, 1200 BEECH FOREST DR, LAUREL, MD 20708 USA. NR 1 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 7 PU WATERBIRD SOC PI WASHINGTON PA NATL MUSEUM NATURAL HISTORY SMITHSONIAN INST, WASHINGTON, DC 20560 USA SN 0738-6028 J9 COLON WATERBIRD JI Colon. Waterbirds PY 1997 VL 20 IS 1 BP 105 EP 105 PG 1 WC Ecology; Ornithology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Zoology GA WW857 UT WOS:A1997WW85700015 ER PT J AU Kushlan, JA AF Kushlan, JA TI The conservation of wading birds SO COLONIAL WATERBIRDS LA English DT Article DE bioindicators; Ciconiiformes; contaminants; habitat; herons; ibis; population; storks ID POPULATION; HISTORY AB The conservation and management of wading birds, particularly colonial wading birds, has received considerable attention in the past 20 years. Critical issues over this period were status and trends (including endangered species), wetlands, nesting sites, aquaculture, critical habitats and international cooperation. There has been a considerable advance in basic knowledge and in the application of this knowledge io conservation issues. World wide action plans and flyway plans are in development Issues for the next century include population based conservation, habitat conservation at both the local and landscape scales, wading birds as potential bioindicators of environmental stress, and activation of the strategic plans. RP Kushlan, JA (reprint author), US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,PATUXENT WILDLIFE RES CTR,12100 BEECH FOREST DR,LAUREL,MD 20708, USA. NR 44 TC 12 Z9 13 U1 1 U2 11 PU COLONIAL WATERBIRD SOC PI WASHINGTON PA NATL MUSEUM NATURAL HISTORY SMITHSONIAN INST, WASHINGTON, DC 20560 SN 0738-6028 J9 COLON WATERBIRD JI Colon. Waterbirds PY 1997 VL 20 IS 1 BP 129 EP 137 DI 10.2307/1521775 PG 9 WC Ecology; Ornithology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Zoology GA WW857 UT WOS:A1997WW85700019 ER PT J AU Kirsch, EM AF Kirsch, EM TI Numbers and distribution of Double-crested Cormorants on the upper Mississippi river SO COLONIAL WATERBIRDS LA English DT Article DE Double-crested Cormorant; breeding distribution; migration; Mississippi River; Phalacrocorax auritus; population survey AB Historic records indicate that Double-crested Cormorants (Phalacrocorax auritus) were common breeders and abundant during migration on the Upper Mississippi River from St. Paul, Minnesota, to St. Louis, Missouri, during the 1940s and 1950s. Their numbers declined in the mid-to late-1950s, remained low through the 1970s, and began to increase somewhat in the late 1980s. Aerial surveys of migrating cormorants and ground surveys at cormorant colonies during 1991-1993, indicate that numbers have not returned to historic levels. Only 500-2,000 cormorants were seen during spring migration 1992-1993; and 5,000-7,000 during fall migration 1991-1992; whereas, tens of thousands were reported in the 1940s and 1950s. Four hundred ninety-six nests were counted at 4 colonies in 1992, and 545 nests were counted in 9 colonies in 1993; whereas, during the 1940s and 1950s, about 2,500 birds were reported nesting in 4 locations. Pools 6 and 13 have always attracted breeding and migrating cormorants, currently attract the largest numbers of cormorants during migration, and still support breeding colonies. RP Kirsch, EM (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,DIV BIOL RESOURCES,UPPER MISSISSIPPI SCI CTR,POB 818,LA CROSSE,WI 54602, USA. NR 15 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU COLONIAL WATERBIRD SOC PI WASHINGTON PA NATL MUSEUM NATURAL HISTORY SMITHSONIAN INST, WASHINGTON, DC 20560 SN 0738-6028 J9 COLON WATERBIRD JI Colon. Waterbirds PY 1997 VL 20 IS 2 BP 177 EP 184 DI 10.2307/1521684 PG 8 WC Ecology; Ornithology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Zoology GA XR837 UT WOS:A1997XR83700002 ER PT J AU Blus, LJ Rattner, BA Melancon, MJ Henny, CJ AF Blus, LJ Rattner, BA Melancon, MJ Henny, CJ TI Reproduction of Black-crowned Night-Herons related to predation and contaminants in Oregon and Washington, USA SO COLONIAL WATERBIRDS LA English DT Article DE Black-crowned Night-Heron; clutch size; corvid predation; cytochrome P450; dioxin; eggshell thickness; Nycticorax nycticorax; Oregon; organochlorines; reproduction; Washington ID ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINANTS; SUCCESS; CYTOCHROME-P450; COLUMBIA; EMBRYOS AB We studied reproductive characteristics of Black-crowned Night-Herons (Nycitcorax nycticorax) at 4 colonies in south central Washington and 1 colony in north central Oregon in 1991. Nest success, adjusted using the Mayfield method, was significantly different between colonies and ranged from 12-84% to hatching and 12-73% to 14 days post-hatching. The mean number of young surviving to 14 days of age in each colony ranged from 0.47-1.94 per nesting female (includes recycling efforts that involve laying more than 1 clutch). There were marked intercolony differences in clutch size and incidence of recycling. Predation (primarily avian) was a major factor that adversely affected nest success in 3 colonies and was relatively unimportant in 2 colonies. Residues of DDE, total polychlorinated biphenyls, 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin, and other compounds in eggs were generally low and apparently had little influence an reproductive success at any of the colonies. Mean eggshell thinning ranged from 7-11% in comparison to a pre-1947 norm for eggs measured in museum collections. Cytochrome P450 enzyme (EROD, PROD, and BROD) induction in livers of pipped embryos by colony ranged from low to average in comparison with other colonies throughout the U.S. Average EROD and BROD activities were highest at Sand Dune island and were lowest at Potholes Reservoir which was designated the reference colony In relation to our study of 3 of the 5 colonies in the early 1980s, residues of DDE and several related compounds appeared to decline, nest predation rates increased, and nest success decreased at all 3 colonies. RP Blus, LJ (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,BIOL RESOURCES DIV,FOREST & RANGELAND ECOSYST SCI CTR,3080 SE CLEARWATER DR,CORVALLIS,OR 97333, USA. NR 22 TC 19 Z9 19 U1 2 U2 9 PU COLONIAL WATERBIRD SOC PI WASHINGTON PA NATL MUSEUM NATURAL HISTORY SMITHSONIAN INST, WASHINGTON, DC 20560 SN 0738-6028 J9 COLON WATERBIRD JI Colon. Waterbirds PY 1997 VL 20 IS 2 BP 185 EP 197 DI 10.2307/1521685 PG 13 WC Ecology; Ornithology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Zoology GA XR837 UT WOS:A1997XR83700003 ER PT J AU Smith, JP AF Smith, JP TI Nesting season food habits of 4 species of herons and egrets at Lake Okeechobee, Florida SO COLONIAL WATERBIRDS LA English DT Article DE Ardea alba; Egretta thula; Egretta caerulea; Egretta tricolor; Florida; food habits; foraging ecology; Great Egret; Lake Okeechobee; Little Blue Heron; niche differentiation; Snowy Egret; Tricolored Heron ID WADING BIRDS; FEEDING ECOLOGY; BEHAVIOR AB Based on the composition of nestling regurgitations collected during 3 breeding seasons, fish were the most important prey group for Great Egrets (Ardea alba: N = 200 nest-day samples; aggregate percent biomass [APE] = 73.4%), Snowy Egrets (Egretta thula: N = 115; APE = 91.4%), and Tricolored Herons (E. tricolor: N = 68; APE = 97.3%). For Little Blue Herons (E. caerulea: N = 57), grass shrimp (Palaemonetes paludosus; APE = 39.7%) ranked higher in overall importance than all fishes combined (APE = 36.5%). Dietary overlap, as measured by Schoener's Similarity Index, was greatest between Snowy Egrets and Tricolored Herons (77%) and lowest between Tricolored Herons and Little Blue Herons (30%). Diet diversity as measured by Shannon's Index, was highest for Great Egrets (2.04), intermediate for Snowy Egrets (1.71) and Tricolored Herons (1.68), and lowest for Little Blue Herons (1.60). Great Egrets ate a wider variety of fish species and sizes, especially larger fishes, and more crayfish than the other species. Little Blue Herons ate fewer fish and more grass shrimp and insects, and ate smaller forage fishes than Tricolored Herons but similar-sized fish as Snowy Egrets. The coarse-scale trophic composition of Snowy Egret and Tricolored Heron diets did not differ significantly, but Tricolored Herons ate larger forage fishes than Snowy Egrets. Pronounced interannual and intercolony variation in diet composition suggested that Great Egrets and Little Blue Herons switched prey types as hydrologic conditions and habitat availability changed. Conversely, lack of such variation suggested that Snowy Egrets and Tricolored Herons adjusted their foraging tactics to ensure continued encounters with preferred prey despite changing habitat conditions. These results are generally consistent with other published data, help confirm some generalizations about foraging strategies and patterns of niche differentiation among these ecologically similar species, and have implications for managing the Lake Okeechobee ecosystem. C1 USGS,BIOL RESOURCES DIV,FOREST & RANGELAND ECOSYST SCI CTR,CORVALLIS,OR 97331. NR 78 TC 32 Z9 35 U1 3 U2 19 PU COLONIAL WATERBIRD SOC PI WASHINGTON PA NATL MUSEUM NATURAL HISTORY SMITHSONIAN INST, WASHINGTON, DC 20560 SN 0738-6028 J9 COLON WATERBIRD JI Colon. Waterbirds PY 1997 VL 20 IS 2 BP 198 EP 220 DI 10.2307/1521686 PG 23 WC Ecology; Ornithology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Zoology GA XR837 UT WOS:A1997XR83700004 ER PT J AU Miranda, L Collazo, JA AF Miranda, L Collazo, JA TI Food habits of 4 species of wading birds (Ardeidae) in a tropical mangrove swamp SO COLONIAL WATERBIRDS LA English DT Article DE Ardeidae; dietary overlap; estuaries; egrets; food habits; foraging; herons; mangroves; Puerto Rico; wading birds ID HERONS AB The food habits of wading birds in the tropics are poorly known, particularly in coastal systems. We documented the food habits of Tricolored Herons (Egretta tricolor), Great Egrets (Ardea alba), Snowy Egrets (E. thula) and Little Blue Herons (E. caerulea), and assessed the degree of similarity among their diets in a mangrove swamp in southwestern Puerto Rico. Thirty-five birds were collected during the winters of 1994 and 1995 to examine their stomach contents. Eleven prey groups, comprised of 7 families of fish, 2 genera of crustacea (Xiphocaris, Uca) a lizard (Anolis spp.) and one group of insecta (i.e., Orthoptera), were identified. Great and Snowy Egrets fed mainly on shrimps (Xiphocaris spp.) and guppies (Poecilia spp.),while Little Blue Herons fed exclusively on Fiddler crabs (Uca spp.), and Tricolored Herons fed mainly on guppies (Poecilia spp.) and snooks (Centropomus spp.). Three dietary groups were identified on the basis of a percentage overlap index. Snowy and Great Egrets exhibited the highest degree of dietary overlap (54%) owing to their high consumption of shrimps. Fish contributed to the intermediate overlap values (22-24%) among Tricolored Herons and Snowy and Great Egrets. Little Blue Herons overlapped the least (i.e., < 1%) with Tricolored Herons and Great Egrets, and not at all with Snowy Egrets. Our data underscored the ability of wading birds to prey upon a variety of resources across their range. This capability is advantageous when exploiting coastal systems which might exhibit spatio-temporal fluctuations in prey availability. C1 N Carolina State Univ, US Geol Survey, Dept Zool,Biol Resources Div, N Carolina Fish & Wildlife Cooperat Res Unit, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. RP N Carolina State Univ, US Geol Survey, Dept Zool,Biol Resources Div, N Carolina Fish & Wildlife Cooperat Res Unit, Box 7617, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. EM Jaime_Collazo@ncsu.edu NR 24 TC 23 Z9 23 U1 7 U2 25 PU WATERBIRD SOC PI WASHINGTON PA NATL MUSEUM NATURAL HISTORY SMITHSONIAN INST, WASHINGTON, DC 20560 USA SN 0738-6028 J9 COLON WATERBIRD JI Colon. Waterbirds PY 1997 VL 20 IS 3 BP 413 EP 418 DI 10.2307/1521591 PG 6 WC Ecology; Ornithology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Zoology GA YN613 UT WOS:000071187500003 ER PT J AU Henny, CJ AF Henny, CJ TI DDE still high in white-faced Ibis eggs from Carson Lake, Nevada SO COLONIAL WATERBIRDS LA English DT Article DE DDE/DDT; eggshell thickness; mercury; Nevada; Plegadis chihi; White-faced Ibis ID CROWNED NIGHT-HERONS; RESIDUES AB White-faced Ibis (Plegadis chihi) eggs collected in 1996 at Carson Lake, Nevada, showed no decrease in p,p'-DDE (DDE) concentrations from levels in 1985 and 1986 which is contrary to DDE patterns shown for most avian species. An estimated 40-45% of the population was adversely affected by DDE in 1985, 1986, and 1996 with a probable net loss of about 20% of the expected productivity. One segment of the nesting population at Carson Lake in 1996 averaged 18.3% eggshell thinning, although the mean for the whole population is not known. Obvious population declines of White-faced Ibis have not been reported, although quantitative population data are incomplete; however, the excellent and predictable food sources on the breeding grounds in Nevada (due to flood irrigation by farmers) appear to contribute to a high reproductive potential. While adverse consequences of DDE were not documented at the population level, it is important to locate the source(s) of the DDE/p,p'-DDT (DDT). Re suits of a previous study showed that prey from the breeding grounds were not contaminated with DDE/DDT. The White-faced Ibis DDE/DDT loads are suspected to originate from localized areas on the wintering grounds and/or staging areas. Use of satellite transmitters placed on nesting birds is proposed to locate the source of the DDE/DDT. C1 US Geol Survey, Forest & Rangeland Ecosyst Sci Ctr, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. RP Henny, CJ (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Forest & Rangeland Ecosyst Sci Ctr, 3080 SE Clearwater Dr, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. NR 22 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 1 U2 3 PU COLONIAL WATERBIRD SOC PI WASHINGTON PA NATL MUSEUM NATURAL HISTORY SMITHSONIAN INST, WASHINGTON, DC 20560 USA SN 0738-6028 J9 COLON WATERBIRD JI Colon. Waterbirds PY 1997 VL 20 IS 3 BP 478 EP 484 DI 10.2307/1521598 PG 7 WC Ecology; Ornithology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Zoology GA YN613 UT WOS:000071187500010 ER PT J AU Whitworth, DL Takekawa, JY Carter, HR McIver, MR AF Whitworth, DL Takekawa, JY Carter, HR McIver, MR TI A night-lighting technique for at-sea capture of Xantus' Murrelets SO COLONIAL WATERBIRDS LA English DT Article DE capture methods; night-lighting; seabirds; spotlighting; Synthliboramphus hypoleucus; Xantus' Murrelet AB We captured 575 Xantus' Murrelets (Synthliboramphus hypoleucus) with spotlights and dip nets at 3 islands in the Southern California Channel Islands during April and May of 1995-1997. Working at night (2100-0500 h), 3-person teams in inflatable boats located murrelets with a spotlight and captured them in dip nets from the waters near known breeding colonies at Santa Barbara, Anacapa, and San Clemente islands. Our average capture rate was 4.7 murrelets hr(-1), but we captured up to 12.3 murrelets hr(-1). We recaptured 34 murrelets or 6% of the capture total. We recommend this simple, inexpensive, safe and effective night-lighting capture technique for Xantus' Murrelets and other seabirds. C1 US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Calif Sci Ctr, San Francisco Bay Estuary Field Stn, Vallejo, CA 94592 USA. RP Whitworth, DL (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Calif Sci Ctr, San Francisco Bay Estuary Field Stn, POB 2012, Vallejo, CA 94592 USA. NR 15 TC 50 Z9 59 U1 1 U2 5 PU COLONIAL WATERBIRD SOC PI WASHINGTON PA NATL MUSEUM NATURAL HISTORY SMITHSONIAN INST, WASHINGTON, DC 20560 USA SN 0738-6028 J9 COLON WATERBIRD JI Colon. Waterbirds PY 1997 VL 20 IS 3 BP 525 EP 531 DI 10.2307/1521603 PG 7 WC Ecology; Ornithology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Zoology GA YN613 UT WOS:000071187500015 ER PT J AU Johnson, JH Ross, RM Smith, DR AF Johnson, JH Ross, RM Smith, DR TI Evidence of secondary consumption of invertebrate prey by double-crested cormorants SO COLONIAL WATERBIRDS LA English DT Article DE diet; Double-crested Cormorants; invertebrates; Phalacrocorax auritus; secondary consumption ID DIET; FISH AB The piscivorous nature of the Double-crested Cormorant (Phalacrocorax auritus) is well documented. However, many researchers who have used regurgitated pellets to describe the diet of cormorants report that invertebrates compose a small but consistent portion of the diet. We examined the hypothesis that invertebrates found in pellets are primarily the result of secondary consumption. We used odds ratio analysis to examine associations in 2,846 individual pellets between the presence of specific invertebrate prey and the presence of fish species known to consume those invertebrate taxa. Significant (P < 0.05) relationships occurred between gastropods and pumpkinseed (Lepomis gibbosus) and ictalurids, and between decapods and rock bass (Ambloplites rupestris) and smallmouth bass (Micropterus dolomieu). Significant (P < 0.05) relationships were also found between pelecypods and pumpkinseed and ictalurids. We suggest: that the invertebrate prey we observed in pellets were present in the digestive tracts of fish that were consumed by Double-crested Cormorants and hence represent secondary consumption by cormorants. We conclude that consumption of invertebrates by Double-crested Cormorants may be overestimated in the literature in instances where the diet was described using pellets. C1 US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Tunison Lab Aquat Sci, Cortland, NY 13045 USA. RP Johnson, JH (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Tunison Lab Aquat Sci, 3075 Gracie Rd, Cortland, NY 13045 USA. NR 17 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 3 PU COLONIAL WATERBIRD SOC PI WASHINGTON PA NATL MUSEUM NATURAL HISTORY SMITHSONIAN INST, WASHINGTON, DC 20560 USA SN 0738-6028 J9 COLON WATERBIRD JI Colon. Waterbirds PY 1997 VL 20 IS 3 BP 547 EP 551 DI 10.2307/1521608 PG 5 WC Ecology; Ornithology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Zoology GA YN613 UT WOS:000071187500020 ER PT J AU Spendelow, JA Zingo, JM AF Spendelow, JA Zingo, JM TI Female roseate tern fledges a chick following the death of her mate during the incubation period SO COLONIAL WATERBIRDS LA English DT Article DE Connecticut; development; Falkner Island; growth; Roseate Tern; single-parenting; Sterna dougallii; uniparental care ID ANNUAL SURVIVAL; RATES AB Despite the death of her mate during the incubation period and a shortage (or lack of availability) of food in nearby waters, a female Roseate Tern (Sterna dougallii) nesting at the Falkner Island Unit of the Stewart B. McKinney National Wildlife Refuge in Connecticut was able to raise a chick to fledging in 1995 without human assistance. The growth and development of this chick was slower than that of other single chicks in the colony; it never weighed more than 90 g and did not fledge until 32 days of age. Despite this exceptional female's ability to rear a chick on her own, this observation supports the idea that biparental care is important in Roseate Terns, particularly during years of food shortage. C1 Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, Biol Resources Div, US Geol Survey, Laurel, MD 20708 USA. RP Spendelow, JA (reprint author), Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, Biol Resources Div, US Geol Survey, Laurel, MD 20708 USA. NR 13 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU COLONIAL WATERBIRD SOC PI WASHINGTON PA NATL MUSEUM NATURAL HISTORY SMITHSONIAN INST, WASHINGTON, DC 20560 USA SN 0738-6028 J9 COLON WATERBIRD JI Colon. Waterbirds PY 1997 VL 20 IS 3 BP 552 EP 555 DI 10.2307/1521609 PG 4 WC Ecology; Ornithology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Zoology GA YN613 UT WOS:000071187500021 ER PT J AU Peterjohn, BG Sauer, JR AF Peterjohn, BG Sauer, JR TI Population trends of Black Terns from the North American Breeding Bird Survey, 1966-1996 SO COLONIAL WATERBIRDS LA English DT Article DE Black Tern; breeding bird surveys; Chlidonias niger; population trends AB Data from the North American Breeding Bird Survey indicate a survey-wide decline in Black Terns (Chlidonias niger) at an average rate of 3.1% annually during 1966-1996. Black Terns in Canada decreased at an average annual rate of 3.5% during this interval, while the United States population showed no significant trends. These long-term declines largely reflect trends prior to 1980, when the continental, Canadian, and United States populations decreased at average annual rates of 7.5%, 5.6%, and 11.9%, respectively. Most population trends were reversed during the 1990s, causing trend estimates over the 1980-1996 interval to become more positive. Associations between patterns of change in Black Terns, Mallards (Anas platyrhynchos), and numbers of ponds in the northern Great plains suggest some relationships exist between habitat availability and the population trajectories. C1 USGS, Biol Resources Div, Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, Laurel, MD 20708 USA. RP Peterjohn, BG (reprint author), USGS, Biol Resources Div, Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, Laurel, MD 20708 USA. NR 22 TC 18 Z9 18 U1 1 U2 9 PU COLONIAL WATERBIRD SOC PI WASHINGTON PA NATL MUSEUM NATURAL HISTORY SMITHSONIAN INST, WASHINGTON, DC 20560 USA SN 0738-6028 J9 COLON WATERBIRD JI Colon. Waterbirds PY 1997 VL 20 IS 3 BP 566 EP 573 DI 10.2307/1521612 PG 8 WC Ecology; Ornithology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Zoology GA YN613 UT WOS:000071187500024 ER PT J AU Hickey, JM Malecki, RA AF Hickey, JM Malecki, RA TI Nest site selection of the Black Tern in western New York SO COLONIAL WATERBIRDS LA English DT Article DE Black Tern; Chlidonias niger; habitat availability; logistic regression; nest habitat; nest site selection; New York ID HABITAT AB Black Tern (Chlidonias niger) nest site selection and habitat availability were investigated in 1994 and 1995 at the Iroquois National Wildlife Refuge and adjoining Tonawanda and Oak Orchard State Wildlife Management Areas in western New York. Nest site selection was evaluated with a logistic regression model using habitat variables collected in 26 12-m radius circular nest plots and 31 random non-nest plots. Significant model variables were vegetation density, horizontal cover 0.5 m above the water, cover:water ratio, and water level. The model correctly classified 77.2% of all plots. Most nests (84.6%) were in sparse to moderately dense vegetation. Horizontal cover 0.5 m above the water level was less than or equal to 50% in 84.6% of nest plots as compared to 58.1% of random plots. Cover:water ratio was medium (40%-60% cover) in 65.4% of nest plots, while random plots were evenly distributed among the low medium, and high cover:water ratio categories. Mean water level at nests was 48.2 cm and 42.1 cm in 1994 and 1995, respectively, similar to random plots. More than 80% of the nests were in bur-reed (Sparganium spp.) in both years. Habitat availability was evaluated by classifying all emergent vegetation within the study area into 4 habitat quality categories. Highly Favorable Habitat (HFH) was habitat in which the model predicted greater than or equal to 0.50 probability of a nest site and suitable nest mats were available. Only 7.5% of the total available emergent vegetation in the study area was classified as Highly Favorable. Black Terns selected nest sites in HFH more than expected and used 72.5% of the total area of HFH in nesting marshes and 51.4% of the total area of HFH in all marshes within the study site in 1995. Muskrat (Ondatra zibethicus) structures were the most frequently used nesting substrate in both years. HFH could become limiting if the size of this breeding colony increases or if nest site selection is influenced by social structure of the colony, habitat patch size and isolation, nesting density, or substrate availability. C1 Cornell Univ, New York Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, USGS, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. RP Hickey, JM (reprint author), 210 Euclid Ave, Ridgway, PA 15853 USA. NR 51 TC 15 Z9 16 U1 2 U2 14 PU COLONIAL WATERBIRD SOC PI WASHINGTON PA NATL MUSEUM NATURAL HISTORY SMITHSONIAN INST, WASHINGTON, DC 20560 USA SN 0738-6028 J9 COLON WATERBIRD JI Colon. Waterbirds PY 1997 VL 20 IS 3 BP 582 EP 595 DI 10.2307/1521614 PG 14 WC Ecology; Ornithology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Zoology GA YN613 UT WOS:000071187500026 ER PT J AU Burnham, KP AF Burnham, KP TI Distributional results for special cases of the Jolly-Seber model SO COMMUNICATIONS IN STATISTICS-THEORY AND METHODS LA English DT Article DE capture-recapture; no recruitment model; no mortality model; Darroch's model with losses on capture ID RECAPTURE; CAPTURE AB The multinomial-binomial approach to the Jolly-Seber capture-recapture model is used as a basis to derive explicit probability distributions for special cases of the Jolly-Seber model: no recruitment, or no mortality. Also given are the residual distributions that allow tests of these restricted models compared to the general Jolly-Seber model. Losses on capture are allowed. The special case distribution is also derived for no recruitment and no mortality, but allowing losses on capture; this is a generalized version of Darroch's closed capture-recapture model. Here, however, it was not possible to obtain a closed form residual distribution. C1 COLORADO STATE UNIV,COLORADO COOPERAT FISH & WILDLIFE RES UNIT,USGS,FT COLLINS,CO 80523. NR 16 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 1 PU MARCEL DEKKER INC PI NEW YORK PA 270 MADISON AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10016 SN 0361-0926 J9 COMMUN STAT-THEOR M JI Commun. Stat.-Theory Methods PY 1997 VL 26 IS 6 BP 1395 EP 1409 DI 10.1080/03610929708831989 PG 15 WC Statistics & Probability SC Mathematics GA XC912 UT WOS:A1997XC91200007 ER PT S AU McEwen, AS Robinson, MS AF McEwen, AS Robinson, MS BE Ip, WH TI Mapping of the moon by Clementine SO COMPARATIVE STUDIES OF THE MOON AND MERCURY SE ADVANCES IN SPACE RESEARCH-SERIES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT B0 1 Symposium of COSPAR Scientific Commission B on Comparative Studies of the Moon and Mercury, at the 31st COSPAR Scientific Assembly CY JUL 14-21, 1996 CL BIRMINGHAM, ENGLAND SP Comm Space Res, European Space Agcy, Int Astron Union ID MISSION; REGION AB The ''faster, cheaper, better'' Clementine spacecraft mission mapped the Moon from February 19 to May 3, 1994. Global coverage was acquired in 11 spectral bandpasses from 415 to 2792 nm and at resolutions of 80-330 m/pixel; a thermal-infrared camera sampled similar to 20% of the surface; a high-resolution camera sampled selected areas (especially the polar regions); and a lidar altimeter mapped the large-scale topography up to latitudes of +/-75 degrees. The spacecraft was in a polar, elliptical orbit, 400-450 km periselene altitude. Periselene latitude was -28.5 degrees for the first month of mapping, then moved to +28.5 degrees. NASA is supporting the archiving, systematic processing, and analysis of the similar to 1.8 million lunar images and other datasets. A new global positional network has been constructed from 43,000 images and similar to 0.5 million match points; new digital maps will facilitate future lunar exploration. In-flight calibrations now enable photometry to a high level of precision for the uv-visible CCD camera. Early science results include: (1) global models of topography, gravity, and crustal thicknesses; (2) new information on the topography and structure of multiring impact basins; (3) evidence suggestive of water ice in large permanent shadows near the south pole; (4) global mapping of iron abundances; and (5) new constraints on the Phanerozoic cratering rate of the Earth. Many additional results are expected following completion of calibration and systematic processing efforts. (C) 1997 COSPAR. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 UNIV ARIZONA, LUNAR & PLANETARY LAB, TUCSON, AZ 85721 USA. NORTHWESTERN UNIV, EVANSTON, IL 60208 USA. RP US GEOL SURVEY, 2255 N GEMINI DR, FLAGSTAFF, AZ 86001 USA. NR 29 TC 55 Z9 58 U1 2 U2 6 PU PERGAMON PRESS LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD LANGFORD LANE KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0273-1177 BN 0-08-043287-5 J9 ADV SPACE RES-SERIES PY 1997 VL 19 IS 10 BP 1523 EP 1533 DI 10.1016/S0273-1177(97)00365-7 PG 11 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA BJ16F UT WOS:A1997BJ16F00006 ER PT B AU Reid, ME LaHusen, RG Iverson, RM AF Reid, ME LaHusen, RG Iverson, RM BE Chen, CL TI Debris-flow initiation experiments using diverse hydrologic triggers SO DEBRIS-FLOW HAZARDS MITIGATION: MECHANICS, PREDICTION & ASSESSMENT LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 1st International Conference on Debris-Flow Hazards Mitigation - Mechanics, Prediction, and Assessment CY AUG 07-09, 1997 CL SAN FRANCISCO, CA SP Tech Comm Hydromech, Subcomm Mech Non-Newtonian Fluids Appl Debris & Mudflows, Tech Comm Sedimentat Water Resources Engn Div Amer Soc Civil Engineers AB Controlled debris-flow initiation experiments focused on three hydrologic conditions that can trigger slope failure: localized ground-water inflow; prolonged moderate-intensity rainfall; and high-intensity rainfall. Detailed monitoring of slope hydrology and deformation provided exceptionally complete data on conditions preceding and accompanying slope failure and debris-flow mobilization. Groundwater inflow and high-intensity sprinkling led to abrupt, complete failure whereas moderate-intensity sprinkling led to retrogressive, block-by-block failure. Failure during ground-water inflow and during moderate-intensity sprinkling occurred with a rising water table and positive pore pressures. Failure during high-intensity sprinkling occurred without widespread positive pore pressures. In all three cases, pore pressures in most locations increased dramatically (within 2-3 seconds) during failure. In some places, pressures in unsaturated materials rapidly "flashed" from zero to elevated positive values. Transiently elevated pore pressures and partially liquefied soil enhanced debris-flow mobilization. C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. RP Reid, ME (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 345 Middlefield Rd,MS 910, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. NR 16 TC 19 Z9 20 U1 2 U2 5 PU AMER SOC CIVIL ENGINEERS PI NEW YORK PA UNITED ENGINEERING CENTER, 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017-2398 USA BN 0-7844-0268-X PY 1997 BP 1 EP 11 PG 11 WC Engineering, Civil SC Engineering GA BM47R UT WOS:000078856200001 ER PT B AU Griffiths, PG Webb, RH Melis, TS AF Griffiths, PG Webb, RH Melis, TS BE Chen, CL TI Initiation of debris flows in tributaries of the Colorado River in Grand Canyon, Arizona SO DEBRIS-FLOW HAZARDS MITIGATION: MECHANICS, PREDICTION & ASSESSMENT LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 1st International Conference on Debris-Flow Hazards Mitigation - Mechanics, Prediction, and Assessment CY AUG 07-09, 1997 CL SAN FRANCISCO, CA SP Tech Comm Hydromech, Subcomm Mech Non-Newtonian Fluids Appl Debris & Mudflows, Tech Comm Sedimentat Water Resources Engn Div Amer Soc Civil Engineers AB Debris flows are initiated in tributaries of the Colorado River in Grand Canyon when intense rainfall causes failures in colluvium and (or) bedrock. Most debris flows occur in the summer during localized convective thunderstorms with rainfall intensities as high as 40 mm/hr. Rarer and larger debris flows occur during unusually warm frontal storms in winter. Hourly precipitation data suggest that storms that cause debris flows terminate with a period of intense rainfall, a characteristic that complicates the use of daily rainfall records in assessing debris-flow hazard. Recurrence intervals for 1-day rainfall associated with 37 recent debris flows range from <1 to >50 years, with most <10 years. Recurrence intervals for the multi-day rainfall of storms associated with debris flows range from <1 to 158 years, but most were >10 years. The low recurrence intervals of debris-flow producing rainfalls, compared with the 10-50 yr recurrence intervals for most debris flows, underscores the co-dependence of debris-Row initiation on geologic factors, including bedrock type and antecedent soil-moisture conditions. The primary geologic factor influencing debris-flow initiation in Grand Canyon is the exposure of shale units at heights >100 m above the river. Exposed shale bedrock fails readily, either producing debris flows directly or contributing source material to wedges of colluvium that may fail later. Shales also provide silt- and clay-size particles that in part determine the rheological properties of debris flows. C1 US Geol Survey, Div Water Resources, Desert Lab, Tucson, AZ 85745 USA. RP Griffiths, PG (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Div Water Resources, Desert Lab, 1675 W Anklam Rd, Tucson, AZ 85745 USA. NR 11 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC CIVIL ENGINEERS PI NEW YORK PA UNITED ENGINEERING CENTER, 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017-2398 USA BN 0-7844-0268-X PY 1997 BP 12 EP 20 PG 9 WC Engineering, Civil SC Engineering GA BM47R UT WOS:000078856200002 ER PT B AU Wieczorek, GF Mandrone, G DeCola, L AF Wieczorek, GF Mandrone, G DeCola, L BE Chen, CL TI The influence of hillslope shape on debris-flow initiation SO DEBRIS-FLOW HAZARDS MITIGATION: MECHANICS, PREDICTION & ASSESSMENT LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 1st International Conference on Debris-Flow Hazards Mitigation - Mechanics, Prediction, and Assessment CY AUG 07-09, 1997 CL SAN FRANCISCO, CA SP Tech Comm Hydromech, Subcomm Mech Non-Newtonian Fluids Appl Debris & Mudflows, Tech Comm Sedimentat Water Resources Engn Div Amer Soc Civil Engineers AB A severe storm of June 27, 1995, in Madison County, Virginia, triggered more than 1,000 debris flows. Sites were sampled to determine which topographic factors contributed most to soil-slip initiation. Logistic regression analyses of failure/nonfailure conditions indicate that hillside curvature, distance to ridge, and drainage area predict soil-slip initiation. The model from logistic regression confirmed field observations in this area that planar slopes were more prone to failure than concave slopes. The probability of failure in the model increased with drainage area and decreased with distance from ridge. The influences of drainage area and distance to ridge based on the model are difficult to interpret because the soil-slip process is very complex and involves other geologic and hydrologic factors. C1 USGS, Natl Ctr, Reston, VA 20192 USA. RP Wieczorek, GF (reprint author), USGS, Natl Ctr, MS 955, Reston, VA 20192 USA. EM gwieczor@usgs.gov NR 22 TC 22 Z9 22 U1 1 U2 4 PU AMER SOC CIVIL ENGINEERS PI NEW YORK PA UNITED ENGINEERING CENTER, 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017-2398 USA BN 0-7844-0268-X PY 1997 BP 21 EP 31 PG 11 WC Engineering, Civil SC Engineering GA BM47R UT WOS:000078856200003 ER PT B AU Wilson, RC AF Wilson, RC BE Chen, CL TI Normalizing rainfall/debris-flow thresholds along the US Pacific coast for long-term variations in precipitation climate SO DEBRIS-FLOW HAZARDS MITIGATION: MECHANICS, PREDICTION & ASSESSMENT LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 1st International Conference on Debris-Flow Hazards Mitigation - Mechanics, Prediction, and Assessment CY AUG 07-09, 1997 CL SAN FRANCISCO, CA SP Tech Comm Hydromech, Subcomm Mech Non-Newtonian Fluids Appl Debris & Mudflows, Tech Comm Sedimentat Water Resources Engn Div Amer Soc Civil Engineers AB Broad-scale variations in long-term precipitation climate may influence rainfall/debris-flow threshold values along the U.S. Pacific coast, where both the mean annual precipitation (MAP) and the number of rainfall days (#RDs) are controlled by topography, distance from the coastline, and geographic latitude. Previous authors have proposed that rainfall thresholds are directly proportional to MAP, but this appears to hold only within limited areas (< 1 degrees latitude), where rainfall frequency (#RDs) is nearly constant. MAP-normalized thresholds underestimate the critical rainfall when applied to areas to the south, where the #RDs decrease, and overestimate threshold rainfall when applied to areas to the north, where the #RDs increase. For normalization between climates where both MAP and #RDs vary significantly, thresholds may best be described as multiples of the rainy-day normal, RDN = MAP#RDs. Using data from several storms that triggered significant debris-flow activity in southern California, the San Francisco Bay region, and the Pacific Northwest, peak 24-hour rainfalls were plotted against RDN values, displaying a linear relationship with a lower bound at about 14 RDN. RDN ratios in this range may provide a threshold for broad-scale regional forecasting of debris-flow activity. C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. RP Wilson, RC (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 345 Middlefield Rd, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. NR 15 TC 2 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC CIVIL ENGINEERS PI NEW YORK PA UNITED ENGINEERING CENTER, 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017-2398 USA BN 0-7844-0268-X PY 1997 BP 32 EP 43 PG 12 WC Engineering, Civil SC Engineering GA BM47R UT WOS:000078856200004 ER PT B AU Campbell, RH Bernknopf, RL AF Campbell, RH Bernknopf, RL BE Chen, CL TI Debris-flow hazard map units from gridded probabilities SO DEBRIS-FLOW HAZARDS MITIGATION: MECHANICS, PREDICTION & ASSESSMENT LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 1st International Conference on Debris-Flow Hazards Mitigation - Mechanics, Prediction, and Assessment CY AUG 07-09, 1997 CL SAN FRANCISCO, CA SP Tech Comm Hydromech, Subcomm Mech Non-Newtonian Fluids Appl Debris & Mudflows, Tech Comm Sedimentat Water Resources Engn Div Amer Soc Civil Engineers AB The common statistical practice of dividing a range of probabilities into equal probability intervals may not result in useful landslide-hazard map units for areas populated by equal-area cells, each of which has a unique probability. Most hazard map areas contain very large numbers of cells having low probability of failure, and as probability increases, the number of cells decreases in a non-linear fashion. Exploration of this distribution suggests that the spatial frequency of expected failures may be used to identify probability intervals that define map units. From a spatial database of gridded probabilities, map units that address the different objectives of land-use planners and emergency response officials can be defined. C1 US Geol Survey, Natl Ctr, Reston, VA 20192 USA. RP Campbell, RH (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Natl Ctr, MS 955, Reston, VA 20192 USA. NR 11 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC CIVIL ENGINEERS PI NEW YORK PA UNITED ENGINEERING CENTER, 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017-2398 USA BN 0-7844-0268-X PY 1997 BP 165 EP 175 PG 11 WC Engineering, Civil SC Engineering GA BM47R UT WOS:000078856200018 ER PT B AU Schilling, SP Iverson, RM AF Schilling, SP Iverson, RM BE Chen, CL TI Automated, reproducible delineation of zones at risk from inundation by large volcanic debris flows SO DEBRIS-FLOW HAZARDS MITIGATION: MECHANICS, PREDICTION & ASSESSMENT LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 1st International Conference on Debris-Flow Hazards Mitigation - Mechanics, Prediction, and Assessment CY AUG 07-09, 1997 CL SAN FRANCISCO, CA SP Tech Comm Hydromech, Subcomm Mech Non-Newtonian Fluids Appl Debris & Mudflows, Tech Comm Sedimentat Water Resources Engn Div Amer Soc Civil Engineers AB Large debris flows can pose hazards to people and property downstream from volcanoes. We have developed a rapid, reproducible, objective, and inexpensive method to delineate distal debris-flow hazard zones. Our method employs the results of scaling and statistical analyses of the geometry of volcanic debris flows (lahars) to predict inundated valley cross-sectional areas (A) and planimetric areas (B) as functions of lahar volume. We use a range of specified lahar volumes to evaluate A and B. In a Geographic Information System (GIS) we employ the resulting range of predicted A and B to delineate gradations in inundation hazard, which is highest near the volcano and along valley thalwegs and diminishes as distances from the volcano and elevations above valley floors increase. Comparison of our computer-generated hazard maps with those constructed using traditional, field-based methods indicates that our method can provide an accurate means of delineating lahar hazard zones. C1 US Geol Survey, Vancouver, WA 98661 USA. RP Schilling, SP (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 5400 MacArthur Blvd, Vancouver, WA 98661 USA. NR 13 TC 4 Z9 7 U1 1 U2 1 PU AMER SOC CIVIL ENGINEERS PI NEW YORK PA UNITED ENGINEERING CENTER, 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017-2398 USA BN 0-7844-0268-X PY 1997 BP 176 EP 186 PG 11 WC Engineering, Civil SC Engineering GA BM47R UT WOS:000078856200019 ER PT B AU Major, JJ Iverson, RM McTigue, DF Macias, S Fiedorowicz, BK AF Major, JJ Iverson, RM McTigue, DF Macias, S Fiedorowicz, BK BE Chen, CL TI Geotechnical properties of debris-flow sediments and slurries SO DEBRIS-FLOW HAZARDS MITIGATION: MECHANICS, PREDICTION & ASSESSMENT LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 1st International Conference on Debris-Flow Hazards Mitigation - Mechanics, Prediction, and Assessment CY AUG 07-09, 1997 CL SAN FRANCISCO, CA SP Tech Comm Hydromech, Subcomm Mech Non-Newtonian Fluids Appl Debris & Mudflows, Tech Comm Sedimentat Water Resources Engn Div Amer Soc Civil Engineers AB Measurements of geotechnical properties of various poorly sorted debris-flow sediments and slurries (less than or equal to 32 mm diameter) emphasize their granular nature, and reveal that properties of slurries can differ significantly from those of compacted sediments. Measurements show that: (1) cohesion probably offers little resistance to shear in most debris flows under low confining stresses normally found in nature; (2) intrinsic hydraulic permeabilities of compacted debris-flow sediments vary from about 10(-14)-10(-9) m(2); permeabilities of "typical" debris-flow slurries fall toward the low end of the range; (3) debris-flow slurries are characterized by very large values of "elastic" compressibility (C similar to 10(-2) kPa(-1)); and (4) hydraulic diffusivities of quasistatically consolidating slurries are similar to 10(-4)-10(-7) m(2)/s. Low hydraulic diffusivity of debris slurries permits excess fluid pressure and low effective strength to persist during sediment transport and deposition. C1 US Geol Survey, Vancouver, BC 98661, Canada. RP Major, JJ (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 5400 MacArthur Blvd, Vancouver, BC 98661, Canada. OI Major, Jon/0000-0003-2449-4466 NR 13 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER SOC CIVIL ENGINEERS PI NEW YORK PA UNITED ENGINEERING CENTER, 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017-2398 USA BN 0-7844-0268-X PY 1997 BP 249 EP 259 PG 11 WC Engineering, Civil SC Engineering GA BM47R UT WOS:000078856200026 ER PT B AU Chen, CL Ling, CH AF Chen, CL Ling, CH BE Chen, CL TI Resistance formulas in hydraulics-based models for routing debris flows SO DEBRIS-FLOW HAZARDS MITIGATION: MECHANICS, PREDICTION & ASSESSMENT LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 1st International Conference on Debris-Flow Hazards Mitigation - Mechanics, Prediction, and Assessment CY AUG 07-09, 1997 CL SAN FRANCISCO, CA SP Tech Comm Hydromech, Subcomm Mech Non-Newtonian Fluids Appl Debris & Mudflows, Tech Comm Sedimentat Water Resources Engn Div Amer Soc Civil Engineers AB The one-dimensional, cross-section-averaged now equations formulated for routing debris flows down a narrow valley are identical to those for clear-water flow, except for the differences in the values of the flow parameters, such as the momentum (or energy) correction factor, resistance coefficient, and friction slope. Though these flow parameters for debris flow in channels with cross-sections of arbitrary geometric shape can only be determined empirically the theoretical values of such parameters for debris flow in wide channels exist. This paper aims to derive the theoretical resistance coefficient and friction slope for debris flow in wide channels using a rheological model for highly-concentrated, rapidly-sheared granular flows, such as the generalized viscoplastic fluid (GVF) model. Formulating such resistance coefficient or friction slope is equivalent to developing a generally applicable resistance formula for routing debris flows. Inclusion of a nonuniform term in the expression of the resistance formula proves useful in removing the customary assumption that the spatially varied resistance at any section is equal to what would take place with the same rate of flow passing the same section under conditions of uniformity. This in effect implies an improvement in the accuracy of unsteady debris-flow computation. C1 US Geol Survey, Div Water Resources, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. RP Chen, CL (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Div Water Resources, 345 Middlefield Rd,MS-439, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. NR 16 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC CIVIL ENGINEERS PI NEW YORK PA UNITED ENGINEERING CENTER, 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017-2398 USA BN 0-7844-0268-X PY 1997 BP 360 EP 372 PG 13 WC Engineering, Civil SC Engineering GA BM47R UT WOS:000078856200037 ER PT B AU Iverson, RM AF Iverson, RM BE Chen, CL TI Hydraulic modeling of unsteady debris-flow surges with solid-fluid interactions SO DEBRIS-FLOW HAZARDS MITIGATION: MECHANICS, PREDICTION & ASSESSMENT LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 1st International Conference on Debris-Flow Hazards Mitigation - Mechanics, Prediction, and Assessment CY AUG 07-09, 1997 CL SAN FRANCISCO, CA SP Tech Comm Hydromech, Subcomm Mech Non-Newtonian Fluids Appl Debris & Mudflows, Tech Comm Sedimentat Water Resources Engn Div Amer Soc Civil Engineers ID AVALANCHES AB Interactions of solid and fluid constituents produce the unique style of motion that typifies debris flows. To simulate this motion, a new hydraulic model represents debris flows as deforming masses of granular solids variably liquefied by viscous pore fluid. The momentum equation of the model describes how internal and boundary forces change as coarse-grained surge heads dominated by grain-contact friction grade into muddy debris-flow bodies more strongly influenced by fluid viscosity and pressure. Scaling analysis reveals that pore-pressure variations can cause flow resistance in surge heads to surpass that in debris-flow bodies by orders of magnitude. Numerical solutions of the coupled momentum and continuity equations provide good predictions of unsteady, nonuniform motion of experimental debris flows from initiation through deposition. C1 US Geol Survey, Vancouver, WA 98661 USA. RP Iverson, RM (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 5400 MacArthur Blvd, Vancouver, WA 98661 USA. NR 18 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 1 U2 3 PU AMER SOC CIVIL ENGINEERS PI NEW YORK PA UNITED ENGINEERING CENTER, 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017-2398 USA BN 0-7844-0268-X PY 1997 BP 550 EP 560 PG 11 WC Engineering, Civil SC Engineering GA BM47R UT WOS:000078856200055 ER PT B AU Melis, TS Webb, RH Griffiths, PG AF Melis, TS Webb, RH Griffiths, PG BE Chen, CL TI Debris flows in Grand Canyon National Park: Peak discharges, flow transformations, and hydrographs SO DEBRIS-FLOW HAZARDS MITIGATION: MECHANICS, PREDICTION & ASSESSMENT LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 1st International Conference on Debris-Flow Hazards Mitigation - Mechanics, Prediction, and Assessment CY AUG 07-09, 1997 CL SAN FRANCISCO, CA SP Tech Comm Hydromech, Subcomm Mech Non-Newtonian Fluids Appl Debris & Mudflows, Tech Comm Sedimentat Water Resources Engn Div Amer Soc Civil Engineers ID COLORADO-RIVER AB Direct measurements of debris-flow hydrograph and flow behavior in remote drainage areas are rare. We infer hydrographs and flow behavior for recent debris flows in bedrock tributaries of the Colorado River from preserved stratigraphic relations, sedimentology and surface morphology of debris fans and evidence of flow-surface elevations. We propose that 3 types of debris-flow hydrographs occur in Grand Canyon: Type I flows have a single debris-flow peak followed by recessional "hyperconcentrated flow" or streamflow; Type II flows have multiple debris-how peaks with intervening "hyperconcentrated flow" and (or) streamflow phases; and Type III flows begin as either Type I or Type II flows, but late-stage recessional streamflow is higher than the stage(s) of the debris-flow phase(s) and extensively reworks debris-flow deposits or buries them beneath streamflow sand and gravel. Field evidence shows that debris-flow peaks last for seconds to minutes, while recessional flows have durations of several hours to a day. C1 US Geol Survey, Div Water Resources, Desert Lab, Tucson, AZ 85745 USA. RP Melis, TS (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Div Water Resources, Desert Lab, 1675 W Anklam Rd, Tucson, AZ 85745 USA. NR 13 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC CIVIL ENGINEERS PI NEW YORK PA UNITED ENGINEERING CENTER, 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017-2398 USA BN 0-7844-0268-X PY 1997 BP 727 EP 736 PG 10 WC Engineering, Civil SC Engineering GA BM47R UT WOS:000078856200071 ER PT J AU Huh, CA Pisias, NG Kelley, JM Maiti, TC Grantz, A AF Huh, CA Pisias, NG Kelley, JM Maiti, TC Grantz, A TI Natural radionuclides and plutonium in sediments from the western Arctic Ocean: sedimentation rates and pathways of radionuclides SO DEEP-SEA RESEARCH PART II-TOPICAL STUDIES IN OCEANOGRAPHY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 1996 Ocean Science Meeting CY 1996 CL SAN DIEGO, CA ID AMINO-ACID EPIMERIZATION; ALPHA-RIDGE; SEA; CHRONOLOGY; PROFILES; PB-210; BASIN; BE-10; CORES; FLUX AB Sediment cores collected during R.V. Polar Sea AOS94 expedition from the Chukchi Shelf to the North Pole were analyzed for several decay-series-natural radionuclides and Pu isotopes to study sedimentation rates and pathways of radionuclides in the western Arctic Ocean. The measured sedimentation rates vary by more than three orders of magnitude along the transect, from (210)Pb-based rates of 200-700 cm kyr(-1) over the Chukchi Shelf and 89 cm kyr(-1) at the Chukchi Slope to (230)Th-based rates of 0.02-0.3 cm kyr(-1) at various settings in the deep basin. (230)Th(ex) profiles in the central western Arctic Basin are characterized by a cyclic pattern and a pronounced sub-surface maximum superimposed on an overall decrease with depth. Sediment inventories of excess (210)Pb and (230)Th in the deep basin as a whole cannot account for their in situ production and (210)Pb fall-out. The opposite is true at the slope and shallower waters. We contend that, as with other ocean basins, boundary scavenging also exists in the Arctic Ocean. The broad continental shelves and the slope region may have the potential of removing all or most of the particle-reactive radionuclides unaccounted for in the deep basin. The Pu isotope data are consistent with the notion of boundary scavenging., Sediment inventories and concentrations of Pu decrease rapidly offshore. Isotopic composition of Pu suggests mixing of fall-out Pu, which decreases with increasing latitudes, and fuels reprocessing Pu derived from the Russian and Atlantic sides of the Arctic Ocean. Although fuel reprocessing Pu has impinged on the Chukchi Slope, its existence over the Chukchi Shelf is not evident and probably overshadowed by fall-out Pu. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Acad Sinica, Inst Earth Sci, Taipei 115, Taiwan. Oregon State Univ, Coll Ocean & Atmospher Sci, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. Battelle Pacific NW Lab, Richland, WA 99352 USA. US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. RP Huh, CA (reprint author), Acad Sinica, Inst Earth Sci, Taipei 115, Taiwan. RI Huh, Chih-An/N-4610-2013 NR 41 TC 42 Z9 48 U1 0 U2 9 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0967-0645 J9 DEEP-SEA RES PT II JI Deep-Sea Res. Part II-Top. Stud. Oceanogr. PY 1997 VL 44 IS 8 BP 1725 EP + DI 10.1016/S0967-0645(97)00040-4 PG 18 WC Oceanography SC Oceanography GA ZE242 UT WOS:000072772400014 ER PT J AU Ling, HF Burton, KW ONions, RK Kamber, BS von Blanckenburg, F Gibb, AJ Hein, JR AF Ling, HF Burton, KW ONions, RK Kamber, BS von Blanckenburg, F Gibb, AJ Hein, JR TI Evolution of Nd and Pb isotopes in Central Pacific seawater from ferromanganese crusts SO EARTH AND PLANETARY SCIENCE LETTERS LA English DT Article DE Central Pacific; neodymium; lead; residence time ID RARE-EARTH ELEMENTS; NORTH PACIFIC; NEODYMIUM ISOTOPES; ATLANTIC-OCEAN; DRAKE PASSAGE; EAST PACIFIC; SM-ND; STRONTIUM; DEPOSITS; SR AB Hydrogenetic ferromanganese crusts incorporate elements from ambient seawater during their growth on seamounts. By analysing Nd, Pb and Be isotope profiles within crusts it is possible to reconstruct seawater tracer histories. Depth profiles of Be-10/Be-9 ratios in three Pacific ferromanganese crusts have been used to obtain growth rates which are between 1.4 and 3.8 mm/Ma. Nd and Pb isotopes provide intact records of isotopic variations in Pacific seawater over the last 20 Ma or more. There were only small changes in Pb isotope composition in the last 20 Ma. This indicates a constant Pb composition for the erosional sources and suggests further that erosional Nd inputs may have been uniform too. epsilon(Nd) values vary considerably with time and most probably reflect changes in ocean circulation. The epsilon(Nd) values of the crusts not only vary as a function of age but also as a function of water depth. From 25 to 0 Ma, crust VA13/2 from 4.8 km water depth has a similar pattern of epsilon(Nd) variation to the two shallower crusts from 1.8 and 2.3 km, but about 1.0 to 1.5 units more negative. This suggests that epsilon(Nd) stratification in Pacific seawater, as demonstrated for the present day, has been maintained for at least 20 Ma. Each crust shows a decrease in epsilon(Nd) from 3-5 Ma to the present, which is interpreted in terms of an increase in the NADW component present in the Pacific. From 10 to 3-5 Ma ago the crusts show an increase in epsilon(Nd). This suggests a decreasing role for a deep water source with epsilon(Nd) less than circumpacific sources. In this regard the Panamanian gateway restriction from similar to 10 Ma with final closure at 3-5 Ma may have played an important role in reducing access of Atlantic-derived Nd to the Pacific. C1 UNIV OXFORD, DEPT EARTH SCI, OXFORD OX1 3PR, ENGLAND. INST PHYS GLOBE, CNRS, LAB GEOCHIM & COSMOCHIM, F-75252 PARIS 05, FRANCE. US GEOL SURVEY, MENLO PK, CA 94025 USA. RI Kamber, Balz/A-1823-2008; von Blanckenburg, Friedhelm/K-4711-2013 OI Kamber, Balz/0000-0002-8720-0608; von Blanckenburg, Friedhelm/0000-0002-2964-717X NR 60 TC 144 Z9 184 U1 5 U2 24 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0012-821X J9 EARTH PLANET SC LETT JI Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. PD JAN PY 1997 VL 146 IS 1-2 BP 1 EP 12 DI 10.1016/S0012-821X(96)00224-5 PG 12 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA WH337 UT WOS:A1997WH33700003 ER PT B AU Ingersoll, G Turk, J McClure, C Lawlor, S Clow, D Mast, A AF Ingersoll, G Turk, J McClure, C Lawlor, S Clow, D Mast, A BE Albert, M Taylor, S TI Snowpack chemistry as an indicator of pollutant emission levels from motorized winter vehicles in Yellowstone National Park SO EASTERN SNOW CONFERENCE 1997, PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Joint Meeting of the 54th Eastern Snow Conference/65th Western Snow Conference CY MAY 04-08, 1997 CL BANFF, CANADA SP Canadian Geophys Union, Environ Canada-Natl hyrol Res Inst, US Army Cold Regions Res & Engn Lab ID COLORADO AB Wintertime visitors to Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming, consider scenery, wildlife, and clean air as three important qualities of their experience in the Park. Because the majority of winter visitors tour Yellowstone by motorized winter vehicles, and winter visitation has increased nearly tenfold since 1968, the effects of vehicle use are a growing concern for resource managers. The extent of effects on air quality and ecosystem health from increasing vehicular emissions throughout the Park is not fully understood. Snowpack chemistry provides a composite record of atmospheric deposition of airborne pollutants throughout winter. Pollutant levels from vehicular emissions inside the Park were characterized by snowmelt-chemical data from three sites at a variety of high- and low-traffic locations. At each site snow samples representing most of the annual snowpack were collected at an off-road site 20 m to 100 m from motorized-traffic routes, and at a site directly in snow-packed roadways used by over-snow vehicles. Snowmelt chemistries were compared between these three pairs of samples collected in-road and off-road to determine whether concentrations decreased with distance from the source. Concentrations of ammonium, nitrate, and sulfate in snowmelt positively correlated with vehicle usage. Ammonium and sulfate levels were consistently higher for the in-road snow compared to off-road snow for each pair of sites, but nitrate concentrations did not decrease within a distance of 100 m from the emission source. This method demonstrates that snowpack chemistry can be used as a quantifiable indicator of airborne pollutants from vehicular traffic. A correlation was shown between pollutant levels and vehicle traffic. Additional results indicate the nitrate ion may be used to distinguish between local and regional emissions sources. C1 US Geol Survey, Fed Ctr, Denver, CO 80225 USA. RP Ingersoll, G (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Fed Ctr, Mail Stop 415, Denver, CO 80225 USA. NR 21 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU EASTERN SNOW CONFERENCE PI NEWMARKET PA 161 LONDON RD, NEWMARKET, ONTARIO L3Y 7A7, CANADA PY 1997 BP 103 EP 113 PG 11 WC Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA BN93F UT WOS:000083552000011 ER PT J AU Hayba, DO AF Hayba, DO TI Environment of ore deposition in the Creede mining district, San Juan Mountains, Colorado .5. Epithermal mineralization from fluid mixing in the OH vein SO ECONOMIC GEOLOGY AND THE BULLETIN OF THE SOCIETY OF ECONOMIC GEOLOGISTS LA English DT Article ID SYSTEM; ISOTOPE; MINERALOGY; CHEMISTRY; EVOLUTION; INCLUSION AB Detailed fluid inclusion studies on coarse-grained sphalerite from the OH vein, Creede, Colordado, have shown that the abrupt color changes between growth zones correspond to abrupt changes in the nature of die ore fluids. Within each growth zone, however, the composition of the fluids remained constant. The base of a distinctive orange-brown growth zone marks a sharp increase in both temperature and salinity relative to the preceding yellow-white zone. The orange-brown growth zone can be correlated along much of the vein and is believed to represent a time stratigraphic interval. Along the vein, temperatures and salinities of fluid inclusions within this interval show a systematic decrease from about 285 degrees C and 11.5 wt percent NaCl equiv near the base of the vein to about 250 degrees C and 8 wt percent NaCl equiv, respectively, near the top of the vein. The iron concentration of this sphalerite growth zone shows a similar pattern, decreasing from about 2.8 to 1.2 mole percent FeS. When plotted on an enthalpy-salinity diagram, the fluid inclusion data define a spatial trend indicating die progressive mixing of deeply circulating hydrothermal brines with overlying, dilute ground waters. The hydrothermal brines entered the OH vein from below at a temperature, salinity, and density of approximately 285 degrees C, 11.5 wt percent NaCl equiv, and 860 kg/m(3), respectively, whereas the overlying ground waters appear to have been preheated to roughly 150 degrees C and had an assumed salinity of 0 wt percent and a density of 920 kg/m(3). The greater density of the heated ground water promoted mixing with the hydrothermal brine within the open fractures, causing sphalerite deposition. Although there were also episodes of boiling during Vein mineralization, boiling appears unimportant for this sphalerite. Isotopic evidence and geochemical modeling studies also indicate that mixing was the depositional mechanism for sphalerite. An important aspect of the mixing hydrology of the Creede system involves an aquitard overlying the OH vein. This low permeability zone restricted the flow of ground water into the vein from above and forced the upwelling hydrothermal fluids to flow laterally along the vein. The mixing environment thus occurred along the interface between a deeply circulating hydrothermal convection cell and a topographically driven shallow ground-water system. RP Hayba, DO (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY, NATL CTR, MAIL STOP 956, RESTON, VA 20192 USA. NR 55 TC 20 Z9 24 U1 1 U2 5 PU ECONOMIC GEOLOGY PUBL CO PI LITTLETON PA 5808 SOUTH RAPP ST, STE 209, LITTLETON, CO 80120-1942 SN 0361-0128 J9 ECON GEOL BULL SOC JI Econ. Geol. Bull. Soc. Econ. Geol. PD JAN-FEB PY 1997 VL 92 IS 1 BP 29 EP 44 PG 16 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA XC970 UT WOS:A1997XC97000003 ER PT J AU Binkley, D Suarez, F Stottlemyer, R Caldwell, B AF Binkley, D Suarez, F Stottlemyer, R Caldwell, B TI Ecosystem development on terraces along the Kugururok river, northwest Alaska SO ECOSCIENCE LA English DT Article DE Populus balsamifera; Picea glauca; Shepherdia canadensis; primary succession ID TANANA RIVER; PRIMARY SUCCESSION; INTERIOR ALASKA; GLACIER BAY; BOREAL FORESTS; NATIONAL-PARK; FLOODPLAIN AB Riverside terraces along the Kugururok River in the Noatak National Preserve provided an opportunity to study primary succession, considering general trends that apply across all terraces, and unique events that influence individual terraces. The 30-year-old willow/poplar (Salix spp., Populus balsamifera L.) terrace had no trees taller than 1.5 m; the abundant spruce trees were not tall enough to emerge from the canopy height of the willows and poplars, and moose (Alces alces [Clinton]) browsing limited the canopy height of these plants. The 75-year-old poplar/spruce (Picea glauca [Moench] Voss) terrace had a high density of poplars (> 1000/ha) and low density of spruce (125/ha); heavy browsing by moose reduced the density of poplar by about one-half. The removal of the poplar by moose in this stand resulted in sustained increases in growth of individual spruce trees. The 100-year-old younger spruce/poplar terrace had about twice as many spruce trees (1250/ha) as poplar trees (500/ha), and the spruce trees were larger on average than the poplar trees. In the 220+ year-old older spruce/poplar type, only a few poplars remained labour 25/ha), and the number of spruce trees (600/ha) was only half that of the younger stage, either from lower initial spruce density on this terrace, or increased mortality of spruce. The 240+ year-old spruce type was a second-generation forest, characterized by a high density (1950/ha) of small spruce trees, some of which were tilted, indicating discontinuous permafrost. Plant litterfall mass showed no strong trend with terrace age, although N content of litterfall appeared to decline by about 1/3 in the spruce-dominated stages. Fungal biomass increased with ecosystem age, whereas bacterial biomass and microfauna declined. We found no evidence of declining soil N supply in older stages, but fertilization experiments would be needed to determine if N limitation of productivity changed with ecosystem development. We conclude that the general successional trend of increased spruce dominance is robust for this location, but that unique events play important roles in determining tree densities and the timing of the shift in dominance from poplar to spruce. The arrival of moose in the 1970s accelerated dominance by spruce on young terraces. C1 US GEOL SURVEY,BIOL RESOURCES DIV,FT COLLINS,CO 80523. RP Binkley, D (reprint author), COLORADO STATE UNIV,DEPT FOREST SCI,FT COLLINS,CO 80523, USA. NR 29 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 2 PU UNIVERSITE LAVAL PI ST FOY PA PAVILLON ALEXANDRE-VACHON, UNIV LAVAL, ST FOY PQ G1K 7P4, CANADA SN 1195-6860 J9 ECOSCIENCE JI Ecoscience PY 1997 VL 4 IS 3 BP 311 EP 318 PG 8 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA XY287 UT WOS:A1997XY28700007 ER PT B AU Niyogi, DK Tate, CM McKnight, DM Duff, JH Alger, AS AF Niyogi, DK Tate, CM McKnight, DM Duff, JH Alger, AS BE Lyons, WB HowardWilliams, C Hawes, I TI Species composition and primary production of algal communities in Dry Valley streams in Antarctica: Examination of the functional role of biodiversity SO ECOSYSTEM PROCESSES IN ANTARCTIC ICE-FREE LANDSCAPES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT International Workshop on Polar Desert Ecosystems CY JUL 01-04, 1996 CL CHRISTCHURCH, NEW ZEALAND AB Species composition and primary production of different types of algal mats were quantified in three streams in Lake Fryxell Basin, Taylor Valley, Antarctica. These data can be used to examine relationships between species diversity and ecosystem processes, such as primary production. At the scale of this study, the data support the redundancy hypothesis, in that monospecific communities (algal mats composed of Nostoc sp.) are at least as productive as more diverse algal mats. Higher species diversity may, however, be interpreted differently at other spatial and temporal scales. Long-term monitoring of Antarctic streams should provide more information on the link between ecosystem structure and function. C1 US Geol Survey, Denver, CO 80225 USA. RP Niyogi, DK (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Box 25046, Denver, CO 80225 USA. RI Silva, Fausto/I-1873-2014 NR 0 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 5 PU A A BALKEMA PUBLISHERS PI LEIDEN PA SCHIPHOLWEG 107C, PO BOX 447, 2316 XC LEIDEN, NETHERLANDS BN 90-5410-925-4 PY 1997 BP 171 EP 179 PG 9 WC Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA BK63B UT WOS:000072809000016 ER PT B AU Spechler, RM Wilson, WL AF Spechler, RM Wilson, WL BE Beck, BF Stephenson, JB TI Stratigraphy and hydrogeology of a submarine collapse sinkhole on the continental shelf, northeastern Florida SO ENGINEERING GEOLOGY AND HYDROGEOLOGY OF KARST TERRANES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 6th Multidisciplinary Conference on Sinkholes and the Engineering and Environmental Impacts of Karst CY APR 06-09, 1997 CL SPRINGFIELD, MO SP P E LaMoreaux & Assoc Inc, SW Missouri State Univ, Dept Geog Geol & Planning, Amer Soc Civil Engineers, Mid Missouri Sect, Amer Soc Civil Engineers, St Louis Sect, Assoc Ground Water Scientists & Engineers, Assoc Engn Geologists, Karst Waters Inst AB Red Snapper Sink is located on the continental shelf, about 42 km (26 mi) east of Crescent Beach, Florida. In 1991, advanced technical-diving techniques enabled divers to explore the bottom of the sinkhole for the first time. The opening of the sinkhole at a depth of 27.5 m (90 ft) is approximately 122 m (400 ft) in diameter. The maximum recorded depth in the sinkhole is 147 m (482 ft). The sloping sides of the sinkhole are developed on loose Holocene sand and shell from 27 to 34.5 m (88 to 113 ft). Pleistocene sand and clayey sand crop out from 34.5 to 41 m (113 to 134 ft). From 41 m (134 ft) to about 116 m (380 ft), Red Snapper Sink is a vertical shaft measuring about 45.5 m (150 ft) in width to 52 m (170 ft) in length. The walls of the shaft from 41 to 50 m (134 to 164 ft) transect slightly indurated Pliocene shelly sand. The walls are composed of moderately indurated Pliocene silty sands and sandy silts from 50 to 63 m (164 to 206 ft). From 63 to 102 m (206 to 335 ft), the walls are developed in clayey sands and sandy clays of the Upper Hawthorn Group (Miocene). The Lower Hawthorn consists of a dolomitic limestone containing phosphate pebbles and carbonate interclasts with phosphatic rims from 102 to 110 m (335 to 380 ft). The top of the Ocala Limestone occurs at 116 m (380 ft), and below this depth, the walls of the shaft are undercut. Water samples collected at the bottom show normal seawater specific conductance and chloride and sulfate concentrations. During a dive to 147 m (482 ft), sea water was observed flowing into small caves at the base of the wall, indicating that during the dive period, the sinkhole conveyed saltwater into the Floridan aquifer system. Seismic profiles show that Red Snapper Sink is the surficial expression of a dissolution collapse feature that possibly originated in Upper Cretaceous or Paleocene rocks. Similar buried features in northeastern Florida could provide a hydraulic connection between freshwater zones and deeper, more saline zones of the Floridan aquifer system. The presence of these collapse features could help explain the anomalous distribution of elevated chloride concentrations in parts of eastern Duval County. RP Spechler, RM (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,ALTAMONTE SPRINGS,FL, USA. NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU A A BALKEMA PI ROTTERDAM PA PO BOX 1675, 3000 BR ROTTERDAM, NETHERLANDS BN 90-5410-867-3 PY 1997 BP 61 EP 66 PG 6 WC Engineering, Environmental; Engineering, Civil; Geography; Geology SC Engineering; Geography; Geology GA BH94W UT WOS:A1997BH94W00009 ER PT B AU Hornewer, NJ Johnson, GP Robertson, DM Hondzo, M AF Hornewer, NJ Johnson, GP Robertson, DM Hondzo, M BE Wang, SSY Carstens, T TI Field-scale tests for determining mixing patterns associated with coarse-bubble air diffuser configurations, Egan Quarry, Illinois SO ENVIRONMENTAL AND COASTAL HYDRAULICS: PROTECTING THE AQUATIC HABITAT, PROCEEDINGS OF THEME B, VOLS 1 & 2 SE WATER FOR A CHANGING GLOBAL COMMUNITY LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 27th Congress of the International-Association-for-Hydraulic-Research CY AUG 10-15, 1997 CL SAN FRANCISCO, CA SP Int Assoc Hydraul Res AB The U.S. Geological Survey in cooperation with the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Chicago District did field-scale tests in August-September 1996 to determine mixing patterns associated with different configurations of coarse-bubble air diffusers. The tests were done in an approximately IS-meter deep quarry near Chicago, IU. Three-dimensional velocity, water-temperature, dissolved oxygen concentration, and specific-conductivity profiles were collected from locations between approximately 2 to 30 meters from the diffusers for two sets of five test configurations; one set for stratified and one set for destratified conditions in the quarry. The data-collection methods and instrumentation used to characterize mixing patterns and interactions of coarse-bubble diffusers were successful. An extensive data set was collected and is available to calibrate and verify aeration and stratification models, and to characterize basic features of bubble-plume interaction. C1 US Geol Survey, Madison, WI USA. RP Hornewer, NJ (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Madison, WI USA. OI Robertson, Dale/0000-0001-6799-0596 NR 1 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER SOC CIVIL ENGINEERS PI NEW YORK PA UNITED ENGINEERING CENTER, 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017-2398 USA BN 0-7844-0272-8 J9 WATER CHANG GLOB COM PY 1997 VL 27 BP 57 EP 63 PG 5 WC Engineering, Civil; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA BN27S UT WOS:000081412000011 ER PT B AU Milhous, RT AF Milhous, RT BE Wang, SSY Carstens, T TI A low shear stress gravel-bed river SO ENVIRONMENTAL AND COASTAL HYDRAULICS: PROTECTING THE AQUATIC HABITAT, PROCEEDINGS OF THEME B, VOLS 1 & 2 SE WATER FOR A CHANGING GLOBAL COMMUNITY LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 27th Congress of the International-Association-for-Hydraulic-Research CY AUG 10-15, 1997 CL SAN FRANCISCO, CA SP Int Assoc Hydraul Res AB A low stress gravel bed river is a river where the cross-sectional average dimensionless shear stress (tau*) rarely exceeds 0.047. That is the case for the Gunnison River below Delta in Western Colorado. The cross-sectional average tau* in the Gunnison River has not exceeded 0.047, except at one cross section during one year, in the 87 years of record. A tau* of 0.047 is the critical tau* in the bed-load equation considered to be most applicable to gravel/cobble bed rivers (the Meyer-Peter, Mueller equation). According to this equation, there has been no bed-material movement in the Gunnison River since 1920; in fact there has been bed-material movement and this movement is biologically important. Bed-material is moved when the tau* is 0.016 or larger. Streamflows that cause a tau* of at least 0.016 maintain the aquatic habitat in a low shear stress river. C1 USGS, Biol Resources Div, Midcontinent Ecol Sci Ctr, Ft Collins, CO USA. RP Milhous, RT (reprint author), USGS, Biol Resources Div, Midcontinent Ecol Sci Ctr, Ft Collins, CO USA. NR 7 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC CIVIL ENGINEERS PI NEW YORK PA UNITED ENGINEERING CENTER, 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017-2398 USA BN 0-7844-0272-8 J9 WATER CHANG GLOB COM PY 1997 VL 27 BP 599 EP 604 PG 4 WC Engineering, Civil; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA BN27S UT WOS:000081412000102 ER PT B AU Smith, PE Larock, BE AF Smith, PE Larock, BE BE Wang, SSY Carstens, T TI Semi-implicit, numerical schemes for 3-D flow modeling SO ENVIRONMENTAL AND COASTAL HYDRAULICS: PROTECTING THE AQUATIC HABITAT, PROCEEDINGS OF THEME B, VOLS 1 & 2 SE WATER FOR A CHANGING GLOBAL COMMUNITY LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 27th Congress of the International-Association-for-Hydraulic-Research CY AUG 10-15, 1997 CL SAN FRANCISCO, CA SP Int Assoc Hydraul Res AB Two semi-implicit, one-dimensional, finite-difference hydrodynamic models are described and evaluated with the aid of a numerical example. The three-time-level scheme is the more promising method for implementation in an efficient three-dimensional transient code. C1 US Geol Survey, Sacramento, CA USA. RP Smith, PE (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Sacramento, CA USA. NR 4 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC CIVIL ENGINEERS PI NEW YORK PA UNITED ENGINEERING CENTER, 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017-2398 USA BN 0-7844-0272-8 J9 WATER CHANG GLOB COM PY 1997 VL 27 BP 773 EP 778 PG 4 WC Engineering, Civil; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA BN27S UT WOS:000081412000131 ER PT B AU Gartner, JW Cheng, RT Cacchione, DA Tate, GB AF Gartner, JW Cheng, RT Cacchione, DA Tate, GB BE Wang, SSY Carstens, T TI Near bottom velocity and suspended solids measurements in San Francisco Bay, California SO ENVIRONMENTAL AND COASTAL HYDRAULICS: PROTECTING THE AQUATIC HABITAT, PROCEEDINGS OF THEME B, VOLS 1 & 2 SE WATER FOR A CHANGING GLOBAL COMMUNITY LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 27th Congress of the International-Association-for-Hydraulic-Research CY AUG 10-15, 1997 CL SAN FRANCISCO, CA SP Int Assoc Hydraul Res AB Ability to accurately measure long-term time-series of turbulent mean velocity distribution within the bottom boundary layer (BBL) in addition to suspended solids concentration (SSC) is critical to understanding complex processes controlling transport, resuspension, and deposition of suspended sediments in bays and estuaries. A suite of instruments, including broad band acoustic Doppler current profilers (BB-ADCPs), capable of making very high resolution measurement of velocity profiles in the BBL, was deployed in the shipping channel of South San Francisco Bay (South Bay), California in an investigation of sediment dynamics during March and April 1995. Results of field measurements provide information to calculate suspended solids flux (SSF) at the site. Calculations show striking patterns; residual SSF varies through the spring-neap tidal cycle. Significant differences from one spring tide to another are caused by differences in tidal current diurnal inequalities. Winds from significant storms establish residual circulation patterns that may affect magnitude of residual SSF more than increased tidal energy at spring tides. C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. RP Gartner, JW (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 345 Middlefield Rd, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. NR 9 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC CIVIL ENGINEERS PI NEW YORK PA UNITED ENGINEERING CENTER, 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017-2398 USA BN 0-7844-0272-8 J9 WATER CHANG GLOB COM PY 1997 VL 27 BP 1090 EP 1095 PG 6 WC Engineering, Civil; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA BN27S UT WOS:000081412000184 ER PT B AU Warner, JC Schoellhamer, DH Burau, JR AF Warner, JC Schoellhamer, DH Burau, JR BE Wang, SSY Carstens, T TI A sediment transport pathway in the back of a nearly semienclosed subembayment of San Francisco Bay, California SO ENVIRONMENTAL AND COASTAL HYDRAULICS: PROTECTING THE AQUATIC HABITAT, PROCEEDINGS OF THEME B, VOLS 1 & 2 SE WATER FOR A CHANGING GLOBAL COMMUNITY LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 27th Congress of the International-Association-for-Hydraulic-Research CY AUG 10-15, 1997 CL SAN FRANCISCO, CA SP Int Assoc Hydraul Res AB Time series measurements of current velocity, depth, and suspended-solids concentration (SSC) were used to determine suspended-solids fluxes (SSF) during the fall of 1995 at a site in central Honker Bay and at a site at the northern end of Spoonbill Creek. Significant increases in SSF occurred at both sites during periods of sustained winds directed along the axis of Honker Bay (westerly winds). The wind-induced surface shear stress increases SSF out of Honker Bay through Spoonbill Creek through the combination of two effects: (1) wind-wave resuspension of bed sediments elevates SSC within Honker Bay, and, at the same time, (2) wind shear raises the water level at the eastern end of Honker Bay relative to the Sacramento River, thereby coating a net barotropic pressure gradient across Spoonbill Creek that drives a residual advective SSF from Honker Bay through Spoonbill Creek into the Sacramento River. The residual dispersive flux was also out of Honker Bay into the Sacramento River because the tidal excursion in Spoonbill Creek (approximately 4 to 6 km) is much longer than Spoonbill Creek (3 km). Therefore, high SSC water advected from Honker Bay into the Sacramento River through Spoonbill Creek on the hood tide does not return on the following ebb tide, which creates the dispersive SSF Diurnal inequality was greatest during neap tides and, during strong westerly winds, created a greater dispersive flux than observed during spring tides. The total SSF was always out of Honker Bay during the fall, suggesting that the relatively high metals and pesticides concentrations observed in the bottom sediments of Honker Bay are not caused by transport through Spoonbill Creek into Honker Bay during this time of year. C1 US Geol Survey, Sacramento, CA USA. RP Warner, JC (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Sacramento, CA USA. NR 4 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER SOC CIVIL ENGINEERS PI NEW YORK PA UNITED ENGINEERING CENTER, 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017-2398 USA BN 0-7844-0272-8 J9 WATER CHANG GLOB COM PY 1997 VL 27 BP 1096 EP 1101 PG 2 WC Engineering, Civil; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA BN27S UT WOS:000081412000185 ER PT J AU Blus, LJ Wiemeyer, SN Bunck, CM AF Blus, LJ Wiemeyer, SN Bunck, CM TI Clarification of effects of DDE on shell thickness, size, mass, and shape of avian eggs SO ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION LA English DT Article ID RESIDUES; P,P'-DDE; SUCCESS; BIRDS AB Moriarty et al. (1986) used field data to conclude that DDE decreased the size or altered the shape of avian eggs; therefore, they postulated that decreased eggshell thickness was a secondary effect because, as a general rule, thickness and egg size are positively correlated. To further test this relationship, the present authors analysed data from eggs of captive American kestrels. Falco sparverius given DDT- or DDE-contaminated or clean diets and from wild brown pelicans Pelecanus occidentalis collected both before (pre-1946) and after (post-1945) DDT was introduced into the environment. Pertinent data from other field and laboratory studies were also summarized. DDE was not related to and did not affect size, mass, or shape of eggs of the brown pelican or American kestrel; but the relationship of DDE to eggshell thinning held true, Size and shape bf eggs of brown pelicans from the post-1945 era and those of kestrels, on DDT-contaminated diets showed some significant, but inconsistent, changes compared to brown pelican data from the pre-1946 era or kestrels on clean diets, In contrast, nearly all samples of eggs of experimental kestrels given DDT-contaminated diets and those of wild brown pelicans from the post-1945 era exhibited significant eggshell thinning, Pertinent experimental studies with other sensitive avian species indicated no effects of DDE on the size or shape of eggs, even though the high dietary concentrations caused extreme eggshell thinning and mortality of some adult mallards (Anas platyrhynchos) in one study. These findings essentially controvert the argument that decreased eggshell thickness is a secondary effect resulting from the primary effect of DDE-induced changes in the size or shape of eggs. C1 US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV, RENO, NV 89502 USA. NATL BIOL SERV, WASHINGTON, DC 20240 USA. RP Blus, LJ (reprint author), FOREST & RANGELAND ECOSYST SCI CTR, NATL BIOL SERV, NW RES STN, 3080 SE CLEARWATER DR, CORVALLIS, OR 97333 USA. NR 29 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 3 U2 25 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0269-7491 EI 1873-6424 J9 ENVIRON POLLUT JI Environ. Pollut. PY 1997 VL 95 IS 1 BP 67 EP 74 DI 10.1016/S0269-7491(96)00094-2 PG 8 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA WQ722 UT WOS:A1997WQ72200008 PM 15093475 ER PT J AU Hill, BH Lazorchak, JM McCormick, FH Willingham, WT AF Hill, BH Lazorchak, JM McCormick, FH Willingham, WT TI The effects of elevated metals on benthic community metabolism in a Rocky Mountain stream SO ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION LA English DT Article DE benthic metabolism; chambers; metals; Ceriodaphnia toxicity ID ZINC; COLORADO; TOXICITY; SYSTEMS; PH AB The effects of elevated metals (dissolved Zn, Mn and/or Fe) in a Rocky Mountain stream were assessed using measures of primary productivity, community respiration and water-column toxicity. Primary productivity was measured as rates of O-2 evolution from natural substrates incubated in situ in closed chambers. Oxygen depletion within these chambers, when incubated in the dark, provided estimates of periphyton community respiration. Sediment community respiration on fine-grained sediments, collected and composited along each stream study reach, was measured on-site by incubating these sediments in closed chambers and measuring O-2 depletion. Toxicity was measured as percent mortality of Ceriodaphnia dubia during 48 h acute tests. Gross (GPP) and net primary productivity (NPP) decreased significantly with increasing metal concentrations, from 10.88 +/- 1.46 g O-2 m(-2) day(-1) to 0.83 +/- 0.20 g O-2 m(-2) day(-1) and 9.85 +/- 1.43 g O-2 m(-2) day(-1) to 0.81 +/- 0.20 g O-2 m(-2) day(-1), respectively for the reference and most impacted site. Community respiration (CR) declined from 0.65 +/- 0.08 g O-2 m(-2) day(-1) to 0.02 +/- 0.01 g O-2 m(-2) day(-1) with increasing metal concentrations. Sediment community respiration (SCR) decreased from 0.26 +/- 0.02 g O-2 m(-2) day(-1) to 0.01 +/- 0.01 g O-2 m(-1) day(-1) at these same sites. Ceriodaphnia dubia mortality increased from 0% at the reference site to 95 +/- 5% at the most impacted sites. Net daily metabolism, quantum yield and assimilation ratio all decreased with increasing metal concentrations, suggesting that both autotrophic and heterotrophic components of the periphyton community were impaired. Overall, functional measures were able to discern sites receiving greater metal impacts from less-impacted sites, with combinations of dissolved metals explaining between 25 and 92% of the variance in the regression models. Using these regression models we were able to calculate lethal and inhibition concentrations of dissolved Zn in the Eagle River. The lethal concentration (LC50) of Zn for Ceriodaphnia dubia is 123 ntg liter(-1) The concentrations of Zn which inhibited respiration (IC50) were 177 mg liter(-1) for CR and 199 mg liter(-1) for SCR. These results indicate functional measures may be as sensitive to metal concentrations as acute toxicity tests. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 US GEOL SURVEY,DENVER FED CTR,REGION 8 WATER MANAGEMENT DIV,DENVER,CO 80225. RP Hill, BH (reprint author), US EPA,NATL EXPOSURE RES LAB,26W MARTIN LUTHER KING DR,CINCINNATI,OH 45268, USA. RI Hill, Brian/E-6799-2013; OI Lazorchak, James/0000-0002-7354-7571 NR 40 TC 33 Z9 34 U1 2 U2 11 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, OXON, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 0269-7491 J9 ENVIRON POLLUT JI Environ. Pollut. PY 1997 VL 95 IS 2 BP 183 EP 190 DI 10.1016/S0269-7491(96)00123-6 PG 8 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA WY537 UT WOS:A1997WY53700005 PM 15093458 ER PT J AU Gale, RW Huckins, JN Petty, JD Peterman, PH Williams, LL Morse, D Schwartz, TR Tillitt, DE AF Gale, RW Huckins, JN Petty, JD Peterman, PH Williams, LL Morse, D Schwartz, TR Tillitt, DE TI Comparison of the uptake of dioxin like compounds by caged channel catfish and semipermeable membrane devices in the Saginaw River, Michigan SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID FISH-EATING BIRDS; TROUT ONCORHYNCHUS-MYKISS; LAKES FOOD-CHAINS; GREAT-LAKES; DEVELOPMENTAL TOXICANTS; ORGANIC CONTAMINANTS; REPRODUCTIVE OUTCOMES; SEDIMENT; DIBENZOFURANS; ACCUMULATION AB Elevated concentrations of planar, halogenated hydrocarbons have been linked to reproductive problems in a variety of fish-eating birds and mammals in the Great Lakes and in particular Saginaw Bay. Currently, there are no accurate procedures to assess bioavailability of these contaminants. Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans and mono- and non-ortho-chloro-substituted biphenyls in water at the femtogram to picogram per liter range were passively concentrated in semipermeable membrane devices (SPMDs), and these data were compared to the bioconcentration in co-exposed (caged) channel catfish. Sediment-derived water concentration estimates, calculated from a steady-state partitioning model, did not correlate well to those derived from either fish or SPMDs. The use of SPMDs demonstrated the utility of in-situ passive sampling over inference of water concentrations from accumulation in biota or partitioning with sediment Residues accumulated by SPMDs have been shown to he proportional to analyte water concentration, whereas this does not appear to be the case for fish tissues. The greater amounts of 3,3',4,4'-tetrachlorobiphenyl and 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzofuran accumulated in SPMDs than in exposed channel catfish indicated those non-passive aspects of bioconcentration in organisms, such as biotransformation and elimination, introduced 50-500% error in the assumed degree of exposure. C1 US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,FIELD OFF,E LANSING,MI 48823. MICHIGAN DEPT ENVIRONM QUAL,LANSING,MI 48909. RP Gale, RW (reprint author), NATL BIOL SERV,MIDWEST SCI CTR,4200 NEW HAVEN RD,COLUMBIA,MO 65201, USA. NR 36 TC 53 Z9 53 U1 1 U2 6 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0013-936X J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD JAN PY 1997 VL 31 IS 1 BP 178 EP 187 DI 10.1021/es960263m PG 10 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA WC400 UT WOS:A1997WC40000044 ER PT J AU Harvey, RW Metge, DW Kinner, N Mayberry, N AF Harvey, RW Metge, DW Kinner, N Mayberry, N TI Physiological considerations in applying laboratory-determined buoyant densities to predictions of bacterial and protozoan transport in groundwater: Results of in-situ and laboratory pests SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID CONTAMINATED SANDY AQUIFER; COLLOID FILTRATION THEORY; CAPE-COD; MODELING MOVEMENT; ESCHERICHIA-COLI; POROUS-MEDIA; GROWTH; SINKING; TRAPS; CELLS AB Buoyant densities were determined for groundwater bacteria and microflagellates (protozoa) from a sandy aquifer (Cape God, MA) using two methods: (1) density-gradient centrifugation (DGC) and (2) Stoke's law approximations using sedimentation rates observed during natural-gradient injection and recovery tests. The dwarf (average cell size, 0.3 mu m), unattached bacteria inhabiting a pristine zone just beneath the water table and a majority (similar to 80%) of the morphologically diverse community of free-living bacteria inhabiting a 5-km-long plume of organically-contaminated groundwater had DGC-determined buoyant densities <1.019 g/cm(3) before culturing. In the aquifer, sinking rates for the uncultured 2-mu m size class of contaminant plume bacteria were comparable to that of the bromide tracer (1.9 x 10(-3) M), also suggesting a low buoyant density. Culturing groundwater bacteria resulted in larger (0.8-1.3 mu m), less neutrally-buoyant (1.043-1.081 g/cm(3)) cells with potential sedimentation rates up to 64-fold higher th an those predicted for the uncultured populations. Although sedimentation generally could be neglected in predicting subsurface transport for the community of free-living groundwater bacteria, it appeared to be important for the cultured isolates, at least until they readapt to aquifer conditions. Culturing-induced alterations in size of the contaminant-plume microflagellates (2-3 mu m) were ameliorated by using a lower nutrient, acidic (pH 5) porous growth medium. Buoyant densities of the cultured microflagellates were low, i.e., 1.024-1.034 g/cm(3) (using the DGC assay) and 1.017-1.039 g/cm(3) (estimated from in-situ sedimentation rates), suggesting good potential for subsurface transport under favorable conditions. C1 UNIV NEW HAMPSHIRE,ENVIRONM RES GRP,DURHAM,NH 03824. RP Harvey, RW (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,3215 MARINE ST,BOULDER,CO 80303, USA. RI Harvey, Ronald/C-5783-2013 OI Harvey, Ronald/0000-0002-2791-8503 NR 37 TC 44 Z9 44 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0013-936X J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD JAN PY 1997 VL 31 IS 1 BP 289 EP 295 DI 10.1021/es960461d PG 7 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA WC400 UT WOS:A1997WC40000061 ER PT J AU Pronin, NM Fleischer, GW Baldanova, DR Pronina, SV AF Pronin, NM Fleischer, GW Baldanova, DR Pronina, SV TI Parasites of the recently established round goby (Neogobius melanostomus) and tubenose goby (Proterorhinus marmoratus) (Cottidae) from the St. Clair River and Lake St. Clair, Michigan, USA SO FOLIA PARASITOLOGICA LA English DT Article ID GREAT-LAKES; INTRODUCTIONS; SOCIETY AB Specimens of the recently established European round goby (Neogobius melanostomus Pallas, 1811) and tubenose goby (Proterorhinus marmoratus Pallas, 1811) were collected from different locations in the St. Clair River and Lake St. Clair, USA and were examined for parasites. Parasites were observed in 76% of the round gobies and 35% of the tubenose gobies. Four species of parasites in the gobies occur in the Black Sea watershed. Two of them have been reported in North America for the first time: Sphaeromyxa sevastopoli Naidenova, 1970 and Ichthyocotylurus pileatus (Rudolphi, 1802). Three parasite species found in the gobies are endemic to North America and were most likely obtained locally. C1 US GEOL SURVEY,GREAT LAKES SCI CTR,BIOL RESOURCES DIV,ANN ARBOR,MI 48105. RP Pronin, NM (reprint author), RUSSIAN ACAD SCI,BURYAT INST BIOL,SIBERIAN DIV,6 SAKHYANOVA STR,ULAN UDE 670042,RUSSIA. NR 23 TC 38 Z9 42 U1 0 U2 7 PU FOLIA PARASITOLOGICA PI CESKE BUDEJOVICE PA BRANISOVSKA 31, CESKE BUDEJOVICE, CZECH REPUBLIC 370 05 SN 0015-5683 J9 FOLIA PARASIT JI Folia Parasitol. PY 1997 VL 44 IS 1 BP 1 EP 6 PG 6 WC Parasitology SC Parasitology GA WX151 UT WOS:A1997WX15100001 PM 9229568 ER PT B AU Meyer, RM AF Meyer, RM GP ALASKA SEA GRANT COLL PROGRAM ALASKA SEA GRANT COLL PROGRAM TI Forage fishes in marine ecosystems: Introduction to the symposium SO FORAGE FISHES IN MARINE ECOSYSTEMS SE LOWELL WAKEFIELD FISHERIES SYMPOSIA SERIES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT International Symposium / 14th Lowell Wakefield Fisheries Symposium on Forage Fishes in Marine Ecosystems CY NOV 13-16, 1996 CL ANCHORAGE, AK SP Alaska Dept Fish & Game, Exxon Valdez Oil Spill Trustee Council, Inst Marine Res, Norway, N Pacific Fishery Management Council, US Fish & Wildlife Serv, US Minerals Management Serv, US Natl Biol Ser, US Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Alaska Sea Grant Coll Program, Univ Alaska Fairbanks C1 USGS, Biol Res Div, Kearneysville, WV 25430 USA. RP Meyer, RM (reprint author), USGS, Biol Res Div, 1700 Leetown Rd, Kearneysville, WV 25430 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU ALASKA SEA GRANT COLL PROGRAM PI FAIRBANKS PA UNIV ALASKA FAIRBANKS PO BOX 755040, FAIRBANKS, AK 99775-5040 USA BN 1-56612-049-7 J9 LOW WAKE FI PY 1997 VL 97 IS 01 BP 1 EP 9 PG 9 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA BK42Q UT WOS:000072113400001 ER PT B AU Ostrand, WD Coyle, KO Drew, GS Maniscalco, JM Irons, DB AF Ostrand, WD Coyle, KO Drew, GS Maniscalco, JM Irons, DB GP ALASKA SEA GRANT COLL PROGRAM ALASKA SEA GRANT COLL PROGRAM TI Selection of forage-fish schools by murrelets and tufted puffins in Prince William Sound, Alaska SO FORAGE FISHES IN MARINE ECOSYSTEMS SE LOWELL WAKEFIELD FISHERIES SYMPOSIA SERIES LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT International Symposium / 14th Lowell Wakefield Fisheries Symposium on Forage Fishes in Marine Ecosystems CY NOV 13-16, 1996 CL ANCHORAGE, AK SP Alaska Dept Fish & Game, Exxon Valdez Oil Spill Trustee Council, Inst Marine Res, Norway, N Pacific Fishery Management Council, US Fish & Wildlife Serv, US Minerals Management Serv, US Natl Biol Ser, US Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Alaska Sea Grant Coll Program, Univ Alaska Fairbanks C1 US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Anchorage, AK 99503 USA. RP Ostrand, WD (reprint author), US Fish & Wildlife Serv, 1011 E Tudor Rd, Anchorage, AK 99503 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU ALASKA SEA GRANT COLL PROGRAM PI FAIRBANKS PA UNIV ALASKA FAIRBANKS PO BOX 755040, FAIRBANKS, AK 99775-5040 USA BN 1-56612-049-7 J9 LOW WAKE FI PY 1997 VL 97 IS 01 BP 171 EP 173 PG 3 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA BK42Q UT WOS:000072113400012 ER PT B AU Roseneau, DG Byrd, GV AF Roseneau, DG Byrd, GV GP ALASKA SEA GRANT COLL PROGRAM ALASKA SEA GRANT COLL PROGRAM TI Using Pacific halibut to sample the availability of forage fishes to seabirds SO FORAGE FISHES IN MARINE ECOSYSTEMS SE LOWELL WAKEFIELD FISHERIES SYMPOSIA SERIES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT International Symposium / 14th Lowell Wakefield Fisheries Symposium on Forage Fishes in Marine Ecosystems CY NOV 13-16, 1996 CL ANCHORAGE, AK SP Alaska Dept Fish & Game, Exxon Valdez Oil Spill Trustee Council, Inst Marine Res, Norway, N Pacific Fishery Management Council, US Fish & Wildlife Serv, US Minerals Management Serv, US Natl Biol Ser, US Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Alaska Sea Grant Coll Program, Univ Alaska Fairbanks AB Evaluating the influence of fluctuating prey populations (e.g., forage fishes) is critical to understanding the recovery of seabirds injured by the T/V Exxon Valdez oil spill; however, it is expensive to conduct hydroacoustic and trawl surveys to assess forage fish stocks over broad regions. As part of the 1995 Exxon Valdez Oil Spill Trustee Council-sponsored Alaska Predator Ecosystem Experiment, we tested the feasibility of using sport-caught Pacific halibut (Hippoglossus stenolepis) to obtain spatial and temporal information on capelin (Mallotus villosus) and Pacific sand lance (Ammodytes hexapterus), two forage fishes important to piscivorous seabirds. We examined 586 halibut stomachs collected from vessels in a 100-150 vessel charter boat fleet fishing throughout Cook Inlet waters during late May-early September. Catch locations and dates provided information on geographic and seasonal variation in the incidence of capelin and sand lance in seven eastern inlet subunits between Ninilchik and Shuyak Island. We also obtained data on prey brought to chicks of black-legged kittiwake (Rissa tridactyla), common murre (Uria aalge), and tufted puffin (Fratercula cirrhata) at the Barren Islands to help evaluate the sampling technique. At the Barren Islands, capelin were the most numerous fish in halibut stomachs, and they were the most common prey fed to murre and kittiwake chicks by number and weight, respectively. They were also the largest prey group by weight in puffin chick diets. In the Point Adam area, where samples were collected during June through early August, we detected seasonal changes in the relative abundance of sand lance and capelin. Sand lance were most common in June, and capelin increased after early July. Based on our results, we concluded that this relatively simple cost-effective method can supply useful information on forage fish stocks in areas where seabird feeding and charter boat fishing activities overlap. C1 US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Alaska Maritime Natl Wildlife Refuge, Homer, AK 99603 USA. RP Roseneau, DG (reprint author), US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Alaska Maritime Natl Wildlife Refuge, POB 3467, Homer, AK 99603 USA. NR 0 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 1 U2 1 PU ALASKA SEA GRANT COLL PROGRAM PI FAIRBANKS PA UNIV ALASKA FAIRBANKS PO BOX 755040, FAIRBANKS, AK 99775-5040 USA BN 1-56612-049-7 J9 LOW WAKE FI PY 1997 VL 97 IS 01 BP 231 EP 241 PG 11 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA BK42Q UT WOS:000072113400017 ER PT B AU Byrd, GV Merrick, RL Piatt, JF Norcross, BL AF Byrd, GV Merrick, RL Piatt, JF Norcross, BL GP ALASKA SEA GRANT COLL PROGRAM ALASKA SEA GRANT COLL PROGRAM TI Seabird, Marine Mammal, and Oceanography Coordinated Investigations (SMMOCI) near Unimak Pass, Alaska SO FORAGE FISHES IN MARINE ECOSYSTEMS SE LOWELL WAKEFIELD FISHERIES SYMPOSIA SERIES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT International Symposium / 14th Lowell Wakefield Fisheries Symposium on Forage Fishes in Marine Ecosystems CY NOV 13-16, 1996 CL ANCHORAGE, AK SP Alaska Dept Fish & Game, Exxon Valdez Oil Spill Trustee Council, Inst Marine Res, Norway, N Pacific Fishery Management Council, US Fish & Wildlife Serv, US Minerals Management Serv, US Natl Biol Ser, US Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Alaska Sea Grant Coll Program, Univ Alaska Fairbanks AB Forage fishes comprise the primary prey base for several species of marine birds and mammals that have been monitored in Alaska over the past 20 years. Knowledge of the marine ecosystem is important for understanding causes of changes. Our organizations (U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, National Marine Fisheries Service, U.S. Geological Survey, and University of Alaska Fairbanks) have agreed to cooperate in an effort to characterize foraging habitat for seabirds and Steller sea lions (Eumetopias jubatus) at six locations in the Gulf of Alaska and Bering Sea where background monitoring data are available. We began the nearshore marine habitat characterization in 1995 at Unimak Pass in the eastern Aleutian Islands where seabirds and sea lions have been monitored on two nearby islands: Aiktak and Ugamak. Hydroacoustic data were collected along a series of transects within a 50-km radius of the islands to describe the distribution and biomass of potential prey. Midwater and bottom trawls were conducted to support the hydroacoustic surveys, and longline sets were made to help characterize the bottom fish fauna. Marine bird and mammal observations were made during all daylight transects, and adult seabirds were collected to characterize diet composition. Preliminary results suggest such studies can adequately describe ecosystem components and may ultimately help reveal patterns that demonstrate the response of top-level predators to fluctuations in the prey base. C1 US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Alaska Maritime Natl Wildlife Refuge, Homer, AK 99603 USA. RP Byrd, GV (reprint author), US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Alaska Maritime Natl Wildlife Refuge, 2355 Kachemak Bay Dr, Homer, AK 99603 USA. NR 0 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 1 U2 3 PU ALASKA SEA GRANT COLL PROGRAM PI FAIRBANKS PA UNIV ALASKA FAIRBANKS PO BOX 755040, FAIRBANKS, AK 99775-5040 USA BN 1-56612-049-7 J9 LOW WAKE FI PY 1997 VL 97 IS 01 BP 351 EP 364 PG 14 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA BK42Q UT WOS:000072113400027 ER PT B AU Hayes, DL Kuletz, KJ AF Hayes, DL Kuletz, KJ GP ALASKA SEA GRANT COLL PROGRAM ALASKA SEA GRANT COLL PROGRAM TI Decline of pigeon guillemot populations in Prince William Sound, Alaska, and apparent changes in distribution and abundance of their prey SO FORAGE FISHES IN MARINE ECOSYSTEMS SE LOWELL WAKEFIELD FISHERIES SYMPOSIA SERIES LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT International Symposium / 14th Lowell Wakefield Fisheries Symposium on Forage Fishes in Marine Ecosystems CY NOV 13-16, 1996 CL ANCHORAGE, AK SP Alaska Dept Fish & Game, Exxon Valdez Oil Spill Trustee Council, Inst Marine Res, Norway, N Pacific Fishery Management Council, US Fish & Wildlife Serv, US Minerals Management Serv, US Natl Biol Ser, US Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Alaska Sea Grant Coll Program, Univ Alaska Fairbanks C1 US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Anchorage, AK 99503 USA. NR 0 TC 5 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 1 PU ALASKA SEA GRANT COLL PROGRAM PI FAIRBANKS PA UNIV ALASKA FAIRBANKS PO BOX 755040, FAIRBANKS, AK 99775-5040 USA BN 1-56612-049-7 J9 LOW WAKE FI PY 1997 VL 97 IS 01 BP 699 EP 702 PG 4 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA BK42Q UT WOS:000072113400051 ER PT B AU Kuletz, KJ Irons, DB Agler, BA Piatt, JF Duffy, DC AF Kuletz, KJ Irons, DB Agler, BA Piatt, JF Duffy, DC GP ALASKA SEA GRANT COLL PROGRAM ALASKA SEA GRANT COLL PROGRAM TI Long-term changes in diets and populations of piscivorous birds and mammals in Prince William Sound, Alaska SO FORAGE FISHES IN MARINE ECOSYSTEMS SE LOWELL WAKEFIELD FISHERIES SYMPOSIA SERIES LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT International Symposium / 14th Lowell Wakefield Fisheries Symposium on Forage Fishes in Marine Ecosystems CY NOV 13-16, 1996 CL ANCHORAGE, AK SP Alaska Dept Fish & Game, Exxon Valdez Oil Spill Trustee Council, Inst Marine Res, Norway, N Pacific Fishery Management Council, US Fish & Wildlife Serv, US Minerals Management Serv, US Natl Biol Ser, US Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Alaska Sea Grant Coll Program, Univ Alaska Fairbanks C1 US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Anchorage, AK 99503 USA. NR 0 TC 7 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 1 PU ALASKA SEA GRANT COLL PROGRAM PI FAIRBANKS PA UNIV ALASKA FAIRBANKS PO BOX 755040, FAIRBANKS, AK 99775-5040 USA BN 1-56612-049-7 J9 LOW WAKE FI PY 1997 VL 97 IS 01 BP 703 EP 706 PG 4 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA BK42Q UT WOS:000072113400052 ER PT B AU Safak, E AF Safak, E GP CTBUH CTBUH CTBUH TI Propagation of seismic waves in tall buildings SO FOURTH CONFERENCE ON TALL BUILDINGS IN SEISMIC REGIONS, PROCEEDINGS: TALL BUILDINGS FOR THE 21ST CENTURY LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 4th Conference on Tall Buildings in Seismic Regions CY MAY 09-10, 1997 CL LOS ANGELES, CA SP Los Angeles Tall Bldg Struct Design Council, Council Tall Bldg & Urban Habitat AB A discrete-time wave propagation formulation of the seismic response of tall buildings is introduced. The building is modeled as a layered medium, similar to that for a layered soil medium, and subjected to vertically propagating shear waves. The soil layers and the bedrock under the foundation are incorporated in the formulation as additional layers. The seismic response is expressed in terms of the wave travel times between the layers, and the wave reflection and transmission coefficients at the layer interfaces. The equations account for the frequency-dependent filtering effects of the foundation and floor masses. The calculation of seismic response is reduced to a pair of simple finite-difference equations for each layer, which can be solved recursively starting from the bedrock. When compared to the commonly used vibration formulation, the wave propagation formulation provides several advantages, including the simplicity of the calculations, better representation of damping, being able to account for the effects of the soil layers and the bedrock under the foundation, and providing better tools for identification and damage detection from seismic records. Examples are presented to show the versatility of the method. C1 US Geol Survey, Golden, CO USA. RP Safak, E (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Golden, CO USA. NR 11 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU COUNCIL TALL BUILDINGS & URBAN HABITAT PI BETHLEHEM PA LEHIGH UNIVERSITY, 117 ATLSS DR, BETHLEHEM, PA 18015 USA PY 1997 BP 139 EP 154 PG 16 WC Construction & Building Technology; Engineering, Civil; Engineering, Geological SC Construction & Building Technology; Engineering GA BN04C UT WOS:000080479400011 ER EF