FN Thomson Reuters Web of Science™ VR 1.0 PT J AU Keough, JR Thompson, TA Guntenspergen, GR Wilcox, DA AF Keough, JR Thompson, TA Guntenspergen, GR Wilcox, DA TI Hydrogeomorphic factors and ecosystem responses in coastal wetlands of the Great Lakes SO WETLANDS LA English DT Article DE coastal wetlands; ecosystem response; geomorphology; Great Lakes; hydrology; ice; reference condition; seiche; water level; water quality ID BEACH-RIDGE DEVELOPMENT; MARSH PLANT COMMUNITY; ENGLAND SALT-MARSH; FISH ASSEMBLAGES; WATER LEVELS; GREEN-BAY; MICHIGAN; DISTURBANCE; VEGETATION; PATTERNS AB Gauging the impact of manipulative activities, such as rehabilitation or management, on wetlands requires having a notion of the unmanipulated condition as a reference. An understanding of the reference condition requires knowledge of dominant factors influencing ecosystem processes and biological communities. In this paper, we focus on natural physical factors (conditions and processes) that drive coastal wetland ecosystems of the Laurentian Great Lakes. Great Lakes coastal wetlands develop under conditions of large-lake hydrology and disturbance imposed at a hierarchy of spatial and temporal scales and contain biotic communities adapted to unstable and unpredictable conditions. Coastal wetlands are configured along a continuum of hydrogeomorphic types: open coastal wetlands, drowned river mouth and flooded delta wetlands, and protected wetlands, each developing distinct ecosystem properties and biotic communities. Hydrogeomorphic factors associated with the lake and watershed operate at a hierarchy of scales: a) local and short-term (seiches and ice action), b) watershed / lakewide / annual (seasonal water- level change), and c) larger or year-to-year and longer (regional and/or greater than one-year). Other physical factors include the unique water quality features of each lake. The aim of this paper is to provide scientists and managers with a framework for considering regional and site-specific geomorphometry and a hierarchy of physical processes in planning management and conservation projects. C1 US Geol Survey, Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, Laurel, MD 20708 USA. Indiana Geol Survey, Bloomington, IN 47405 USA. US Geol Survey, Great Lakes Sci Ctr, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA. RP Keough, JR (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, 11510 Amer Holly Dr, Laurel, MD 20708 USA. RI Thompson, Todd/G-6579-2011 NR 92 TC 111 Z9 114 U1 4 U2 48 PU SOC WETLAND SCIENTISTS PI LAWRENCE PA 810 E TENTH ST, P O BOX 1897, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0277-5212 J9 WETLANDS JI Wetlands PD DEC PY 1999 VL 19 IS 4 BP 821 EP 834 PG 14 WC Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 270GC UT WOS:000084526200008 ER PT J AU Wilcox, DA Whillans, TH AF Wilcox, DA Whillans, TH TI Techniques for restoration of disturbed coastal wetlands of the Great Lakes SO WETLANDS LA English DT Article DE biology; chemistry; Great Lakes; hydrology; sedimentology; wetland restoration ID LUCIUS L STOCKING; SUBMERSED MACROPHYTES; PHRAGMITES-AUSTRALIS; EURASIAN WATERMILFOIL; BIOMANIPULATION TOOL; PURPLE-LOOSESTRIFE; AQUATIC VEGETATION; NORTHERN MINNESOTA; BIOLOGICAL-CONTROL; LYTHRUM-SALICARIA AB A long history of human-induced degradation of Great Lakes wetlands has made restoration a necessity, but the practice of wetland restoration is relatively new, especially in large lake systems. Therefore, we compiled tested methods and developed additional potential methods based on scientific understanding of Great Lakes wetland ecosystems to provide an overview of approaches for restoration. We addressed this challenge by focusing on four general fields of science: hydrology, sedimentology, chemistry, and biology. Hydrologic remediation methods include restoring hydrologic connections between diked and hydrologically altered wetlands and the lakes, restoring water tables lowered by ditching, and restoring natural variation in lake levels of regulated lakes Superior and Ontario. Sedimentological remediation methods include management of sediment input from uplands, removal or proper management of dams on tributary rivers, and restoration of protective barrier beaches and sand spits. Chemical remediation methods include reducing or eliminating inputs of contaminants from point and non-point sources, natural sediment remediation by biodegradation and chemical degradation, and active sediment remediation by removal or by in situ treatment. Biological remediation methods include control of non-target organisms, enhancing populations of target organisms, and enhancing habitat for target organisms. Some of these methods were used in three major restoration projects (Metzger Marsh on Lake Erie and Cootes Paradise and Oshawa Second Marsh on Lake Ontario), which are described as case studies to show practical applications of wetland restoration in the Great Lakes. Successful restoration techniques that do not require continued manipulation must be founded in the basic tenets of ecology and should mimic natural processes. Success is demonstrated by the sustainability, productivity, nutrient-retention ability, invasibility, and biotic interactions within a restored wetland. C1 US Geol Survey, Great Lakes Sci Ctr, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA. Trent Univ, Peterborough, ON K9J 7B8, Canada. RP Wilcox, DA (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Great Lakes Sci Ctr, 1451 Green Rd, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA. EM douglas_wilcox@usgs.gov NR 136 TC 44 Z9 44 U1 21 U2 91 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0277-5212 J9 WETLANDS JI Wetlands PD DEC PY 1999 VL 19 IS 4 BP 835 EP 857 PG 23 WC Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 270GC UT WOS:000084526200009 ER PT J AU Kowalski, KP Wilcox, DA AF Kowalski, KP Wilcox, DA TI Use of historical and geospatial data to guide the restoration of a Lake Erie coastal marsh SO WETLANDS LA English DT Article DE barrier beach; coastal marsh; geographic information system; GIS; historical; Lake Erie; littoral drift; management; restoration; Typha; water levels ID AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHS; VEGETATION; LEVEL; INFORMATION AB Historical and geospatial data were used to identify the relationships between water levels, wetland vegetation, littoral drift of sediments, and the condition of a protective barrier beach at Metzger Marsh, a coastal wetland in western Lake Erie, to enhance and guide a joint federal and state wetland restoration project. Eleven sets of large-scale aerial photographs dating from 1940 through 1994 were interpreted to delineate major vegetation types and boundaries of the barrier beach. A geographic information system (GIS) was then used to digitize the data and calculate the vegetated area and length of barrier beach. Supplemented by paleoecological and sedimentological analyses, aerial photographic interpretation revealed that Metzger Marsh was once a drowned-river-mouth wetland dominated by sedges and protected by a sand barrier beach. Extremely high water levels, storm events, and reduction of sediments in the littoral drift contributed to the complete destruction of the barrier beach in 1973 and prevented its recovery. The extent of wetland vegetation, correlated to water levels and condition of the barrier beach, decreased from a high of 108 ha in 1940 to a low of 33 ha in 1994. The lack of an adequate sediment supply and low probability of a period of extremely low lake levels in the near future made natural reestablishment of the barrier beach and wetland vegetation unlikely. Therefore, the federal and state managers chose to construct a dike to replace the protective barrier beach. Recommendations stemming from this historical analysis, however, resulted in the incorporation of a water-control structure In the dike that will retain a hydrologic connection between wetland and lake. Management of the wetland will seek to mimic processes natural to the wetland type identified by this analysis. C1 US Geol Survey, Great Lakes Sci Ctr, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA. RP Kowalski, KP (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Great Lakes Sci Ctr, 1451 Green Rd, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA. OI Kowalski, Kurt/0000-0002-8424-4701 NR 54 TC 24 Z9 25 U1 2 U2 7 PU SOC WETLAND SCIENTISTS PI LAWRENCE PA 810 E TENTH ST, P O BOX 1897, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0277-5212 J9 WETLANDS JI Wetlands PD DEC PY 1999 VL 19 IS 4 BP 858 EP 868 PG 11 WC Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 270GC UT WOS:000084526200010 ER PT J AU French, JRP Wilcox, DA Nichols, SJ AF French, JRP Wilcox, DA Nichols, SJ TI Passing of northern pike and common carp through experimental barriers designed for use in wetland restoration SO WETLANDS LA English DT Article DE coastal wetlands; common carp; fish-control system; grates; Great Lakes; northern pike; restoration ID FISH AB Restoration plans for Metzger Marsh, a coastal wetland on the south shore of western Lake Erie, incorporated a fish-control system designed to restrict access to the wetland by large common carp (Cyprinus carpio). Ingress fish passageways in the structure contain slots into which experimental grates of varying size and shape can be placed to selectively allow entry and transfer of other large fish species while minimizing the number of common carp to be handled. We tested different sizes and shapes of grates in experimental tanks in the laboratory to determine the best design for testing in the field. We also tested northern pike (Esox lucius) because lack of access to wetland spawning habitat has greatly reduced their populations in western Lake Erie. Based on our results, vertical bar grates were chosen for installation because common carp were able to pass through circular grates smaller than body height by compressing their soft abdomens; they passed through rectangular grates on the diagonal. Vertical bar grates with 5-cm spacing that were installed across much of the control structure should limit access of common carp larger than 34 cm total length (TL) and northern pike larger than 70 cm. Vertical bar grates selected for initial field trials in the fish passageway had spacings of 5.8 and 6.6 cm, which increased access by common carp to 40 and 47 cm TL and by northern pike to 76 and 81 cm, respectively. The percentage of potential common carp biomass (fish seeking entry) that must be handled in lift baskets in the passageway increased from 0.9 to 4.8 to 15.4 with each increase in spacing between bars. Further increases in spacing would greatly increase the number of common carp that would have to be handled. The results of field testing should be useful in designing selective fish-control systems for other wetland restoration sites adjacent to large water bodies. C1 US Geol Survey, Great Lakes Sci Ctr, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA. RP Wilcox, DA (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Great Lakes Sci Ctr, 1451 Green Rd, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA. NR 10 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 1 U2 8 PU SOC WETLAND SCIENTISTS PI LAWRENCE PA 810 E TENTH ST, P O BOX 1897, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0277-5212 J9 WETLANDS JI Wetlands PD DEC PY 1999 VL 19 IS 4 BP 883 EP 888 PG 6 WC Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 270GC UT WOS:000084526200012 ER PT J AU Cox, RR Afton, AD AF Cox, RR Afton, AD TI Do mini-refuges supply wintering northern pintails with important diurnal roost sites? Response to Rave SO WILDLIFE SOCIETY BULLETIN LA English DT Editorial Material DE Anus acuta; habitat use; Louisiana; mini-refuges; northern pintail; pools; radiotelemetry; refuges; waterfowl; winter ID SOUTHWESTERN LOUISIANA; AVAILABILITY C1 US Geol Survey, Prairie & No Wildlife Res Ctr, Jamestown, ND 58401 USA. Louisiana State Univ, US Geol Survey, Louisiana Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA. RP Cox, RR (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Prairie & No Wildlife Res Ctr, 8711 37th St SE, Jamestown, ND 58401 USA. NR 9 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 2 PU WILDLIFE SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2197 USA SN 0091-7648 J9 WILDLIFE SOC B JI Wildl. Soc. Bull. PD WIN PY 1999 VL 27 IS 4 BP 901 EP 903 PG 3 WC Biodiversity Conservation SC Biodiversity & Conservation GA 281BT UT WOS:000085138800004 ER PT J AU Grant, TA Berkey, GB AF Grant, TA Berkey, GB TI Forest area and avian diversity in fragmented aspen woodland of North Dakota SO WILDLIFE SOCIETY BULLETIN LA English DT Article DE area requirements; aspen woodland; avian diversity; grassland; North Dakota ID BIRD COMMUNITIES; NEST PREDATION; ISOLATED WOODLOTS; BREEDING BIRDS; NEW-JERSEY; SUCCESS; PATTERNS; SIZE; PARASITISM; LANDSCAPES AB Aspen (Populus spp.) woodland is increasing within native grasslands in north-central North Dakota, and this increase concerns land managers. We examined avian associations in aspen groves of various sizes on and near J. Clark Salyer National Wildlife Refuge in 1995-96 to predict how bird communities change as woody plant cover increases within a grassland-dominated landscape. Avian species richness increased as aspen grove size increased, particularly for bird species classified as forest interior, neotropical migrant, ground nesting, or insectivorous. Large (i.e., >100-ha) aspen groves provided suitable habitat for 12 area-sensitive species while also meeting the requirements of more ubiquitous habitat generalists. Conversely, small aspen groves did not support the number or diversity of avian species and were occupied by edge-associated species. None of 53 species recorded in the study were restricted to small aspen groves. We conclude that limiting the spread of aspen woodland into native grassland and eliminating small (i.e., <5-ha) aspen groves where feasible will not adversely impact woodland breeding bird communities. Many avian species occur with greater frequency in aspen woodlands than in eastern deciduous forest. Large woodlands contribute to local avian diversity and may provide habitat for forest species that have shown regional or continental population declines. C1 US Fish & Wildlife Serv, J Clark Salyer Natl Wildlife Refuge, Upham, ND 58789 USA. RP Grant, TA (reprint author), US Fish & Wildlife Serv, J Clark Salyer Natl Wildlife Refuge, POB 66, Upham, ND 58789 USA. NR 44 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 4 PU WILDLIFE SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2197 USA SN 0091-7648 J9 WILDLIFE SOC B JI Wildl. Soc. Bull. PD WIN PY 1999 VL 27 IS 4 BP 904 EP 914 PG 11 WC Biodiversity Conservation SC Biodiversity & Conservation GA 281BT UT WOS:000085138800005 ER PT J AU Twedt, DJ Nelms, CO AF Twedt, DJ Nelms, CO TI Waterfowl density on agricultural fields managed to retain water in winter SO WILDLIFE SOCIETY BULLETIN LA English DT Article DE abundance; agricultural fields; mallard; Mississippi Alluvial Valley; moist-soil; northern shoveler; private lands; rice; soybean; waterfowl; winter-flooding ID MISSISSIPPI; MALLARDS; VALLEY AB Managed water on private and public land provides habitat for wintering waterfowl in the Mississippi Valley, where flood control projects have reduced the area of natural flooding. We compared waterfowl densities on rice, soybean, and moist-soil fields under cooperative agreements to retain water From 1 November through 28 February in Arkansas and Mississippi and assessed temporal changes in waterfowl density during winter in 1991-1992 and 1992-1993. Fields flooded earlier in Arkansas, but retained water later in Mississippi. Over winter, waterfowl densities decreased in Arkansas and increased in Mississippi. Densities of waterfowl, including mallard (Anas platyrhynchos), the most abundant species observed, were greatest on moist-soil fields. However, soybean fields had the greatest densities of northern shoveler (Spatula clypeata). C1 US Geol Survey, Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, Vicksburg, MS 39180 USA. Natl Wetlands Res Ctr, Vicksburg, MS 39180 USA. RP Twedt, DJ (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, 2524 S Frontage Rd, Vicksburg, MS 39180 USA. OI Twedt, Daniel/0000-0003-1223-5045 NR 19 TC 12 Z9 14 U1 2 U2 8 PU WILDLIFE SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2197 USA SN 0091-7648 J9 WILDLIFE SOC B JI Wildl. Soc. Bull. PD WIN PY 1999 VL 27 IS 4 BP 924 EP 930 PG 7 WC Biodiversity Conservation SC Biodiversity & Conservation GA 281BT UT WOS:000085138800007 ER PT J AU Duerr, AE DeStefano, S AF Duerr, AE DeStefano, S TI Using a metal detector to determine lead sinker abundance in waterbird habitat SO WILDLIFE SOCIETY BULLETIN LA English DT Article DE lead poisoning; common loons; fishing sinkers; fishing tackle; sandhill cranes; swans; waterbirds ID RIVER THAMES; CYGNUS-OLOR; MUTE SWANS AB Waterbirds have died of lead poisoning from ingesting lead fishing sinkers in the United States and Europe. Estimating abundance and distribution of sinkers in the environment will help researchers to understand the potential effects of lead poisoning from sinker ingestion. We used a metal detector to test how environmental conditions and sinker characteristics affected detection of sinkers. Odds of detecting a lead sinker depended on the interaction of sinker mass and depth where it was buried (P=0.002). The odds of detecting a sinker increased with mass and decreased with depth buried. Lead split-shot sinkers were less detectable than tin, brass, and stainless steel sinkers. Detecting lead sinkers was not influenced by sinker shape substrate type, or whether we searched underwater or on land. We developed a model to determine the proportion of sinkers detected when this detector is used to starch for sinkers, so sinker abundance can be estimated. The log odds (Logit) of detecting a lead sinker with mass M g buried D cm below the surface was Logit Y= -1.63 + 4.20 M - 0.45 D - 0.27 MD + 0.0002 D-2. The probability of detecting a lead sinker was e(Logit Y)/(1 + e(Logit) (Y)). At the surface, 90% of sinkers with mass 0.9 g will be detected. C1 Univ Arizona, Arizona Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Sch Renewable Nat Resources, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. Univ Arizona, US Geol Survey, Arizona Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. RP Duerr, AE (reprint author), Dames & Moore, 1790 E River Rd,Suite E-300, Tucson, AZ 85716 USA. NR 22 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 12 PU WILDLIFE SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2197 USA SN 0091-7648 J9 WILDLIFE SOC B JI Wildl. Soc. Bull. PD WIN PY 1999 VL 27 IS 4 BP 952 EP 958 PG 7 WC Biodiversity Conservation SC Biodiversity & Conservation GA 281BT UT WOS:000085138800012 ER PT J AU Sherfy, MH Kirkpatrick, RL Richkus, KD AF Sherfy, MH Kirkpatrick, RL Richkus, KD TI Evaluation of a modified activity trap for invertebrate sampling in shallow wetlands SO WILDLIFE SOCIETY BULLETIN LA English DT Article DE activity trap; benthic invertebrates; core sample; nektonic invertebrates; sampling methods; shorebirds ID AQUATIC INVERTEBRATES; SHOREBIRD FOOD; PREY; SELECTION; MIGRATION; HABITS AB Standard design of invertebrate activity traps limits their use to water depths that exceed the maximum foraging depth of most shorebirds. Assessment of nektonic invertebrate availability in shallow waters is desirable because shorebird diets may include these organisms. Thus, we used 1,022-ml polyethylene tissue culture flasks with a shallow (5-cm) profile to construct activity traps designed to assess nektonic invertebrate abundance in water depths less than or equal to 10 cm. We tested our design by collecting paired activity trap and benthic core samples during spring 1996 in moist-soil impoundments at Back Bay National Wildlife Refuge, Virginia. Seven of 24 taxa had disproportionate frequency of occurrence between samplers. Of these, 4 mobile taxa occurred with greater frequency in activity traps, whereas 3 benthic taxa occurred with greater frequency in core samples. Abundance was not correlated between sam piers for 5 of the 7 disproportionately sampled taxa, suggesting that the 2 samplers would provide dissimilar estimates of their availability to shorebirds. Core samples may fail to detect large, mobile organisms that may substantially contribute to the diet of some shorebirds, We recommend that shallow-water activity traps be used as a supplement to benthic core sampling in studies of shorebird food production. C1 Virginia Polytech Inst & State Univ, Dept Fisheries & Wildlife Sci, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA. RP Sherfy, MH (reprint author), US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Chesapeake Bay Field Off, 177 Admiral Cochrane Dr, Annapolis, MD 21401 USA. NR 32 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 2 PU WILDLIFE SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2197 USA SN 0091-7648 J9 WILDLIFE SOC B JI Wildl. Soc. Bull. PD WIN PY 1999 VL 27 IS 4 BP 997 EP 1003 PG 7 WC Biodiversity Conservation SC Biodiversity & Conservation GA 281BT UT WOS:000085138800018 ER PT J AU Bury, RB AF Bury, RB TI A historical perspective and critique of the declining amphibian crisis SO WILDLIFE SOCIETY BULLETIN LA English DT Article DE amphibians; declining populations; management; history; newsreporting ID POPULATIONS C1 US Geol Survey, Forest & Rangeland Ecosyst Sci Ctr, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. RP Bury, RB (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Forest & Rangeland Ecosyst Sci Ctr, 3200 SW Jefferson Way, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. NR 44 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 1 PU WILDLIFE SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2197 USA SN 0091-7648 J9 WILDLIFE SOC B JI Wildl. Soc. Bull. PD WIN PY 1999 VL 27 IS 4 BP 1064 EP 1068 PG 5 WC Biodiversity Conservation SC Biodiversity & Conservation GA 281BT UT WOS:000085138800028 ER PT J AU Townsend, DE Lochmiller, RL DeMaso, SJ Leslie, DM Peoples, AD Cox, SA Parry, ES AF Townsend, DE Lochmiller, RL DeMaso, SJ Leslie, DM Peoples, AD Cox, SA Parry, ES TI Using supplemental food and its influence on survival of northern bobwhite (Colinus virginianus) SO WILDLIFE SOCIETY BULLETIN LA English DT Article DE Colinus virginianus; hunting; northern bobwhite; Oklahoma; survival; supplemental feed; winter ID CAUSE-SPECIFIC MORTALITY; TELEMETRY; MISSOURI; BIRDS AB Biologists have debated the effectiveness of supplemental feeders as a management tool for the northern bobwhite (Colinus virginianus), but few extensive evaluations have been conducted. We examined 783 crops from harvested bobwhites during 1992-1996 to determine effects of climatic stress in winter on use of supplemental feeders and their impact on survival rate in winter. Crops of bobwhites harvested from areas with supplemental feeders contained 28.2% supplemental food compared with 5.5% (P<0.001) for those from areas without supplemental feeders. Winter climate was not a significant predictor of the proportional use of supplemental feeders. Rates of winter survival were greater on areas with supplemental feeders compared with non-supplemented areas in winters 1992-1993 (P=0.001) and 1993-1994 (P=0.002), but in 1994-1995, rates were greater on nonsupplemented areas (P=0.032). Cause-specific mortality rates indicated that supplemental feeders did not predispose bobwhites to hunter harvest or predators. Results suggested that bobwhites can gain nutritional benefits from supplemental feeders during times of severe winter stress. C1 Oklahoma State Univ, Oklahoma Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Stillwater, OK 74078 USA. Oklahoma State Univ, Dept Zool, Stillwater, OK 74078 USA. Oklahoma State Univ, Dept Zool, Stillwater, OK 74078 USA. Oklahoma Dept Wildlife Conservat, Oklahoma City, OK 73152 USA. Oklahoma State Univ, Oklahoma Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Stillwater, OK 74078 USA. Oklahoma Dept Wildlife Conservat, Cheyenne, OK 73628 USA. Oklahoma Dept Wildlife Conservat, Frederick, OK 73542 USA. RP Townsend, DE (reprint author), Oklahoma State Univ, Oklahoma Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Stillwater, OK 74078 USA. NR 46 TC 25 Z9 26 U1 2 U2 13 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ USA SN 1938-5463 J9 WILDLIFE SOC B JI Wildl. Soc. Bull. PD WIN PY 1999 VL 27 IS 4 BP 1074 EP 1081 PG 8 WC Biodiversity Conservation SC Biodiversity & Conservation GA 281BT UT WOS:000085138800030 ER PT J AU Flint, PL Grand, JB AF Flint, PL Grand, JB TI Patterns of variation in size and composition of Greater Scaup eggs: Are they related? SO WILSON BULLETIN LA English DT Article ID LESSER SNOW GOOSE; MALLARD ANAS-PLATYRHYNCHOS; YUKON-KUSKOKWIM DELTA; CLUTCH SIZE; NORTHERN PINTAILS; COMMON EIDER; CANADA GEESE; WEIGHT; SURVIVAL; RESERVES AB We studied egg size variation of Greater Scaup (Aythya marila) nesting on the Yukon-Kuskokwim Delta, Alaska from 1991-1996. Mean egg size was 64.36 +/- 0.03 (SE) mi. Egg size did not vary with clutch size or serve as an index of body size. There was less than 2% overlap in total clutch volumes for clutches of different sizes indicating that phenotypic clutch size-egg size trade-offs are not occurring among individuals. At the population level, Greater Scaup have less variation in egg size than other species of waterfowl. The proportion of variation in egg size caused by differences among females was 0.20, caused by differences within females among years was 0.25, and caused by differences within females and years (i.e., clutches) was 0.56. The proportion of egg lipid decreased with increasing egg size while the proportion of egg protein increased with egg size. Thus, Greater Scaup appear to trade-off lipid for protein as egg size increases. The proportion of variation that was due to differences among females in total egg protein was 0.79 and in total egg lipid was 0.49. We conclude that in the absence of a fitness trade-off between clutch size and egg size, selection has reduced among-individual variation in egg size. C1 US Geol Survey, Alaska Biol Sci Ctr, Anchorage, AK 99503 USA. RP Flint, PL (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Alaska Biol Sci Ctr, 1011 E Tudor Rd, Anchorage, AK 99503 USA. OI Flint, Paul/0000-0002-8758-6993 NR 44 TC 16 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 2 PU WILSON ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC PI ANN ARBOR PA MUSEUM OF ZOOLOGY UNIV MICHIGAN, ANN ARBOR, MI 48109 USA SN 0043-5643 J9 WILSON BULL JI Wilson Bull. PD DEC PY 1999 VL 111 IS 4 BP 465 EP 471 PG 7 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA 267KK UT WOS:000084357000002 ER PT J AU Reed, JM Gray, EM Lewis, D Oring, LW Coleman, R Burr, T Luscomb, P AF Reed, JM Gray, EM Lewis, D Oring, LW Coleman, R Burr, T Luscomb, P TI Growth patterns of Hawaiian Stilt chicks SO WILSON BULLETIN LA English DT Article ID BIRDS; RATES; ADAPTATION; HIMANTOPUS; WEIGHT AB We studied chick growth and plumage patterns in the endangered Hawaiian Stilt (Himantopus mexicanus knudseni). Body mass of captive chicks closely fit a Gompertz growth curve, revealing a growth coefficient (K) of 0.065 day(-1) and point of inflection (T) of 17 days. When chicks fledged about 28 days after hatching, they weighed only 60% of adult body mass; at 42 d, birds still were only 75% of adult mass; culmen, tarsus, and wing chord at hedging also were less than adult size. This trend of continued growth to adult size after fledging is typical for most shorebirds. After hatching, captive chicks grew more rapidly than wild chicks, probably because of an unlimited food supply. We found no evidence for adverse effects of weather on the growth of wild chicks. As with other shorebirds, the tarsus started relatively long, with culmen and then wing chord growing more rapidly in later development. Tarsal and wing chord growth were sigmoidal, whereas culmen growth was linear. We describe plumage characteristics of weekly age classes of chicks to help researchers age birds in the wild. C1 Univ Nevada, Biol Resources Res Ctr, Reno, NV 89557 USA. Univ Nevada, Reno, NV 89512 USA. US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Portland, OR 97232 USA. USN, Facil Engn Command, SW Div, San Diego, CA 92132 USA. RP Reed, JM (reprint author), Tufts Univ, Dept Biol, Medford, MA 02155 USA. NR 28 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 8 PU WILSON ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC PI ANN ARBOR PA MUSEUM OF ZOOLOGY UNIV MICHIGAN, ANN ARBOR, MI 48109 USA SN 0043-5643 J9 WILSON BULL JI Wilson Bull. PD DEC PY 1999 VL 111 IS 4 BP 478 EP 487 PG 10 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA 267KK UT WOS:000084357000004 ER PT J AU Saracco, JF Collazo, JA AF Saracco, JF Collazo, JA TI Predation on artificial nests along three edge types in a North Carolina bottomland hardwood forest SO WILSON BULLETIN LA English DT Article ID SOUTHERN ILLINOIS; QUAIL EGGS; FRAGMENTATION; SUCCESS; BIRD; COMMUNITIES; LANDSCAPES AB Many researchers have reported high rates of nest predation near forest edges. However, edges may be of various types (e.g., interior or exterior, abrupt or gradual), which may not always result in elevated predation. We compared predation rates on artificial arboreal nests along three types of edges in a bottomland forest in North Carolina during the 1996 breeding season. Edge types were forest-farm, forest-river, and the transition zone between the two dominant forest types in the floodplain (cypress-gum swamps-natural levees). We tested for differences in predation rates using two egg types: Northern Bobwhite (Colinus virginianus) and clay eggs. Predation rates were higher (P < 0.05) along forest-farm edges than along the other two edges. Predation rates did not differ between forest-river and transition zone edges. Patterns of predation on the two egg types and higher avian predator abundance on forest-farm edges suggested that avian predators may have exerted more predation pressure along these edges. These results are consistent with other studies, which suggest that encroachment by agriculture into forested landscapes may negatively affect breeding birds. Our findings also suggest that not all edge types are equivalent in terms of predation rates. This is important in assessing the conservation value of bottomland forests, which may contain various edge types resulting from natural processes (e.g., hydrodynamics). C1 N Carolina State Univ, US Geol Survey, Dept Zool,Biol Resources Div, N Carolina Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. RP Saracco, JF (reprint author), N Carolina State Univ, US Geol Survey, Dept Zool,Biol Resources Div, N Carolina Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. NR 46 TC 19 Z9 21 U1 0 U2 2 PU WILSON ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC PI ANN ARBOR PA MUSEUM OF ZOOLOGY UNIV MICHIGAN, ANN ARBOR, MI 48109 USA SN 0043-5643 J9 WILSON BULL JI Wilson Bull. PD DEC PY 1999 VL 111 IS 4 BP 541 EP 549 PG 9 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA 267KK UT WOS:000084357000012 ER PT J AU Dalrymple, GB Grove, M Lovera, OM Harrison, TM Hulen, JB Lanphere, MA AF Dalrymple, GB Grove, M Lovera, OM Harrison, TM Hulen, JB Lanphere, MA TI Age and thermal history of the Geysers plutonic complex (felsite unit), Geysers geothermal field, California: a Ar-40/Ar-39 and U-Pb study SO EARTH AND PLANETARY SCIENCE LETTERS LA English DT Article DE the Geysers; geothermal fields; Ar-40/Ar-39; U/Pb; heat flows; anomalies; heating ID ANDREAS FAULT ZONE; K-FELDSPAR; GEOMETRY; ZIRCONS AB Sixty-nine ion microprobe spot analyses of zircons from four granite samples from the plutonic complex that underlies the Geysers geothermal field yield Pb-207/Pb-206 VS. U-238/Pb-206 concordia ages ranging from 1.13 +/- 0.04 Ma to 1.25 +/- 0.04 (la) Ma. The weighted mean of the U/Pb model ages is 1.18 +/- 0.03 Ma. The U-Pb ages coincide closely with Ar-40/Ar-39 ape spectrum plateau and `terminal' ages from coexisting K-feldspars and with the eruption ages of overlying volcanic rocks. The data indicate that the granite crystallized at 1.18 Ma and had cooled below 350 degrees C by similar to 0.9-1.0 Ma. Interpretation of the feldspar Ar-40/Ar-39 age data using multi-diffusion domain theory indicates that post-emplacement rapid cooling was succeeded either by slower cooling from 350 degrees to 300 degrees C between 1.0 and 0.4 Ma or transitory reheating to 300-350 degrees C at about 0.4-0.6 Ma. Subsequent rapid cooling to below 260 degrees C between 0.4 and 0.2 Ma is in agreement with previous proposals that vapor-dominated conditions were initiated within the hydrothermal system at this time. Heat flow calculations constrained with K-feldspar thermal histories and the present elevated regional heat flow anomaly demonstrate that appreciable heat input from sources external to the known Geysers plutonic complex is required to maintain the geothermal system. This requirement is satisfied by either a large, underlying, convecting magma chamber (now solidified) emplaced at 1.2 Ma or episodic intrusion of smaller bodies from 1.2 to 0.6 Ma. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Oregon State Univ, Coll Ocean & Atmospher Sci, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Earth & Space Sci, Los Angeles, CA 90024 USA. Univ Calif Los Angeles, Inst Geophys & Planetary Phys, Los Angeles, CA 90024 USA. Univ Utah, Energy & Geosci Inst, Salt Lake City, UT 84108 USA. US Geol Survey, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. RP Dalrymple, GB (reprint author), Oregon State Univ, Coll Ocean & Atmospher Sci, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. RI Harrison, Timothy/E-7443-2012; UCLA, SIMS/A-1459-2011 NR 40 TC 46 Z9 50 U1 1 U2 4 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0012-821X J9 EARTH PLANET SC LETT JI Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. PD NOV 30 PY 1999 VL 173 IS 3 BP 285 EP 298 DI 10.1016/S0012-821X(99)00223-X PG 14 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 260GN UT WOS:000083941300011 ER PT J AU Jolly, AD McNutt, SR AF Jolly, AD McNutt, SR TI Seismicity at the volcanoes of Katmai National Park, Alaska; July 1995-December 1997 SO JOURNAL OF VOLCANOLOGY AND GEOTHERMAL RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE b-values; depths of seismicity; earthquake swarms ID FREQUENCY-MAGNITUDE DISTRIBUTION; LONG VALLEY CALDERA; LARGE EARTHQUAKES; CALIFORNIA; DEPTH; LITHOSPHERE; ERUPTIONS; VICINITY; BENEATH; MODELS AB Upper-crustal seismicity located within Katmai National Park occurs mainly within four distinct clusters originating near Martin-Mageik (MM subnet) volcanoes, Trident volcano, Katmai caldera and Snowy volcano. Analyses of earthquake frequency-magnitude distributions reveal high b-values beneath MM subnet (similar to 1.5) normal b-values at Trident volcano (similar to 1.0) and intermediate b-values at Katmai caldera(similar to 1.3) for all seismicity occurring between July 1995 and December 1997. Detailed analyses of subsets of b-values and hypocenter locations at MM subnet reveal a temporal increase in b-value associated with an increase in the maximum depth of seismicity. The changes occurred during a shallow earthquake swarm beneath Mageik volcano between October 16 and 25, 1996 and again in November-December 1997. Before the swarm, the weighted least squares b-value was 1.01 at MM subnet, increased to 1.59 during the swarm and remained anomalously high until April 1997. The corresponding maximum depth of seismicity is generally less than 5 km for well located earthquakes occurring after September 18, 1996, but shifted to similar to 10 km during both the October 1996 swarm and the November-December 1997 period. The November-December 1997 event is not associated with an increase in the rate of seismicity or the b-value. The October 1996 swarm had a cumulative moment release of 5.0 x 10(20) dyn-cm, and decayed from a peak rate of 110 events per day with a modified Omori law p-value of 1.06 +/- 0.11. Modelling by the flow law with a 10 km depth limit for seismicity suggests that temperature gradients are on the order of 20-40 degrees C km(-1) in agreement with the p-value estimate. We infer that a simple pressurizing intrusion was not associated with the October swarm because higher stresses should increase seismicity and lower the b-value, the opposite of what we observed. Alternatively, an actively degassing intrusion would reduce the effective stress and increase the b-value at shallow depths while the increased stress would induce seismicity at depth. Surface temperature measurements taken at the Mageik crater lake in July 1995, and again in July 1997, revealed an increase of about 10 degrees in the lake water temperature, consistent with a degassing intrusive event. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Alaska, Inst Geophys, Alaska Volcano Observ, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA. RP Jolly, AD (reprint author), Univ Alaska, Inst Geophys, Alaska Volcano Observ, 903 Koyukuk Dr,POB 757320, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA. EM art@kiska.giseis.alaska.edu NR 55 TC 25 Z9 26 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0377-0273 EI 1872-6097 J9 J VOLCANOL GEOTH RES JI J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res. PD NOV 30 PY 1999 VL 93 IS 3-4 BP 173 EP 190 DI 10.1016/S0377-0273(99)00115-8 PG 18 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 265WX UT WOS:000084270100001 ER PT J AU Trumbore, SE Bubier, JL Harden, JW Crill, PM AF Trumbore, SE Bubier, JL Harden, JW Crill, PM TI Carbon cycling in boreal wetlands: A comparison of three approaches SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article ID PEATLAND COMPLEX; VASCULAR PLANTS; SOIL CARBON; CO2 FLUXES; CANADA; PERMAFROST; BALANCE; FOREST; FEN; BOG AB Three independent methods were used to measure net ecosystem production (NEP) in four wetlands near Thompson, Manitoba, Canada. The first method calculated NEP by subtracting heterotrophic respiration from net primary productivity, using both measurements and estimates derived from the literature. The second method used radiocarbon data from cores to derive long-term NEP averaged over the past several decades. The third method used direct measurement of NEP combined with a model to fill in for days with no data. The three methods, with their independently derived uncertainties, ail show the same magnitude and pattern of NEP variation across four different wetland types. However direct measurement yielded distinctly lower estimates of NEP in the most productive sites. Highest NEP (31 - 180 gC m(-2) yr(-1)) was observed in the two wetlands with the highest proportion of sedge vegetation. A bog collapse scar and a nutrient-rich fen had NEP values not significantly different from zero. The maximum NEP at sites with intermediate nutrient status is due to slower overall decomposition and is likely associated with greater allocation of production below ground by sedges. The three methods for estimating NEP differ in the effort required, the sources of error, and in the timescale over which they apply. Used in combination, they allow estimation of parameters such as belowground production and the contribution of heterotrophic decomposition to total soil respiration. Using the radiocarbon method, we also derived estimates of the rate of N accumulation in the four wetland types. C1 Univ New Hampshire, Complex Syst Res Ctr, Durham, NH 03824 USA. US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. Mt Holyoke Coll, Environm Studies Program, S Hadley, MA 01075 USA. Univ Calif Irvine, Dept Earth Syst Sci, Irvine, CA 92697 USA. RP Trumbore, SE (reprint author), Univ Calif Irvine, Dept Earth Syst Sci, Irvine, CA 92697 USA. EM setrumbo@uci.edu; jbubier@mtholyoke.edu; jharden@usgs.gov; patrick.crill@unh.edu RI Trumbore, Susan/B-1948-2013; OI Crill, Patrick/0000-0003-1110-3059 NR 36 TC 42 Z9 42 U1 1 U2 26 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD NOV 27 PY 1999 VL 104 IS D22 BP 27673 EP 27682 DI 10.1029/1999JD900433 PG 10 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 259BT UT WOS:000083874700036 ER PT J AU Wilby, RL Hay, LE Leavesley, GH AF Wilby, RL Hay, LE Leavesley, GH TI A comparison of downscaled and raw GCM output: implications for climate change scenarios in the San Juan River basin, Colorado SO JOURNAL OF HYDROLOGY LA English DT Article DE climate change; downscaling; runoff; snowpack; general circulation model; Colorado ID GENERAL-CIRCULATION MODEL; LOCAL WEATHER; BRITISH-ISLES; NORTH-AMERICA; PRECIPITATION; VALIDATION; SIMULATIONS; RAINFALL; PATTERNS; INDEXES AB The fundamental rationale for statistical downscaling is that the raw outputs of climate change experiments from General Circulation Models (GCMs) are an inadequate basis for assessing the effects of climate change on land-surface processes at regional scales. This is because the spatial resolution of GCMs is too coarse to resolve important sub-grid scale processes (most notably those pertaining to the hydrological cycle) and because GCM output is often unreliable at individual and sub-grid box scales. By establishing empirical relationships between grid-box scale circulation indices (such as atmospheric vorticity and divergence) and sub-grid scale surface predictands (such as precipitation), statistical downscaling has been proposed as a practical means of bridging this spatial difference. This study compared three sets of current and future rainfall-runoff scenarios. The scenarios were constructed using: (1) statistically downscaled GCM output; (2) raw GCM output; and (3) raw GCM output corrected for elevational biases. Atmospheric circulation indices and humidity variables were extracted from the output of the UK Meteorological Office coupled ocean-atmosphere GCM (HadCM2) in order to downscale daily precipitation and temperature series for the Animas River in the San Juan River basin, Colorado. Significant differences arose between the modelled snowpack and how regimes of the three future climate scenarios. Overall, the raw GCM output suggests larger reductions in winter/spring snowpack and summer runoff than the downscaling, relative to current conditions. Further research is required to determine the generality of the water resource implications for other regions, GCM outputs and downscaled scenarios. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Boulder, CO 80307 USA. Univ Derby, Div Geog, Derby DE22 1GB, England. US Geol Survey, Div Water Resources, Denver Fed Ctr, Denver, CO 80225 USA. RP Wilby, RL (reprint author), Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, POB 3000, Boulder, CO 80307 USA. NR 48 TC 184 Z9 208 U1 3 U2 25 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0022-1694 J9 J HYDROL JI J. Hydrol. PD NOV 22 PY 1999 VL 225 IS 1-2 BP 67 EP 91 DI 10.1016/S0022-1694(99)00136-5 PG 25 WC Engineering, Civil; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Engineering; Geology; Water Resources GA 257NA UT WOS:000083787000004 ER PT J AU Carter, J Ackleh, AS Leonard, BP Wang, HB AF Carter, J Ackleh, AS Leonard, BP Wang, HB TI Giant panda (Ailuropoda melanoleuca) population dynamics and bamboo (subfamily Bambusoideae) life history: a structured population approach to examining carrying capacity when the prey are semelparous SO ECOLOGICAL MODELLING LA English DT Article DE giant panda; Ailuropoda melanoleuca; bamboo; population dynamics; population viability analysis; China; life history; Leslie matrix ID FANGIANA; VIABILITY; CHINA AB The giant panda, Ailuropoda melanoleuca, is a highly specialized Ursid whose diet consists almost entirely of various species of bamboo. Bamboo (Bambusoideae) is a grass subfamily whose species often exhibit synchronous semelparity. Synchronous semelparity can create local drops in carrying capacity for the panda. We modeled the interaction of pandas and their bamboo food resources with an age structured panda population model linked to a natural history model of bamboo biomass dynamics based on literature values of bamboo biomass, and giant panda life history dynamics. This paper reports the results of our examination of the interaction between pandas and their bamboo food resource and its implications for panda conservation. In the model all panda populations were well below the carrying capacity of the habitat. The giant panda populations growth was most sensitive to changes in birth rates and removal of reproductive aged individuals. Periodic starvation that has been documented in conjunction with bamboo die-offs is probably related to the inability to move to other areas within the region where bamboo is still available. Based on the results of this model, giant panda conservation should concentrate on keeping breeding individuals in the wild, keep corridors to different bamboo species open to pandas, and to concentrate research on bamboo life history. (C) 1999 Published by Elsevier Science B.V. C1 US Geol Survey, Natl Wetlands Res Ctr, Lafayette, LA 70506 USA. Univ SW Louisiana, Dept Math, Lafayette, LA 70504 USA. Univ SW Louisiana, Dept Biol, Lafayette, LA 70504 USA. Univ Massachusetts, Dept Forestry & Wildlife Management, Amherst, MA 01003 USA. RP Carter, J (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Natl Wetlands Res Ctr, 700 Cajundome Blvd, Lafayette, LA 70506 USA. NR 30 TC 26 Z9 31 U1 3 U2 34 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0304-3800 J9 ECOL MODEL JI Ecol. Model. PD NOV 15 PY 1999 VL 123 IS 2-3 BP 207 EP 223 DI 10.1016/S0304-3800(99)00145-3 PG 17 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 260PN UT WOS:000083959200011 ER PT J AU McCabe, GJ Dettinger, MD AF McCabe, GJ Dettinger, MD TI Decadal variations in the strength of ENSO teleconnections with precipitation in the western United States SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CLIMATOLOGY LA English DT Article DE El Nino; Southern Oscillation; Pacific Decadal Oscillation; precipitation ID NINO SOUTHERN OSCILLATION; EL-NINO; LA-NINA; CLIMATE; PACIFIC; VARIABILITY; FLUCTUATIONS; TEMPERATURE AB Changing patterns of correlations between the historical average June-November Southern Oscillation Index (SOI) and October-March precipitation totals for 84 climate divisions in the western US indicate a large amount of variability in SOI/precipitation relations on decadal time scales. Correlations of western US precipitation with SOI and other indices of tropical El Nino-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) processes were much weaker from 1920 to 1950 than during recent decades. This variability in teleconnections is associated with the character of tropical air-sea interactions as indexed by the number of out-of-phase SOI/tropical sea surface temperature (SST) episodes, and with decadal variability in the North Pacific Ocean as indexed by the Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO). ENSO teleconnections with precipitation in the western US are strong when SOI and NINO3 are out-of-phase and PDO is negative. ENSO teleconnections are weak when SOI and NINO3 are weakly correlated and PDO is positive. Decadal modes of tropical and North Pacific Ocean climate variability are important indicators of periods when ENSO indices, like SOI, can be used as reliable predictors of winter precipitation in the US. Copyright (C) 1999 Royal Meteorological Society. C1 US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Denver, CO 80225 USA. US Geol Survey, Scripps Inst Oceanog, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA. RP McCabe, GJ (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, MS 412, Denver, CO 80225 USA. NR 34 TC 247 Z9 250 U1 3 U2 32 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD PI W SUSSEX PA BAFFINS LANE CHICHESTER, W SUSSEX PO19 1UD, ENGLAND SN 0899-8418 J9 INT J CLIMATOL JI Int. J. Climatol. PD NOV 15 PY 1999 VL 19 IS 13 BP 1399 EP 1410 DI 10.1002/(SICI)1097-0088(19991115)19:13<1399::AID-JOC457>3.0.CO;2-A PG 12 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 256EE UT WOS:000083712300001 ER PT J AU Fine, A Layton, M Miller, J Cimini, D Vargas, MC Inglesby, A Labowitz, A Bornschlegel, K Maldin, B Samoff, E Haddow, D Mullin, S Gadd, J Giebelhaus, E Mascuch, L Sher, A Foggin, M Mojica, BJ Cohen, N Weisfuse, I Bhalla, R Lee, E Malebranche, D Sacajiu, G Sharma, A Eisenberg, M Ramon, A Poshni, I Stirling, H Goldberg, A Hauer, J Huang, A Rosenberg, A Yang-Lewis, P Adel, HN Novello, A White, D Morse, D Spitalny, K Gallo, R Wong, S Grady, L Eidson, M Wallace, B Smith, P Cartter, M Nelson, R Hadler, J Andreadis, T Blumenstock, J Degraaf, J Sorhage, F Campbell, C Brook, J Gerwell, M Adams, D Bruder, K Kent, R Eisner, R Halperin, N Roscoe, D Bresnitz, E Crans, W AF Fine, A Layton, M Miller, J Cimini, D Vargas, MC Inglesby, A Labowitz, A Bornschlegel, K Maldin, B Samoff, E Haddow, D Mullin, S Gadd, J Giebelhaus, E Mascuch, L Sher, A Foggin, M Mojica, BJ Cohen, N Weisfuse, I Bhalla, R Lee, E Malebranche, D Sacajiu, G Sharma, A Eisenberg, M Ramon, A Poshni, I Stirling, H Goldberg, A Hauer, J Huang, A Rosenberg, A Yang-Lewis, P Adel, HN Novello, A White, D Morse, D Spitalny, K Gallo, R Wong, S Grady, L Eidson, M Wallace, B Smith, P Cartter, M Nelson, R Hadler, J Andreadis, T Blumenstock, J Degraaf, J Sorhage, F Campbell, C Brook, J Gerwell, M Adams, D Bruder, K Kent, R Eisner, R Halperin, N Roscoe, D Bresnitz, E Crans, W CA CDC TI Update: West Nile-like viral encephalitis - New York, 1999 (Reprinted from MMWR, vol 48, pg 890-892, 1999) SO JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Reprint C1 New York City Outbreak Invest Team, New York, NY USA. New York City Dept Hlth, New York, NY 10013 USA. Mayors Off Emergency Management, New York, NY USA. Westchester Cty Hlth Dept, New Rochelle, NY USA. Connecticut Dept Hlth, Hartford, CT USA. Connecticut Agr Expt Stn, New Haven, CT USA. New Jersey Dept Hlth & Senior Serv, Trenton, NJ USA. Rutgers State Univ, New Brunswick, NJ 08903 USA. US Geol Survey, Washington, DC USA. CDC, US Anim & Plant Hlth Inspect Serv, USDA, Div Appl Publ Hlth TRaining,Epidemiol Program Off, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. CDC, Infect Dis Pathol Act, Div Viral & Rickettsial Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. CDC, Arbovirus Dis Branch, Div Vector Borne Infect Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Fine, A (reprint author), New York City Outbreak Invest Team, New York, NY USA. NR 4 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER MEDICAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 515 N STATE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60610 USA SN 0098-7484 J9 JAMA-J AM MED ASSOC JI JAMA-J. Am. Med. Assoc. PD NOV 10 PY 1999 VL 282 IS 18 BP 1714 EP 1714 PG 1 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA 251XJ UT WOS:000083471400009 ER PT J AU Lutter, WJ Fuis, GS Thurber, CH Murphy, J AF Lutter, WJ Fuis, GS Thurber, CH Murphy, J TI Tomographic images of the upper crust from the Los Angeles basin to the Mojave Desert, California: Results from the Los Angeles Region Seismic Experiment SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SOLID EARTH LA English DT Article ID WHITTIER-NARROWS EARTHQUAKE; SAN-GABRIEL-MOUNTAINS; SOUTHERN-CALIFORNIA; NORTHRIDGE EARTHQUAKE; VELOCITY STRUCTURE; TRANSVERSE RANGES; CROSS-SECTION; ANDREAS FAULT; TRAVEL-TIMES; INVERSION AB We apply inversion methods to first arriving P waves from explosive source seismic data collected along line 1 of the Los Angeles Region Seismic Experiment (LARSE), extending northeastward from Seal Beach, California, to the Mojave Desert, in order to determine a seismic model of the upper crust along the profile. We use resolution information to quantify the extent of blurring in the LARSE images and to smooth a damped least squares (DLS) image by postin-version filtering (PIF). Most of the original data fit is preserved while minimizing model artifacts. We compare DLS, PIF, and smoothing constraint inversion images using both real and synthetic data. A preferred PIF image includes larger-scale features in the smoothing constraint inversion image and finer-scale features in the DLS inversion image that are consistent with geologic information. We interpret principal model features in terms of geology, including faulting. The maximum depth of low-velocity sedimentary and volcanic rocks in the Los Angeles basin is 8-9 lan and in the San Gabriel Valley is 4.5-5 km. A horst-like uplift of basement rocks occurs between these basins. The northeastern boundary of the San Gabriel Valley is imaged as a tabular, moderately north dipping low-velocity zone that projects to the surface at the southernmost trace of the Sierra Madre fault system. In the central and southern San Gabriel Mountains, velocity-depth profiles are consistent with intermediate-velocity mylonites overlying lower-velocity Pelona Schist along a shallowly southwest dipping Vincent thrust fault. Tomography does not provide a definitive dip for the San Andreas fault but, combined with other LARSE results, is consistent with a vertical to steep northeast dip. C1 Univ Wisconsin, Dept Geol & Geophys, Madison, WI 53706 USA. US Geol Survey, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. RP Lutter, WJ (reprint author), Univ Wisconsin, Dept Geol & Geophys, 1215 W Dayton St, Madison, WI 53706 USA. EM wlutter@geology.wisc.edu; fuis@andreas.wr.usgs.gov; clifft@geology.wisc.gov; murphy@andreas.wr.usgs.gov NR 62 TC 26 Z9 32 U1 1 U2 4 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-9313 EI 2169-9356 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-SOL EA JI J. Geophys. Res.-Solid Earth PD NOV 10 PY 1999 VL 104 IS B11 BP 25543 EP 25565 DI 10.1029/1999JB900188 PG 23 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 255DE UT WOS:000083653600025 ER PT J AU O'Farrell, CL Strom, MS AF O'Farrell, CL Strom, MS TI Differential expression of the virulence-associated protein p57 and characterization of its duplicated gene msa in virulent and attenuated strains of Renibacterium salmoninarum SO DISEASES OF AQUATIC ORGANISMS LA English DT Article DE Renibacterium salmoninarum; p57; msa; gene duplication; pathogenesis ID MAJOR SOLUBLE-ANTIGEN; BACTERIAL KIDNEY-DISEASE; LISTERIA-MONOCYTOGENES; SURFACE-PROTEINS; EVOLUTION; FISH; DNA; HEMAGGLUTININ; CLONING AB Virulence mechanisms utilized by the salmonid fish pathogen Renibacterium salmoninarum are poorly understood. One potential virulence factor is p57 (also designated MSA for major soluble antigen), an abundant 57 kDa soluble protein that is predominately localized on the bacterial cell surface with significant levels released into the extracellular milieu. Previous studies of an attenuated strain, MT 239, indicated that it differs from virulent strains in the amount of surface-associated p57. In this report, we show overall expression of p57 in R. salmoninarum MT 239 is considerably reduced as compared to a virulent strain, ATCC 33209. The amount of cell-associated p57 is decreased while the level of p57 in the culture supernatant is nearly equivalent between the strains. To determine if the lowered amount of cell-associated p57 was due to a sequence defect in p57, a genetic comparison was performed. Two copies of the gene encoding p57 (msa1 and msa2) were found in 33209 and MT 239, as well as in several other virulent isolates. Both copies from 33209 and MT 239 were cloned and sequenced and found to be identical to each other, and identical between the 2 strains. A comparison of msa1 and msa2 within each strain showed that their sequences diverge 40 base pairs 5' to the open reading frame, while sequences 3' to the open reading frame are essentially identical for at least 225 base pairs. Northern blot analysis showed no difference in steady state levels of msa mRNA between the 2 strains. These data suggest that while cell-surface localization of p57 may be important for R. salmoninarum virulence, the differences in localization and total p57 expression between 33209 and MT 239 are not due to differences in msa sequence or differences in steady state transcript levels. C1 NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, US Dept Commerce, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. Univ Washington, Sch Fisheries, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. US Geol Survey, Western Fisheries Res Ctr, Biol Resources Div, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. RP Strom, MS (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, US Dept Commerce, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. NR 40 TC 20 Z9 21 U1 0 U2 2 PU INTER-RESEARCH PI OLDENDORF LUHE PA NORDBUNTE 23, D-21385 OLDENDORF LUHE, GERMANY SN 0177-5103 J9 DIS AQUAT ORGAN JI Dis. Aquat. Org. PD NOV 8 PY 1999 VL 38 IS 2 BP 115 EP 123 DI 10.3354/dao038115 PG 9 WC Fisheries; Veterinary Sciences SC Fisheries; Veterinary Sciences GA 271TY UT WOS:000084610600005 PM 10598282 ER PT J AU Twedt, DJ Wilson, RR Henne-Kerr, JL Hamilton, RB AF Twedt, DJ Wilson, RR Henne-Kerr, JL Hamilton, RB TI Impact of forest type and management strategy on avian densities in the Mississippi Alluvial Valley, USA SO FOREST ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE agro-forestry; avian density; bottomland hardwood forests; cottonwood plantations; forest birds; forest management effects; silviculture ID BIRDS; TREES AB Avian territory densities were determined from 20 Breeding Bird Censuses in mature (>30 years) bottomland hardwood stands and 18 Breeding Bird Censuses in young (6-9 years old) cottonwood (Populus deltoides) plantations in the Mississippi Alluvial Valley Avian species richness, diversity, and territory density were greater (p < 0.01) in bottomland hardwood stands than in intensively-managed cottonwood stands but these parameters were not impacted by selective timber harvest within bottomland hardwood stands nor by method of regeneration within cottonwood plantations (p > 0.05). Even so, detrended correspondence analysis based on avian territory densities readily segregated forest types and silvicultural treatments. Timber harvest within bottomland hardwood stands resulted in a shift in bird communities toward those found in cottonwood stands by increasing the densities of early-successional species such as Indigo Bunting (Passerina cyanea), Yellow-breasted Chat (Icteria virens), and Common Yellowthroat (Geothlypis trichas). Conversely, regenerating cottonwood stands from root sprouts, rather than planting stem cuttings, resulted in a shift in bird communities toward those found in bottomland hardwood stands by increasing densities of species such as White-eyed Vireo (Vireo griseus) and Wood Thrush (Hylocichla mustelina). Tree species diversity, angular canopy cover, and midstory density were positively associated with bird species assemblages in bottomland hardwood stands, whereas vegetation density at ground level was positively associated with bird communities in cottonwood plantations. Conversion of agricultural fields to short-rotation cottonwood plantations results in increased breeding bird populations by adding up to 140 additional territories 40 ha(-1). Even so, relative conservation values, derived from indicator species analysis and Partners in Flight concern scores, suggest that mature bottomland hardwood forests are twice as 'valuable' for bird conservation as are cottonwood plantations. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 USGS Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, Vicksburg, MS 39180 USA. Crown Vantage, Fitler Managed Forest, Rolling Fork, MS 39159 USA. Louisiana State Univ, Sch Forestry Wildlife & Fisheries, Avian Ecol Lab, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA. RP Twedt, DJ (reprint author), USGS Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, 2524 S Frontage Rd, Vicksburg, MS 39180 USA. EM dan_twedt@usgs.gov OI Twedt, Daniel/0000-0003-1223-5045 NR 34 TC 37 Z9 38 U1 3 U2 22 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0378-1127 J9 FOREST ECOL MANAG JI For. Ecol. Manage. PD NOV 8 PY 1999 VL 123 IS 2-3 BP 261 EP 274 DI 10.1016/S0378-1127(99)00043-2 PG 14 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 236LQ UT WOS:000082601400015 ER PT J AU Laves, KS Loeb, SC AF Laves, Kevin S. Loeb, Susan C. TI Effects of southern flying squirrels Glaucomys volans on red-cockaded woodpecker Picoides borealis reproductive success SO ANIMAL CONSERVATION LA English DT Article AB Anecdotal data gathered from many populations suggest that southern flying squirrel (SFS, Glaucomys volans) use of the endangered red-cockaded woodpecker's (RCW, Picoides borealis) nest and roost cavities may negatively affect RCW populations. We conducted a controlled experiment to determine the effects of SFSs on RCW reproductive success. During the 1994 and 1995 breeding seasons, SFSs were removed from 30 RCW clusters and 32 clusters served as controls. SFSs were the most frequently encountered occupants of RCW cavities and used 20-33% of RCW cavities in control and treatment clusters over both years. Treatment groups produced significantly more successful nests (>= 1 fledgling) than control groups in 1994. In 1995 however, there was no difference in the number of successful nests. In both years, RCW groups nesting in treatment clusters produced significantly more fledglings than groups in control clusters in each of four experimental areas, averaging approximately 0.7 additional fledglings per nesting group. Loss of entire clutches or broods, possibly as a result of predation or abandonment, was a major factor limiting reproduction in control groups in 1994. In contrast, differences in partial brood loss appeared to be the cause of differential fledging success in 1995. Usurpation of RCW roost cavities by SFSs may have placed greater energetic demands on RCWs for cavity defence or thermoregulation, thus reducing energy available for reproduction. Our results show that SFS use of RCW cavities during the breeding season has a significant impact on RCWs and that management of RCW populations should include activities that either minimize SFS populations in RCW clusters or limit access of SFSs to RCW cavities. C1 [Laves, Kevin S.] Clemson Univ, US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, S Carolina Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Clemson, SC 29634 USA. [Loeb, Susan C.] Clemson Univ, US Forest Serv, So Res Stn, Clemson, SC 29634 USA. RP Laves, KS (reprint author), US Forest Serv, USDA, Lake Tahoe Basin Management Unit, 870 Emerald Bay Rd,Suite 1, S Lake Tahoe, CA 96150 USA. EM klaves/r5_ltbmu@fs.fed.us FU U.S. Department of Energy-Savannah River Site; U.S. Department of the Interior; U.S. Geological Survey; Biological Resources Division; South Carolina Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, Clemson University FX This research was funded by the U.S. Department of Energy-Savannah River Site (through the U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Savannah River Forest Station and Southern Research Station, Clemson University) and the U.S. Department of the Interior, the U.S. Geological Survey, Biological Resources Division, South Carolina Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, Clemson University.; We thank S. Aughey, S. Canniff, S. Crafts, R. Drumm, D. Gardner, G. Hupton, S. Hutchings, K. Misiak, A. Raabe, H. Rustigian and J. White for field assistance. S. Haig provided invaluable contributions to the development of this project. D. Otis and E. Stevens provided helpful comments on this manuscript. We also thank the staff of CSNWR under the direction of R. Ingram, for contributions of personnel, equipment and housing. NR 40 TC 18 Z9 18 U1 1 U2 4 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ USA SN 1367-9430 EI 1469-1795 J9 ANIM CONSERV JI Anim. Conserv. PD NOV PY 1999 VL 2 IS 4 BP 295 EP 303 DI 10.1111/j.1469-1795.1999.tb00076.x PG 9 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA V71EJ UT WOS:000204810900008 ER PT J AU Schaefer, JK Oremland, RS AF Schaefer, JK Oremland, RS TI Oxidation of methyl halides by the facultative methylotroph strain IMB-1 SO APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID FUMIGATED AGRICULTURAL SOILS; OZONE DEPLETION POTENTIALS; ATMOSPHERIC CH3BR; ENRICHMENT CULTURES; BACTERIAL OXIDATION; METHANE OXIDATION; LAW CONSTANTS; GEN-NOV; BROMIDE; DEGRADATION AB Washed cell suspensions of the facultative methylotroph strain IMB-1 grown on methyl bromide (MeBr) were able to consume methyl chloride (MeCl) and methyl iodide (MeI) as well as MeBr, Consumption of >100 mu M MeBr by cells grown on glucose, acetate, or monomethylamine required induction. Induction was inhibited by chloramphenicol. However, cells had a constitutive ability to consume low concentrations (<20 nM) of MeBr. Glucose-grown cells were able to readily oxidize [C-14]formaldehyde to (CO2)-C-14 but had only a small capacity for oxidation of [C-14]methanol, Preincubation of cells with MeBr did not affect either activity, but MeBr-induced cells had a greater capacity for [C-14]MeBr oxidation than did cells without preincubation, Consumption of MeBr was inhibited by Mel, and MeCl consumption was inhibited by MeBr, No inhibition of MeBr consumption occurred with methyl fluoride, propyl iodide, dibromomethane, dichloromethane, or difluoromethane, and in addition cells did not oxidize any of these compounds. Cells displayed Michaelis-Menten kinetics for the various methyl halides, with apparent K-s values of 190, 280, and 6,100 nM for MeBr, MeI, and MeCl, respectively. These results suggest the presence of a single oxidation enzyme system specific for methyl halides (other than methyl fluoride) which runs through formaldehyde to CO2. The ease of induction of methyl halide oxidation in strain IMB-1 should facilitate its mass culture for the purpose of reducing MeBr emissions to the atmosphere from fumigated soils. C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. RP Oremland, RS (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 345 Middlefield Rd,MS 480, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. NR 47 TC 24 Z9 24 U1 1 U2 7 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1325 MASSACHUSETTS AVENUE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005-4171 USA SN 0099-2240 J9 APPL ENVIRON MICROB JI Appl. Environ. Microbiol. PD NOV PY 1999 VL 65 IS 11 BP 5035 EP 5041 PG 7 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology GA 252AQ UT WOS:000083478900046 PM 10543820 ER PT J AU Wright, PJ Tillitt, DE AF Wright, PJ Tillitt, DE TI Embryotoxicity of Great Lakes lake trout extracts to developing rainbow trout SO AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article DE additivity; chemical mixtures; developmental toxicity; PCBs; salmonids; 2,3,7,8-TCDD ID TOXIC EQUIVALENCY FACTORS; LIFE STAGE DEVELOPMENT; DIBENZO-PARA-DIOXINS; 2,3,7,8-TETRACHLORODIBENZO-PARA-DIOXIN TCDD; POLYCHLORINATED-BIPHENYLS; SALVELINUS-NAMAYCUSH; ONCORHYNCHUS-MYKISS; P-DIOXIN; SURVIVAL; FISH AB Planar halogenated hydrocarbons (PHHs), such as polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins, dibenzofurans, and biphenyls are present in aquatic systems, and are known to produce adverse effects in fish. This study investigated the embryotoxicity of PHH mixtures through the nanoinjection of environmental extracts into newly fertilized eggs from two strains of rainbow trout. Organic extracts were obtained from whole adult lake trout collected from Lake Michigan in 1988 and Lake Superior in 1994. The graded doses of the final extracts used for injection were quantified as 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin toxic-equivalents (TEQs) based on the concentrations of dioxins, furans and non-o-PCBs in each, and as equivalent amounts found in the eggs of the original lake trout (eggEQ). Total TEQs in the lake trout were 14.7 pg TEQ/g in the Lake Michigan sample and 7.3 pg TEQ/g in the Lake Superior sample. The extract of the Lake Michigan lake trout was embryotoxic to rainbow trout; LD(50) Values were 35 eggEQ (15-90, 95% F.L.) in the Arlee strain and 14 eggEQ (5-99, 95% F.L.) in the Erwin strain of rainbow trout. The LD(50) values of the Lake Michigan extract in either of these strains of rainbow trout fall within the actual range of TCDD LD(50) values based on TEQs. This indicates that an additive model of toxicity is appropriate to quantify PHHs in relation to early life stage mortality in fish. Gross lesions characteristic of exposure to PHHs (i.e. yolk-sac edema, craniofacial deformities, and hemorrhaging) increased in a dose-related manner. The lowest observable adverse effect concentrations (LOAEC) for these gross lesions and cumulative mortalities suggests that current concentrations of PHHs in lake trout from Lake Michigan are above a threshold for adverse effects and these compounds may have implications on the lack of recruitment in certain Great Lakes lake trout populations. Published by Elsevier Science B.V. C1 US Geol Survey, Columbia Environm Res Ctr, Biol Resource Div, Dept Interior, Columbia, MO 65201 USA. RP Tillitt, DE (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Columbia Environm Res Ctr, Biol Resource Div, Dept Interior, 4200 New Haven Rd, Columbia, MO 65201 USA. EM donald_tillitt@nbs.gov NR 34 TC 14 Z9 17 U1 1 U2 5 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0166-445X J9 AQUAT TOXICOL JI Aquat. Toxicol. PD NOV PY 1999 VL 47 IS 2 BP 77 EP 92 DI 10.1016/S0166-445X(99)00010-7 PG 16 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Toxicology SC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Toxicology GA 256GZ UT WOS:000083718700001 ER PT J AU May, TW Wiedmeyer, RH Brown, LD Casteel, SW AF May, TW Wiedmeyer, RH Brown, LD Casteel, SW TI A lead isotope distribution study in swine tissue using ICP-MS SO ATOMIC SPECTROSCOPY LA English DT Article ID MASS-SPECTROMETRY; BLOOD; BONE; MOBILIZATION; WOMEN AB In the United States lead is an ubiquitous environmental pollutant that is a serious human health hazard especially for women of childbearing age, developing fetuses, and young children. Information concerning the uptake and distribution of lead to maternal and fetal tissues during pregnancy is poorly documented. A study was designed using domestic swine and lead isotope enrichment methodology to focus on maternal absorption and distribution of lead into bone and soft tissues, including the fetal compartment, under varying conditions of oral lead exposure and during altered physiological states (pregnant vs unbred). Total lead levels and Pb-207/Pb-206 ratios in bone (femur and vertebra), blood, and soft tissues (liver, kidney , brain) were determined by ICP-MS. Lead in fetal tissues derived from maternal bone could be differentiated from that derived from exogenous dosing. Unbred swine absorbed much less lead than pregnant females receiving the same dose. The accuracy and precision of ICP-MS at the instrumental level and for the entire method (sample collection digestion, and analysis) were evaluated for both Pb-207/Pb-206 ratios and total lead. Several changes were suggested in method design to improve both instrumental and total method precision. C1 US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Columbia Environm Res Ctr, Columbia, MO 65202 USA. Addison Biol Lab Inc, Fayette, MO 65248 USA. Univ Missouri, Vet Med Diagnost Lab, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. RP May, TW (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Columbia Environm Res Ctr, 4200 New Haven Rd, Columbia, MO 65202 USA. NR 23 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 5 PU PERKIN-ELMER CORP PI NORWALK PA 761 MAIN AVE, NORWALK, CT 06859-0105 USA SN 0195-5373 J9 ATOM SPECTROSC JI Atom. Spectrosc. PD NOV-DEC PY 1999 VL 20 IS 6 BP 199 EP 211 PG 13 WC Spectroscopy SC Spectroscopy GA 291PK UT WOS:000085745100001 ER PT J AU Ringwood, AH Hameedi, MJ Lee, RF Brouwer, M Peters, EC Scott, GI Luoma, SN DiGiulio, RT Depledge, M Steinert, S Teh, S Van Beneden, R Winston, G Epel, D Minier, C Narbonne, JF Peters, L Roesijadi, G Viarengo, A Werner, I Anderson, R Burnett, L Chu, FL Oliver, L Paynter, K AF Ringwood, AH Hameedi, MJ Lee, RF Brouwer, M Peters, EC Scott, GI Luoma, SN DiGiulio, RT Depledge, M Steinert, S Teh, S Van Beneden, R Winston, G Epel, D Minier, C Narbonne, JF Peters, L Roesijadi, G Viarengo, A Werner, I Anderson, R Burnett, L Chu, FL Oliver, L Paynter, K TI Bivalve Biomarker Workshop: overview and discussion group summaries SO BIOMARKERS LA English DT Editorial Material C1 Marine Resources Res Inst, Charleston, SC 29412 USA. NOAA, Natl Ocean Serv, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. Univ Georgia, Skidaway Inst Oceanog, Savannah, GA 31411 USA. Univ So Mississippi, Inst Marine Sci, Dept Coastal Sci, Ocean Springs, MS 39564 USA. Tetra Tech Inc, Fairfax, VA 22030 USA. US Geol Survey, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. Duke Univ, Sch Environm, Durham, NC 27708 USA. Univ Maryland, Solomons, MD USA. Gulf Coast Res Lab, Ocean Springs, MS 39564 USA. Univ Charleston, Charleston, SC USA. NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. Coll William & Mary, Gloucester Point, VA USA. Univ Plymouth, Plymouth PL4 8AA, Devon, England. Stanford Univ, Pacific Grove, CA USA. US EPA, Gulf Breeze, FL USA. US Geol Serv, Menlo Park, CA USA. Lab Ecotoxicol, Lyon, France. Univ Bordeaux, Talence, France. Univ Maryland, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. Plymouth Marine Lab, Plymouth, Devon, England. Comp Sci Corp, San Diego, CA 92110 USA. Univ Calif Davis, Davis, CA 95616 USA. Univ Maine, Orono, ME USA. Dept Sci Technol, Alessandria, Italy. N Carolina State Univ, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. RP Ringwood, AH (reprint author), Marine Resources Res Inst, 217 Ft Johnson Rd, Charleston, SC 29412 USA. RI Paynter, Kennedy/F-9717-2013 NR 0 TC 30 Z9 31 U1 0 U2 3 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD PI LONDON PA ONE GUNPOWDER SQUARE, LONDON EC4A 3DE, ENGLAND SN 1354-750X J9 BIOMARKERS JI Biomarkers PD NOV-DEC PY 1999 VL 4 IS 6 BP 391 EP 399 PG 9 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Toxicology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Toxicology GA 266AZ UT WOS:000084279600001 ER PT J AU Teh, SJ Clark, SL Brown, CL Luoma, SN Hinton, DE AF Teh, SJ Clark, SL Brown, CL Luoma, SN Hinton, DE TI Enzymatic and histopathologic biomarkers as indicators of contaminant exposure and effect in Asian clam (Potamocorbula amurensis) SO BIOMARKERS LA English DT Article DE enzyme; histopathology; biomarkers; Asian clam ID SOLE PAROPHRYS-VETULUS; SAN-FRANCISCO BAY; HEPATIC-LESIONS; TOXIC-CHEMICALS; MARINE; BIVALVE; FISH; WASHINGTON; ORGANISMS; NEOPLASMS AB Enzymatic and histopathologic alterations of the digestive gland, gill, gonad, and kidney were studied in Asian cram (Potamocorbula amurensis) in April, 1997 from each of four United Stales Geological Survey (USGS) stations in the San Francisco Estuary. Stations were selected based on differing body burdens of metallic contaminants in crams (Stn 4.1>6.1>8.1>12.5) observed over 7 years. Because no pristine sites are known within the estuary and because no laboratory-reared stocks of P. amurensis were available, clams from station 12.5 served as reference animals. Histopathologic analysis revealed no lesions in clams corrected from station 12.5. Mild digestive gland atrophy and moderate distal kidney tubular vacuolation were seen in clams collected from station 8.1. Mild digestive gland atrophy, moderate kidney tubular atrophy, and moderate gill inflammation were seen in clams collected from station 6.1. Lesions found only in clams from station 4.1 were: (1) severe inflammation and moderate atrophy of primary ducts and diverticula, and decreased numbers of heterophagosomes and heterolysosomes in diverticula of the digestive gland; (2) severe gill inflammation; (3) severe kidney tubular atrophy; (4) severe ovarian and testicular inflammation and necrosis; (5) decreased numbers of mature ova; and (6) decreased number of glycogen storage cells in the ovary and testis. Localization of specific enzymes including adenosine triphosphatase (ATP), acid phosphatase (ACP), alkaline phosphatase (ALKP), gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT), and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH) was performed and correlated, in serial sections with glycogen (PAS) and haematoxylin and eosin stains. Enzymatic analysis revealed: (1) increased digestive diverticula ATP in stations 6.1 and 4.1; (2) decreased digestive diverticula ACP in stations 6.1 and 4.1 and proximal kidney tubular ACP deficiency in station 4.1; (3) no ALKP differences among stations; (4) increased distal kidney tubular GGT at station 12.5 and decreased distal kidney tubular GGT at station 4.1; (5) decreased digestive diverticula G6PDH G6PDH in all stations except 12.5 and decreased proximal kidney tubular G6PDH in stations 8.1 and 6.1. It is possible that other anthropogenic and natural stressors may have affected the results in this study. However, the prevalence and increased severity of lesions in clams with highest metal body burden suggests a contaminant-associated etiology. Enzymatic and histopathologic biomarker alterations identified in this study were positively correlated with the metal body burden. Crams with the higher prevalence of diseases and enzyme alterations also showed a lower condition index and glycogen content in the month when histopathological assessment was performed. Further study win seek to develop enzymatic and histopathologic biomarkers for use in controlled laboratory conditions to help validate the field study. C1 Univ Calif Davis, Sch Vet Med, Dept Anat Physiol & Cell Biol, Davis, CA 95616 USA. US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. RP Teh, SJ (reprint author), Univ Calif Davis, Sch Vet Med, Dept Anat Physiol & Cell Biol, Davis, CA 95616 USA. EM sjteh@ucdavis.edu NR 32 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 9 PU INFORMA HEALTHCARE PI LONDON PA TELEPHONE HOUSE, 69-77 PAUL STREET, LONDON EC2A 4LQ, ENGLAND SN 1354-750X J9 BIOMARKERS JI Biomarkers PD NOV-DEC PY 1999 VL 4 IS 6 BP 497 EP 509 PG 13 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Toxicology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Toxicology GA 266AZ UT WOS:000084279600011 ER PT J AU Dzurisin, D Wicks, C Thatcher, W AF Dzurisin, D Wicks, C Thatcher, W TI Renewed uplift at the Yellowstone Caldera measured by leveling surveys and satellite radar interferometry SO BULLETIN OF VOLCANOLOGY LA English DT Article DE yellowstone; caldera; leveling; radar interferometry; uplift; subsidence; volcano ID VERTICAL SURFACE DISPLACEMENTS; CRUSTAL UPLIFT; NATIONAL-PARK; SUBSIDENCE AB A first-order leveling survey across the northeast part of the Yellowstone caldera in September 1998 showed that the central caldera floor near Le Hardy Rapids rose 24+/-5 mm relative to the caldera rim at Lake Butte since the previous survey in September 1995. Annual surveys along the same traverse from 1985 to 1995 tracked progressive subsidence near Le Hardy Rapids at an average rate of -19+/-1 mm/year. Earlier, less frequent surveys measured net uplift in the same area during 1923-1976 (14+/-1 mm/year) and 1976-1984 (22+/-1 mm/year). The resumption of uplift following a decade of subsidence was first detected by satellite synthetic aperture radar interferometry, which revealed approximately 15 mm of uplift in the vicinity of Le Hardy Rapids from July 1995 to June 1997. Radar interferograms show that the center of subsidence shifted from the Sour Creek resurgent dome in the northeast part of the caldera during August 1992 to June 1993 to the Mallard Lake resurgent dome in the southwest part during June 1993 to August 1995. Uplift began at the Sour Creek dome during August 1945 to September 1996 and spread to the Mallard Lake dome by June 1997. The rapidity of these changes and the spatial pattern of surface deformation suggest that ground movements are caused at least in part by accumulation and migration of fluids in two sill-like bodies at 5-10 km depth, near the interface between Yellowstone's magmatic and deep hydrothermal systems. C1 US Geol Survey, David A Johnston Cascades Volcano Observ, Vancouver, WA 98661 USA. US Geol Survey, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. RP Dzurisin, D (reprint author), US Geol Survey, David A Johnston Cascades Volcano Observ, 5400 MacArthur Blvd, Vancouver, WA 98661 USA. NR 12 TC 36 Z9 36 U1 0 U2 4 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0258-8900 J9 B VOLCANOL JI Bull. Volcanol. PD NOV PY 1999 VL 61 IS 6 BP 349 EP 355 DI 10.1007/s004450050277 PG 7 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 261KC UT WOS:000084007500001 ER PT J AU Delaney, PT Denlinger, RP AF Delaney, PT Denlinger, RP TI Stabilization of volcanic flanks by dike intrusion: an example from Kilauea SO BULLETIN OF VOLCANOLOGY LA English DT Article DE dikes; earthquakes; volcanic flanks; kilauea ID SOUTH FLANK; HAWAIIAN VOLCANOS; BENEATH; MAGMA; DEFORMATION; EARTHQUAKE; LANDSLIDES; INJECTION AB Dike propagation and dilation increases the compression of adjacent rocks. On volcanoes, especially oceanic shields, dikes are accordingly thought to be structurally destabilizing. As compression is incremented, volcanic flanks are driven outward or downslope and thus increase their susceptibility to destructive earthquakes and giant landslides. We show, however, that the 2-m-thick dike emplaced along the east rift zone of Kilauea in 1983 actually stabilized that volcano's flank. Specifically, production of flank earthquakes dropped more than twofold after 1983 as maximum downslope motion slowed to 6 cm.year(-1) from approximately 40 cm.year(-1) during 1980-1982, As much as 65 cm of deflationary subsidence above Kilauea's summit: and upper rift zones accompanied the dike intrusion. According to recent estimates, this deflation corresponds to a reduction in magma-reservoir pressure of approximately 4MPa, probably about: as much as the driving pressure of the 1983 dike. The volume of the dike, approximately 0.10-0.15 km(3), is orders of magnitude less than the estimated 200- to 250-km(3) volume of Kilauea's reservoir of magma and nearby hot, mushy rock. Thus, deflation of that reservoir reduces the compressional load on the flank over a much larger area than intrusion of the dike adds to it, particularly at the dominant depth of seismicity, 8-9km. A Coulomb block model for flank motion during intervals between major earthquakes requires the low-angle fault beneath Kilauea's flank to exhibit slip weakening, conducive to earthquake instability. Accordingly, the triggering mechanism of destructive earthquakes, several of which have struck Hawaii during the past 150 years, need not require stresses accumulated by dike intrusions. C1 US Geol Survey, Flagstaff, AZ 86001 USA. US Geol Survey, Vancouver, WA 98661 USA. RP Delaney, PT (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 2255 N Gemini Dr, Flagstaff, AZ 86001 USA. NR 28 TC 21 Z9 21 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0258-8900 J9 B VOLCANOL JI Bull. Volcanol. PD NOV PY 1999 VL 61 IS 6 BP 356 EP 362 DI 10.1007/s004450050278 PG 7 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 261KC UT WOS:000084007500002 ER PT J AU Clague, DA Hagstrum, JT Champion, DE Beeson, MH AF Clague, DA Hagstrum, JT Champion, DE Beeson, MH TI Kilauea summit overflows: their ages and distribution in the Puna District, Hawai'i SO BULLETIN OF VOLCANOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Kilauea Volcano; summit eruptions; radiocarbon dates; paleomagnetism; lava tubes; Puna District; Hawai'i; USA ID ASH MEMBER; VOLCANO; SUBSIDENCE; EXPLOSIONS; BASALT; REEFS AB The tube-fed pahoehoe lava flows covering much of the northeast flank of Kilauea Volcano are named the 'Aila'au flows. Their eruption age, based on published and six new radiocarbon dates, is approximately AD 1445. The flows have distinctive paleomagnetic directions with steep inclinations (40 degrees-50 degrees) and easterly declinations (0 degrees 10 degrees E). The lava was transported similar to 40km from the vent to the coast in long, large-diameter lava tubes; the longest tube (Kazumura Cave) reaches from near the summit to within several kilometers of the coast near Kaloli Point. The estimated volume of the 'Aila'au flow field is 5.2+/-0.8 km(3) and the eruption that formed it probably lasted for approximately 50 years. Summit overflows from Kilauea may have been nearly continuous between approximately AD 1290 and 1470, during which time a series of shields formed at and around the summit. The 'Aila'au shield was either the youngest or the next to youngest in this series of shields. Site-mean paleomagnetic directions for lava flows underlying the 'Aila'au flows form only six groups. These older pahoehoe flows range in age from 2750 to < 18,000 BP, and the region was inundated by lava flows only three times in the past 5000 years. The known intervals between eruptive events average similar to 1600 years and range from similar to 1250 years to >2200 years. Lava flows from most of these summit eruptions also reached the coast, but none appears as extensive as the 'Aila'au flow field. The chemistry of the melts erupted during each of these summit overflow events is remarkably similar, averaging approximately 6.3 wt.% MgO near the coast and 6.8 wt.% MgO near the summit. The present-day caldera probably formed more recently than the eruption that formed the 'Aila'au flows (estimated termination ca. PLD 1470). The earliest explosive eruptions that formed the Keanakako'i Ash, which is stratigraphically above the 'Aila'au flows, cannot be older than this age. C1 Monterey Bay Aquarium Res Inst, Moss Landing, CA 95039 USA. US Geol Survey, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. RP Clague, DA (reprint author), Monterey Bay Aquarium Res Inst, POB 628,7700 Sandholdt Rd, Moss Landing, CA 95039 USA. NR 37 TC 29 Z9 29 U1 1 U2 4 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0258-8900 J9 B VOLCANOL JI Bull. Volcanol. PD NOV PY 1999 VL 61 IS 6 BP 363 EP 381 DI 10.1007/s004450050279 PG 19 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 261KC UT WOS:000084007500003 ER PT J AU Igl, LD Ballard, BM AF Igl, LD Ballard, BM TI Habitat associations of migrating and overwintering grassland birds in southern Texas SO CONDOR LA English DT Article DE grassland birds; habitat association; migration; nonbreeding season; over-wintering birds; stopover; Texas ID COMMUNITY; SPARROWS; WINTER; SPACE; CONSERVATION; POPULATION AB We report on the habitat associations of 21 species of grassland birds overwintering in or migrating through southern Texas, during 1991-1992 and 1992-1993. Ninety percent of our grassland bird observations were made during winter and spring, and only 10% occurred during fall. Grassland species made up a high proportion of the total bird densities in grassland and shrub-grassland habitats, but much lower proportions in the habitats with more woody vegetation. Fewer grassland species were observed in grassland and woodland than in brushland, parkland, and shrub-grassland habitats. Grassland birds generally were found in higher densities in habitats that had woody canopy coverage of < 30%; densities of grassland birds were highest in shrub-grassland habitat and lowest in woodland habitat. Species that are grassland specialists on their breeding grounds tended to be more habitat specific during the nonbreeding season compared to shrub-grassland specialists, which were more general in their nonbreeding-habitat usage. Nonetheless, our data demonstrate that grassland birds occur in a variety of habitats during the nonbreeding season and seem to occupy a broader range of habitats than previously described. C1 US Geol Survey, No Prairie Wildlife Res Ctr, Biol Resources Div, Jamestown, ND 58401 USA. Texas A&I Univ, Caesar Kleberg Wildlife Res Inst, Kingsville, TX 78363 USA. RP Igl, LD (reprint author), US Geol Survey, No Prairie Wildlife Res Ctr, Biol Resources Div, 8711 37th St SE, Jamestown, ND 58401 USA. OI Igl, Lawrence/0000-0003-0530-7266 NR 55 TC 19 Z9 23 U1 0 U2 5 PU COOPER ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC PI LAWRENCE PA ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC NORTH AMER PO BOX 1897, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 USA SN 0010-5422 J9 CONDOR JI Condor PD NOV PY 1999 VL 101 IS 4 BP 771 EP 782 DI 10.2307/1370064 PG 12 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA 259FP UT WOS:000083884100006 ER PT J AU Cooper, RJ Wilson, RR Zenitsky, GD Mullin, SJ DeCecco, JA Marshall, MR Wolf, DJ Pomara, LY AF Cooper, RJ Wilson, RR Zenitsky, GD Mullin, SJ DeCecco, JA Marshall, MR Wolf, DJ Pomara, LY TI Does nonrandom nest placement imply nonrandom nest predation? A reply SO CONDOR LA English DT Editorial Material DE Acadian Flycatcher; bottomland hardwood forest; Empidonax virescens; forest management; nest mortality; nest tree selection ID FORAGING ECOLOGY; SPILOIDES; SUCCESS; PREY AB In response to the critique by Schmidt and Whelan (1999), we find that the relationship between nest success and tree selectivity is dependent upon inclusion or exclusion of particular tree species, whether or not years are pooled, and the selectivity index used. We question their use of point estimates of nest success with extremely high variances, defend our index, question the application of the Chesson (1983) index to our data, and explain the need to analyze years separately. Bottomland hardwood forest systems are extremely variable; hydroperiods alter the suitability of nesting substrates, availability of alternative food, and behavior of predators and their prey. Given these features, actively searching for Acadian Flycatcher (Empidonax virescens) nests is seldom an efficient predator foraging strategy. Therefore, these predation events are best described as random; nests are principally encountered opportunistically by generalist predators while searching for other prey. C1 Univ Georgia, Daniel B Warnell Sch Forest Resources, Athens, GA 30602 USA. USGS, Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, Vicksburg, MS 39180 USA. Memphis State Univ, Dept Biol, Memphis, TN 38152 USA. Eastern Illinois Univ, Dept Biol Sci, Charleston, IL 61920 USA. RP Cooper, RJ (reprint author), Univ Georgia, Daniel B Warnell Sch Forest Resources, Athens, GA 30602 USA. NR 22 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 3 PU COOPER ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC PI LAWRENCE PA ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC NORTH AMER PO BOX 1897, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 USA SN 0010-5422 J9 CONDOR JI Condor PD NOV PY 1999 VL 101 IS 4 BP 920 EP 923 DI 10.2307/1370090 PG 4 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA 259FP UT WOS:000083884100032 ER PT J AU Johnson, JD Biggins, DE Wrigley, RH Mangone, BA Wimsatt, J AF Johnson, JD Biggins, DE Wrigley, RH Mangone, BA Wimsatt, J TI Pyometra in a Siberian polecat (Mustela eversmanni) SO CONTEMPORARY TOPICS IN LABORATORY ANIMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID CANINE PYOMETRA; HYDROMETRA; BITCH; CYCLE AB A P-year-old Siberian polecat (Mustela eversmannai) from a breeding colony presented for ultrasound evaluation for pregnancy. It was paired with a male for 2.75 months and had remained absent of pregnancy signs when it was anesthetized and clinically evaluated. Until this time, the animal had eaten well and shown no outward signs of debility. On palpation, the animal had a fluid-filled tubular structure in the caudal abdomen, consistent in location and size with the uterus, No sign of vaginal discharge was present. Ultrasonography revealed 10 fluid-filled evaginations (approximately 12 mm in diameter) of the uterine horns. A presumptive diagnosis of a fluid-filled reproductive tract and likely reproductive failure was made in light of the animal's history, its clinical signs, and the ultrasound findings. Euthanasia was performed because the animal was nonreproductive and might yield information relevant to the breeding colony as a whole. Necropsy of the polecat revealed a distended fluctuant uterus containing mildly odiferous, thick, yellow-green, purulent material. Histopathology confirmed the diagnosis of pyometra, A pure and heavy growth of Enterococcus fecalis was cultured from the uterine contents, In light of results from routine minimal inhibitory concentration antibiotic sensitivity screening, this isolate was resistant to all antibiotics tested in the standard teaching hospital screen. C1 Univ Vet Hosp, Tempe, AZ 85282 USA. Colorado State Univ, Coll Vet & Biomed Sci, Dept Clin Sci, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. Colorado State Univ, Coll Vet & Biomed Sci, Dept Radiol Hlth Sci, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. Desert Exot Mobile Vet Serv, Tucson, AZ 85712 USA. USGS, BRD, Midcontinent Ecol Sci Ctr, Ft Collins, CO 80525 USA. RP Johnson, JD (reprint author), Univ Vet Hosp, 2500 S Hardy St, Tempe, AZ 85282 USA. NR 25 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER ASSOC LABORATORY ANIMAL SCIENCE PI MEMPHIS PA 9190 CRESTWYN HILLS DR, MEMPHIS, TN 38125 USA SN 1060-0558 J9 CONTEMP TOP LAB ANIM JI Contemp. Top. Lab. Anim. Sci. PD NOV PY 1999 VL 38 IS 6 BP 39 EP 41 PG 3 WC Veterinary Sciences; Zoology SC Veterinary Sciences; Zoology GA 271LB UT WOS:000084594100009 PM 12086447 ER PT J AU Madej, MA AF Madej, MA TI Temporal and spatial variability in thalweg profiles of a gravel-bed river SO EARTH SURFACE PROCESSES AND LANDFORMS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 4th International Conference on Geomorphology (ICG) CY AUG, 1997 CL BOLOGNA, ITALY SP Int Assoc Geomorphol DE gravel-bed river; longitudinal profiles; pool-riffle morphology; Redwood Creek; residual water depth; spatial autocorrelation; thalweg ID NORTHWESTERN CALIFORNIA; CHANNELS; MORPHOLOGY; STREAMS; CREEK AB This study used successive longitudinal thalweg profiles in gravel-bed rivers to monitor changes in bed topography following floods and associated large sediment inputs. Variations in channel bed elevations, distributions of residual water depths, percentage of channel length occupied by riffles, and a spatial autocorrelation coefficient (Moran's I) were used to quantify changes in morphological diversity and spatial structure in Redwood Creek basin, northwestern California. Bed topography in Redwood Creek and its major tributaries consists primarily of a series of pools and riffles. The size, frequency and spatial distribution of the pools and riffles have changed significantly during the past 20 years. Following large floods and high sediment input in Redwood Creek and its tributaries in 1975, variation in channel bed elevations was low and the percentage of the channel length occupied by riffles was high. Over the next 20 years, variation in bed elevations increased while the length of channel occupied by riffles decreased. An index [(standard deviation of residual water depth/bankfull depth) x 100] was developed to compare variations in bed elevation over a range of stream sizes, with a higher index being indicative of greater morphological diversity. Spatial autocorrelation in the bed elevation data was apparent at both fine and coarse scales in many of the thalweg profiles and the observed spatial pattern of bed elevations was found to be related to the dominant channel material and the time since disturbance. River reaches in which forced pools dominated, and in which large woody debris and bed particles could not be easily mobilized, exhibited a random distribution of bed elevations. In contrast, in reaches where alternate bars dominated, and both wood and gravel were readily transported, regularly spaced bed topography developed at a spacing that increased with time since disturbance. This pattern of regularly spaced bed features was reversed following a 12-year flood when bed elevations became more randomly arranged. Copyright (C) 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. C1 US Geol Survey, Western Ecol Res Ctr, Arcata, CA 95521 USA. RP Madej, MA (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Western Ecol Res Ctr, 1125 16th St,Room 207, Arcata, CA 95521 USA. NR 30 TC 48 Z9 48 U1 1 U2 5 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD PI W SUSSEX PA BAFFINS LANE CHICHESTER, W SUSSEX PO19 1UD, ENGLAND SN 0197-9337 J9 EARTH SURF PROC LAND JI Earth Surf. Process. Landf. PD NOV PY 1999 VL 24 IS 12 BP 1153 EP 1169 DI 10.1002/(SICI)1096-9837(199911)24:12<1153::AID-ESP41>3.3.CO;2-# PG 17 WC Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Physical Geography; Geology GA 258CL UT WOS:000083820500008 ER PT J AU Swetnam, TW Allen, CD Betancourt, JL AF Swetnam, TW Allen, CD Betancourt, JL TI Applied historical ecology: Using the past to manage for the future SO ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Annual Meeting of the Ecological-Society-of-America CY 1997 CL ALBUQUERQUE, NM SP Ecol Soc Amer DE climate change; disturbance; fire history; historical ecology; packrat middens; paleoecology; range of natural variation; repent photography; restoration; southwestern United States; tree rings; vegetation change ID SOUTHWESTERN UNITED-STATES; PINYON-JUNIPER WOODLANDS; PONDEROSA PINE FORESTS; FIRE HISTORY; ECOSYSTEM MANAGEMENT; AMERICAN SOUTHWEST; NATURAL VEGETATION; LATE-PLEISTOCENE; NATIONAL-PARK; NEW-MEXICO AB Applied historical ecology is the use of historical knowledge in the management of ecosystems. Historical perspectives increase our understanding of the dynamic nature of landscapes and provide a frame of reference for assessing modern patterns and processes. Historical records, however, are often too brief or fragmentary to be useful, or they are not obtainable for the process or structure of interest. Even where long historical time series can be assembled, selection of appropriate reference conditions may be complicated by the past influence of humans and the many potential reference conditions encompassed by nonequilibrium dynamics. These complications, however, do not lessen the value of history; rather they underscore the need for multiple, comparative histories from many locations for evaluating both cultural and natural causes of variability, as well as for characterizing the overall dynamical properties of ecosystems. Historical knowledge may not simplify the task of setting management goals and making decisions, but 20th century trends, such as increasingly severe wildfires, suggest that disregarding history can be perilous. We describe examples from our research in the southwestern United States to illustrate some of the values and limitations of applied historical ecology. Paleoecological data from packrat middens and other natural archives have been useful for defining baseline conditions of vegetation communities, determining histories and rates of species range expansions and contractions, and discriminating between natural and cultural causes of environmental change. We describe a montane grassland restoration project in northern New Mexico that was justified and guided by an historical sequence of aerial photographs showing progressive tree invasion during the 20th century. Likewise, fire scar chronologies have been widely used to justify and guide fuel reduction and natural fire reintroduction in forests. A southwestern network of fire histories illustrates the power of aggregating historical time series across spatial scales. Regional fire patterns evident in these aggregations point to the key role of interannual lags in responses of fuels and fire regimes to the El Nino-Southern Oscillation (wet/dry cycles), with important implications for long-range fire hazard forecasting. These examples of applied historical ecology emphasize that detection and explanation of historical trends and variability are essential to informed management. C1 Univ Arizona, Tree Ring Res Lab, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. US Geol Survey, Jemez Mt Field Stn, Los Alamos, NM 87544 USA. US Geol Survey, Desert Lab, Tucson, AZ 85745 USA. RP Swetnam, TW (reprint author), Univ Arizona, Tree Ring Res Lab, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. EM tswetnam@ltrr.arizona.edu NR 135 TC 648 Z9 675 U1 37 U2 373 PU ECOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 1990 M STREET NW, STE 700, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 1051-0761 J9 ECOL APPL JI Ecol. Appl. PD NOV PY 1999 VL 9 IS 4 BP 1189 EP 1206 DI 10.1890/1051-0761(1999)009[1189:AHEUTP]2.0.CO;2 PG 18 WC Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 255RV UT WOS:000083684700011 ER PT J AU Stephenson, NL AF Stephenson, NL TI Reference conditions for giant sequoia forest restoration: Structure, process, and precision SO ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Annual Meeting of the Ecological-Society-of-America CY 1997 CL ALBUQUERQUE, NM SP Ecol Soc Amer DE conifer forest; fire ecology; process restoration; reference conditions; Sequioadendron giganteum; Sierra Nevada, California; structural restoration ID MIXED-CONIFER FOREST; YOSEMITE-NATIONAL-PARK; SIERRA-NEVADA; PONDEROSA PINE; FIRE HISTORY; CALIFORNIA; VEGETATION; MANAGEMENT; ECOSYSTEMS; DYNAMICS AB National Park Service policy directs that more natural conditions be restored to giant sequoia groves, which have been altered by a century of fire exclusion. Efforts to find a reasonable and practical definition of "natural" have helped drive scientists and land managers to use past grove conditions as reference conditions for restoration. Extensive research aimed at determining reference conditions has demonstrated that past fire regimes can be characterized with greater precision than past grove structures. Difficulty and imprecision in determining past grove structure has helped fuel a debate between "structural restorationists," who believe that forest structure should be restored mechanically before fire is reintroduced, and "process restorationists," who believe that simple reintroduction of fire is appropriate. I evaluate old and new studies from sequoia groves to show that some of the arguments of both groups have been flawed. Importantly, it appears that restoration of fire without a preceding mechanical restoration may restore the pre-Euro-American structure of sequoia groves, at least within the bounds of our imprecise knowledge of past grove structure. However, the same may not be true for all forest types that have experienced lengthy fire exclusion. Our ability to draw robust generalizations about fire's role in forest restoration will depend heavily on a thorough understanding of past and present interactions among climate, fire, and forest structure. Use of reference conditions will be central to developing this understanding. C1 US Geol Survey, Western Ecol Res Ctr, Sequoia & Kings Canyon Field Stn, Three Rivers, CA 93271 USA. RP Stephenson, NL (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Western Ecol Res Ctr, Sequoia & Kings Canyon Field Stn, Three Rivers, CA 93271 USA. EM Nathan_L._Stephenson@usgs.gov NR 88 TC 104 Z9 109 U1 10 U2 27 PU ECOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 1990 M STREET NW, STE 700, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 1051-0761 J9 ECOL APPL JI Ecol. Appl. PD NOV PY 1999 VL 9 IS 4 BP 1253 EP 1265 DI 10.1890/1051-0761(1999)009[1253:RCFGSF]2.0.CO;2 PG 13 WC Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 255RV UT WOS:000083684700015 ER PT J AU Peterson, JT Kwak, TJ AF Peterson, JT Kwak, TJ TI Modeling the effects of land use and climate change on riverine smallmouth bass SO ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS LA English DT Article DE climate change; floodplain; flow regime; global warming; Kankakee River; USA; land use; Micropterus dolomieu; population model; simulation; smallmouth bass; streamflow; watershed restoration ID POTENTIAL HABITAT LOSS; UNITED-STATES; THERMAL HABITAT; STREAM; FISH; TEMPERATURE; LANDSCAPE; ECOLOGY; PRECIPITATION; FLUCTUATIONS AB Anthropogenic changes in temperature and stream flow, associated with watershed land use and climate change, are critical influences on the distribution and abundance of riverine fishes. To project the effects of changing land use and climate, we modeled a smallmouth bass (Micropterus dolomieu) population in a midwestern USA, large river-floodplain ecosystem under historical (1915-1925), present (1977-1990), and future (2060, influenced by climate change) temperature and flow regimes. The age-structured model included parameters for temperature and river discharge during critical seasonal periods, fish population dynamics, and fishing harvest. Model relationships were developed from empirical field data collected over a 13-yr period. Sensitivity analyses indicated that discharge during the spawning/rearing period had a greater effect on adult density and fishing yield than did spawning/rearing temperature or winter discharge. Simulations for 100 years projected a 139% greater mean fish density under a historical flow regime (64.9 fish/ha) than that estimated for the present (27.1 fish/ha) with a sustainable fishing harvest under both flow regimes. Simulations under future climate-change-induced temperature and flow regimes with present land use projected a 69% decrease in mean fish density (8.5 fish/ha) from present and an unstable population that went extinct during 56% of the simulations. However, when simulated under a future climate-altered temperature and flow regime with historical land use, the population increased by 66% (45.0 fish/ha) from present and sustained a harvest. Our findings suggest that land-use changes may be a greater detriment to riverine fishes than projected climate change and that the combined effects of both factors may lead to local species extinction. However, the negative effects of increased temperature and precipitation associated with future global warming could be mitigated by river channel, floodplain, and watershed restoration. C1 US Forest Serv, Rocky Mtn Res Stn, Boise, ID 83702 USA. Univ Arkansas, US Geol Survey, Biol Resorces Div,Dept Biol Sci, Arkansas Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Fayetteville, AR 72701 USA. RP Peterson, JT (reprint author), US Forest Serv, Rocky Mtn Res Stn, 316 E Myrtle St, Boise, ID 83702 USA. NR 91 TC 60 Z9 61 U1 2 U2 26 PU ECOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 1707 H ST NW, STE 400, WASHINGTON, DC 20006-3915 USA SN 1051-0761 J9 ECOL APPL JI Ecol. Appl. PD NOV PY 1999 VL 9 IS 4 BP 1391 EP 1404 DI 10.2307/2641404 PG 14 WC Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 255RV UT WOS:000083684700025 ER PT J AU Proffitt, CE Devlin, DJ Bros, SM AF Proffitt, CE Devlin, DJ Bros, SM TI Cumulative effects of oil spills on mangroves - Response SO ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS LA English DT Letter ID RHIZOPHORA-MANGLE L; RED MANGROVE; ALTERS ANATOMY; GROWTH; SEEDLINGS; REPRODUCTION; PHYSIOLOGY; SALINITY; NUTRIENT; MASS C1 USGS, BRD, Natl Wetlands Res Ctr, Lake Charles, LA 70609 USA. Univ SW Louisiana, Dept Biol, Lake Charles, LA 70609 USA. San Jose State Univ, Dept Biol, San Jose, CA 95125 USA. RP Proffitt, CE (reprint author), USGS, BRD, Natl Wetlands Res Ctr, 700 Cajundome Blvd, Lake Charles, LA 70609 USA. NR 25 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 3 PU ECOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 1707 H ST NW, STE 400, WASHINGTON, DC 20006-3915 USA SN 1051-0761 J9 ECOL APPL JI Ecol. Appl. PD NOV PY 1999 VL 9 IS 4 BP 1492 EP 1496 DI 10.1890/1051-0761(1999)009[1492:R]2.0.CO;2 PG 5 WC Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 255RV UT WOS:000083684700034 ER PT J AU Lott, DA Coveney, RM Murowchick, JB Grauch, RI AF Lott, DA Coveney, RM Murowchick, JB Grauch, RI TI Sedimentary exhalative nickel-molybdenum ores in south China SO ECONOMIC GEOLOGY AND THE BULLETIN OF THE SOCIETY OF ECONOMIC GEOLOGISTS LA English DT Article ID DISTRICT; PLATINUM; ISOTOPES; SHALES; GOLD; PGE AB Unique bedded Ni-Mo ores hosted by black shales were discovered in localized paleobasins along the Yangzte platform of southern China in 1971. Textural evidence and radiometric dates imply ore formation during sedimentation of black shales that grade into readily combustible beds, termed stone coals, which contain 10 to 15 percent organic carbon. Studies of 427 fluid inclusions indicate extreme variation in hydrothermal brine salinities that were contained by Proterozoic dolostones underlying the ore zone in Hunan and Guizhou. Variations of fluid inclusion salinities, which range from 0.1 to 21.6 wt percent NaCl equiv, are attributed to differences in the compositions of brines in strata underlying the ore bed, complicated by the presence of seawater and dilute fluids that represent condensates of vapors generated by boiling of mineralizing fluids or Cambrian meteoric water. The complex processes of ore deposition led to scattered homogenization temperatures ranging from 100 degrees to 187 degrees C within the Hunan ore zone and from 65 degrees to 183 degrees C within the Guizhou ore zone. While living organisms probably did not directly accumulate metals in situ in sufficient amounts to explain the unusually high grades of the deposits, sulfur isotope ratios indicate that bacteria, now preserved as abundant microfossils, provided sufficient sulfide for the ores by reduction of seawater sulfate. Such microbiota may have depended on vent fluids and transported organic matter for key nutrients and are consistent with a sedex origin for the ores. Vent fluids interacted with organic remains, including rounded fragments of microbial mats were likely transported to the site of ore deposition by the action of waves and bottom currents prior to replacement by ore minerals. C1 Univ Missouri, Dept Geosci, Kansas City, MO 64110 USA. US Geol Survey, Denver, CO 80225 USA. RP Coveney, RM (reprint author), Univ Missouri, Dept Geosci, 5110 Rockhill Rd, Kansas City, MO 64110 USA. RI Coveney, Raymond/D-5133-2017; OI Coveney, Raymond/0000-0002-2082-9727; Murowchick, James/0000-0003-2987-0352 NR 41 TC 81 Z9 108 U1 4 U2 21 PU ECONOMIC GEOLOGY PUBL CO PI LITTLETON PA 5808 SOUTH RAPP ST, STE 209, LITTLETON, CO 80120-1942 USA SN 0361-0128 J9 ECON GEOL BULL SOC JI Econ. Geol. Bull. Soc. Econ. Geol. PD NOV PY 1999 VL 94 IS 7 BP 1051 EP 1066 PG 16 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 273EN UT WOS:000084695100007 ER PT J AU Hamilton, SJ Lemly, AD AF Hamilton, SJ Lemly, AD TI Water-sediment controversy in setting environmental standards for selenium SO ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY LA English DT Editorial Material ID MINNOW PIMEPHALES-PROMELAS; SUCKER XYRAUCHEN-TEXANUS; 3 ENDANGERED FISHES; SAN-JUAN RIVER; RAZORBACK SUCKER; HAZARD ASSESSMENT; QUALITY CRITERIA; IRRIGATION DRAINWATER; TOXICITY THRESHOLDS; COLORADO SQUAWFISH AB A substantial amount of laboratory and field research on selenium effects to biota has been accomplished since the national water quality criterion was published for selenium in 1987. Many articles have documented adverse effects on biota at concentrations below the current chronic criterion of 5 mu g/L. This commentary will present information to support a national water quality criterion for selenium of 2 mu g/L, based on a wide array of support from federal, state, university, and international sources. Recently, two articles have argued for a sediment-based criterion and presented a model for deriving site-specific criteria. In one example, they calculate a criterion of 31 mu g/L for a stream with a low sediment selenium toxicity threshold and low site-specific sediment total organic carbon content, which is substantially higher than the national criterion of 5 mu g/L. Their basic premise for proposing a sediment-based method has been critically reviewed and problems in their approach are discussed. C1 US Geol Survey, Columbia Environm Res Ctr, Ecotoxicol Res Stn, Yankton, SD 57078 USA. Virginia Polytech Inst & State Univ, Dept Fisheries & Wildlife Sci, US Forest Serv, So Res Stn,Coldwater Fisheries Res Unit, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA. RP Hamilton, SJ (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Columbia Environm Res Ctr, Ecotoxicol Res Stn, 31247 436th Ave, Yankton, SD 57078 USA. NR 89 TC 26 Z9 28 U1 0 U2 9 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0147-6513 J9 ECOTOX ENVIRON SAFE JI Ecotox. Environ. Safe. PD NOV PY 1999 VL 44 IS 3 BP 227 EP 235 DI 10.1006/eesa.1999.1833 PG 9 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA 264MN UT WOS:000084186200001 PM 10581116 ER PT J AU Daszak, P Berger, L Cunningham, AA Hyatt, AD Green, DE Speare, R AF Daszak, P Berger, L Cunningham, AA Hyatt, AD Green, DE Speare, R TI Emerging infectious diseases and amphibian population declines SO EMERGING INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Article ID EPIZOOTIC HEMATOPOIETIC NECROSIS; RAIN-FOREST FROGS; IRIDOVIRUS-LIKE AGENT; TOAD BUFO-MARINUS; EPIDEMIC DISEASE; CATASTROPHIC DECLINE; PERCA-FLUVIATILIS; BOHLE IRIDOVIRUS; RANA-TEMPORARIA; REDFIN PERCH AB We review recent research on the pathology, ecology, and biogeography of two emerging infectious wildlife diseases, chytridiomycosis and ranaviral disease, in the context of host-parasite population biology. We examine the role of these diseases in the global decline of amphibian populations and propose hypotheses for the origins and impact of these panzootics. Finally, we discuss emerging infectious diseases as a global threat to wildlife populations. C1 Univ Georgia, Inst Ecol, Athens, GA 30602 USA. Commonwealth Sci Ind Res Org, Australian Anim Hlth Lab, Geelong, Vic, Australia. James Cook Univ N Queensland, Sch Publ Hlth & Trop Med, Townsville, Qld 4811, Australia. Zool Soc London, Inst Zool, London NW1 4RY, England. US Geol Survey, Natl Wildlife Hlth Ctr, Madison, WI USA. RP Daszak, P (reprint author), Univ Georgia, Inst Ecol, Ecol Bldg, Athens, GA 30602 USA. RI Cunningham, Andrew/E-7536-2010; OI Speare, Rick/0000-0002-9993-1213; Berger, Lee/0000-0001-9227-5439 NR 85 TC 470 Z9 531 U1 13 U2 132 PU CENTER DISEASE CONTROL PI ATLANTA PA ATLANTA, GA 30333 USA SN 1080-6040 J9 EMERG INFECT DIS JI Emerg. Infect. Dis PD NOV-DEC PY 1999 VL 5 IS 6 BP 735 EP 748 PG 14 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases GA 268HK UT WOS:000084408100001 PM 10603206 ER PT J AU Mahler, BJ Lynch, L Bennett, PC AF Mahler, BJ Lynch, L Bennett, PC TI Mobile sediment in an urbanizing karst aquifer: implications for contaminant transport SO ENVIRONMENTAL GEOLOGY LA English DT Article DE karst; sediment; contaminant transport ID PARTICLES; GROUNDWATER; ENVIRONMENT; SORPTION; COLLOIDS; KINETICS AB Here we investigate geochemical characteristics of sediment in different compartments of a karst aquifer and demonstrate that mobile sediments in a karst aquifer can exhibit a wide range of properties affecting their contaminant transport potential. Sediment samples were collected from surface streams, sinkholes, caves, wells, and springs of a karst aquifer (the Barton Springs portion of the Edwards (Balcones Fault Zone) Aquifer, Central Texas) and their mineralogy, grain-size distribution, organic carbon content, and specific surface area analyzed. Statistical analysis of the sediments separated the sampling sites into three distinct groups: (1) streambed, sinkholes, and small springs; (2) wells; and (3) caves. Sediments from the primary discharge spring were a mix of these three groups. High organic carbon content and high specific surface area gives some sediments an increased potential to transport contaminants; the volume of these sediments is likely to increase with continued urbanization of the watershed. C1 Univ Texas, Dept Geol Sci, Austin, TX 78712 USA. RP Mahler, BJ (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Austin, TX 78754 USA. OI Mahler, Barbara/0000-0002-9150-9552 NR 33 TC 26 Z9 28 U1 4 U2 21 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0943-0105 J9 ENVIRON GEOL JI Environ. Geol. PD NOV PY 1999 VL 39 IS 1 BP 25 EP 38 PG 14 WC Environmental Sciences; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Geology; Water Resources GA 262RZ UT WOS:000084081400003 ER PT J AU Anderson, J Perry, J AF Anderson, J Perry, J TI Comparison of temporal trends in ambient and compliance trace element and PCB data in Pool 2 of the Mississippi River, USA, 1985-1995 SO ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE Mann-Kendall trend test; ambient data; compliance data; trace elements; PCBs; Mississippi River ID DETECTION LIMIT AB The Intergovernmental Task Force on Monitoring has suggested studies on ambient tin-stream) and compliance (wastewater) data to determine if monitoring can be reduced locally or nationally The similarity in temporal trends between retrospective ambient and compliance water-quality data collected from Pool 2 of the Mississippi River, USA, was determined for 1985-1995. Constituents studied included the following trace elements: arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), hexavalent chromium (Cr6+), copper (Cu), lead (Pb), mercury (Hg), nickel (Ni), selenium (Se), zinc (Zn), and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). Water-column, bed-sediment, and fish-tissue (fillets) data collected by five government agencies comprised the ambient data set; effluent data from five registered facilities comprised the compliance data set. The nonparametric Mann-Kendall trend test indicated that 33% of temporal trends in all data were statistically significant (P < 0.05). Possible reasons for this were low sample sizes, and a high percentage of samples below the analytical detection limit. Trends in compliance data were more distinct; most trace elements decreased significantly, probably due to improvements in wastewater treatment. Seven trace elements (Cr, Cd, Cu, Pb, Hg, Ni, and Zn) had statistically significant decreases in wastewater and portions of either or both ambient water and bed sediment. No trends were found in fish tissue. Inconsistency in trends between ambient and compliance data were often found for individual constituents. making overall similarity between the data sets difficult to determine. Logistical differences in monitoring programs, such as varying field and laboratory methods among agencies, made it difficult to assess ambient temporal trends. C1 US Geol Survey, Mounds View, MN 55112 USA. Univ Minnesota, Dept Forest Resources, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. RP Anderson, J (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 2280 Woodale Dr, Mounds View, MN 55112 USA. NR 22 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 2 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0364-152X J9 ENVIRON MANAGE JI Environ. Manage. PD NOV PY 1999 VL 24 IS 4 BP 497 EP 507 DI 10.1007/s002679900249 PG 11 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 241PN UT WOS:000082891900006 ER PT J AU Wickham, JD Jones, KB Riitters, KH O'Neill, RV Tankersley, RD Smith, ER Neale, AC Chaloud, DJ AF Wickham, JD Jones, KB Riitters, KH O'Neill, RV Tankersley, RD Smith, ER Neale, AC Chaloud, DJ TI An integrated environmental assessment of the US mid-Atlantic region SO ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE cluster analysis; cumulative impact; geographic information systems; landscape ecology; remote sensing ID SPATIAL SCALES; LANDSCAPE; FRAMEWORK; PATTERN; FOREST AB Many of today's environmental problems are regional in scope and their effects overlap and interact. We developed a simple method to provide an integrated assessment of environmental conditions and estimate cumulative impacts across a large region, by combining data on land-cover, population, roads, streams, air pollution, and topography. The integrated assessment technique identified nine distinct groups of watersheds. Relative cumulative impact scores were highest around major urban centers, but there was not a simple or predictable spatial pattern overall. We also point out the potential applications of this approach that include distinguishing between areas in relatively poor versus good condition, identifying areas that may be more vulnerable to future environmental degradation, and identifying areas for restoration. C1 US EPA, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. US EPA, Las Vegas, NV 89119 USA. US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Div Environm Sci, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. Univ Tennessee, Dept Geog, Knoxville, TN 37996 USA. US EPA, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Wickham, JD (reprint author), US EPA, MD-56, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 37 TC 34 Z9 37 U1 1 U2 6 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0364-152X J9 ENVIRON MANAGE JI Environ. Manage. PD NOV PY 1999 VL 24 IS 4 BP 553 EP 560 DI 10.1007/s002679900254 PG 8 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 241PN UT WOS:000082891900011 ER PT J AU Madenjian, CP Schmidt, LJ Chernyak, SM Elliott, RF Desorcie, TJ Quintal, RT Begnoche, LJ Hesselberg, RJ AF Madenjian, CP Schmidt, LJ Chernyak, SM Elliott, RF Desorcie, TJ Quintal, RT Begnoche, LJ Hesselberg, RJ TI Variation in net trophic transfer efficiencies among 21 PCB congeners SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYL CONGENERS; HYDROPHOBIC ORGANIC-CHEMICALS; TROUT SALMO-GAIRDNERI; MICHIGAN LAKE TROUT; CHLORINATED HYDROCARBONS; MODEL; BIOACCUMULATION; ONTARIO; FISHES; PREY AB We tested the hypothesis that the efficiency with which fish retain polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) congeners from their food strongly depends on K-ow and degree of chlorination of the congener. We used diet information, determinations of concentrations of individual PCB congeners in both coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) and their prey, and bioenergetics modeling to estimate the efficiencies with which Lake Michigan coho salmon retain various PCB congeners from their food. The retention efficiency for the tetrachloro congeners averaged 38%, whereas retention efficiencies for higher chlorinated congeners ranged from 43 to 56%. Not including tetrachloro congeners, we found neither decreasing nor increasing trends in the efficiencies with which the coho salmon retained the PCB congeners from their food with either increasing K-ow or increasing degree of chlorination of the PCB congeners. We concluded that (a) for PCB congeners with 5-8 chlorine atoms/molecule, K-ow and degree of chlorination had little influence on the efficiency with which coho salmon retained the various PCB congeners in their food, and (b) the efficiency with which coho salmon retained tetrachloro PCB congeners in their food appeared to be slightly lower than that for higher chlorinated PCB congeners. C1 US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Great Lakes Sci Ctr, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA. US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Upper Mississippi Sci Ctr, La Crosse, WI 54603 USA. US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Green Bay Fishery Resources Off, Green Bay, WI 54311 USA. RP Madenjian, CP (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Great Lakes Sci Ctr, 1451 Green Rd, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA. NR 29 TC 14 Z9 15 U1 1 U2 3 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0013-936X J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD NOV 1 PY 1999 VL 33 IS 21 BP 3768 EP 3773 DI 10.1021/es9903882 PG 6 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 251RN UT WOS:000083458800027 ER PT J AU Paulson, AJ Balistrieri, L AF Paulson, AJ Balistrieri, L TI Modeling removal of Cd, Cu, Pb, and Zn in acidic groundwater during neutralization by ambient surface waters and groundwaters SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID MINE DRAINAGE; HUMIC SUBSTANCES; MINING DISTRICT; ORGANIC-MATTER; IRON-OXIDES; ADSORPTION; TRANSPORT; SEDIMENTS; SORPTION; COLORADO AB Removal of Pb, Cu, Zn, and Cd during neutralization of acid rock drainage is examined using model simulations of field conditions and laboratory experiments involving mixing of natural drainage and surface waters or groundwaters. The simulations consider sorption onto hydrous Fe and Al oxides and particulate organic carbon, mineral precipitation, and organic and inorganic solution complexation of metals for two physical systems where newly formed oxides and particulate organic matter are either transported or retained along the chemical pathway. The calculations indicate that metal removal is a strong function of the physical system. Relative to direct discharge of ARD into streams, lower metal removals are observed where ARD enters streamwaters during the latter sta ges of neutralization by ambient groundwater after most of the Fe has precipitated and been retained in the soils. The mixing experiments, which represent the field simulations, also demonstrated the importance of dissolved metal to particle Fe ratios in controlling dissolved metal removal along the chemical pathway. Finally, model calculations indicate that hydrous Fe oxides and particulate organic carbon are more important than hydrous Al oxides in removing metals and that both inorganic and organic complexation must be considered when modeling metal removal from aquatic systems that are impacted by sulfide oxidation. C1 NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NEFSC, James J Howard Lab, Highlands, NJ 07732 USA. Univ Washington, US Geol Survey, Sch Oceanog, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. RP Paulson, AJ (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NEFSC, James J Howard Lab, 74 Magruder Rd, Highlands, NJ 07732 USA. NR 31 TC 35 Z9 36 U1 0 U2 12 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0013-936X J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD NOV 1 PY 1999 VL 33 IS 21 BP 3850 EP 3856 DI 10.1021/es9900454 PG 7 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 251RN UT WOS:000083458800039 ER PT J AU Huckins, JN Petty, JD Orazio, CE Lebo, JA Clark, RC Gibson, VL Gala, WR Echols, KR AF Huckins, JN Petty, JD Orazio, CE Lebo, JA Clark, RC Gibson, VL Gala, WR Echols, KR TI Determination of uptake kinetics (Sampling rates) by lipid-containing semipermeable membrane devices (SPMDs) for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in water SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID ORGANOCHLORINE PESTICIDE-RESIDUES; MONITORING ORGANIC CONTAMINANTS; MYTILUS-EDULIS; RIVER; MUSSELS; ACCUMULATION; SAMPLERS; MODEL; AIR AB The use of lipid-containing semipermeable membrane devices (SPMDs) is becoming commonplace, but very little sampling rate data are available for the estimation of ambient contaminant concentrations from analyte levels in exposed SPMDs. We determined the aqueous sampling rates (R(S)s; expressed as effective volumes of water extracted daily) of the standard (commercially available design) 1-g triolein SPMD for 15 of the priority pollutant (PP) polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) at multiple temperatures and concentrations. Under the experimental conditions of this study, recovery-corrected R-S values for PP PAHs ranged from approximate to 1.0 to 8.0 L/d. These values would be expected to be influenced by significant changes (relative to this study) in water temperature, degree of biofouling, and current velocity-turbulence. Included in this paper is a discussion of the effects of temperature and octanol-water partition coefficient (K-OW); the impacts of biofouling and hydrodynamics are reported separately. Overall, SPMDs responded proportionally to aqueous PAH concentrations; i.e., SPMD R-S values and SPMD-water concentration factors were independent of aqueous concentrations. Temperature effects (10, 18, and 26 degrees C) on R-S values appeared to be complex but were relatively small. C1 US Geol Survey, Columbia Environm Res Ctr, Columbia, MO 65201 USA. Chevron Res & Technol Co, Richmond, CA 94802 USA. RP Huckins, JN (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Columbia Environm Res Ctr, 4200 New Haven Rd, Columbia, MO 65201 USA. NR 32 TC 192 Z9 202 U1 1 U2 42 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0013-936X J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD NOV 1 PY 1999 VL 33 IS 21 BP 3918 EP 3923 DI 10.1021/es990440u PG 6 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 251RN UT WOS:000083458800049 ER PT J AU Secord, AL McCarty, JP Echols, KR Meadows, JC Gale, RW Tillitt, DE AF Secord, AL McCarty, JP Echols, KR Meadows, JC Gale, RW Tillitt, DE TI Polychlorinated biphenyls and 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin equivalents in tree swallows from the upper Hudson River, New York State, USA SO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE tree swallow; Hudson River; polychlorinated biphenyls; polychlorinated biphenyls congeners; 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin equivalents ID DOUBLE-CRESTED CORMORANTS; DIBENZO-P-DIOXINS; LOWER FOX RIVER; GREAT-LAKES; GREEN-BAY; PHALACROCORAX-AURITUS; BIRDS; WISCONSIN; EGGS; PCBS AB The upper Hudson River of New York State, USA, is contaminated with polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) as a result of industrial discharges throughout the latter half of this century. In 1994 and 1995, we monitored the transfer of PCBs from aquatic sediments to a terrestrial wildlife community using the tree swallow (Tachycineta bicolor) as a model organism. Tree swallow eggs and nestlings were collected at four colonies established along a 40-km stretch of the upper Hudson River watershed. Samples were analyzed for total PCBs and PCB congeners, including non-ortho- and mono-ortho-substituted PCBs. Mean concentrations of PCBs in tree swallow eggs and nestlings ranged from 721 to 62,200 ng/g and were as much as 15 times greater than PCB concentrations in tree swallow eggs and nestlings collected from PCB-contaminated areas within the Great Lakes ecosystem. The corresponding 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin equivalents (TEQs) calculated using avian toxic equivalency factors ranged from 410 to 25,400 pg/g. Concentrations of PCB congener 77 (3,3',4,4'-tetrachlorobiphenyl) were extremely elevated and were major contributors to the calculated TEQs. Homologue pattern comparisons between Hudson River add Saginaw River (Michigan, USA) ecosystems supported the hypothesis that a consistent Hudson River PCB source was the major contributor to PCBs in Hudson River tree swallows. The high concentrations of PCBs in Hudson River sediments and resultant concentrations observed in tree swallows were indicative of a potential elevated risk to these and other wildlife linked to the aquatic food web of the Hudson River ecosystem. C1 US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Cortland, NY 13045 USA. Cornell Univ, Ecol & Systemat Sect, Ithaca, NY 14850 USA. US Geol Survey, Biol Resource Div, Environm & Contaminants Res Ctr, Columbia, MO 65201 USA. RP Secord, AL (reprint author), US Fish & Wildlife Serv, 3817 Luker Rd, Cortland, NY 13045 USA. RI McCarty, John/E-9797-2011 OI McCarty, John/0000-0002-6278-5451 NR 38 TC 42 Z9 42 U1 2 U2 10 PU SETAC PRESS PI PENSACOLA PA 1010 NORTH 12TH AVE, PENSACOLA, FL 32501-3370 USA SN 0730-7268 J9 ENVIRON TOXICOL CHEM JI Environ. Toxicol. Chem. PD NOV PY 1999 VL 18 IS 11 BP 2519 EP 2525 DI 10.1897/1551-5028(1999)018<2519:PBATPD>2.3.CO;2 PG 7 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA 248JJ UT WOS:000083271100019 ER PT J AU Schimmelmann, A Lewan, MD Wintsch, RP AF Schimmelmann, A Lewan, MD Wintsch, RP TI D/H isotope ratios of kerogen, bitumen, oil, and water in hydrous pyrolysis of source rocks containing kerogen types I, II, IIS, and III SO GEOCHIMICA ET COSMOCHIMICA ACTA LA English DT Article ID TRITIUM TRACER METHOD; ORGANIC-MATTER; MASS-SPECTROMETRY; EXCHANGE REACTIONS; NATURAL-GAS; NONEXCHANGEABLE HYDROGEN; METASTABLE EQUILIBRIUM; ARTIFICIAL MATURATION; PETROLEUM FORMATION; MOLECULAR-HYDROGEN AB Immature source rock chips containing different types of kerogen (I, II, IIS, III) were artificially matured in isotopically distinct waters by hydrous pyrolysis and by pyrolysis in supercritical water. Converging isotopic trends of inorganic (water) and organic (kerogen, bitumen, oil) hydrogen with increasing time and temperature document that water-derived hydrogen is added to or exchanged with organic hydrogen, or both, during chemical reactions that take place during thermal maturation. Isotopic mass-balance calculations show that, depending on temperature (310-381 degrees C), time (12-144 h), and source rock type, between ca. 45 and 79% of carbon-bound hydrogen in kerogen is derived from water. Estimates for bitumen and oil range slightly lower, with oil-hydrogen being least affected by water-derived hydrogen. Comparative hydrous pyrolyses of immature source rocks at 330 degrees C for 72 h show that hydrogen in kerogen, bitumen, and expelled oil/wax ranks from most to least isotopically influenced by water-derived hydrogen in the order IIS > II approximate to III > I. Pyrolysis of source rock containing type II kerogen in supercritical water at 381 degrees C for 12 h yields isotopic results that an similar to those from hydrous pyrolysis at 350 degrees C for 72 h, or 330 degrees C for 144 h. Bulk hydrogen in kerogen contains several percent of isotopically labile hydrogen that exchanges fast and reversibly with hydrogen in water vapor at 115 degrees C. The isotopic equilibration of labile hydrogen in kerogen with isotopic standard water vapors significantly reduces the analytical uncertainty of DM ratios when compared with simple D/H determination of bulk hydrogen in kerogen. If extrapolation of our results from hydrous pyrolysis is permitted to natural thermal maturation at lower temperatures, we suggest that organic D/H ratios of fossil fuels in contact with formation waters are typically altered during chemical reactions, but that DM ratios of generated hydrocarbons are subsequently little or not affected by exchange with water hydrogen at typical reservoir conditions over geologic time. It will be difficult to utilize D/H ratios of thermally mature bulk or fractions of organic matter to quantitatively reconstruct isotopic aspects of paleoclimate and paleoenvironment. Hope resides in compound-specific D/H ratios of thermally stable, extractable biomarkers ("molecular fossils") that are less susceptible to hydrogen exchange with water-derived hydrogen. Copyright (C) 1999 Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 Indiana Univ, Dept Geol Sci, Bloomington, IN 47405 USA. US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Denver, CO 80225 USA. RP Schimmelmann, A (reprint author), Indiana Univ, Dept Geol Sci, 1001 E 10th St, Bloomington, IN 47405 USA. NR 96 TC 151 Z9 169 U1 2 U2 37 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0016-7037 J9 GEOCHIM COSMOCHIM AC JI Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta PD NOV PY 1999 VL 63 IS 22 BP 3751 EP 3766 DI 10.1016/S0016-7037(99)00221-5 PG 16 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 264JU UT WOS:000084178000005 ER PT J AU Deng, JS Hudnut, K Gurnis, M Hauksson, E AF Deng, JS Hudnut, K Gurnis, M Hauksson, E TI Stress loading from viscous flow in the lower crust and triggering of aftershocks following the 1994 Northridge California, earthquake SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article ID SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA; DEFORMATION; SEQUENCES; MODEL; M=6.7 AB Following the M-w 6.7 Northridge earthquake, significant postseismic displacements were resolved with GPS. Using a three-dimensional viscoelastic model, we suggest that this deformation is mainly driven by viscous flow in the lower crust. Such flow can transfer stress to the upper crust and load the rupture zone of the main shock at a decaying rate. Most aftershocks within the rupture zone, especially those that occurred after the first several weeks of the main shock, may have been triggered by continuous stress loading from viscous flow. The long-term decay time of aftershocks (about 2 years) approximately matches the decay of viscoelastic loading, and thus is controlled by the viscosity of the lower crust. Our model provides a physical interpretation of the observed correlation between aftershock decay rate and surface heat flow. C1 CALTECH, Seismol Lab 25221, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. US Geol Survey, Pasadena, CA 91106 USA. RP Deng, JS (reprint author), CALTECH, Seismol Lab 25221, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. RI Hudnut, Kenneth/B-1945-2009; Hudnut, Kenneth/G-5713-2010; OI Hudnut, Kenneth/0000-0002-3168-4797; Hauksson, Egill/0000-0002-6834-5051 NR 19 TC 40 Z9 46 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0094-8276 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD NOV 1 PY 1999 VL 26 IS 21 BP 3209 EP 3212 DI 10.1029/1999GL010496 PG 4 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 252DM UT WOS:000083485500001 ER PT J AU Ellefsen, KJ AF Ellefsen, KJ TI Effects of layered sediments on the guided wave in crosswell radar data SO GEOPHYSICS LA English DT Article ID PROPAGATION AB To understand how layered sediments affect the guided wave in crosswell radar data, traces are calculated for a model representing a sand layer between two clay layers. A guided wave propagates if the wavelengths in the sand layer are similar to the thickness of the sand layer. The amplitude of the guided wave but not its initial traveltime is affected by the thickness of the sand layer. In contrast, both the amplitude and the initial traveltime are affected by the locations of the transmitting and receiving antennas, the electrical conductivity of the sand layer, and the dielectric permittivity of the sand layer. This permittivity can be estimated from the initial traveltime. The effects of the layering on the waves in these calculated traces also are observed in field traces, which were collected in layered sediments. C1 US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Branch Geophys, Denver, CO 80225 USA. RP US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Branch Geophys, Box 25046,MS 964, Denver, CO 80225 USA. EM ellefsen@usgs.gov NR 36 TC 17 Z9 20 U1 0 U2 0 PU SOC EXPLORATION GEOPHYSICISTS PI TULSA PA 8801 S YALE ST, TULSA, OK 74137 USA SN 0016-8033 EI 1942-2156 J9 GEOPHYSICS JI Geophysics PD NOV-DEC PY 1999 VL 64 IS 6 BP 1698 EP 1707 DI 10.1190/1.1444674 PG 10 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 270LN UT WOS:000084537300004 ER PT J AU Ross, A Foulger, GR Julian, BR AF Ross, A Foulger, GR Julian, BR TI Source processes of industrially-induced earthquakes at the Geysers geothermal area, California SO GEOPHYSICS LA English DT Article ID HENGILL TRIPLE JUNCTION; FOCAL MECHANISMS; SW ICELAND; FIELD; INVERSION; MICROEARTHQUAKES; RESERVOIR AB Microearthquake activity at The Geysers geothermal area, California, mirrors the steam production rate, suggesting that the earthquakes are industrially induced. A 15-station network of digital, three-component seismic stations was operated for one month in 1991, and 3,900 earthquakes were recorded. Highly-accurate moment tensors were derived for 30 of the best recorded earthquakes by tracing rays through tomographically derived 3-D V-P and V-P /V-S structures, and inverting P- and S-wave polarities and amplitude ratios. The orientations of the P- and T-axes are very scattered, suggesting that there is no strong, systematic deviatoric stress field in the reservoir, which could explain why the earthquakes are not large. Most of the events had significant non-double-couple (non-DC) components in their source mechanisms with volumetric components up to similar to 30% of the total moment. Explosive and implosive sources were observed in approximately equal numbers, and must be caused by cavity creation (or expansion) and collapse. It is likely that there is a causal relationship between these processes and fluid reinjection and steam withdrawal. Compensated linear vector dipole (CLVD) components were up to 100% of the deviatoric component. Combinations of opening cracks and shear faults cannot explain all the observations, and rapid fluid flow may also be involved. The pattern of non-DC failure at The Geysers contrasts with that of the Hengill-Grensdalur area in Iceland, a largely unexploited water-dominated held in an extensional stress regime. These differences are poorly understood but may be linked to the contrasting regional stress regimes and the industrial exploitation at The Geysers. C1 Amoco UK Explorat Co, London W5 1XL, England. Univ Durham, Dept Geol Sci, Sci Labs, Durham DH1 3LE, England. US Geol Survey, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. RP Ross, A (reprint author), Amoco UK Explorat Co, Amoco House, London W5 1XL, England. NR 47 TC 35 Z9 39 U1 1 U2 2 PU SOC EXPLORATION GEOPHYSICISTS PI TULSA PA 8801 S YALE ST, TULSA, OK 74137 USA SN 0016-8033 J9 GEOPHYSICS JI Geophysics PD NOV-DEC PY 1999 VL 64 IS 6 BP 1877 EP 1889 DI 10.1190/1.1444694 PG 13 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 270LN UT WOS:000084537300024 ER PT J AU Medlin, J AF Medlin, J TI Changes in China SO GEOTIMES LA English DT Article C1 US Geol Survey, Int Program Asia, Washington, DC 20242 USA. RP Medlin, J (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Int Program Asia, Washington, DC 20242 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER GEOLOGICAL INST PI ALEXANDRIA PA 4220 KING ST, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22302-1507 USA SN 0016-8556 J9 GEOTIMES JI Geotimes PD NOV PY 1999 VL 44 IS 11 BP 12 EP 12 PG 1 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 253HW UT WOS:000083551800013 ER PT J AU Shapiro, SD LeBlanc, D Schlosser, P Ludin, A AF Shapiro, SD LeBlanc, D Schlosser, P Ludin, A TI Characterizing a sewage plume using the H-3-He-3 dating technique SO GROUND WATER LA English DT Article ID GRADIENT TRACER TEST; SHALLOW GROUNDWATER; CAPE-COD; HYDROLOGIC TRACERS; TRITIUM; RECHARGE; HE-3; AQUIFER; CHLOROFLUOROCARBONS; MASSACHUSETTS AB An extensive H-3-He-3 study was performed to determine detailed characteristics of a regional flow system and a sewage plume over a distance of 4 km in a sand and gravel aquifer at Otis Air Base in Falmouth, Massachusetts, H-3-He-3 ages increase with depth in individual piezometer clusters and with distance along flowpaths, However, the age gradient with depth (Delta t/Delta z) is smaller in the plume than that in the regional waters, due to the intense recharge in the infiltration beds, The 1960s bomb peak of tritium in precipitation is archived longitudinally along a flowline through the main axis of the plume and vertically in individual piezometer clusters, On the eastern side of the sampling area, where water from Ashumet Pond forces plume water deeper into the flow system, H-3-He-3 ages are young at depth because the H-3-He-3 "clock" is reset due to ontgassing of helium in the pond. A reconstruction of the tritium input functions for the regional and plume samples shows that there is no offset in the peak [H-3] + [He-3(trit)] concentrations for the plume and regional water, indicating that the water from supply wells for use on the base is young. The H-3-He-3 ages and detergent concentrations in individual wells are consistent with the beginning of use of detergents and the time period when their concentrations in sewage would have been greatest. Ages and hydraulic properties calculated using the H-3-He-3 data compare well with those from previous investigations and from particle-tracking simulations. C1 Columbia Univ, Lamont Doherty Geol Observ, Palisades, NY 10964 USA. Columbia Univ, Dept Earth & Environm Sci, New York, NY USA. US Geol Survey, Northborough, MA USA. RP Shapiro, SD (reprint author), Columbia Univ, Lamont Doherty Geol Observ, Palisades, NY 10964 USA. RI Schlosser, Peter/C-6416-2012 OI Schlosser, Peter/0000-0002-6514-4203 NR 28 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 3 PU GROUND WATER PUBLISHING CO PI WESTERVILLE PA 601 DEMPSEY RD, WESTERVILLE, OH 43081 USA SN 0017-467X J9 GROUND WATER JI Ground Water PD NOV-DEC PY 1999 VL 37 IS 6 BP 861 EP 878 DI 10.1111/j.1745-6584.1999.tb01185.x PG 18 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Geology; Water Resources GA 252VU UT WOS:000083523600014 ER PT J AU Kargel, JS Delmelle, P Nash, DB AF Kargel, JS Delmelle, P Nash, DB TI Volcanogenic sulfur on Earth and Io: Composition and spectroscopy SO ICARUS LA English DT Review DE Io; satellites of Jupiter; spectroscopy; infrared observations; cosmochemistry ID EL-CHICHON VOLCANO; YUGAMA CRATER LAKE; ANHYDRITE-BEARING PUMICES; KUSATSU-SHIRANE VOLCANO; JUPITERS SATELLITE IO; GALILEAN SATELLITES; SILICATE VOLCANISM; INFRARED-SPECTRA; LIQUID SULFUR; POAS VOLCANO AB The causes of Io's variegated surface, especially the roles of sulfur, and the geochemical history of sulfur compounds on Io are not well understood. Suspecting that minor impurities in sulfur might be important, we have investigated the major and trace element chemistry and spectroscopic reflectance of natural sulfur from a variety of terrestrial volcanic-hydrothermal environments. Evidence suggests that Io may be substantially coated with impure sulfur. On Earth, a few tenths of a percent to a few percent of chalcophile trace elements (e.g., As and Se) comonly occur in sulfur and appear to stabilize material of yellow, brown, orange, and red hues, which may persist even at low temperatures. Percentage levels of chalcophile impurities are reasonably expected to occur on Io in vapor sublimate deposits and flows derived from such deposits. Such impurities join a host of other mechanisms that might explain Io's reds and yellows. Two-tenths to two percent opaque crystalline impurities, particularly pyrite (FeS(2)), commonly produces green, gray, and black volcanic sulfur on Earth and might explain areas of Io having deposits of these colors. Pyrite produces a broad absorption near 1 mu m that gradually diminishes out to 1.6 mu m-similar but not identical to the spectrum of Io seen in Galileo NIMS data. Percentage amounts of carbonaceous impurities and tens of percent SiO(2) las silicates) also strongly affect the spectral properties of Earth's sulfur. Io's broad absorption between 0.52 and 0.64 mu m remains unexplained by these data but could be due to sodium sulfides, as suggested previously by others, or to As, Se, or other impurities. These impurities and others, such as P and Cl(which could exist on Io's surface in amounts over 1% that of sulfur), greatly alter the molecular structure of molten and solid sulfur. Minor impurities could impact Io's geology, such as the morphology of sulfur lava flows and the ability of sulfur to sustain high relief. We have not found any natural sulfur containing significant Na beyond that attributable to silicate inclusions. In sum, the unique physical-chemical properties of S-rich systems and the strong affinity of certain elements for S may have broad implications for the appearance, spectroscopic interpretation, and geologic processes of Io. Identification of impurities in sulfur may be helpful in tracing the geochemical evolution of surface deposits on Io. Perhaps foretelling of new areas of investigation, Cl has recently been reported in the Io torus (M. Kueppers and N. M. Schneider 1999, Eos Trans. 80, 5207), suggesting the presence on Io of either salts, such as halite, or sulfur chlorides. Further evidence of minor iogenic impurities should be sought in Io's neutral cloud and plasma torus as well as in further scrutiny of Io's reflectance spectra. (C) 1999 Academic Press. C1 US Geol Survey, Flagstaff, AZ 86001 USA. Univ Montreal, Dept Geol, Montreal, PQ H3C 3J7, Canada. San Juan Capistrano Res Inst, San Juan Capistrano, CA 92675 USA. RP Kargel, JS (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 2255 N Gemini Dr, Flagstaff, AZ 86001 USA. EM jkargel@flagmail.wr.usgs.gov NR 229 TC 34 Z9 36 U1 2 U2 11 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0019-1035 J9 ICARUS JI Icarus PD NOV PY 1999 VL 142 IS 1 BP 249 EP 280 DI 10.1006/icar.1999.6183 PG 32 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 259YD UT WOS:000083920800022 ER PT J AU Alados, CL Escos, J Emlen, JM Freeman, DC AF Alados, CL Escos, J Emlen, JM Freeman, DC TI Characterization of branch complexity by fractal analyses SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PLANT SCIENCES LA English DT Article DE developmental stability; fractal dimension ID ROOT SYSTEMS; DEVELOPMENTAL STABILITY; DIMENSION; ARCHITECTURE; STRESS; INSTABILITY; HYPOTHESIS; ASYMMETRY; NITROGEN; DISEASE AB The comparison between complexity in the sense of space occupancy (box-counting fractal dimension D(c) and information dimension D(1)) and heterogeneity in the sense of space distribution (average evenness index (J) over bar and evenness variation coefficient J(CV)) were investigated in mathematical fractal objects and natural branch structures. In general, increased fractal dimension was paired with low heterogeneity. Comparisons between branch architecture in Anthyllis cytisoides under different slope exposure and grazing impact revealed that branches were more complex and more homogeneously distributed for plants on northern exposures than southern, while grazing had no impact during a wet year. Developmental instability was also investigated by the statistical noise of the allometric relation between internode length and node order. In conclusion, our study demonstrated that fractal dimension of branch structure can be used to analyze the structural organization of plants, especially if we consider not only fractal dimension but also shoot distribution within the canopy (lacunarity). These indexes together with developmental instability analyses are good indicators of growth responses to the environment. C1 Inst Pirenaico Ecol, Zaragoza 50080, Spain. US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. Wayne State Univ, Dept Biol Sci, Detroit, MI USA. RP Alados, CL (reprint author), Inst Pirenaico Ecol, Avde Montanana 177,Apd 202, Zaragoza 50080, Spain. EM alados@ipe.csic.es; john_emlen@usgs.gov; cfreeman@sun.science.wayne.edu RI Alados, Concepcion/K-8085-2014; Escos, Juan/L-4207-2014 OI Alados, Concepcion/0000-0002-6227-861X; Escos, Juan/0000-0003-2852-2911 NR 50 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 5 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 1427 E 60TH ST, CHICAGO, IL 60637-2954 USA SN 1058-5893 J9 INT J PLANT SCI JI Int. J. Plant Sci. PD NOV PY 1999 VL 160 IS 6 SU S BP S147 EP S155 DI 10.1086/314220 PG 9 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 276AM UT WOS:000084853500012 ER PT J AU Twedt, DJ Loesch, CR AF Twedt, DJ Loesch, CR TI Forest area and distribution in the Mississippi alluvial valley: implications for breeding bird conservation SO JOURNAL OF BIOGEOGRAPHY LA English DT Article DE forested wetlands; bottomland hardwood forest; bird conservation; habitat assessment; Mississippi valley ID FRAGMENTATION; HABITAT; SUCCESS AB Knowing the current forest distribution and patch size characteristics is integral to the development of geographically defined, habitat-based conservation objectives for breeding birds. Towards this end, we classified 2.6 million ha of forest cover within the Mississippi Alluvial Valley using 1992 thematic mapper satellite imagery. Although historically this area, from southern Illinois to southern Louisiana, was dominated by forested wetlands, forest cover remains on less than 25% of the floodplain. Remaining forest cover is comprised of >38,000 discrete forest patches > 2 ha. Mean patch area (64.1+/-5.2 ha; (x) over bar+/-SE) was highly skewed towards small fragment size. Larger patches had a higher proportion of more hydric forest cover classes than did smaller patches which had a higher proportion of less hydric forest cover classes. Public lands accounted for 16% of remaining forest ed wetlands. Fewer than 100 forest patches exceeded our hypothesized habitat objective (4000 ha minimum contiguous forest area) intended to support self-sustaining populations of forest breeding birds. To increase the number of forest patches exceeding 4000 ha contiguous area, and thereby increase the likelihood of successful forest bird conservation, we recommend afforestation adjoining existing forest fragments greater than or equal to 1012 ha and focused within designated Forest Bird Conservation Regions. C1 USGS, Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, Vicksburg, MS 39180 USA. US Fish & Wildlife Serv, N Amer Waterfowl Management Plan, Lower Mississippi Valley Joint Venture, Vicksburg, MS 39180 USA. RP Twedt, DJ (reprint author), USGS, Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, 2524 S Frontage Rd, Vicksburg, MS 39180 USA. EM dan_twedt@usgs.gov OI Twedt, Daniel/0000-0003-1223-5045 NR 32 TC 67 Z9 67 U1 0 U2 9 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ USA SN 0305-0270 EI 1365-2699 J9 J BIOGEOGR JI J. Biogeogr. PD NOV PY 1999 VL 26 IS 6 BP 1215 EP 1224 DI 10.1046/j.1365-2699.1999.00348.x PG 10 WC Ecology; Geography, Physical SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Physical Geography GA 285AT UT WOS:000085366500006 ER PT J AU Leung, YF Marion, JL AF Leung, YF Marion, JL TI Characterizing backcountry camping impacts in Great Smoky Mountains National Park, USA SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE recreation impacts; impact assessment; campsites; multivariate analysis; Great Smoky Mountains National Park ID WILDERNESS CAMPSITES; SOIL AB This study investigates resource impacts on backcountry campsites in the Great Smoky Mountains National Park, USA. Study objectives were to enhance our understanding of camping impacts and to improve campsite impact assessment procedures by means of multivariate techniques. Three-hundred and eight campsites at designated backcountry campgrounds, and 69 additional unofficial campsites were assessed. Factor analysis of 195 established campsites on eight impact indicator variables revealed three dimensions of campsite impact: area disturbance, soil and groundcover damage, and tree-related damage. Four distinctive backcountry campsite types were identified, three of which were derived from cluster analyses of factor scores. These four backcountry campsite types characterize the intensify and areal extent of resource impacts, and they vary in locational and environmental attributes. At an aggregate level, different campsite types contributed unequally to the cumulative level of impact. The dimensional structure and typology developed in this study demonstrates that campsite impacts can be viewed and examined holistically with the use of multivariate methods. Implications for assessment procedures, management and further research are discussed. (C) 1999 Academic Press. C1 Virginia Polytech Inst & State Univ, Dept Forestry, US Geol Survey, Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr,Cooperat Pk Studies Uni, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA. N Carolina State Univ, Dept Pk Recreat & Tourism Management, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. RP Marion, JL (reprint author), Virginia Polytech Inst & State Univ, Dept Forestry, US Geol Survey, Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr,Cooperat Pk Studies Uni, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA. NR 32 TC 16 Z9 20 U1 0 U2 0 PU ACADEMIC PRESS LTD- ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI LONDON PA 24-28 OVAL RD, LONDON NW1 7DX, ENGLAND SN 0301-4797 EI 1095-8630 J9 J ENVIRON MANAGE JI J. Environ. Manage. PD NOV PY 1999 VL 57 IS 3 BP 193 EP 203 DI 10.1006/jema.1999.0303 PG 11 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 266VR UT WOS:000084321400005 ER PT J AU Clark, GM Goolsby, DA AF Clark, GM Goolsby, DA TI Occurrence and transport of acetochlor in streams of the Mississippi river basin SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY LA English DT Article ID WATER AB The herbicide acetochlor [2-chloro-N-(ethoxymethyl)-N-(2-ethyl-6-methylphenyl)acetamide] was first used on corn (Zea mays L.) in the USA during the growing season of 1994. By 1996, it was the third most heavily used corn herbicide in the midwestern USA. During the growing season of 1997, 78% of 375 samples collected at 32 stream sites in the Mississippi River Basin contained detectable concentrations of acetochlor. However, concentrations in only 2% of the samples exceeded 2 mu g/L, the maximum annual average concentration allowable in public water supplies derived primarily from surface water. The largest acetochlor concentrations were detected in streams draining basins in parts of Illinois,Indiana, and Iowa. The median concentration of acetochlor in streams was about 10% that of atrazine (6-chloro-N-ethyl-N-isopropyl-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diamine), about 25% that of metolachlor [2-chloro-N-(2-ethyl-6-methylphenyl)-N-(2-methoxy-1-methylethyl) acetamide], about 50% that of cyanazine [2-[[4-chloro-6-(ethylamino)-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl] amino]-2-methylpropionitrile], and about threefold that of alachlor [2-chloro-2',6'-diethyl-N-(methoxymethyl) acetanilide]. Load estimates indicate that, during the growing season of 1997, agricultural subbasins draining areas of Illinois, Indiana, and Iowa contributed about 37 000 kg, or 74%, of the 50 000 kg of acetochlor measured in streams of the Mississippi River Basin. C1 US Geol Survey, Boise, ID 83702 USA. US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Denver, CO 80225 USA. RP Clark, GM (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 230 Collins Rd, Boise, ID 83702 USA. NR 25 TC 8 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0047-2425 J9 J ENVIRON QUAL JI J. Environ. Qual. PD NOV-DEC PY 1999 VL 28 IS 6 BP 1787 EP 1795 PG 9 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 266EU UT WOS:000084288300014 ER PT J AU Galeone, DG AF Galeone, DG TI Calibration of paired basins prior to streambank fencing of pasture land SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY LA English DT Article ID RIPARIAN FOREST; GROUNDWATER NITRATE; BUFFER STRIPS; WATER-QUALITY; SEDIMENT; MANAGEMENT; DYNAMICS; FILTERS; IMPACTS; RUNOFF AB Streambank fencing is a best management practice that is targeted to reduce suspended sediment and nutrient inputs to streams by reducing direct inputs from animals, eliminating streambank trampling, and promoting streambank revegetation. A paired basin study is being conducted in two small adjacent basins to determine the water quality effects of streambank fencing. This article documents the 3-yr calibration period between control and treatment basins prior to fence installation. Approximately 70% of land adjacent to streambanks in the study area is used as pasture. Nutrient quantities applied as manure, benthic-macroinvertebrate communities, and the physical habitat of each stream were similar in both basins. Total N, P, and suspended sediment yields measured at the outlet of each basin averaged about 56, 2.8, and 2650 kg ha(-1) on an annual basis. For both basins, about 90% of the total N geld was attributable to dissolved NO3-N and about 90% of the total N yield occurred during nonstormflow; conversely, about 90% of the total P yield was attributable to stormflow and 60 to 65% of the total P yield was suspended. Regression equations developed between both basins for low Dow and stormflow samples for nutrients, suspended sediment, and discharge indicated a significant relation for most constituents. Pretreatment relation between basins for low flow and stormflow samples would need to change by 6 and 14% for total N concentrations and 24 and 9% for total P concentrations in order for streambank fencing to significantly affect water quality in the treatment basin. C1 US Geol Survey, WRD, Lemoyne, PA 17043 USA. RP Galeone, DG (reprint author), US Geol Survey, WRD, 840 Market St, Lemoyne, PA 17043 USA. NR 50 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 2 U2 4 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0047-2425 J9 J ENVIRON QUAL JI J. Environ. Qual. PD NOV-DEC PY 1999 VL 28 IS 6 BP 1853 EP 1863 PG 11 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 266EU UT WOS:000084288300023 ER PT J AU Burkart, MR Kolpin, DW Jaquis, RJ Cole, KJ AF Burkart, MR Kolpin, DW Jaquis, RJ Cole, KJ TI Agrichemicals in ground water of the midwestern USA: Relations to soil characteristics SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY LA English DT Article ID UNITED-STATES; AGRICULTURAL CHEMICALS; LAND-USE; ATRAZINE; HERBICIDES; SURFACE; METABOLITES; PESTICIDES; NITRATE AB A comprehensive set of soil characteristics were examined to determine the effect of soil on the transport of agrichemicals to ground water. This paper examines the relation of local soil characteristics to concentrations and occurrence of nitrate, atrazine (2-chloro-4 ethylamino-6-isopropylamino-s-trazine), and atrazine residue [atrazine + deethylatrazine (2-amino-4-chloro-6-isopropylamino-s-triazine) + de-isopropylatrazine (2-amino-4-chloro-6-ethylamino-s-triazine)] from 99 wells completed in unconsolidated aquifers across the midwestern USA. The occurrence and concentrations of nitrate and atrazine in ground water were directly related to soil characteristics that determine the rate of water movement. The substantial differences in the relations found among soil characteristics and nitrate and atrazine in ground water suggest that different processes affect the transformation, adsorption, nod transport of these contaminants, A multivariate analysis determined that the soil characteristics examined explained the amount of variability in concentrations for nitrate (19.0%), atrazine (33.4%), and atrazine residue (28.6%). These results document that, although soils do affect the transport of agrichemicals to ground water, other factors such as hydrology, land use, and climate must also be considered to understand the occurrence of agrichemicals in ground water. C1 USDA ARS, Natl Soil Tilth Lab, Ames, IA 50011 USA. US Geol Survey, Iowa City, IA 52244 USA. RP Burkart, MR (reprint author), USDA ARS, Natl Soil Tilth Lab, 2150 Pammel Dr, Ames, IA 50011 USA. NR 28 TC 31 Z9 31 U1 1 U2 1 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0047-2425 J9 J ENVIRON QUAL JI J. Environ. Qual. PD NOV-DEC PY 1999 VL 28 IS 6 BP 1908 EP 1915 PG 8 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 266EU UT WOS:000084288300030 ER PT J AU Puckett, LJ Cowdery, TK Lorenz, DL Stoner, JD AF Puckett, LJ Cowdery, TK Lorenz, DL Stoner, JD TI Estimation of nitrate contamination of an agro-ecosystem outwash aquifer using a nitrogen mass-balance budget SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY LA English DT Article ID NITRIC-OXIDE EMISSIONS; GLOBAL INVENTORY; SANDY SOILS; BASIN; MANAGEMENT; TRANSPORT; POLLUTION; RIVER; FATE; FLUX AB A mass-balance budget of N cycling was developed for an intensive agricultural area in west-central Minnesota to better understand NO3- contamination of ground water in the Otter Tail outwash aquifer. Fertilizer, biological fixation, atmospheric deposition, and animal feed were the N sources, and crop harvests, animal product exports, volatilization from fertilizer and manure, and denitrification were the N sinks in the model. Excess N, calculated as the difference between the sources and sinks, was assumed to leach to ground water as NO3-. The budget was developed using ground water data collected throughout the 212-km(2) study area. Denitrification was estimated by adjusting its value so the predicted and measured concentrations of NO3- in ground water agreed. Although biological fixation was the largest single N source, most was removed when crops were harvested, indicating that inorganic fertilizer was the primary source of N reaching the water table. It was estimated that denitrification removed almost half of the excess NO3- that leached below the root tore. Even after accounting for denitrification losses, however, it was concluded that the ground water system was receiving approximately three times as much N as would be expected under background conditions. C1 US Geol Survey, Reston, VA 20192 USA. US Geol Survey, Mounds View, MN 55112 USA. US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Lakewood, CO 80225 USA. RP Puckett, LJ (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 413 Natl Ctr, Reston, VA 20192 USA. NR 56 TC 53 Z9 54 U1 1 U2 8 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0047-2425 J9 J ENVIRON QUAL JI J. Environ. Qual. PD NOV-DEC PY 1999 VL 28 IS 6 BP 2015 EP 2025 PG 11 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 266EU UT WOS:000084288300043 ER PT J AU Leslie, DM Bowyer, RT Kie, JG AF Leslie, DM Bowyer, RT Kie, JG TI Life-history strategies of ungulates SO JOURNAL OF MAMMALOGY LA English DT Article DE life-history strategies; ungulates AB This Special Feature resulted from a symposium on life-history strategies of ungulates presented at the 78th Annual Meeting of the American Society of Mammalogists in Blacksburg, Virginia, in June 1998. The presentations at the symposium represented only a vignette of the wide variety of life-history strategies that exists among ungulates. The four papers that follow include treatises on birth-site selection of moose (Alces alces), sex-ratio correlates with dimorphism and risk of predation, optimal foraging relative to risk of predation, and the role of density dependence in shaping life-history traits of ungulates. A theme of risk of predation in shaping life-history traits is common to three of four papers. C1 Oklahoma State Univ, Dept Zool, Div Biol Sci,US Geol Survey, Oklahoma Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Stillwater, OK 74078 USA. Univ Alaska Fairbanks, Inst Arctic Biol, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA. Univ Alaska Fairbanks, Dept Biol & Wildlife, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA. US Forest Serv, Pacific NW Res Stn, La Grande, OR 97850 USA. RP Leslie, DM (reprint author), Oklahoma State Univ, Dept Zool, Div Biol Sci,US Geol Survey, Oklahoma Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Stillwater, OK 74078 USA. NR 20 TC 5 Z9 7 U1 1 U2 5 PU AMER SOC MAMMALOGISTS PI PROVO PA BRIGHAM YOUNG UNIV, DEPT OF ZOOLOGY, PROVO, UT 84602 USA SN 0022-2372 J9 J MAMMAL JI J. Mammal. PD NOV PY 1999 VL 80 IS 4 BP 1067 EP 1069 PG 3 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA V3327 UT WOS:000177533300001 ER PT J AU Mars, JC Thomas, WA AF Mars, JC Thomas, WA TI Sequential filling of a late Paleozoic foreland basin SO JOURNAL OF SEDIMENTARY RESEARCH LA English DT Article AB Through the use of an extensive data base of geophysical well logs, parasequence-scale subdivisions within a late Paleozoic syn orogenic elastic wedge resolve cycles of sequential subsidence of a foreland basin, sediment progradation, subsidence of a carbonate shelf edge, diachronously subsiding discrete depositional centers, and basinwide transgression. Although temporal resolution of biostratigraphic markers is less precise in Paleozoic successions than in younger basins, parasequence scale subdivisions provide more detailed resolution within marker-defined units in Paleozoic strata, As an example, the late Paleozoic Black Warrior basin in the foreland of the Ouachita thrust belt is filled with a synorogenic elastic wedge, the lower part of which intertongues with the fringe of a cratonic carbonate facies in the distal part of the basin. The stratal geometry of one tongue of the carbonate facies (lower tongue of Banger Limestone) defines a ramp that grades basinward into a thin black shale, An overlying tongue of the synorogenic elastic wedge (lower tongue of Parkwood Formation) consists of cyclic delta and delta-front deposits, in which parasequenees are defined by marine-flooding surfaces above coarsening- and shallowing-upward successions of mud stone and sandstone. Within the lower Parkwood tongue, two genetic stratigraphic sequences (A and B) are defined by parasequence offlap and downlap patterns and are bounded at the tops by basinwide maximum-flooding surfaces. The distribution of parasequences within sequences A and B indicates two cycles of sequential subsidence (deepening) and progradation, suggesting subsidence during thrust advance and progradation during thrust quiescence, Parasequence stacking in sequences A and B also indicates diachronous differential tectonic subsidence of two discrete depositional centers within the basin, The uppermost sequence (C) includes reworked sandstones and an overlying shallow-marine limestone, a vertical succession that reflects no tectonic subsidence, a very minor or null sediment supply, and basinwide transgression. The temporal resolution at parasequence scale significantly improves the resolution of the tectonic history of the thrust belt-foreland basin system. C1 US Geol Survey, Reston, VA 20192 USA. Univ Kentucky, Dept Geol Sci, Lexington, KY 40506 USA. RP Mars, JC (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 12201 Sunrise Valley Dr,MS 954, Reston, VA 20192 USA. NR 25 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 1 U2 2 PU SEPM-SOC SEDIMENTARY GEOLOGY PI TULSA PA 1731 E 71ST STREET, TULSA, OK 74136-5108 USA SN 1073-130X J9 J SEDIMENT RES JI J. Sediment. Res. PD NOV PY 1999 VL 69 IS 6 BP 1191 EP 1208 PN B PG 18 WC Geology SC Geology GA 257LD UT WOS:000083782600005 ER PT J AU Cleckner, LB Gilmour, CC Hurley, JP Krabbenhoft, DP AF Cleckner, LB Gilmour, CC Hurley, JP Krabbenhoft, DP TI Mercury methylation in periphyton of the Florida Everglades SO LIMNOLOGY AND OCEANOGRAPHY LA English DT Article ID NORTHERN EVERGLADES; SEDIMENTS; METHYLMERCURY; WATER; LAKES; WISCONSIN; GRADIENT; SAMPLES; PHASE AB Trophic accumulation of mercury (Hg) in aquatic ecosystems is of global concern due to health effects associated with eating fish with elevated Hg levels. The methylated form of Hg bioaccumulates so it is important to understand how inorganic Hg is transformed to methylmercury in the environment. Here, a new site for Hg methylation, the periphyton communities that are prevalent in the Florida Everglades, is described. It is hypothesized that periphyton communities that support an active microbial sulfur cycle support Hg methylation. This new methylation site has implications for trophic transfer of methylmercury since periphyton can be the base of the food web in aquatic ecosystems. C1 Univ Wisconsin, Water Chem Program, Madison, WI 53706 USA. Natl Acad Sci, Estuarine Res Ctr, St Leonard, MD 20657 USA. Wisconsin Dept Nat Resources, Bur Integrated Sci Serv, Monona, WI 53716 USA. Univ Wisconsin, Water Chem Program, Madison, WI 53706 USA. US Geol Survey, Div Water Resources, Middleton, WI 53562 USA. RP Cleckner, LB (reprint author), Univ Wisconsin, Water Chem Program, Madison, WI 53706 USA. RI Hurley, James/A-9216-2010; Mason, Robert/A-6829-2011; Gilmour, Cynthia/G-1784-2010 OI Gilmour, Cynthia/0000-0002-1720-9498 NR 36 TC 80 Z9 83 U1 1 U2 16 PU AMER SOC LIMNOLOGY OCEANOGRAPHY PI WACO PA 5400 BOSQUE BLVD, STE 680, WACO, TX 76710-4446 USA SN 0024-3590 J9 LIMNOL OCEANOGR JI Limnol. Oceanogr. PD NOV PY 1999 VL 44 IS 7 BP 1815 EP 1825 PG 11 WC Limnology; Oceanography SC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA 251LJ UT WOS:000083446900022 ER PT J AU Swarzenski, PW McKee, BA Skei, JM Todd, JF AF Swarzenski, PW McKee, BA Skei, JM Todd, JF TI Uranium biogeochemistry across the redox transition zone of a permanently stratified fjord: Framvaren, Norway SO MARINE CHEMISTRY LA English DT Review DE Framvaren Fjord; uranium biogeochemistry; U oxidation states; microbial mobilization; oxidation-reduction ID COASTAL MARINE-SEDIMENTS; BLACK-SEA; CHEMICAL SPECIATION; MICROBIAL REDUCTION; AMAZON SHELF; PORE WATERS; GEOCHEMISTRY; PARTICULATE; MANGANESE; BEHAVIOR AB During August 1995, the vertical concentration profile of dissolved and particulate uranium exhibited strong non-conservative characteristics in the upper 30 m of Framvaren Fjord. There was a pronounced peak in both particulate (> 0.2 mu m; 1.09 nM) and dissolved (< 0.2 mu m: 17.06 nM) uranium in the finely stratified waters at the O-2/H2S interface which is positioned well within the euphotic zone at about 20-21 m. Such concentration maxima at the redox boundary are also observed for dissolved organic carbon (DOC), Sr and Pa. Dissolved U levels seen in the water column from 18 m down to 30 m exceeded the high salinity (salinity = 35)U concentrations (13.63 +/- 0.84 nM; Chen, J.H., Edwards, R.L., Wasserburg, G.L., 1986, U-238, U-234 and Th-232 in seawater. Earth Planet Sci. Lett. 80, 241-251.) observed uniformly in the open ocean. A prolific population of S microbes (e.g., Chromatium, Chlorobium sp.) flourishes at the O-2/H2S interface. The source of elevated U at the redox boundary must be due to microbial uptake and subsequent release processes rather than dilution from oceanic uranium. Uranium oxidation state determinations in waters from 1, 22 and 30 m depth reveal that reduced U(IV) is not present in significant abundance, and that the chemical and/or biological reduction of hexavalent uranium is largely inhibited. Our results suggest that U and other trace constituents such as DOG, Sr, Ba, Fe(II), Mn(II) are greatly modified by direct and indirect microbial transformation reactions which are most concentrated across the redox transition zone in Framvaren Fjord. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 US Geol Survey, Ctr Coastal Geol, St Petersburg, FL 33701 USA. Tulane Univ, Inst Earth & Ecosyst Sci, Dept Geol, New Orleans, LA 70118 USA. Norwegian Inst Water Res, N-0411 Oslo, Norway. NOAA, Off Global Programs, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. RP Swarzenski, PW (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Ctr Coastal Geol, 600 4th St S, St Petersburg, FL 33701 USA. EM pswarzen@usgs.gov NR 108 TC 24 Z9 25 U1 1 U2 4 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0304-4203 EI 1872-7581 J9 MAR CHEM JI Mar. Chem. PD NOV PY 1999 VL 67 IS 3-4 BP 181 EP 198 DI 10.1016/S0304-4203(99)00058-4 PG 18 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Oceanography SC Chemistry; Oceanography GA 259JY UT WOS:000083891800004 ER PT J AU Swarzenski, PW McKee, BA Sorensen, K Todd, JF AF Swarzenski, PW McKee, BA Sorensen, K Todd, JF TI Pb-210 and Po-210, manganese and iron cycling across the O-2/H2S interface of a permanently anoxic fjord: Framvaren, Norway SO MARINE CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE Po-210/Pb-210 biogeochemistry; microbial mobilization; phase partitioning; oxidation/reduction; Framvaren Fjord ID SEA-SURFACE MICROLAYER; PARTICULATE MATTER; OLIGOTROPHIC LAKE; TRANSITION ZONE; RESIDENCE TIMES; BLACK-SEA; MARINE; WATERS; PACIFIC; DISTRIBUTIONS AB Vertical profiles of dissolved and particulate Po-210 and were measured across the redox transition zone at Station F1 in Framvaren Fjord, Norway. In this fjord, a sharp decrease in pH above the O-2/H2S interface facilitates the aerobic dissolution of MnO2. In contrast, Fe(II) concentrations begin to increase only at the O-2/H2S interface depth. Activity profiles reveal that dissolved Po-210 and Pb-210 are sequestered efficiently by particulates in surface waters. As polonium-210 and lead-210 activities descend down into the aerobic manganese reduction (AMR) zone, they are remobilized during the reductive dissolution of the carrier phase oxyhydroxides. Both Po-210 and Pb-210 are highly enriched at the O-2/H2S interface where an active community of microbes, such as anoxygenic phototrophs (e.g., Chromatium, Chlorobium sp.), thrives. The coincident peaks in Po-210, Pb-210 and microbial biomass suggest a strong biological influence on the behavior of these radionuclides. There is a strong covariance between the vertical distribution of Mn and Pb, indicating that their redox cycling is closely coupled and is Likely microbially mediated. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 US Geol Survey, Ctr Coastal Geol, St Petersburg, FL 33701 USA. Tulane Univ, Inst Earth & Ecosyst Sci, Dept Geol, New Orleans, LA 70118 USA. Norwegian Inst Water Res, N-0411 Oslo, Norway. NOAA, Off Global Programs, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. RP Swarzenski, PW (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Ctr Coastal Geol, 600 4th St S, St Petersburg, FL 33701 USA. RI Mason, Robert/A-6829-2011 NR 85 TC 25 Z9 26 U1 1 U2 3 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0304-4203 J9 MAR CHEM JI Mar. Chem. PD NOV PY 1999 VL 67 IS 3-4 BP 199 EP 217 DI 10.1016/S0304-4203(99)00059-6 PG 19 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Oceanography SC Chemistry; Oceanography GA 259JY UT WOS:000083891800005 ER PT J AU Pereira, WE Wade, TL Hostettler, FD Parchaso, F AF Pereira, WE Wade, TL Hostettler, FD Parchaso, F TI Accumulation of butyltins in sediments and lipid tissues of the Asian clam, Potamocorbula amurensis, near Mare Island Naval Shipyard, San Francisco Bay SO MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN LA English DT Article DE tributyltin; sediment; Potamocorbula amurensis; bioaccumulation ID UNITED-STATES; TRIBUTYL-TIN; CONTAMINATION; BIVALVES; GROWTH; MUSCLE; WATERS; TBT AB Studies of butyltin compounds in soil, benthic sediments and the Asian clam Potamocorbula amurensis were conducted at the former Mare Island Naval Shipyard, and nearby Mare Island and Carquinez Straits in San Francisco Bay, California. Soils from a sandblast abrasives dump site at the shipyard contained low concentrations of mono-, di- and tributyltin (0.3-52 ng/g, total butyltin), Similarly, concentrations of total butyltin in benthic sediments from nearby Mare Island and Carquinez Straits ranged from 1.3 to 8.1 ng/g, In contrast, clams accumulated much greater concentrations (152-307 ng/g, total butyltin), Tributyltin (TBT) and dibutyltin (DBT) made up from 54-85% to 15-46%, respectively, of the total butyltin body burden of the clams. Biota Sediment Accumulation Factors (BSAFs) for butyltins in Potamocorbula were in reasonable agreement with Literature values; they are greater than those of neutral hydrophobic compounds, suggesting that partitioning and binding processes may be involved in bioaccumulation, Tributyltin is a potent endocrine disrupting chemical. There is potential for long-term chronic effects of TBT in San Francisco Bay. (C) 1999 Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. Texas A&M Univ, GERG, College Stn, TX 77845 USA. RP US Geol Survey, 345 Middlefield Rd,Mail Stop 409, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. EM fdhostet@usgs.gov RI Wade, Terry/A-4012-2012 NR 33 TC 27 Z9 28 U1 0 U2 4 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0025-326X EI 1879-3363 J9 MAR POLLUT BULL JI Mar. Pollut. Bull. PD NOV PY 1999 VL 38 IS 11 BP 1005 EP 1010 DI 10.1016/S0025-326X(99)00124-1 PG 6 WC Environmental Sciences; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 270KX UT WOS:000084535700016 ER PT J AU Koeberl, C Plescia, JB Hayward, CL Reimold, WU AF Koeberl, C Plescia, JB Hayward, CL Reimold, WU TI A petrographical and geochemical study of quartzose nodules, country rocks, and dike rocks from the Upheaval Dome structure, Utah SO METEORITICS & PLANETARY SCIENCE LA English DT Article AB Upheaval Dome, in Canyonlands National Park, Utah, USA, is a unique structure on the Colorado Plateau. It has earlier been interpreted as an impact structure or as a pinched-off salt diapir. Some subrounded quartzose fragments were found in a ring depression near the eastern margin of the structure and, based on vesicularity and apparent flow structure, the fragments were interpreted by early researchers as "impactites." Our petrographic studies show no indication of a high-temperature history and are in agreement with a slow, low-temperature formation of the quartz nodules. Compositionally, the lag deposit samples are almost pure SiO2. They show no chemical similarity to any of the possible target rocks (e.g., Navajo Sandstone), from which they should have formed by melting if they were impactites. Instead, the samples have relatively high contents of elements that indicate fluid interaction (e.g., hydrothermal growth), such as As, Sb, Ba, and U, and show positive Ce anomalies. Thus, we interpret the "lag deposit samples" as normal low-temperature (hydrothermally-grown?) quartz that show no indication of being impact-derived. In addition, a petrographic and geochemical analysis of a series of dike samples yielded no evidence for shock metamorphism or a meteoritic component. C1 Univ Vienna, Inst Geochem, A-1090 Vienna, Austria. US Geol Survey, Flagstaff, AZ 86001 USA. Univ Witwatersrand, Dept Geol, ZA-2050 Johannesburg, South Africa. RP Koeberl, C (reprint author), Univ Vienna, Inst Geochem, Althanstr 14, A-1090 Vienna, Austria. RI Plescia, Jeffrey/B-7738-2016 NR 20 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 1 U2 7 PU METEORITICAL SOC PI FAYETTEVILLE PA DEPT CHEMISTRY/BIOCHEMISTRY, UNIV ARKANSAS, FAYETTEVILLE, AR 72701 USA SN 0026-1114 J9 METEORIT PLANET SCI JI Meteorit. Planet. Sci. PD NOV PY 1999 VL 34 IS 6 BP 861 EP 868 PG 8 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 259FZ UT WOS:000083885000006 ER PT J AU Redman, RS Ranson, JC Rodriguez, RJ AF Redman, RS Ranson, JC Rodriguez, RJ TI Conversion of the pathogenic fungus Colletotrichum magna to a nonpathogenic, endophytic mutualist by gene disruption SO MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS LA English DT Article DE plant pathogen; plasmid rescue ID ENZYME-MEDIATED INTEGRATION; INSERTIONAL MUTAGENESIS; MAGNAPORTHE-GRISEA; PLASMID DNA; RESISTANCE; TRANSFORMATION; DICTYOSTELIUM; CUCUMBER; MUTANTS; DEFENSE AB Hygromycin-resistant transformants of the cucurbit pathogen Colletotrichum magna (teleomorph: Glomerella magna) were generated by restriction enzyme-mediated integration (REMI) transformation, A rapid pathogenicity assay involving watermelon (Citrullus lanatus) seedlings was developed and 14,400 REMI transformants were screened and assessed for their ability to cause disease, colonize plant tissues, and confer disease resistance against wild-type C. magna, A total of 176 nonpathogenic REMI mutants capable of colonizing cucurbit plants were isolated and assigned to three groups based on their ability to confer disease resistance: phenotype A, 80 to 100% disease protection; phenotype B, 10 to 65% disease protection; and phenotype C, 0 to 4% disease protection. Molecular and genetic analyses of one REMI mutant (R1) indicated that the nonpathogenic phenotype A resulted from a single-site integration. R1 showed a 1:1 segregation of hygromycin resistance and nonpathogenicity and all hygromycin-resistant progeny were nonpathogenic. The integrated vector and 5.5 kb of flanking fungal genomic DNA were isolated from R1 and designated pGMR1. To verify that pGMR1 contained pathogenicity gene sequences, a wild-type isolate of C, magna was transformed with pGMR1 to induce gene disruptions by homologous integration. Approximately 47% of the pGMR1 transformants expressed phenotype A, indicating homologous integration and gene disruption. C1 USGS, Western Fisheries Res Ctr, Biol Resources Div, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. Univ Washington, Dept Bot, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. RP Rodriguez, RJ (reprint author), USGS, Western Fisheries Res Ctr, Biol Resources Div, 6505 NE 65th St, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. NR 31 TC 59 Z9 66 U1 2 U2 9 PU AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, MN 55121 USA SN 0894-0282 J9 MOL PLANT MICROBE IN JI Mol. Plant-Microbe Interact. PD NOV PY 1999 VL 12 IS 11 BP 969 EP 975 DI 10.1094/MPMI.1999.12.11.969 PG 7 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Plant Sciences SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Plant Sciences GA 246HA UT WOS:000083157300004 ER PT J AU Peterson, DL Bowers, D Brace, S AF Peterson, DL Bowers, D Brace, S TI Tropospheric ozone in the Nisqually River drainage, Mount Rainier National Park SO NORTHWEST SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID EASTERN-UNITED-STATES; ALPINE REGIONS; HIGH-ELEVATION; FRASER VALLEY; AIR-POLLUTION; SURFACE OZONE; EXPOSURES; PATTERNS; AREAS; URBAN AB We quantified the summertime distribution of tropospheric ozone in the topographically complex Nisqually River drainage of Mount Rainier National Park from 1994 to 1997. Passive ozone samplers were used along an elevational transect to measure weekly average ozone concentrations ranging from 570 m to 2040 m elevation. Weekly average ozone concentrations were positively correlated with elevation, with the highest concentrations consistently measured at the highest sampling site (Panorama Point). Weekly average ozone concentrations at Mount Rainier National Park are considerably higher than those in the Seattle-Tacoma metropolitan area to the west. The anthropogenic contribution to ozone within the Nisqually drainage was evaluated by comparing measurements at this location with measurements from a "reference" site in the western Olympic Mountains. The comparison suggests there is a significant anthropogenic source of ozone reaching the Cascade Range via atmospheric transport from urban areas to the west. In addition. temporal (week to week) variation in ozone distribution is synchronous within the Nisqually drainage, which indicates that subregional patterns are detectable with weekly averages. The Nisqually drainage is likely the "hot spot" for air pollution in Mount Rainier National Park. By using passive ozone samplers in this drainage in conjunction with a limited number of continuous analyzers, the park will have a robust monitoring approach for measuring tropospheric ozone over time and protecting vegetative and human health. C1 US Geol Survey, Forest & Rangeland Ecosyst Sci Ctr, Cascadia Field Stn, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. RP Peterson, DL (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Forest & Rangeland Ecosyst Sci Ctr, Cascadia Field Stn, Box 352100, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. NR 55 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 4 PU WASHINGTON STATE UNIV PI PULLMAN PA PO BOX 645910, PULLMAN, WA 99164-5910 USA SN 0029-344X J9 NORTHWEST SCI JI Northwest Sci. PD NOV PY 1999 VL 73 IS 4 BP 241 EP 254 PG 14 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 262CP UT WOS:000084048300001 ER PT J AU Bratton, JF Berry, WBN Morrow, JR AF Bratton, JF Berry, WBN Morrow, JR TI Anoxia pre-dates Frasnian-Famennian boundary mass extinction horizon in the Great Basin, USA SO PALAEOGEOGRAPHY PALAEOCLIMATOLOGY PALAEOECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Devonian; Famennian; mass extinctions; anaerobic environment; trace metals; vanadium; Utah ID SOUTH CHINA; VANADIUM; CANADA; EVENTS; SEDIMENTS; ANOMALIES; ZONATION; ALBERTA; CRISIS AB Major and trace metal results from three Great Basin stratigraphic sections with strong conodont biostratigraphy identify a distinct anoxic interval that precedes, but ends approximately 100 kyr before, the Frasnian-Famennian (F-F, mid-late Devonian) boundary mass extinction horizon. This horizon corresponds to the final and most severe step of a more protracted extinction period. These results are inconsistent with data reported by others from the upper Kellwasser horizon in Europe, which show anoxia persisting up to the F-F boundary in most sections. Conditions returned to fully oxygenated prior to the F-F boundary in the study area. These data indicate that the worst part of the F-F extinction was not related directly to oceanic anoxia in this region and potentially globally. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Geol & Geophys, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. Univ Colorado, Dept Geol Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Bratton, JF (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Woods Hole Field Ctr, 384 Woods Hole Rd,Quissett Campus, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. OI Bratton, John/0000-0003-0376-4981 NR 47 TC 24 Z9 36 U1 0 U2 6 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0031-0182 J9 PALAEOGEOGR PALAEOCL JI Paleogeogr. Paleoclimatol. Paleoecol. PD NOV PY 1999 VL 154 IS 3 BP 275 EP 292 DI 10.1016/S0031-0182(99)00116-9 PG 18 WC Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Paleontology SC Physical Geography; Geology; Paleontology GA 253MM UT WOS:000083560400008 ER PT J AU Bakken, GS Reynolds, PS Kenow, KP Korschgen, CE Boysen, AF AF Bakken, GS Reynolds, PS Kenow, KP Korschgen, CE Boysen, AF TI Metabolic response to air temperature and wind in day-old mallards and a standard operative temperature scale SO PHYSIOLOGICAL AND BIOCHEMICAL ZOOLOGY LA English DT Article ID SOLAR HEAT GAIN; THERMAL CONDUCTANCE; AURIPARUS-FLAVICEPS; COLD STRESS; DUCKLINGS; THERMOREGULATION; SURVIVAL; ANIMALS; ECOLOGY; BIRDS AB Most duckling mortality occurs during the week following hatching and is often associated with cold, windy, wet weather and scattering of the brood. We estimated the thermoregulatory demands imposed by cold, windy weather on isolated 1-d-old mallard (Anas platyrhynchos) ducklings resting in cover. We measured O-2 consumption and evaporative water loss at air temperatures from 5 degrees to 25 degrees C and wind speeds of 0.1, 0.2, 0.5, and 1.0 mis. Metabolic heat production increased as wind increased or temperature decreased but was less sensitive to wind than that of either adult passerines or small mammals. Evaporative heat loss ranged from 5% to 17% of heat production. Evaporative heal loss and the ratio of evaporative heat loss to metabolic heat production was significantly lower in rest phase. These data were used to define a standard operative temperature (T-es) scale for night or heavy overcast conditions. An increase of wind speed from 0.1 to 1 mis decreased T-es by 3 degrees-5 degrees C. C1 Indiana State Univ, Dept Life Sci, Terre Haute, IN 47809 USA. US Geol Survey, Upper Midw Environm Sci Ctr, La Crosse, WI 54603 USA. RP Bakken, GS (reprint author), Indiana State Univ, Dept Life Sci, Terre Haute, IN 47809 USA. NR 57 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 4 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 5720 SOUTH WOODLAWN AVE, CHICAGO, IL 60637-1603 USA SN 1522-2152 J9 PHYSIOL BIOCHEM ZOOL JI Physiol. Biochem. Zool. PD NOV-DEC PY 1999 VL 72 IS 6 BP 656 EP 665 DI 10.1086/316704 PG 10 WC Physiology; Zoology SC Physiology; Zoology GA 280KW UT WOS:000085102800002 PM 10603329 ER PT J AU Wershaw, RL AF Wershaw, RL TI Molecular aggregation of humic substances SO SOIL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE humic substances; molecular aggregation; micelle-like; amphiphiles; membrane-like ID IONIC ORGANIC-COMPOUNDS; MINERAL SURFACES; COMPOST LEACHATE; HUMUS COATINGS; CELL-MEMBRANES; FULVIC-ACID; C-13 NMR; MECHANISM; ALUMINA; WATER AB Humic substances (HS) form molecular aggregates in solution and on mineral surfaces. Elucidation of the mechanism of formation of these aggregates is important for an understanding of the interactions of HS in soils and natural waters. The HS are formed mainly by enzymatic depolymerization and oxidation of plant biopolymers. These reactions transform the aromatic and lipid plant components into amphiphilic molecules, that is, molecules that consist of separate hydrophobic (nonpolar) and hydrophilic (polar) parts. The nonpolar parts of the molecules are composed of relatively unaltered segments of plant polymers and the polar parts of carboxylic acid groups, These amphiphiles form membrane-like aggregates on mineral surfaces and micelle-like aggregates in solution. The exterior surfaces of these aggregates are hydrophilic, and the interiors constitute separate hydrophobic liquid-like phases. C1 US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Denver, CO 80225 USA. RP Wershaw, RL (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Mail Stop 408, Denver, CO 80225 USA. NR 72 TC 136 Z9 141 U1 6 U2 49 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 0038-075X J9 SOIL SCI JI Soil Sci. PD NOV PY 1999 VL 164 IS 11 BP 803 EP 813 DI 10.1097/00010694-199911000-00004 PG 11 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA 259JJ UT WOS:000083890500004 ER PT J AU Beckman, BR Dickhoff, WW Zaugg, WS Sharpe, C Hirtzel, S Schrock, R Larsen, DA Ewing, RD Palmisano, A Schreck, CB Mahnken, CVW AF Beckman, BR Dickhoff, WW Zaugg, WS Sharpe, C Hirtzel, S Schrock, R Larsen, DA Ewing, RD Palmisano, A Schreck, CB Mahnken, CVW TI Growth, smoltification, and smolt-to-adult return of spring chinook salmon from hatcheries on the Deschutes River, Oregon SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE AMERICAN FISHERIES SOCIETY LA English DT Review ID JOHN-DAY-RESERVOIR; MIGRATING JUVENILE SALMONIDS; TROUT ONCORHYNCHUS-MYKISS; MESSENGER-RNA EXPRESSION; PLASMA THYROID-HORMONES; ATLANTIC SALMON; COHO SALMON; COLUMBIA RIVER; FACTOR-I; SEAWATER ADAPTATION AB The relationship between smoltification and smelt-to-adult return (SAR) of spring chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha from the Deschutes River, Oregon, was examined for four release groups in each of three successive years. Fish were reared, marked with coded wire tags, and released from Round Butte Hatchery, Pelton Ladder rearing facility, and Warm Springs National Fish Hatchery. Smolt releases occurred in nearly the same place at similar times, allowing a direct comparison of SAR to several characters representing smolt quality. Return rates varied significantly among facilities, varying over an order of magnitude each year. The highest average SAR was from Pelton Ladder, the lowest was from Warm Springs. Each of the characters used as metrics of smoltification-fish size, spring growth rate (February-April), condition factor, plasma hormone concentration (thyroxine, cortisol, and insulin-like growth factor-I [IGF-I]), stress challenge, gill Na+,K+-ATPase activity, and liver glycogen concentration-varied significantly among facilities and seasonally within hatchery groups. However, only spring growth rate, gill ATPase activity, and plasma IGF-I concentration showed significant relationships to SAR. These characters and SAR itself were consistently lower for fish released from Warm Springs Hatchery than for fish from Round Butte Hatchery and Pelton Ladder. This demonstrates that differences in the quality of fish released by facilities may have profound effects on subsequent survival and suggests that manipulations of spring growth rate may be used to influence the quality of smolts released from facilities. C1 NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Integrat Fish Biol Program, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. Oregon State Univ, US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Oregon Cooperat Fisheries Res Unit, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Columbia River Res Stn, Cook, WA 98602 USA. Oregon Dept Fish & Wildlife, Corvallis, OR 97330 USA. US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Fisheries Enhancement Program, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. Univ Washington, Sch Fisheries, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. RP Beckman, BR (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Integrat Fish Biol Program, 2725 Montlake Blvd E, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. NR 129 TC 64 Z9 65 U1 1 U2 27 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA SN 0002-8487 J9 T AM FISH SOC JI Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. PD NOV PY 1999 VL 128 IS 6 BP 1125 EP 1150 DI 10.1577/1548-8659(1999)128<1125:GSASTA>2.0.CO;2 PG 26 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 351XD UT WOS:000089184000010 ER PT J AU Buffington, JM Montgomery, DR AF Buffington, JM Montgomery, DR TI Effects of hydraulic roughness on surface textures of gravel-bed rivers SO WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID CRITICAL SHEAR-STRESS; SEDIMENT TRANSPORT; BEDLOAD TRANSPORT; SPAWNING GRAVELS; FRICTION ANGLE; LOAD TRANSPORT; WOODY DEBRIS; CHANNEL; STREAMS; FLOW AB Field studies of forest gravel-bed rivers in northwestern Washington and southeastern Alaska demonstrate that bed-surface grain size is responsive to hydraulic roughness caused by bank irregularities, bars, and wood debris. We evaluate textural response by comparing reach-average median grain size (D-50) to that predicted from the total bank-full boundary shear stress (tau(0bf)), representing a hypothetical reference condition of low hydraulic roughness. For a given tau(0bf), channels with progressively greater hydraulic roughness have systematically finer bed surfaces, presumably due to reduced bed shear stress, resulting in lower channel competence and diminished bed load transport capacity, both of which promote textural fining. In channels with significant hydraulic roughness, observed values of D-50 can be up to 90% smaller than those predicted from tau(0bf). We find that wood debris plays an important role at our study sites, not only providing hydraulic roughness but also influencing pool spacing, frequency of textural patches, and the amplitude and wavelength of bank and bar topography and their consequent roughness. Our observations also have biological implications. We find that textural fining due to hydraulic roughness can create usable salmonid spawning gravels in channels that otherwise would be too coarse. C1 US Geol Survey, Div Water Resources, Boulder, CO USA. Univ Washington, Dept Geol Sci, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. RP Buffington, JM (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Div Water Resources, 3215 Marine St,Bldg RL6, Boulder, CO USA. NR 85 TC 152 Z9 153 U1 5 U2 33 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0043-1397 J9 WATER RESOUR RES JI Water Resour. Res. PD NOV PY 1999 VL 35 IS 11 BP 3507 EP 3521 DI 10.1029/1999WR900138 PG 15 WC Environmental Sciences; Limnology; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Water Resources GA 249PX UT WOS:000083342400026 ER PT J AU Buffington, JM Montgomery, DR AF Buffington, JM Montgomery, DR TI Effects of sediment supply on surface textures of gravel-bed rivers SO WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID BOUNDARY SHEAR-STRESS; MIXED-SIZE SEDIMENT; LOAD TRANSPORT; FINE SEDIMENT; FLUME EXPERIMENT; FLUVIAL GRAVELS; FRICTION ANGLE; ALTERNATE BARS; CHANNEL; STREAMS AB Using previously published data from flume studies, we test a new approach for quantifying the effects of sediment supply (i.e., bed material supply) on surface grain size of equilibrium gravel channels. Textural response to sediment supply is evaluated relative to a theoretical prediction of competent median grain size (D-50'). We find that surface median grain size (D-50') varies inversely with sediment supply rate and systematically approaches the competent value (D-50') at low equilibrium transport rates. Furthermore, equilibrium transport rate is a power function of the difference between applied and critical shear stresses and is therefore a power function of the difference between competent and observed median grain sizes (D-50' and D-50'). Consequently, we propose that the difference between predicted and observed median grain sizes can be used to determine sediment supply rate in equilibrium channels. Our analysis framework collapses data from different studies toward a single relationship between sediment supply rate and surface grain size. While the approach appears promising, we caution that it has been tested only on a limited set of laboratory data and a narrow range of channel conditions. C1 US Geol Survey, Div Water Resources, Boulder, CO USA. Univ Washington, Dept Geol Sci, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. RP Buffington, JM (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Div Water Resources, 3215 Marine St,Bldg RL6, Boulder, CO USA. NR 63 TC 98 Z9 98 U1 1 U2 21 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0043-1397 J9 WATER RESOUR RES JI Water Resour. Res. PD NOV PY 1999 VL 35 IS 11 BP 3523 EP 3530 DI 10.1029/1999WR900232 PG 8 WC Environmental Sciences; Limnology; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Water Resources GA 249PX UT WOS:000083342400027 ER PT J AU Thomas, JM AF Thomas, JM TI Comment on "Isotope hydrology of southern Nevada groundwater: Stable isotopes and radiocarbon" by M. L. Davisson et al. SO WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH LA English DT Editorial Material C1 US Geol Survey, Carson City, NV 89706 USA. RP Thomas, JM (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 33 W Nye Lane, Carson City, NV 89706 USA. NR 16 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0043-1397 J9 WATER RESOUR RES JI Water Resour. Res. PD NOV PY 1999 VL 35 IS 11 BP 3577 EP 3579 DI 10.1029/1999WR900217 PG 3 WC Environmental Sciences; Limnology; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Water Resources GA 249PX UT WOS:000083342400035 ER PT J AU Pappalardo, RT Belton, MJS Breneman, HH Carr, MH Chapman, CR Collins, GC Denk, T Fagents, S Geissler, PE Giese, B Greeley, R Greenberg, R Head, JW Helfenstein, P Hoppa, G Kadel, SD Klaasen, KP Klemaszewski, JE Magee, K McEwen, AS Moore, JM Moore, WB Neukum, G Phillips, CB Prockter, LM Schubert, G Senske, DA Sullivan, RJ Tufts, BR Turtle, EP Wagner, R Williams, KK AF Pappalardo, RT Belton, MJS Breneman, HH Carr, MH Chapman, CR Collins, GC Denk, T Fagents, S Geissler, PE Giese, B Greeley, R Greenberg, R Head, JW Helfenstein, P Hoppa, G Kadel, SD Klaasen, KP Klemaszewski, JE Magee, K McEwen, AS Moore, JM Moore, WB Neukum, G Phillips, CB Prockter, LM Schubert, G Senske, DA Sullivan, RJ Tufts, BR Turtle, EP Wagner, R Williams, KK TI Does Europa have a subsurface ocean? Evaluation of the geological evidence SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-PLANETS LA English DT Review ID DIFFERENTIATED INTERNAL STRUCTURE; CONAMARA CHAOS REGION; OUTER SOLAR-SYSTEM; GALILEAN SATELLITES; ICE SHELL; NONSYNCHRONOUS ROTATION; HYDROTHERMAL VENTS; LAPLACE RESONANCE; WATER VOLCANISM; TIDAL STRESSES AB It has been proposed that Jupiter's satellite Europa currently possesses a global subsurface ocean of liquid water. Galileo gravity data verify that the satellite is differentiated into an outer H(2)O layer about 100 km thick but cannot determine the current physical state of this layer (liquid or solid). Here we summarize the geological evidence regarding an extant subsurface ocean, concentrating on Galileo imaging data. We describe and assess nine pertinent lines of geological evidence: impact morphologies, lenticulae, cryovolcanic features, pull-apart bands, chaos, ridges, surface frosts, topography, and global tectonics. An internal ocean would be a simple and comprehensive explanation for a broad range of observations; however, we cannot rule out the possibility that all of the surface morphologies could be due to processes in warm, soft ice with only localized or partial melting. Two different models of impact flux imply very different surface ages for Europa; the model favored here indicates an average age of similar to 50 Myr. Searches for evidence of current geological activity on Europa, such as plumes or surface changes, have yielded negative results to date. The current existence of a global subsurface ocean, while attractive in explaining the observations, remains inconclusive. Future geophysical measurements are essential to determine conclusively whether or not there is a liquid water ocean within Europa today. C1 Brown Univ, Dept Geol Sci, Providence, RI 02912 USA. Natl Opt Astron Observ, Tucson, AZ 85726 USA. CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA USA. US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. SW Res Inst, Boulder, CO USA. DLR, Inst Planetenerkundung, Berlin, Germany. Univ Arizona, Lunar & Planetary Lab, Tempe, AZ USA. Cornell Univ, Ctr Radiophys & Space Res, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. Sterling Software, Pasadena, CA USA. NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Earth & Space Sci, Los Angeles, CA 90024 USA. RP Pappalardo, RT (reprint author), Brown Univ, Dept Geol Sci, Providence, RI 02912 USA. EM pappalardo@brown.edu RI Turtle, Elizabeth/K-8673-2012; Fagents, Sarah/B-3983-2014 OI Turtle, Elizabeth/0000-0003-1423-5751; NR 202 TC 207 Z9 210 U1 4 U2 40 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0148-0227 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-PLANET JI J. Geophys. Res.-Planets PD OCT 25 PY 1999 VL 104 IS E10 BP 24015 EP 24055 DI 10.1029/1998JE000628 PG 41 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 248AL UT WOS:000083253100001 ER PT J AU Phillips, PJ Wall, GR Thurman, EM Eckhardt, DA Vanhoesen, J AF Phillips, PJ Wall, GR Thurman, EM Eckhardt, DA Vanhoesen, J TI Metolachlor and its metabolites in tile drain and stream runoff in the canajoharie Greek watershed SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID MIDWESTERN UNITED-STATES; CHLOROACETANILIDE HERBICIDES; GLUTATHIONE CONJUGATION; XENOBIOTIC CONJUGATION; ACID METABOLITE; SOIL; IDENTIFICATION; TRANSFORMATION; DEGRADATION AB Water samples collected during April-November 1997 from tile drains beneath cultivated fields in central New York indicate that two metabolites of the herbicide metolachlor-metolachlor ESA (ethanesulfonic acid) and OA (oxanilic acid)-can persist in agricultural soils for 4 or more years after application and that fine-grained soils favor the transport of metolachlor ESA over metolachlor and metolachlor OA. Concentrations of metolachlor ESA from the tile drains ranged from 3.27 to 23.4 mu g/L (200-1800 times higher than those of metolachlor), metolachlor OA concentrations ranged from 1.14 to 13.5 mu g/L, and metolachlor concentrations ranged from less than 0.01 to 0.1 mu g/L. In the receiving stream, concentrations of metolachlor ESA were always below 0.6 mu g/L except during a November storm, when concentrations reached 0.85 mu g/L. Concentrations of metolachlor ESA in the stream were 2-45 times higher than those of metolachlor, reflecting the greater relative concentrations of metolachlor in surface water runoff than in tile drain runoff, These results are consistent with findings in other studies that acetanilide herbicide degredates are found in much higher concentrations than parent compounds in both surface water and groundwater. C1 US Geol Survey, Troy, NY 12180 USA. US Geol Survey, Lawrence, KS 66049 USA. Univ Nevada, Dept Geosci, Las Vegas, NV 89154 USA. RP Phillips, PJ (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 425 Jordan Rd, Troy, NY 12180 USA. RI Thurman, Earl/B-5131-2011 NR 29 TC 42 Z9 42 U1 1 U2 11 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0013-936X J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD OCT 15 PY 1999 VL 33 IS 20 BP 3531 EP 3537 DI 10.1021/es9811997 PG 7 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 248CJ UT WOS:000083257500009 ER PT J AU Robards, MD Anthony, JA Rose, GA Piatt, JF AF Robards, MD Anthony, JA Rose, GA Piatt, JF TI Changes in proximate composition and somatic energy content for Pacific sand lance (Ammodytes hexapterus) from Kachemak Bay, Alaska relative to maturity and season SO JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL MARINE BIOLOGY AND ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Ammodytes hexapterus; bioenergetics; condition index; Pacific sand lance; proximate composition; seasonal variation ID GULF; ATLANTIC; DENSITY; GROWTH; PREY; AGE; AMERICANUS; PREDATORS; FISHES; SOLE AB Mean dry-weight energy values of adult Pacific sand lance (Ammodytes hexapterus) peaked in spring and early summer (20.91 kJg(-1) for males, 21.08 kJg(-1) for females), then declined by about 25% during late summer and fall (15.91 kJg(-1) for males, 15.74 kTg(-1) for females). Late summer declines in energy density paralleled gonadal development. Gender differences in energy density (males < females) were only apparent from August to October. Adult sand lance spawn in October, entering the winter with close to their minimum whole body energy content. Juvenile sand lance exhibited a relatively constant protein to lipid ratio until they reached 80 mm fork length. Thereafter, relative proportions of protein remained constant while lipid proportions increased significantly. Dry weight energy densities of juveniles increased from a minimum 16.67 kJg(-1) to a maximum of 19.68 kJg(-1), and (per g) are higher than adults in late summer. The seasonal food value of adult sand lance to predators varies markedly, but maximum energetic value coincides with important feeding periods for marine mammals, fish, and seabirds. Published by Elsevier Science B.V. C1 Oregon State Univ, Dept Fisheries & Wildlife, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. Alaska Biol Sci Ctr, USGS Biol Resources Div, Anchorage, AK 99503 USA. Mem Univ Newfoundland, Fisheries Conservat, Fisheries & Marine Inst, St Johns, NF A1B 3X5, Canada. RP Robards, MD (reprint author), Alaska Biol Sci Ctr, USGS Biol Resources Div, Anchorage, AK 99503 USA. NR 44 TC 39 Z9 48 U1 1 U2 11 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0022-0981 J9 J EXP MAR BIOL ECOL JI J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. PD OCT 15 PY 1999 VL 242 IS 2 BP 245 EP 258 DI 10.1016/S0022-0981(99)00102-1 PG 14 WC Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 243MP UT WOS:000083002100006 ER PT J AU Landon, MK Delin, GN Komor, SC Regan, CP AF Landon, MK Delin, GN Komor, SC Regan, CP TI Comparison of the stable-isotopic composition of soil water collected from suction lysimeters, wick samplers, and cores in a sandy unsaturated zone SO JOURNAL OF HYDROLOGY LA English DT Article DE water; stable isotopes; unsaturated zone; lysimeters; soils; hydrology ID SOLUTE TRANSFER; TRANSPORT; MOVEMENT; NITROGEN; FLOW AB Soil water collected from suction lysimeters and wick samplers buried in the unsaturated zone of a sand and gravel aquifer and extracted from soil cores were analyzed for stable oxygen and hydrogen isotope values. Soil water isotopic values differed among the three sampling methods in most cases. However, because each sampling method collected different fractions of the total soil-water reservoir, the isotopic differences indicated that the soil water at a given depth and time was isotopically heterogeneous. This heterogeneity reflects the presence of relatively more and less mobile components of soil water. Isotopic results from three field tests indicated that 95-100% of the water collected from wick samplers was mobile soil water while samples from suction lysimeters and cores were mixtures of more and less mobile soil water. Suction lysimeter samples contained a higher proportion of more mobile water (15-95%) than samples from cores (5-80%) at the same depth. The results of this study indicate that, during infiltration events, soil water collected with wick samplers is more representative of the mobile soil water that is likely to recharge ground water during or soon after the event than soil water from suction lysimeters or cores. Published by Elsevier Science B.V. C1 US Geol Survey, Mounds View, MN 55112 USA. US Geol Survey, Ithaca, NY 14850 USA. Minnesota Pollut Control Agcy, St Paul, MN 55155 USA. RP Landon, MK (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 2280 Woodale Dr, Mounds View, MN 55112 USA. NR 39 TC 56 Z9 61 U1 5 U2 37 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0022-1694 J9 J HYDROL JI J. Hydrol. PD OCT 12 PY 1999 VL 224 IS 1-2 BP 45 EP 54 DI 10.1016/S0022-1694(99)00120-1 PG 10 WC Engineering, Civil; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Engineering; Geology; Water Resources GA 252TT UT WOS:000083518900003 ER PT J AU McKibben, CL Pascho, RJ AF McKibben, CL Pascho, RJ TI Shedding of Renibacterium salmoninarum by infected chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tschawytscha SO DISEASES OF AQUATIC ORGANISMS LA English DT Article DE Renibacterium salmoninarum; bacterial shedding; cohabitation challenge ID BACTERIAL KIDNEY-DISEASE; LINKED-IMMUNOSORBENT-ASSAY; RAINBOW-TROUT; ATLANTIC SALMON; GAIRDNERI RICHARDSON; CAUSATIVE AGENT; SALAR L; TSHAWYTSCHA; HISTOPATHOLOGY; TRANSMISSION AB Laboratory studies of the transmission and pathogenesis of Renibacterium salmoninarum may describe more accurately what is occurring in the natural environment if test fish are infected by waterborne R. salmoninarum shed from infected fish. To quantify bacterial shedding by chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tschawytscha at 13 degrees C in freshwater, groups of fish were injected intraperitoneally with R, salmoninarum at either 1.3 x 10(6) colony forming units (CFU) fish(-1) (high-dose injection group) or 1.5 x 10(3) CFU fish(-1) (low-dose injection group). R. salmoninarum infection levels were measured in the exposed fish by the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (BKD-ELISA). At regular intervals for 30 d, the numbers of R, salmoninarum shed by the injected fish were calculated on the basis of testing water samples by the membrane filtration-fluorescent antibody test (MF-FAT) and bacteriological culture. Mean BKD-ELISA optical densities (ODs) for fish in the low-dose injection group were not different from those of control fish (p > 0.05), and no R, salmoninarum were detected in water samples taken up to 30 d after injection of fish in the low-dose group. By 12 d after injection a proportion of the fish from the high-dose infection group had high (BKD-ELISA OD greater than or equal to 1.000) to severe (BKD-ELISA OD greater than or equal to 2.000) R, salmoninarum infection levels, and bacteria were detected in the water by both tests. However, measurable levels of R. salmoninarum were not consistently detected in the water until a proportion of the fish maintained high to severe infection levels for an additional 8 d. The concentrations of R. salmoninarum in the water samples ranged from undetectable up to 994 cells ml(-1) on the basis of the MF-FAT, and up to 1850 CFU ml(-1) on the basis of bacteriological culture. The results suggest that chinook salmon infected with R. salmoninarum by injection of approximately I x 10(6) CFU fish(-1) can be used as the source of infection in cohabitation challenges beginning 20 d after injection. C1 US Geol Survey, Western Fisheries Res Ctr, Biol Resources Div, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. RP Pascho, RJ (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Western Fisheries Res Ctr, Biol Resources Div, 6505 NE 65th St, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. NR 25 TC 25 Z9 25 U1 2 U2 7 PU INTER-RESEARCH PI OLDENDORF LUHE PA NORDBUNTE 23, D-21385 OLDENDORF LUHE, GERMANY SN 0177-5103 J9 DIS AQUAT ORGAN JI Dis. Aquat. Org. PD OCT 11 PY 1999 VL 38 IS 1 BP 75 EP 79 DI 10.3354/dao038075 PG 5 WC Fisheries; Veterinary Sciences SC Fisheries; Veterinary Sciences GA 275YG UT WOS:000084847300010 PM 10590930 ER PT J AU Ben Clennell, M Hovland, M Booth, JS Henry, P Winters, WJ AF Ben Clennell, M Hovland, M Booth, JS Henry, P Winters, WJ TI Formation of natural gas hydrates in marine sediments 1. Conceptual model of gas hydrate growth conditioned by host sediment properties SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SOLID EARTH LA English DT Review ID BOTTOM-SIMULATING-REFLECTORS; CONTINENTAL-SLOPE SEDIMENTS; MIXED ELECTROLYTE-SOLUTIONS; SHALLOW SUBSURFACE CORES; IN-SITU PRODUCTION; METHANE HYDRATE; POROUS-MEDIA; PORE-WATER; THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES; SEISMIC-REFLECTION AB The stability of submarine gas hydrates is largely dictated by pressure and temperature, gas composition, and pore water salinity. However, the physical properties and surface chemistry of deep marine sediments may also affect the thermodynamic state, growth kinetics, spatial distributions, and growth forms of clathrates, Our conceptual model presumes that gas hydrate behaves in a way analogous to ice in a freezing soil. Hydrate growth is inhibited within fine-grained sediments by a combination of reduced pore water activity in the vicinity of hydrophilic mineral surfaces, and the excess internal energy of small crystals confined in pores. The excess energy can be thought of as a "capillary pressure" in the hydrate crystal, related to the pore size distribution and the state of stress in the sediment framework. The base of gas hydrate stability in a sequence of fine sediments is predicted by our model to occur at a lower temperature (nearer to the seabed) than would be calculated from bulk thermodynamic equilibrium. Capillary effects or a build up of salt in the system can expand the phase boundary between hydrate and free gas into a divariant field extending over a finite depth range dictated by total methane content and pore-size distribution. Hysteresis between the temperatures of crystallization and dissociation of the clathrate is also predicted. Growth forms commonly observed in hydrate samples recovered from marine sediments (nodules, and lenses in muds; cements in sands) can largely be explained by capillary effects, but kinetics of nucleation and growth are also important, The formation of concentrated gas hydrates in a partially closed system with respect to material transport, or where gas can flush through the system, may lead to water depletion in the host sediment. This "freeze-drying" may be detectable through physical changes to the sediment (low water content and overconsolidation) and/or chemical anomalies in the pore waters and metastable presence of free gas within the normal zone of hydrate stability. C1 US Geol Survey, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. Univ Fed Bahia, Ctr Pesquisa Geofis & Geol, BR-40210340 Salvador, BA, Brazil. STATOIL, N-4034 Stavanger, Norway. Ecole Normale Super, Geol Lab, F-75231 Paris, France. RP US Geol Survey, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. EM clennell@cpgg.ufba.br; MHOVLAND@statoil.com; jbooth@usgs.gov; henry@opale.ens.fr; bwinters@usgs.gov RI Henry, Pierre/A-4045-2011 NR 120 TC 278 Z9 308 U1 10 U2 41 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-9313 EI 2169-9356 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-SOL EA JI J. Geophys. Res.-Solid Earth PD OCT 10 PY 1999 VL 104 IS B10 BP 22985 EP 23003 DI 10.1029/1999JB900175 PG 19 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 243VX UT WOS:000083019100010 ER PT J AU Morrissey, MM Savage, WZ Wieczorek, GF AF Morrissey, MM Savage, WZ Wieczorek, GF TI Air blasts generated by rockfall impacts: Analysis of the 1996 Happy Isles event in Yosemite National Park SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SOLID EARTH LA English DT Article ID FLOW AB The July 10, 1996, Happy Isles rockfall in Yosemite National Park, California, released 23,000 to 38,000 m(3) of granite in four separate events. The impacts of the first two events which involved a 550-m free fall, generated seismic waves and atmospheric pressure waves (air blasts). We focus on the dynamic behavior of the second air blast that downed over 1000 trees, destroyed a bridge, demolished a snack bar, and caused one fatality and several injuries. Calculated velocities for the air blast from a two-phase, finite difference model are compared to velocities estimated from tree damage. From tornadic studies of tree damage, the air blast is estimated to have traveled <108-120 m/s within 50 m from the impact and decreased to <10-20 m/s within 500 m from the impact. The numerical model simulates the two-dimensional propagation of an air blast through a dusty atmosphere with initial conditions defined by the impact velocity and pressure. The impact velocity (105-107 m/s) is estimated from the Colorado Rockfall Simulation Program that simulates rockfall trajectories. The impact pressure (0.5 MPa) is constrained by the kinetic energy of the impact (10(10)-10(12) J) estimated from the seismic energy generated by the impact. Results from the air blast simulations indicate that the second Happy Isles air blast (weak shock wave) traveled with an initial velocity above the local sound speed. The size and location of the first impact are thought to have injected <50 wt % dust into the atmosphere. This amount of dust lowered the local atmospheric sound speed to similar to 220 m/s. The discrepancy between calculated velocity data and field estimated velocity data (similar to 220 m/s versus similar to 110 m/s) is attributed to energy dissipated by the downing of trees and additional entrainment of debris into the atmosphere not included in the calculations. C1 US Geol Survey, Natl Ctr, Reston, VA 20192 USA. US Geol Survey, Denver, CO 80225 USA. RP Morrissey, MM (reprint author), Colorado Sch Mines, Dept Geol, Golden, CO 80401 USA. EM morrisse@usgs.gov; savage@usgs.gov NR 16 TC 6 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-9313 EI 2169-9356 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-SOL EA JI J. Geophys. Res.-Solid Earth PD OCT 10 PY 1999 VL 104 IS B10 BP 23189 EP 23198 DI 10.1029/1999JB900189 PG 10 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 243VX UT WOS:000083019100023 ER PT J AU Stoddard, JL Jeffries, DS Lukewille, A Clair, TA Dillon, PJ Driscoll, CT Forsius, M Johannessen, M Kahl, JS Kellogg, JH Kemp, A Mannio, J Monteith, DT Murdoch, PS Patrick, S Rebsdorf, A Skjelkvale, BL Stainton, MP Traaen, T van Dam, H Webster, KE Wieting, J Wilander, A AF Stoddard, JL Jeffries, DS Lukewille, A Clair, TA Dillon, PJ Driscoll, CT Forsius, M Johannessen, M Kahl, JS Kellogg, JH Kemp, A Mannio, J Monteith, DT Murdoch, PS Patrick, S Rebsdorf, A Skjelkvale, BL Stainton, MP Traaen, T van Dam, H Webster, KE Wieting, J Wilander, A TI Regional trends in aquatic recovery from acidification in North America and Europe SO NATURE LA English DT Article ID NORTHEASTERN US; SURFACE WATERS; DEPOSITION; LAKES; DROUGHT; SULFUR; WET AB Rates of acidic deposition from the atmosphere ('acid rain') have decreased throughout the 1980s and 1990s across large portions of North America and Europe(1,2). Many recent studies have attributed observed reversals in surface-water acidification at national(3) and regional(4) scales to the declining deposition. To test whether emissions regulations have led to widespread recovery in surface-water chemistry, we analysed regional trends between 1980 and 1995 in indicators of acidification (sulphate, nitrate and base-cation concentrations, and measured (Gran) alkalinity) for 205 lakes and streams in eight regions of North America and Europe. Dramatic differences in trend direction and strength for the two decades are apparent. In concordance with general temporal trends in acidic deposition, lake and stream sulphate concentrations decreased in all regions with the exception of Great Britain; all but one of these regions exhibited stronger downward trends in the 1990s than in the 1980s. In contrast, regional declines in lake and stream nitrate concentrations were rare and, when detected, were very small. Recovery in alkalinity, expected wherever strong regional declines in sulphate concentrations have occurred, was observed in all regions of Europe, especially in the 1990s, but in only one region (of five) in North America. We attribute the lack of recovery in three regions (south/central Ontario, the Adirondack/Catskill mountains and midwestern North America) to strong regional declines in base-cation concentrations that exceed the decreases in sulphate concentrations. C1 US EPA, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. Environm Canada, Burlington, ON L7R 4A6, Canada. Norwegian Inst Air Res, N-2027 Kjeller, Norway. Environm Canada, Sackville, NB E4L 1G6, Canada. Ontario Minist Environm, Dorset, ON P0A 1E0, Canada. Syracuse Univ, Syracuse, NY 13244 USA. Finnish Environm Inst, Helsinki 00251, Finland. Norwegian Inst Water Res, N-0411 Oslo, Norway. Vermont Dept Environm Conservat, Orono, ME 04469 USA. Environm Canada, Montreal, PQ H2Y 2E7, Canada. UCL, Environm Change Res Ctr, London WC1H 0AP, England. US Geol Survey, Troy, NY 12180 USA. Natl Environm Res Inst, DK-8600 Silkeborg, Denmark. Fisheries & Oceans Canada, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N6, Canada. Aquasence TEC, NL-1090 Amsterdam, Netherlands. Wisconsin Dept Nat Resources, Monona, WI 53716 USA. Umwelstbundesamt, D-13581 Berlin, Germany. Swedish Univ Agr Sci, S-75007 Uppsala, Sweden. Univ Maine, Sawyer Res Ctr, Orono, ME 04469 USA. RP Stoddard, JL (reprint author), US EPA, 200 SW 35th St, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. EM stoddard@mail.cor.epa.gov RI Stoddard, John/H-5594-2013; Monteith, Donald/C-1534-2008; Driscoll, Charles/F-9832-2014; OI Monteith, Donald/0000-0003-3219-1772; Webster, Katherine/0000-0002-6009-0146; Stoddard, John/0000-0002-2537-6130; Driscoll, Charles/0000-0003-2692-2890 NR 30 TC 525 Z9 536 U1 22 U2 121 PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP PI LONDON PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND SN 0028-0836 J9 NATURE JI Nature PD OCT 7 PY 1999 VL 401 IS 6753 BP 575 EP 578 DI 10.1038/44114 PG 4 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 244MG UT WOS:000083054900046 ER PT J AU Booth, JS Winters, WJ Dillon, WP AF Booth, JS Winters, WJ Dillon, WP TI Apparatus investigates geological aspects of gas hydrates SO OIL & GAS JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID ATLANTIC C1 US Geol Survey, GHASTLI Dev & Res Planning, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. US Geol Survey, Ctr Coastal & Marine Geol, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. US Geol Survey, Gas Hydrate Project, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. RP Booth, JS (reprint author), US Geol Survey, GHASTLI Dev & Res Planning, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. NR 9 TC 5 Z9 9 U1 1 U2 3 PU PENNWELL PUBL CO ENERGY GROUP PI TULSA PA 1421 S SHERIDAN RD PO BOX 1260, TULSA, OK 74101 USA SN 0030-1388 J9 OIL GAS J JI Oil Gas J. PD OCT 4 PY 1999 VL 97 IS 40 BP 63 EP + PG 6 WC Energy & Fuels; Engineering, Petroleum SC Energy & Fuels; Engineering GA 244CW UT WOS:000083035100020 ER PT J AU Echelle, AF Echelle, AA Williams, LR Toepfer, CS Fisher, WL AF Echelle, AF Echelle, AA Williams, LR Toepfer, CS Fisher, WL TI Allozyme perspective on genetic variation in a threatened percid fish, the leopard darter (Percina pantherina) SO AMERICAN MIDLAND NATURALIST LA English DT Article ID PHYLOGENETIC TREES; CONSERVATION; PARSIMONY; OKLAHOMA AB Genetic variation was assessed with protein electrophoresis for seven populations of the leopard darter, Percina pantherina, a species restricted to five rivers in the Little River System of southwestern Arkansas and southeastern Oklahoma. Analysis of genetic diversity indicated that only 10% of the total gene diversity (H-T = 0.03) reflects differences among populations; 7.3% was attributable to differences among populations in different rivers and 2.7% to differences among samples within rivers. Average heterozygosity was fairly low (0.020-0.031), but there was a relatively high level of allele diversity with two or more alleles detected at 21 of the 31 gene loci examined. Most polymorphism was due to alleles occurring at low frequencies (less than or equal to 0.05) in restricted geographic areas. An allele frequency, maximum parsimony analysis revealed three primary clades: (1) populations in Little and Glover rivers, (2) populations from the Mountain Fork River drainage and (3) populations in Robinson Fork and Cossatot rivers. This pattern of geographic variation should be considered in future management of the species. C1 Oklahoma State Univ, US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div,Dept Zool, Oklahoma Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Stillwater, OK 74078 USA. RP Echelle, AF (reprint author), Oklahoma State Univ, US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div,Dept Zool, Oklahoma Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Stillwater, OK 74078 USA. NR 25 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 1 U2 1 PU AMER MIDLAND NATURALIST PI NOTRE DAME PA UNIV NOTRE DAME, BOX 369, ROOM 295 GLSC, NOTRE DAME, IN 46556 USA SN 0003-0031 J9 AM MIDL NAT JI Am. Midl. Nat. PD OCT PY 1999 VL 142 IS 2 BP 393 EP 400 DI 10.1674/0003-0031(1999)142[0393:APOGVI]2.0.CO;2 PG 8 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 243ZN UT WOS:000083027500016 ER PT J AU Sovada, MA Roaldson, JM Sargeant, AB AF Sovada, MA Roaldson, JM Sargeant, AB TI Foods of American badgers in west-central Minnesota and southeastern North Dakota during the duck nesting season SO AMERICAN MIDLAND NATURALIST LA English DT Article ID WATERFOWL AB Although the American badger (Taxidea taxus) is common in grasslands and preys on a wide diversity of foods including birds, little is known about badger diet in areas where nesting ducks are common. Small mammals, primarily Muridae and Geomyidae, were the most common food items in the diet of badgers collected from west-central Minnesota and southeastern North Dakota during April-July 1987 through 1990, based on analysis of gastrointestinal tracts of 47 adult (greater than or equal to 1-y-old) and 5 juvenile (<6-mo-old) badgers. Remains of mammals occurred in 98% of samples from adult badgers. Small quantities of insects were found in 40% of adult samples. Bird remains were in 32% of adult samples, most birds identified Anatidae: ducks or ducklings occurred in 27% and duck eggs in 60% of those samples. Remains of reptiles. amphibians and mollusks were present, but were less common than other foods. Insects and bird eggs were more common during spring (April-May) than summer (June-July). Birds were more frequent in diets of adults than juvenile badgers. C1 US Geol Survey, No Prairie Wildlife Res Ctr, Jamestown, ND 58401 USA. RP Sovada, MA (reprint author), US Geol Survey, No Prairie Wildlife Res Ctr, Jamestown, ND 58401 USA. EM marsha_sovada@usgs.gov NR 24 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 8 PU AMER MIDLAND NATURALIST PI NOTRE DAME PA UNIV NOTRE DAME, BOX 369, ROOM 295 GLSC, NOTRE DAME, IN 46556 USA SN 0003-0031 J9 AM MIDL NAT JI Am. Midl. Nat. PD OCT PY 1999 VL 142 IS 2 BP 410 EP 414 DI 10.1674/0003-0031(1999)142[0410:FOABIW]2.0.CO;2 PG 5 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 243ZN UT WOS:000083027500018 ER PT J AU Haukos, DA Smith, LM AF Haukos, DA Smith, LM TI Effects of lek age on age structure and attendance of lesser prairie-chickens (Tympanuchus pallidicinctus) SO AMERICAN MIDLAND NATURALIST LA English DT Article ID GREATER AB We used data from lesser prairie-chickens captured on leks to test the hypothesis that age structure of attending birds is reflected in lek age (i.e., years of continuous attendance). As lees become older the age structure of attending birds becomes dominated by adults. Average lek size (number of attending males) was not affected by lek age. Establishment of satellite leks (leks less than or equal to 2 y of consecutive use) during spring was approximately 1 mo later than other leks and corresponded to a decrease in the number of males attending other leks. Interpretation of data collected from birds attending lesser prairie-chicken leks should include consideration of the lek age. C1 Texas Tech Univ, Dept Range Wildlife & Fisheries Management, Lubbock, TX 79409 USA. RP Haukos, DA (reprint author), Texas Tech Univ, US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Dept Range Wildlife & Fisheries Management, Lubbock, TX 79423 USA. NR 26 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 5 PU AMER MIDLAND NATURALIST PI NOTRE DAME PA UNIV NOTRE DAME, BOX 369, ROOM 295 GLSC, NOTRE DAME, IN 46556 USA SN 0003-0031 J9 AM MIDL NAT JI Am. Midl. Nat. PD OCT PY 1999 VL 142 IS 2 BP 415 EP 420 DI 10.1674/0003-0031(1999)142[0415:EOLAOA]2.0.CO;2 PG 6 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 243ZN UT WOS:000083027500019 ER PT J AU Ratajeski, K Sisson, TW AF Ratajeski, K Sisson, TW TI Loss of iron to gold capsules in rock-melting experiments SO AMERICAN MINERALOGIST LA English DT Article ID REDOX STATES; H2O; DIFFERENTIATION; PERIDOTITE; ABSORPTION; PRESSURE; ANATEXIS; KILOBARS; BIOTITE; WATER AB Gold is used widely for capsules in high-temperature rock-melting studies because it is generally thought to absorb negligible Fe from silicate samples. However, we observed significant losses of Fe from fluid-absent melting experiments on hornblende gabbros at 800-975 degrees C and 8 kbar, using standard piston-cylinder techniques. The extent of Fe loss from the sample is dependent on the relative masses of the sample and the capsule. Low sample to capsule mass ratios (similar to 0.04) lead to the highest Fe losses (32-49% relative). Concentrations of Fe in silicate melt and used gold capsules define an apparent equilibrium constant (K') that follows a linear In K' vs. 1/T relation (at an estimated log f(o2) of QFM-1). The apparent equilibrium constant is used to make limiting upper estimates on the amount of Fe that could be lost during rock-melting experiments for a range off,, and sample to capsule mass ratios. At high f(o2) (NNO + 2), loss of Fe to gold is negligible (<2% relative) for a wide range of sample to capsule mass ratios. At an f(o2) of NNO, Fe loss can be kept to <10% relative by using a sample to capsule mass ratio of 0.2 or greater. At low f(o2) (QFM-1), presaturating the Au with Fe would be necessary to ensure that Fe losses remained <10% relative. Fe loss can compromise experimental results for small samples run at low f(o2) conditions, be they buffered, imposed by the pressure media, or produced by intrinsically reduced (graphitic) starting materials. C1 Univ N Carolina, Dept Geol Sci, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. US Geol Survey, Volcano Hazards Program, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. RP Ratajeski, K (reprint author), Univ N Carolina, Dept Geol Sci, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. NR 22 TC 23 Z9 23 U1 0 U2 9 PU MINERALOGICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 1015 EIGHTEENTH ST, NW SUITE 601, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0003-004X J9 AM MINERAL JI Am. Miner. PD OCT PY 1999 VL 84 IS 10 BP 1521 EP 1527 PG 7 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Mineralogy SC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Mineralogy GA 244YT UT WOS:000083078900005 ER PT J AU Oremland, RS Blum, JS Bindi, AB Dowdle, PR Herbel, M Stolz, JF AF Oremland, RS Blum, JS Bindi, AB Dowdle, PR Herbel, M Stolz, JF TI Simultaneous reduction of nitrate and selenate by cell suspensions of selenium-respiring bacteria SO APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID JOAQUIN DRAINAGE WATER; THAUERA-SELENATIS; ELEMENTAL SELENIUM; ANAEROBIC-BACTERIA; STRAIN SES-3; SEDIMENTS; REMOVAL; GROWTH; BIOREMEDIATION; PURIFICATION AB Washed-cell suspensions of Sulfurospirillum barnesii reduced selenate [Se(VI)] when cells were cultured with nitrate, thiosulfate, arsenate, or fumarate as the electron acceptor. When the concentration of the electron donor was limiting, Se(VI) reduction in whole cells was approximately fourfold greater in Se(VI)-grown cells than was observed in nitrate-grown cells; correspondingly, nitrate reduction was similar to 11-fold higher in nitrate-grown cells than in Se(VI)-grown cells. However, a simultaneous reduction of nitrate and Se(VI) was observed in both cases. At nonlimiting electron donor concentrations, nitrate-grown cells suspended with equimolar nitrate and selenate achieved a complete reductive removal of nitrogen and selenium oxyanions, with the bulk of nitrate reduction preceding that of selenate reduction. Chloramphenicol did not inhibit these reductions. The Se(VI)-respiring haloalkaliphile Bacillus arsenicoselenatis gave similar results, but its Se(VI) reductase was not constitutive in nitrate-grown cells. No reduction of Se(VI) was noted for Bacillus selenitireducens, which respires selenite. The results of kinetic experiments with cell membrane preparations of S. barnesii suggest the presence of constitutive selenate and nitrate reduction, as well as an inducible, high-affinity nitrate reductase in nitrate-grown cells which also has a low affinity for selenate. The simultaneous reduction of micromolar Se(VI) in the presence of millimolar nitrate indicates that these organisms may have a functional use in bioremediating nitrate-rich, seleniferous agricultural wastewaters. Results with Se-75-selenate tracer show that these organisms can lower ambient Se(VI) concentrations to levels in compliance with new regulations proposed for release of selenium oxyanions into the environment. C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. Duquesne Univ, Dept Biol, Pittsburgh, PA 15282 USA. RP Oremland, RS (reprint author), US Geol Survey, MS 480,345 Middlefield Rd, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. NR 31 TC 73 Z9 74 U1 2 U2 21 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1325 MASSACHUSETTS AVENUE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005-4171 USA SN 0099-2240 J9 APPL ENVIRON MICROB JI Appl. Environ. Microbiol. PD OCT PY 1999 VL 65 IS 10 BP 4385 EP 4392 PG 8 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology GA 242UB UT WOS:000082959100014 PM 10508064 ER PT J AU Barrows, FT Lellis, WA AF Barrows, FT Lellis, WA TI The effect of dietary protein and lipid source on dorsal fin erosion in rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss SO AQUACULTURE LA English DT Article DE rainbow trout; diet; fin erosion; lipids; minerals ID STEELHEAD; CARP AB A study was conducted to determine the effect of dietary protein and lipid source on dorsal fin erosion in rainbow trout, Seven diets were each fed to four replicate lots of 300 first-feeding fry cultured in 75 1 aluminum troughs for 8 weeks. Two basal diets were manufactured with approximately equal nutrient content, one using krill and squid meals and the other anchovy meal as the primary protein-containing ingredients. The meals used to manufacture the diets were separated into two fractions: lipid (ether-extractable); and protein/ash (non-ether-extractable) using a large soxhlet. The fractions were then recombined to create two additional diets; one containing anchovy protein/ash with krill/squid lipid, the other krill/squid protein/ash with fish lipid. A fifth diet recombined krill/squid protein/ash with krill/squid Lipid to evaluate effects of the extraction process. Two additional treatments included a diet with a portion of the krill meal replaced by poultry by-product meal, and the basal anchovy meal diet supplemented with sodium, magnesium, and copper. Fish consuming diets containing anchovy meal as the primary protein source gained more weight (P < 0.05) than fish consuming krill/squid meal-based diets. Dorsal fin index (DFI, measured as mean dorsal fin heightX100/total fish length) was greater (P < 0.05) for fish consuming diets containing krill/squid meal protein/ash fraction (DFI = 9.9%-10.0%) than for fish consuming diets containing anchovy meal protein/ash fraction (DFI = 4.9%-5.3%), regardless of lipid source. Supplementation of the anchovy meal diet with sodium, magnesium, and copper improved (P < 0.05) DFI by approximately 20%, but not to the level supported by the kril/squid meal protein/ash fraction diets. The cost of the krill meal diet was reduced by inclusion of poultry by-product meal without affecting dorsal fin condition. These data indicate that the dietary agent contributing to dorsal fin erosion in rainbow trout is not present in the ether-extractable fraction of the diet, but rather in the protein or mineral fraction. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Fish Technol Ctr, Bozeman, MT 59715 USA. US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Res & Dev Lab, Wellsboro, PA 16901 USA. RP Barrows, FT (reprint author), US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Fish Technol Ctr, 4050 Bridger Canyon Rd, Bozeman, MT 59715 USA. NR 18 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 1 U2 4 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0044-8486 J9 AQUACULTURE JI Aquaculture PD OCT 1 PY 1999 VL 180 IS 1-2 BP 167 EP 175 DI 10.1016/S0044-8486(99)00188-X PG 9 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 233UE UT WOS:000082445000013 ER PT J AU Horne, MT Finley, NJ Sprenger, MD AF Horne, MT Finley, NJ Sprenger, MD TI Polychlorinated biphenyl- and mercury-associated alterations on benthic invertebrate community structure in a contaminated salt marsh in southeast Georgia SO ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article ID CHESAPEAKE-BAY; POLLUTION; GRADIENT; HARBOR AB The community structure of a benthic macroinvertebrate assemblage in a contaminated salt marsh was evaluated as part of an ecological characterization of a former chloralkali production facility in Georgia. Sample locations were chosen based on a gradient of the primary contaminants of concern, total mercury and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), primarily Aroclor 1268. Sediment concentrations of Aroclor 1268 ranged from 2.3 to 150 mg/kg dry weight, while mercury concentrations ranged from 15 to 170 mg/kg dry weight in the study area. Mercury and PCBs were determined to be co-located in the sediments. Total organic carbon composition of the sediments was negatively associated with PCB and mercury concentrations. A total of 29 benthic taxa was identified in 49 samples; replicate samples were taken at each of five sampling locations. Mean infaunal density across all sampling locations was estimated at approximately 61,000 to 234,000 organisms m(-2) Overall, polychaetes comprised 57% of the infaunal community with Manayunkia aestuarina as the dominant species. Oligochaetes, nematodes, crustacea, insects, and gastropods comprised 23.0, 18.0, 1.0, 0.7, and 0.2% of the overall benthic community, respectively Density estimates of individual species between sampling locations showed no consistent patterns in response to pollutants. However, an analysis of higher taxonomic levels revealed some general trends. In uncontaminated areas, the benthic community was dominated by nematodes and oligochaetes, whereas moderate to highly contaminated areas were dominated by polychaetes and a smaller percentage of oligochaetes and nematodes. A trophic analysis of the same data set revealed that the community shifted from an evenly distributed percentage of surface and subsurface feeders in the uncontaminated areas to a community dominated by surface feeders in the more contaminated locations. Carnivores comprised from 0.13 to 0.90% of the trophic structure, with the percentage of carnivores generally decreasing with increasing contamination. Mercury and PCBs were bioaccumulating in representative marsh benthic invertebrates, presenting a potential source of contaminants to marsh consumers. Tissue PCB and tissue mercury concentrations were positively related to sediment PCB and mercury concentrations, respectively. A standard 14-day toxicity test using the amphipod Leptocheirus plumulosus showed no acute toxicity across the sampling locations. C1 US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Edison, NJ 08837 USA. Natl Pk Serv, Cape Cod Natl Seashore, Wellfleet, MA 02667 USA. US EPA, Edison, NJ 08837 USA. RP Horne, MT (reprint author), US Fish & Wildlife Serv, 2890 Woodbridge Ave, Edison, NJ 08837 USA. NR 21 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 1 U2 6 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0090-4341 J9 ARCH ENVIRON CON TOX JI Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. PD OCT PY 1999 VL 37 IS 3 BP 317 EP 325 PG 9 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA 235RC UT WOS:000082555500005 PM 10473787 ER PT J AU Powell, LA Conroy, MJ Krementz, DG Lang, JD AF Powell, LA Conroy, MJ Krementz, DG Lang, JD TI A model to predict breeding-season productivity for multibrooded songbirds SO AUK LA English DT Article ID NEOTROPICAL MIGRANT BIRDS; WOOD THRUSHES; HABITAT USE; POPULATION; SURVIVAL; SUCCESS; FOREST; DISPERSAL; SINKS; SIZE AB Breeding-season productivity (the per capita number of offspring surviving to the end of the breeding season) is seldom estimated for multibrooded songbirds because of cost and logistical constraints. However, this parameter is critical far predictions of population growth rates and comparisons of seasonal productivity across geographic or temporal scales. We constructed a dynamic, stochastic, individual-based model of breeding-season productivity using demographic data from Wood Thrushes (Hylocichla mustelina) in central Georgia from 1993 to 1996. The model predicts breeding-season productivity as a function of adult survival, juvenile survival, nesting success, season length, renesting interval, and juvenile-care intervals. The model predicted that seasonal fecundity (number of fledglings produced) was 3.04, but only 2.04 juveniles per female survived to the end of the breeding season. Sensitivity analyses showed that differences in renesting interval, nesting success, fledglings per successful nest, and adult and juvenile survival caused variation in breeding-season productivity. Contrary to commonly held notions, season length and fledgling-care interval length did not cause variation in breeding-season productivity. This modeling exercise emphasizes the need for demographic data for songbird species, and we encourage biologists to use similar models to evaluate productivity in songbird populations. C1 Univ Georgia, Georgia Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Warnell Sch Forest Resources, Athens, GA 30602 USA. Univ Georgia, Inst Ecol, Warnell Sch Forest Resources, Athens, GA 30602 USA. Univ Georgia, USGS,Biol Resources Div, Warnell Sch Forest Resources, Georgia Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Athens, GA 30602 USA. Univ Georgia, USGS, Warnell Sch Forest Resources, Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, Athens, GA 30602 USA. RP Powell, LA (reprint author), Univ Dubuque, Dept Biol, 2000 Univ Ave, Dubuque, IA 52001 USA. RI Powell, Larkin/G-4570-2010 NR 30 TC 41 Z9 41 U1 0 U2 5 PU AMER ORNITHOLOGISTS UNION PI LAWRENCE PA ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC NORTH AMER PO BOX 1897, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 USA SN 0004-8038 J9 AUK JI AUK PD OCT PY 1999 VL 116 IS 4 BP 1001 EP 1008 PG 8 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA 253XZ UT WOS:000083583600014 ER PT J AU Petersen, MR Larned, WW Douglas, DC AF Petersen, MR Larned, WW Douglas, DC TI At-sea distribution of Spectacled Eiders: A 120-year-old mystery resolved SO AUK LA English DT Article ID WESTERN ALASKA; KASHUNUK RIVER; LEAD; FISCHERI; DUCKS AB The at-sea distribution of the threatened Spectacled Elder (Somateria fischeri) has remained largely undocumented. We identified migration corridors, staging and molting areas, and wintering areas of adult Spectacled Elders using implanted satellite transmitters in birds from each of the three extant breeding grounds (North Slope and Yukon-Kuskokwim Delta in Alaska and arctic Russia). Based on transmitter locations, we conducted aerial surveys to provide visual confirmation of cider flocks and to estimate numbers of birds. We identified two principal molting and staging areas off coastal Alaska (Ledyard Bay and eastern Norton Sound) and two off coastal Russia (Mechigmenskiy Bay on the eastern Chukotka Peninsula, and the area between the Indigirka and Kolyma deltas in the Republic of Sakha). We estimated that >10,000 birds molt and stage in monospecific flocks at Mechigmenskiy and Ledyard bays, and several thousand molt and stage in eastern Norton Sound. We further identified eastern Norton Sound as the principal molting and staging area for females nesting on the Yukon-Kuskokwim Delta, and Ledyard Bay and Mechigmenskiy Bay as the principal molting and staging areas for females nesting on the North Slope. Males marked at all three breeding grounds molt and stage in Mehigmenskiy Bay, Ledyard Bay, and the Indigirka-Kolyma delta region. Males from the Yukon-Kuskokwim Delta molt and stage mainly at Mechigmenskiy Bay. Equal numbers of males from the North Slope: molt and stage at all three areas, and most males from arctic Russia molt and stage at the Indigirka-Kolyma delta region. Postbreeding migration corridors were offshore in the Bering, Chukchi, and Beaufort seas. In winter, elders were in the Bering Sea south of St. Lawrence Island. Our estimates from surveys in late winter and early spring suggest that at least 333,000 birds winter in single-species flocks in the pack ice in the Bering Sea. C1 US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Alaska Biol Sci Ctr, Anchorage, AK 99503 USA. US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Soldotna, AK 99669 USA. RP Petersen, MR (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Alaska Biol Sci Ctr, 1011 E Tudor Rd, Anchorage, AK 99503 USA. NR 27 TC 66 Z9 69 U1 3 U2 18 PU AMER ORNITHOLOGISTS UNION PI LAWRENCE PA ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC NORTH AMER PO BOX 1897, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 USA SN 0004-8038 J9 AUK JI AUK PD OCT PY 1999 VL 116 IS 4 BP 1009 EP 1020 PG 12 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA 253XZ UT WOS:000083583600015 ER PT J AU Drobney, RD Checkett, JM Coluccy, JM Graber, DA AF Drobney, RD Checkett, JM Coluccy, JM Graber, DA TI Precocious breeding by yearling giant Canada geese SO AUK LA English DT Article ID AGE C1 Univ Missouri, Missouri Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Div Biol Resources, US Geol Survey, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. Univ Missouri, Missouri Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Sch Nat Resources, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. Missouri Dept Conservat, Columbia, MO 65201 USA. RP Drobney, RD (reprint author), Univ Missouri, Missouri Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Div Biol Resources, US Geol Survey, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. NR 14 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER ORNITHOLOGISTS UNION PI LAWRENCE PA ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC NORTH AMER PO BOX 1897, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 USA SN 0004-8038 J9 AUK JI AUK PD OCT PY 1999 VL 116 IS 4 BP 1145 EP 1147 PG 3 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA 253XZ UT WOS:000083583600031 ER PT J AU Bart, J Kepler, C Sykes, P Bocetti, C AF Bart, J Kepler, C Sykes, P Bocetti, C TI Evaluation of mist-net sampling as an index to productivity in Kirtland's warblers SO AUK LA English DT Article ID SURVIVAL C1 US Geol Survey, Forest & Rangeland Ecosyst Sci Ctr, Snake River Field Stn, Boise, ID 83706 USA. US Geol Survey, Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, Athens, GA 30602 USA. US Geol Survey, Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, Laurel, MD 20708 USA. RP Bart, J (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Forest & Rangeland Ecosyst Sci Ctr, Snake River Field Stn, Boise, ID 83706 USA. EM jbart@eagle.idbsu.edu NR 14 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 2 U2 6 PU AMER ORNITHOLOGISTS UNION PI LAWRENCE PA ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC NORTH AMER PO BOX 1897, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 USA SN 0004-8038 J9 AUK JI AUK PD OCT PY 1999 VL 116 IS 4 BP 1147 EP 1151 PG 5 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA 253XZ UT WOS:000083583600032 ER PT J AU Hurley, DJ Neiger, RD Higgins, KF Rottinghaus, GE Stahr, H AF Hurley, DJ Neiger, RD Higgins, KF Rottinghaus, GE Stahr, H TI Short-term exposure to subacute doses of aflatoxin-induced depressed mitogen responses in young mallard ducks SO AVIAN DISEASES LA English DT Article DE duck; aflatoxin; inhibition of T- and B-cell mitogenesis; T-2 toxin; subacute exposure ID T-2 TOXIN; LYMPHOCYTE-TRANSFORMATION AB Mallard ducklings were fed diets containing corn naturally contaminated with mixed aflatoxins, purified T-2 toxin, or no detectable mycotoxin in two trials. The aflatoxin level used was 12 ppb in the first trial and 33 ppb in the second. T-2 was added at 2 ppm in both trials. No pathology was associated with the aflatoxin used in this study, and T-2-induced lesions were described in a previous publication. The weights of primary (thymus and bursa of Fabricius) and secondary (spleen) lymphoid organs were significantly reduced in the T-2-treated birds. The total number of viable cells recovered from the thymus was significantly reduced in aflatoxin-treated birds. The numbers of viable cells recovered from thymus, bursa of Fabricius, and spleen were all significantly reduced after treatment with T-2. In each trial, significantly lower mitogenic responses were seen to pokeweed mitogen and concanavalin A in birds fed aflatoxin or T-2, representing reduction in both B-cell and T-cell mitogenesis. Birds fed aflatoxin also had significantly reduced Escherichia coli O55 lipopolysaccharide-induced mitogenic responses. These studies indicate that subacute oral exposure to aflatoxin caused a loss of normal lymphocyte reactivity in mallard ducklings. This finding supports the hypothesis that waterfowl that ingest even small quantities of mycotoxin-contaminated waste grain are likely to be more susceptible to bacterial or viral infections. C1 S Dakota State Univ, Biol Resources Div, US Geol Survey, Dept Biol & Microbiol, Brookings, SD 57007 USA. S Dakota State Univ, Biol Resources Div, US Geol Survey, Dept Vet Sci, Brookings, SD 57007 USA. S Dakota State Univ, Biol Resources Div, US Geol Survey, S Dakota Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Brookings, SD 57007 USA. Univ Missouri, Coll Vet Med, Vet Med Diagnost Lab, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. Iowa State Univ, Coll Vet Med, Vet Diagnost Lab, Ames, IA 50011 USA. RP Hurley, DJ (reprint author), S Dakota State Univ, Biol Resources Div, US Geol Survey, Dept Biol & Microbiol, Brookings, SD 57007 USA. NR 17 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER ASSOC AVIAN PATHOLOGISTS PI KENNETT SQ PA UNIV PENN, NEW BOLTON CENTER, KENNETT SQ, PA 19348-1692 USA SN 0005-2086 J9 AVIAN DIS JI Avian Dis. PD OCT-DEC PY 1999 VL 43 IS 4 BP 649 EP 655 DI 10.2307/1592733 PG 7 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA 267AK UT WOS:000084332300002 PM 10611980 ER PT J AU Huebert, B Vitousek, P Sutton, J Elias, T Heath, J Coeppicus, S Howell, S Blomquist, B AF Huebert, B Vitousek, P Sutton, J Elias, T Heath, J Coeppicus, S Howell, S Blomquist, B TI Volcano fixes nitrogen into plant-available forms SO BIOGEOCHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE cloud water; deposition; ecosystem; fixed nitrogen; nutrients; volcano ID CHEMISTRY; NITRATE; HAWAII AB Hawaiian montane ecosystems developing on recent tephra deposits contain more fixed nitrogen than conventional sources can explain. Heath and Huebert (1999) demonstrated that cloud water interception is the mechanism by which this extra nitrogen is deposited, but could not identify its source. We show here that atmospheric dinitrogen is fixed at the surface of active lava flows, producing concentrations of NO which are higher than those found in most urban rush hour air pollution. Over a period of hours this NO is blown away from the island and oxidized to nitrate. Interruptions in the trade wind flow can return this nitrate to the island to be deposited in cloud water. Thus, fixation on active lava flows is able to provide nitrogen to developing ecosystems on flows emplaced earlier. C1 Univ Hawaii, Dept Oceanog, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. Stanford Univ, Dept Biol Sci, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. US Geol Survey, Hawaiian Volcano Observ, Hawaii Volcanoes Natl Pk, HI 96718 USA. RP Huebert, B (reprint author), Univ Hawaii, Dept Oceanog, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. RI Oppenheimer, Clive/G-9881-2013 OI Oppenheimer, Clive/0000-0003-4506-7260 NR 18 TC 30 Z9 32 U1 2 U2 12 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0168-2563 J9 BIOGEOCHEMISTRY JI Biogeochemistry PD OCT PY 1999 VL 47 IS 1 BP 111 EP 118 DI 10.1023/A:1006276011055 PG 8 WC Environmental Sciences; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Geology GA 220KR UT WOS:000081664600007 ER PT J AU Buchholz, WG Miller, SJ Spearman, WJ AF Buchholz, WG Miller, SJ Spearman, WJ TI Manual DNA sequencing using fluorescent-labeled primers and a fluorescence scanner SO BIOTECHNIQUES LA English DT Article C1 US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Anchorage, AK 99503 USA. RP US Fish & Wildlife Serv, 1011 E Tudor Rd, Anchorage, AK 99503 USA. EM wally_buchholz@fws.gov NR 2 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU BIOTECHNIQUES OFFICE PI NEW YORK PA 52 VANDERBILT AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 0736-6205 EI 1940-9818 J9 BIOTECHNIQUES JI Biotechniques PD OCT PY 1999 VL 27 IS 4 BP 646 EP 648 PG 3 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Biochemistry & Molecular Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology GA 253LE UT WOS:000083557400001 PM 10524296 ER PT J AU Katul, G Hsieh, CI Bowling, D Clark, K Shurpali, N Turnipseed, A Albertson, J Tu, K Hollinger, D Evans, B Offerle, B Anderson, D Ellsworth, D Vogel, C Oren, R AF Katul, G Hsieh, CI Bowling, D Clark, K Shurpali, N Turnipseed, A Albertson, J Tu, K Hollinger, D Evans, B Offerle, B Anderson, D Ellsworth, D Vogel, C Oren, R TI Spatial variability of turbulent fluxes in the roughness sublayer of an even-aged pine forest SO BOUNDARY-LAYER METEOROLOGY LA English DT Article DE canopy turbulence; moving equilibrium hypothesis; planar homogeneity; roughness sublayer; spatial variability; turbulent fluxes ID SENSIBLE HEAT-FLUX; DECIDUOUS FOREST; PLANT CANOPIES; ATMOSPHERE INTERFACE; COHERENT STRUCTURES; VARIANCE METHOD; SURFACE-LAYER; CLOSURE-MODEL; EDDY MOTION; CO2 AB The spatial variability of turbulent flow statistics in the roughness sublayer (RSL) of a uniform even-aged 14 m (= h) tall loblolly pine forest was investigated experimentally. Using seven existing walkup towers at this stand, high frequency velocity, temperature, water vapour and carbon dioxide concentrations were measured at 15.5 m above the ground surface from October 6 to 10 in 1997. These seven towers were separated by at least 100 m from each other. The objective of this study was to examine whether single tower turbulence statistics measurements represent the flow properties of RSL turbulence above a uniform even-aged managed loblolly pine forest as a best-case scenario for natural forested ecosystems. From the intensive space-time series measurements, it was demonstrated that standard deviations of longitudinal and vertical velocities (sigma(u), sigma(w)) and temperature (sigma(T)) are more planar homogeneous than their vertical flux of momentum (u(*)(2)) and sensible heat (H) counterparts. Also, the measured H is more horizontally homogeneous when compared to fluxes of other scalar entities such as CO(2) and water vapour. While the spatial variability in fluxes was significant (>15%), this unique data set confirmed that single tower measurements represent the 'canonical' structure of single-point RSL turbulence statistics, especially flux-variance relationships. Implications to extending the 'moving-equilibrium' hypothesis for RSL flows are discussed. The spatial variability in all RSL flow variables was not constant in time and varied strongly with spatially averaged friction velocity u(*), especially when u(*) was small. It is shown that flow properties derived from two-point temporal statistics such as correlation functions are more sensitive to local variability in leaf area density when compared to single point flow statistics. Specifically, that the local relationship between the reciprocal of the vertical velocity integral time scale (I(w)) and the arrival frequency of organized structures ((u) over bar/h) predicted from a mixing-layer theory exhibited dependence on the local leaf area index. The broader implications of these findings to the measurement and modelling of RSL flows are also discussed. C1 Univ Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Univ Florida, Sch Forest Resources & Conservat, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. Indiana Univ, Dept Geog, Bloomington, IN 47405 USA. Univ Virginia, Dept Environm Sci, Charlottesville, VA 22903 USA. US Forest Serv, USDA, Durham, NH 03824 USA. US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Denver, CO 80225 USA. Brookhaven Natl Lab, Long Isl, NY 11973 USA. Univ Michigan, Biol Stn, Pellston, MI 49769 USA. Duke Univ, Sch Environm, Durham, NC 27708 USA. RP Katul, G (reprint author), Natl Taiwan Univ Sci & Technol, Sch Humanities & Social Sci, Taipei 10660, Taiwan. RI Albertson, John/A-3336-2008; Katul, Gabriel/A-7210-2008; Hollinger, David/G-7185-2012; OI Katul, Gabriel/0000-0001-9768-3693; Ellsworth, David/0000-0002-9699-2272 NR 47 TC 80 Z9 82 U1 2 U2 13 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0006-8314 J9 BOUND-LAY METEOROL JI Bound.-Layer Meteor. PD OCT PY 1999 VL 93 IS 1 BP 1 EP 28 DI 10.1023/A:1002079602069 PG 28 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 262VT UT WOS:000084088900001 ER PT J AU Spudich, P Joyner, WB Lindh, AG Boore, DM Margaris, BM Fletcher, JB AF Spudich, P Joyner, WB Lindh, AG Boore, DM Margaris, BM Fletcher, JB TI SEA99: A revised ground motion prediction relation for use in extensional tectonic regimes SO BULLETIN OF THE SEISMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA LA English DT Article ID EARTHQUAKE AB We present SEA99, a revised predictive relation for geometric mean horizontal peak ground acceleration and 5%-damped pseudovelocity response spectrum, appropriate for estimating earthquake ground motions in extensional tectonic regimes, which we demonstrate to have lower ground motions than other tectonic regimes. SEA99 replaces SEA96, a relation originally derived by Spudich cr al. (1996, 1997). The data set used to develop SEA99 is larger than that for SEA96, and minor errors in the SEA96 data set have been corrected. In addition, a one-step regression method described by Joyner and Boore (1993, 1994) was used rather than the two-step method of Joyner and Boore (1981). SEA99 has motions that are as much as 20% higher than those of SEA96 at short distances (5-30 km), and SEA99's motions are about 20% lower than SEA96 at longer periods (1.0-2.0 sec) and larger distance (40-100 km). SEA99 dispersions are significantly less than those of SEA96. SEA99 rock motions are on the average 20% lower than motions predicted by Boore et al. (1994) except for short distances at periods around 1.0 sec, where SEA99 motions exceed those predicted by Boore et al. (1994) by as much as 10%. Comparison of ground motions from normal-faulting and strike-slip events in our data set indicates that normal-faulting horizontal ground motions are not significantly different from extensional regime strike-slip ground motions. C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. Inst Engn Seismol & Earthquake Engn, Thessaloniki, Greece. RP US Geol Survey, Mail Stop 977,345 Middlefield Rd, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. NR 32 TC 149 Z9 155 U1 0 U2 2 PU SEISMOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI ALBANY PA 400 EVELYN AVE, SUITE 201, ALBANY, CA 94706-1375 USA SN 0037-1106 EI 1943-3573 J9 B SEISMOL SOC AM JI Bull. Seismol. Soc. Amer. PD OCT PY 1999 VL 89 IS 5 BP 1156 EP 1170 PG 15 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 256HP UT WOS:000083720100002 ER PT J AU Cultrera, G Boore, DM Joyner, WB Dietel, CM AF Cultrera, G Boore, DM Joyner, WB Dietel, CM TI Nonlinear soil response in the vicinity of the Van Norman Complex following the 1994 Northridge, California, earthquake SO BULLETIN OF THE SEISMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA LA English DT Article ID SEDIMENT RESPONSE; REFERENCE-SITE; GROUND-MOTION; AMPLIFICATION; LIQUEFACTION; VALLEY AB Ground-motion recordings obtained at the Van Norman Complex from the 1994 Northridge, California, mainshock and its aftershocks constitute an excellent data set for the analysis of soil response as a function of ground-motion amplitude. We searched for nonlinear response by comparing the Fourier spectral ratios of two pairs of sites for ground motions of different levels, using data from permanent strong-motion recorders and from specially deployed portable instruments. We also compared the amplitude dependence of the observed ratios with the amplitude dependence of the theoretical ratios obtained from 1-D linear and 1-D equivalent-linear transfer functions, using recently published borehole velocity profiles at the sites to provide the low-strain material properties. One pair of sites was at the Jensen Filtration Plant (JFP); the other pair was the Rinaldi Receiving Station (RIN) and the Los Angeles Dam (LAD). Most of the analysis was concentrated on the motions at the Jensen sites. Portable seismometers were installed at the JFP to see if the motions inside the structures housing the strong-motion recorders differed from nearby free-field motions. We recorded seven small earthquakes and found that the high-frequency, low-amplitude motions in the administration building were about 0.3 of those outside the building. This means that the lack of high frequencies on the strong-motion recordings in the administration building relative to the generator building is not due solely to nonlinear soil effects. After taking into account the effects of the buildings, however, analysis of the suite of strong- and weak-motion recordings indicates that nonlinearity occurred at the JFP. As predicted by equivalent-linear analysis, the largest events (the mainshock and the 20 March 1994 aftershock) show a significant deamplification of the high-frequency motion relative to the weak motions from aftershocks occurring many months after the mainshock. The weak-motion aftershocks recorded within 12 hours of the mainshock, however, show a relative deamplification similar to that in the mainshock. The soil behavior may be a consequence of a pore pressure buildup during large-amplitude motion that was not dissipated until sometime later. The motions at (RIN) and (LAD) are from free-field sites. The comparison among spectral ratios of the mainshock, weak-motion coda waves of the mainshock, and an aftershock within ten minutes of the mainshock indicate that some nonlinearity occurred, presumably at (RIN) because it is the softer site. The spectral ratio for the mainshock is between that calculated for pure linear response and that calculated from the equivalent-linear method, using commonly used modulus reduction and damping ratio curves. In contrast to the Jensen sites, the ratio of motions soon after the high-amplitude portion of the mainshock differs from the ratio of the mainshock motions, indicating the mechanical properties of the soil returned to the low-strain values as the high-amplitude motion ended. This may indicate a type of nonlinear soil response different from that affecting motion at the Jensen administration building. C1 Ist Nazl Geofis, I-00143 Rome, Italy. US Geol Survey, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. RP Cultrera, G (reprint author), Ist Nazl Geofis, Via Vigna Murata 605, I-00143 Rome, Italy. RI Cultrera, Giovanna/G-2257-2015 OI Cultrera, Giovanna/0000-0002-3335-5655 NR 34 TC 19 Z9 20 U1 0 U2 3 PU SEISMOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI EL CERRITO PA PLAZA PROFESSIONAL BLDG, SUITE 201, EL CERRITO, CA 94530 USA SN 0037-1106 J9 B SEISMOL SOC AM JI Bull. Seismol. Soc. Amer. PD OCT PY 1999 VL 89 IS 5 BP 1214 EP 1231 PG 18 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 256HP UT WOS:000083720100006 ER PT J AU Mendoza, C Hartzell, S AF Mendoza, C Hartzell, S TI Fault-slip distribution of the 1995 Colima-Jalisco, Mexico, earthquake SO BULLETIN OF THE SEISMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA LA English DT Article ID OCTOBER 9; RUPTURE HISTORY; WAVE-FORMS; AFTERSHOCK; MICHOACAN AB Broadband teleseismic P waves have been analyzed to recover the rupture history of the large (M-S 7.4) Colima-Jalisco, Mexico, shallow interplate thrust earthquake of 9 October 1995. Ground-displacement records in the period range of 1-60 sec are inverted using a linear, finite-fault waveform inversion procedure that allows a variable dislocation duration on a prescribed fault. The method is applied using both a narrow fault that simulates a line source with a dislocation window of 50 sec and a wide fault with a possible rise time of up to 20 sec that additionally allows slip updip and downdip from the hypocenter. The line-source analysis provides a spatio-temporal image of the slip distribution consisting of several large sources located northwest of the hypocenter and spanning a range of rupture velocities. The two-dimensional finite-fault inversion allows slip over this rupture-velocity range and indicates that the greatest coseismic displacement (3-4 m) is located between 70 and 130 km from the hypocenter at depths shallower than about 15 km. Slip in this shallow region consists of two major sources, one of which is delayed by about 10 sec relative to a coherent propagation of rupture along the plate interface. These two slip sources account for about one-third of the total P-wave seismic moment of 8.3 x 10(27) dyne-cm (M-W 7.9) and may have been responsible for the local tsunami observed along the coast following the earthquake. C1 US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Gent Geol Hazards, Denver, CO 80225 USA. RP Mendoza, C (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Gent Geol Hazards, Box 25046,MS 967, Denver, CO 80225 USA. NR 13 TC 31 Z9 34 U1 0 U2 0 PU SEISMOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI EL CERRITO PA PLAZA PROFESSIONAL BLDG, SUITE 201, EL CERRITO, CA 94530 USA SN 0037-1106 J9 B SEISMOL SOC AM JI Bull. Seismol. Soc. Amer. PD OCT PY 1999 VL 89 IS 5 BP 1338 EP 1344 PG 7 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 256HP UT WOS:000083720100014 ER PT J AU Cashman, KV Thornber, C Kauahikaua, JP AF Cashman, KV Thornber, C Kauahikaua, JP TI Cooling and crystallization of lava in open channels, and the transition of Pahoehoe Lava to 'A'(a)over-bar SO BULLETIN OF VOLCANOLOGY LA English DT Review DE Kilauea; basalt crystallization; pahoehoe; 'a'(a)over-bar; rheology; lava flow morphology ID SUB-LIQUIDUS TEMPERATURES; MAXIMUM PACKING FRACTION; OO-KUPAIANAHA ERUPTION; KILAUEA VOLCANO; MOUNT-ETNA; SIZE DISTRIBUTIONS; BASALTIC LAVA; RHEOLOGICAL PROPERTIES; VESICLE-DISTRIBUTION; ANALOG EXPERIMENTS AB Samples collected from a lava channel active at Kilauea Volcano during May 1997 are used to constrain rates of lava cooling and crystallization during early stages of flow. Lava erupted at near-liquidus temperatures (similar to 1150 degrees C) cooled and crystallized rapidly in upper parts of the channel. Glass geothermometry indicates cooling by 12-14 degrees C over the first 2 km of transport. At flow velocities of 1-2 m/s, this translates to cooling rates of 22-50 degrees C/h. Cooling rates this high can be explained by radiative cooling of a well-stirred flow, consistent with observations of non-steady flow in proximal regions of the channel. Crystallization of plagioclase and pyroxene microlites occurred in response to cooling, with crystallization rates of 20-50% per hour. Crystallization proceeded primarily by nucleation of new crystals, and nucleation rates of similar to 10(4)/cm(3)s are similar to those measured in the 1984 open channel flow from Mauna Loa Volcano. There is no evidence for the large nucleation delays commonly assumed for plagioclase crystallization in basaltic melts, possibly a reflection of enhanced nucleation due to stirring of the flow. The transition of the flow surface morphology from pahoehoe to 'a'(a) over bar occurred at a distance of 1.9 km from the vent. At this point, the flow was thermally stratified, with an interior temperature of similar to 1137 degrees C and crystallinity of similar to 15%, and a flow surface temperature of similar to 1100 degrees C and crystallinity of similar to 45%. 'A'(a) over bar formation initiated along channel margins, where crust was continuously disrupted, and involved tearing and clotting of the flow surface. Both observations suggest that the transition involved crossing of a rheological threshold. We suggest this threshold to be the development of a lava yield strength sufficient to prevent viscous flow of lava at the channel margin. We use this concept to propose that 'a'(a) over bar formation in open channels requires both sufficiently high strain rates for continued disruption of surface crusts and sufficient groundmass crystallinity to generate a yield strength equivalent to the imposed stress. In Hawai'i, where lava is typically microlite poor on eruption, these combined requirements help to explain two common observations on 'a'(a) over bar formation: (a) 'a'(a) over bar flow fields are generated when effusion rates are high (thus promoting crustal disruption); and (b) under most eruption conditions, lava issues from the vent as pahoehoe and changes to 'a'(a) over bar only after flowing some distance, thus permitting sufficient crystallization. C1 Univ Oregon, Dept Geol Sci, Eugene, OR 97405 USA. USGS, Hawaiian Volcano Observ, Hawaii Natl Pk, HI 96718 USA. RP Cashman, KV (reprint author), Univ Oregon, Dept Geol Sci, Eugene, OR 97405 USA. EM cashman@oregon.uoregon.edu NR 114 TC 135 Z9 135 U1 0 U2 15 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0258-8900 J9 B VOLCANOL JI Bull. Volcanol. PD OCT PY 1999 VL 61 IS 5 BP 306 EP 323 DI 10.1007/s004450050299 PG 18 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 249CP UT WOS:000083315500003 ER PT J AU Igl, LD Johnson, DH Kantrud, HA AF Igl, LD Johnson, DH Kantrud, HA TI Uncommon breeding birds in North Dakota: Population estimates and frequencies of occurrence SO CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST LA English DT Article DE frequency of occurrence; population estimate; uncommon breeding birds; North Dakota AB Breeding bird populations were surveyed on 128 randomly selected quarter-sections throughout North Dakota in 1967, 1992, and 1993. Population estimates and frequencies of occurrence are reported for 92 uncommon breeding bird species with statewide frequencies of less than 10%. C1 US Geol Survey, No Prairie Wildlife Res Ctr, Jamestown, ND 58401 USA. RP Igl, LD (reprint author), US Geol Survey, No Prairie Wildlife Res Ctr, 8711 37th St SE, Jamestown, ND 58401 USA. OI Igl, Lawrence/0000-0003-0530-7266 NR 18 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 1 PU OTTAWA FIELD-NATURALISTS CLUB PI OTTAWA PA PO BOX 35069, WESTGATE PO, OTTAWA, ONTARIO K1Z 1A2, CANADA SN 0008-3550 J9 CAN FIELD NAT JI Can. Field-Nat. PD OCT-DEC PY 1999 VL 113 IS 4 BP 646 EP 651 PG 6 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 273RK UT WOS:000084720700012 ER PT J AU Mech, LD Adams, LG AF Mech, LD Adams, LG TI Killing of a Muskox, Ovibos moschatus, by two Wolves, Canis lupus, and subsequent caching SO CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST LA English DT Article DE Wolf; Canis lupus; Muskox; Ovibos moschatus; predation; caching; food consumption; feeding; Northwest Territories; Canada ID WOLF PACK AB The killing of a cow Muskox (Ovibos moschatus) by two Wolves (Canis lupus) in 5 minutes during summer on Ellesmere Island is described. After two of the four feedings observed, one Wolf cached a leg and regurgitated food as far as 2.3 km away and probably farther. The implications of this behavior for deriving food-consumption estimates are discussed. C1 US Geol Survey, No Prairie Wildlife Res Ctr, Biol Resources Div, Jamestown, ND 58401 USA. RP Mech, LD (reprint author), N Cent Forest Expt Stn, 1992 Folwell Ave, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. NR 11 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 2 U2 6 PU OTTAWA FIELD-NATURALISTS CLUB PI OTTAWA PA PO BOX 35069, WESTGATE PO, OTTAWA, ONTARIO K1Z 1A2, CANADA SN 0008-3550 J9 CAN FIELD NAT JI Can. Field-Nat. PD OCT-DEC PY 1999 VL 113 IS 4 BP 673 EP 675 PG 3 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 273RK UT WOS:000084720700019 ER PT J AU Dusel-Bacon, C Cooper, KM AF Dusel-Bacon, C Cooper, KM TI Trace-element geochemistry of metabasaltic rocks from the Yukon-Tanana Upland and implications for the origin of tectonic assemblages in east-central Alaska SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF EARTH SCIENCES LA English DT Article ID NORTHERN CANADIAN CORDILLERA; CONTINENTAL-MARGIN STRATA; SLIDE MOUNTAIN TERRANE; SOUTHEASTERN YUKON; IMMOBILE ELEMENTS; BRITISH-COLUMBIA; EXTENSIONAL TECTONICS; VOLCANIC-ROCKS; RIDGE BASALTS; AUGEN GNEISS AB We present major- and trace- element geochemical data for 27 amphibolites and six greenstones from three structural packages in the Yukon-Tanana Upland of east-central Alaska: the Lake George assemblage (LG) of Devono-Mississippian augen gneiss, quartz-mica schist, quartzite, and amphibolite; the Taylor Mountain assemblage (TM) of mafic schist and gneiss, marble, quartzite, and metachert; and the Seventymile terrane of greenstone, serpentinized peridotite, and Mississippian to Late Triassic metasedimentary rocks. Most LG amphibolites have relatively high Nb, TiO2, Zr, and light rare earth element contents, indicative of an alkalic to tholeiitic, within-plate basalt origin. The within-plate affinities of the LG amphibolites suggest that their basaltic parent magmas developed in an extensional setting and support a correlation of these metamorphosed continental-margin rocks with less metamorphosed counterparts across the Tintina fault in the Selwyn Basin of the Canadian Cordillera. TM amphibolites have a tholeiitic or calc-alkalic composition, low normalized abundances of Nb and Ta relative to Th and La, and Ti/V values of < 20, all indicative of a volcanic-arc origin. Limited results from Seventymile greenstones indicate a tholeiitic or calc-alkalic composition and intermediate to high Ti/V values (27-48), consistent with either a within-plate or an ocean-floor basalt origin. Y-La-Nb proportions in both TM and Seventymile metabasalts indicate the proximity of the arc and marginal basin to continental crust. The arc geochemistry of TM amphibolites is consistent with a model in which the TM assemblage includes arc rocks generated above a west-dipping subduction zone outboard of the North American continental margin in mid-Paleozoic through Triassic time. The ocean-floor or within-plate basalt geochemistry of the Seventymile greenstones supports the correlation of the Seventymile terrane with the Slide Mountain terrane in Canada and the hypothesis that these oceanic rocks originated in a basin between the continental margin and an arc to the west. C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. RP Dusel-Bacon, C (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 345 Middlefield Rd,Mail Stop 901, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. EM cdusel@mojave.wr.usgs.gov RI Cooper, Kari/G-8261-2012 NR 75 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 2 PU CANADIAN SCIENCE PUBLISHING, NRC RESEARCH PRESS PI OTTAWA PA 1200 MONTREAL ROAD, BUILDING M-55, OTTAWA, ON K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0008-4077 EI 1480-3313 J9 CAN J EARTH SCI JI Can. J. Earth Sci. PD OCT PY 1999 VL 36 IS 10 BP 1671 EP 1695 DI 10.1139/e99-077 PG 25 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 276GV UT WOS:000084870100006 ER PT J AU Chang, CCY Langston, J Riggs, M Campbell, DH Silva, SR Kendall, C AF Chang, CCY Langston, J Riggs, M Campbell, DH Silva, SR Kendall, C TI A method for nitrate collection for delta N-15 and delta O-18 analysis from waters with low nitrate concentrations SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FISHERIES AND AQUATIC SCIENCES LA English DT Article ID NITROGEN; ORIGIN; N-15; DENITRIFICATION; ISOTOPES; AQUIFER; OXYGEN; O-18 AB Recently, methods have been developed to analyze NO3- for delta(15)N and delta(18)O, improving our ability to identify NO3- sources and transformations. However, none of the existing methods are suited for waters with low NO3- concentrations (0.7-10 mu M). We describe an improved method for collecting and recovering NO3- on exchange columns. To overcome the lengthy collection loading times imposed by the large sample volumes (7-70 L), the sample was prefiltered (0.45 mu m) with a large surface area filter. Switching to AG2X anion resin and using a coarser mesh size (100-200) than previous methods also enhanced sample flow. Placement of a cation column in front of the anion column minimized clogging of the anion column by dissolved organic carbon (DOC) accumulation. This also served to minimize transfer of unwanted oxygen atoms from DOC to the O-18 portion of the NO3- sample, thereby contaminating the sample and shifting delta(18)O. The cat-AG2X method is suited for on-site sample collection, making it possible to collect and recover NO3- from low ionic strength waters with modest DOC concentrations (80-800 mu M), relieves the investigator of transporting large volumes of water back to the laboratory, and offers a means of sampling rain, snow, snowmelt, and stream samples from access-limited sites. C1 US Geol Survey, Div Water Resources, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. Res Triangle Inst, Dept Stat Res, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. US Geol Survey, Div Water Resources, Fed Ctr, Lakewood, CO 80225 USA. RP Chang, CCY (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Div Water Resources, Mailstop 434,345 Middlefield, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. NR 19 TC 84 Z9 93 U1 1 U2 14 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA, ONTARIO K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0706-652X J9 CAN J FISH AQUAT SCI JI Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. PD OCT PY 1999 VL 56 IS 10 BP 1856 EP 1864 DI 10.1139/cjfas-56-10-1856 PG 9 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 252GX UT WOS:000083494700015 ER PT J AU Brown, R Severin, KP AF Brown, R Severin, KP TI Elemental distribution within polymorphic inconnu (Stenodus leucichthys) otoliths is affected by crystal structure SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FISHERIES AND AQUATIC SCIENCES LA English DT Article ID FISH OTOLITHS; OREOCHROMIS-NILOTICUS; CARASSIUS-AURATUS; STRONTIUM; MICROCHEMISTRY; GROWTH; ULTRASTRUCTURE; TEMPERATURE; INVESTIGATE; MEMBRANE AB The chemistry and crystal structure of sagittal otoliths from inconnu (Stenodus leucichthys) were examined optically, with an electron microprobe, a scanning electron microscope, and with X-ray diffraction techniques. The distributions of strontium (Sr), sodium (Na), potassium (K), and calcium (Ca) were determined with line scans and area maps of thin, transverse otolith sections. Regions depleted in Sr, Na, and K were found to be discordant with optical annuli and were optically distinct from other regions of the otoliths. These patterns of trace element depletion cannot be explained by models of otolith growth that are based on ionic composition of endolymph fluids as the sole control of otolith composition. Electron micrographs showed the depleted regions of the otoliths to be of a different crystal structure than other regions of the otoliths. X-ray diffraction analyses revealed the presence of vaterite in otoliths with depleted regions, while otoliths without depleted regions showed no evidence of vaterite. The depleted areas may be composed of vaterite, and the crystal structure of vaterite may prevent certain trace elements from incorporating in the otolith. Scientists using fish otolith chemistry to infer environmental conditions or life history should be aware that elemental abundance within otoliths may be affected by other processes as well. C1 US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Fishery Resource Off, Fairbanks, AK 99701 USA. Univ Alaska, Dept Geol & Geophys, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA. RP Brown, R (reprint author), US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Fishery Resource Off, 101 12th Ave, Fairbanks, AK 99701 USA. EM randyjbrown@fws.gov NR 26 TC 46 Z9 53 U1 0 U2 7 PU CANADIAN SCIENCE PUBLISHING, NRC RESEARCH PRESS PI OTTAWA PA 1200 MONTREAL ROAD, BUILDING M-55, OTTAWA, ON K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0706-652X J9 CAN J FISH AQUAT SCI JI Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. PD OCT PY 1999 VL 56 IS 10 BP 1898 EP 1903 DI 10.1139/cjfas-56-10-1898 PG 6 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 252GX UT WOS:000083494700020 ER PT J AU Berger, J Testa, JW Roffe, T Monfort, SL AF Berger, J Testa, JW Roffe, T Monfort, SL TI Conservation endocrinology: a noninvasive tool to understand relationships between carnivore colonization and ecological carrying capacity SO CONSERVATION BIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID PAPIO-CYNOCEPHALUS-CYNOCEPHALUS; YELLOWSTONE-NATIONAL-PARK; FECAL STEROIDS; ESTROUS-CYCLE; MOOSE; PREGNANCY; SERUM; METABOLITES; DIAGNOSIS; MORTALITY AB Reproductive technology, especially the diagnosis of pregnancy by radioimmunoassay of focal steroid metabolites, is an important component of captive propagation, but its role in our understanding of ecological interactions and in situ biological restoration has been more limited. Where large herbivores have been "released" from predation by the extirpation of carnivores, controversy often exists about possible detrimental effects at the ecosystem level. A related concern is that the reestablishment of large carnivores may decrease the availability of prey populations for human subsistence. We suggest that pregnancy assays can be a valuable tool to help distinguish between the roles of predation versus food-imposed limitations on population size and their effects on juvenile recruitment in wild species. We explored this issue through analyses of fecal progestagen concentration (FPC) levels to document pregnancy in moose (Alces alces) in the southern Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem, a site where wolves (Canis lupus) and grizzly bears (Ursus arctos) are recolonizing former habitats after an absence of more than 60 years. Pregnancy was clearly discernible (mean FPC for pregnant and nonpregnant females, respectively: 10.60 vs. 2.57 mu g/g; p < 0.0001). Among the potential confounding variables that need to be considered if FPC is applied to ecological and demographic questions are whether baseline values are affected by handling, whether neonate survival has been assessed, and whether sampling efforts are directed at both pregnant and nonpregnant animals. With these issues accounted for, the local moose population experienced juvenile survival rates among the highest in North America. Pregnancy rates, however, dropped from 90% in 1966 to about 75% today, rendering them in the lowest fifteenth percentile among moose populations in North America. Our findings suggest that a relatively low frequency of juvenile moose is not the likely results of predation, and they illustrate how endocrinology can be applied to issues involving reproductive events within an ecological context. They also affirm that noninvasive and generally inexpensive endocrinological procedures will be applicable to understanding interactions between recolonizing predators and prey, an issue that will continue to arise because of global restoration efforts, and to the study of rare ungulates in remote systems where data on reproductive events are difficult to obtain. C1 Univ Nevada, Program Ecol Evolut & Conservat Biol, Reno, NV 89512 USA. Wildlife Conservat Soc, Moose, WY 83012 USA. Alaska Dept Fish & Game, Div Wildlife Conservat, Anchorage, AK 99518 USA. Montana State Univ, Biol Resources Div, US Geol Survey, Bozeman, MT 59717 USA. Smithsonian Inst, Conservat & Res Ctr, Front Royal, VA 22630 USA. RP Berger, J (reprint author), Univ Nevada, Program Ecol Evolut & Conservat Biol, Reno, NV 89512 USA. EM berger@unr.edu NR 66 TC 26 Z9 29 U1 2 U2 17 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ USA SN 0888-8892 EI 1523-1739 J9 CONSERV BIOL JI Conserv. Biol. PD OCT PY 1999 VL 13 IS 5 BP 980 EP 989 DI 10.1046/j.1523-1739.1999.98521.x PG 10 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 240JD UT WOS:000082821400008 ER PT J AU Kindinger, JL Davis, JB Flocks, JG AF Kindinger, JL Davis, JB Flocks, JG TI Geology and evolution of lakes in north-central Florida SO ENVIRONMENTAL GEOLOGY LA English DT Article DE sinkhole; karst; lake AB Fluid exchange between surficial waters and groundwater in karst environments, and the processes that control exchange, are of critical concern to water management districts and planners, High-resolution seismic data were collected from 30 lakes of north-central Florida. In each case study, lake structure and geomorphology were controlled by solution and/or mechanical processes. Processes that control lake development are twofold: (1) karstification or dissolution of the underlying limestone, and (2) the collapse, subsidence, or slumping of overburden to form sinkholes. Initial lake formation is directly related to the karst topography of the underlying host limestone. Case studies have shown that lakes can be divided by geomorphic types into progressive developmental phases: (1) active subsidence or collapse phase (young); (2) transitional phase (middle age); (3) baselevel phase (mature); and (4) polje (drowned prairie) - broad flat-bottom that have one or all phases of sinkhole. Using these criteria, Florida lakes can be classified by size, fill, subsurface features, and geomorphology. C1 US Geol Survey, Ctr Coastal Geol, St Petersburg, FL 33701 USA. St Johns River Water Management Dist, Palatka, FL 32178 USA. RP Kindinger, JL (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Ctr Coastal Geol, 600 4th St South, St Petersburg, FL 33701 USA. NR 30 TC 18 Z9 18 U1 1 U2 6 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0943-0105 J9 ENVIRON GEOL JI Environ. Geol. PD OCT PY 1999 VL 38 IS 4 BP 301 EP 321 PG 21 WC Environmental Sciences; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Geology; Water Resources GA 252HD UT WOS:000083495300004 ER PT J AU Lovich, JE Bainbridge, D AF Lovich, JE Bainbridge, D TI Anthropogenic degradation of the southern California desert ecosystem and prospects for natural recovery and restoration SO ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT LA English DT Review DE Mojave Desert; Colorado Desert; California; human impacts; recovery; restoration ID NORTHERN BAJA-CALIFORNIA; CRYPTOGAMIC SOIL CRUSTS; MOJAVE DESERT; GRAND-CANYON; SONORAN DESERT; CREOSOTE BUSH; NATIONAL-PARK; SALSOLA-KALI; GREAT-BASIN; GOLD-MINES AB Large areas of the southern California desert ecosystem have been negatively affected by off-highway vehicle use. overgrazing by domestic livestock, agriculture, urbanization, construction of roads and utility corridors, air pollution, military training. exercises, and other activities. Secondary contributions to degradation include the proliferation of exotic plant species and a higher frequency of anthropogenic fire. Effects of these impacts include alteration or destruction of macro- and micro-vegetation elements, establishment of annual plant communities dominated by exotic species, destruction of soil stabilizers, soil compaction, and increased erosion. Published estimates of recovery time are based on return to predisturbance levels of biomass, cover, density. community structure, or soil characteristics. Natural recovery rates depend on the nature and severity of the impact but are generally very slow Recovery to predisturbance plant cover and biomass may take 50-300 years, while complete ecosystem recovery may require over 3000 years. Restorative intervention can be used to enhance the success and rate of recovery, but the costs are high and the probability for long-term success is low to moderate. Given the sensitivity of desert habitats to disturbance and the slow rate of natural recovery, the best management option is to limit the:extent and intensity of impacts as much as possible. C1 Univ Calif Riverside, Dept Biol, Western Ecol Res Ctr, US Geol Survey, Riverside, CA 92521 USA. US Int Univ, Environm Studies Program, San Diego, CA 92131 USA. RP Lovich, JE (reprint author), Univ Calif Riverside, Dept Biol, Western Ecol Res Ctr, US Geol Survey, Riverside, CA 92521 USA. OI Lovich, Jeffrey/0000-0002-7789-2831 NR 152 TC 124 Z9 139 U1 75 U2 268 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0364-152X J9 ENVIRON MANAGE JI Environ. Manage. PD OCT PY 1999 VL 24 IS 3 BP 309 EP 326 DI 10.1007/s002679900235 PG 18 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 239DX UT WOS:000082754500003 ER PT J AU Qian, SS Anderson, CW AF Qian, SS Anderson, CW TI Exploring factors controlling the variability of pesticide concentrations in the Willamette River Basin using tree-based models SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article AB We analyzed available concentration data of five commonly used herbicides and three pesticides collected from small streams in the Willamette River Basin in Oregon to identify factors that affect the variation of their concentrations in the area. The emphasis of this paper is the innovative use of classification and regression tree models for exploratory data analysis as well as analyzing data with a substantial amount of left-censored values. Among variables included in this analysis, land-use pattern in the watershed is the most important for all bur one (simazine) of the eight pesticides studied, followed by geographic location, intensity of agriculture activities in the watershed (represented by nutrient concentrations in the stream), and the size of the watershed. The significant difference between urban sites and agriculture sites is the variability of stream concentrations. While all 16 nonurban watersheds have significantly higher variation than urban sites, the same is not necessarily true for the mean concentrations. Seasonal variation accounts for only a small fraction of the total variance in all eight pesticides. C1 Portland State Univ, Environm Sci & Resources Program, Portland, OR 97207 USA. US Geol Survey, Div Water Resources, Portland, OR 97216 USA. RP Qian, SS (reprint author), Portland State Univ, Environm Sci & Resources Program, Portland, OR 97207 USA. RI Qian, Song/I-6544-2012 NR 7 TC 20 Z9 22 U1 1 U2 11 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0013-936X J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD OCT 1 PY 1999 VL 33 IS 19 BP 3332 EP 3340 DI 10.1021/es9812148 PG 9 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 241KA UT WOS:000082881100026 ER PT J AU Balistrieri, LS Box, SE Bookstrom, AA Ikramuddin, M AF Balistrieri, LS Box, SE Bookstrom, AA Ikramuddin, M TI Assessing the influence of reacting pyrite and carbonate minerals on the geochemistry of drainage in the Coeur d'Alene mining district SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID IDAHO; OXIDATION; DEPOSITS; MONTANA; WATERS; ZN AB The relative abundance of minerals that react to generate or consume acid in mineralized areas is critical in determining the quality of water draining from such areas. This work examines the fundamental reactions that influence the pH and composition of drainage from mine adits and tailings piles. We construct triangle diagrams that predict stoichiometric relationships between concentrations of dissolved SO4 dissolved Ca and Mg, and either alkalinity or acidity by considering reactions involving the oxidation of pyrite, dissolution of carbonate minerals, and precipitation of iron oxide and iron hydroxysulfate minerals. Drainage data from the Coeur d'Alene mining district are used to test our stoichiometric approach. Comparisons between theoretical predictions and drainage data indicate that the range of pH values in the mining district is due to reacting pyrite to carbonate mineral ratios that range from near 0/1 to 1/1. Calcite and ankerite are the dominant carbonate minerals that buffer the acid produced during pyrite oxidation and ferrihydrite or schwertmannite precipitation. C1 Univ Washington, US Geol Survey, Sch Oceanog, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. US Geol Survey, Spokane, WA 99201 USA. Eastern Washington Univ, Dept Geol, Cheney, WA 99004 USA. RP Balistrieri, LS (reprint author), Univ Washington, US Geol Survey, Sch Oceanog, Box 357940, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. NR 26 TC 33 Z9 33 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0013-936X J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD OCT 1 PY 1999 VL 33 IS 19 BP 3347 EP 3353 DI 10.1021/es980823c PG 9 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 241KA UT WOS:000082881100028 ER PT J AU Bradley, PM Chapelle, FH AF Bradley, PM Chapelle, FH TI Role for acetotrophic methanogens in methanogenic biodegradation of vinyl chloride SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID REDUCTIVELY DECHLORINATES TETRACHLOROETHENE; ANAEROBIC ENRICHMENT CULTURE; MICROBIAL MINERALIZATION; ELECTRON-ACCEPTORS; ETHENE; DCE; VC; KINETICS; ABSENCE AB Under methanogenic conditions, stream-bed sediment microorganisms rapidly degraded [1,2-(14)C]vinyl chloride to (14)CH(4) and (14)CO(2). Amendment with 2-bromoethanesulfonic acid eliminated (14)CH(4) production and decreased (14)CO(2) recovery by an equal molar amount. Results obtained with [(14)C]-ethene, [(14)C]acetate, or (14)CO(2) as substrates indicated that acetotrophic methanogens were responsible for the production of (14)CH(4) during biodegradation of [1,2-(14)C]VC. C1 US Geol Survey, Stephenson Ctr, Columbia, SC 29210 USA. RP Bradley, PM (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Stephenson Ctr, Suite 129, Columbia, SC 29210 USA. EM pbradley@usgs.gov NR 20 TC 24 Z9 24 U1 1 U2 4 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0013-936X J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD OCT 1 PY 1999 VL 33 IS 19 BP 3473 EP 3476 DI 10.1021/es990395q PG 4 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 241KA UT WOS:000082881100049 ER PT J AU McGee, BL Fisher, DJ Yonkos, LT Ziegler, GP Turley, S AF McGee, BL Fisher, DJ Yonkos, LT Ziegler, GP Turley, S TI Assessment of sediment contamination, acute toxicity, and population viability of the estuarine amphipod Leptocheirus plumulosus in Baltimore Harbor, Maryland, USA SO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE acute toxicity; sediment; Baltimore Harbor; Leptocheirus plumulosus; amphipod ID MARINE; FIELD AB In Chesapeake Bay, Maryland, USA, some of the most contaminated sediments are found in the highly industrialized Baltimore Harbor-Patapsco River area. As part of a comprehensive assessment of sediment quality in this system, sediment toxicity was assessed in 10-d acute tests with the estuarine amphipod Leptocheirus plumulosus. Mean amphipod survival was significantly reduced in 7 of the 25 samples tested despite the occurrence of minor experimental artifacts. The most toxic sediments were collected from Bear Creek; other areas exhibiting toxicity included the Inner Harbor and Colgate Creek. Marginal toxicity was observed in samples from Curtis Creek, Lazeretto Point, and Back River. Negative relationships were detected between survival and concentrations of select sediment-associated contaminants, whereas a very strong positive association existed between survival in laboratory exposures and density of L. plumulosus at the rest sites. A weight of evidence approach, including correlation analyses, a model of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon bioavailability, and comparisons to benchmark sediment levels, was used to tentatively identify classes of contaminants that contributed to the observed toxicity. Analysis of results suggested that toxicity at stations in Bear Creek and Colgate Creek may have been driven by sediment-associated metals, whereas toxicity at stations in the Inner Harbor was likely due to both metal and organic contaminants. The observed relationships among toxicity test results, concentrations of sediment-associated contaminants, and abundance of L. plumulosus at the test sites suggests that acute toxicity tests with this species are indicative of adverse biological effects in the field. C1 Univ Maryland, Wye Res & Educ Ctr, Queenstown, MD 21658 USA. US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Chesapeake Bay Field Off, Annapolis, MD 21401 USA. RP Fisher, DJ (reprint author), Univ Maryland, Wye Res & Educ Ctr, Queenstown, MD 21658 USA. RI Mason, Robert/A-6829-2011 NR 26 TC 47 Z9 48 U1 0 U2 9 PU SETAC PRESS PI PENSACOLA PA 1010 NORTH 12TH AVE, PENSACOLA, FL 32501-3370 USA SN 0730-7268 J9 ENVIRON TOXICOL CHEM JI Environ. Toxicol. Chem. PD OCT PY 1999 VL 18 IS 10 BP 2151 EP 2160 DI 10.1897/1551-5028(1999)018<2151:AOSCAT>2.3.CO;2 PG 10 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA 240FD UT WOS:000082814500006 ER PT J AU Lerch, RN Thurman, EM Blanchard, PE AF Lerch, RN Thurman, EM Blanchard, PE TI Hydroxyatrazine in soils and sediments SO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE hydroxyatrazine; atrazine; stream sediments; mixed-mode sorption; persistence ID ATRAZINE DEGRADATION PRODUCTS; BOUND RESIDUE FORMATION; WESTERN TENNESSEE SOIL; S-TRIAZINE HERBICIDES; LIQUID-CHROMATOGRAPHY; ORGANIC-CARBON; 2 SOILS; DEETHYLATRAZINE; ADSORPTION; DESORPTION AB Hydroxyatrazine (HA) is the major metabolite of atrazine in most surface soils. Knowledge of HA sorption to soils, and its pattern of stream water contamination suggest that it is persistent in the environment. Soils with different atrazine use histories were collected from four sites, and sediments were collected from an agricultural watershed. Samples were exhaustively extracted with a mixed-mode extractant, and HA was quantitated using high performance liquid chromatography with UV detection. Atrazine, deethylatrazine (DEA), and deisopropylatrazine (DIA) were also measured in all samples. Concentrations of HA were considerably greater than concentrations of atrazine, DEA, and DIA in all soils and sediments studied. Soil concentrations of HA ranged from 14 to 640 mu g/kg with a median concentration of 84 mu g/kg. Sediment concentrations of HA ranged from 11 to 96 mu g/kg, with a median concentration of 14 mu g/kg. Correlations of HA and atrazine concentrations to soil properties indicated that HA levels in soils were controlled by sorption of atrazine. Because atrazine hydrolysis is known to be enhanced by sorption and pH extremes, soils with high organic matter (OM) and clay content and low pH will result in greater atrazine sorption and subsequent hydrolysis. Significant correlation of HA concentrations to OM, pH, and cation exchange capacity of sediments indicated that mixed-mode sorption (i.e., binding by cation exchange and hydrophobic interactions) was the mechanism controlling HA levels in sediment. The presence of HA in soils and stream sediments at the levels observed support existing hypotheses regarding its transport in surface runoff. These results also indicated that persistence of HA in terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems is an additional risk factor associated with atrazine usage. C1 ARS, USDA, Cropping Syst & Water Qual Res Unit, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. US Geol Survey, Organ Geochem Res Grp, Lawrence, KS 66049 USA. Univ Missouri, Dept Agr & Biol Engn, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. RP Lerch, RN (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Cropping Syst & Water Qual Res Unit, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. RI Thurman, Earl/B-5131-2011 NR 39 TC 32 Z9 33 U1 1 U2 10 PU SETAC PRESS PI PENSACOLA PA 1010 NORTH 12TH AVE, PENSACOLA, FL 32501-3370 USA SN 0730-7268 J9 ENVIRON TOXICOL CHEM JI Environ. Toxicol. Chem. PD OCT PY 1999 VL 18 IS 10 BP 2161 EP 2168 DI 10.1897/1551-5028(1999)018<2161:HISAS>2.3.CO;2 PG 8 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA 240FD UT WOS:000082814500007 ER PT J AU Stolz, JF Oremland, RS AF Stolz, JF Oremland, RS TI Bacterial respiration of arsenic and selenium SO FEMS MICROBIOLOGY REVIEWS LA English DT Review DE selenate reduction; selenite reduction; arsenate reduction ID DIVERSE ELECTRON-ACCEPTORS; ARS OPERON HOMOLOG; SELENATE REDUCTION; ELEMENTAL SELENIUM; THAUERA-SELENATIS; ESCHERICHIA-COLI; CHRYSIOGENES-ARSENATIS; ANAEROBIC RESPIRATION; ESTUARINE SEDIMENTS; RESPIRING BACTERIUM AB Oxyanions of arsenic and selenium call be used in microbial anaerobic respiration as terminal electron accepters. The detection of arsenate and selenate respiring bacteria in numerous pristine and contaminated environments and their rapid appearance in enrichment culture suggest that they are widespread and metabolically active in nature. Although the bacterial species that have been isolated and characterized are still few in number, they are scattered throughout the bacterial domain and include Gram-positive bacteria, beta, gamma and epsilon Proteobacteria and the sole member of a deeply branching lineage of the bacteria, Chrysiogenes arsenatus. The oxidation of a number of organic substrates (i.e. acetate, lactate, pyruvate, glycerol, ethanol) or hydrogen can be coupled to the reduction of arsenate and selenate, but the actual donor used Varies from species to species. Both periplasmic and membrane-associated arsenate and selenate reductases have been characterized. Although the number of subunits and molecular masses differs, they all contain molybdenum. The extent of the environmental impact on the transformation and mobilization of arsenic and selenium by microbial dissimilatory processes is only now being fully appreciated. (C) 1999 Published by Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Duquesne Univ, Dept Biol Sci, Pittsburgh, PA 15282 USA. US Geol Survey, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. RP Stolz, JF (reprint author), Duquesne Univ, Dept Biol Sci, Pittsburgh, PA 15282 USA. NR 97 TC 312 Z9 335 U1 7 U2 81 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0168-6445 J9 FEMS MICROBIOL REV JI Fems Microbiol. Rev. PD OCT PY 1999 VL 23 IS 5 BP 615 EP 627 DI 10.1111/j.1574-6976.1999.tb00416.x PG 13 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA 245WV UT WOS:000083131800006 PM 10525169 ER PT J AU Clark, JR AF Clark, JR TI Fulfilling the promise for aquatic conservation SO FISHERIES LA English DT Editorial Material C1 US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Washington, DC 20240 USA. RP Clark, JR (reprint author), US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Washington, DC 20240 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA SN 0363-2415 J9 FISHERIES JI Fisheries PD OCT PY 1999 VL 24 IS 10 BP 4 EP 4 PG 1 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 325WB UT WOS:000087698500001 ER PT J AU Booke, HE AF Booke, HE TI The stock concept revisited: perspectives on its history in fisheries SO FISHERIES RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE fish stock concept; history; perspectives ID MOLECULAR-GENETICS; SCIENCE AB A fish stock concept should be defined by using inherited characters. Expression of these characters whether as particular phenotypes (i.e. from morphology, life history patterns and actions related to man) must be evaluated carefully with regard to longevity, variability and defined fish habitats. The history of the concept shows the close relationship of methods to the development of genetic emphasis in the concept. The past, present and future of the stock concept for fish is discussed with the conclusion that genotypic and phenotypic markers with generational repeatability would be helpful for the best application of a stock concept. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, SO Conte Anadromous Fish Res Lab, Turners Falls, MA 01376 USA. RP Booke, HE (reprint author), 1399 NW Moselle Pl, Corvallis, OR 97330 USA. NR 15 TC 24 Z9 24 U1 1 U2 8 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0165-7836 J9 FISH RES JI Fish Res. PD OCT PY 1999 VL 43 IS 1-3 BP 9 EP 11 DI 10.1016/S0165-7836(99)00063-6 PG 3 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 252MJ UT WOS:000083505000002 ER PT J AU Letcher, BH King, TL AF Letcher, BH King, TL TI Targeted stock identification using multilocus genotype 'familyprinting' SO FISHERIES RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE stock identification; mixed stock analysis; microsatellites; Atlantic salmon; familyprinting ID SALMON SALMO-SALAR; ATLANTIC SALMON; NORTH-AMERICAN; BRITISH-COLUMBIA; ONCORHYNCHUS-KETA; MITOCHONDRIAL-DNA; EUROPEAN ORIGIN; CHUM SALMON; MICROSATELLITES; FISHERIES AB We present an approach to stock identification of small, targeted populations that uses multilocus microsatellite genotypes of individual mating adults to uniquely identify first- and second-generation offspring in a mixture. We call the approach 'familyprinting'; unlike DNA fingerprinting where tissue samples of individuals are matched, offspring from various families are assigned to pairs of parents or sets of four grandparents with known genotypes. The basic unit of identification is the family, but families can be nested within a variety of stock units ranging from naturally reproducing groups of fish in a small tributary or pond from which mating adults can be sampled to large or small collections of families produced in hatcheries and stocked in specific locations. We show that, with as few as seven alleles per locus using four loci without error, first-generation offspring can be uniquely assigned to the correct family. For second-generation applications in a hatchery more alleles per locus (10) and loci (10) are required for correct assignment of all offspring to the correct set of grandparents. Using microsatellite DNA variation from an Atlantic salmon (Salmo solar) restoration river (Connecticut River, USA), we also show that this population contains sufficient genetic diversity in sea-run returns for 100% correct first-generation assignment and 97% correct second-generation assignment using 14 loci. We are currently using first- and second-generation familyprinting in this population with the ultimate goal of identifying stocking tributary. In addition to within-river familyprinting, there also appears to be sufficient genetic diversity within and between Atlantic salmon populations for identification of 'familyprinted' fish in a mixture of multiple populations. We also suggest that second-generation familyprinting with multiple populations may also provide a tool for examining stock structure. Familyprinting with microsatellite DNA markers is a viable method for identification of offspring of randomly mating adults from small, targeted stocks and should provide a useful addition to current mixed stock analyses with genetic markers. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 USGS BRD, Conte Anadromous Fish Res Ctr, Turners Falls, MA 01376 USA. RP Letcher, BH (reprint author), USGS BRD, Conte Anadromous Fish Res Ctr, 1 Migratory Way,POB 796, Turners Falls, MA 01376 USA. NR 34 TC 20 Z9 21 U1 0 U2 3 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0165-7836 J9 FISH RES JI Fish Res. PD OCT PY 1999 VL 43 IS 1-3 BP 99 EP 111 DI 10.1016/S0165-7836(99)00068-5 PG 13 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 252MJ UT WOS:000083505000007 ER PT J AU Friedlander, AM Boehlert, GW Field, ME Mason, JE Gardner, JV Dartnell, P AF Friedlander, AM Boehlert, GW Field, ME Mason, JE Gardner, JV Dartnell, P TI Sidescan-sonar mapping of benthic trawl marks on the shelf and slope off Eureka, California SO FISHERY BULLETIN LA English DT Article ID CONTINENTAL-SHELF; NORTH-SEA; HABITAT; DISTURBANCE; FISHERIES; SEDIMENT; IMPACT; AREAS; RESUSPENSION; ECOSYSTEM AB The abundance and orientation of trawl marks was quantified over an extensive portion (>2700 km(2)) of the Eureka, California, outer shelf and slope, an important commercial bottom trawling ground for such high-value species as rockfish, sole, and sablefish. Fishing logbook data indicate that the entire reporting area was trawled about one and a half times on an average annual basis and that some areas were trawled over three times annually. High-resolution sidescansonar images of the study area revealed deep gouges on the seafloor, caused by heavy steel trawl doors that act to weigh down and spread open the bottom trawls. These trademarks are commonly oriented parallel to bathymetric contours and many could be traced for several kilometers. Trawl marks showed a quadratic relationship in relation to water depth, with the greatest number of trawl marks observed at similar to 400 m. There was a significant positive correlation between the number of trawl marks observed on the sidescan images and the number of annual trawl hours logged within reporting areas. This finding indicates that acoustic remote sensing is a promising independent approach to evaluate fishing effort on a scale consistent with commercial fishing activities. Bottom trawling gear is known to modify seafloor habitats by altering benthic habitat complexity and by removing or damaging infauna and sessile organisms. Identifying the extent of trawling in these areas may help determine the effects of this type of fishing gear on the benthos and develop indices of habitat disturbance caused by fishing activities. C1 NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, SW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Pacific Fisheries Environm Lab, Pacific Grove, CA 93950 USA. US Geol Survey, Coastal & Marine Geol, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. RP Friedlander, AM (reprint author), Ocean Inst, Makapuu Point,41-202 Kalanianaole Highway, Waimanalo, HI 96795 USA. NR 72 TC 34 Z9 34 U1 0 U2 4 PU NATL MARINE FISHERIES SERVICE SCIENTIFIC PUBL OFFICE PI SEATTLE PA 7600 SAND POINT WAY NE BIN C15700, SEATTLE, WA 98115 USA SN 0090-0656 J9 FISH B-NOAA JI Fish. Bull. PD OCT PY 1999 VL 97 IS 4 BP 786 EP 801 PG 16 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 256XX UT WOS:000083752700005 ER PT J AU Robards, MD Piatt, JF Kettle, AB Abookire, AA AF Robards, MD Piatt, JF Kettle, AB Abookire, AA TI Temporal and geographic variation in fish communities of lower Cook Inlet, Alaska SO FISHERY BULLETIN LA English DT Article ID PACIFIC SAND LANCE; SEASONAL FLUCTUATIONS; AMMODYTES-HEXAPTERUS; SPECIES RICHNESS; SHALLOW WATERS; TERM CHANGES; ABUNDANCE; NURSERY; BAY; SEA AB Nearshore and shelf fish communities were studied in three areas of lower Cook Inlet, Alaska: the Barren Islands (oceanic and well-mixed waters), Kachemak Bay (mixed oceanic waters with significant freshwater run-off), and Chisik Island (estuarine waters). Fish were sampled with beach seines (n=413 sets) and midwater trawls (n=39 sets). We found that lon er Cook Inlet supported a diverse nearshore fish community of at least 52 species. Fifty of these species were caught in Kachemak Bay, 24 at Chisik Island, and 12 at the Barren Islands. Pacific sand lance dominated Barren Islands and Kachemak Bay nearshore habitats, comprising 99% and 71% of total individuals, respectively. The nearshore Chisik Island fish community was not dominated by any one species; instead it exhibited higher diversity. These spatial differences appeared linked to local oceanographic regimes and sediment influx. Analysis of historical data revealed that the nearshore Kachemak Bay fish community changed significantly between 1976 and 1996, showing increased diversity and abundance in several taxa, notably gadids, salmanids, pleuronectids, and sculpins. Decadal differences appeared to be related to large-scale climate changes in the North Pacific. Catches of most taxa peaked in May-August, and were low during other months of the year. Several species were present for only part of the summer. Species composition of seine catches differed significantly between consecutive high and low tides, but not between consecutive sets or years. Midwater trawls took 26 species, 14 of which were present in Kachemak Bay, 19 near Chisik Island, and 7 at the Barren Islands. Community structures in shelf and nearshore waters were similar: diversity was high and abundance low at Chisik Island, whereas a few abundant species dominated at both Kachemak Bay and the Barren Islands. In addition, the low fish abundance near Chisik Island appeared to be related to declining seabird numbers at this colony. C1 US Geol Survey, Alaska Biol Sci Ctr, Biol Resources Div, Anchorage, AK 99503 USA. US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Alaska Maritime Natl Wildlife Refuge, Homer, AK 99603 USA. US Geol Survey, Alaska Biol Sci Ctr, Biol Resources Div, Anchorage, AK 99503 USA. RP Robards, MD (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Alaska Biol Sci Ctr, Biol Resources Div, 1011 E Tudor Rd, Anchorage, AK 99503 USA. NR 50 TC 21 Z9 22 U1 1 U2 3 PU NATL MARINE FISHERIES SERVICE SCIENTIFIC PUBL OFFICE PI SEATTLE PA 7600 SAND POINT WAY NE BIN C15700, SEATTLE, WA 98115 USA SN 0090-0656 J9 FISH B-NOAA JI Fish. Bull. PD OCT PY 1999 VL 97 IS 4 BP 962 EP 977 PG 16 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 256XX UT WOS:000083752700018 ER PT J AU Garlich-Miller, JL Burn, DM AF Garlich-Miller, JL Burn, DM TI Estimating the harvest of Pacific walrus, Odobenus rosmarus divergens, in Alaska SO FISHERY BULLETIN LA English DT Article C1 US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Anchorage, AK 99503 USA. RP Garlich-Miller, JL (reprint author), US Fish & Wildlife Serv, 1011 E Tudor Rd, Anchorage, AK 99503 USA. NR 6 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 2 PU NATL MARINE FISHERIES SERVICE SCIENTIFIC PUBL OFFICE PI SEATTLE PA 7600 SAND POINT WAY NE BIN C15700, SEATTLE, WA 98115 USA SN 0090-0656 J9 FISH B-NOAA JI Fish. Bull. PD OCT PY 1999 VL 97 IS 4 BP 1043 EP 1046 PG 4 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 256XX UT WOS:000083752700025 ER PT J AU Kitaysky, AS Wingfield, JC Piatt, JF AF Kitaysky, AS Wingfield, JC Piatt, JF TI Dynamics of food availability, body condition and physiological stress response in breeding Black-legged Kittiwakes SO FUNCTIONAL ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE corticosterone; ecology; reproduction; seabirds; seasonality ID ZONOTRICHIA LEUCOPHRYS GAMBELII; ADRENOCORTICAL RESPONSES; SEASONAL-CHANGES; CORTICOSTERONE; BIRDS; METABOLISM; PLASMA; PASSERINE; SPARROWS; BINDING AB 1. The seasonal dynamics of body condition (BC), circulating corticosterone levels (baseline, BL) and the adrenocortical response to acute stress (SR) were examined in long-lived Black-legged Kittiwakes, Rissa tridactyla, breeding at Duck (food-poor colony) and Cull (food-rich colony) Islands in lower Cook Inlet, Alaska. It was tested whether the dynamics of corticosterone levels reflect a seasonal change in bird physiological condition due to reproduction and/or variation in foraging conditions. 2. BC declined seasonally, and the decline was more pronounced in birds at the food-poor colony. BL and SR levels of corticosterone rose steadily through the reproductive season, and BL levels were significantly higher in birds on Duck Island compared with those on Cull Island. During the egg-laying and chick-rearing stages, birds had lower SR on Duck Island than on Cull Island. 3. The results suggest that, in addition to a seasonal change in bird physiology during reproduction, local ecological factors such as food availability affect circulating levels of corticosterone and adrenal response to acute stress. C1 Univ Washington, Dept Zool, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. USGS, Alaska Biol Sci Ctr, Anchorage, AK 99503 USA. RP Kitaysky, AS (reprint author), Univ Washington, Dept Zool, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. NR 30 TC 249 Z9 257 U1 5 U2 56 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA P O BOX 88, OSNEY MEAD, OXFORD OX2 0NE, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0269-8463 J9 FUNCT ECOL JI Funct. Ecol. PD OCT PY 1999 VL 13 IS 5 BP 577 EP 584 DI 10.1046/j.1365-2435.1999.00352.x PG 8 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 268TU UT WOS:000084432300001 ER PT J AU Lenhart, JJ Honeyman, BD AF Lenhart, JJ Honeyman, BD TI Uranium(VI) sorption to hematite in the presence of humic acid SO GEOCHIMICA ET COSMOCHIMICA ACTA LA English DT Article ID OXIDE-WATER INTERFACE; METAL HUMATE INTERACTIONS; DISSOLVED ORGANIC-MATTER; SURFACE COMPLEXATION; CATION BINDING; NATURAL-WATERS; PROTON BINDING; ALUMINUM-OXIDE; HYDROUS OXIDES; ADSORPTION AB A long-standing problem in aquatic geochemistry has been the incorporation of natural organic matter (NOM) into speciation models. The general effect of NOM on metal ion sorption by particles has been understood for some time, and significant progress has been made in elucidating some of the details of the role of NOM through the use of surrogate organic acids such as citric acid. However, a gap exists between the general observations that have been made of NOM behavior and the inclusion of NOM in surface chemical models for metal ion sorption. In this paper, we report on the results of a study on the sorption of U(VI) by hematite in the absence and presence of Suwannee river humic acid (HA) and over a range of other system conditions (e.g., pH, I). Essential HA characteristics (e.g., its acid/base, metal binding, and surface chemical properties) were "captured" by representing the HA as an assembly of monoprotic acids with assumed pK values and without explicit correction for electrostatic effects. The ternary system (hematite/HA/U(VI)) was simulated through the combination of the binary submodels (i.e., CO32-/hematite, U(VI)/HA, U(VI)/hematite, and HA/hematite) with model constants fixed at the values determined from simulations of the respective experimental systems. However, the "summed-binary" approach undersimulated experimental results, and the ternary system model required the postulation of two ternary surface (Type A) complexes composed of the uranyl ion, hematite surface sites, and the model ligands comprising the HA. Consideration of the HA in this manner permitted the simulation of HA effects on U(VI) sorption by hematite over a range of solution conditions using a general speciation model. Copyright (C) 1999 Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 Colorado Sch Mines, Div Environm Sci & Engn, Golden, CO 80401 USA. RP Lenhart, JJ (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Div Water Resources, 345 Middlefield Rd,MS-465, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. EM jjlenhar@usgs.gov NR 68 TC 143 Z9 149 U1 5 U2 57 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0016-7037 EI 1872-9533 J9 GEOCHIM COSMOCHIM AC JI Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta PD OCT PY 1999 VL 63 IS 19-20 BP 2891 EP 2901 DI 10.1016/S0016-7037(99)00269-0 PG 11 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 258EB UT WOS:000083824200005 ER PT J AU White, AF Blum, AE Bullen, TD Vivit, DV Schulz, M Fitzpatrick, J AF White, AF Blum, AE Bullen, TD Vivit, DV Schulz, M Fitzpatrick, J TI The effect of temperature on experimental and natural chemical weathering rates of granitoid rocks SO GEOCHIMICA ET COSMOCHIMICA ACTA LA English DT Article ID LONG-TERM; FLUVIAL GEOCHEMISTRY; SOIL CHRONOSEQUENCE; BIOTITE DISSOLUTION; CALCITE DISSOLUTION; NEGATIVE FEEDBACK; EASTERN SIBERIA; CARBON-CYCLE; LOCH-VALE; KINETICS AB The effects of climatic temperature variations (5-35 degrees C) on chemical weathering are investigated both experimentally using flow-through columns containing fresh and weathered granitoid rocks and for natural granitoid weathering in watersheds based on annual solute discharge. Although experimental Na and Si effluent concentrations are significantly higher in the fresh relative to the weathered granitoids, the proportional increases in concentration with increasing temperature are similar. Si and Na exhibit comparable average apparent activation energies (E(a)) of 56 and 61 kJ/mol, respectively, which are similar to those reported for experimental feldspar dissolution measured over larger temperature ranges. A coupled temperature-precipitation :model, using an expanded database for solute discharge fluxes from a global distribution of 86 granitoid watersheds, produces an apparent activation energy for Si (51 KJ/mol), which is also comparable to those derived from the experimental study. This correlation reinforces evidence that temperature does significantly impact natural silicate weathering rates. Effluent K concentrations in the column study are elevated with respect to other cations compared to watershed dir;charge due to the rapid oxidation/dissolution of biotite. K concentrations are less sensitive to temperature, resulting in a lower average E(a) value (27 kJ/mol) indicative of K loss from lower energy interlayer sites in biotite. At lower temperatures, initial cation release from biotite is significantly faster than cation release: from plagioclase. This agrees with reported higher K/Na ratios in cold glacial watersheds relative to warmer temperate environments. Increased release of less radiogenic Sr from plagioclase relative to biotite at increasing temperature produces corresponding decreases in (87)Sr/(86)Sr ratios in the column effluents. A simple mixing calculation using effluent K/Na ratios, Sr concentrations and (87)Sr/(86)Sr ratios for biotite and plagioclase approximates stoichiometric cation ratios from biotite/plagioclase dissolution at warmer temperatures (35 degrees C), but progressively overestimates the relative proportion of biotite with decreasing temperature. Ca, Mg, and Sr concentrations closely correlate, exhibit no consistent trends with temperature, and are controlled by trace amounts of calcite or exchange within weathered biotite. The inability of the watershed model to differentiate a climate signal for such species correlates with the lower temperature dependence observed in the experimental studies. Copyright (C) 1999 Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. RP White, AF (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 345 Middlefield Rd, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. EM afwhite@usgs.gov OI Schulz, Marjorie/0000-0001-5597-6447 NR 47 TC 155 Z9 162 U1 5 U2 42 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0016-7037 J9 GEOCHIM COSMOCHIM AC JI Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta PD OCT PY 1999 VL 63 IS 19-20 BP 3277 EP 3291 DI 10.1016/S0016-7037(99)00250-1 PG 15 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 258EB UT WOS:000083824200038 ER PT J AU Brady, PV Dorn, RI Brazel, AJ Clark, J Moore, RB Glidewell, T AF Brady, PV Dorn, RI Brazel, AJ Clark, J Moore, RB Glidewell, T TI Direct measurement of the combined effects of lichen, rainfall, and temperature on silicate weathering SO GEOCHIMICA ET COSMOCHIMICA ACTA LA English DT Article ID ATMOSPHERIC CO2; LAND PLANTS; RATES; DISSOLUTION; WATER; ENHANCEMENT; POROSITY; KINETICS; CYCLE; PH AB A key uncertainty in models of the global carbonate-silicate cycle and long-term climate is the way that silicates weather under different climatologic conditions, and in the presence or absence of organic activity. Digital imaging of basalts in Hawaii resolves the coupling between temperature, rainfall, and weathering in the presence and absence of lichens. Activation energies for abiotic dissolution of plagioclase (23.1 +/- 2.5 kcal/mol) and olivine (21.3 +/- 2.7 kcal/mol) are similar to those measured in the laboratory, and are roughly double those measured from samples taken underneath Lichen. Abiotic weathering rates appear to be proportional to rainfall. Dissolution of plagioclase and olivine underneath lichen is far more sensitive to rainfall. Copyright (C) 1999 Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 Sandia Natl Labs, Geochem Dept, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. Arizona State Univ, Dept Geog, Tempe, AZ USA. Arizona State Univ, Dept Chem, Tempe, AZ USA. US Geol Survey, Denver, CO 80225 USA. RP Brady, PV (reprint author), Sandia Natl Labs, Geochem Dept, MS-0750, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. NR 45 TC 66 Z9 69 U1 2 U2 10 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0016-7037 J9 GEOCHIM COSMOCHIM AC JI Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta PD OCT PY 1999 VL 63 IS 19-20 BP 3293 EP 3300 DI 10.1016/S0016-7037(99)00251-3 PG 8 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 258EB UT WOS:000083824200039 ER PT J AU Major, JJ Iverson, RM AF Major, JJ Iverson, RM TI Debris-flow deposition: Effects of pore-fluid pressure and friction concentrated at flow margins SO GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA BULLETIN LA English DT Article ID OWENS-VALLEY; NEW-ZEALAND; MT THOMAS; CALIFORNIA; FAN; RHEOLOGY; FLANK AB Measurements of pore-fluid pressure and total bed-normal stress at the base of several similar to 10 m(3) experimental debris flows provide nem insight into the process of debris-now deposition. Pore-fluid pressures nearly sufficient to cause Liquefaction were developed and maintained during now mobilization and acceleration, persisted in debris-flow interiors during flow deceleration and deposition, and dissipated significantly only during postdepositional sediment consolidation. In contrast, leading edges of debris flows exhibited little or no positive pore-fluid pressure. Deposition therefore resulted from grain-contact friction and bed friction concentrated at flow margins. This finding contradicts models that invoke widespread decay of excess pore-fluid pressure, uniform viscoplastic yield strength, or pervasive grain-collision stresses to explain debris-now deposition. Furthermore, the finding demonstrates that deposit thickness cannot be used to infer the strength of flowing debris. C1 US Geol Survey, Vancouver, WA 98661 USA. RP Major, JJ (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 5400 MacArthur Blvd, Vancouver, WA 98661 USA. OI Major, Jon/0000-0003-2449-4466 NR 80 TC 175 Z9 181 U1 6 U2 28 PU ASSOC ENGINEERING GEOLOGISTS GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY AMER PI COLLEGE STN PA TEXAS A & M UNIV, DEPT GEOLOGY & GEOPHYSICS, COLLEGE STN, TX 77843-3115 USA SN 0016-7606 J9 GEOL SOC AM BULL JI Geol. Soc. Am. Bull. PD OCT PY 1999 VL 111 IS 10 BP 1424 EP 1434 DI 10.1130/0016-7606(1999)111<1424:DFDEOP>2.3.CO;2 PG 11 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 241GC UT WOS:000082873400001 ER PT J AU Underwood, MB Shelton, KL McLaughlin, RJ Laughland, MM Solomon, RM AF Underwood, MB Shelton, KL McLaughlin, RJ Laughland, MM Solomon, RM TI Middle Miocene paleotemperature anomalies within the Franciscan Complex of northern California: Thermo-tectonic responses near the Mendocino triple junction SO GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA BULLETIN LA English DT Review ID SAN-ANDREAS FAULT; DE-FUCA-RIDGE; ILLITE CRYSTALLINITY; SUBDUCTION ZONE; COAST RANGES; NORTHWESTERN CALIFORNIA; VITRINITE REFLECTANCE; HYDROTHERMAL SYSTEM; CENOZOIC VOLCANISM; WESTERN CALIFORNIA AB This study documents three localities in the Franciscan accretionary complex of northern California, now adjacent to the San Andreas fault, that were overprinted thermally between 13.9 and 12.2 ha: Point Delgada-Shelter Cove (King Range terrane); Bolinas Ridge (San Bruno Mountain terrane); and Mount San Bruno (San Bruno Mountain terrane), Vein assemblages of quartz, carbonate, sulfide minerals, and adularia were precipitated locally in highly fractured wall rock. Vitrinite reflectance (R-m) values and illite crystallinity decrease away from the zones of metalliferous veins, where peak wall-rock temperatures, as determined from R-m were as high as 315 degrees C, The delta(18)O values of quartz and calcite indicate that two separate types of fluid contributed to vein precipitation. Higher delta(18)O fluids produced widespread quartz and calcite veins that are typical of the regional paleothermal regime. The widespread veins are by-products of heat conduction and diffuse fluid now during zeolite and prehnite-pumpellyite-grade metamorphism, and we interpret their paleo-fluids to have evolved through dehydration reactions and/or extensive isotopic exchange with accreted Franciscan rocks. Lower delta(18)O fluids, in contrast, evolved from relatively high temperature exchange between seawater (or meteoric water) and basaltic and/or sedimentary host reeks; focused flow of those fluids resulted in local deposition of the metalliferous veins, Heat sources for the three paleothermal anomalies remain uncertain and may have been unrelated to one another. Higher temperature metalliferous fluids in the King Range terrane could have advected either from a site of ridge-trench interaction north of the Mendocino fracture zone or from a "slabless window" in the wake of the northward migrating Mendocino triple junction. A separate paradox involves the amount of Quaternary offset of Franciscan basement rocks near Shelter Cove by on-land faults that some regard as the main active trace of the San Andreas plate boundary. Contouring of vitrinite reflectance values to the north of an area affected by A.D. 1906 surface rupture indicates that the maximum dextral offset within the interior of the King Range terrane is only 2.5 km. If this fault extends inland, and if it has been accommodating most of the strike-slip component of San Andreas offset at a rate of 3-4 cm/yr, then its activity began only 83-62 ka, This interpretation would also mean that a longer term trace of the San Andreas fault must be nearby, either offshore or along the northeast boundary of the King Range terrane. An offshore fault trace would be consistent with peak heating of King Range strata north of the Mendocino triple junction. Conversely, shifting the fault to the east would be compatible with a slabless window heat source and long-distance northward translation of the Ring Range terrane after peak heating. C1 Univ Missouri, Dept Geol Sci, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. US Geol Survey, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. Mobil Res & Dev Corp, Dallas, TX 75265 USA. Geotechnol Inc, St Louis, MO 63146 USA. RP Underwood, MB (reprint author), Univ Missouri, Dept Geol Sci, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. NR 110 TC 20 Z9 21 U1 0 U2 2 PU ASSOC ENGINEERING GEOLOGISTS GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY AMER PI COLLEGE STN PA TEXAS A & M UNIV, DEPT GEOLOGY & GEOPHYSICS, COLLEGE STN, TX 77843-3115 USA SN 0016-7606 J9 GEOL SOC AM BULL JI Geol. Soc. Am. Bull. PD OCT PY 1999 VL 111 IS 10 BP 1448 EP 1467 DI 10.1130/0016-7606(1999)111<1448:MMPAWT>2.3.CO;2 PG 20 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 241GC UT WOS:000082873400003 ER PT J AU ten Brink, US Rybakov, M Al-Zoubi, AS Hassouneh, M Frieslander, U Batayneh, AT Goldschmidt, V Daoud, MN Rotstein, Y Hall, JK AF ten Brink, US Rybakov, M Al-Zoubi, AS Hassouneh, M Frieslander, U Batayneh, AT Goldschmidt, V Daoud, MN Rotstein, Y Hall, JK TI Anatomy of the Dead Sea transform: Does it reflect continuous changes in plate motion? SO GEOLOGY LA English DT Article ID STRIKE-SLIP FAULTS; STRUCTURAL IMPLICATIONS; PALYNOLOGICAL EVIDENCE; SEISMIC-REFLECTION; RIFT; SEQUENCE; BASIN; WELL AB A new gravity map of the southern half of the Dead Sea, transform offers the first regional view of the anatomy of this plate boundary. Interpreted together with auxiliary seismic and well data, the map reveals a string of subsurface basins of widely varying size, shape, and depth along the plate boundary and relatively short (25-55 km) and discontinuous fault segments. We argue that this structure is a result of continuous small changes in relative plate motion. However, several segments must have ruptured simultaneously to produce the inferred maximum magnitude of historical earthquakes. C1 US Geol Survey, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. Geophys Inst Israel, IL-58122 Holon, Israel. Nat Resources Author, Amman, Jordan. Geol Survey Israel, IL-95501 Jerusalem, Israel. RP ten Brink, US (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. RI ten Brink, Uri/A-1258-2008 OI ten Brink, Uri/0000-0001-6858-3001 NR 32 TC 45 Z9 47 U1 0 U2 2 PU GEOLOGICAL SOC AMERICA, INC PI BOULDER PA PO BOX 9140, BOULDER, CO 80301-9140 USA SN 0091-7613 J9 GEOLOGY JI Geology PD OCT PY 1999 VL 27 IS 10 BP 887 EP 890 DI 10.1130/0091-7613(1999)027<0887:AOTDST>2.3.CO;2 PG 4 WC Geology SC Geology GA 241GB UT WOS:000082873300006 ER PT J AU Bratton, JF AF Bratton, JF TI Clathrate eustasy: Methane hydrate melting as a mechanism for geologically rapid sea-level fall SO GEOLOGY LA English DT Article ID BOTTOM-WATER; GAS; PALEOCENE; OCEAN; DISSOCIATION; EXTINCTIONS; RESOLUTION; CARBON; EXTENT AB Although submarine methane hydrates or clathrates have been highlighted as potential amplifiers of modern global climate change and associated glacio-eustatic sea-level rise, their potential role in sea-level fall has not been appreciated. Recent estimates of the total volume occupied by gas hydrates in marine sediments vary 20-fold, from 1.2 x 10(14) to 2.4 x 10(15) m(3). Using a specific volume change on melting of -21%, dissociation of the current global inventory of hydrate would result in a decrease of submarine hydrate volume of 2.4 x 10(13) to 5.0 x 10(14) m(3). Release of free gas bubbles present beneath hydrates would increase these volumes by 1.1-2.0 x 10(13) m(3). The combined effects of hydrate melting and subhydrate gas release would result conservatively in a global sea-level fall of 10-146 cm. Such a mechanism may offset some future sealevel rise associated with thermal expansion of the oceans. It could also explain anomalous sealevel drops during ice-free periods such as the early Eocene, the Cretaceous, and the Devonian. C1 US Geol Survey, Woods Hole Field Ctr, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. RP Bratton, JF (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Woods Hole Field Ctr, 384 Woods Hole Rd, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. OI Bratton, John/0000-0003-0376-4981 NR 38 TC 12 Z9 14 U1 2 U2 5 PU GEOLOGICAL SOC AMERICA, INC PI BOULDER PA PO BOX 9140, BOULDER, CO 80301-9140 USA SN 0091-7613 J9 GEOLOGY JI Geology PD OCT PY 1999 VL 27 IS 10 BP 915 EP 918 DI 10.1130/0091-7613(1999)027<0915:CEMHMA>2.3.CO;2 PG 4 WC Geology SC Geology GA 241GB UT WOS:000082873300013 ER PT J AU Arciniega-Ceballos, A Chouet, BA Dawson, P AF Arciniega-Ceballos, A Chouet, BA Dawson, P TI Very long-period signals associated with vulcanian explosions at Popocatepetl Volcano, Mexico SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article ID BAND SEISMIC OBSERVATIONS; SAKURAJIMA VOLCANO; JAPAN; ERUPTIONS AB Very long period (VLP) seismic signals associated with large summit eruptions of Popocatepetl volcano in the last four years are investigated using data from a broadband seismometer (0.04-120 s) deployed on the north flank of the volcano at a radial distance of 5 km from the active crater. The VLP signals associated with individual eruptions share similar waveforms. Discrete VLP signals accompanying long-period (LP) events also share similar signatures and have dominant periods that are nearly identical to those observed in the VLP waveforms of explosions. The VLP particle motions for eruption onsets consistently point to a source located a few km beneath the crater. The VLP ground displacement response to each explosion is marked by a compression, followed by a dilatation and terminating with another compression, suggesting a sequence of pressurization-depressurization-repressurization of the conduit. The repetitive nature of the waveforms points to a non-destructive source process which has remained active in the magmatic system of Popocatepetl at least since April 1997. C1 Natl Autonomous Univ Mexico, Inst Geofis, Mexico City 04510, DF, Mexico. US Geol Survey, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. RP Arciniega-Ceballos, A (reprint author), Natl Autonomous Univ Mexico, Inst Geofis, Cd Univ, Mexico City 04510, DF, Mexico. NR 16 TC 43 Z9 43 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0094-8276 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD OCT 1 PY 1999 VL 26 IS 19 BP 3013 EP 3016 DI 10.1029/1999GL005390 PG 4 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 242UU UT WOS:000082960700030 ER PT J AU Crandall, CA Katz, BG Hirten, JJ AF Crandall, CA Katz, BG Hirten, JJ TI Hydrochemical evidence for mixing of river water and groundwater during high-flow conditions, lower Suwannee River basin, Florida, USA SO HYDROGEOLOGY JOURNAL LA English DT Article DE USA; groundwater/surface water interactions hydrochemistry; tracer tests; karst AB Karstic aquifers are highly susceptible to rapid infiltration of river water, particularly during periods of high flow. Following a period of sustained rainfall in the Suwannee River basin, Florida, USA, the stage of the Suwannee River rose from 3.0 to 5.88 m above mean sea level in April 1996 and discharge peaked at 360 m(3)/s. During these high-now conditions, water from the Suwannee River migrated directly into the karstic Upper Floridan aquifer, the main source of water supply for the area. Changes in the chemical composition of groundwater were quantified using naturally occurring geochemical tracers and mass-balance modeling techniques. Mixing of river water with groundwater was indicated by a decrease in the concentrations of calcium, silica, and Rn-222; and by an increase in dissolved organic carbon (DOC), tannic acid, and chloride, compared to low-flow conditions in water from a nearby monitoring well, Wingate Sink, and Little River Springs. The proportion (fraction) of river water in groundwater ranged from 0.13 to 0.65 at Wingate Sink and from 0.5 to 0.99 at well W-17258, based on binary mixing models using various tracers. The effectiveness of a natural tracer in quantifying mixing of river water and groundwater was related to differences in tracer concentration of the two end members and how conservatively the tracer reacted in the mixed water. Solutes with similar concentrations in the two end-member waters (Na, Mg, K, Cl, SO4, SiO2) were not as effective tracers for quantifying mixing of river water and groundwater as those with larger differences in end-member concentrations (Ca, tannic acid, DOC, Rn-222, HCO3). C1 US Geol Survey, Tallahassee, FL 32301 USA. Law Engn & Environm Serv Inc, Orlando, FL 32810 USA. RP Crandall, CA (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 227 N Bronough St,Suite 3015, Tallahassee, FL 32301 USA. NR 39 TC 30 Z9 32 U1 5 U2 22 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 1431-2174 J9 HYDROGEOL J JI Hydrogeol. J. PD OCT PY 1999 VL 7 IS 5 BP 454 EP 467 DI 10.1007/s100400050218 PG 14 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Geology; Water Resources GA 252MB UT WOS:000083504300005 ER PT J AU Stottlemyer, R Toczydlowski, D AF Stottlemyer, R Toczydlowski, D TI Seasonal change in precipitation, snowpack, snowmelt, soil water and streamwater chemistry, northern Michigan SO HYDROLOGICAL PROCESSES LA English DT Article DE snowpack; snowmelt; soil water; biogeochemistry; stream chemistry; Michigan ID LAKE-SUPERIOR; DEPOSITION; BASIN; MELTWATER AB We have studied weekly precipitation, snowpack, snowmelt, soil water and streamwater chemistry throughout winter for over a decade in a small (176 ha) northern Michigan watershed with high snowfall and vegetated by 60 to 80 year-old northern hardwoods. In this paper, we examine physical, chemical, and biological processes responsible for observed seasonal change in streamwater chemistry based upon intensive study during winter 1996-1997. The objective was to define the contributions made to winter and spring streamwater chemical concentration and flux by processes as snowmelt, over-winter forest floor and surface soil mineralization, immobilization, and exchange, and subsurface flowpath. The forest floor and soils were unfrozen beneath the snowpack which permitted most snowmelt to enter. Over-winter soil mineralization and other biological processes maintain shallow subsurface ion and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) reservoirs. Small, but steady, snowmelt throughout winter removed readily mobilized soil NO3- which resulted in high over-winter streamwater concentrations but little flux. Winter soil water levels and flowpaths were generally deep which increased soil water and streamwater base cation (C-B), HCO3-, and Si concentrations. Spring snowmelt increased soil water levels and removal of ions and DOC from the biologically active forest floor and shallow soils. The snowpack solute content was a minor component in determining streamwater ion concentration or flux during and following peak snowmelt. Exchangeable ions, weakly adsorbed anions, and DOC in the forest floor and surface soils dominated the chemical concentration and flux in soil water and streamwater. Following peak snowmelt, soil microbial immobilization and rapidly increased plant uptake of limiting nutrients removed nearly all available nitrogen from soil water and streamwater. During the growing season high evapotranspiration increased subsurface flowpath depth which in turn removed weathering products, especially C-B, HCO3-, and Si, from deeper soils. Soil water was a major component in the hydrologic and chemical budgets. Copyright (C) 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. C1 US Geol Survey, Ft Collins, CO 80526 USA. RP Stottlemyer, R (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 240 W Prospect Rd, Ft Collins, CO 80526 USA. NR 20 TC 23 Z9 24 U1 0 U2 14 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD PI W SUSSEX PA BAFFINS LANE CHICHESTER, W SUSSEX PO19 1UD, ENGLAND SN 0885-6087 J9 HYDROL PROCESS JI Hydrol. Process. PD OCT PY 1999 VL 13 IS 14-15 BP 2215 EP 2231 DI 10.1002/(SICI)1099-1085(199910)13:14/15<2215::AID-HYP882>3.0.CO;2-V PG 17 WC Water Resources SC Water Resources GA 261GZ UT WOS:000084002600008 ER PT J AU Stottlemyer, R Troendle, CA AF Stottlemyer, R Troendle, CA TI Effect of subalpine canopy removal on snowpack, soil solution, and nutrient export, Fraser Experimental Forest, CO SO HYDROLOGICAL PROCESSES LA English DT Article DE subsurface flow; subalpine; clear-cut; snowpack; Colorado ID CHEMISTRY; WATER; FLUX; STREAMWATER; CATCHMENTS; COLORADO; REGION AB Research on the effects of vegetation manipulation on snowpack, soil water, and streamwater chemistry and flux has been underway at the Fraser Experimental Forest (FEF), CO, since 1982. Greater than 95% of FEF snowmelt passes through watersheds as subsurface flow where soil processes significantly alter meltwater chemistry. To better understand the mechanisms accounting for annual variation in watershed streamwater ion concentration and flux with snowmelt, we studied subsurface water flow, its ion concentration, and flux in conterminous forested and clear cut plots. Repetitive patterns in subsurface flow and chemistry were apparent. Control plot subsurface flow chemistry had the highest ion concentrations in late winter and fall. When shallow subsurface flow occurred, its Ca2+, SO42-, and HCO3- concentrations were lower and K+ higher than deep flow. The percentage of Ca2+, NO3-, SO42-, and HCO3- flux in shallow depths was less and K+ slightly greater than the percentage of total flow. Canopy removal increased precipitation reaching the forest floor by about 40%, increased peak snowpack water equivalent (SWE) > 35%, increased the average snowpack Ca2+, NO3- and NH4+ content, reduced the snowpack K+ content, and increased the runoff four-fold. Clear cutting doubled the percentage of subsurface flow at shallow depths, and increased K+ concentration in shallow subsurface flow and NO3- concentrations in both shallow and deep flow. The percentage change in total Ca2+, SO42-, and HCO3- flux in shallow depths was less than the change in water flux, while that of K+ and NO3- flux was greater. Relative to the control, in the clear cut the percentage of total Ca2+ flux at shallow depths increased from 5 to 12%, SO42- 5.4 to 12%, HCO3- from 5.6 to 8.7%, K+ from 6 to 35%, and NO3- from 2.7 to 17%. The increases in Ca2+ and SO42- flux were proportional to the increase in water flux, the flux of HCO3- increased proportionally less than water flux, and NO3- and K+ were proportionally greater than water flux. Increased subsurface flow accounted for most of the increase in non-limiting nutrient loss. For limiting nutrients, loss of plant uptake and increased shallow subsurface flow accounted for the greater loss. Seasonal ion concentration patterns in streamwater and subsurface flow were similar. Copyright (C) 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. C1 US Geol Survey, Ft Collins, CO 80526 USA. RP Stottlemyer, R (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 240 W Prospect Rd, Ft Collins, CO 80526 USA. NR 25 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 1 U2 5 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD PI W SUSSEX PA BAFFINS LANE CHICHESTER, W SUSSEX PO19 1UD, ENGLAND SN 0885-6087 J9 HYDROL PROCESS JI Hydrol. Process. PD OCT PY 1999 VL 13 IS 14-15 BP 2287 EP 2299 DI 10.1002/(SICI)1099-1085(199910)13:14/15<2287::AID-HYP883>3.0.CO;2-F PG 13 WC Water Resources SC Water Resources GA 261GZ UT WOS:000084002600013 ER PT J AU Wenger, RB Harris, HJ Sivanpillai, R DeVault, DS AF Wenger, RB Harris, HJ Sivanpillai, R DeVault, DS TI A graph-theoretic analysis of relationships among ecosystem stressors SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE ecosystem; risk assessment; stressors; graph theory; Green Bay; St Croix Riverway ID RISK AB The development of strategies to reduce risk to ecosystems has been proposed as a centerpiece for environmental protection. An essential prerequisite to the development of such strategies is the identification and evaluation of those factors (called stressors) which cause stress to ecosystems. Stress refers to external forces which threaten an ecosystem's viability or integrity, that is, the ability to maintain its organizational structure and function. New analytical tools are needed to assist with the difficult task of ecosystem risk assessment. These tools must be sophisticated enough to enable an analyst to do more than focus on single stresser-single assessment endpoint pairs. By an assessment endpoint is meant an environmental value or ecosystem service to be protected or restored. In this paper we develop and describe analytical tools based on the mathematical subdiscipline of graph theory which can be used to gain insights into the interactive relationships which exist among the stressors themselves. The manner in which these stressors are connected to each other and interactive paths among the stressors which tend to augment or diminish the impacts of certain stressors upon the ecosystem can be delineated. When used in conjunction with analytical methods which deal more directly with the impacts of stressors upon the ecosystem itself, the results derived with the aid of these tools can be used to more clearly identify clusters of stressors which should be the focus of environmental protection activities. Applications of these analytical tools to Green Bay, Lake Michigan and the St Croix National Scenic Riverway ecosystems in the United States are discussed. (C) 1999 Academic Press. C1 Univ Wisconsin, Coll Environm Sci, Green Bay, WI 54311 USA. Texas A&M Univ, Texas Agr Expt Stn, Mapping Sci Lab, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Ecol Serv, Ft Snelling, MN 55111 USA. RP Wenger, RB (reprint author), Univ Wisconsin, Coll Environm Sci, Green Bay, WI 54311 USA. RI Sivanpillai, Ramesh/A-7242-2009 OI Sivanpillai, Ramesh/0000-0003-3547-9464 NR 22 TC 5 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 10 PU ACADEMIC PRESS LTD- ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI LONDON PA 24-28 OVAL RD, LONDON NW1 7DX, ENGLAND SN 0301-4797 EI 1095-8630 J9 J ENVIRON MANAGE JI J. Environ. Manage. PD OCT PY 1999 VL 57 IS 2 BP 109 EP 122 DI 10.1006/jema.1999.0294 PG 14 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 243VZ UT WOS:000083019300004 ER PT J AU Manire, CA Rasmussen, LEL Gross, TS AF Manire, CA Rasmussen, LEL Gross, TS TI Serum steroid hormones including 11-ketotestosterone, 11-ketoandrostenedione, and dihydroprogesterone in juvenile and adult bonnethead sharks, Sphyrna tiburo SO JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL ZOOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 1st Symposium on Elasmobranch Endocrinology, at the 13th Annual Meeting of the American-Elasmobranch-Society CY JUN 27, 1997 CL SEATTLE, WASHINGTON SP Amer Elasmobranch Soc ID SCYLIORHINUS-CANICULA; REPRODUCTIVE-CYCLE; PLASMA-LEVELS; GASTEROSTEUS-ACULEATUS; 3-SPINED STICKLEBACK; SQUALUS-ACANTHIAS; ENDOCRINE CHANGES; GONADAL-STEROIDS; SEASONAL-CHANGES; DOGFISH AB Previous studies in the placental viviparous bonnethead shark, Sphyrna tiburo, have correlated 17 beta-estradiol, progesterone, testosterone, and dihydrotestosterone with reproductive events in both males and females. However, several key reproductive events, including implantation, maintenance of pregnancy, and parturition, did not correlate with these four steroid hormones. Therefore, the present study investigated three steroid hormones, 11-ketotestosterone, 11-ketoandrostenedione, and dihydroprogesterone, which have demonstrably important roles in the reproductive cycles of teleosts. It was hypothesized that one or more of these three hormones would correlate with specific reproductive events in S. tiburo. Concurrently, developmental (growth and/or maturation) analyses of these three steroids plus 17 beta-estradiol, progesterone, testosterone, and dihydrotestosterone were investigated in juvenile bonnethead sharks. Serum dihydroprogesterone concentrations were highest in mature females and 11-ketotestosterone concentrations were highest in mature males. In mature females, 11-ketoandrostenedione levels were elevated from the time of mating, through six months of sperm storage and another four months of gestation. At parturition concentrations became significantly lower and remained lower until mating occurred again in another two to three months. Serum 11-ketotestosterone concentrations were the highest at implantation though not significant. In mature males, significantly elevated serum levels of dihydroprogesterone occurred in April and May, near the start of annual testicular development. During growth in males, testosterone and dihydrotestosterone increased progressively and in females, testosterone increased progressively. At maturity in males, significant increases occurred in testosterone and 11-ketotestosterone concentrations while, in females, dihydroprogesterone, 11-ketotestosterone, 17 beta-estradiol, progesterone, testosterone, and dihydrotestosterone concentrations increased. This study shows that although testosterone may be the primary androgen in the bonnethead shark, other derived androgens may have important functions in growth, maturation, and reproduction. (C) 1999 Wiley-Liss, Inc. C1 Mote Marine Lab, Ctr Shark Res, Sarasota, FL 34236 USA. Oregon Grad Inst, Dept Chem Biochem & Mol Biol, Portland, OR 97291 USA. USGS, Biol Resources Div, Florida Caribbean Sci Ctr, Gainesville, FL 32653 USA. Univ Florida, Coll Vet Med, Dept Physiol Sci, Gainesville, FL 32653 USA. RP Manire, CA (reprint author), Mote Marine Lab, Ctr Shark Res, 1600 Ken Thompson Pkwy, Sarasota, FL 34236 USA. NR 29 TC 22 Z9 22 U1 0 U2 3 PU WILEY-LISS PI NEW YORK PA DIV JOHN WILEY & SONS INC, 605 THIRD AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10158-0012 USA SN 0022-104X J9 J EXP ZOOL JI J. Exp. Zool. PD OCT 1 PY 1999 VL 284 IS 5 BP 595 EP 603 DI 10.1002/(SICI)1097-010X(19991001)284:5<595::AID-JEZ15>3.0.CO;2-6 PG 9 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA 232FU UT WOS:000082360900015 PM 10469997 ER PT J AU Douglas, RG Lipps, JH Ingle, JC Barron, J AF Douglas, RG Lipps, JH Ingle, JC Barron, J TI A memorial for William V. Sliter SO JOURNAL OF FORAMINIFERAL RESEARCH LA English DT Biographical-Item C1 Univ So Calif, Dept Earth Sci, Los Angeles, CA 90007 USA. Univ Calif Berkeley, Museum Paleontol, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. Stanford Univ, Sch Earth Sci, Dept Geol, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. US Geol Survey, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. RP Douglas, RG (reprint author), Univ So Calif, Dept Earth Sci, Univ Pk, Los Angeles, CA 90007 USA. NR 1 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU CUSHMAN FOUNDATION FORAMINIFERAL RES PI CAMBRIDGE PA MUSEUM COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY, DEPT INVERTEBRATE PALEONTOLOGY 26 OXFORD ST, HARVARD UNIV, CAMBRIDGE, MA 02138 USA SN 0096-1191 J9 J FORAMIN RES JI J. Foraminifer. Res. PD OCT PY 1999 VL 29 IS 4 BP 313 EP 317 PG 5 WC Paleontology SC Paleontology GA 253XN UT WOS:000083582400001 ER PT J AU Sliter, WV AF Sliter, WV TI Cretaceous planktic foraminiferal biostratigraphy of the Calera Limestone, northern California, USA SO JOURNAL OF FORAMINIFERAL RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID SAN-FRANCISCO; SECTION; ANOXIA AB The Calera Limestone is the largest, most stratigraphically extensive limestone unit of oceanic character included in the Franciscan Complex of northern California. The aim of this paper is to place the Calera Limestone at its type locality (Rockaway Peach, Pacifica) in a high-resolution biostratigraphy utilizing planktic foraminifers studied in thin section. A section, about 110 m-thick, was measured from the middle thrust slice exposed by quarrying on the southwest side of Calera Hill at Pacifica Quarry. Lithologically, the section is divided in two units; a lower unit with 73 m of black to dark-grey limestone, black chert and tuff, and an upper unit with 36.8 m of light-grey limestone and medium-grey chert, Two prominent black-shale layers rich in organic carbon occur 11 m below the top of the lower black unit and at the boundary with overlying light-grey unit, yielding a total organic content (TOC) of 4.7% and 1.8% t.w., respectively. The fossiliferous Calera Limestone section measured at Pacifica Quarry, from the lower black shale, contains eleven zones and three subzones that span approximately 26 m.y, from the early Aptian to the late Cenomanian, The zones indentified range from the Globigerinelloides blowi Zone to the Dicarinella algeriana Subzone of the Rotalipora cushmani Zone, Within this biostratigraphic interval, the Ticinella bejaouaensis and Hedbergella planispira Zones at the Aptian/Albian boundary are missing as are the Rotalipora subticinensis Subzone of the Biticinella breggiensis Zone and the overlying Rotalipora ticinensis Zone in the late Albian owing both to low-angle thrust faulting and to unconformities, The abundance and preservation of planktic foraminifers are poor in the lower part and improve only within the upper G. algerianus Zone, The faunal relationship indicate that the lower black shale occurs in the upper part of the G. blowi Zone and correlates with the Selli Event recognized at global scale in the early Aptian, The upper black shah occurs at or near the boundary between the G, ferreolensis and G, algerianus Zone in the late Aptian, This black layer, or Thalmann Event as named here, seems to represent the sedimentary expression, at the scale of Permanente Terrane, of a global perturbation of the carbon cycle. C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. RP Sliter, WV (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 345 Middlefield Rd, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. NR 59 TC 22 Z9 25 U1 0 U2 4 PU CUSHMAN FOUNDATION FORAMINIFERAL RES PI CAMBRIDGE PA MUSEUM COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY, DEPT INVERTEBRATE PALEONTOLOGY 26 OXFORD ST, HARVARD UNIV, CAMBRIDGE, MA 02138 USA SN 0096-1191 J9 J FORAMIN RES JI J. Foraminifer. Res. PD OCT PY 1999 VL 29 IS 4 BP 318 EP 339 PG 22 WC Paleontology SC Paleontology GA 253XN UT WOS:000083582400002 ER PT J AU Frank, TD Arthur, MA Dean, WE AF Frank, TD Arthur, MA Dean, WE TI Diagenesis of Lower Cretaceous pelagic carbonates, North Atlantic: Paleoceanographic signals obscured SO JOURNAL OF FORAMINIFERAL RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID DEEP-SEA SEDIMENTS; SR ISOTOPIC EVOLUTION; SITE-534; SEAWATER; CLIMATE; EVENT AB The stable isotope and minor element geochemistry of Neocomian (Lower Cretaceous) pelagic carbonates of the North Atlantic Basin (Deep Sea Drilling Project Sites 105, 367, 387, 391, and 603) was examined to develop a diagenetic model for pelagic limestones, In particular, we hoped to test the fidelity of whole-rock geochemical records as paleoceanographic indicators for pelagic deposits of pre-Aptian age, in which individual microfossils are not available for analysis. Data indicate that in addition. to depth of burial, rhythmic variations in primary carbonate content have strongly controlled diagenetic patterns and associated geochemical signatures in these Neocomian sequences. Samples become. increasingly depleted in Sr and O-18 with increasing CaCO3 content. Within individual sedimentary sections, substantial decreases in Sr/Ca ratios and delta(18)O values are evident over a range of 4 to 98% CaCO3. However, even over a relatively narrow range of 50 to 98% CaCO3 a 2.5 parts per thousand variation in delta(18)O values and a change of a factor of 1.7 in Sr/Ca ratios are observed. Carbon isotope compositions do not vary as extensively with CaCO3 content, but carbonate-rich intervals tend to be relatively depleted in C-13. Petrographic analysis reveals that these geochemical patterns are related to the transfer of CaCO3 from carbonate-poor intervals (calcareous shales and marlstones) to adjacent carbonate-rich intervals (limestones) during burial compaction and pressure solution. This process results in the addition of diagenetic cement to carbonate-rich intervals to produce a bulk composition that is relatively depleted in Sr and O-18 and, at the same time, enables the retention of more-or-less primary carbonate that is relatively enriched in Sr and O-18 in adjacent carbonate-poor intervals. Thus, although cyclic variations in CaCO3 content are primary in the Neocomian sequences examined, measured variations in Sr/Ca ratios and delta(18)O values are not and, as such, do not provide reliable proxies for past variations in climate, oceanographic conditions, or global ice volume. C1 Univ Queensland, Dept Earth Sci, Brisbane, Qld 4072, Australia. Penn State Univ, Dept Geosci, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. US Geol Survey, Fed Ctr, Lakewood, CO 80225 USA. RP Frank, TD (reprint author), Univ Queensland, Dept Earth Sci, Brisbane, Qld 4072, Australia. RI Arthur, Michael/E-2872-2014 OI Arthur, Michael/0000-0002-3028-6279 NR 51 TC 39 Z9 40 U1 0 U2 6 PU CUSHMAN FOUNDATION FORAMINIFERAL RES PI CAMBRIDGE PA MUSEUM COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY, DEPT INVERTEBRATE PALEONTOLOGY 26 OXFORD ST, HARVARD UNIV, CAMBRIDGE, MA 02138 USA SN 0096-1191 J9 J FORAMIN RES JI J. Foraminifer. Res. PD OCT PY 1999 VL 29 IS 4 BP 340 EP 351 PG 12 WC Paleontology SC Paleontology GA 253XN UT WOS:000083582400003 ER PT J AU Bralower, RJ CoBabe, E Clement, B Sliter, WV Osburn, CL Longoria, J AF Bralower, RJ CoBabe, E Clement, B Sliter, WV Osburn, CL Longoria, J TI The record of global change in mid-Cretaceous (Barremian-Albian) sections from the Sierra Madre, northeastern Mexico SO JOURNAL OF FORAMINIFERAL RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID CARBON-ISOTOPE STRATIGRAPHY; SEA-LEVEL CHANGES; ORGANIC-CARBON; ANOXIC EVENTS; PACIFIC BASIN; EVOLUTION; SEDIMENTS; BIOSTRATIGRAPHY; FORAMINIFERA; RADIOLARIA AB Our current understanding of mid-Cretaceous global change is largely based on investigations of pelagic sections from southern Europe and deep sea drilling sites. Much less information exists from other continents and from hemipelagic sections deposited on continental margins. This investigation seeks to broaden our understanding of mid-Cretaceous global change by focusing on the record from hemipelagic sections deposited along the continental margin of northeastern Mexico. The major goals are to compare the record, timing, and extent of the Oceanic Anoxic Events (OAEs) in Mexico and other areas, and to determine the relationship between these events and the global burial of organic material using carbon isotopes. We have investigated four sections from the Sierra Madre Oriental, integrating biostratigraphy, magnetostratigraphy and carbon isotope stratigraphy. Carbon isotopes, measured on the organic carbon (C(org)) fraction, show identical stratigraphic changes to curves from Barremian to lower Albian European and Pacific deep-sea sections. Our results add new detail to the C-isotope stratigraphy of the middle and late Albian interval. Three abrupt peaks in C(org) content correlate with OAE1a (early Aptian), OAE1b (early Albian) and an event in the late Aptian Globigerinelloides algerianus Zone. Ail three events are marked by short-term, 0.5-3 per mil decreases in C-isotope values followed by increases of similar magnitude. The decreases may reflect changes in the type of C(org), the nature of carbon cycling, or an increase in hydrothermal activity. The increases in C-isotope values reflect widespread burial of C(org). The similar shape of the C-isotope curves in Mexico and other areas, and the response of C-isotopes to the OAEs, indicate that the late Aptian episode was extensive, and that OAE1a and OAE1b were global. The three anoxic events appear to correlate with rising relative sea level. OAE1a also corresponds to major changes in nannofossil assemblages; the well-known "nannoconid crisis" can be easily recognized in the Mexican sections. This event is characterized by an increase in abundance of nannofossils and foraminifera in sediments, possibly reflecting a decrease in dilution as a result of the rise in relative sea level. C1 Univ N Carolina, Dept Geol Sci, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. Univ Massachusetts, Dept Geosci, Biogeochem Labs, Amherst, MA 01003 USA. Florida Int Univ, Dept Geol, Miami, FL 33199 USA. US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. Lehigh Univ, Dept Earth & Environm Sci, Bethlehem, PA 18015 USA. RP Bralower, RJ (reprint author), Univ N Carolina, Dept Geol Sci, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. OI Clement, Bradford/0000-0003-1122-669X NR 97 TC 99 Z9 103 U1 0 U2 3 PU CUSHMAN FOUNDATION FORAMINIFERAL RES PI CAMBRIDGE PA MUSEUM COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY, DEPT INVERTEBRATE PALEONTOLOGY 26 OXFORD ST, HARVARD UNIV, CAMBRIDGE, MA 02138 USA SN 0096-1191 J9 J FORAMIN RES JI J. Foraminifer. Res. PD OCT PY 1999 VL 29 IS 4 BP 418 EP 437 PG 20 WC Paleontology SC Paleontology GA 253XN UT WOS:000083582400007 ER PT J AU Dean, WE Arthur, MA AF Dean, WE Arthur, MA TI Sensitivity of the North Atlantic Basin to cyclic climatic forcing during the Early Cretaceous SO JOURNAL OF FORAMINIFERAL RESEARCH LA English DT Review ID SEA-DRILLING-PROJECT; ORGANIC-CARBON; BLACK SHALES; EQUATORIAL ATLANTIC; SEDIMENTS; NITROGEN; SITE-534; CIRCULATION; SEQUENCES; PYROLYSIS AB Striking cyclic interbeds of laminated dark-olive to black marlstone and bioturbated white to light-gray limestone of Neocomian (Early Cretaceous) age have been recovered at Deep Sea Drilling Project (DSDP) and Ocean Drilling Project (ODP) sites in the North Atlantic. These Neocomian sequences are equivalent to the Maiolica Formation that outcrops in the Tethyan regions of the Mediterranean and to thick limestone sequences of the Vocontian Trough of France. This lithologic unit marks the widespread deposition of biogenic carbonate over much of the North Atlantic and Tethyan seafloor during a time of overall low sealevel and a deep carbonate compensation depth. The dark clay-rich interbeds typically are rich in organic carbon (OC) with up to 5.5% OC in sequences in the eastern North Atlantic. These eastern North Atlantic sequences off northwest Africa, contain more abundant and better preserved hydrogen-rich, algal organic matter (type D kerogen) relative to the western North Atlantic, probably in response to coastal upwelling induced by an eastern boundary current in the young North Atlantic Ocean. The more abundant algal organic matter in sequences in the eastern North Atlantic is also expressed in the isotopic composition of the carbon in that organic matter. In contrast, organic matter in Neocomian sequences in the western North Atlantic along the continental margin of North America has geochemical and optical characteristics of herbaceous, woody, hydrogen-poor, humic, type III kerogen. The inorganic geochemical characteristics of the dark clay-rich (<60% CaCO3) interbeds in Neocomian sequences in the North American Basin and the Cape Verde Basin off northwest Africa suggest that most of the detrital elastic material was derived from deepsea fans off North America and Morocco during relatively wet intervals to dilute pelagic biogenic carbonate. Inorganic geochemical characteristics of the elastic material in the bioturbated, white, carbonate-rich (>80% CaCO3) interbeds in both the eastern and western basins of the North Atlantic suggest that they contain minor amounts of relatively unweathered eolian dust derived from northwest Africa during dry intervals. C1 US Geol Survey, Denver, CO 80225 USA. Penn State Univ, Dept Geosci, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. RP Dean, WE (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Box 25046, Denver, CO 80225 USA. RI Arthur, Michael/E-2872-2014 OI Arthur, Michael/0000-0002-3028-6279 NR 107 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 4 PU CUSHMAN FOUNDATION FORAMINIFERAL RES PI CAMBRIDGE PA MUSEUM COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY, DEPT INVERTEBRATE PALEONTOLOGY 26 OXFORD ST, HARVARD UNIV, CAMBRIDGE, MA 02138 USA SN 0096-1191 J9 J FORAMIN RES JI J. Foraminifer. Res. PD OCT PY 1999 VL 29 IS 4 BP 465 EP 486 PG 22 WC Paleontology SC Paleontology GA 253XN UT WOS:000083582400010 ER PT J AU De Cabrera, SC Sliter, WV Jarvis, I AF De Cabrera, SC Sliter, WV Jarvis, I TI Integrated foraminiferal biostratigraphy and chemostratigraphy of the Querecual Formation (Cretaceous), Eastern Venezuela SO JOURNAL OF FORAMINIFERAL RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID CENOMANIAN-TURONIAN BOUNDARY; LA-LUNA FORMATION; CARBON-ISOTOPE; SPECTROMETRY; STRATIGRAPHY; BURIAL AB An integrated foraminiferal biostratigraphy and chemostratigraphy is presented for the Lower to Upper Cretaceous Querecual Formation exposed on Chimana Grande Island, Eastern Venezuela. The formation consists of >450 m alternating foraminiferal and organic-rich carbonates and laminated mudrocks, and is considered the main hydrocarbon source rock for the eastern Venezuela Basin. Biostratigraphic resolution within the Querecual Formation is poor, due to a paucity of keeled planktonic foraminifera and impoverished benthic faunas, Deposition occurred in a bathyal environment, with dysaerobic or anoxic bottom waters resulting from high rates of surface productivity associated with an upwelling environment. Biostratigraphic evidence indicates that the Querecual Formation ranges from the upper Albian Rotalipora ticinensis Zone to the Santonian Dicarinella asymetrica Zone. Iron and Al contents fall through the Albian-Cenomanian indicating a progressive decrease in the detrital supply, driven by rising eustatic sea level. A Ca profile demonstrates variations in carbonate production and dissolution. High total organic carbon (TOC) intervals occur in the upper Albian to mid-Cenomanian and Turonian, and high Ba/Al and Si/Al ratios characterize mid-Cenomanian and younger sediments. Variations in these elements primarily reflect changes in marine productivity, but are also affected by diagenetic processes, A stable carbon isotope curve established from analysis of organic matter (delta(13)C(org)) correlates well with published delta(13)C curves for carbonates from England and Italy. The Cenomanian/Turonian boundary cannot be identified using planktonic foraminifera, because key taxa are absent, but the base of the Turonian is clearly indicated by a sharp fall in delta(13)C immediately above a major positive excursion. The bottom of the Coniacian is placed below a delta(13)C minimum, towards the base of the Dicarinella concavata Zone. Combined with the foraminiferal data, the isotopic data enable much improved stratigraphic resolution compared to previous investigations of the formation. C1 PDVSA Explorac & Prod, Geol Lab, Puerto La Cruz, Venezuela. US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. Kingston Univ, Ctr Earth & Environm Sci Res, Kingston upon Thames KT1 2EE, Surrey, England. RP De Cabrera, SC (reprint author), PDVSA Explorac & Prod, Geol Lab, Puerto La Cruz, Venezuela. EM cabrerasd@pdvsa.com; I.Jarvis@kingston.ac.uk RI Jarvis, Ian/A-1637-2008 OI Jarvis, Ian/0000-0003-3184-3097 NR 42 TC 7 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 1 PU CUSHMAN FOUNDATION FORAMINIFERAL RES PI CAMBRIDGE PA MUSEUM COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY, DEPT INVERTEBRATE PALEONTOLOGY 26 OXFORD ST, HARVARD UNIV, CAMBRIDGE, MA 02138 USA SN 0096-1191 J9 J FORAMIN RES JI J. Foraminifer. Res. PD OCT PY 1999 VL 29 IS 4 BP 487 EP 499 PG 13 WC Paleontology SC Paleontology GA 253XN UT WOS:000083582400011 ER PT J AU Kilb, D Gomberg, J AF Kilb, D Gomberg, J TI The initial subevent of the 1994 Northridge, California, earthquake: Is earthquake size predictable? SO JOURNAL OF SEISMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE 1994 Northridge, California, earthquake; nucleation; precursor; seismology; waveform analysis ID SEISMIC NUCLEATION PHASE; WESTERN UNITED-STATES; SOUTHERN-CALIFORNIA; RUPTURE; MICROEARTHQUAKES; DECONVOLUTION; PROPAGATION; FORESHOCKS; RIDGECREST; SEQUENCE AB We examine the initial subevent (ISE) of the M 6.7, 1994 Northridge, California, earthquake in order to discriminate between two end-member rupture initiation models: the 'preslip' and 'cascade' models. Final earthquake size may be predictable from an ISE's seismic signature in the preslip model but not in the cascade model. In the cascade model ISEs are simply small earthquakes that can be described as purely dynamic ruptures. In this model a large earthquake is triggered by smaller earthquakes; there is no size scaling between triggering and triggered events and a variety of stress transfer mechanisms are possible. Alternatively, in the preslip model, a large earthquake nucleates as an aseismically slipping patch in which the patch dimension grows and scales with the earthquake's ultimate size; the byproduct of this loading process is the ISE. In this model, the duration of the ISE signal scales with the ultimate size of the earthquake, suggesting that nucleation and earthquake size are determined by a more predictable, measurable, and organized process. To distinguish between these two end-member models we use short period seismograms recorded by the Southern California Seismic Network. We address questions regarding the similarity in hypocenter locations and focal mechanisms of the ISE and the mainshock. We also compare the ISE's waveform characteristics to those of small earthquakes and to the beginnings of earthquakes with a range of magnitudes. We find that the focal mechanisms of the ISE and mainshock are indistinguishable, and both events may have nucleated on and ruptured the same fault plane. These results satisfy the requirements for both models and thus do not discriminate between them. However, further tests show the ISE's waveform characteristics are similar to those of typical small earthquakes in the vicinity and more importantly, do not scale with the mainshock magnitude. These results are more consistent with the cascade model. C1 Univ Memphis, CERI, Memphis, TN 38152 USA. US Geol Survey, Memphis, TN USA. RP Kilb, D (reprint author), Univ Memphis, CERI, Memphis, TN 38152 USA. NR 34 TC 24 Z9 26 U1 0 U2 4 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 1383-4649 J9 J SEISMOL JI J. Seismol. PD OCT PY 1999 VL 3 IS 4 BP 409 EP 420 DI 10.1023/A:1009890329925 PG 12 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 234XM UT WOS:000082509700005 ER PT J AU Goldstein, RM DeWeese, LR AF Goldstein, RM DeWeese, LR TI Comparison of trace element concentrations in tissue of common carp and implications for monitoring SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN WATER RESOURCES ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article DE trace elements; fish tissues; monitoring; arsenic; cadmium; chromium; copper; nickel; lead; selenium; zinc ID FRESH-WATER FISH; CYPRINUS-CARPIO; RED-RIVER; MERCURY; LAKES; BIOACCUMULATION; ACCUMULATION; CADMIUM; METALS; MUSCLE AB Common carp (Cyprinus carpio) collected from four sites in the Red River of the North in 1994 were analyzed for arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), lead (Pb), nickel (Ni), selenium (Se), and zinc (Zn). Concentrations differed among liver, muscle, and whole body. Generally, trace element concentrations were the greatest in livers while concentrations in whole bodies were greater than those in muscle for Cd, Cu, Ni, Pb, and Zn, and concentrations in muscle were similar to whole body for As and Se. Concentrations of Cr were lower in liver than either muscle or whole body. Correlations between liver and whole body concentrations were stronger than those between liver and muscle concentrations, but the strongest correlations were between muscle and whole body concentrations. Examination of tissue concentrations by collection sites suggested that, for a general survey, the whole body may be the most effective matrix to analyze. C1 US Geol Survey, Div Water Resources, Mounds View, MN 55112 USA. US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Biol Resources Div, Denver, CO 80225 USA. RP Goldstein, RM (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Div Water Resources, 2280 Woodale Dr, Mounds View, MN 55112 USA. NR 33 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 1 U2 6 PU AMER WATER RESOURCES ASSOC PI HERNDON PA 950 HERNDON PARKWAY SUITE 300, HERNDON, VA 20170-5531 USA SN 1093-474X J9 J AM WATER RESOUR AS JI J. Am. Water Resour. Assoc. PD OCT PY 1999 VL 35 IS 5 BP 1133 EP 1140 DI 10.1111/j.1752-1688.1999.tb04200.x PG 8 WC Engineering, Environmental; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Engineering; Geology; Water Resources GA 247MQ UT WOS:000083224900012 ER PT J AU McCobb, TD LeBlanc, DR Socolow, RS AF McCobb, TD LeBlanc, DR Socolow, RS TI A siphon gage for monitoring surface-water levels SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN WATER RESOURCES ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article DE surface water hydrology; instrumentation; water level monitoring; Cape Cod; wetland hydrology AB A device that uses a siphon tube to establish a hydraulic connection between the bottom of an onshore standpipe and a point at the bottom of a water body was designed and tested for monitoring surface-water levels. Water is added to the standpipe to a level sufficient to drive a complete slug of water through the siphoning tube and to flush all air out of the system. The water levels in the standpipe and the water body equilibrate and provide a measurable static water surface in the standpipe. The siphon gage was designed to allow quick and accurate year-round measurements with minimal maintenance. Currently available devices for monitoring surface-water levels commonly involve time-consuming and costly installation and surveying, and the movement of reference points and the presence of ice cover in cold regions cause discontinuity and inaccuracy in the data collected. Installation and field testing of a siphon gage using 0.75-in-diameter polyethylene tubing at Ashumet Pond in Falmouth, Massachusetts, demonstrated that the siphon gage can provide long-term data with a field effort and accuracy equivalent to measurement of ground-water levels at an observation well. C1 US Geol Survey, Northborough, MA 01532 USA. RP McCobb, TD (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 10 Bearfoot Rd, Northborough, MA 01532 USA. NR 3 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER WATER RESOURCES ASSOC PI HERNDON PA 950 HERNDON PARKWAY SUITE 300, HERNDON, VA 20170-5531 USA SN 1093-474X J9 J AM WATER RESOUR AS JI J. Am. Water Resour. Assoc. PD OCT PY 1999 VL 35 IS 5 BP 1141 EP 1146 DI 10.1111/j.1752-1688.1999.tb04201.x PG 6 WC Engineering, Environmental; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Engineering; Geology; Water Resources GA 247MQ UT WOS:000083224900013 ER PT J AU Boyd, RA AF Boyd, RA TI Groundwater geochemistry in the Seminole Well Field, Cedar Rapids, Iowa SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN WATER RESOURCES ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article DE geochemistry; groundwater; mineral equilibrium; aluminosilicate minerals; redox reactions; carbonate equilibrium AB The City of Cedar Rapids obtains its municipal water supply from four well fields in an alluvial aquifer along the Cedar River in east-central Iowa. Since 1992, the City and the U.S. Geological Survey have cooperatively studied the groundwater-flow system and water chemistry near the well fields. The geochemistry in the alluvial aquifer near the Seminole Well Field was assessed to identify potentially reactive minerals and possible chemical reactions that produce observed changes in water chemistry. Calcite, dolomite, ferrihydrite, quartz, rhodochrosite, and siderite were identified as potentially reactive minerals by calculating saturation indexes. Aluminosilicate minerals including albite, Ca-montmorillonite, gibbsite, illite, K-feldspar, and kaolinite were identified as potentially reactive minerals using hypothetical saturation indexes calculated with an assumed dissolved aluminum concentration of 1 microgram per liter. Balanced chemical equations derived from inverse-modeling techniques were used to assess chemical reactions as precipitation percolates to the water table. Calcite dissolution was predominate, but aluminosilicate weathering, cation exchange, and redox reactions also likely occurred. Microbial-catalyzed redox reactions altered the chemical composition of water infiltrating from the Cedar River into the alluvial aquifer by consuming dissolved oxygen, reducing nitrate, and increasing dissolved iron and manganese concentrations. Nitrate reduction only occurred in relatively shallow (3 to 7 meters below land surface) groundwater near the Cedar River and did not occur in water infiltrating to deeper zones of the alluvial aquifer. C1 US Geol Survey, Div Water Resources, Iowa City, IA 52244 USA. RP Boyd, RA (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Div Water Resources, POB 1230, Iowa City, IA 52244 USA. NR 18 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 2 PU AMER WATER RESOURCES ASSOC PI HERNDON PA 950 HERNDON PARKWAY SUITE 300, HERNDON, VA 20170-5531 USA SN 1093-474X J9 J AM WATER RESOUR AS JI J. Am. Water Resour. Assoc. PD OCT PY 1999 VL 35 IS 5 BP 1257 EP 1268 DI 10.1111/j.1752-1688.1999.tb04212.x PG 12 WC Engineering, Environmental; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Engineering; Geology; Water Resources GA 247MQ UT WOS:000083224900024 ER PT J AU Harris, MA Kondratieff, BC Boyle, TP AF Harris, MA Kondratieff, BC Boyle, TP TI Macroinvertebrate community structure of three prairie streams SO JOURNAL OF THE KANSAS ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Article AB Macroinvertebrate communities of three Great Plains streams were characterized. Detailed species lists were obtained through a variety of sampling techniques; 105 taxa were identified from the Niobrara River at Agate Fossil Beds National Monument in northwest Nebraska, 77 from Cub Creel; at Homestead National Monument in southeast Nebraska, and 59 from Pipestone Creek at Pipestone National Monument in southwest Minnesota. Macroinvertebrate density, taxa, diversity, and functional group composition were analyzed from quarterly quantitative samples. All three streams were dominated by collector functional feeding groups. C1 Illinois Nat Hist Survey, Champaign, IL 61820 USA. Colorado State Univ, Dept Bioagr Sci & Pest Management, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. Colorado State Univ, USGS, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. RP Harris, MA (reprint author), Illinois Nat Hist Survey, 607 E Peabody Dr, Champaign, IL 61820 USA. NR 37 TC 2 Z9 4 U1 2 U2 6 PU KANSAS ENTOMOLOGICAL SOC PI LAWRENCE PA PO BOX 368, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0022-8567 J9 J KANSAS ENTOMOL SOC JI J. Kans. Entomol. Soc. PD OCT PY 1999 VL 72 IS 4 BP 402 EP 425 PG 24 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 345MG UT WOS:000088819300005 ER PT J AU Brown, MB Berry, KH Schumacher, IM Nagy, KA Christopher, MM Klein, PA AF Brown, MB Berry, KH Schumacher, IM Nagy, KA Christopher, MM Klein, PA TI Seroepidemiology of upper respiratory tract disease in the desert tortoise in the western Mojave Desert of California SO JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE DISEASES LA English DT Article DE epidemiology; Gopherus agassizii; Mycoplasma agassizii; serology; upper respiratory tract disease ID MYCOPLASMA-AGASSIZII; GOPHERUS-AGASSIZII; ANTIBODIES AB Several factors have combined with art upper respiratory tract disease (URTD) to produce declines on some population numbers of desert tortoises (Gopherus agassizii) in die western USA. This study was designed to determine the seroepidemiology of URTD in a population of wild adult tortoises at the Desert Tortoise Research Natural Area (DTNA) study site in Kern County (California, USA). Prior to initiation of the study, there was a dramatic decline in the number of individuals in this population. At each individual time point, samples were obtained from 12 to 20 tortoises with radiotransmitters during winter, spring, summer, and fall from 1992 through 1995. During the course of the study, 35 animals were sampled at one or more times. Only 10 animals were available for consistent monitoring throughout the 4 pr period. Specific antibody (Ab) levels to Mycoplasma agassizii were determined for individual tortoises by an enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) test. Specific Ab levels were not influenced by the gender of the tortoise. Levels of Ab and distribution of ELISA+, ELISA- and suspect animals were not consistently affected by season within a single year or for a season among the study years. Significantly more tortoises presented with clinical signs in 1992 and 1995, The profile of ELISA+ animals with clinical signs shifted from 5% (1992) to 42% (1995). In 1992, 52% of tortoises lacked clinical signs and were ELISA-. In 1995, this category accounted fur only 19% of tortoises. Based on the results of this study, we conclude that URTD was present in this population as evidenced by the presence of ELISA+ individual animals, and that the infectious agent is still present as evidenced by seroconversion of previously ELISA- animals during the course of the study. There is evidence to suggest that animals may remain ELISA+ without showing overt disease, a clinical pattern consistent with the chronic nature of most mycoplasmal infections. Further, there are trends suggesting that the clinical expression of disease may be cyclical. Continued monitoring of this population could provide valuable information concerning the spread of URTD in wild tortoise populations. C1 Univ Florida, Coll Vet Med, Dept Pathobiol, Gainesville, FL 32610 USA. Univ Florida, Coll Vet Med, Div Comparat Med, Gainesville, FL 32610 USA. US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Riverside, CA 92507 USA. Univ Florida, Coll Med, Dept Pathol Immunol & Lab Med, Gainesville, FL 32610 USA. Univ Calif Los Angeles, Lab Struct Biol & Mol Med, Los Angeles, CA 90024 USA. Univ Calif Davis, Dept Pathol Microbiol & Immunol, Davis, CA 95616 USA. RP Brown, MB (reprint author), Univ Florida, Coll Vet Med, Dept Pathobiol, Gainesville, FL 32610 USA. NR 21 TC 25 Z9 26 U1 0 U2 6 PU WILDLIFE DISEASE ASSN, INC PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH ST, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 USA SN 0090-3558 J9 J WILDLIFE DIS JI J. Wildl. Dis. PD OCT PY 1999 VL 35 IS 4 BP 716 EP 727 PG 12 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA 321VL UT WOS:000087475300010 PM 10574531 ER PT J AU Work, TM Balazs, GH AF Work, TM Balazs, GH TI Relating tumor score to hematology in green turtles with fibropapillomatosis in Hawaii SO JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE DISEASES LA English DT Article DE Chelonia mydas; fibropapillomatosis; field monitoring techniques; green turtle; hematology ID CHELONIA-MYDAS; BLOOD; SPIRORCHIDAE; ISLANDS AB The relationship between hematologic status and severity of tumor affliction in green turtles (Chelonia mydas) with fibropapillomatosis (FP) was examined. During 1 wk periods in July 1997 and July 1998, we bled 108 free-ranging green turtles from Pala'au (Molokai, Hawaii, USA) where FP is endemic. Blood was analyzed for hematocrit, estimated total solids, total white blood cell (WBC) count and differential WBC count. Each turtle was assigned a subjective tumor score ranging from a (no visible external tumors) to 3 (heavily tumored) that indicated the severity of FP. There was a progressive increase in monocytes and a decrease in all other hematologic parameters except heterophils and total numbers of white blood cells as tumor score increased. These data indicate that tumor score can relate to physiologic status of green turtles afflicted with FP, and that tumor score is a useful field monitor of severity of FP in this species. C1 US Geol Survey, Natl Wildlife Hlth Ctr, Biol Resource Div, Honolulu Field Stn, Honolulu, HI 96850 USA. NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, SW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Honolulu Lab, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. RP Work, TM (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Natl Wildlife Hlth Ctr, Biol Resource Div, Honolulu Field Stn, POB 50167, Honolulu, HI 96850 USA. RI Work, Thierry/F-1550-2015 OI Work, Thierry/0000-0002-4426-9090 NR 21 TC 50 Z9 56 U1 0 U2 4 PU WILDLIFE DISEASE ASSN, INC PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH ST, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 USA SN 0090-3558 J9 J WILDLIFE DIS JI J. Wildl. Dis. PD OCT PY 1999 VL 35 IS 4 BP 804 EP 807 PG 4 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA 321VL UT WOS:000087475300025 PM 10574546 ER PT J AU Boyd, DK Pletscher, DH AF Boyd, DK Pletscher, DH TI Characteristics of dispersal in a colonizing wolf population in the central Rocky Mountains SO JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE Alberta; bider; British Columbia; Canis lupus; central Rocky Mountains; colonizing; dispersal; disperser; gray wolf; Montana; mortality; reproduction ID CANIS-LUPUS; WOLVES AB Gray wolves (Canis lupus) were eradicated from Montana in the 1930s and the adjacent Canadian Rockies by the 1950s, but recolonized these areas in the 1980s. We studied wolf recovery in and neat Glacier National Park (GNP), Montana, from 1979 to 1997. During this period, 31 of 58 tagged wolves dispersed. Most wolves (57%) did not make exploratory forays 3 months before permanent separation from their natal pack. Wolves usually left their natal home range quickly: (median = 4 days; mode = 1 day) after separating from the pack. Mean dispersal distance was not different (P > 0.05) between males (113 km) and females (78 lan), excluding an unusually long dispersal of 840 km by a yearling female. Wolves tended to disperse in a northerly direction to areas of higher wolf density. January-February and May-June were peak months for dispersal. Mean dispersal age (M = 28.7 months; F = 38.4 months) was not correlated with maximum pack size. Twenty percent of dispersers were greater than or equal to 57 months old at dispersal. Sex ratios of dispersers and captured wolves (both 71% F) differed from parity (P = 0.002). Annual survival rate ((x) over bar +/- SE) for dispersers and biders (philopatric wolves) did not differ (dispersers = 0.76 +/- 0.10; biders = 0.77 +/- 0.14). Wolves killed by humans died closer to roads ((x) over bar = 0.13 km) than wolves that died from other causes ((x) over bar = 0.85 km). Eighty percent (n = 30) of wolf mortalities were caused by humans, with proportionately mere dispersers (90%) than biders (60%) dying from human causes. Dispersers produced more litters than biders. Effects of mountainous terrain and management on wolf recovery are discussed. C1 Univ Montana, Sch Forestry, Wildlife Biol Program, Missoula, MT 59812 USA. RP Boyd, DK (reprint author), US Fish & Wildlife Serv, 100 N Pk,Suite 320, Helena, MT 59601 USA. NR 7 TC 52 Z9 53 U1 5 U2 34 PU WILDLIFE SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2197 USA SN 0022-541X J9 J WILDLIFE MANAGE JI J. Wildl. Manage. PD OCT PY 1999 VL 63 IS 4 BP 1094 EP 1108 DI 10.2307/3802828 PG 15 WC Ecology; Zoology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Zoology GA 249JU UT WOS:000083330600004 ER PT J AU Roffe, TJ Rhyan, JC Aune, K Philo, LM Ewalt, DR Gidlewski, T Hennager, SG AF Roffe, TJ Rhyan, JC Aune, K Philo, LM Ewalt, DR Gidlewski, T Hennager, SG TI Brucellosis in Yellowstone National Park bison: Quantitative serology and infection SO JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE bacteriology; bison; Bison bison; Brucella abortus; brucellosis; serology; Yellowstone National Park AB We collected complete sets of tissues, fluids, and swabs (approx 30) from 37 Yellowstone National Park (YNP) female bison (Bison bison) killed as a result of management actions by the Montana Department of Livestock and YNP personnel. Our goal was to establish the relation between blood tests demonstrating an animal has antibody to Brucella and the potential of that animal to be infected during the second trimester of pregnancy, the time when most management actions are taken, Twenty-eight of the 37 bison were seropositive adults (27) or a seropositive calf (l). We cultured samples using macerated whole tissues plated onto 4 Brucella-selective e media and incubated with added CO2 for 1 week. Specimens from 2 adult seropositive females using contaminated, thus eliminating them from our data. Twelve of the remaining 26 seropositive adult and calf female bison (46%) were culture positive for Brucella abortus from 1 or more tissues. Culture positive adult females had high serologic titers. All 11 adults measured <0.115 on the Particle Concentration Fluorescence Immunoassay (PCFIA), and 9 (82%) were <0.085. Complement fixation (CF) titers were >3+ at 1:40 for 10 of 11 (91%) animals. All culture positive female adults had either. a PCFIA less than or equal to 0.080 or a CF: reaction greater than or equal to 4+ at 1:80. However 5 (36%) bison with high titers were culture negative for B. abortus. Our findings on the relation between Brucella serology and culture are similar to those reported from studies of chronically infected cattle herds. C1 Montana State Univ, US Geol Survey, Cent Reg Off, Biol Resource Div, Bozeman, MT 59717 USA. USDA, Natl Vet Serv Labs, Ames, IA 50010 USA. Montana State Univ, Montana Dept Fish Wildlife & Parks, Bozeman, MT 59717 USA. USDA, Bozeman, MT 59718 USA. USDA, Natl Vet Serv Labs, Ames, IA 50010 USA. RP Roffe, TJ (reprint author), Montana State Univ, US Geol Survey, Cent Reg Off, Biol Resource Div, FWP Bldg,1400 S 19th St, Bozeman, MT 59717 USA. NR 3 TC 27 Z9 28 U1 0 U2 3 PU WILDLIFE SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2197 USA SN 0022-541X J9 J WILDLIFE MANAGE JI J. Wildl. Manage. PD OCT PY 1999 VL 63 IS 4 BP 1132 EP 1137 DI 10.2307/3802831 PG 6 WC Ecology; Zoology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Zoology GA 249JU UT WOS:000083330600007 ER PT J AU Adams, MJ AF Adams, MJ TI Correlated factors in amphibian decline: Exotic species and habitat change in western Washington SO JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE amphibian declines; bullfrogs; exotic vertebrates; fish stocking; Puget Lowlands; Rana aurora; Rana catesbeiana; red-legged frogs; Washington; wetlands AB Amphibian declines may frequently be associated with multiple, correlated factors . In \western North America, exotic species and hydrological changes are often correlated and are considered 2 of the greatest threats to freshwater systems. Bullfrog (Rana catcsbeiana) introductions are frequently cited as a threat to lentic-breeding anurans native to western North America and are a suspected factor in the decline of red-legged frogs (Rana aurora) in California. Introduced fish and habitat change are cited less frequently but are equally viable hypotheses. I examined the relation among introduced species, habitat, and the distribution and abundance of red-legged frogs in western Washington. Red-legged frog occurrence in the Puget Lowlands was more closely associated with habitat structure and the presence of exotic fish than with the presence of bullfrogs. The spread of exotics is correlated with a shift toward greater permanence in wetland habitats regionally. Conservation of more ephemeral wetland habitats may have direct benefits fat some native amphibians and may also reduce the threat of exotic fish and bullfrogs, both of which were associated with permanent wetlands. Research and conservation efforts for lowland anurans in the West should emphasize the complexities of multiple contributing factors to amphibian losses. C1 Univ Washington, Coll Forest Resources, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. RP Adams, MJ (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Forest & Rangeland Ecosyst Sci Ctr, 3200 SW Jefferson Way, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. NR 2 TC 70 Z9 78 U1 2 U2 18 PU WILDLIFE SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2197 USA SN 0022-541X J9 J WILDLIFE MANAGE JI J. Wildl. Manage. PD OCT PY 1999 VL 63 IS 4 BP 1162 EP 1171 DI 10.2307/3802834 PG 10 WC Ecology; Zoology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Zoology GA 249JU UT WOS:000083330600010 ER PT J AU Rice, KG Percival, HF Woodward, AR Jennings, ML AF Rice, KG Percival, HF Woodward, AR Jennings, ML TI Effects of egg and hatchling harvest on American alligators in Florida SO JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE Alligator mississippiensis; American alligator; eggs; harvest; population structure; population trends; ranching AB Harvest of crocodilian eggs and young for captive rearing (ranching) has been used worldwide as an option for producing crocodilian skills and meat from wild stock. The long-term effects of harvesting a certain proportion of early age class, wild American alligators (Alligator mississippiensis) without repatriation is unknown. We removed an estimated 50% of annual production of alligators on Lakes Griffin and Jesup in central Florida over an 11-year period and monitored population levels via night-light counts. Densities of the total alligator population increased (P < 0.037) on all areas. Count densities of adult (greater than or equal to 183 cm total length [TL]) alligators increased (P < 0.003) on harvest areas but remained stable (P = 0.830) on the control (no han est) area, Lake Woodruff National Wildlife Refuge (Lake Woodruff NWR). Observed densities of juvenile (<122 cm TL) alligators remained stable (P > 0.117), and subadult (122-182 cm TL) alligators increased (P < 0.011) on han est areas. The density of juveniles on the control area increased (P = 0.006), and the density of subadults showed some evidence of increasing (P = 0.088). No changes were detected in size distributions on the treatment areas. Nest production, as observed from aerial helicopter surveys, increased (P < 0.039) on Lake Woodruff NWR and Lake Jesup and showed some evidence of an increase on Lake Griffin (P = 0.098) during 1983-91. A 50% harvest rate of eggs or hatchlings did not adversely affect recruitment into the subadult or adult size classes. C1 US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Florida Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. Univ Florida, Dept Wildlife Ecol & Conservat, Gainesville, FL USA. Florida Game & Fresh Water Fish Commiss, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Vero Beach, FL 32961 USA. RP Rice, KG (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Florida Caribbean Sci Ctr,Restorat Ecol Branch, Enverglades Natl Pk Field Stn, 40001 SR 9336, Homestead, FL 33034 USA. NR 2 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 1 U2 7 PU WILDLIFE SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2197 USA SN 0022-541X J9 J WILDLIFE MANAGE JI J. Wildl. Manage. PD OCT PY 1999 VL 63 IS 4 BP 1193 EP 1200 DI 10.2307/3802837 PG 8 WC Ecology; Zoology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Zoology GA 249JU UT WOS:000083330600013 ER PT J AU Swindle, KA Ripple, WJ Meslow, EC Schafer, D AF Swindle, KA Ripple, WJ Meslow, EC Schafer, D TI Old-forest distribution around spotted owl nests in the central Cascade Mountains, Oregon SO JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE forest fragmentation; habitat association; habitat selection; Landsat; landscape patterns; northern spotted owl; Oregon; Pacific Northwest; Strix occidentalis caurina AB Unlike previous spotted owl (Strix occidentalis) habitat association studies. we restricted our inquiry to the old-forest type and thus explored the association of spotted owls with habitat distribution as opposed to habitat type. We compared old-forest distribution around 126 northern spotted owl (S. o. caurina) nests in 70 pair territories, 14 nonreproductive spotted owl activity centers and 104 points drawn randomly from old forest (closed canopy, >80 yr) in the central Cascade Mountains of Oregon. We quantified the percentage of old forest within 50 concentric circular plots (0.1-5.0-km radii) centered on each analyzed point, and we used logistic regression to make spatially explicit inferences. Owl nests were surrounded by more old forest in plots with 0.2-0.8-km radii (P < 0.05). Results suggested the landscape scales most pertinent to northern spotted owl nest-site positioning in this study were (in descending order) (1) the surrounding 15 ha (approx 200-m radius), (2) the surrounding 30-115 ha (approx 300-600-m radius), (3) the surrounding 200 ha (800-m radius), and (4) possibly the surrounding 700 ha (1,500-m radius). Nests were associated with higher proportions of old forest near the nest, implying that the arrangement of habitat was important for nest-site selection, positioning, or both. The 70 territories of nesting owls had more old forest on average than did the 14 nonreproductive owl sites, and the probability that 3 pair nested at least once during thf study was positively associated with area of old-forest habitat in all radii studied. Because spotted owls in the central Cascade Mountains of Oregon are known to have home ranges that average 1,700 ha, our results apply to nest-site location on the landscape and not to the amount of habitat necessary for pair persistence or successful reproduction. C1 Oregon State Univ, Oregon Cooperat Wildlife Res Unit, Dept Fisheries & Wildlife, US Geol Survey,Biol Resources Div, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. Oregon State Univ, Dept Forest Resources, Environm Remote Sensing Applicat Lab, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. Oregon State Univ, Dept Stat, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. RP Swindle, KA (reprint author), US Fish & Wildlife Serv, 2600 SE 98th St,Suite 100, Portland, OR 97266 USA. NR 5 TC 33 Z9 33 U1 2 U2 7 PU WILDLIFE SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2197 USA SN 0022-541X J9 J WILDLIFE MANAGE JI J. Wildl. Manage. PD OCT PY 1999 VL 63 IS 4 BP 1212 EP 1221 DI 10.2307/3802839 PG 10 WC Ecology; Zoology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Zoology GA 249JU UT WOS:000083330600015 ER PT J AU Miller, MR Newton, WE AF Miller, MR Newton, WE TI Population energetics of northern pintails wintering in the Sacramento Valley, California SO JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE Anas acuta; bioenergetics; California; food; northern pintail; populations; rice; Sacramento Valley; wetlands; winter ID CANADA AB Recovery of northern pintail (Anas acuta) breeding populations may be facilitated by improved management of ti winter food and habitat resources. We estimated daily energy expenditure (DEE) of pintails, which included energy required from food and carcass reserves (DERfood, DERreserves), from mid-August to mid-March during a dry (1980-81) and a wet (1981-82) winter in the Sacramento Valley, California, using equations for existence metabolism (EM; kJ/day) and estimates of body mass, carcass composition, food habits, and apparent metabolizable energy (AME) of Minter foods. We used these values and food density (kg/ha) to model population food and habitat (ha) requirements, Predicted DEE by monthly period ranged from 794 to 1,180 kJ/day for males and 700 to 1,044 kJ/day for females. Pintails consumed a predicted 49-82 g of food/day from wetlands and rice fields. The DEE was highest in September-October ol October-November and again in January-February and DERreserves was greater during November-December or December-January (up to 11.6% of DEE), and during the dry winter. Total food consumed by the larger pintail population present in the wet winter of 1981-82 exceeded that of the smaller population in the dry winter of 1980-81, both from wetlands (2.89 vs. 2.52 million kg) and harvested rice fields (11.4 vs. 9.37 million kg). Likewise, the cumulative area of wetlands and rice fields used to provide food was greater in the wet (2,060 ha of wetlands, 41,456 ha of rice fields) than dry winter (1,782 ha of wetlands, 33,941 ha of rice fields): these totals accounted for up to 23% of available rice fields and 9% of available wetlands. Population food and habitat requirements peaked in December-January coinciding with peak pintail populations but not peak DEE (Tan-Feb), Model outcomes were most sensitive to variation in food density AME, percentage of food obtained from wetlands and rice fields, and pintail abundance. Food and habitat seemed adequate for pintail populations wintering in the Sacramento Valley in the 1980s and presently; however, this conclusion must be validated by modeling bioenergetic requirements for other abundant waterfowl and wildlife that forage in 1 ice fields and wetlands in this region. C1 US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Western Ecol Res Ctr, Dixon, CA 95620 USA. Prairie & No Wildlife Res Ctr, US Geol Survey, Jamestown, ND 58401 USA. RP Miller, MR (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Western Ecol Res Ctr, Dixon Field Stn,6924 Tremont Rd, Dixon, CA 95620 USA. NR 6 TC 21 Z9 22 U1 0 U2 5 PU WILDLIFE SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2197 USA SN 0022-541X J9 J WILDLIFE MANAGE JI J. Wildl. Manage. PD OCT PY 1999 VL 63 IS 4 BP 1222 EP 1238 DI 10.2307/3802840 PG 17 WC Ecology; Zoology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Zoology GA 249JU UT WOS:000083330600016 ER PT J AU Schmutz, JA Ely, CR AF Schmutz, JA Ely, CR TI Survival of greater white-fronted geese: Effects of year, season, sex, and body condition SO JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE Anser albifrons frontalis; body condition; California; demographics; greater white-fronted goose; harvest; mark-recapture; model selection; population model; survival analysis ID RESERVES AB Information regarding the magnitude and variation in survival rates is necessary for understanding the causes of large changes in population size. We examined survival of greater white-fronted geese (Anser albifrons frontalis) in the Pacific Flyway during 1979-82. The population declined by 75% in the decade preceding our study but was stable during our investigation. Annual survival of adults (0.749, SE = 0.045) was 7% higher than during an earlier study. We developed a simple population model which suggests that recent (1985-96) survival rates may be as much as 10% higher in adults than the 1979-82 rate, which corresponds to population increases observed since 1985. Survival of adult females varied seasonally; monthly survival during a period of winter when no hunting or migration occurred was higher (0.986, SE = 0.015) than monthly survival at other times (0.964, SE = 0.006). Survival of adult males varied among years and with a general seasonal trend inverse to that for females. An index of body condition was positively related to survival of adult females in fall and spring, but not for adult males or immature geese. Monthly survival of immatures was lower during their first hunting season (0.886, SE = 0.026) than during all subsequent seasons (0.963, SE = 0.007). Annual survival of immatures beginning 1 October, immediately before the hunting season, was 0.471. Corresponding variations in survival rates, population numbers, and hunting regulations suggest that hunting may have influenced survival in this population of greater white-fronted geese. C1 US Geol Survey, Alaska Biol Sci Ctr, Biol Resources Div, Anchorage, AK 99503 USA. Univ Calif Davis, Dept Wildlife & Fisheries Biol, Davis, CA 95616 USA. RP Schmutz, JA (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Alaska Biol Sci Ctr, Biol Resources Div, 1011 E Tudor Rd, Anchorage, AK 99503 USA. NR 9 TC 50 Z9 52 U1 1 U2 13 PU WILDLIFE SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2197 USA SN 0022-541X J9 J WILDLIFE MANAGE JI J. Wildl. Manage. PD OCT PY 1999 VL 63 IS 4 BP 1239 EP 1249 DI 10.2307/3802841 PG 11 WC Ecology; Zoology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Zoology GA 249JU UT WOS:000083330600017 ER PT J AU Rocke, TE Samuel, MD AF Rocke, TE Samuel, MD TI Water and sediment characteristics associated with avian botulism outbreaks in wetlands SO JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE avian botulism; Clostridium botulinum Type C; disease; environmental conditions; logistic regression; waterfowl; wetlands AB Avian botulism kills thousands of waterbirds annually throughout North America, but management efforts to reduce its effects have been hindered because environmental conditions that promote outbreaks are poorly understood. We measured sediment and water variables in 32 pairs of wetlands with and without a current outbreak of avian botulism. Wetlands with botulism outbreaks had greater percent organic matter (POM) in the sediment (P = 0.088) and lower redox potential in the water (P = 0.006) than paired control wetlands. We also found that pH, redox potential, temperature, and salinity measured just above the sediment-water interface were associated (P less than or equal to 0.05) with the risk of botulism outbreaks in wetlands, but relations were complex, involving nonlinear and multivariate associations. Regression models indicated that the risk of botulism outbreaks increased when water pH was between 7.5 and 9.0, redox potential was negative, and water temperature was >20 degrees C. Risk declined when redox potential increased (>100), water temperature decreased (10-15 degrees C), pn was <7.5 or >9.0, or salinity was low (<2.0 ppt). Our predictive models could allow managers to assess potential effects of wetland management practices on the risk of botulism outbreaks and to develop and evaluate alternative management strategies to reduce losses from avian botulism. C1 Natl Wildlife Hlth Res Ctr, US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Madison, WI 53711 USA. RP Rocke, TE (reprint author), Natl Wildlife Hlth Res Ctr, US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, 6006 Schroeder Rd, Madison, WI 53711 USA. OI Rocke, Tonie/0000-0003-3933-1563 NR 7 TC 33 Z9 35 U1 0 U2 20 PU WILDLIFE SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2197 USA SN 0022-541X J9 J WILDLIFE MANAGE JI J. Wildl. Manage. PD OCT PY 1999 VL 63 IS 4 BP 1249 EP 1260 DI 10.2307/3802842 PG 12 WC Ecology; Zoology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Zoology GA 249JU UT WOS:000083330600018 ER PT J AU Thogmartin, WE Johnson, JE AF Thogmartin, WE Johnson, JE TI Reproduction in a declining population of wild turkeys in Arkansas SO JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE Arkansas; hen success; Meleagris gallopavo; nest predation; nesting success; physiological condition; poult survival; wild turkey ID SOUTHWESTERN WISCONSIN; NORTH MISSOURI; SURVIVAL; HENS; INCUBATION AB Wild turkey (Meleagris gallopavo) abundance in the Ouachita Mountains of Arkansas has declined since 1987. We studied reproductive output of 106 radiotagged hens from 1993 to 1996 to understand factors likely responsible for this decline. Low rates of initiation of incubation (65% for adult and 53% for subadult hens), low nesting success (13%), and small clutch sizes (9.0/adult hen, 7.8/subadult hen) characterized the population. Mean hen success was 0.20 for adult hens and 0.10 for subadult hens. Survival of poults (34% at 2 weeks posthatch) and hens during the breeding season (Kaplan-Meier survival estimates = 74.8% for adults and 79.1% for subadults) was likely not responsible for the population decline. Heavier hens laid larger clutches and presumably entered the nesting season in better condition, leading to earlier initiation of incubation and greater probability of successful nesting. Hens entering the nesting season in poor condition reduced clutch size investment or delayed nesting. Management efforts aimed at increasing hen condition prior to nesting could produce increases in reproduction. C1 Univ Arkansas, Dept Biol Sci, Arkansas Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, US Geol Survey,Biol Resources Div, Fayetteville, AR 72701 USA. Univ Arkansas, Dept Biol Sci, US Geol Survey,Biol Resources Div, Arkansas Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Fayetteville, AR 72701 USA. RP Thogmartin, WE (reprint author), So Illinois Univ, Cooperat Wildlife Res Lab, Carbondale, IL 62901 USA. EM wthogma@siu.edu RI Thogmartin, Wayne/A-4461-2008 OI Thogmartin, Wayne/0000-0002-2384-4279 NR 50 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 9 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ USA SN 0022-541X EI 1937-2817 J9 J WILDLIFE MANAGE JI J. Wildl. Manage. PD OCT PY 1999 VL 63 IS 4 BP 1281 EP 1290 DI 10.2307/3802846 PG 10 WC Ecology; Zoology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Zoology GA 249JU UT WOS:000083330600022 ER PT J AU Britten, MW Kennedy, PL Ambrose, S AF Britten, MW Kennedy, PL Ambrose, S TI Performance and accuracy evaluation of small satellite transmitters SO JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE American peregrine falcon; Falco peregrinus anatum; location accuracy; migration; movements; performance evaluation; satellite telemetry ID PEREGRINE FALCONS; MIGRATION; TRACKING; MOVEMENTS; AFRICA AB Recent technological advances have resulted in small (30 g) satellite platform transmitter terminals (PTTs) that can be used to track animals with masses as little as 900-1,000 g. While larger PTTs (>80 g) often yield locations accurate to within hundreds of meters, the location accuracy of smaller PTTs has not been tested. We did these tests while using the PTTs to document migration routes and nonbreeding areas of American peregrine falcons (Falco peregrinus anatum). We PTT-tagged 42 female peregrines from 2 breeding areas (upper Yukon River in eastcentral Alaska and Lake Powell on the Colorado Plateau in southern Utah and northern Arizona) late in the breeding seasons of 1993-95. Only 2 of the PTTs failed prematurely (4.7% failure rate). Active PTTs (i.e., PTTs on live birds that eventually stopped transmitting due to battery exhaustion) averaged 280 transmission hours for 1993-94 (n = 3), 380 transmission hours for 1994-95 (n = 7), and 430 transmission hours for 1995-96 (n = 15). Using an estimate of maximum ground speed of peregrines (104 km/hr) based on empirical observations and aerodynamic calculations, we determined that 4.48% of all locations provided to us by Argos (n = 2,323) were biologically implausible. We also received many poor-quality locations (68% of records were in Argos location classes 0, A, and B) typical of small, relatively underpowered PTTs. To estimate location accuracy of these poor-quality locations, we compared Argos-estimated locations with known locations of 11 rock doves (Columba livia) tagged with PTTs. The location types with the highest precision averaged 4 km from the true location, while the location types with the lowest precision averaged 35 km from the true location. These results indicate the PTT locations were sufficient to document animal movements over broad spatial scales such as identifying migration routes and nonbreeding areas of birds. This technology is more efficient and less biased than the current approaches used to obtain this information (mark-resighting of banded animals or standard radiotelemetry techniques). However, the PTTs currently available are not suitable when position accuracy <35 km is needed. C1 Colorado State Univ, Dept Fishery & Wildlife Biol, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Fairbanks, AK 99701 USA. RP Britten, MW (reprint author), Natl Pk Serv, 12795 W Alameda Pkwy, Lakewood, CO 80228 USA. RI Kennedy, Patricia/I-4902-2015 OI Kennedy, Patricia/0000-0002-2090-1821 NR 32 TC 73 Z9 80 U1 1 U2 19 PU WILDLIFE SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2197 USA SN 0022-541X J9 J WILDLIFE MANAGE JI J. Wildl. Manage. PD OCT PY 1999 VL 63 IS 4 BP 1349 EP 1358 DI 10.2307/3802854 PG 10 WC Ecology; Zoology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Zoology GA 249JU UT WOS:000083330600030 ER PT J AU Hess, NA Ribic, CA Vining, I AF Hess, NA Ribic, CA Vining, I TI Benthic marine debris, with an emphasis on fishery-related items, surrounding Kodiak Island, Alaska, 1994-1996 SO MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN LA English DT Article ID CONTINENTAL-SHELF; SEA; ABUNDANCE AB Composition and abundance of benthic marine debris were investigated during three bottom trawl surveys in inlet and offshore locations surrounding Kodiak Island, Alaska, 1994-1996, Debris items were primarily plastic and metal regardless of trawl location. Plastic bait jars, fishing line, and crab pots were the most common fishery-related debris items and were encountered in large amounts in inlets (20-25 items km(-2)), but were less abundant outside of inlets (4.5-11 items km(-2)). Overall density of debris was also significantly greater in inlets than outside of inlets. Plastic debris densities in inlets ranged 22-31.5 items km(-2), 7.8-18.8 items km(-2) outside of inlets. Trawls in inlets contained almost as much metal debris as plastic debris. Density of metal debris ranged from 21.2 to 23.7 items km-2 in inlets, a maximum of 2.7 items km(-2) outside of inlets. Inlets around the town of Kodiak had the highest densities of fishery-related and total benthic debris. Differences in benthic debris density between inlets and outside of inlets and differences by area may be due to differences in fishing activity and water circulation patterns. At the current reduced levels of fishing activity, however, yearly monitoring of benthic debris appears unnecessary, Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 Univ Wisconsin, Dept Wildlife Ecol, Wisconsin Cooperat Wildlife Res Unit, USGS BRD,Russell Labs 226, Madison, WI 53706 USA. Alaska Dept Fish & Game, Kodiak, AK 99615 USA. RP Univ Wisconsin, Dept Wildlife Ecol, Wisconsin Cooperat Wildlife Res Unit, USGS BRD,Russell Labs 226, 1630 Linden Dr, Madison, WI 53706 USA. EM caribic@facstaff.wisc.edu NR 27 TC 49 Z9 50 U1 2 U2 15 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0025-326X EI 1879-3363 J9 MAR POLLUT BULL JI Mar. Pollut. Bull. PD OCT PY 1999 VL 38 IS 10 BP 885 EP 890 DI 10.1016/S0025-326X(99)00087-9 PG 6 WC Environmental Sciences; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 258UB UT WOS:000083856600018 ER PT J AU Cunningham, CG Rasmussen, JD Steven, TA Rye, RO Rowley, PD Romberger, SB Selverstone, J AF Cunningham, CG Rasmussen, JD Steven, TA Rye, RO Rowley, PD Romberger, SB Selverstone, J TI Comment on the paper by Cunningham et al. Hydrothermal uranium deposits containing molybdenum and fluorite in the Marysvale volcanic field, west-central Utah (Mineralium Deposita 33 : 477-494, 1998) - Reply SO MINERALIUM DEPOSITA LA English DT Editorial Material C1 US Geol Survey, Reston, VA 20192 USA. N Amer Explorat, Kaysville, UT 84037 USA. US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Denver, CO 80225 USA. US Geol Survey, Las Vegas, NV 89119 USA. Colorado Sch Mines, Dept Geol & Geol Engn, Golden, CO 80401 USA. Univ New Mexico, Dept Earth & Planetary Sci, Albuquerque, NM 87131 USA. RP Cunningham, CG (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 954 Natl Ctr, Reston, VA 20192 USA. RI Selverstone, Jane/A-9809-2008 OI Selverstone, Jane/0000-0003-4234-4111 NR 2 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0026-4598 J9 MINER DEPOSITA JI Miner. Depos. PD OCT PY 1999 VL 34 IS 7 BP 725 EP 726 DI 10.1007/s001260050232 PG 2 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Mineralogy SC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Mineralogy GA 248ZH UT WOS:000083306300007 ER PT J AU Paetkau, D Amstrup, SC Born, EW Calvert, W Derocher, AE Garner, GW Messier, F Stirling, I Taylor, MK Wiig, O Strobeck, C AF Paetkau, D Amstrup, SC Born, EW Calvert, W Derocher, AE Garner, GW Messier, F Stirling, I Taylor, MK Wiig, O Strobeck, C TI Genetic structure of the world's polar bear populations SO MOLECULAR ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE microsatellite; polar bear; population structure; sea ice; Ursus maritimus ID URSUS-MARITIMUS; MICROSATELLITE ANALYSIS; MITOCHONDRIAL-DNA; BEAUFORT SEA; GREENLAND; DIFFERENTIATION; DISTANCE; MARKERS; AREA; CONSERVATION AB We studied genetic structure in polar bear (Ursus maritimus) populations by typing a sample of 473 individuals spanning the species distribution at 16 highly Variable microsatellite loci. No genetic discontinuities were found that would be consistent with evolutionarily significant periods of isolation between groups. Direct comparison of movement data and genetic data from the Canadian Arctic revealed a highly significant correlation. Genetic data generally supported existing population (management unit) designations, although there were two cases where genetic data failed to differentiate between pairs of populations previously resolved by movement data. A sharp contrast was found between the minimal genetic structure observed among populations surrounding the polar basin and the presence of several marked genetic discontinuities in the Canadian Arctic. The discontinuities in the Canadian Arctic caused the appearance of four genetic clusters of polar bear populations. These clusters vary in total estimated population size from 100 to over 10 000, and the smallest may merit a relatively conservative management strategy in consideration of its apparent isolation. We suggest that the observed pattern of genetic discontinuities has developed in response to differences in the seasonal distribution and pattern of sea ice habitat and the effects of these differences on the distribution and abundance of seals. C1 Univ Alberta, Dept Biol Sci, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E9, Canada. USGS, Biol Resource Div, Anchorage, AK 99503 USA. Natl Environm Res Inst, Greenland Inst Nat Resources, Dept Arct Environm, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark. Canadian Wildlife Serv, Edmonton, AB T6H 3S5, Canada. Norwegian Polar Res Inst, N-9296 Tromso, Norway. Univ Saskatchewan, Dept Biol, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E2, Canada. Govt NW Terr, DRWED, Iqaluit, NT X0A 0H0, Canada. Univ Oslo, Zool Museum, N-0562 Oslo, Norway. RP Paetkau, D (reprint author), Univ Queensland, Dept Zool, St Lucia, Qld 4072, Australia. EM dpaetkau@zoology.uq.edu.au RI Strobeck, Curtis/E-9998-2011; Wiig, Oystein/J-8383-2012; Derocher, Andrew/J-4469-2012; Strobeck, Curtis/A-3762-2014 OI Wiig, Oystein/0000-0003-0395-5251; Derocher, Andrew/0000-0002-1104-7774; Strobeck, Curtis/0000-0002-6171-3130 NR 63 TC 138 Z9 145 U1 16 U2 99 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 0962-1083 J9 MOL ECOL JI Mol. Ecol. PD OCT PY 1999 VL 8 IS 10 BP 1571 EP 1584 DI 10.1046/j.1365-294x.1999.00733.x PG 14 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Ecology; Evolutionary Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Evolutionary Biology GA 251VJ UT WOS:000083466800002 PM 10583821 ER PT J AU Bury, RB Pearl, CA AF Bury, RB Pearl, CA TI Klamath-Siskiyou herpetofauna: Biogeographic patterns and conservation strategies SO NATURAL AREAS JOURNAL LA English DT Article DE amphibians; biogeography; conservation; Klamath-Siskiyou region; reptiles ID CALIFORNIA; SALAMANDER; PLETHODON; GROWTH; LAKES; POPULATIONS; COMPETITION; COMMUNITIES; BULLFROGS; FROGS AB The Klamath-Siskiyou region of southwest Oregon and northwest California (USA) has some of the most complex landscape mosaics and plant communities in western North America, reflecting its marked diversity of precipitation and topography. With 38 native species of amphibians and reptiles, the Klamath-Siskiyou region has the most species-rich herpetofauna of any similarly sized mountain range in the Pacific Northwest. Although it is a biodiversity "hot spot," there are only two endemic species, both salamanders, in the Klamath-Siskiyou region. High diversity is due to the overlap of two major biogeographic groups: the Arcto- (= northern) and Madro- (= southern) Tertiary herpetofaunas. Many of the amphibians in the Klamath-Siskiyou region are restricted to specialized habitats. Much of our knowledge about the biology of the regional fauna is based on studies elsewhere. Distributional surveys and ecological research are needed to address how the herpetofauna responds to timber harvest and other human activities that may reduce populations and increase fragmentation of suitable habitats. Conservation of the region's diverse herpetofauna should emphasize strategies directed at habitat specialists and species at the latitudinal limits of their ranges. C1 USGS Biol Resources Div, Forest & Rangeland Ecosyst Sci Ctr, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. RP Bury, RB (reprint author), USGS Biol Resources Div, Forest & Rangeland Ecosyst Sci Ctr, 3200 Jefferson Way, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. NR 50 TC 20 Z9 20 U1 0 U2 5 PU NATURAL AREAS ASSOCIATION PI ROCKFORD PA 320 SOUTH THIRD STREET, ROCKFORD, IL 61104 USA SN 0885-8608 J9 NAT AREA J JI Nat. Areas J. PD OCT PY 1999 VL 19 IS 4 BP 341 EP 350 PG 10 WC Ecology; Forestry SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Forestry GA 250GP UT WOS:000083380900006 ER PT J AU Slater, CH Schreck, CB Sower, SA AF Slater, CH Schreck, CB Sower, SA TI Rapid clearance of D-Ala(6),Pro(9)NEt mammalian gonadotropin releasing hormone from Chinook salmon plasma SO NORTH AMERICAN JOURNAL OF AQUACULTURE LA English DT Article ID ONCORHYNCHUS-KISUTCH; GILTHEAD SEABREAM; RAINBOW-TROUT; SPARUS-AURATA; OVULATION; GNRH; DEGRADATION; MATURATION; PITUITARY; LAMPREY AB Chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha were injected with D-Ala(6),Pro(9)NEt mammalian gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRHa) at 5 mu g/kg body weight, a typical dose administered to promote ovulation or spermiation. Following this injection, salmon were sampled serially, and plasma GnRHa levels were determined by chromatography and radioimmunoassay. Plasma levels of GnRHa were elevated following injection (>500 pg/mL), then levels declined rapidly and were nondetectable in all fish by 5 h postinjection. Using nonlinear regression, the data were fitted to an exponential decay model, which calculated a plasma half-life of 0.8 h, with a 95% confidence interval of 0.5-5.8 h. These studies provide further evidence of the rapid clearance of GnRHa, when used for the acceleration of final sexual maturation. C1 Univ New Hampshire, Dept Biochem & Mol Biol, Durham, NH 03824 USA. Oregon State Univ, US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Oregon Cooperat Fishery Res Unit, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. RP Sower, SA (reprint author), Univ New Hampshire, Dept Biochem & Mol Biol, Rudman Hall, Durham, NH 03824 USA. NR 19 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA SN 1522-2055 J9 N AM J AQUACULT JI N. Am. J. Aqualcult. PD OCT PY 1999 VL 61 IS 4 BP 315 EP 318 DI 10.1577/1548-8454(1999)061<0315:RCODAP>2.0.CO;2 PG 4 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 351ZL UT WOS:000089190000007 ER PT J AU Yeh, HW Hein, JR Ye, J Fan, DL AF Yeh, HW Hein, JR Ye, J Fan, DL TI Stable isotope, chemical, and mineral compositions of the Middle Proterozoic Lijiaying Mn deposit, Shaanxi Province, China SO ORE GEOLOGY REVIEWS LA English DT Review DE Lijiaying Mn deposit; Middle Proterozoic; China; stable isotopes; rare earth elements; carbonate minerals; braunite ore ID RARE-EARTH ELEMENTS; GEOCHEMISTRY; MOBILITY AB The Lijiaying Mn deposit, located about 250 km southwest of Xian, is a high-quality ore characterized by low P and Fe contents and a mean Mn content of about 23%. The ore deposit occurs in shallow-water marine sedimentary rocks of probable Middle Proterozoic age. Carbonate minerals in the ore deposit include kutnahorite, calcite, Mn calcite, and Mg calcite. Carbon (-0.4 to -4.0 parts per thousand) and oxygen (-3.7 to -12.9 parts per thousand) isotopes show that, with a few exceptions, those carbonate minerals are not pristine low-temperature marine precipitates. All samples are depleted in rare earth elements (REEs) relative to shale and have negative Eu and positive Ce anomalies on chondrite-normalized plots. The Fe/Mn ratios of representative ore samples range from about 0.034 to <0.008 and P/Mn from 0.0023 to <0.001. Based on mineralogical data, the low ends of those ranges of ratios are probably close to ratios for the pure Mn minerals, Manganese contents have a strong positive correlation with Ce anomaly values and a moderate correlation with total REE contents. Compositional data indicate that kutnahorite is a metamorphic mineral and that most calcites formed as low-temperature marine carbonates that were subsequently metamorphosed. The braunite ore precursor mineral was probably a Mn oxyhydroxide, similar to those that formed on the deep ocean-floor during the Cenozoic. Because the Lijiaying precursor mineral formed in a shallow-water marine environment, the atmospheric oxygen content during the Middle Proterozoic may have been lower than it has been during the Cenozoic. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Acad Sinica, Inst Earth Sci, Taipei 11529, Taiwan. US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. Chinese Acad Sci, Inst Geol, Beijing 100029, Peoples R China. RP Yeh, HW (reprint author), Acad Sinica, Inst Earth Sci, POB 1-55, Taipei 11529, Taiwan. EM hwyeh@earth.sinica.edu.tw NR 26 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 1 U2 7 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0169-1368 J9 ORE GEOL REV JI Ore Geol. Rev. PD OCT PY 1999 VL 15 IS 1-3 BP 55 EP 69 DI 10.1016/S0169-1368(99)00014-1 PG 15 WC Geology; Mineralogy; Mining & Mineral Processing SC Geology; Mineralogy; Mining & Mineral Processing GA 260DE UT WOS:000083933600005 ER PT J AU Hein, JR Fan, DL Ye, J Liu, TB Yeh, HW AF Hein, JR Fan, DL Ye, J Liu, TB Yeh, HW TI Composition and origin of Early Cambrian Tiantaishan phosphorite-Mn carbonate ores, Shaanxi Province, China SO ORE GEOLOGY REVIEWS LA English DT Review DE Yangtze platform; phosphorite ore; Mn-carbonate ore; Early Cambrian global events; coastal upwelling ID ANOXIC MARINE-SEDIMENTS; MANGANESE CARBONATE; BLACK SHALES; PALEOMAGNETIC CONSTRAINTS; RICH SEDIMENTS; ORGANIC-MATTER; MINOR ELEMENTS; SEA SEDIMENTS; GEOCHEMISTRY; DEPOSITS AB The Tiantaishan phosphorite-Mn carbonate ores occur in the Early Cambrian Tananpo Formation in complexly folded and faulted rocks located in southern Shaanxi Province. About 65 x 10(6) tonnes of 17% P2O5 ore reserves exist and Mn-ore reserves are about 8.3 x 10(6) tonnes of +18% Mn. The stratigraphic sequence in ascending order consists of black phyllite, black to gray phosphorite ore, black phyllite, rhodochrostone ore, Mn mixed-carbonates, and dolostone. Data are presented from microprobe mineral chemistry, whole-rock chemistry, stable isotopes of carbonates, X-ray mineralogy, petrographic and SEM observations, and statistical analysis of chemical data. The dominant ore-forming minerals are hydroxy- and carbonate fluorapatite and Ca rhodochrosite, with Mg kutnahorite and dolomite comprising the Mn mixed-carbonate section. Pyrite occurs in all rock types and alabandite (MnS) occurs throughout the rhodochrostone section. The mean P2O5 content of phosphorite is 31% and argillaceous phosphorite is 16%, while the mean MnO content of rhodochrostone ore is 37%. Phosphorite ores are massive, spheroidal, laminated, and banded, while rhodochrostone ores have oolitic, spheroidal, and granular fabrics. The most distinguishing characteristics of the ores are high total organic carbon (TOC) contents (mean 8.4%) in the phosphorite and high P2O5 contents (mean 2.7%) in the rhodochrostone ore. The atypically high TOC contents in the Tiantaishan phosphorite probably result from very strong productivity leading to high sedimentation rates accompanied by weak reworking of sediments; poor utilization of the organic matter by bacteria; and/or partial replacement of bacterial or algal mats by the apatite. The depositional setting of the ores was the margin of an epicontinental seaway created as a direct consequence of global processes that included break-up of a supercontinent, formation of narrow seaways, creation of extensive continental shelves, overturn of stagnant, metal-rich deep-ocean waters, and marine transgression. Water depth increased from deposition of the black phyllite sequence through deposition of the Mn mixed-carbonate sequence, then shallowed again during deposition of the overlying dolostone sequence. Bottom waters were mostly dysoxic to suboxic, but fluctuated from oxic to anoxic. Productivity was high during deposition of the black phyllite sequence, increased during precipitation of phosphorite, and then decreased to moderate levels during precipitation of rhodochrostone ores. Biosilica contributions occur in each lithology, but are greatest in rhodochrostone. Changes in sedimentation were determined by changes in water depth, productivity, upwelling, sea-level change, and ventilation of the depositional basin. The source of the phosphorus was organic matter produced in great quantities during deposition of the black phyllite and phosphorite sequences in a zone of coastal upwelling. Organic matter accumulation was rapid. Globally, Mn was supplied by overturn of stagnant, metal-rich deep-ocean waters, which were redistributed to areas of coastal upwelling and seaways; that process may have been initiated by latest Proterozoic glaciations which would have promoted density stratification and accumulation and storage of metals. Regionally, Mn was supplied by terrigenous input into the shallow seaway and hydrothermal input into the deeper water parts of that seaway. Locally, Mn sources included leaching and transport of metals from the sediment column. Manganese was stored locally in low-oxygen (not anoxic) seawater prior to Mn-ore formation. The source of the carbon in the Mn carbonates and dolostones was predominantly seawater bicarbonate and secondarily CO2 derived from the oxidation of organic matter in the bacterially mediated diagenetic zone of sulfate reduction. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. Chinese Acad Sci, Inst Geol, Beijing 100029, Peoples R China. Acad Sinica, Inst Earth Sci, Taipei 11529, Taiwan. RP US Geol Survey, 345 Middlefield Rd,MS 999, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. EM jhein@octopus.wr.usgs.gov NR 68 TC 21 Z9 21 U1 4 U2 18 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0169-1368 EI 1872-7360 J9 ORE GEOL REV JI Ore Geol. Rev. PD OCT PY 1999 VL 15 IS 1-3 BP 95 EP 134 DI 10.1016/S0169-1368(99)00017-7 PG 40 WC Geology; Mineralogy; Mining & Mineral Processing SC Geology; Mineralogy; Mining & Mineral Processing GA 260DE UT WOS:000083933600008 ER PT J AU Fan, DL Hein, JR Ye, J AF Fan, DL Hein, JR Ye, J TI Ordovician reef-hosted Jiaodingshan Mn-Co deposit and Dawashan Mn deposit, Sichuan Province, China SO ORE GEOLOGY REVIEWS LA English DT Review DE Mn carbonate ore; Ordovician carbonate reefs; Dawashan and Jiaodingshan ores; Co enrichments ID ENVIRONMENT; MANGANESE AB The Jiaodingshan Mn-Co and Dawashan Mn deposits are located in the approximately 2-m thick Daduhe unit of the Wufengian strata of Late Ordovician (Ashgill) age. Paleogeographic reconstruction places the deposits at the time of their formation in a gulf between Chengdu submarine rise and the Kangdian continent. The Jiaodingshan and Dawashan deposits occur in algal-reef facies, the former in an atoll-like structure and the latter in a pinnacle reef. Ores are mainly composed of rhodochrosite, kutnahorite, hausmannite, braunite, manganosite, and bementite. Dark red, yellowish-pink, brown, green-gray, and black ores are massive, banded, laminated, spheroidal, and cryptalgal (oncolite, stromatolite, algal filaments) bound-stones. Blue, green, and red algal fossils show in situ growth positions. Samples of high-grade Jiaodingshan and Dawashan ores assay as much as 66.7% MnO. Jiaodingshan Mn carbonate ores have mean contents of Ba, Co, and Pb somewhat higher than in Dawashan ores. Cobalt is widely distributed and strongly enriched in all rock types as compared to its crustal mean content. Cobalt is correlated with Cu, Ni, and MgO in both deposits and additionally with Ba and Zn in the Dawashan deposit. The delta(13)C(PDB) values of Mn carbonate ores (-7.8 to -16.3 parts per thousand) indicate contributions of carbon from both seawater bicarbonate and the bacterial degradation of organic matter, the latter being 33% to 68%, assuming about -24 parts per thousand for the delta(13)C(PDB) of the organic matter. Host limestones derived carbon predominantly from seawater bicarbonate (delta(13)C(PDB) of +0.2 to -7 parts per thousand). NW-trending fault zones controlled development of lithofacies, whereas NE-trending fault zones provided pathways for movement of fluids. The source of Co, Ni, and Cu was mainly from weathering of mafic and ultramafic rocks on the Kangdian continent, whereas contemporaneous volcanic eruptions were of secondary importance. The reefs were likely mineralized during early diagenesis under shallow burial. The reefs were highly porous and acted as the locus for metasomatic replacement by Mn that combined with CO2 produced during oxidation of organic matter in the zone of sulfate reduction and seawater bicarbonate. That metasomatic replacement formed the rhodochrosite ores. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Chinese Acad Sci, Inst Geol, Beijing 100029, Peoples R China. US Geol Survey, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. RP Fan, DL (reprint author), Chinese Acad Sci, Inst Geol, POB 9825, Beijing 100029, Peoples R China. NR 14 TC 7 Z9 13 U1 1 U2 11 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0169-1368 J9 ORE GEOL REV JI Ore Geol. Rev. PD OCT PY 1999 VL 15 IS 1-3 BP 135 EP 151 DI 10.1016/S0169-1368(99)00018-9 PG 17 WC Geology; Mineralogy; Mining & Mineral Processing SC Geology; Mineralogy; Mining & Mineral Processing GA 260DE UT WOS:000083933600009 ER PT J AU Olson, RJ Briggs, JM Porter, JH Mah, GR Stafford, SG AF Olson, RJ Briggs, JM Porter, JH Mah, GR Stafford, SG TI Managing data from multiple disciplines, scales, and sites to support synthesis and modeling SO REMOTE SENSING OF ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article ID INFORMATION AB The synthesis and modeling of ecological processes at multiple spatial and temporal scales involves bringing together and sharing data from numerous soul-ces. This article describes a data and information system model that facilitates assembling, managing, and sharing diverse data from multiple disciplines, scales, and sites to support. integrated ecological studies. Cross-site scientific-domain working groups coordinate the development of data associated with their particular scientific working group, including decisions about data requirements, data to be compiled data formats, derived data products, and schedules across the sites. The Web-based data and information system consists of nodes for each working group plus a central node that provides data access, project information data query, and other functionality. The approach incorporates scientists and computer experts in the working groups and provides incentives for individuals to submit documented data to the data and information system. Published by Elsevier Science Inc. C1 Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. Kansas State Univ, Manhattan, KS 66506 USA. Univ Virginia, Charlottesville, VA USA. US Geol Survey, Sioux Falls, SD USA. Colorado State Univ, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. RP Olson, RJ (reprint author), Oak Ridge Natl Lab, POB 2008,MS 6407, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. NR 11 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 1 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 655 AVENUE OF THE AMERICAS, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0034-4257 J9 REMOTE SENS ENVIRON JI Remote Sens. Environ. PD OCT PY 1999 VL 70 IS 1 BP 99 EP 107 DI 10.1016/S0034-4257(99)00060-7 PG 9 WC Environmental Sciences; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA 241LJ UT WOS:000082884500008 ER PT J AU Ewing, RC Tierney, MS Konikow, LF Rechard, RP AF Ewing, RC Tierney, MS Konikow, LF Rechard, RP TI Performance assessments of nuclear waste repositories: A dialogue on their value and limitations SO RISK ANALYSIS LA English DT Article DE compliance certification application; engineering analysis; geochemistry; geohydrology; performance assessment; probabilistic systems analysis; radioactive waste; scientific validity; uncertainty; 40 CFR 191 ID WHITE MOUNTAINS; GRANITIC-ROCKS; 10 PLUTONS; MODELS; CALIFORNIA; PREDICTION; EQUATIONS; SYSTEMS; NEVADA; TALE AB Performance Assessment (PA) is the use of mathematical models to simulate the long-term behavior of engineered and geologic barriers in a nuclear waste repository; methods of uncertainty analysis are used to assess effects of parametric and conceptual uncertainties associated with the model system upon the uncertainty in outcomes of the simulation. PA is required by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency as part of its certification process for geologic repositories for nuclear waste. This paper is a dialogue to explore the value and limitations of PA. Two "skeptics" acknowledge the utility of PA in organizing the scientific investigations that are necessary for confident siting and licensing of a repository; however, they maintain that the PA process, at least as it is currently implemented, is an essentially unscientific process with shortcomings that may provide results of limited use in evaluating actual effects on public health and safety. Conceptual uncertainties in a PA analysis can be so great that results can be confidently applied only over short time ranges, the antithesis of the purpose behind long-term, geologic disposal. Two "proponents" of PA agree that performance assessment is unscientific, but only in the sense that PA is an engineering analysis that uses existing scientific knowledge to support public policy decisions, rather than an investigation intended to increase fundamental knowledge of nature; PA has different goals and constraints than a typical scientific study. The "proponents" describe an ideal, six-step process for conducting generalized PA, here called probabilistic systems analysis (PSA); they note that virtually all scientific content of a PA is introduced during the model-building steps of a PSA; they contend that a PA based on simple but scientifically acceptable mathematical models can provide useful and objective input to regulatory decision makers. The value of the results of any PA must lie between these two views and will depend on the level of knowledge of the site, the degree to which models capture actual physical and chemical processes, the time over which extrapolations are made, and the proper evaluation of health risks attending implementation of the repository. The challenge is in evaluating whether the quality of the PA matches the needs of decision makers charged with protecting the health and safety of the public. C1 Univ Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. Sandia Natl Labs, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. US Geol Survey, Natl Ctr 431, Reston, VA 20192 USA. RP Ewing, RC (reprint author), Univ Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. NR 96 TC 31 Z9 31 U1 0 U2 12 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC/PLENUM PUBL PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0272-4332 J9 RISK ANAL JI Risk Anal. PD OCT PY 1999 VL 19 IS 5 BP 933 EP 958 DI 10.1111/j.1539-6924.1999.tb00452.x PG 26 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Mathematics, Interdisciplinary Applications; Social Sciences, Mathematical Methods SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Mathematics; Mathematical Methods In Social Sciences GA 258EK UT WOS:000083825000008 PM 10765440 ER PT J AU Scott, JM Murray, D Griffith, B AF Scott, JM Murray, D Griffith, B TI Lynx reintroduction SO SCIENCE LA English DT Letter ID ENDANGERED-SPECIES-ACT; RECOVERY PLANS; TRANSLOCATION; REANALYSIS; CARIBOU; SUCCESS C1 Univ Idaho, US Geol Survey, Dept Fish & Wildlife, Moscow, ID 83844 USA. RP Scott, JM (reprint author), Univ Idaho, US Geol Survey, Dept Fish & Wildlife, Moscow, ID 83844 USA. NR 10 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 3 U2 14 PU AMER ASSOC ADVANCEMENT SCIENCE PI WASHINGTON PA 1200 NEW YORK AVE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 USA SN 0036-8075 J9 SCIENCE JI Science PD OCT 1 PY 1999 VL 286 IS 5437 BP 49 EP + PG 2 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 241WT UT WOS:000082907400021 ER PT J AU Frye, D von der Heydt, K Johnson, M Maffei, A Lerner, S Butman, B AF Frye, D von der Heydt, K Johnson, M Maffei, A Lerner, S Butman, B TI New technologies for coastal observatories SO SEA TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article C1 Woods Hole Oceanog Inst, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. US Geol Survey, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. RP Frye, D (reprint author), Woods Hole Oceanog Inst, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. NR 3 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 1 PU COMPASS PUBL INC PI ARLINGTON PA SUITE 1000 1117 N 19 ST, ARLINGTON, VA 22209 USA SN 0093-3651 J9 SEA TECHNOL JI Sea Technol. PD OCT PY 1999 VL 40 IS 10 BP 29 EP + PG 6 WC Engineering, Ocean SC Engineering GA 252ZY UT WOS:000083533200005 ER PT J AU Majewski, MS AF Majewski, MS TI Micrometeorologic methods for measuring the post-application volatilization of pesticides SO WATER AIR AND SOIL POLLUTION LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Workshop on Fate of Pesticides in the Atmosphere Implications for Risk Assessment CY APR 22-24, 1998 CL DRIEBERGEN, NETHERLANDS DE pesticide volatilization flux; aerodynamic; energy balance; eddy correlation; theoretical profile shape ID ATMOSPHERIC SURFACE-LAYER; FLUX-GRADIENT RELATIONSHIPS; TURBULENT VELOCITY SCALE; METHYL-BROMIDE EMISSIONS; GASEOUS MASS-TRANSFER; INHOMOGENEOUS TURBULENCE; PARTICLE TRAJECTORIES; NUMERICAL-SIMULATION; AMMONIA VOLATILIZATION; PROFILE RELATIONSHIPS AB A wide variety of micrometeorological measurement methods can be used to estimate the postapplication volatilization of pesticides from treated fields. All these estimation methods require that the entire study area have the same surficial characteristics, including the area surrounding the actual study site, and that the pesticide under investigation be applied as quickly and as uniformly as possible before any measurements are made. Methods such as aerodynamic profile, energy balance, eddy correlation, and relaxed eddy accumulation require a large (typically 1 or more hectare) study area so that the flux measurements can be made in a well developed atmospheric boundary-layer and that steady-state conditions exist. The area surrounding the study plot should have similar surficial characteristics as the study plot with sufficient upwind extent so the wind speed and temperature gradients are fully developed. Mass balance methods such as integrated horizontal flux and trajectory simulations do not require a large source area, but the area surrounding the study plot should have similar surficial characteristics. None of the micrometeorological techniques for estimating the postapplication volatilization fluxes of pesticides disturb the environment or the soil processes that influence the gas exchange from the surface to the atmosphere. They allow for continuous measurements and provide a temporally averaged flux value over a large area. If the behavior of volatilizing pesticides and the importance of the volatilization process in redistributing pesticides in the environment are to be fully understood, it is critical that we understand not only the processes that govern pesticide entry into the lower atmosphere, but also how much of the millions of kilograms of pesticides that are applied annually are introduced into, and redistributed by, the atmosphere. We also must be aware of the assumptions and limitations of the estimation techniques used, and adapt the field of pesticide volatilization flux measurements to advances in atmospheric science. C1 US Geol Survey, Sacramento, CA 95819 USA. RP US Geol Survey, 6000 J St,Placer Hall, Sacramento, CA 95819 USA. EM majewski@usgs.gov RI de Voogt, Pim/C-5683-2017 OI de Voogt, Pim/0000-0001-9065-9797 NR 137 TC 26 Z9 27 U1 0 U2 13 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0049-6979 EI 1573-2932 J9 WATER AIR SOIL POLL JI Water Air Soil Pollut. PD OCT PY 1999 VL 115 IS 1-4 BP 83 EP 113 DI 10.1023/A:1005297121445 PG 31 WC Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Water Resources GA 243XT UT WOS:000083023300005 ER PT J AU van den Berg, F Kubiak, R Benjey, WG Majewski, MS Yates, SR Reeves, GL Smelt, JH van der Linden, AMA AF van den Berg, F Kubiak, R Benjey, WG Majewski, MS Yates, SR Reeves, GL Smelt, JH van der Linden, AMA TI Emission of pesticides into the air SO WATER AIR AND SOIL POLLUTION LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Workshop on Fate of Pesticides in the Atmosphere Implications for Risk Assessment CY APR 22-24, 1998 CL DRIEBERGEN, NETHERLANDS DE air quality; application technique; emission factor; emission model; glasshouse; measurement method; pesticides; regional emissions; spray drift; volatilization ID METHYL-BROMIDE VOLATILIZATION; BEHAVIOR ASSESSMENT MODEL; RANDOM-WALK MODEL; AGRICULTURAL FIELDS; TRACE ORGANICS; WHEAT FIELD; SPRAY DRIFT; BARE SOIL; CLASSIFICATION; EVAPORATION AB During and after the application of a pesticide in agriculture, a substantial fraction of the dosage may enter the atmosphere and be transported over varying distances downwind of the target. The rate and extent of the emission during application, predominantly as spray particle drift, depends primarily on the application method (equipment and technique), the formulation and environmental conditions, whereas the emission after application depends primarily on the properties of the pesticide, soils, crops and environmental conditions. The fraction of the dosage that misses the target area may be high in some cases and more experimental data on this loss term are needed for various application types and weather conditions. Such data are necessary to test spray drift models, and for further model development and verification as well. Following application, the emission of soil fumigants and soil incorporated pesticides into the air can be measured and computed with reasonable accuracy, but further model development is needed to improve the reliability of the model predictions. For soil surface applied pesticides reliable measurement methods are available, but there is not yet a reliable model. Further model development is required which must be verified by field experiments. Few data are available on pesticide volatilization from plants and more field experiments are also needed to study the fate processes on the plants. Once this information is available, a model needs to be developed to predict the volatilization of pesticides from plants, which, again, should be verified with field measurements. For regional emission estimates, a link between data on the temporal and spatial pesticide use and a geographical information system for crops and soils with their characteristics is needed. C1 DLO, Winand Staring Ctr Integrated Land Soil & Water R, NL-6700 AC Wageningen, Netherlands. Staatliche Lehr & Forsch Anstalt Landwirtschaft W, D-67435 Neustadt, Germany. NOAA, Atmospher Sci Modeling Div, Air Resources Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. US Geol Survey, NERL, Water Res Dept, Sacramento, CA 95819 USA. ARS, US Salin Lab, USDA, Riverside, CA 92507 USA. Dow AgroSci, Letcombe Regis, Wantage OX12 9JT, Oxon, England. Natl Inst Publ Hlth & Environm, NL-3720 BA Bilthoven, Netherlands. RP van den Berg, F (reprint author), DLO, Winand Staring Ctr Integrated Land Soil & Water R, POB 125, NL-6700 AC Wageningen, Netherlands. RI de Voogt, Pim/C-5683-2017 OI de Voogt, Pim/0000-0001-9065-9797 NR 104 TC 122 Z9 123 U1 4 U2 42 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0049-6979 J9 WATER AIR SOIL POLL JI Water Air Soil Pollut. PD OCT PY 1999 VL 115 IS 1-4 BP 195 EP 218 DI 10.1023/A:1005234329622 PG 24 WC Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Water Resources GA 243XT UT WOS:000083023300009 ER PT J AU Carr, MH AF Carr, MH TI Retention of an atmosphere on early Mars SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-PLANETS LA English DT Article ID MARTIAN OUTFLOW CHANNELS; IMPACT EROSION; EVOLUTION; EARTH; WATER; CLIMATE; ORIGIN; MODEL; ICE; CO2 AB The presence of valley networks and indications of high erosion rates in ancient terrains on Mars suggest that Mars was warm and wet during heavy bombardment. Various processes that could occur on early Mars were integrated into a self-consistent model to determine what circumstances might lead to warm temperatures during and at the end of heavy bombardment. Included were weathering and burial of CO2 as carbonates, impact erosion: sputtering, and recycling of CO2 back into the atmosphere by burial and heating. The models suggest that despite losses from the atmosphere by weathering and impact erosion, Mars could retain a 0.5 to 1 bar atmosphere at the end of heavy bombardment partly because weathering temporarily sequesters CO2 in the ground and protects it from impact erosion while the impact rate is declining and impact erosion is becoming less effective. Because of the low output of the early Sun, surface temperatures can be above freezing only for a very efficient greenhouse, such as that suggested by Forget ann Pierrehumbert [1997]. With weak greenhouse models, temperatures are below freezing throughout heavy bombardment, and such a large amount of CO2 is left in the atmosphere at the end of heavy bombardment that it is difficult to eliminate subsequently to arrive at the present surface inventory. With strong greenhouse models, temperatures are well above freezing. during heavy bombardment and drop tn close to freezing at the end of heavy bombardment, at which time the atmosphere contains 0.5 to 1 bar of CO2. This can be largely eliminated subsequently by sputtering and low-temperature weathering. Such a model is consistent with the change in erosion rate and the declining rate of valley formation at the end of heavy bombardment. Conditions that favor warm temperatures at the end of heavy bombardment are an efficient greenhouse, low weathering rates, low impact erosion rates, and a smaller fraction of heat lost by conduction as opposed to transport of lava to the surface. C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. RP Carr, MH (reprint author), US Geol Survey, MS-975,345 Middlefield Rd, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. NR 71 TC 78 Z9 79 U1 1 U2 4 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0148-0227 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-PLANET JI J. Geophys. Res.-Planets PD SEP 25 PY 1999 VL 104 IS E9 BP 21897 EP 21909 DI 10.1029/1999JE001048 PG 13 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 239EL UT WOS:000082755800001 ER PT J AU Battaglia, M Roberts, C Segall, P AF Battaglia, M Roberts, C Segall, P TI Magma intrusion beneath Long Valley caldera confirmed by temporal changes in gravity SO SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID CAMPI-FLEGREI CALDERA; YELLOWSTONE CALDERA; CALIFORNIA; UNREST; DEFORMATION; MECHANISMS AB Precise relative gravity measurements conducted in Long Valley (California) in 1982 and 1998 reveal a decrease in gravity of as much as -107 +/- 6 microgals (1 microgal = 10(-8) meters per square second) centered on the uplifting resurgent dome. A positive residual gravity change of up to 64 +/- 15 microgals was found after correcting for the effects of uplift and water table fluctuations. Assuming a point source of intrusion, the density of the intruding material is 2.7 X 10(3) to 4.1 X 10(3) kilograms per cubic meter at 95 percent confidence. The gravity results require intrusion of silicate magma and exclude in situ thermal expansion or pressurization of the hydrothermal system as the cause of uplift and seismicity. C1 Stanford Univ, Dept Geophys, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. US Geol Survey, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. RP Battaglia, M (reprint author), Stanford Univ, Dept Geophys, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. OI Battaglia, Maurizio/0000-0003-4726-5287 NR 31 TC 66 Z9 66 U1 0 U2 11 PU AMER ASSOC ADVANCEMENT SCIENCE PI WASHINGTON PA 1200 NEW YORK AVE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 USA SN 0036-8075 J9 SCIENCE JI Science PD SEP 24 PY 1999 VL 285 IS 5436 BP 2119 EP 2122 DI 10.1126/science.285.5436.2119 PG 4 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 238VF UT WOS:000082734300040 ER PT J AU Gustin, MS Lindberg, S Marsik, F Casimir, A Ebinghaus, R Edwards, G Hubble-Fitzgerald, C Kemp, R Kock, H Leonard, T London, J Majewski, M Montecinos, C Owens, J Pilote, M Poissant, L Rasmussen, P Schaedlich, F Schneeberger, D Schroeder, W Sommar, J Turner, R Vette, A Wallschlaeger, D Xiao, Z Zhang, H AF Gustin, MS Lindberg, S Marsik, F Casimir, A Ebinghaus, R Edwards, G Hubble-Fitzgerald, C Kemp, R Kock, H Leonard, T London, J Majewski, M Montecinos, C Owens, J Pilote, M Poissant, L Rasmussen, P Schaedlich, F Schneeberger, D Schroeder, W Sommar, J Turner, R Vette, A Wallschlaeger, D Xiao, Z Zhang, H TI Nevada STORMS project: Measurement of mercury emissions from naturally enriched surfaces SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article ID MODIFIED BOWEN-RATIO; EDDY-CORRELATION; DRY DEPOSITION; ELEMENTAL MERCURY; VOLATILE MERCURY; DECIDUOUS FOREST; GASEOUS MERCURY; FLUX CHAMBER; TRACE-METALS; SHORT-TERM AB Diffuse anthropogenic and naturally mercury-enriched areas represent long-lived sources of elemental mercury to the atmosphere. The Nevada Study and Tests of the Release of Mercury From Soils (STORMS) project focused on the measurement of mercury emissions from a naturally enriched area. During the project, concurrent measurements of mercury fluxes from naturally mercury-enriched substrate were made September 1-4, 1997, using four micrometeorological methods and seven field flux chambers. Ambient air mercury concentrations ranged from 2 to nearly 200 ng m(-3) indicating that the field site is a source of atmospheric mercury. The mean daytime mercury fluxes,during conditions of no precipitation, measured with field chambers were 50 to 360 ng m(-2) h(-1) and with the micrometeorological methods were 230 to 600 ng m(-2) h(-1). This wide range in mercury emission rates reflects differences in method experimental designs and local source strengths. Mercury fluxes measured by many field chambers were significantly different (p < 0.05) but linearly correlated. This indicates that field chambers responded similarly to environmental conditions, but differences in experimental design and site heterogeneity had a significant influence on the magnitude of mercury fluxes. Data developed during the :field study demonstrated that field flux chambers are ideal for assessment of the physicochemical processes driving mercury flux and development of an understanding of the magnitude of the influence of individual factors on flux. In general, mean mercury fluxes measured with micrometeorological methods during daytime periods were nearly 3 times higher than mean fluxes measured with field flux chambers. Micrometeorological methods allow for derivation of a representative mercury flux occurring from an unconstrained system and provide an assessment of the actual magnitude and variability of fluxes occurring from an area. C1 Univ Nevada, Dept Environm & Resource Sci, Reno, NV 89557 USA. Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. Univ Michigan, Sch Publ Hlth, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. Environm Canada, St Laurent, PQ H4M 2N8, Canada. GKSS Forschungszentrum Geesthacht GmbH, Res Ctr, Inst Phys & Chem Anal, D-21502 Geesthacht, Germany. Univ Guelph, Dept Environm Engn, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada. Frontier Geosci, Seattle, WA 98109 USA. US Geol Survey, Sacramento, CA 94925 USA. Geol Survey Canada, Ottawa, ON K2A 0E8, Canada. Tekran Inc, Toronto, ON M3A 1A3, Canada. Gothenburg Univ, Dept Inorgan Chem, S-41296 Gothenburg, Sweden. RP Gustin, MS (reprint author), Univ Nevada, Dept Environm & Resource Sci, Reno, NV 89557 USA. EM msg@scs.unr.edu RI Vette, Alan/A-7330-2012; Pilote, Martin/G-2581-2016; OI Vette, Alan/0000-0001-6749-1252; Pilote, Martin/0000-0002-6874-5135; Rasmussen, Pat/0000-0001-6748-4255 NR 78 TC 135 Z9 147 U1 6 U2 24 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD SEP 20 PY 1999 VL 104 IS D17 BP 21831 EP 21844 DI 10.1029/1999JD900351 PG 14 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 238BC UT WOS:000082690200046 ER PT J AU Wylie, JJ Voight, B Whitehead, JA AF Wylie, JJ Voight, B Whitehead, JA TI Instability of magma flow from volatile-dependent viscosity SO SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID SOUFRIERE HILLS VOLCANO; WEST-INDIES; LAVA DOME; ERUPTIONS; MONTSERRAT; MODEL; FLUID AB Volatiles dissolved in silicic magma at depth exsolve as the magma nears the surface and cause an increase in viscosity of the magma. A model of a volcanic conduit within an elastic medium and a viscosity dependent on the volatile content of the magma produces oscillatory magma flow for a critical range of steady input flow rates. Oscillatory flow is recognized as a fundamental mode of behavior at silicic volcanoes, and understanding it allows improved shortterm forecasting of timing and eruption style. C1 Woods Hole Oceanog Inst, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. Penn State Univ, Dept Geosci, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. US Geol Survey, Volcano Hazards Program, Cascades Volcano Observ, Vancouver, WA 98661 USA. RP Wylie, JJ (reprint author), Woods Hole Oceanog Inst, 360 Woods Hole Rd, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. OI WYLIE, Jonathan James/0000-0001-8314-9764 NR 21 TC 66 Z9 67 U1 1 U2 7 PU AMER ASSOC ADVANCEMENT SCIENCE PI WASHINGTON PA 1200 NEW YORK AVE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 USA SN 0036-8075 J9 SCIENCE JI Science PD SEP 17 PY 1999 VL 285 IS 5435 BP 1883 EP 1885 DI 10.1126/science.285.5435.1883 PG 3 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 237CT UT WOS:000082638300040 ER PT J AU Mandernack, KW Bazylinski, DA Shanks, WC Bullen, TD AF Mandernack, KW Bazylinski, DA Shanks, WC Bullen, TD TI Oxygen and iron isotope studies of magnetite produced by magnetotactic bacteria SO SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID AQUASPIRILLUM-MAGNETOTACTICUM; BIOGENIC MAGNETITE; OXIDES; FRACTIONATION; GROWTH; BIOMINERALIZATION; MAGNETOFOSSILS; MAGNETOSOMES; SEDIMENTS; MARINE AB A series of carefully controlled laboratory studies was carried out to investigate oxygen and iron isotope fractionation during the intracellular production of magnetite (Fe3O4) by two different species of magnetotactic bacteria at temperatures between 4 degrees and 35 degrees C under microaerobic and anaerobic conditions. No detectable fractionation of iron isotopes in the bacterial magnetites was observed. However, oxygen isotope measurements indicated a temperature-dependent fractionation for Fe3O4 and water that is consistent with that observed for Fe3O4 produced extracellularly by thermophilic Fe3+-reducing bacteria. These results contrast with established fractionation curves estimated from either high-temperature experiments or theoretical calculations. With the fractionation curve established in this report, oxygen-18 isotope Values of bacterial Fe3O4 may be useful in paleoenvironmental studies for determining the oxygen-18 isotope values of formation waters and for inferring paleotemperatures. C1 Colorado Sch Mines, Dept Chem & Geochem, Golden, CO 80401 USA. Iowa State Univ, Dept Microbiol, Ames, IA 50011 USA. US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr 973, Denver, CO 80225 USA. US Geol Survey, Div Water Resources, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. RP Mandernack, KW (reprint author), Colorado Sch Mines, Dept Chem & Geochem, Golden, CO 80401 USA. NR 41 TC 85 Z9 98 U1 6 U2 38 PU AMER ASSOC ADVANCEMENT SCIENCE PI WASHINGTON PA 1200 NEW YORK AVE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 USA SN 0036-8075 J9 SCIENCE JI Science PD SEP 17 PY 1999 VL 285 IS 5435 BP 1892 EP 1896 DI 10.1126/science.285.5435.1892 PG 5 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 237CT UT WOS:000082638300043 ER PT J AU Metzger, SM Carr, JR Johnson, JR Parker, TJ Lemmon, MT AF Metzger, SM Carr, JR Johnson, JR Parker, TJ Lemmon, MT TI Dust devil vortices seen by the Mars Pathfinder camera SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article ID SURFACE; LANDER AB Discovery of dust devil vortices in Mars Pathfinder (MPF) images reveals a dust entrainment mechanism at work on Mars. Scattering of visible light by dust in the Martian atmosphere creates a pronounced haze, preventing conventional image processing from displaying dust plumes. Spectral differencing techniques have enhanced five localized dust plumes from the general haze in images acquired near midday, which we determine to be dust devils. Processing of 440 nm images highlights dust devils as distinct occultation features against the horizon. The dust devils are interpreted to be 14-79 m wide, 46-350 m tall, travel at 0.5-4.6 mis, with dust loading of 7E-5 kg m-3, relative to the general haze of 9E-8 kg m-3, and total particulate transport of 2.2 - 700 kg. The vortices match predictions from terrestrial analog studies. C1 Univ Nevada, Dept Geol Sci, Reno, NV 89557 USA. US Geol Survey, Flagstaff, AZ 86001 USA. CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. Univ Arizona, Lunar & Planetary Lab, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. RP Metzger, SM (reprint author), Univ Nevada, Dept Geol Sci, MS 172, Reno, NV 89557 USA. RI Lemmon, Mark/E-9983-2010; Johnson, Jeffrey/F-3972-2015 OI Lemmon, Mark/0000-0002-4504-5136; NR 20 TC 106 Z9 107 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0094-8276 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD SEP 15 PY 1999 VL 26 IS 18 BP 2781 EP 2784 DI 10.1029/1999GL008341 PG 4 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 237WV UT WOS:000082680300001 ER PT J AU Dawson, PB Chouet, BA Okubo, PG Villasenor, A Benz, HM AF Dawson, PB Chouet, BA Okubo, PG Villasenor, A Benz, HM TI Three-dimensional velocity structure of the Kilauea caldera, Hawaii SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article ID TRAVEL TIME TOMOGRAPHY; VOLCANO AB High-resolution velocity models (0.5 km resolution) of the Kilauea caldera region are obtained by the tomographic inversion of both P- and S-wave arrival times. Data are from the permanent Hawaiian Volcano Observatory (HVO) seismic network, a broadband seismic network, and a temporary array of stations centered on the southern boundary of the caldera. A low-velocity P-wave anomaly is imaged centered on the southeastern edge of the caldera, with a velocity contrast of about 10% and a volume of 27 km(3). The V(P)/V(S) model mimics the spatial extent of the P-wave anomaly, but is partitioned into two discrete anomalous volumes centered on the southern boundary of the caldera and on the upper east rift of the volcano. The corresponding Poisson's ratio in these zones is high (nu = 0.25-0.32) which is consistent with a densely-cracked, hot volume which may contain partial melt. The large-scale features of the models are consistent with results obtained from an earlier, larger-scale (2 km resolution) tomographic image of Kilauea Volcano based on HVO network data. C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. US Geol Survey, Hawaiian Volcano Lab, Hawaii Natl Pk, HI 96718 USA. US Geol Survey, Denver, CO 80225 USA. RP Dawson, PB (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 345 Middlefield Rd,MS910, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. EM dawson@usgs.gov; chouet@usgs.gov; pokubu@usgs.gov; benz@usgs.gov RI Villasenor, Antonio/A-8037-2008 OI Villasenor, Antonio/0000-0001-8592-4832 NR 24 TC 69 Z9 69 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0094-8276 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD SEP 15 PY 1999 VL 26 IS 18 BP 2805 EP 2808 DI 10.1029/1999GL005379 PG 4 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 237WV UT WOS:000082680300007 ER PT J AU Aldahan, A Possnert, G Peck, J King, J Colman, S AF Aldahan, A Possnert, G Peck, J King, J Colman, S TI Linking the Be-10 continental record of Lake Baikal to marine and ice archives of the last 50 ka: Implication for the global dust-aerosol input SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article ID CLIMATE RESPONSE; SIBERIA; SEDIMENTS; CALIBRATION; GREENLAND; CORE AB We present here a Be-10 profile from the continental sediments of Lake Baikal (the world's largest fresh water lake), which, for the first time, shows the approximate to 40 ka Be-10 enhancement and a pattern that strongly marches those from the marine and ice records for the last 50 ka. This finding provides a new horizon for global and regional correlation of continental archives. Additionally, our VADM-predicted Be-10 production confirms and further strengthens a common global cause (geomagnetic field intensity) for the change in atmospheric Be-10 over the last 50 ka. We also show that most of the Be-10 inventory to the lake has been provided by riverine input, but with a significant addition from direct precipitation and dust-aerosol fallout. We estimate a higher dust-aerosol contribution of Be-10 during the Holocene and interstadial stage 3 (22-50 ka) as compared with the glacial period (12-22 ka). C1 Uppsala Univ, Inst Earth Sci, S-75236 Uppsala, Sweden. Univ Uppsala, Tandem Lab, S-75121 Uppsala, Sweden. Univ Rhode Isl, Grad Sch Oceanog, Narragansett, RI 02882 USA. US Geol Survey, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. RP Aldahan, A (reprint author), Uppsala Univ, Inst Earth Sci, Norbyvagen 22, S-75236 Uppsala, Sweden. NR 26 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0094-8276 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD SEP 15 PY 1999 VL 26 IS 18 BP 2885 EP 2888 DI 10.1029/1999GL900469 PG 4 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 237WV UT WOS:000082680300027 ER PT J AU McGlynn, BL McDonnell, JJ Shanley, JB Kendall, C AF McGlynn, BL McDonnell, JJ Shanley, JB Kendall, C TI Riparian zone flowpath dynamics during snowmelt in a small headwater catchment SO JOURNAL OF HYDROLOGY LA English DT Article DE riparian; hillslope; tracers; snowmelt; headwater ID SUBSURFACE WATER EXCHANGE; NEAR-STREAM ZONE; STORM RUNOFF; HYDROGRAPH SEPARATIONS; CANADIAN SHIELD; GROUNDWATER; TRANSPORT; WETLANDS; CHEMISTRY; RETENTION AB The hydrology of the near-stream riparian zone in upland humid catchments is poorly understood. We examined the spatial and temporal aspects of riparian flowpaths during snowmelt in a headwater catchment within the Sleepers River catchment in northern Vermont. A transect of 15 piezometers was sampled for Ca, Si, DOC, other major cations, and delta(18)O. Daily piezometric head values reflected variations in the stream hydrograph induced by melt and rainfall. The riparian zone exhibited strong upward discharge gradients. An impeding layer was identified between the till and surficial organic soil. Water solute concentrations increased toward the stream throughout the melt. Ca concentrations increased with depth and DOC concentrations decreased with depth. The concentrations of Ca in all piezometers were lower during active snowmelt than during post-melt low flow. Ca data suggest snowmelt infiltration to depth; however, only upslope piezometers exhibited snowmelt infiltration and consequent low delta(18)O values, while delta(18)O values varied less than 0.5 parts per thousand in the deep riparian piezometers throughout the study period. Ca and delta(18)O values in upslope piezometers during low streamflow were comparable to Ca and delta(18)O in riparian piezometers during high streamflow. The upland water Ca and delta(18)O may explain the deep riparian Ca dilution and consistent delta(18)O composition. The temporal pattern in Ca and delta(18)O indicate that upland water moves to the stream via a lateral displacement mechanism that is enhanced by the presence of distinct soil/textural layers. Snowmelt thus initiates the flux of pre-melt, low Ca upland water to depth in the riparian zone, but itself does not appear at depth in the riparian zone during spring melt. This is despite the coincident response of upland groundwater and stream discharge. (C) 1999 Published by Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 SUNY Syracuse, Coll Environm Sci & Forestry, Syracuse, NY 13210 USA. US Geol Survey, Montpelier, VT 05602 USA. US Geol Survey, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. RP McGlynn, BL (reprint author), SUNY Syracuse, Coll Environm Sci & Forestry, 207 Marshall Hall,1 Forestry Dr, Syracuse, NY 13210 USA. RI McGlynn, Brian/A-2509-2008; McDonnell, Jeffrey/I-6400-2013 OI McGlynn, Brian/0000-0001-5266-4894; NR 36 TC 83 Z9 85 U1 4 U2 26 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0022-1694 J9 J HYDROL JI J. Hydrol. PD SEP 13 PY 1999 VL 222 IS 1-4 BP 75 EP 92 DI 10.1016/S0022-1694(99)00102-X PG 18 WC Engineering, Civil; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Engineering; Geology; Water Resources GA 238DM UT WOS:000082695700006 ER PT J AU Lockner, DA Beeler, NM AF Lockner, DA Beeler, NM TI Premonitory slip and tidal triggering of earthquakes SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SOLID EARTH LA English DT Article ID STATIC STRESS CHANGES; SOUTHERN-CALIFORNIA; SEISMICITY; GRANITE; FRICTION; LANDERS; FATIGUE; SWARMS AB We have conducted a series of laboratory simulations of earthquakes using granite cylinders containing precut bare fault surfaces at 50 MPa confining pressure. Axial shortening rates between 10(-4) and 10(-6) mm/s were imposed to simulate tectonic loading. Average loading rate was then modulated by the addition of a small-amplitude sine wave to simulate periodic loading due to Earth tides or other sources. The period of the modulating signal ranged from 10 to 10,000 s. For each combination of amplitude and period of the modulating signal, multiple stick-slip events were recorded to determine the degree of correlation between the timing of simulated earthquakes and the imposed periodic loading function. Over the range of parameters studied, the degree of correlation of earthquakes was most sensitive to the amplitude of the periodic loading, with weaker dependence on the period of oscillations and the average loading rate. Accelerating premonitory slip was observed in these experiments and is a controlling factor in determining the conditions under which correlated events occur. In fact, some form of delayed failure is necessary to produce the observed correlations between simulated earthquake timing and characteristics of the periodic loading function. The transition from strongly correlated to weakly correlated model earthquake populations occurred when the amplitude of the periodic loading was approximately 0.05 to 0.1 MPa shear stress (0.03 to 0.06 MPa Coulomb failure function). Lower-amplitude oscillations produced progressively lower correlation levels. Correlations between static stress increases and earthquake aftershocks are found to degrade at similar stress levels. Typical stress variations due to Earth tides are only 0.001 to 0.004 MPa, so that the lack of correlation between Earth tides and earthquakes is also consistent with our findings. A simple extrapolation of our results suggests that approximately 1% of midcrustal earthquakes should be correlated with Earth tides. Triggered seismicity has been reported resulting from the passage of surface waves excited by the Landers earthquake. These transient waves had measured amplitudes in excess of 0.1 MPa at frequencies of 0.05 to 0.2 Hz in regions of notable seismicity increase. Similar stress oscillations in our laboratory experiments produced strongly correlated stick-slip events. We suggest that seemingly inconsistent natural observations of triggered seismicity and absence of tidal triggering indicate that failure is amplitude and frequency dependent. This is the expected result if, as in our laboratory experiments, the rheology of the Earth's crust permits delayed failure. C1 US Geol Survey, Earthquake Hazards Team, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. RP Lockner, DA (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Earthquake Hazards Team, MS 977,345 Middlefield Rd, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. EM dlockner@isdmnl.wr.usgs.gov; nbeeler@isdmnl.wr.usgs.gov NR 40 TC 56 Z9 71 U1 1 U2 9 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-9313 EI 2169-9356 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-SOL EA JI J. Geophys. Res.-Solid Earth PD SEP 10 PY 1999 VL 104 IS B9 BP 20133 EP 20151 DI 10.1029/1999JB900205 PG 19 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 234FH UT WOS:000082473500010 ER PT J AU Perfettini, H Stein, RS Simpson, R Cocco, M AF Perfettini, H Stein, RS Simpson, R Cocco, M TI Stress transfer by the 1988-1989 M=5.3 and 5.4 Lake Elsman foreshocks to the Loma Prieta fault: Unclamping at the site of peak mainshock slip SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SOLID EARTH LA English DT Article ID SUPERSTITION HILLS EARTHQUAKE; STRONG-MOTION; CALIFORNIA; RUPTURE; AFTERSHOCKS; DEFORMATIONS; SEISMICITY; INVERSION; FRICTION; MODEL AB We study the stress transferred by the June 27, 1988, M=5.3 and August 8, 1989, M=5.4 Lake Elsman earthquakes, the largest events to strike within 15 km of the future Loma Prieta rupture zone during 74 years before the 1989 M=6.9 Loma Prieta earthquake. We find that the first Lake Elsman event brought the rupture plane of the second event 0.3-1.6 bars (0.03-0.16 MPa) closer to Coulomb failure but that the Lake Elsman events did not bring the future Loma Prieta hypocentral zone closer to failure. Instead, the Lake Elsman earthquakes are calculated to have reduced the normal stress on (or "unclamped") the Loma Prieta rupture surface by 0.5-1.0 bar (0.05-0.10 MPa) at the site where the greatest slip subsequently occurred in the Loma Prieta earthquake. This association between the sites of peak unclamping and slip suggests that the Lake Elsman events did indeed influence the Loma Prieta rupture process. Unclamping the fault would have locally lowered the resistance to sliding. Such an effect could have been enhanced if the lowered normal stress permitted fluid infusion into the unclamped part of the fault. Although less well recorded, the M-L=5.0 1964 and M-L=5.3 1967 Corralitos events struck within 10 km of the southwest end of the future Loma Prieta rupture. No similar relationship between the normal stress change and subsequent Loma Prieta slip is observed, although the high-slip patch southwest of the Loma Prieta epicenter corresponds roughly to the site of calculated Coulomb stress increase for a low coefficient of friction. The Lake Elsman-Loma Prieta result is similar to that for the 1987 M=6.2 Elmore Ranch and M=6.7 Superstition Hills earthquakes, suggesting that foreshocks might influence the distribution of mainshock slip rather than the site of mainshock nucleation. C1 Ecole Normale Super, Geol Lab, Equipe Geophys, F-75231 Paris 05, France. US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. Ist Nazl Geofis, I-00143 Rome, Italy. RP Ecole Normale Super, Geol Lab, Equipe Geophys, 24 Rue Lhomond, F-75231 Paris 05, France. EM perfetti@jadeite.ens.fr; rstein@usgs.gov; simpson@usgs.gov; cocco@ing750.ingrm.it RI Cocco, Massimo/G-6872-2012 NR 41 TC 33 Z9 34 U1 1 U2 3 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-9313 EI 2169-9356 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-SOL EA JI J. Geophys. Res.-Solid Earth PD SEP 10 PY 1999 VL 104 IS B9 BP 20169 EP 20182 DI 10.1029/1999JB900092 PG 14 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 234FH UT WOS:000082473500012 ER PT J AU Parsons, T Stein, RS Simpson, RW Reasenberg, PA AF Parsons, T Stein, RS Simpson, RW Reasenberg, PA TI Stress sensitivity of fault seismicity: A comparison between limited-offset oblique and major strike-slip faults SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SOLID EARTH LA English DT Article ID LOMA-PRIETA EARTHQUAKE; SAN-FRANCISCO BAY; ANDREAS FAULT; PLATE BOUNDARY; FLUID-PRESSURE; CALIFORNIA; FRICTION; STATE; SYSTEM; SHEAR AB We present a new three-dimensional inventory of the southern San Francisco Bay area faults and use it to calculate stress applied principally by the 1989 M = 7.1 Loma Prieta earthquake and to compare fault seismicity rates before and after 1989. The major high-angle right-lateral faults exhibit a different response to the stress change than do minor oblique (right-lateral/thrust) faults. Seismicity on oblique-slip faults in the southern Santa Clara Valley thrust belt increased where the faults were unclamped. The strong dependence of seismicity change on normal stress change implies a high coefficient of static friction. In contrast, we observe that faults with significant offset (>50-100 km) behave differently; microseismicity on the Hayward fault diminished where right-lateral shear stress was reduced and where it was unclamped by the Loma Prieta earthquake. We observe a similar response on the San Andreas fault zone in southern California after the Landers earthquake sequence. Additionally, the offshore San Gregorio fault shows a seismicity rate increase where right-lateral/oblique shear stress was increased by the Loma Prieta earthquake despite also being clamped by it. These responses are consistent with either a low coefficient of static friction or high pore fluid pressures within the fault zones. We can explain the different behavior of the two styles of faults if those with large cumulative offset became impermeable through gouge buildup; coseismically pressurized pore fluids could be trapped and negate imposed normal stress changes, whereas in more limited offset faults, fluids could rapidly escape. The difference in behavior between minor and major faults may explain why frictional failure criteria that apply intermediate coefficients of static friction can be effective in describing the broad distributions of aftershocks that follow large earthquakes, since many of these events occur both inside and outside major fault zones. C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. RP Parsons, T (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 345 Middlefield Rd,MS 999, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. EM tparsons@usgs.gov RI Parsons, Tom/A-3424-2008; OI Parsons, Tom/0000-0002-0582-4338 NR 76 TC 102 Z9 115 U1 1 U2 8 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-9313 EI 2169-9356 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-SOL EA JI J. Geophys. Res.-Solid Earth PD SEP 10 PY 1999 VL 104 IS B9 BP 20183 EP 20202 DI 10.1029/1999JB900056 PG 20 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 234FH UT WOS:000082473500013 ER PT J AU Meinertz, JR Stehly, GR Hubert, TD Bernardy, JA AF Meinertz, JR Stehly, GR Hubert, TD Bernardy, JA TI Liquid chromatographic determination of benzocaine and N-acetylbenzocaine in the edible fillet tissue from rainbow trout SO JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY A LA English DT Article DE fish; food analysis; benzocaine; acetylbenzocaine ID BASS AB A method was developed for determining benzocaine and N-acetylbenzocaine concentrations in fillet tissue of rainbow trout. The method involves extracting the analytes with acetonitrile, removing lipids or hydrophobic compounds from the extract with hexane, and providing additional clean-up with solid-phase extraction techniques. Analyte concentrations are determined using reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatographic techniques with an isocratic mobile phase and UV detection. The accuracy (range, 92 to 121%), precision (R.S.D., <14%), and sensitivity (method quantitation limit, <24 ng/g) for each analyte indicate the usefulness of this method for studies characterizing the depletion of benzocaine residues from fish exposed to benzocaine. (C) 1999 Published by Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 US Geol Survey, Upper Midw Environm Sci Ctr, La Crosse, WI 54603 USA. RP Meinertz, JR (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Upper Midw Environm Sci Ctr, 2630 Fanta Reed Rd, La Crosse, WI 54603 USA. FU PHS HHS [224-92-7036] NR 14 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 1 U2 7 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0021-9673 J9 J CHROMATOGR A JI J. Chromatogr. A PD SEP 3 PY 1999 VL 855 IS 1 BP 255 EP 260 DI 10.1016/S0021-9673(99)00665-2 PG 6 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Chemistry, Analytical SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Chemistry GA 236MU UT WOS:000082604000019 PM 10514990 ER PT J AU Ellis, DH Lish, JW AF Ellis, DH Lish, JW TI Trash-caused mortality in Mongolian raptors SO AMBIO LA English DT Article C1 USGS, Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, Laurel, MD 20708 USA. Oklahoma State Univ, Coll Vet Med, Dept Anat Pathol & Pharmacol, Stillwater, OK 74079 USA. RP Ellis, DH (reprint author), USGS, Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, 13203 Beech Forest Rd, Laurel, MD 20708 USA. NR 11 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 0 PU ROYAL SWEDISH ACAD SCIENCES PI STOCKHOLM PA PUBL DEPT BOX 50005, S-104 05 STOCKHOLM, SWEDEN SN 0044-7447 J9 AMBIO JI Ambio PD SEP PY 1999 VL 28 IS 6 BP 536 EP 537 PG 2 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 258WP UT WOS:000083862900014 ER PT J AU Keeley, JE Bond, WJ AF Keeley, JE Bond, WJ TI Mast flowering and semelparity in bamboos: The bamboo fire cycle hypothesis SO AMERICAN NATURALIST LA English DT Article DE bamboo; delayed reproduction; fuels; mast flowering; monocarpic; seedling recruitment; wildfire ID GIANT PANDA RESERVE; EVOLUTIONARY ECOLOGY; NORTHERN PATAGONIA; TREE REGENERATION; FOREST DYNAMICS; RAIN-FOREST; ARGENTINA; HISTORY; PLANTS; JAPAN C1 Univ Cape Town, Dept Bot, ZA-7700 Rondebosch, South Africa. Natl Sci Fdn, Div Environm Biol, Arlington, VA 22230 USA. RP Keeley, JE (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Western Ecol Res Ctr, Sequoia Kings Canyon Field Stat, Biol Resources Div, Three Rivers, CA 93271 USA. EM jon_keeley@usgs.gov NR 89 TC 78 Z9 92 U1 0 U2 25 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 1427 E 60TH ST, CHICAGO, IL 60637-2954 USA SN 0003-0147 J9 AM NAT JI Am. Nat. PD SEP PY 1999 VL 154 IS 3 BP 383 EP 391 DI 10.1086/303243 PG 9 WC Ecology; Evolutionary Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Evolutionary Biology GA 251VU UT WOS:000083467700010 ER PT J AU Peterman, ZE Wallin, B AF Peterman, ZE Wallin, B TI Synopsis of strontium isotope variations in groundwater at Aspo, southern Sweden SO APPLIED GEOCHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID WATER AB Strontium isotope ratios are used to identify end-member ground-water compositions at Aspo in southeastern Sweden where the Hard Rock Laboratory (HRL) has been constructed to evaluate the suitability of crystalline rock for the geologic disposal of nuclear waste. The Hard Rock Laboratory is a decline (tunnel) constructed in 1.8 Ga-old granitic rock that forms islands in an archipelago along the Swedish coast. Ground-water samples were obtained for isotopic analyses from boreholes drilled from the surface and from side boreholes drilled within the HRL. Infiltration at Aspo occurs primarily through fractures zones in the granitic bedrock beneath thin soils throughout the area. Because of extremely low Sr concentrations, rain and snow are not important contributors to the Sr isotope budget of the ground-water system. At shallow levels, water percolating downward along fractures and fracture zones acquires delta(87)Sr between +9.5 and +10.0 parts per thousand and maintains this value downward while Sr concentrations increase by two orders of magnitude. Ground-water samples from both boreholes and from in the HRL show the effects of mixing with saline waters containing as much as 59 mg/L Sr and delta(87)Sr values as large as + 13.9 parts per thousand. Baltic Sea water is a potential component of the groundwater system with delta(87)Sr values only slightly larger than modern marine values (+0.3 parts per thousand) but with much lower concentrations (1.5 mg/L) than ocean water (8 mg/L). However, because of large Sr concentration differences between the saline groundwater (59 mg/L) and Baltic Sea water (1.5 mg/L), delta(87)Sr values are not particularly sensitive indicators of sea-water intrusion even though their delta(87)Sr values differ substantially. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 US Geol Survey, Denver, CO 80225 USA. Geokema AB, S-18146 Lidingo, Sweden. RP Peterman, ZE (reprint author), US Geol Survey, MS 963 Box 25046, Denver, CO 80225 USA. NR 10 TC 25 Z9 26 U1 0 U2 6 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0883-2927 J9 APPL GEOCHEM JI Appl. Geochem. PD SEP PY 1999 VL 14 IS 7 BP 939 EP 951 DI 10.1016/S0883-2927(99)00033-5 PG 13 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 222VU UT WOS:000081806700010 ER PT J AU Wallin, B Peterman, Z AF Wallin, B Peterman, Z TI Calcite fracture fillings as indicators of paleohydrology at Laxemar at the Aspo Hard Rock Laboratory, southern Sweden SO APPLIED GEOCHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID CANADIAN SHIELD; ISOTOPES; WATER AB Isotopic compositions of C (delta(13)C), O (delta(18)O) and Sir (delta(87)Sr) were determined for calcite fracture fillings in the crystalline rock penetrated by a 1.6 km drill hole at Laxemar, near the Aspo Hard Rock Laboratory (AHRL) in southern Sweden. These calcites precipitated from groundwater some time ill the past, and their delta(13)C, delta(18)O and delta(87)Sr values reflect those of the source waters. The present-day groundwater system is hydrochemically stratified with highly saline water underlying more shallow brackish and fresh water. The origin of this stratified system is probably related to past glaciations although the ultimate origin of the deep, highly saline water is still problematical. None of the calcite fracture fillings sampled below 900 m could have precipitated from any of the present-day ground waters which in view of the glacial history of the region is not surprising. However, several shallow calcite fracture fillings are formed by precipitation from the present-day groundwater. Coupled variations in delta(13)C, delta(18)O and delta(87)Sr isotopes at depths in excess of 900 m suggest that these isotope systems in calcite are recording a time-dependent evolution of groundwater composition. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Geokema AB, Lidingo, Sweden. US Geol Survey, Denver, CO 80225 USA. RP Wallin, B (reprint author), Geokema AB, Lidingo, Sweden. NR 32 TC 24 Z9 27 U1 0 U2 2 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0883-2927 J9 APPL GEOCHEM JI Appl. Geochem. PD SEP PY 1999 VL 14 IS 7 BP 953 EP 962 DI 10.1016/S0883-2927(99)00028-1 PG 10 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 222VU UT WOS:000081806700011 ER PT J AU Fry, B Mumford, PL Robblee, MB AF Fry, B Mumford, PL Robblee, MB TI Stable isotope studies of pink shrimp (Farfantepenaeus duorarum Burkenroad) migrations on the southwestern Florida shelf SO BULLETIN OF MARINE SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID SEAGRASS MEADOWS; CARBON ISOTOPES; FOOD WEBS; MANGROVES; TURNOVER; MEXICO; GULF; DIET AB Pink shrimp (Farfantepenaeus duorarum, formerly Penaeus duorarum) have an estuarine-dependent life cycle on the southwestern Florida shelf. Juveniles are found inshore in shallow seagrass meadows and mangrove-lined bays, while adults are caught offshore in the Tortugas and Sanibel fisheries. To trace shrimp movements between inshore and offshore habitats, we collected more than 300 individual pink shrimp in the spring and summer of 1997, and analyzed them for carbon and nitrogen stable isotopic compositions, The isotope distributions function as naturally occurring tags or tracers of shrimp diets and movements. Shrimp from seven seagrass meadows had C-13-enriched values of -9 to -15 parts per thousand that were distinct from -18 to -29 parts per thousand values of animals from twelve mangrove-lined bays. On average, 75% of the shrimp at each station had similar isotope distributions (i.e., within a +/-. 1 parts per thousand range for C and N isotopes), suggesting that these shrimp were residents with similar diets. However, the remaining 25% of the shrimp fell outside this central isotope distribution, and were likely transient migrants moving through the site at the time of collection. Offshore, we used analyses of large shrimp, >20 g wet weight, to define isotope distributions characteristic of resident animals. about 60% of the smaller, <20 g shrimp had similar values similar to the large, long-term residents. The remaining 40% of the smaller shrimp were classified as recent immigrants, and usually had -9 to -14 parts per thousand delta(13)C values consistent with an origin from seagrass meadows, with only a few animals showing -17 to -20 parts per thousand values consistent with an origin from mangrove-lined bays. Overall, the chemical tracer studies support the conclusion that the major spring peak of pink shrimp recruits into south Florida offshore fisheries largely consists of migrants from seagrass meadows. C1 Florida Int Univ, Dept Biol, Miami, FL 33199 USA. Florida Int Univ, Restorat Ecol Branch, Florida Caribbean Sci Ctr, Biol Resources Div,USGS, Miami, FL 33199 USA. RP Fry, B (reprint author), Louisiana State Univ, Coastal Ecol Inst, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA. NR 22 TC 51 Z9 51 U1 1 U2 9 PU ROSENSTIEL SCH MAR ATMOS SCI PI MIAMI PA 4600 RICKENBACKER CAUSEWAY, MIAMI, FL 33149 USA SN 0007-4977 J9 B MAR SCI JI Bull. Mar. Sci. PD SEP PY 1999 VL 65 IS 2 BP 419 EP 430 PG 12 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography SC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA 233AL UT WOS:000082403300007 ER PT J AU McCormick, SD Cunjak, RA Dempson, B O'Dea, MF Carey, JB AF McCormick, SD Cunjak, RA Dempson, B O'Dea, MF Carey, JB TI Temperature-related loss of smolt characteristics in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) in the wild SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FISHERIES AND AQUATIC SCIENCES LA English DT Article ID CHLORIDE CELLS; K+-ATPASE; SMOLTIFICATION; PHOTOPERIOD; MIGRATION; RELEASE; BEHAVIOR; PARR; NA+ AB Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) that had previously been released as fry in tributaries of the Connecticut River were captured from 1993 to 1997 during their normal spring smolt migration 198 km from the mouth of the river. Smolts had peak levels of,gill Na+,K+-ATPase activity and salinity tolerance early in migration (early May), indicating physiological readiness to enter seawater. Significant decreases in gill Na+,K+-ATPase activity (29-66%) and salinity tolerance were seen in smolts at the end of the migratory period (late May and early June). Reduced gill Na+,K+-ATPase activity occurred earlier in warm years and was directly related to the degree-days during migration (r(2) = 0.75). Reduced gill Na+,K+-ATPase activity was found at the end of migration in warmer, southern rivers (Connecticut River and Penobscot River, Maine) but not in northern rivers (Catamaran Brook, New Brunswick, and Conne River, Newfoundland). Both hatchery- and stream-reared fish held in the laboratory exhibited a more rapid loss of physiological smolt characteristics when held at higher temperature. The results indicate that late migrants in southern rivers lose physiological smolt characteristics due to high temperatures during spring migration. Delays in migration, such as those that occur at darns, may have negative impacts on smolt survival in warmer rivers. C1 US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Conte Anadromous Fish Res Ctr, Turners Falls, MA 01376 USA. Univ New Brunswick, Dept Biol, Fac Forestry & Environm Management, Fredericton, NB E3B 6E1, Canada. Dept Fisheries & Oceans, NW Atlantic Fisheries Ctr, St Johns, NF A1C 5X1, Canada. RP McCormick, SD (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Conte Anadromous Fish Res Ctr, Turners Falls, MA 01376 USA. NR 32 TC 55 Z9 58 U1 2 U2 14 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA, ONTARIO K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0706-652X J9 CAN J FISH AQUAT SCI JI Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. PD SEP PY 1999 VL 56 IS 9 BP 1649 EP 1658 DI 10.1139/cjfas-56-9-1649 PG 10 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 239AB UT WOS:000082745700015 ER PT J AU Jodice, PGR Collopy, MW AF Jodice, PGR Collopy, MW TI Diving and foraging patterns of Marbled Murrelets (Brachyramphus marmoratus): testing predictions from optimal-breathing models SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF ZOOLOGY-REVUE CANADIENNE DE ZOOLOGIE LA English DT Article ID PENGUINS EUDYPTULA-MINOR; BEHAVIOR; GUILLEMOTS; PHALACROCORAX; PERFORMANCE; CORMORANTS; ABUNDANCE; ECOLOGY; BUDGETS; TIME AB The diving behavior of Marbled Murrelets (Brachyramphus marmoratus) was studied using telemetry along the Oregon coast during the 1995 and 1996 breeding seasons and examined in relation to predictions from optimal-breathing models. Duration of dives, pauses, dive bouts, time spent under water during dive bouts, and nondiving intervals between successive dive bouts were recorded. Most diving metrics differed between years but not with oceanographic conditions or shore type. There was no effect of water depth on mean dive time or percent time spent under water even though dive bouts occurred in depths from 3 to 36 m. There was a significant, positive relationship between mean dive time and mean pause time at the dive-bout scale each year. At the dive-cycle scale, there was a significant positive relationship between dive time and preceding pause time in each year and a significant positive relationship between dive time and ensuing pause time in 1996. Although it appears that aerobic diving was the norm, there appeared to be an increase in anaerobic diving in 1996. The diving performance of Marbled Murrelets in this study appeared to be affected by annual changes in environmental conditions and prey resources but did not consistently fit predictions from optimal-breathing models. C1 Oregon State Univ, Dept Fisheries & Wildlife, Oregon Cooperat Wildlife Res Unit, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. USGS forest & Rangeland Ecosyst Sci Ctr, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. RP Jodice, PGR (reprint author), Oregon State Univ, Dept Fisheries & Wildlife, Oregon Cooperat Wildlife Res Unit, 104 Nash Hall, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. NR 35 TC 34 Z9 36 U1 0 U2 5 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA, ONTARIO K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0008-4301 J9 CAN J ZOOL JI Can. J. Zool.-Rev. Can. Zool. PD SEP PY 1999 VL 77 IS 9 BP 1409 EP 1418 DI 10.1139/cjz-77-9-1409 PG 10 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA 262CE UT WOS:000084047400010 ER PT J AU Rogers, CS AF Rogers, CS TI Dead porites patch reefs, St. John, US Virgin Islands SO CORAL REEFS LA English DT Article C1 US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, St John, VI 00830 USA. RP Rogers, CS (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, POB 710, St John, VI 00830 USA. NR 2 TC 2 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0722-4028 J9 CORAL REEFS JI Coral Reefs PD SEP PY 1999 VL 18 IS 3 BP 254 EP 254 DI 10.1007/s003380050189 PG 1 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 241WH UT WOS:000082906500009 ER PT J AU Jacobson, RB Gran, KB AF Jacobson, RB Gran, KB TI Gravel sediment routing from widespread, low-intensity landscape disturbance, Current River basin, Missouri SO EARTH SURFACE PROCESSES AND LANDFORMS LA English DT Article DE channels; deposition; erosion; fluvial; gravel-bed streams; landscape disturbance; Ozarks; Ozark Plateaus; sediment routing; sediment transport; sediment waves; sedimentation; sediment storage; rivers ID CHANNEL; STREAM; EVOLUTION; WISCONSIN; MARYLAND; MOVEMENT; EROSION; WAVE AB During the last 160 years, land-use changes in the Ozarks have had the potential to cause widespread, low-intensity delivery of excess amounts of gravel-sized sediment to stream channels. Previous studies have indicated that this excess gravel bedload is moving in wave-like forms through Ozarks drainage basins. The longitudinal, areal distribution of gravel bars along 160 km of the Current River, Missouri, was evaluated to determine the relative effects of valley-scale controls, tributary basin characteristics, and lagged sediment transport in creating areas of gravel accumulations. The longitudinal distribution of gravel-bar area shows a broad scale wave-like form with increases in gravel-bar area weakly associated with tributary junctions. Secondary peaks of gravel area with 1.8-4.1 km spacing (disturbance reaches) are superimposed on the broad form. Variations in valley width explain some, but not all, of the short-spacing variation in gravel-bar area. Among variables describing tributary drainage basin morphometry, present-day land use and geologic characteristics, only drainage area and road density relate even weakly to gravel-bar areal inventories. A simple, channel network-based sediment routing model shows that many of the features of the observed longitudinal gravel distribution can be replicated by uniform transport of sediment from widespread disturbances through a channel network. These results indicate that lagged sediment transport may have a dominant effect on the synoptic spatial distribution of gravel in Ozarks streams; present-day land uses are only weakly associated with present-day gravel inventories; and valley-scale characteristics have secondary controls on gravel accumulations in disturbance reaches. Copyright (C) 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. C1 US Geol Survey, Columbia Environm Res Ctr, Columbia, MO 65201 USA. Univ Minnesota, Dept Geol & Geophys, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA. Carleton Coll, Northfield, MN 55057 USA. RP Jacobson, RB (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Columbia Environm Res Ctr, 4200 New Haven Rd, Columbia, MO 65201 USA. NR 51 TC 27 Z9 28 U1 1 U2 4 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD PI W SUSSEX PA BAFFINS LANE CHICHESTER, W SUSSEX PO19 1UD, ENGLAND SN 0197-9337 J9 EARTH SURF PROC LAND JI Earth Surf. Process. Landf. PD SEP PY 1999 VL 24 IS 10 BP 897 EP 917 DI 10.1002/(SICI)1096-9837(199909)24:10<897::AID-ESP18>3.3.CO;2-Y PG 21 WC Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Physical Geography; Geology GA 237FA UT WOS:000082643600004 ER PT J AU Williams, K Ewel, KC Stumpf, RP Putz, FE Workman, TW AF Williams, K Ewel, KC Stumpf, RP Putz, FE Workman, TW TI Sea-level rise and coastal forest retreat on the west coast of Florida, USA SO ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE flooding stress; Florida, USA, west coast; forest retreat, coastal; global warming and sea-level rise; groundwater salinity; limestone coasts; relict stands; Sabal palmetto; sea-level rise; seedling survival; soil redox potential ID GULF-OF-MEXICO; WETLAND FORESTS; SABAL-PALMETTO; CABBAGE PALM; LOUISIANA; SEEDLINGS; PRODUCTIVITY; SCENARIOS; SALINITY; AMERICA AB We investigated patterns, rates, and mechanisms of forest replacement by salt marsh in relation to sea-level rise on the west coast of Florida, USA. The geomorphology of this region typifies that of low-lying, limestone coastlines considered highly susceptible to sea-level rise (e.g., much of the eastern Gulf of Mexico, the Yucatan Peninsula, and low-lying limestone islands throughout the world). This coast is microtidal, shallowly sloping, and has a rate of relative sea-level rise similar to that of eustatic rise. To determine patterns of forest change in relation to sea-level rise, we examined patterns of tree-species zonation, tree recruitment, and tree mortality in relation to site elevation and tidal-flooding frequency. To reconstruct histories of forest change in relation to sea-level rise, we estimated age distributions of Sabal palmetto, the most widely distributed tree species at our site, relating age structures of stands to reconstructed histories of tidal flooding in the stands. Finally, to assess the relative roles of flooding stress (hypoxia), salt exposure, and competition from encroaching salt-marsh vegetation in the decline of forest stands, we examined patterns of soil redox potential, groundwater salinity, and density of halophytic vegetation among stands in different stages of decline. Zonation among tree species was related to tidal-flooding frequency. For most trees, seedlings were absent from the most frequently flooded stands in which the species occurred. Reconstructed flooding histories of stands and age estimates for S. palmetto suggest that many decades elapse between cessation of regeneration and local elimination of a tree species. Even during the relatively short duration of the study (4 yr), however, composition of some stands changed in the direction predicted from species zonation and sea-level rise. Forest understory replacement by halophytic vegetation appeared to follow, rather than cause, failure of tree regeneration. Tidal flooding rarely produced severe reducing conditions in soil, but groundwater salinity was correlated with tidal-flooding frequency. Forest retreat in this system, therefore, involves the development of relict (non-regenerating) stands of different tree species at different flooding frequencies. Exposure to salt appears to be the major cause of tree regeneration failure, with flooding stress and interference from marsh playing minor or negligible roles. These interactions differ somewhat from those on deltaic coasts or coasts with high freshwater outflows, where flooding stress may play a larger role in regeneration failure, and from sandy coasts, where erosion may play a larger role in forest retreat. Regardless of the cause of tree regeneration failure, the development of relict stands may be a general forest response to sea-level rise. C1 Univ Florida, Dept Bot, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. Univ Florida, Sch Forest Resources & Conservat, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. USGS, Ctr Coastal Geol & Reg Marine Studies, St Petersburg, FL 33701 USA. RP Univ Florida, Dept Bot, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. EM kwilliams@botany.ufl.edu NR 71 TC 83 Z9 88 U1 4 U2 53 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ USA SN 0012-9658 EI 1939-9170 J9 ECOLOGY JI Ecology PD SEP PY 1999 VL 80 IS 6 BP 2045 EP 2063 PG 19 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 233CQ UT WOS:000082408300020 ER PT J AU Hofstra, AH Snee, LW Rye, RO Folger, HW Phinisey, JD Loranger, RJ Dahl, AR Naeser, CW Stein, HJ Lewchuk, M AF Hofstra, AH Snee, LW Rye, RO Folger, HW Phinisey, JD Loranger, RJ Dahl, AR Naeser, CW Stein, HJ Lewchuk, M TI Age constraints on Jerritt Canyon and other Carlin-type gold deposits in the western United States-relationship to mid-tertiary extension and magmatism SO ECONOMIC GEOLOGY AND THE BULLETIN OF THE SOCIETY OF ECONOMIC GEOLOGISTS LA English DT Review ID HYDROGEN ISOTOPE FRACTIONATION; FISSION-TRACK GEOCHRONOLOGY; METAMORPHIC CORE COMPLEXES; NORTHEASTERN NEVADA; STABLE ISOTOPE; NORTH-AMERICA; HYDROTHERMAL ALTERATION; ARGILLIC ALTERATION; BRITISH-COLUMBIA; RANGE PROVINCE AB Carlin-type gold deposits are difficult to date and a nide range of ages has been reported for individual de posits. Therefore, several methods were employed to constrain the age of the gold deposits in the Jerritt Canyon district. Dated igneous rocks with well-documented crosscutting relationships to ore provided the most reliable constraints. K/Ar and Ar-40/Ar-39 dates on igneous rocks are as follows: andesite dikes 324 Ma, sericitic alteration in andesite dikes 118 Ma, basalt dikes 40.8 Ma, quartz monzonite dikes 39.2 Ma, and calc-alkaline ignimbrites 43.1 to 40.1 Ma. Of these, only the andesite and basalt dikes are clearly altered and mineralized. The gold deposits are, therefore, younger than the 40.8 Ma basalt dikes. The sericitic alteration in the andesite dikes is unrelated to the gold deposits. A number of dating techniques did not work. K/Ar and Ar-40/Ar-39 dates on mica from mineralized Ordovician to Devonian sedimentary rocks gave misleading results. The youngest date of 149 Ma from the smallest <0.1-mu m-size fraction shows that the temperature (120 degrees-260 degrees C) and duration (?) of hydrothermal activity was insufficient to reset preexisting fine-grained micas in the host rocks. The temperature and duration was also insufficient to anneal fission tracks in zircon from Ordovician quartzites as they yield Middle Proterozoic dates in both mineralized and barren samples. Apatites were too small for fission track dating. Hydrothermal sulfides have pronounced crustal osmium isotope signatures (Os-187/Os-188(initial) = 0.9-3.6) but did not yield a meaningful isochron due to very low Re and Os concentrations and large analytical uncertainties. Paleomagnetic dating techniques failed because the hydrothermal fluids sulfidized nearly all of the iron in the host rocks leaving no remnant magnetism. When published isotopic dates from other Carlin-type deposits in Nevada and Utah are subject to the rigorous evaluation developed for the Jerritt Canyon study, most deposits can be shown to have formed between 42 and 30 Ma. K/Ar and Ar-40/Ar-39 dates on the youngest preore igneous rocks range from 41 to 32 Ma, whereas the oldest postore igneous rocks range from 35 to 33 Ma. Hydrothermal adularia from the Twin Creeks deposit yields similar Ar-40/Ar-39 dates of 42 Ma. K/Ar dates on supergene alunite range from 4 to 30 Ma. K/Ar and Ar-40/Ar-39 dates on micas separated from sedimentary (395-43 Ma) and igneous (145-38 Ma) rocks are usually much older than the gold deposits and most are suspect because they are from incompletely reset preore micas or from mixtures of preore and ore-stage mica. Fission track dates on zircons are also generally older than the deposits (169-35 Ma) and are not completely reset by mineralization. Apatites are likely to be reset by the hydrothermal systems land by younger thermal events) and yield dates (83-22 Ma) that are younger than those from zircon. C1 US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Denver, CO 80225 USA. AngloGold, Elko, NV 89801 USA. US Geol Survey, Natl Ctr, Reston, VA 22092 USA. Univ Windsor, Dept Geol, Windsor, ON N9B 3P4, Canada. RP Hofstra, AH (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Box 25046, Denver, CO 80225 USA. NR 169 TC 92 Z9 98 U1 4 U2 30 PU ECONOMIC GEOLOGY PUBL CO PI LITTLETON PA 5808 SOUTH RAPP ST, STE 209, LITTLETON, CO 80120-1942 USA SN 0361-0128 J9 ECON GEOL BULL SOC JI Econ. Geol. Bull. Soc. Econ. Geol. PD SEP PY 1999 VL 94 IS 6 BP 769 EP 802 PG 34 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 241NU UT WOS:000082890100001 ER PT J AU Soranno, PA Webster, KE Riera, JL Kratz, TK Baron, JS Bukaveckas, PA Kling, GW White, DS Caine, N Lathrop, RC Leavitt, PR AF Soranno, PA Webster, KE Riera, JL Kratz, TK Baron, JS Bukaveckas, PA Kling, GW White, DS Caine, N Lathrop, RC Leavitt, PR TI Spatial variation among lakes within landscapes: Ecological organization along lake chains SO ECOSYSTEMS LA English DT Article DE landscape position; lake variability; lake districts; synchrony; coherence; north temperate lakes; lake chains; lake order; lake number; water residence time ID CENTRAL ONTARIO LAKES; STREAM ECOSYSTEM THEORY; WATER CHEMISTRY; NORTHERN WISCONSIN; CARBON BUDGETS; MASS BALANCES; MOOSE RIVER; CLASSIFICATION; ACIDIFICATION; PHOSPHORUS AB Although limnologists have long been interested in regional patterns in lake attributes, only recently have they considered lakes connected and organized across the landscape, rather than as spatially independent entities. Here we explore the spatial organization of lake districts through the concept of landscape position, a concept that considers lakes longitudinally along gradients of geomorphology and hydrology. We analyzed long-term chemical and biological data from nine lake chains (lakes in a series connected through surface or groundwater flow) from seven lake districts of diverse hydrologic and geomorphic settings across North America. Spatial patterns in lake variables driven by landscape position were surprisingly common across lake districts and across a wide range of variables. On the other hand, temporal patterns of lake variables, quantified using synchrony, the degree to which pairs of lakes exhibit similar dynamics through time, related to landscape position only for lake chains with lake water residence times that spanned a wide range and were generally long (close to or greater than 1 year). Highest synchrony of lakes within a lake chain occurred when lakes had short water residence times. Our results from both the spatial and temporal analyses suggest that certain features of the landscape position concept are robust enough to span a wide range of seemingly disparate lake types. The strong spatial patterns observed in this analysis, and some unexplained patterns, suggest the need to further study these scales and to continue to view lake ecosystems spatially, longitudinally, and broadly across the landscape. C1 Univ Wisconsin, Ctr Limnol, Madison, WI 53706 USA. Wisconsin Dept Nat Resources, Monona, WI 53716 USA. Colorado State Univ, US Geol Survey, Div Biol Resources, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. Colorado State Univ, Nat Resources Ecol Lab, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. Univ Louisville, Dept Biol, Louisville, KY 40292 USA. Univ Michigan, Dept Biol, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. Murray State Univ, Hancock Biol Stn, Murray, KY 42071 USA. Univ Colorado, Inst Arctic & Alpine Res, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Univ Colorado, Dept Geog, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Univ Regina, Dept Biol, Limnol Lab, Regina, SK S4S 0A2, Canada. RP Soranno, PA (reprint author), Michigan State Univ, Dept Fisheries & Wildlife, 10A Nat Resources Bldg, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA. RI Leavitt, Peter/A-1048-2013; Kling, George/C-7867-2015; Baron, Jill/C-5270-2016; OI Leavitt, Peter/0000-0001-9805-9307; Kling, George/0000-0002-6349-8227; Baron, Jill/0000-0002-5902-6251; Webster, Katherine/0000-0002-6009-0146; Bukaveckas, Paul/0000-0002-2636-7818; Soranno, Patricia/0000-0003-1668-9271 NR 65 TC 110 Z9 116 U1 4 U2 40 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 1432-9840 J9 ECOSYSTEMS JI Ecosystems PD SEP-OCT PY 1999 VL 2 IS 5 BP 395 EP 410 DI 10.1007/s100219900089 PG 16 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 251DK UT WOS:000083429200003 ER PT J AU Nietch, CT Morris, JT Vroblesky, DA AF Nietch, CT Morris, JT Vroblesky, DA TI Biophysical mechanisms of trichloroethane uptake and loss in baldcypress growing in shallow contaminated groundwater SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID PLANTS; TREES AB Wetland Vegetation may be useful in the remediation of shallow contaminated aquifers. Mesocosm experiments we re conducted to describe the regulatory mechanisms affecting trichloroethene (TCE) removal rates from groundwater by flood-adapted wetland trees at a contaminated site. TCE flux through baldcypress [Taxodium distichum (L) Rich] seedlings grown in glass-carboys decreased from day to night and from August to December. The diel fluctuation coincided with changes in leaf-level physiology, as the daytime flux was significantly correlated with net photosynthesis but not with respiration at night. A decrease in seedling water use from summer to winter explained the large seasonal difference in TCE flux. A simple model that simulates gas-phase diffusion through aerenchyma tested the importance of diffusion of TCE vapor from roots to the stem. The modeled diffusive flux was within 64% of the observed Value during the winter but could only explain 8% of the summer flux. Seedling water use was a good estimator of flux during the summer. Hence, evapotranspiration (ET) in the summer may serve as a good predictor for the potential of TCE removal by baldcypress trees, while diffusive flux may better approximate potential contaminant loss in the winter. C1 Univ S Carolina, Dept Biol Sci, Columbia, SC 29208 USA. US Geol Survey, Stephenson Ctr, Columbia, SC 29210 USA. RP Nietch, CT (reprint author), Univ S Carolina, Dept Biol Sci, Columbia, SC 29208 USA. NR 27 TC 25 Z9 25 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0013-936X J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD SEP 1 PY 1999 VL 33 IS 17 BP 2899 EP 2904 DI 10.1021/es981183g PG 6 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 232JK UT WOS:000082367400029 ER PT J AU Battaglin, WA Goolsby, DA AF Battaglin, WA Goolsby, DA TI Are shifts in herbicide use reflected in concentration changes in Midwestern rivers? SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID CHROMATOGRAPHY MASS-SPECTROMETRY; LINKED-IMMUNOSORBENT-ASSAY; WATER AB In many Midwestern rivers, elevated concentrations of herbicides occur during runoff events for 1-3 months following application. The highest or "peak" herbicide concentration often occurs during one of these runoff events. Herbicide concentrations in rivers are affected by a number of factors, including herbicide use patterns within the associated basin. Changing agricultural practices, reductions in recommended and permitted herbicide applications, shifts to new herbicides, and greater environmental awareness in the agricultural community have resulted in changes to herbicide use patterns. In the Midwestern United States, alachlor use was much larger in 1989 than in 1995, while acetochlor was not used in 1989, and commonly used in 1995. Use of atrazine, cyanazine, and metolachlor was about the same in 1989 and 1995. Herbicide concentrations were measured in samples from 53 Midwestern rivers during the first major runoff event that occurred after herbicide application (postapplication) in 1989, 1990, 1994, and 1995. The median concentrations of atrazine, alachlor, cyanazine, metribuzin, metolachlor, propazine, and simazine all were significantly higher in 1989/90 than in 1994/95. The median acetochlor concentration was higher in 1995 than in 1994, Estimated daily yields for all herbicides and degradation products measured, with the exception of acetochlor, were higher in 1989/90 than in 1994/95. The differences in concentration and yield do not always parallel changes in herbicide use, suggesting that other changes in herbicide or crop management are affecting concentrations in Midwestern rivers during runoff events. C1 US Geol Survey, Denver, CO 80225 USA. RP Battaglin, WA (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Box 25046,MS 406, Denver, CO 80225 USA. NR 25 TC 29 Z9 29 U1 2 U2 6 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0013-936X J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD SEP 1 PY 1999 VL 33 IS 17 BP 2917 EP 2925 DI 10.1021/es9900149 PG 9 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 232JK UT WOS:000082367400032 ER PT J AU Frederick, PC Spalding, MG Sepulveda, MS Williams, GE Nico, L Robins, R AF Frederick, PC Spalding, MG Sepulveda, MS Williams, GE Nico, L Robins, R TI Exposure of great egret (Ardea albus) nestlings to mercury through diet in the Everglades ecosystem SO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE mercury; wading birds; Ciconiiformes; Everglades ID WHITE EGRET; FEATHERS; FLORIDA; HERONS; BIRDS; MODESTA; RIVER; EGGS AB We estimated exposure of great egret (Ardea albus) nestlings to mercury in food in the Florida Everglades, USA, by collecting regurgitated food samples during the 1993 to 1996 breeding seasons and during 1995 measured concentrations of mercury in individual prey items from those samples. Great egret nestlings had a diet composed predominantly of fish (>95% of biomass), though the species composition of fish in the diet fluctuated considerably among years. Great egrets concentrated on the larger fish available in the marsh, especially members of the Centrarchidae. The importance of all nonnative fish fluctuated from 0 to 32% of the diet by biomass and was dominated by pike killifish (Belonesox belizanus) and cichlids (Cichlidae). Total mercury concentrations in prey fish ranged from 0.04 to 1.40 mg/kg wet weight, and we found a significant relationship between mass of individual fish and mercury concentration. We estimated the concentration of total mercury in the diet as a whole by weighting the mercury concentration in a given fish species by the proportion of that species in the diet. We estimate that total mercury concentrations in the diets ranged among years from 0.37 to 0.47 mg/kg fish (4-year mean = 0.41 mg/kg). We estimated total mercury exposure in great egret nestlings by combining these mercury concentrations with measurements of food intake rate, as measured over the course of the nestling period in both lab and field situations. We estimate that, at the 0.41 mg/kg level, nestlings would ingest 4.32 mg total mercury during an 80-day nestling period. Captive feeding studies reported Elsewhere suggest that this level of exposure in the wild could be associated with reduced hedging mass, increased lethargy, decreased appetite, and, possibly, poor health and juvenile survival. C1 Univ Florida, Coll Vet Med, Dept Wildlife Ecol & Conservat, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. Univ Florida, Coll Vet Med, Dept Pathobiol, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. Univ Florida, Coll Vet Med, Dept Physiol Sci, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. W Virginia State Univ, W Virginia Cooperat Res Unit, Morgantown, WV 26506 USA. US Geol Serv, Caribbean Sci Ctr, Biol Resources Div, Gainesville, FL 32653 USA. Univ Florida, Florida Museum Nat Hist, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. RP Frederick, PC (reprint author), Univ Florida, Coll Vet Med, Dept Wildlife Ecol & Conservat, POB 110430, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. RI Mason, Robert/A-6829-2011; Sepulveda, Maria/P-3598-2014 NR 32 TC 26 Z9 26 U1 0 U2 6 PU SETAC PRESS PI PENSACOLA PA 1010 NORTH 12TH AVE, PENSACOLA, FL 32501-3370 USA SN 0730-7268 J9 ENVIRON TOXICOL CHEM JI Environ. Toxicol. Chem. PD SEP PY 1999 VL 18 IS 9 BP 1940 EP 1947 DI 10.1897/1551-5028(1999)018<1940:EOGEAA>2.3.CO;2 PG 8 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA 229NY UT WOS:000082201700012 ER PT J AU Anthony, RG Miles, AK Estes, JA Isaacs, FB AF Anthony, RG Miles, AK Estes, JA Isaacs, FB TI Productivity, diets, and environmental contaminants in nesting bald eagles from the Aleutian Archipelago SO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE Aleutian Islands; bald eagle; contaminants; diets; productivity ID POLYCHLORINATED-BIPHENYLS; SHELL THICKNESS; EGGS; PATHWAYS; RESIDUES; MERCURY AB We studied productivity, diets, and environmental contaminants in nesting bald eagles from the western Aleutian Islands, Alaska, USA, during the summers of 1993 and 1994. Productivity on Adak, Tanaga, and Amchitka Islands ranged from 0.88 to 1.24 young produced per occupied site and was comparable to that of healthy populations in the lower 48 United States. However, productivity on Kiska Island was depressed, averaging 0.67 young per occupied site. The lower reproductive success on Kiska was associated with elevated levels of dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene and other organochlorine pesticides. Many of the organochlorine pesticides were elevated in bald eagle eggs from the four islands, but concentrations of these contaminants and Hg were significantly higher in eggs from Kiska Island than in eggs from the other islands. In contrast, polychlorinated biphenyl concentrations were higher in eggs from Adak, Amchitka, and Kiska (where military facilities have been installed) than in those from Tanaga (which has had little military activity). The most likely source of these contaminants in bald eagles was from their diets, which were variable spatially and temporally. Fish made up most (56%) of the eagles' diet on Adak and Tanaga Islands, followed by birds (25%) and mammals (19%). In contrast, birds comprised the majority (60%) of bald eagle diets on Amchitka and Kiska Islands, followed by mammals (30%) and fish (10%). The high proportion of seabirds in the diet of eagles from Kiska Island could be the major source of organochlorine and Hg contamination. Elevated concentrations of organochlorines in bald eagle eggs from the Aleutian Archipelago was surprising, because of the distance to agricultural areas. The results indicate that these contaminants can be transported long distances and affect wildlife populations in remote and pristine areas. We also discuss potential sources and transport mechanisms of these contaminants to the Aleutian Islands. C1 Oregon State Univ, Dept Fisheries & Wildlife, Oregon Cooperat Wildlife Res Unit, US Geol Survey,Biol Resources Div, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. Univ Calif Davis, Western Ecol Res Ctr, US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Davis, CA 95616 USA. Univ Calif Santa Cruz, US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Santa Cruz, CA 95060 USA. RP Anthony, RG (reprint author), Oregon State Univ, Dept Fisheries & Wildlife, Oregon Cooperat Wildlife Res Unit, US Geol Survey,Biol Resources Div, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. EM robert.anthony@orst.edu NR 29 TC 46 Z9 48 U1 1 U2 15 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ USA SN 0730-7268 EI 1552-8618 J9 ENVIRON TOXICOL CHEM JI Environ. Toxicol. Chem. PD SEP PY 1999 VL 18 IS 9 BP 2054 EP 2062 DI 10.1897/1551-5028(1999)018<2054:PDAECI>2.3.CO;2 PG 9 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA 229NY UT WOS:000082201700025 ER PT J AU Smith, DL Proffitt, CE AF Smith, DL Proffitt, CE TI The effects of crude oil and remediation burning on three clones of smooth cordgrass (Spartina alterniflora Loisel.) SO ESTUARIES LA English DT Article ID MARSHES AB Burning has been employed as an oil spill remediation technique in coastal marshes, even though the combined and interactive effects of oil and burning on vegetation are poorly understood. Variation among clones of perennial marsh grasses in response to these perturbations is not known, We performed a greenhouse experiment designed to assess the effects of Venezuelan crude oil alone and of oil followed by burning on three clonal genets of Spartina alterniflora. The fully-crossed 6-mo experiment involved five dosages of oil (0 l m(-2), 4 l m(-2), 8 l m(-2), 16 l m(-2), and 24 l m(-2)) and two burn treatments (burned or unburned) applied to ramets from three clones. All oil-only dosages reduced survival, but burning after oiling toil + burn treatments) increased survival relative to oil-only groups in all except the highest two oil dosages, Higher oil-only treatments also reduced ramet densities and inhibited density increases over 6 mo, Burning after treatment with the 16 l m(-2) oil concentration allowed increased production of new ramets, but burning exacerbated the negative impacts on ramet density at the oil concentration of 24 l m(-2). At some intermediate oil dosages, burning remediated the negative effects of oil on aboveground biomass production and growth in height. There was a significant effect of oil-only treatments on numbers of flowering ramets produced, in which two clones responded with decreased flower production and one exhibited increased flowering. There was no main effect of oil + burn on flowering. There were significant among-clones differences in all response variables to one or both treatments. Our experiment demonstrates that burning of oiled S. alterniflora marshes may have little measurable effect at low levels of Venezuelan crude oil, can remediate the effects of oil at intermediate oil concentrations, but can increase the negative impacts at high concentrations of oil. These results indicate that oil spills have the potential to adversely affect genetic diversity in S. alterniflora populations by eliminating some sensitive clonal variants or changing the relative dominance of genets, These results suggest certain clones may be better suited for phytoremediation or restoration planting following oil spills. C1 McNeese State Univ, Louisiana Environm Res Ctr, Lake Charles, LA 70609 USA. RP Proffitt, CE (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Wetlands Ecol Branch, Natl Wetlands Res Ctr, Biol Resources Div, 700 Cajundome Blvd, Lafayette, LA 70506 USA. NR 22 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 2 U2 9 PU ESTUARINE RES FEDERATION PI LAWRENCE PA PO BOX 368, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0160-8347 J9 ESTUARIES JI Estuaries PD SEP PY 1999 VL 22 IS 3A BP 616 EP 623 DI 10.2307/1353049 PG 8 WC Environmental Sciences; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 246BC UT WOS:000083142400006 ER PT J AU Engle, VD Summers, JK AF Engle, VD Summers, JK TI Refinement, validation, and application of a benthic condition index for northern Gulf of Mexico estuaries SO ESTUARIES LA English DT Article ID INTEGRITY B-IBI; BIOTIC INTEGRITY; WATER-QUALITY; MACROBENTHIC COMMUNITIES; FISH COMMUNITIES; RIVERS; TEXAS; INVERTEBRATES; ASSEMBLAGES; LOUISIANA AB By applying discriminant analysis to benthic macroinvertebrate data, we have developed an indicator of benthic condition for northern Gulf of Mexico estuaries. The data used were collected by the United States Environmental Protection Agency's Environmental Monitoring and Assessment Program (EMAP) in the Louisianian Province from 1991 to 1994. This benthic index represents a linear combination oa the following weighted parameters: the proportion of expected species diversity, the mean abundance of tubificid oligochaetes, the percent of total abundance represented by capitellid polychaetes, the percent of total abundance represented by bivalve mollusks, and the percent of total abundance represented by amphipods. We successfully validated and retrospectively applied the benthic index to all of the benthic data collected by EMAP in the Louisianian Province. This benthic index was also calculated for independent data collected from Pensacola Bay, Florida, in order to demonstrate its flexibility and applicability to different estuarine systems within the same biogeographic region. The benthic index is a useful and valid indicator of estuarine condition that is intended to provide environmental managers with a simple tool for assessing the health of benthic macroinvertebrate communities. C1 US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Gulf Ecol Div, Gulf Breeze, FL 32561 USA. US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Gulf Breeze, FL 32561 USA. RP Engle, VD (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Gulf Ecol Div, 1 Sabine Isl Dr, Gulf Breeze, FL 32561 USA. NR 47 TC 56 Z9 58 U1 0 U2 5 PU ESTUARINE RES FEDERATION PI LAWRENCE PA PO BOX 368, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0160-8347 J9 ESTUARIES JI Estuaries PD SEP PY 1999 VL 22 IS 3A BP 624 EP 635 DI 10.2307/1353050 PG 12 WC Environmental Sciences; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 246BC UT WOS:000083142400007 ER PT J AU Patino, R Kagawa, H AF Patino, R Kagawa, H TI Regulation of gap junctions and oocyte maturational competence by gonadotropin and insulin-like growth factor-I in ovarian follicles of red seabream SO GENERAL AND COMPARATIVE ENDOCRINOLOGY LA English DT Article DE red seabream; ovarian follicle; gap junctions; maturation; hCG; IGF-I ID PAGRUS-MAJOR; MEIOTIC RESUMPTION; FINAL MATURATION; ATLANTIC CROAKER; XENOPUS-OOCYTES; CUMULUS CELLS; MOUSE OOCYTE; RECEPTOR; VITRO; 17-ALPHA,20-BETA,21-TRIHYDROXY-4-PREGNEN-3-ONE AB The in vitro effects of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) and human insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) on the formation of oocyte-granulosa cell (heterologous) and granulosa cell-granulosa cell (homologous) gap junctions (GJ) were determined during the course of development of oocyte maturational competence (OMC) in ovarian follicles of red seabream. Incompetent, full-grown follicles were incubated in hCG (10 IU/ml), IGF-I (10 nM), or hormone-free medium for 0, 6, and 12 h and examined by electron microscopy. Qualitative analysis indicated that homologous and heterologous GJ were relatively rare in incompetent follicles and remained rare if they were maintained in control medium. However, both types of GJ were readily observed in follicles treated with hCG or IGF-I. For quantitative analysis, we measured changes in the combined numbers of both GJ types, since discrimination between the two was not always possible. The numbers of GJ along 125 mu m of granulosa cell-zona radiata border were counted in three follicles/treatment. GJ markedly increased with time in the presence of hCG or IGF-I but not in control medium (Duncan's multiple range test; P < 0.05). Functional assays confirmed that the hormonal treatments also induced OMC. Naturally competent follicles sampled at the appropriate stage of the reproductive cycle contained high levels of both types of GJ suggesting that the OMC-associated increase in GJ is physiologically relevant. In view of similar, earlier results with the Atlantic croaker, the present results support the concept that an increase in homologous and heterologous GJ is a general developmental event associated with the acquisition of OMC in teleost ovarian follicles. Also, a novel finding of this study is that IGF-I can regulate heterologous and homologous GJ in intact ovarian follicles. (C) 1999 Academic Press. C1 Texas Tech Univ, US Geol Survey, Texas Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Lubbock, TX 79409 USA. Natl Res Inst Aquaculture, Nansei, Mie 5160193, Japan. RP Patino, R (reprint author), Texas Tech Univ, US Geol Survey, Texas Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Lubbock, TX 79409 USA. NR 37 TC 58 Z9 60 U1 0 U2 2 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0016-6480 J9 GEN COMP ENDOCR JI Gen. Comp. Endocrinol. PD SEP PY 1999 VL 115 IS 3 BP 454 EP 462 DI 10.1006/gcen.1999.7341 PG 9 WC Endocrinology & Metabolism SC Endocrinology & Metabolism GA 236KY UT WOS:000082599800016 PM 10480997 ER PT J AU Ginsburg, GD Milkov, AV Soloviev, VA Egorov, AV Cherkashev, GA Vogt, PR Crane, K Lorenson, TD Khutorskoy, MD AF Ginsburg, GD Milkov, AV Soloviev, VA Egorov, AV Cherkashev, GA Vogt, PR Crane, K Lorenson, TD Khutorskoy, MD TI Gas hydrate accumulation at the Hakon Mosby Mud Volcano SO GEO-MARINE LETTERS LA English DT Article ID WATER AB Gas hydrate (GH) accumulation is characterized and modeled, for the Hakon Mosby mud volcano, ca. 1.5 km across, located on the Norway-Barents-Svalbard margin. Pore water chemical and isotopic results based on shallow sediment cores as well as geothermal and geomorphological data suggest that the GH accumulation is of a concentric pattern controlled by and formed essentially from the ascending mud volcano fluid. The gas hydrate content of sediment peaks at 25% by volume, averaging about 1.2% throughout the accumulation. The amount of hydrate methane is estimated at ca. 10(8) m(3) STP, which could account for about 1-10% of the gas that has escaped from the volcano since its origin. C1 VNIIOkeangeol, St Petersburg, Russia. St Petersburg State Univ, St Petersburg 199034, Russia. Inst Oceanol, Moscow 117218, Russia. USN, Res Lab, Marine Biosci Div, Washington, DC 20375 USA. CUNY Hunter Coll, New York, NY 10021 USA. US Geol Survey, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. RP Ginsburg, GD (reprint author), VNIIOkeangeol, Angliyskiy Prospekt 1, St Petersburg, Russia. RI Cherkashov, Georgy/N-6949-2013 OI Cherkashov, Georgy/0000-0002-9870-6428 NR 23 TC 84 Z9 99 U1 3 U2 15 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0276-0460 J9 GEO-MAR LETT JI Geo-Mar. Lett. PD SEP PY 1999 VL 19 IS 1-2 BP 57 EP 67 DI 10.1007/s003670050093 PG 11 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Oceanography SC Geology; Oceanography GA 248TT UT WOS:000083292000007 ER PT J AU Johnson, TM Herbel, MJ Bullen, TD Zawislanski, PT AF Johnson, TM Herbel, MJ Bullen, TD Zawislanski, PT TI Selenium isotope ratios as indicators of selenium sources and oxyanion reduction SO GEOCHIMICA ET COSMOCHIMICA ACTA LA English DT Article ID ELEMENTAL SELENIUM; MASS-SPECTROMETRY; SULFATE; FRACTIONATION; SULFUR; SYSTEM; SOILS; WATER; GEOCHEMISTRY; SEDIMENTS AB Selenium stable isotope ratio measurements should serve as indicators of sources and biogeochemical transformations of Se. We report measurements of Se isotope fractionation during selenate reduction, selenite sorption, oxidation of reduced Se in soils, and Se volatilization by algae and soil samples. These results, combined with previous work with Se isotopes, indicate that reduction of soluble oxyanions is the dominant cause of Se isotope fractionation. Accordingly, Se isotope ratios should be useful as indicators of oxyanion reduction, which can transform mobile species to forms that are less mobile and less bioavailable. Additional investigations of Se isotope fractionation are needed to confirm this preliminary assessment. We have developed a new method for measurement of natural Se isotope ratio variation which requires less than 500 ng Se per analysis and yields +/-0.2 parts per thousand precision on Se-80/Se-76. A double isotope spike technique corrects for isotopic fractionation during sample preparation and mass spectrometry. The small minimum sample size is important, as Se concentrations are often below 1 ppm in solids and 1 mu g/L in fluids. The Se purification process is rapid and compatible with various sample matrices, including acidic rock or sediment digests. Copyright (C) 1999 Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 Univ Illinois, Dept Geol, Champaign, IL 61820 USA. US Geol Survey, Div Water Resources, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. EO Lawrence Berkeley Natl Lab, Div Earth Sci, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. RP Johnson, TM (reprint author), Univ Illinois, Dept Geol, 245 Nat Hist Bldg,MC-102, Champaign, IL 61820 USA. RI Johnson, Thomas/A-2740-2008 OI Johnson, Thomas/0000-0003-1620-1408 NR 62 TC 89 Z9 98 U1 2 U2 28 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0016-7037 J9 GEOCHIM COSMOCHIM AC JI Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta PD SEP PY 1999 VL 63 IS 18 BP 2775 EP 2783 DI 10.1016/S0016-7037(99)00279-3 PG 9 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 243TN UT WOS:000083013500007 ER PT J AU Mihalynuk, MG Nelson, JA Murphy, DC Brew, DA Erdmer, P AF Mihalynuk, MG Nelson, JA Murphy, DC Brew, DA Erdmer, P TI Structural and kinematic evolution of the Yukon-Tanana upland tectonites, east-central Alaska: A record of late Paleozoic to Mesozoic crustal assembly: Discussion and Reply SO GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA BULLETIN LA English DT Article ID CANADIAN CORDILLERA; BRITISH-COLUMBIA; TERRANE C1 British Columbia Geol Survey Branch, Victoria, BC V8W 9N3, Canada. Govt Yukon, Yukon Geol Program, Whitehorse, YT Y1A 2C6, Canada. US Geol Survey, Alaskan Geol Sect, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. Univ Alberta, Dept Earth & Atmospher Sci, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E3, Canada. RP Mihalynuk, MG (reprint author), British Columbia Geol Survey Branch, POB 9320,Stn Prov Govt, Victoria, BC V8W 9N3, Canada. NR 34 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU ASSOC ENGINEERING GEOLOGISTS GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY AMER PI COLLEGE STN PA TEXAS A & M UNIV, DEPT GEOLOGY & GEOPHYSICS, COLLEGE STN, TX 77843-3115 USA SN 0016-7606 J9 GEOL SOC AM BULL JI Geol. Soc. Am. Bull. PD SEP PY 1999 VL 111 IS 9 BP 1416 EP 1419 DI 10.1130/0016-7606(1999)111<1416:SAKEOT>2.3.CO;2 PG 4 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 235DC UT WOS:000082523800009 ER PT J AU Parsons, T Hart, PE AF Parsons, T Hart, PE TI Dipping San Andreas and Hayward faults revealed beneath San Francisco Bay, California SO GEOLOGY LA English DT Article ID PLATE BOUNDARY; LOWER CRUST; SYSTEM; AREA AB The San Francisco Bay area is crossed by several right-lateral strike-slip faults of the San Andreas fault zone. Fault-plane reflections reveal that two of these faults, the San Andreas and Hayward, dip toward each other below seismogenic depths at 60 degrees and 70 degrees, respectively, and persist to the base of the crust, Previously, a horizontal detachment linking the two faults in the lower crust beneath San Francisco Bay was proposed, The only near-vertical-incidence reflection data available prior to the most recent experiment in 1997 were recorded parallel to the major fault structures. When the new reflection data recorded orthogonal to the faults are compared with the older data, the highest amplitude reflections show clear variations in moveout with recording azimuth, In addition, reflection times consistently increase with distance from the faults. If the reflectors were horizontal, reflection moveout would be independent of azimuth, and reflection times would be independent of distance from the faults, The best-fit solution from three-dimensional traveltime modeling is a pair of high-angle dipping surfaces. The close correspondence of these dipping structures with the San Andreas and Hayward faults leads us to conclude that they are the faults beneath seismogenic depths. If the faults retain their observed dips, they would converge into a single zone in the upper mantle similar to 45 km beneath the surface, although we can only observe them in the crust. C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. RP Parsons, T (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 345 Middlefield Rd, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. RI Parsons, Tom/A-3424-2008; OI Parsons, Tom/0000-0002-0582-4338 NR 14 TC 27 Z9 27 U1 0 U2 1 PU GEOLOGICAL SOC AMERICA, INC PI BOULDER PA PO BOX 9140, BOULDER, CO 80301-9140 USA SN 0091-7613 J9 GEOLOGY JI Geology PD SEP PY 1999 VL 27 IS 9 BP 839 EP 842 DI 10.1130/0091-7613(1999)027<0839:DSAAHF>2.3.CO;2 PG 4 WC Geology SC Geology GA 235DE UT WOS:000082524100018 ER PT J AU Updike, RG AF Updike, RG TI Landslide hazards: A new initiative SO GEOTIMES LA English DT Editorial Material C1 US Geol Survey, Geol Hazards Team, Golden, CO USA. RP Updike, RG (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Geol Hazards Team, Golden, CO USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER GEOLOGICAL INST PI ALEXANDRIA PA 4220 KING ST, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22302-1507 USA SN 0016-8556 J9 GEOTIMES JI Geotimes PD SEP PY 1999 VL 44 IS 9 BP 5 EP 5 PG 1 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 232VM UT WOS:000082390700005 ER PT J AU Epstein, S Xu, XM Carrara, P AF Epstein, S Xu, XM Carrara, P TI A climatic record from C-14-dated wood fragments from southwestern Colorado SO GLOBAL BIOGEOCHEMICAL CYCLES LA English DT Article ID SAN-JUAN MOUNTAINS; TREE-RINGS; D/H RATIOS; HYDROGEN; PINE AB Deuterium concentrations in trees are related to the climatic temperature at which the trees grew. Deuterium analyses were made on all available (39) C-14-dated (all C-14 dates cited are uncorrected) wood fragments collected from Lake Emma sediments. The C-14 dates range from 9600 to 5400 "B.P.". Tree line was above Lake Emma at 9600 "B.P.", was at Lake Emma at about 5000 "B.P,", and is 80 m below Lake Emma at the present time. The isotopic records at the various intervals of time coincide very well with this history. The range of delta D values is maximum at 9600 "B.P." and is minimum at about 5400 "B.P.". These data allow us to estimate the temperature range for the area between tree line and Lake Emma between these times. These results confirm previously observed cooling trends from several sources in the Western Hemisphere. C1 CALTECH, Div Geol & Planetary Sci, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Denver, CO 80225 USA. RP Epstein, S (reprint author), CALTECH, Div Geol & Planetary Sci, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. NR 16 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0886-6236 J9 GLOBAL BIOGEOCHEM CY JI Glob. Biogeochem. Cycle PD SEP PY 1999 VL 13 IS 3 BP 781 EP 784 DI 10.1029/1999GB900005 PG 4 WC Environmental Sciences; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Geology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 232HK UT WOS:000082365000009 ER PT J AU Gossell, MA Nishikawa, T Hanson, RT Izbicki, JA Tabidian, MA Bertine, K AF Gossell, MA Nishikawa, T Hanson, RT Izbicki, JA Tabidian, MA Bertine, K TI Application of flowmeter and depth-dependent water quality data for improved production well construction SO GROUND WATER LA English DT Article ID HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY; AQUIFER AB Ground water production wells commonly are designed to maximize well yield and, therefore, may be screened over several water-bearing zones. These water-bearing zones usually are identified, and their hydrogeologic characteristics and water quality are inferred, on the basis of indirect data such as geologic and geophysical logs. Production well designs based on these data may result in wells that are drilled deeper than necessary and are screened through zones having low permeability or poor-quality ground water. In this study, we examined the application of flowmeter logging and depth-dependent water quality samples for the improved design of production wells in a complex hydrogeologic setting. As a demonstration of these techniques, a flowmeter log and depth-dependent water quality data were collected from a long-screened production well within a multilayered coastal aquifer system in the Santa Clara-Calleguas Basin, Ventura County, California. Results showed that the well yields most of its water from four zones that constitute 58% of the screened interval. The importance of these zones to well yield was not readily discernible from indirect geologic or geophysical data. The flowmeter logs and downhole water quality data also show that small quantities of poor-quality water could degrade the overall quality of water from the well. The data obtained from one well can be applied to other proposed wells in the same hydrologic basin. The application of flowmeter and depth-dependent water quality data to well design can reduce installation costs and improve the quantity and quality of water produced from wells in complex multiple-aquifer systems. C1 IT Corp, Martinez, CA 94553 USA. US Geol Survey, San Diego, CA 92123 USA. Calif State Univ Northridge, Dept Geol Sci, Northridge, CA 91330 USA. San Diego State Univ, Dept Geol Sci, San Diego, CA 92182 USA. RP Gossell, MA (reprint author), IT Corp, 757 Arnold Dr,Ste D, Martinez, CA 94553 USA. NR 20 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 1 U2 4 PU GROUND WATER PUBLISHING CO PI WESTERVILLE PA 601 DEMPSEY RD, WESTERVILLE, OH 43081 USA SN 0017-467X J9 GROUND WATER JI Ground Water PD SEP-OCT PY 1999 VL 37 IS 5 BP 729 EP 735 DI 10.1111/j.1745-6584.1999.tb01165.x PG 7 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Geology; Water Resources GA 231HX UT WOS:000082303500014 PM 19125926 ER PT J AU Granato, GE Smith, KP AF Granato, GE Smith, KP TI Robowell: An automated process for monitoring ground water quality using established sampling protocols SO GROUND WATER MONITORING AND REMEDIATION LA English DT Article ID WELLS; FLOW; FREQUENCY; BIAS AB Robowell is an automated process for monitoring selected ground water quality properties and constituents by pumping a well or multilevel sampler. Robowell was developed and tested to provide a cost-effective monitoring system that meets protocols expected for manual sampling. The process uses commercially available electronics, instrumentation, and hardware, so it can be configured to monitor ground water quality using the equipment, purge protocol, and monitoring well design most appropriate for the monitoring site and the contaminants of interest. A Robowell prototype was installed on a sewage-treatment plant infiltration bed that overlies a well-studied unconfined sand and gravel aquifer at the Massachusetts Military Reservation, Cape God, Massachusetts, during a time when two distinct plumes of constituents were released. The prototype was operated from May 10 to November 13, 1996, and quality-assurance/quality-control measurements demonstrated that the data obtained by the automated method was equivalent to data obtained by manual sampling methods using the same sampling protocols. Water level, specific conductance, pH, water temperature, dissolved oxygen, and dissolved ammonium were monitored by the prototype as the wells were purged according to U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) ground water sampling protocols. Remote access to the data record, via phone modem communications; indicated the arrival of each plume over a few days and the subsequent geochemical reactions over the following weeks. Real-time availability of the monitoring record provided the information needed to initiate manual sampling efforts in response to changes in measured ground water quality, which proved the method and characterized the screened portion of the plume in detail through time. The methods and the case study described are presented to document the process for future use. C1 US Geol Survey, Div Water Resources, Northborough, MA 01532 USA. RP Granato, GE (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Div Water Resources, 10 Bearfoot Rd, Northborough, MA 01532 USA. NR 23 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 1 U2 1 PU GROUND WATER PUBLISHING CO PI WESTERVILLE PA 601 DEMPSEY RD, WESTERVILLE, OH 43081 USA SN 1069-3629 J9 GROUND WATER MONIT R JI Ground Water Monit. Remediat. PD FAL PY 1999 VL 19 IS 4 BP 81 EP 89 DI 10.1111/j.1745-6592.1999.tb00243.x PG 9 WC Water Resources SC Water Resources GA 258TA UT WOS:000083854200006 ER PT J AU Shanley, JB Chalmers, A AF Shanley, JB Chalmers, A TI The effect of frozen soil on snowmelt runoff at Sleepers River, Vermont SO HYDROLOGICAL PROCESSES LA English DT Article DE frozen soil; snowmelt; runoff; Vermont ID INFILTRATION; FROST AB Soil frost depth has been monitored at the Sleepers River Research Watershed in northeastern Vermont since 1984. Soil frost develops every winter, particularly in open fields, but its depth varies greatly from year to year in inverse relation to snow depth. During the 15 years of record at a benchmark mid-elevation open site, the annual maximum frost depth varied from 70 to 390 mm. We empirically tested the hypothesis that frozen soil prevents infiltration and recharge, thereby causing an increased runoff ratio (Streamflow/(rain + snowmelt)) during the snowmelt hydrograph rise and a decreased runoff ratio during snowmelt recession. The hypothesis was not supported at the 111 km(2) W-5 catchment; there was no significant correlation of the runoff ratio with the seasonal maximum frost depth for either the pre-peak or post-peak period. In an analysis of four events, however, the presence of frost promoted a large and somewhat quick:er response to rainfall relative to the no-frost condition, although snow cover caused a much greater time-to-peak regardless of frost status. For six years of flow and frost depth measured at the 59 ha agricultural basin W-2., the hypothesis appeared to be supported. The enhancement of runoff due to soil frost is evident on small plots and in extreme events, such as rain on frozen snow-free soil. In the northeastern USA and eastern Canada, the effect is often masked in larger catchments by several confounding factors, including storage of meltwater in the snowpack, variability in snowmelt timing due to elevational and aspect differences, interspersed forested land where frost may be absent, and the timing of soil thawing relative to the runoff peak. C1 US Geol Survey, Montpelier, VT 05601 USA. RP Shanley, JB (reprint author), US Geol Survey, POB 628, Montpelier, VT 05601 USA. NR 36 TC 82 Z9 92 U1 1 U2 28 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD PI W SUSSEX PA BAFFINS LANE CHICHESTER, W SUSSEX PO19 1UD, ENGLAND SN 0885-6087 J9 HYDROL PROCESS JI Hydrol. Process. PD SEP PY 1999 VL 13 IS 12-13 BP 1843 EP 1857 DI 10.1002/(SICI)1099-1085(199909)13:12/13<1843::AID-HYP879>3.0.CO;2-G PG 15 WC Water Resources SC Water Resources GA 240DH UT WOS:000082810200011 ER PT J AU Susong, D Marks, D Garen, D AF Susong, D Marks, D Garen, D TI Methods for developing time-series climate surfaces to drive topographically distributed energy- and water-balance models SO HYDROLOGICAL PROCESSES LA English DT Article DE snow; snowmelt; snowcover; energy balance; climate; modelling; topography; kriging; mountain; hydrology; hydrologic models ID INCOMING SOLAR-RADIATION; GRANDE RIVER BASIN; SNOW; TERRAIN; COVER AB Topographically distributed energy- and water-balance models can accurately simulate both the development and melting of a seasonal snowcover in the mountain basins. To do this they require time-series climate surfaces of air temperature, humidity, wind speed, precipitation, and solar and thermal radiation. If data are available, these parameters can be adequately estimated at time steps of one to three hours. Unfortunately, climate monitoring in mountain basins is very limited, and the full range of elevations and exposures that affect climate conditions, snow deposition, and melt is seldom sampled. Detailed time-series climate surfaces have been successfully developed using limited data and relatively simple methods. We present a synopsis of the tools and methods used to combine limited data with simple corrections for the topographic controls to generate high temporal resolution time-series images of these climate parameters. Methods used include simulations, elevational gradients, and detrended kriging. The generated climate surfaces are evaluated at points and spatially to determine if they are reasonable approximations of actual conditions. Recommendations are made for the addition of critical parameters and measurement sites into routine monitoring systems in mountain basins. C1 US Geol Survey, Salt Lake City, UT 84104 USA. RP Susong, D (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 1745 W 17005, Salt Lake City, UT 84104 USA. NR 34 TC 27 Z9 27 U1 0 U2 8 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD PI W SUSSEX PA BAFFINS LANE CHICHESTER, W SUSSEX PO19 1UD, ENGLAND SN 0885-6087 J9 HYDROL PROCESS JI Hydrol. Process. PD SEP PY 1999 VL 13 IS 12-13 BP 2003 EP 2021 DI 10.1002/(SICI)1099-1085(199909)13:12/13<2003::AID-HYP884>3.3.CO;2-B PG 19 WC Water Resources SC Water Resources GA 240DH UT WOS:000082810200021 ER PT J AU Meinertz, JR Schmidt, LJ Stehly, GR Gingerich, WH AF Meinertz, JR Schmidt, LJ Stehly, GR Gingerich, WH TI Liquid chromatographic determination of para-toluenesulfonamide in edible fillet tissues from three species of fish SO JOURNAL OF AOAC INTERNATIONAL LA English DT Article ID GILL AB Chloramine-T (N-sodium-N-chloro-p-toluene-sulfonamide) is a candidate therapeutic drug for treating bacterial gill disease, a predominant disease of a variety of fish species. Research has been initiated to obtain the U.S. Food and Drug Administration's (FDA) approval for the use of chloramine-T on a variety of fish species. An attribute of a therapeutic aquaculture drug that must be characterized before the FDA approves its use is depletion of the drug's marker residue (the drug's parent compound or metabolite of highest concentration in an edible tissue). para-Toluenesulfonamide (p-TSA) is the primary degradation product and marker residue for chloramine-T in rainbow trout. To conduct residue depletion studies for chloramine-T in fish, a robust analytical method sensitive and specific for p-TSA residues in edible fillet tissue from a variety of fish was required. Homogenized fillet tissues from rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss), walleye (Stizostedion vitreum), and channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) were fortified at nominal p-TSA concentrations of 17, 67, 200, 333, and 1000 ng/g. Samples were analyzed by isocratic reversed-phase liquid chromatography (LC) with absorbance detection at 226 nm. Mean recoveries of p-TSA ranged from 77 to 93.17%; relative standard deviations ranged from 1.5 to 14%; method quantitation limits ranged from 13 to 18 ng/g; and method detection limits ranged from 3.8 to 5.2 ng/g. The LC parameters produced p-TSA peaks without coelution of endogenous compounds and excluded chromatographic interference from at least 20 chemicals and drugs of potential use in aquaculture. C1 US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Upper Midwest Environm Sci Ctr, La Crosse, WI 54603 USA. RP Meinertz, JR (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Upper Midwest Environm Sci Ctr, 2630 Fanta Reed Rd, La Crosse, WI 54603 USA. NR 5 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 0 PU AOAC INTERNATIONAL PI GAITHERSBURG PA 481 NORTH FREDRICK AVE, STE 500, GAITHERSBURG, MD 20877-2504 USA SN 1060-3271 J9 J AOAC INT JI J. AOAC Int. PD SEP-OCT PY 1999 VL 82 IS 5 BP 1064 EP 1070 PG 7 WC Chemistry, Analytical; Food Science & Technology SC Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 239UU UT WOS:000082788700005 PM 10513008 ER PT J AU Sulak, KJ Clugston, JP AF Sulak, KJ Clugston, JP TI Recent advances in life history of Gulf of Mexico sturgeon, Acipenser oxyrinchus desotoi, in the Suwannee river, Florida, USA: a synopsis SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED ICHTHYOLOGY-ZEITSCHRIFT FUR ANGEWANDTE ICHTHYOLOGIE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 3rd International Symposium on Sturgeons (ISS) CY JUL 08, 1997-JUL 11, 1998 CL PIACENZO, ITALY SP ENEL, Regione Lombardia, Italian Minis Polit Agricole ID COLUMBIA RIVER; HABITAT USE; DOWNSTREAM; MIGRATION; SHORTNOSE AB Gulf sturgeon spawn on portions of three sites in the upper Suwannee River, which may appropriately be described as spawning reefs. The same areas me utilized from year to year. Habitat factors important in spawning site determination include gravel/cobble substrate. the presence of eddy fields, a neutral to slightly alkaline pH, and an empirically observed range in calcium ion content (6-18 mg/L Catt: corresponding to a conductivity range of 40-110 mu S). Eggs are deposited contagiously within a small area (< 10,000 m2) with very little scatter, suggesting little if any current drift. They are not found from samplers on immediately adjacent sand substrate. The broadcast spawner model does not seem to fit the Gulf sturgeon. Spawning begins 4-7 days after the March new moon, with water temperature above 17.0 oC, and extends for 9-23 days as discrete events involving individual females. Spawning may continue, if water temperature remains below 21-22oC. The total annual pool of spawning females in the Suwannee population is estimated at 80 individuals. Young of the year utilize open sand habitat away from shoreline and vegetated habitat. They disperse widely, and occur over freshwater reaches from rkm 10-237; no particular affinity with spring water habitat is evident. Larger Gulf sturgeon tend to congregate in deep holes serving as summer-fail holding areas. They fast and lose weight while remaining in freshwater: but more than compensate this loss during winter feeding in marine waters. The major downriver migration to the estuary takes place in October-November. After a period of river mouth staging, subadults and adults migrate into Gulf of Mexico nearshore mesohaIine waters. They move further out and into deeper water (> 3 m) when water temperatures drop in mid-December, but final destinations in mid-winter remain unknown. Age-2 through 6 juveniles remain in the river mouth estuary over winter. In late January through early February YOY migrate downriver for the first time, joining larger juveniles to overwinter and feed. Tag and recapture data yield a Suwannee River population of Gulf sturgeon estimated at 7,650 individuals, with an annual turnover rate of 16%. Based on stability in cumulative recapture rates from 1991-1998, population size is stable with an effective balance between recruitment and mortality. However, population structure is dynamic, controlled by the juxtaposition, conjunction, and summation of successive strong and weak year classes. Length/age frequency distributions for 1995 and 1998 populations censuses are very different The 1995 distribution is bimodal with a dominant mode of 9-14 year old subadults/adults, and a sub-dominant of mode of 2-4 year old juveniles. The 1998 distribution is trimodal, but overwhelmingly dominated by 6-9 year old subadults. Erosion by 1998 of the major subadult/adult mode from the 1995 census illustrates that large adults encounter the same high mortality as smaller fish. Ultimate adult size in the population has remained constant at 2.2 cm TL over 13 years, indicating a maximum life expectancy of 25 years for Suwannee River Gulf sturgeon. C1 US Geol Survey, Florida Caribbean Sci Ctr, Biol Resources Div, Gainesville, FL 32653 USA. RP Sulak, KJ (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Florida Caribbean Sci Ctr, Biol Resources Div, 7920 NW 71st St, Gainesville, FL 32653 USA. NR 48 TC 63 Z9 64 U1 5 U2 17 PU BLACKWELL WISSENSCHAFTS-VERLAG GMBH PI BERLIN PA KURFURSTENDAMM 57, D-10707 BERLIN, GERMANY SN 0175-8659 J9 J APPL ICHTHYOL JI J. Appl. Ichthyol.-Z. Angew. Ichthyol. PD SEP PY 1999 VL 15 IS 4-5 BP 116 EP 128 DI 10.1111/j.1439-0426.1999.tb00220.x PG 13 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 241VC UT WOS:000082903500029 ER PT J AU St Pierre, RA AF St Pierre, RA TI Restoration of Atlantic sturgeon in the northeastern USA with special emphasis on culture and restocking SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED ICHTHYOLOGY-ZEITSCHRIFT FUR ANGEWANDTE ICHTHYOLOGIE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 3rd International Symposium on Sturgeons (ISS) CY JUL 08, 1997-JUL 11, 1998 CL PIACENZO, ITALY SP ENEL, Regione Lombardia, Italian Minis Polit Agricole AB Stocks of anadromous Atlantic sturgeon (Acipenser oxyrhynchus) on the east coast of the United States are severely depleted due to past over-fishing and habitat loss and degradation. Ail commercial fisheries for this species are now closed and several state and federal agencies are investigating the use of cultured fish for stock replenishment. A breeding and stacking protocol was developed to address genetic concerns and to provide guidance for culture programs. Several thousand 3-month old cultured fingerling sturgeon were stocked in the Hudson River, New York, in 1994. Based on mark-recapture techniques. juvenile recoveries in 1995 and 1996 indicated that wild production was very weak in that river. In 1996, several thousand cultured and marked yearling sturgeon were stocked in the Nanticoke River in Maryland. Over the next 10 months, these fish grew well and became distributed throughout the Chesapeake Bay in Maryland and Virginia. The amount of useful information gained from these two examples of using cultured Atlantic sturgeon suggests a broader potential role. Without active intervention, such as a long-term commitment to using cultured fsh, some sturgeon stocks on the U.S. Atlantic Coast may be lost. C1 US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Harrisburg, PA 17102 USA. RP St Pierre, RA (reprint author), US Fish & Wildlife Serv, 1721 N Front St Room 105, Harrisburg, PA 17102 USA. NR 8 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 6 PU BLACKWELL WISSENSCHAFTS-VERLAG GMBH PI BERLIN PA KURFURSTENDAMM 57, D-10707 BERLIN, GERMANY SN 0175-8659 J9 J APPL ICHTHYOL JI J. Appl. Ichthyol.-Z. Angew. Ichthyol. PD SEP PY 1999 VL 15 IS 4-5 BP 180 EP 182 PG 3 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 241VC UT WOS:000082903500038 ER PT J AU Landsberg, JH Balazs, GH Steidinger, KA Baden, DG Work, TM Russell, DJ AF Landsberg, JH Balazs, GH Steidinger, KA Baden, DG Work, TM Russell, DJ TI The potential role of natural tumor promoters in marine turtle fibropapillomatosis SO JOURNAL OF AQUATIC ANIMAL HEALTH LA English DT Article ID OKADAIC ACID CLASS; PROTEIN PHOSPHATASE INHIBITOR; CHELONIA-MYDAS L; GREEN TURTLE; HAWAIIAN-ISLANDS; CALYCULIN-A; MOUSE SKIN; CELL-TRANSFORMATION; CHEMICAL COFACTORS; PROROCENTRUM-LIMA AB Fibropapillomatosis (FP) in green turtles Chelonia mydas is a debilitating, neoplastic disease that has reached worldwide epizootic levels. The etiology of FP is unknown but has been linked to oncogenic viruses. Toxic benthic dinoflagellates (Prorocentrum spp.) are not typically considered tumorigenic agents, yet they have a worldwide distribution and produce a tumor promoter, okadaic acid (OA). Prorocentrum spp. are epiphytic on macroalgae and seagrasses that are normal components of green turtle diets. Here we show that green turtles in the Hawaiian Islands consume Prorocentrum and that high-risk FP areas are associated with areas where P. lima and P. concavum are both highly prevalent and abundant. The presence of presumptive OA in the tissues of Hawaiian green turtles further suggests exposure and a potential role for this tumor promoter in the etiology of FP. C1 Florida Marine Res Inst, Florida Fish & Wildlife Conservat Commiss, St Petersburg, FL 33701 USA. Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Honolulu Lab, SW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. Univ Miami, Rosenstiel Sch Marine & Atmospher Sci, Marine & Freshwater Biomed Sci Ctr, Natl Inst Environm Hlth Sci, Miami, FL 33149 USA. US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Natl Wildlife Hlth Ctr, Honolulu Field Stn, Honolulu, HI 96850 USA. Univ Alaska SE, Dept Biol, Juneau, AK 99801 USA. RP Landsberg, JH (reprint author), Florida Marine Res Inst, Florida Fish & Wildlife Conservat Commiss, 100 8th Ave SE, St Petersburg, FL 33701 USA. EM landsberg.j@epic7.dep.state.fl.us RI Work, Thierry/F-1550-2015 OI Work, Thierry/0000-0002-4426-9090 NR 90 TC 40 Z9 43 U1 0 U2 9 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 325 CHESTNUT ST, SUITE 800, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 0899-7659 J9 J AQUAT ANIM HEALTH JI J. Aquat. Anim. Health PD SEP PY 1999 VL 11 IS 3 BP 199 EP 210 DI 10.1577/1548-8667(1999)011<0199:TPRONT>2.0.CO;2 PG 12 WC Fisheries; Veterinary Sciences SC Fisheries; Veterinary Sciences GA 316TT UT WOS:000087184700001 ER PT J AU Howe, GE Gingerich, WH Dawson, VK Olson, JJ AF Howe, GE Gingerich, WH Dawson, VK Olson, JJ TI Efficacy of hydrogen peroxide for treating saprolegniasis in channel catfish SO JOURNAL OF AQUATIC ANIMAL HEALTH LA English DT Article ID WINTER SAPROLEGNIOSIS AB Hatchery-reared fish and their eggs are commonly afflicted with saprolegniasis, a fungal disease that can cause significant losses in production. Fish culturists need safe and effective fungicides to minimize losses and meet production demands. The efficacy of hydrogen peroxide was evaluated for preventing or controlling mortality associated with saprolegniasis in channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus. Saprolegniasis was systematically induced in channel catfish so various therapies could be evaluated in a controlled laboratory environment. Both prophylactic and therapeutic hydrogen peroxide both treatments of 50, 100, and 150 mu L/L for 1 h were administered Every other day for seven total treatments. All untreated positive control fish died of saprolegniasis during the prophylactic and therapeutic tests. Hydrogen peroxide treatments of 150 mu L/L were harmful (relative to loa er concentrations) to test fish and resulted in 73-95CTo mortality. Mortality was attributed to a combination of abrasion, temperature, chemical treatment, and disease stressors. Treatments of 100 mu L/L were less harmful (relatively) but also appeared to contribute to mortality (60-79%). These treatments, however, significantly reduced the incidence of mortality and infection compared with those observed for fish of the positive control or 150-mu L/L treatment groups. Overall. treatments of 50 mu L/L were found to be the most safe and effective of these tested. Mortality with this concentration ranged from 16% in therapeutic tests to 41% in prophylactic tests. The statistical model employed estimated that the optimum treatment concentration for preventing or controlling mortality, reducing the incidence of infections, and enhancing the recovery of infected fish was 75 mu L H2O2/L. C1 US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Upper Midwest Environm Sci Ctr, La Crosse, WI 54603 USA. RP Howe, GE (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Upper Midwest Environm Sci Ctr, 2630 Fanta Reed Rd, La Crosse, WI 54603 USA. NR 16 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA SN 0899-7659 J9 J AQUAT ANIM HEALTH JI J. Aquat. Anim. Health PD SEP PY 1999 VL 11 IS 3 BP 222 EP 230 DI 10.1577/1548-8667(1999)011<0222:EOHPFT>2.0.CO;2 PG 9 WC Fisheries; Veterinary Sciences SC Fisheries; Veterinary Sciences GA 316TT UT WOS:000087184700003 ER PT J AU Cayan, DR Redmond, KT Riddle, LG AF Cayan, DR Redmond, KT Riddle, LG TI ENSO and hydrologic extremes in the western United States SO JOURNAL OF CLIMATE LA English DT Article ID NINO-SOUTHERN OSCILLATION; SEA-SURFACE TEMPERATURE; EL-NINO; LA-NINA; PRECIPITATION; STREAMFLOW; CLIMATE; VARIABILITY; PATTERNS; EVENTS AB Frequency distributions of daily precipitation in winter and daily stream flow from late winter to early summer, at several hundred sites in the western United States, exhibit strong and systematic responses to the two phases of ENSO. Most of the stream flows considered are driven by snowmelt. The Southern Oscillation index (SOI) is used as the ENSO phase indicator. Both modest (median) and larger (90th percentile) events were considered. In years with negative SOI values (El Nino), days with high daily precipitation and stream flow are more frequent than average over the Southwest and less frequent over the Northwest. During years with positive SOI values (La Nino), a nearly opposite pattern is seen. A more pronounced increase is seen in the number of days exceeding climatological 90th percentile values than in the number exceeding climatological 50th percentile values, for both precipitation and stream flow. Stream flow responses to ENSO extremes are accentuated over precipitation responses. Evidence suggests that the mechanism for this amplification involves ENSO-phase differences in the persistence and duration of wet episodes, affecting the efficiency of the process by which precipitation is converted to runoff. The SOI leads the precipitation events by several months,and hydrologic lags (mostly through snowmelt) delay the stream flow response by several more months. The combined 6-12-month predictive aspect of this relationship should be of significant benefit in responding to flood (or drought) risk and in improving overall water management in the western states. C1 Univ Calif San Diego, Scripps Inst Oceanog, Div Climate Res, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA. US Geol Survey, La Jolla, CA USA. Western Reg Climate Ctr, Reno, NV USA. RP Cayan, DR (reprint author), Univ Calif San Diego, Scripps Inst Oceanog, Div Climate Res, 9500 Gilman Dr,Dept 0224, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA. EM dcayan@ucsd.edu NR 35 TC 342 Z9 345 U1 2 U2 76 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0894-8755 J9 J CLIMATE JI J. Clim. PD SEP PY 1999 VL 12 IS 9 BP 2881 EP 2893 DI 10.1175/1520-0442(1999)012<2881:EAHEIT>2.0.CO;2 PG 13 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 237TP UT WOS:000082672400010 ER PT J AU Orem, WH Holmes, CW Kendall, C Lerch, HE Bates, AL Silva, SR Boylan, A Corum, M Marot, M Hedgman, C AF Orem, WH Holmes, CW Kendall, C Lerch, HE Bates, AL Silva, SR Boylan, A Corum, M Marot, M Hedgman, C TI Geochemistry of Florida Bay sediments: Nutrient history at five sites in eastern and central Florida Bay SO JOURNAL OF COASTAL RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE organic carbon in sediments; total nitrogen in sediments; total phosphorus in sediments; ecosystem history; The Everglades; Everglades National Park; carbon isotopes; nitrogen isotopes ID SEAGRASS THALASSIA-TESTUDINUM; NITROGEN; ABUNDANCE; DYNAMICS; RATIOS; CARBON; TRENDS AB Recent seagrass dieoff and massive microalgal blooms have focused attention on the health of the Florida Bay ecosystem. Changes in nutrient input and the nutrient dynamics of Florida Bay are hypothesized to be linked to these problems, but crucial baseline information is still lacking. Efforts to restore Florida Bay to its natural condition will require information on the nutrient history of the bay. The purpose of this study was to examine distributions of organic C, total N, and total P in carbonate sediments from sites of continuous and known sedimentation rate (Pb-210 and Cs-137 dated), in eastern and central Florida Bay. These sediments provide a record of historical changes in the C, N, and P load to the eastern and central bay. Analyses were conducted on sediments from cores collected at five sites, and on buried seagrass fragments at two sites. At three of the sites, sediments from seagrass-covered and adjacent barren areas were examined to determine differences in sedimentary geochemistry. Stable isotope analyses (delta(13)C and delta(15)N) of sedimentary organic C and total N and of buried seagrass fragments were also carried out at two sites to examine possible changes in nutrient sources to the estuary. Results were consistent with recent increases in N and P in eastern Florida Bay, beginning in the early to mid 1980's. The timing of the increase in nutrient load observed in the sediment data directly preceded the first observations of massive microalgal blooms and seagrass dieoff in Florida Bay in 1987. The observed nutrification was greater for P than N, and was most pronounced at the most northeasterly site sampled (Pass Key). Isotope data (delta(15)N) suggested that an increase in algal production accompanied the increase in N load at the Pass Key site. A long record of organic C, total N, and total P distributions fi om Whipray Basin in central Florida Bay showed historical peaks (mid 1700's and late 1800's) in organic C and total N, but not total P; these enrichments were nearly equivalent to recent inputs to the estuary. Barren areas were observed to have generally lower concentrations of organic C, total N, and total P in near surface sediments compared to seagrass-covered areas, but had generally similar concentrations in deeper sediments. This suggested that barren areas adjacent to seagrass-covered sites were places where relict sediment was physically transported and covered seagrass beds. This dataset provides an historical view of changes in nutrient inputs to Florida Bay, and baseline information needed for nutrient modeling of the bay. C1 US Geol Survey, Natl Ctr 956, Reston, VA 20192 USA. US Geol Survey, Coastal Ctr, St Petersburg, FL 33701 USA. US Geol Survey, Menlo Park, CA 94024 USA. RP Orem, WH (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Natl Ctr 956, Reston, VA 20192 USA. NR 42 TC 33 Z9 35 U1 2 U2 22 PU COASTAL EDUCATION & RESEARCH FOUNDATION PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH STREET, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0749-0208 J9 J COASTAL RES JI J. Coast. Res. PD FAL PY 1999 VL 15 IS 4 BP 1055 EP 1071 PG 17 WC Environmental Sciences; Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Physical Geography; Geology GA 251WX UT WOS:000083470300019 ER PT J AU Prager, EJ Halley, RB AF Prager, EJ Halley, RB TI The influence of seagrass on shell layers and Florida Bay mudbanks SO JOURNAL OF COASTAL RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE sedimentation; mollusc; carbonate sediments; seagrass; coastal processes; wave energy; deposition; erosion; accretion ID CARBONATE PRODUCTION; WATER; WAVE; SEDIMENTS; EVOLUTION; THALASSIA; BAHAMAS; ORIGIN; WIND AB Aerial photography indicates that sometime since the early 1970's, an emergent ridge of shell debris developed on a mudbank north of Calusa Key in Florida Bay. Coarse shell deposits on and within the Bay's shallow mudbanks are believed to be the product of transport during major storm events and subsequent winnowing. However, shell material from the ridge contains nuclear bomb C-14, supporting formation within the past 30 years and the last major hurricanes to influence Florida Bay were Donna and Betsy (1960 and 1965). Results from this study suggest that the Calusa ridge and other coarse shell deposits in Florida Bay can result from, 1) periodic seagrass mortality and wave-induced transport during frequent winter cold fronts and/or 2) mollusc blooms and subsequent burial. A survey of bottom types indicates that dense to intermediate beds of seagrass, mainly Thalassia testudinun (turtle grass), occur within the shallow basins of western Florida Bay and along the margins of Bay mudbanks. Wave measurements and modeling indicate that Thalassia along mudbank margins can reduce incoming wave energy by over 80%. Seagrass beds also host particularly dense populations of molluscs from periodic "blooms" and are believed to be the major source of coarse sediments in the Bay. Thus, if bank-edge seagrass dies, sediments, including shell debris, become exposed and subject to greatly increased wave energy. Modeling indicates that winds typical of winter cold fronts in South Florida can produce near-bottom velocities and shear stress at a grass-free bank edge which are sufficient to transport coarse carbonate grains. Shell layers found at depth in mudbank cores can also be explained by previous episodes of sediment accretion over mollusc-rich seagrass beds or grass bed mortality at the edge of a mudbank and shell transport during cold front passage. The latter implies that mortality of marginal seagrass beds has occurred throughout the history of Florida Bay and that the historical influence of hurricanes on sedimentation in the Bay may have been overestimated. C1 US Geol Survey, St Petersburg, FL 33701 USA. RP Prager, EJ (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 600 4th St S, St Petersburg, FL 33701 USA. NR 45 TC 23 Z9 23 U1 1 U2 6 PU COASTAL EDUCATION & RESEARCH FOUNDATION PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH STREET, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0749-0208 J9 J COASTAL RES JI J. Coast. Res. PD FAL PY 1999 VL 15 IS 4 BP 1151 EP 1162 PG 12 WC Environmental Sciences; Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Physical Geography; Geology GA 251WX UT WOS:000083470300027 ER PT J AU Pilkey, OH Thieler, ER Young, RS Bush, DM AF Pilkey, OH Thieler, ER Young, RS Bush, DM TI Reply to: Houston, Journal of Coastal Research, 15(4), Rejoinder to: Pilkey, O.H.; Thieler, E.R.; Young, R.S., and Bush, D.M., 1999. Reply to: Houston, 1999, Rejoinder to: Pilkey, O.H.; Young, R.S.; Thieler, E.R.; Jacobs, B.S.; Katuna, M.P.; Lennon, G. and Moeller, M.E., 1996. Discussion of Young, R.S.; Pilkey, O.H.; Bush, D.M., and Thieler, E.R., 1996. SO JOURNAL OF COASTAL RESEARCH LA English DT Editorial Material ID SHORELINE CHANGE GENESIS; GENERALIZED-MODEL C1 Duke Univ, Div Earth & Ocean Sci, Program Study Dev Shorelines, Durham, NC 27708 USA. US Geol Survey, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. Western Carolina Univ, Dept Geosci, Cullowhee, NC 28723 USA. State Univ W Georgia, Dept Geol, Carrollton, GA 30118 USA. RP Pilkey, OH (reprint author), Duke Univ, Div Earth & Ocean Sci, Program Study Dev Shorelines, Durham, NC 27708 USA. NR 7 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 3 PU COASTAL EDUCATION & RESEARCH FOUNDATION PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH STREET, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0749-0208 J9 J COASTAL RES JI J. Coast. Res. PD FAL PY 1999 VL 15 IS 4 BP 1179 EP 1180 PG 2 WC Environmental Sciences; Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Physical Geography; Geology GA 251WX UT WOS:000083470300030 ER PT J AU Verstraeten, IM Soenksen, PJ Engel, GB Miller, LD AF Verstraeten, IM Soenksen, PJ Engel, GB Miller, LD TI Determining travel time and stream mixing using tracers and empirical equations SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY LA English DT Article AB Water-supply managers need adequate warning to protect water supplies if a contaminant is spilled in an upgradient tributary. The city of Lincoln draws water from alluvium associated with the Platte River near Ashland, eastern Nebraska. Using constant-rate injection methods and a conservative tracer, travel time and degree of mixing of contaminants in the Elkhorn and Platte Rivers were evaluated in 1995 and 1996. The results indicate that, for flow's of 584 to 162 m(3)/s in the Platte River at Ashland with 13 to 28% of its flow contributed by the Elkhorn River, 8.2 to 13.2 h are required for the leading edge of a chemical plume to travel from the Elkhorn River at Waterloo to the Platte River at Ashland. The peak concentration of a chemical spilled as a slug in the Elkhorn River near Waterloo would pass the well field after 11.3 to 16.1 h, Existing empirical equations for calculation of travel time were shown to apply to reaches of streams studied, but underestimated the leading edge up to 14% and overestimated the plateau concentration up to 11% at Site 5. However, time of travel may be influenced by the relative contribution of a tributary, The plateau concentration of the chemical in the Platte River at Ashland was 45 to 60% of its concentration in the Elkhorn River. The degree of mixing of the tracer in the Platte River at Ashland increased from 53 to 65% as the relative contribution of the Elkhorn River increased. C1 US Geol Survey, Lincoln, NE 68508 USA. RP Verstraeten, IM (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Room 406 Fed Bldg,100 Centennial Mall, Lincoln, NE 68508 USA. NR 11 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0047-2425 J9 J ENVIRON QUAL JI J. Environ. Qual. PD SEP-OCT PY 1999 VL 28 IS 5 BP 1387 EP 1395 PG 9 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 235QF UT WOS:000082553500001 ER PT J AU Verstraeten, IM Carr, JD Steele, GV Thurman, EM Bastian, KC Dormedy, DF AF Verstraeten, IM Carr, JD Steele, GV Thurman, EM Bastian, KC Dormedy, DF TI Surface water-ground water interaction: Herbicide transport into municipal collector wells SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY LA English DT Article ID LINKED-IMMUNOSORBENT-ASSAY; SOLID-PHASE EXTRACTION; ATRAZINE; AQUIFER AB During spring runoff events, herbicides in the Platte River are transported through an alluvial aquifer into collector wells located on an island in the river in 6 to 7 d. During two spring runoff events in 1995 and 1996, atrazine [ 2-chloro-4-ethylamino-6-isopropylamino-s-triazine] concentrations in water from these vc;ells reached approximately 7 mu g/L, 70 times more than the background concentration in ground water, Concentrations of herbicides and metabolites in the collector wells generally were one-half to one-fifth the concentrations of herbicides in the river for atrazine, alachlor [2-chloro-2'-6'-diethyl-N-(methoxymethyl)-acetanilide], alachlor ethane-sulfonic acid (ESA) [2-((2,6-diethylphenyl) (methoxymethyl)amino)-2-oxoethane-sulfonic acid], metolachlor [2-chloro-N-(2-ethyl-6-methylphenyl)-N-( oxy-1-methylethyl) acetamide], cyanazine [2-((4-chloro-6-(ethylamino)-1,3,5 triazin-2-yl)-amino)-2-methylpropionitrile], and acetochlor [2-chloro-N-(ethoxymethyl)-N-(2-ethyl-6methyl-phenyl) acetamide], suggesting that 20 to 50% river water could be present in the water from the collector wells, assuming no degradation, The effect of the river on the quality of water from the collector wells can be reduced through selective management of horizontal laterals of the collector wells, The quality of the water from the collector wells is dependent on the (i) selection of the collector well used, (ii) number and selection of laterals used, (iii) chemical characteristics of the contaminant, and (iv) relative mixing of the Platte River and a major upstream tributary. C1 US Geol Survey, Lincoln, NE 68508 USA. Univ Nebraska, Dept Chem, Lincoln, NE 68588 USA. US Geol Survey, Lawrence, KS 66049 USA. RP Verstraeten, IM (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 100 Centennial Mall N, Lincoln, NE 68508 USA. RI Thurman, Earl/B-5131-2011; OI Bastian, K. Chad/0000-0001-7999-0630 NR 22 TC 20 Z9 21 U1 0 U2 7 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0047-2425 J9 J ENVIRON QUAL JI J. Environ. Qual. PD SEP-OCT PY 1999 VL 28 IS 5 BP 1396 EP 1405 PG 10 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 235QF UT WOS:000082553500002 ER PT J AU Nolan, BT AF Nolan, BT TI Nitrate behavior in ground waters of the southeastern USA SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY LA English DT Article ID COASTAL-PLAIN; DENITRIFICATION; MARYLAND; RISK AB Principal components analysis (PCA) was performed with water-quality data from studies conducted during 1993 to 1995 to explore potential nitrate-attenuation processes in ground waters of the southeastern USA, Nitrate reduction is an important attenuation process in selected areas of the Southeast, A nitrate-reduction component explains 23% of the total variance in the data and indicates that nitrate and dissolved oxygen (DO) are inversely related to ammonium, iron, manganese, and dissolved organic carbon (DOC), Additional components extracted by PCA include calcite dissolution (18% of variance explained) and phosphate dissolution (9% of variance explained). Reducing conditions in ground waters of the region influence nitrate behavior through bacterially mediated reduction in the presence of organic matter, and by inhibition of nitrate formation in anoxic ground water beneath forested areas. Component scores are consistent with observed water-quality conditions in the region. For example, median nitrate concentration in ground-water samples from the Albemarle-Pamlico Drainage Basin (ALBE) Coastal Plain is <0.05 mg L-1, median DOC concentration is 4.2 mg L-1, and median DO concentration is 2.1 mg L-1, consistent with denitrification. Nitrate reduction does not occur uniformly throughout the Southeast. Median DO concentrations in ground-water samples from the Apalachicola-Chattahoochee-Flint River Basin (ACFB) are 6.2 to 7.1 mg L-1, and median nitrate concentrations are 0.61 to 2.2 mg L-1, inconsistent with denitrification, Similarly, median DO concentration in samples from the Georgia-Florida Coastal Plain (GAFL) is 6.0 mg L-1 and median nitrate concentration is 5.8 mg L-1. C1 US Geol Survey, Natl Ctr 413, Reston, VA 20192 USA. RP Nolan, BT (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Natl Ctr 413, Reston, VA 20192 USA. NR 35 TC 30 Z9 32 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0047-2425 J9 J ENVIRON QUAL JI J. Environ. Qual. PD SEP-OCT PY 1999 VL 28 IS 5 BP 1518 EP 1527 PG 10 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 235QF UT WOS:000082553500017 ER PT J AU Wilkison, DH Blevins, DW AF Wilkison, DH Blevins, DW TI Observations on preferential flow and horizontal transport of nitrogen fertilizer in the unsaturated zone SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY LA English DT Article ID CLAYPAN SOIL; NITRATE AB A study site underlain by a claypan soil was instrumented to examine the transport of fertilizer nitrogen (N) under corn (Zea mays L) cultivation. The study was designed to examine N transport within the unsaturated zone and in interflow (the saturated flow of water on top of the claypan). A N-15-labeled fertilizer (labeled N), bromide (Br), and chloride (Cl) were used as field tracers, Rapid or prolonged infiltration events allowed water and dissolved solutes to perch on the claypan for brief periods. However, a well-developed network of preferential flow paths quickly diverted water and solutes through the claypan and into the underlying glacial till aquifer. Excess fertilizer N in the unsaturated zone supplied a continuous, but declining input of N to ground water for a period of lj mo after a single fertilizer application. Calculated solute velocities through the clagpan matrix (6.4 x 10(-6) cm s(-1)) were similar to horizontal transport rates along the claypan (3.5 to 7.3 x 10(-6) cm s(-1)) but much slower er than infiltration rates determined for preferential flow paths (1.67 x 10(-3) cm s(-1)). These flow paths accounted for 35% of the transport. A seasonally variable, dual mode of transport (matrix and preferential flow) prevented the claypan from being an effective barrier to vertical transport. Simulations of selected field observations, conducted using the viriably saturated two-dimensional flow and transport model, VS2DT, confirmed the presence of a dual now regime in the claypan. C1 US Geol Survey, Independence, MO 64050 USA. RP Wilkison, DH (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 301 W Lexington,Room 227,Fed Bldg, Independence, MO 64050 USA. NR 24 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 1 U2 5 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0047-2425 J9 J ENVIRON QUAL JI J. Environ. Qual. PD SEP-OCT PY 1999 VL 28 IS 5 BP 1568 EP 1580 PG 13 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 235QF UT WOS:000082553500022 ER PT J AU Hays, H Lima, P Monteiro, L DiCostanzo, J Cormons, G Nisbet, ICT Saliva, JE Spendelow, JA Burger, J Pierce, J Gochfeld, M AF Hays, H Lima, P Monteiro, L DiCostanzo, J Cormons, G Nisbet, ICT Saliva, JE Spendelow, JA Burger, J Pierce, J Gochfeld, M TI A nonbreeding concentration of Roseate and Common Terns in Bahia, Brazil SO JOURNAL OF FIELD ORNITHOLOGY LA English DT Article ID SURVIVAL; BIRDS AB We report recoveries of banded Roseate (Sterna dougallii) and Common (S. hirundo) Terns netted at Mangae Seco, Bahia, Brazil (11 degrees 27'S, 37 degrees 21'W). Mangue Seco is the first reported South American location where large numbers of Roseate Terns concentrate December-March, and where members of both the North American and Caribbean populations occur together during these months. A Roseate Tern recovered at Mangue Seco sets an age record of 25.6 years for the species. Recoveries at Mangue Seco of Common Terns banded in the Azores (37 degrees-38 degrees N, 25 degrees-29 degrees W) suggest there is a regular transatlantic movement by Common Terns between the two locations. C1 USGS, Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, Laurel, MD 20708 USA. Rutgers State Univ, Dept Biol Sci, Piscataway, NJ 08855 USA. Div Fish & Wildlife, St Thomas, VI USA. Univ Med & Dent New Jersey, Robert Wood Johnson Med Sch, Dept Environm Med, Piscataway, NJ 08854 USA. RP Hays, H (reprint author), USGS, Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, 11510 Amer Holly Dr, Laurel, MD 20708 USA. NR 23 TC 26 Z9 27 U1 1 U2 8 PU ASSOC FIELD ORNITHOLOGISTS PI STATESBORO PA GEORGIA SOUTHERN UNIV, DEPT BIOLOGY, STATESBORO, GA 30460-8042 USA SN 0273-8570 J9 J FIELD ORNITHOL JI J. Field Ornithol. PD FAL PY 1999 VL 70 IS 4 BP 455 EP 464 PG 10 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA 256JC UT WOS:000083721300001 ER PT J AU Wilson, RR AF Wilson, RR TI Sex determination of the Acadian Flycatcher using discriminant analysis SO JOURNAL OF FIELD ORNITHOLOGY LA English DT Article ID WING SHAPE; JUNCO AB I used five morphometric variables from 114 individuals captured in Arkansas to develop a discriminant model to predict the sex of Acadian Flycatchers (Empidonax virescens). Stepwise discriminant function analyses selected wing chord and tail length as the most parsimonious subset of variables for discriminating sex. This two-variable model correctly classified 80% of females and 97% of males used to develop the model. Validation of the model using 19 individuals from Louisiana and Virginia resulted in 100% correct classification of males and females. This model provides criteria for sexing monomorphic Acadian Flycatchers during the breeding season and possibly during the winter. C1 USGS, Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, Vicksburg, MS 39180 USA. RP Wilson, RR (reprint author), USGS, Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, 2524 S Frontage Rd,Suite C, Vicksburg, MS 39180 USA. NR 10 TC 6 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 2 PU ASSOC FIELD ORNITHOLOGISTS PI STATESBORO PA GEORGIA SOUTHERN UNIV, DEPT BIOLOGY, STATESBORO, GA 30460-8042 USA SN 0273-8570 J9 J FIELD ORNITHOL JI J. Field Ornithol. PD FAL PY 1999 VL 70 IS 4 BP 514 EP 519 PG 6 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA 256JC UT WOS:000083721300006 ER PT J AU Newman, SH Takekawa, JY Whitworth, DL Burkett, EE AF Newman, SH Takekawa, JY Whitworth, DL Burkett, EE TI Subcutaneous anchor attachment increases retention of radio transmitters on Xantus' and Marbled Murrelets SO JOURNAL OF FIELD ORNITHOLOGY LA English DT Article ID MALLARD DUCKLINGS; BEHAVIOR; DUCKS AB We modified a subcutaneous anchor attachment and achieved transmitter retention times that exceeded those reported previously for other attachments used on alcids. Traditional suture and epoxy attachment methods were used on Xantus' Murrelets in 1995 and 1996, while the modified attachment was used for Xantus' Murrelets in 1996 and 1997 and Marbled Murrelets in 1997. Modifications included use of an inhalant anesthetic, placing the anchor in a more cranial position on the back, application of marine epoxy, and place ment of a single subcutaneous non-absorbable suture at the caudal end of the radio to hold the radio in place initially. We located 22 of 56 (39%) Xantus' Murrelets radio-marked using suture and epoxy during aerial surveys in 1995 and 1996. Of birds radio-marked using the subcutaneous anchor attachment, we located 92 of 113 (81%) Xantus' Murrelets marked in 1996 and 1997 and all 28 (100%) Marbled Murrelets marked in 1997 during aerial surveys. The maximum confirmed duration for the subcutaneous anchor transmitter attachment was 51 d for Xantus' Murrelets and 78 d for Marbled Murrelets versus 41 d for the suture and epoxy attachment wed on Xantus' Murrelets. Recapture rates of radio-marked Xantus' Murrelets were similar to recapture rates of unmarked Xantus' Murrelets. Our post-release observations indicated negligible short-term physical effects from the attachment procedure, while telemetry data and examination of recaptured murrelets indicated no evidence of infection or other long-term physical effects. Breeding behavior of some murrelets was not disrupted; however, further evaluation of potential effects of this attachment technique on breeding and behavior is needed. C1 Univ Calif Davis, Sch Vet Med, Wildlife Hlth Ctr, Davis, CA 95616 USA. US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Western Ecol Res Ctr, San Francisco Bay Estuary Field Stn, Vallejo, CA 94592 USA. Calif Dept Fish & Game, Wildlife Management Div, Sacramento, CA 95814 USA. RP Newman, SH (reprint author), Univ Calif Davis, Sch Vet Med, Wildlife Hlth Ctr, Davis, CA 95616 USA. NR 43 TC 40 Z9 47 U1 2 U2 12 PU ASSOC FIELD ORNITHOLOGISTS PI STATESBORO PA GEORGIA SOUTHERN UNIV, DEPT BIOLOGY, STATESBORO, GA 30460-8042 USA SN 0273-8570 J9 J FIELD ORNITHOL JI J. Field Ornithol. PD FAL PY 1999 VL 70 IS 4 BP 520 EP 534 PG 15 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA 256JC UT WOS:000083721300007 ER PT J AU Hamon, TR Foote, CJ Brown, GS AF Hamon, TR Foote, CJ Brown, GS TI Use of female nest characteristics in the sexual behaviour of male sockeye salmon SO JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE spawning behaviour; mate search; mate choice; operational sex ratio; territory quality ID ONCORHYNCHUS-NERKA; MATE CHOICE; REPRODUCTIVE-BEHAVIOR; TERRITORY QUALITY; SPAWNING BEHAVIOR; LIFE; SELECTION; SUCCESS; TACTICS; SIZE AB On three island beaches in Iliamna Lake, Alaska, large numbers of male sockeye salmon gathered and spawned in artificial excavations that mimicked a female's nest immediately prior to spawning, while apparently ignoring the control site. The number of males attracted was correlated positively with changes in the operational sex ratio. In contrast, on the mainland beach examined, no reaction to the artificial nests was apparent. The results are discussed in terms of mate searching behaviour by males, the duration of the spawning period, and associated selection pressures on males to use characteristics of their environment that provide information on availability of females. (C) 1999 The Fisheries Society of the British Isles. C1 Malaspina Univ Coll, Dept Fisheries & Aquaculture, Nanaimo, BC V9R 5S5, Canada. Univ Washington, Sch Fisheries, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. US Geol Survey, Western Fisheries Res Ctr, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. RP Foote, CJ (reprint author), Malaspina Univ Coll, Dept Fisheries & Aquaculture, 900 5th St, Nanaimo, BC V9R 5S5, Canada. NR 34 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 1 U2 5 PU ACADEMIC PRESS LTD PI LONDON PA 24-28 OVAL RD, LONDON NW1 7DX, ENGLAND SN 0022-1112 J9 J FISH BIOL JI J. Fish Biol. PD SEP PY 1999 VL 55 IS 3 BP 459 EP 471 DI 10.1111/j.1095-8649.1999.tb00692.x PG 13 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 229KU UT WOS:000082194400001 ER PT J AU Hubert, WA AF Hubert, WA TI Standards for assessment of age and growth data for channel catfish SO JOURNAL OF FRESHWATER ECOLOGY LA English DT Article AB Standards for the assessment of age and growth data for channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) were developed using published data. A representative set of 102 studies of individual populations from across the geographic range of channel catfish was selected. Percentile values (5, 10, 25, 50, 75, 90, and 95(th)) were computed from the distribution of estimated mean total lengths for fish three to ten yeats old. This approach for development of standards to assess data from age and growth studies of fish is proposed for consideration in development of standards for other species in addition to channel catfish. C1 Univ Wyoming, US Geol Survey, Wyoming Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Laramie, WY 82071 USA. RP Hubert, WA (reprint author), Univ Wyoming, US Geol Survey, Wyoming Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Laramie, WY 82071 USA. NR 67 TC 16 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 3 PU OIKOS PUBL INC PI LA CROSSE PA PO BOX 2558, LA CROSSE, WI 54601 USA SN 0270-5060 J9 J FRESHWATER ECOL JI J. Freshw. Ecol. PD SEP PY 1999 VL 14 IS 3 BP 313 EP 326 DI 10.1080/02705060.1999.9663686 PG 14 WC Ecology; Limnology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 235GN UT WOS:000082534100006 ER PT J AU Longmire, JL Hahn, DC Roach, JL AF Longmire, JL Hahn, DC Roach, JL TI Low abundance of microsatellite repeats in the genome of the brown-headed cowbird (Molothrus ater) SO JOURNAL OF HEREDITY LA English DT Article ID DNA LIBRARIES; REPETITIVE ELEMENTS; EUKARYOTIC GENOMES; SEQUENCES; ORGANIZATION; IDENTIFICATION; POLYMORPHISMS; CONSTRUCTION; EVOLUTION; FREQUENCY AB A cosmid library made from brown-headed cowbird (Molothrus ater) DNA was examined for representation of 17 distinct microsatellite motifs including all possible mono-, di-, and trinucleotide microsatellites, and the tetranucleotide repeat (GATA)(n). The overall density of microsatellites within cowbird DNA was found to be one repeat per 89 kb and the frequency of the most abundant motif, (AGC), was once every 382 kb, The abundance of microsatellites within the cowbird genome is estimated to be reduced approximately 15-fold compared to humans, The reduced frequency of microsatellites seen in this study is consistent with previous observations indicating reduced numbers of microsatellites and other interspersed repeats in avian DNA. In addition to providing new information concerning the abundance of microsatellites within an avian genome, these results provide useful insights for selecting cloning strategies that might be used in the development of locus-specific microsatellite markers for avian studies. C1 Los Alamos Natl Lab, Genom Grp, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. US Geol Survey, Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, Laurel, MD USA. RP Longmire, JL (reprint author), Los Alamos Natl Lab, Genom Grp, MS-M880, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. EM longmire@telomere.lanl.gov NR 28 TC 7 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 2 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS INC PI CARY PA JOURNALS DEPT, 2001 EVANS RD, CARY, NC 27513 USA SN 0022-1503 J9 J HERED JI J. Hered. PD SEP-OCT PY 1999 VL 90 IS 5 BP 574 EP 578 DI 10.1093/jhered/90.5.574 PG 5 WC Evolutionary Biology; Genetics & Heredity SC Evolutionary Biology; Genetics & Heredity GA 248AX UT WOS:000083254100016 PM 10544500 ER PT J AU Falgueres, C Bahain, JJ Yokoyama, Y Arsuaga, JL de Castro, JMB Carbonell, E Bischoff, JL Dolo, JM AF Falgueres, C Bahain, JJ Yokoyama, Y Arsuaga, JL de Castro, JMB Carbonell, E Bischoff, JL Dolo, JM TI Earliest humans in Europe: the age of TD6 Gran Dolina, Atapuerca, Spain SO JOURNAL OF HUMAN EVOLUTION LA English DT Article DE Early Pleistocene; Gran Dolina; Atapuerca; combined U-series/ESR dating method ID SPIN-RESONANCE ESR; LOWER PLEISTOCENE; TOOTH-ENAMEL; U-SERIES; HOMINID; FRANCE; TEETH; SITE AB Hominid remains found in 1994 from the stratified Gran Dolina karst-filling at the Atapuerca site in NE Spain were dated to somewhat greater than 780 ka based on palaeomagnetic measurements, making these the oldest known hominids in Europe (sensu stricto). We report new ESR and U-series results on teeth from four levels of the Gran Dolina deposit which confirm the palaeomagnetic evidence, and indicate that TD6 (from which the human remains have been recovered) dates to the end of the Early Pleistocene. The results for the other levels are consistent with estimates based mainly on microfaunal evidence, and suggest that TD8, TD10 and TD11 date to the Middle Pleistocene. (C) 1999 Academic Press. C1 CNRS, Lab Prehist, Museum Natl Hist Nat, UMR 6569,Inst Paleontol Humaine, F-75013 Paris, France. Univ Complutense Madrid, Dept Paleontol, E-28040 Madrid, Spain. CSIC, Museo Nacl Ciencias Nat, E-28006 Madrid, Spain. Univ Rovira & Virgili, Fac Quim, Tarragona 43005, Spain. Univ Rovira & Virgili, Fac Lletres, Tarragona 43005, Spain. US Geol Survey, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. CEA, Lab Mesure Rayonnements Ionisants, F-91193 Gif Sur Yvette, France. RP Falgueres, C (reprint author), CNRS, Lab Prehist, Museum Natl Hist Nat, UMR 6569,Inst Paleontol Humaine, 1 Rue R Panhard, F-75013 Paris, France. RI Carbonell, Eudald/G-3003-2015 NR 34 TC 215 Z9 226 U1 1 U2 12 PU ACADEMIC PRESS LTD PI LONDON PA 24-28 OVAL RD, LONDON NW1 7DX, ENGLAND SN 0047-2484 J9 J HUM EVOL JI J. Hum. Evol. PD SEP-OCT PY 1999 VL 37 IS 3-4 BP 343 EP 352 DI 10.1006/jhev.1999.0326 PG 10 WC Anthropology; Evolutionary Biology SC Anthropology; Evolutionary Biology GA 236QT UT WOS:000082610600004 PM 10496991 ER PT J AU Fellows, DP Newton, WE AF Fellows, DP Newton, WE TI Prescribed fire effects on biological control of leafy spurge SO JOURNAL OF RANGE MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE Euphorbia esula; northern Great Plains; Aphthona nigriscutis; flea beetles AB The flea beetle, Aphthona nigriscutis Foudras, is a potentially useful agent for biological control of leafy spurge (Euphorbia esula L.) in grasslands devoted to wildlife conservation. However, effects of other grassland management practices on the persistence and dynamics of flea beetle populations are not well understood. We conducted small plot tests to evaluate 1) the effect of prerelease burning on establishment of A. nigriscutis colonies, and 2) the ability of established A. nigriscutis colonies to survive prescribed fire. More colonies established on plots that were burned prior to beetle release (83% establishment) than on unburned plots (37% establishment), possibly due to litter reduction and baring of the soil surface. However, most colonies established with the aid of fire did not survive past the first generation unless the habitat was otherwise suitable for the species, and we conclude that the primary benefit of prerelease burning is increased recruitment of A. nigriscutis during the first few generations. Established colonies were not harmed by burns in October and May, Both spring and fall burns resulted in an increase in leafy spurge stem density during the first growing season, but stem density declined to the preburn level by the second growing season. C1 US Geol Survey, No Prairie Wildlife Res Ctr, Jamestown, ND 58401 USA. RP Fellows, DP (reprint author), US Geol Survey, No Prairie Wildlife Res Ctr, 8711 37th St SE, Jamestown, ND 58401 USA. NR 17 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 2 U2 4 PU SOC RANGE MANAGEMENT PI LAKEWOOD PA 445 UNION BLVD, STE 230, LAKEWOOD, CO 80228-1259 USA SN 0022-409X J9 J RANGE MANAGE JI J. Range Manage. PD SEP PY 1999 VL 52 IS 5 BP 489 EP 493 DI 10.2307/4003776 PG 5 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Ecology SC Agriculture; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 240QU UT WOS:000082837300012 ER PT J AU Driscoll, DE Jackman, RE Hunt, WG Beatty, GL Driscoll, JT Glinski, RL Gatz, TA Mesta, RI AF Driscoll, DE Jackman, RE Hunt, WG Beatty, GL Driscoll, JT Glinski, RL Gatz, TA Mesta, RI TI Status of nesting Bald Eagles in Arizona SO JOURNAL OF RAPTOR RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE Bald Eagle; Haliaeetus leucocephalus; Arizona; nesting; population status; productivity; breeder turnover; subadult recruitment ID POPULATION-DYNAMICS; SOUTHEASTERN ALASKA; FOOD-HABITS; SURVIVAL; SASKATCHEWAN; MOVEMENTS; RAPTOR; RATES; EGGS; AGE AB A small, isolated population of Bald Eagles (Haliaeelus leucocephalus) breeds along the desert rivers of central Arizona. The extent to which it followed the continental pattern of decline during the DDT era cannot be known because of the paucity of data before 1970 but, from 1970-93 the number of known breeding pairs increased from two to 34. Some of this growth was an artifact of increased surveys, but much was real. During 1987-93, territory occupancy rate was 90%, a higher than normal value for the species, but nest success (45%) and productivity (0.69 young per occupied site, SE = 0.08) were lower than reported for other populations in the coterminous U.S. Much of the annual variation in nesting success and productivity resulted from heat stress and flooding, factors that impacted many breeding areas simultaneously. We recorded 41 breeder fatalities or replacements during 262 monitored breeder/years, and additional fatalities and replacements likely went unrecorded. If replacements equated to fatalities, estimated maximum annual breeder survival was 0.84 (95% C.I. 0.78-0.88), a lower value than elsewhere estimated. Of 131 monitored pairings during the seven pars of our research, 24 (18%) contained subadults. This higher than normal rate for Bald Eagles suggests a paucity of floaters (nonterritorial. adults), although other factors may be involved. Notwithstanding these suggestions of reduced demographic potential, a continuing upward trend in the number of territories is apparent. C1 Univ Calif Santa Cruz, Predatory Bird Res Grp, Long Marine Lab, Santa Cruz, CA 95060 USA. Arizona Game & Fish Dept, Phoenix, AZ 85203 USA. US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Phoenix, AZ 85021 USA. RP Driscoll, DE (reprint author), Univ Calif Santa Cruz, Predatory Bird Res Grp, Long Marine Lab, Santa Cruz, CA 95060 USA. NR 67 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 1 U2 5 PU RAPTOR RESEARCH FOUNDATION INC PI HASTINGS PA 14377 117TH STREET SOUTH, HASTINGS, MN 55033 USA SN 0892-1016 J9 J RAPTOR RES JI J. Raptor Res. PD SEP PY 1999 VL 33 IS 3 BP 218 EP 226 PG 9 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA 249VN UT WOS:000083354100004 ER PT J AU Pinkney, AE McGowan, PC Murphy, DR Lowe, TP Sparling, DW Meredith, WH AF Pinkney, AE McGowan, PC Murphy, DR Lowe, TP Sparling, DW Meredith, WH TI Effects of temephos (Abate (R) 4E) on fiddler crabs (Uca pugnax and Uca minax) on a delaware salt marsh SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MOSQUITO CONTROL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article DE fiddler crabs; temephos; cholinesterase; nontarget effects ID ORGANO-PHOSPHORUS; POPULATIONS; PERSISTENCE; INSECTICIDE; PESTICIDES; COMMUNITY; BEHAVIOR; TOXICITY; TEMEFOS; PONDS AB The nontarget effects of temephos (as Abate(R) 4E, 44.6% active ingredient) on fiddler crabs were examined on the salt marsh at Bombay Hook National Wildlife Refuge, near Dover, DE. Six 170 x 170-m plots were established; 3 were sprayed on 4 occasions at a rate of 1.5 fl oz/acre (0.054 kg active ingredient/ha) and 3 were controls. On each plot, marsh fiddler crab (Uca pugnax) populations were monitored by repeatedly counting the number of burrow holes in 2 counting areas marked out along tidal guts. One half of each counting area was covered with bird netting to evaluate sublethal toxic effects, which, if present, could result in increased susceptibility to bird predation. A statistically significant linear association was established between the number of holes and the number of crabs. No significant differences were found in the numbers of holes (or crabs) in the sprayed vs, control plots and in the covered vs. uncovered sections. However, survival of juvenile crabs in in situ bioassays was significantly reduced (16% lower) by the spraying. Median acetylcholinesterase activity in claw muscle of red-jointed fiddler crabs (Uca minax) collected 2 days after an operational spray with Abate 4E was significantly reduced (28% lower) compared to unsprayed crabs. In view of the toxicity to juvenile crabs and the cholinesterase inhibition, we recommend continued monitoring and research for nontarget impacts of Abate 4E on fiddler crabs to establish whether the reported level of cholinesterase inhibition results in acute or chronic toxicity. C1 US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Chesapeake Bay Field Off, Annapolis, MD 21401 USA. US Geol Survey, Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, Laurel, MD 20708 USA. Delaware Dept Nat Resources & Environm Control, Div Fish & Wildlife, Mosquito Control Sect, Dover, DE 19903 USA. RP Pinkney, AE (reprint author), US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Chesapeake Bay Field Off, 177 Admiral Cochrane Dr, Annapolis, MD 21401 USA. NR 19 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER MOSQUITO CONTROL ASSN INC PI LAKE CHARLES PA 2200 E PRIEN LAKE RD, LAKE CHARLES, LA 70601 USA SN 8756-971X J9 J AM MOSQUITO CONTR JI J. Am. Mosq. Control Assoc. PD SEP PY 1999 VL 15 IS 3 BP 321 EP 329 PG 9 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 231NK UT WOS:000082316500012 PM 10480123 ER PT J AU Waller, DL Gutreuter, S Rach, JJ AF Waller, DL Gutreuter, S Rach, JJ TI Behavioral responses to disturbance in freshwater mussels with implications for conservation and management SO JOURNAL OF THE NORTH AMERICAN BENTHOLOGICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Article DE behavior; conservation; disturbance; freshwater mussel; harvesting; proportional hazards model; proportional odds model; recovery; temperature; Unionidae ID NATIVE UNIONID BIVALVES; WATER MUSSELS; COMPLANATA MOLLUSCA; SURVIVAL; REGRESSION; PREDATION; ELLIPTIO; STRATEGY; INVASION; IMPACT AB Knowledge about the ability of freshwater unionid mussels to recover from physical disturbance is important to their conservation and management. Threatened species may be disturbed by relocation to refugia as a conservation measure,and some species are disturbed by size- and species-selective harvesting of shells for use in the production of cultured pearls. The activity of freshwater unionid mussels generally decreases with water temperature, but intra- and interspecific differences in the frequency and distribution of recovery behaviors following disturbances at specific water temperatures have not been previously quantified. We observed righting, moving, and burrowing behavior of 4 mussel species, Amblema plicata plicata, Potamilus alatus, Fusconaia flava, and Lampsilis cardium, at 3 water temperatures (7, 14 and 21 degrees C). The temporal frequency (intensity) and times-to-1st-event of behaviors were analyzed using proportional hazards models. Righting events and consecutive movements occurred at different intensities among temperatures and species. For righting, intensity increased by 8%/degrees C within the range of 7-21 degrees C. Subsequent movements increased in intensity by 10%/degrees C. Amblema plicata was the slowest to respond, and had an intensity of turning upright only 27% of that for P. alatus. The intensities of movements for A. plicata and E. flava were 16% of those for P. alatus. Lampsilis cardium righted themselves most quickly, and had an intensity of righting 124% of that for I! alatus. The distribution of the 3 behaviors among treatment groups at 1 wk was analyzed with a proportional odds model. The distribution of righting, moving, and burrowing 1 wk after disturbance was described entirely by high-order interactions in our proportional odds model. Therefore, that model revealed little interpretable pattern in the endpoint data and it was less sensitive than our analysis of time-to-event data for measuring the effects of disturbance. We attributed the difference in sensitivity between the 2 models to the greater information content of time-until-event data. For similar studies of occurrences of key events, times to events should be recorded and interpreted whenever feasible and consistent with study objectives, Our results suggest that water temperature has an important effect on the outcome of mussel conservation projects and commercial harvesting activities. Our modeling approach, applied to other species, could help guide decisions about which species can safely be disturbed and the optimal seasonal timing of those disturbances. C1 US Geol Survey, Upper Midw Environm Sci Ctr, La Crosse, WI 54603 USA. RP Gutreuter, S (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Upper Midw Environm Sci Ctr, 2630 Fanta Reed Rd, La Crosse, WI 54603 USA. NR 41 TC 31 Z9 32 U1 1 U2 18 PU NORTH AMER BENTHOLOGICAL SOC PI LAWRENCE PA 1041 NEW HAMSPHIRE STREET, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0887-3593 J9 J N AM BENTHOL SOC JI J. N. Am. Benthol. Soc. PD SEP PY 1999 VL 18 IS 3 BP 381 EP 390 DI 10.2307/1468451 PG 10 WC Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 258KG UT WOS:000083837900006 ER PT J AU Sovell, LA Vondracek, B AF Sovell, LA Vondracek, B TI Evaluation of the fixed-count method for Rapid Bioassessment Protocol III with benthic macroinvertebrate metrics SO JOURNAL OF THE NORTH AMERICAN BENTHOLOGICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID VARIABILITY; STREAM; RICHNESS C1 Univ Minnesota, Dept Fisheries & Wildlife, Minnesota Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. RP Vondracek, B (reprint author), Univ Minnesota, US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Minnesota Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, 1980 Folwell Ave, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. NR 17 TC 18 Z9 18 U1 1 U2 8 PU NORTH AMER BENTHOLOGICAL SOC PI LAWRENCE PA 1041 NEW HAMSPHIRE STREET, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0887-3593 J9 J N AM BENTHOL SOC JI J. N. Am. Benthol. Soc. PD SEP PY 1999 VL 18 IS 3 BP 420 EP 426 DI 10.2307/1468455 PG 7 WC Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 258KG UT WOS:000083837900010 ER PT J AU Wagner, BJ AF Wagner, BJ TI Evaluating data worth for ground-water management under uncertainty SO JOURNAL OF WATER RESOURCES PLANNING AND MANAGEMENT-ASCE LA English DT Article ID STEADY-STATE CONDITIONS; AQUIFER REMEDIATION; ENGINEERING DESIGN; REGULATORY POLICY; SAMPLING DESIGN; NETWORK DESIGN; TRACER TEST; CONTAMINATION; OPTIMIZATION; INFORMATION AB A decision framework is presented for assessing the value of ground-water sampling within the context of ground-water management under uncertainty. The framework couples two optimization models-a chance-constrained ground-water management model and an integer-programing sampling network design model-to identify optimal pumping and sampling strategies. The methodology consists of four steps: (1) The optimal ground-water management strategy for the present level of model uncertainty is determined using the chance-constrained management model; (2) for a specified data collection budget, the monitoring network design model identifies, prior to data collection, the sampling strategy that will minimize model uncertainty; (3) the optimal ground-water management strategy is recalculated on the basis of the projected model uncertainty after sampling; and (4) the worth of the monitoring strategy is assessed by comparing the value of the sample information-i.e., the projected reduction in management costs-with the cost of data collection. Steps 2-4 are repeated for a series of data collection budgets, producing a suite of management/monitoring alternatives, from which the best alternative can be selected. A hypothetical example demonstrates the methodology's ability to identify the ground-water sampling strategy with greatest net economic benefit for ground-water management. C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. RP Wagner, BJ (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 345 Middlefield Rd,MS409, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. NR 29 TC 34 Z9 35 U1 0 U2 2 PU ASCE-AMER SOC CIVIL ENGINEERS PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017-2398 USA SN 0733-9496 J9 J WATER RES PL-ASCE JI J. Water Resour. Plan. Manage.-ASCE PD SEP-OCT PY 1999 VL 125 IS 5 BP 281 EP 288 DI 10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9496(1999)125:5(281) PG 8 WC Engineering, Civil; Water Resources SC Engineering; Water Resources GA 226EF UT WOS:000082006800006 ER PT J AU Mulcahy, DM Esler, D AF Mulcahy, DM Esler, D TI Surgical and immediate postrelease mortality of harlequin ducks (Histrionicus histrionicus) implanted with abdominal radio transmitters with percutaneous antennae SO JOURNAL OF ZOO AND WILDLIFE MEDICINE LA English DT Article DE anesthesia; harlequin duck; Histrionicus histrionicus; radiotelemetry; transmitters ID WILD MALLARDS; SATELLITE TRANSMITTERS; CAPTIVE MALLARDS; REPRODUCTION; SURVIVAL; BEHAVIOR; DOVES; RATES AB Radiotelemetry is an essential tool in the study of free-ranging bird populations, and a variety of transmitter-attachment methods have been developed. A promising new method is abdominal implantation of a transmitter with a percutaneous antenna. Researchers using this technique should be concerned about and aware of mortality during surgery and during the immediate postrelease period (the 14-day period following surgery). Of 307 radio-implant surgeries performed between 1995 and 1997 in harlequin ducks (Histrionicus histrionicus), 7 (2.3%) deaths were documented during surgery or anesthetic recovery. Of 295 birds released with implanted radios, 10 (3.4%) died during the immediate postrelease period. Modifications to anesthetic procedures used in the 204 surgeries performed in 1996 and 1997 reduced mortality to 1.5% during surgery and 1.5% during the immediate postrelease period. Anesthetic modifications included intubation of all birds, placement of birds on all elevated platform that allowed the head to rest at a level lower than the body during surgery, placement of a heated water blanket under the birds during surgery, monitoring of body temperature, and use of electrocardiogram and Doppler ultrasound to monitor heart rates and arrhythmias. Low levels of mortality associated with abdominal implantation of radio transmitters may be unavoidable, but mortality can be minimized with adjustments to anesthetic technique. C1 US Geol Survey, Alaska Biol Sci Ctr, Anchorage, AK 99503 USA. RP Mulcahy, DM (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Alaska Biol Sci Ctr, 1011 E Tudor Rd, Anchorage, AK 99503 USA. NR 24 TC 65 Z9 65 U1 0 U2 6 PU AMER ASSOC ZOO VETERINARIANS PI MEDIA PA 6 NORTH PENNELL ROAD, MEDIA, PA 19063 USA SN 1042-7260 J9 J ZOO WILDLIFE MED JI J. Zoo Wildl. Med. PD SEP PY 1999 VL 30 IS 3 BP 397 EP 401 PG 5 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA 248BG UT WOS:000083255000010 PM 10572863 ER PT J AU Cronin, TM DeMartino, DM Dwyer, GS Rodriguez-Lazaro, J AF Cronin, TM DeMartino, DM Dwyer, GS Rodriguez-Lazaro, J TI Deep-sea ostracode species diversity: response to late Quaternary climate change SO MARINE MICROPALEONTOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 13th International Symposium on Ostracoda (ISO97) CY JUL, 1997 CL UNIV GREENWICH MEDWAY CAMPUS, KENT, ENGLAND HO UNIV GREENWICH MEDWAY CAMPUS DE paleoceanography; ostracodes; species diversity; deep-sea ID WESTERN NORTH-ATLANTIC; OCEAN CIRCULATION; BENTHIC FORAMINIFERA; ECOSYSTEM PROCESSES; ARCTIC-OCEAN; ICE-CORE; TEMPERATURE; PLIOCENE; SCALE; PALEOCEANOGRAPHY AB Late Quaternary ostracode assemblages from the North Atlantic Ocean were studied to establish the effect of climatic changes of the past 210,000 yr (marine oxygen isotope stages 7-1) on deep-sea benthic biodiversity and faunal composition. Two-hundred and twenty five samples from the Chain 82-24 Core 4PC (41 degrees 43'N, 32 degrees 51'W, 3427 m water depth) on the western Mid-Atlantic Ridge revealed high amplitude fluctuations in ostracode abundance and diversity coincident with orbital and suborbital scale climate oscillations measured by several paleoceanographic proxy records. During the past 210,000 yr, ostracode biodiversity as measured by species number (S) and the Shannon-Weaver index, H(S), oscillated from H(S) = 0.4 during glacial periods (marine isotope stages 6, 5d, 5b, 4, and 2) to H(S) = 1.1 during interglacial and interstadial periods (stages 7, 5e, 5c, 5a, 3 and 1). A total of 23 diversity peaks could be recognized. Eleven of these signify major periods of high diversity [H(S) > 0.8, S = 10-21] occurring every 15-20 ka. Twelve were minor peaks which may represent millennial-scale diversity oscillations. The composition of ostracode assemblages varies with Krithe-dominated assemblages characterizing glacial intervals, and Argilloecia-Cytheropteron characterizing deglacials, and trachyleberid genera (Poseidonamicus, Echinocythereis, Henryhowella, Oxycythereis) abundant during interglacials. Diversity and faunal composition changes can be matched to independent deep-sea paleoceanographic tracers such as benthic foraminiferal carbon isotopes, Krithe trace elements (Mg/Ca ratios), and to North Atlantic region climate records such as Greenland ice cores. When interpreted in light of ostracode species' ecology, these faunal and diversity patterns provide evidence that deep-sea benthic ecosystems experience significant reorganization in response to climate changes over orbital to millennial timescales. Published by Elsevier Science B.V. C1 US Geol Survey, Reston, VA 21092 USA. Duke Univ, Div Earth & Ocean Sci, Durham, NC 27708 USA. Univ Basque Country, Dept Paleontol, E-48080 Bilbao, Spain. RP Cronin, TM (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 955, Reston, VA 21092 USA. RI Rodriguez-Lazaro, Julio/F-8583-2016 OI Rodriguez-Lazaro, Julio/0000-0002-7437-6110 NR 48 TC 53 Z9 59 U1 1 U2 3 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0377-8398 J9 MAR MICROPALEONTOL JI Mar. Micropaleontol. PD SEP PY 1999 VL 37 IS 3-4 BP 231 EP 249 DI 10.1016/S0377-8398(99)00026-2 PG 19 WC Paleontology SC Paleontology GA 242BB UT WOS:000082917400002 ER PT J AU Jones, L Whatley, RC Cronin, TM Dowsett, HJ AF Jones, L Whatley, RC Cronin, TM Dowsett, HJ TI Reconstructing late Quaternary deep-water masses in the eastern Arctic Ocean using benthonic Ostracoda SO MARINE MICROPALEONTOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 13th International Symposium on Ostracoda (ISO97) CY JUL, 1997 CL UNIV GREENWICH MEDWAY CAMPUS, KENT, ENGLAND HO UNIV GREENWICH MEDWAY CAMPUS DE deep-water Ostracoda; Arctic Ocean; palaeoceanography; statistical analyses ID QUANTITATIVE-ANALYSIS; NORTH-ATLANTIC; PLIOCENE; PALEOCEANOGRAPHY; SEDIMENTATION; PLEISTOCENE; ANALOGS; SEA AB The distribution of Ostracoda in three long cores from the deep eastern Arctic Ocean was studied to determine the palaeoceanographical history of the Eurasian Basin during the late Quaternary. The samples for this study were obtained from the Lomonosov Ridge, Morris Jesup Rise and Yermak Plateau during the Arctic 91 expedition. Ostracoda previously studied in coretops at the same sites as the present study have shown that individual species have a strong association with different water masses and bathymetry. Throughout the late Quaternary, cores exhibit ostracod-rich layers separated by barren intervals. On the basis of biostratigraphical, isotopic and palaeomagnetic data the fossiliferous levels are interpreted as representing interglacial stages. The twenty most significant species were selected for subsequent quantitative investigation using Cluster and Factor analyses, in order to determine similarity and variance between the assemblages. An additional statistical method employing Modern Analogues and the Squared Chord Distance dissimilarity coefficient was utilised to compare the present late Quaternary fossil samples with a modern Arctic database. The results reveal a major faunal division within the Arctic Ocean Deep Water (AODW). Highly abundant and diverse assemblages within the cores were found to group and have good analogues with the Recent bathyal depth (1000-2500 m) upper AODW assemblages. Conversely, assemblages with low abundance and diversity correlate well with abyssal depth (>3000 m) lower AODW assemblages. The palaeoceanographical history is complicated by the influence of adjacent water masses such as Canada Basin Deep Water (CBDW), Greenland Sea Deep Water (GSDW) and most importantly, Arctic Intermediate Water (AIW), which all had an influence on the ostracod assemblages during the late Quaternary. An enhanced flow of warm saline AIW into the Eurasian Basin results in species-rich upper AODW assemblages having good analogues down to 2750 m in the water column. In contrast, lower AODW assemblages influenced by cold well-oxygenated GSDW give analogues at depths as shallow as 1000 m. The faunal changes are the consequence of rapid climatic fluctuations in the eastern Arctic Ocean during the late Quaternary that are intrinsically linked to palaeoceanographical alternations in warm and cold current inflow from adjacent basins. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Wales, Inst Earth Studies, Aberystwyth SY23 3DB, Dyfed, Wales. US Geol Survey, Reston, VA 22092 USA. RP Jones, L (reprint author), Univ Wales, Inst Earth Studies, Llandinam Bldg, Aberystwyth SY23 3DB, Dyfed, Wales. OI Dowsett, Harry/0000-0003-1983-7524 NR 38 TC 29 Z9 30 U1 0 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0377-8398 J9 MAR MICROPALEONTOL JI Mar. Micropaleontol. PD SEP PY 1999 VL 37 IS 3-4 BP 251 EP 272 DI 10.1016/S0377-8398(99)00022-5 PG 22 WC Paleontology SC Paleontology GA 242BB UT WOS:000082917400003 ER PT J AU Bennett, JP AF Bennett, JP TI US Geological Survey measurement programs and models pertinent to ocean and coastal prediction modeling SO MARINE TECHNOLOGY SOCIETY JOURNAL LA English DT Editorial Material ID CALIFORNIA; ESTUARY C1 US Geol Survey, Denver, CO 80225 USA. RP Bennett, JP (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Box 25046, Denver, CO 80225 USA. NR 13 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU MARINE TECHNOLOGY SOC INC PI WASHINGTON PA C/O I CLAYION MATTHEWS, 1828 L ST, NW, 9TH FL, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0025-3324 J9 MAR TECHNOL SOC J JI Mar. Technol. Soc. J. PD FAL PY 1999 VL 33 IS 3 BP 88 EP 92 PG 5 WC Engineering, Ocean; Oceanography SC Engineering; Oceanography GA 255AY UT WOS:000083648400010 ER PT J AU Golet, GH Irons, DB AF Golet, GH Irons, DB TI Raising young reduces body condition and fat stores in black-legged kittiwakes SO OECOLOGIA LA English DT Article DE birds; body condition; cost of reproduction; fat; TOBEC ID ELECTRICAL-CONDUCTIVITY TOBEC; CONDITION INDEXES; LIVE BIRDS; TRITIATED-WATER; BREEDING BIRDS; MASS CHANGE; LEAN MASS; VALIDATION; LIPIDS; SIZE AB We conducted a manipulative experiment to investigate how raising chicks affects the body condition (body mass scaled by body size) and body composition (percent fat vs. lean mass) of black-legged kittiwakes (Rissa tridactyla). For 4 consecutive years (1991-1994) we removed eggs from randomly selected nests and then compared adults raising chicks with adults that had their eggs removed. At the end of the chick-rearing period, adults raising chicks were significantly lighter for their size than adults that had their eggs removed. Adults raising chicks also had a significantly lower percent body fat (by 28%) than adults from manipulated nests. The difference in percent body fat between the two groups was apparent at all levels of condition, suggesting that adults that are raising chicks apportion their reserves differently than adults that are working only to meet their own metabolic needs. End-of-season body condition of adults from manipulated and unmanipulated nests varied signi ficantly among 5 years of study, and appeared to reflect differences in local foraging conditions. In all years, females were in worse condition than males at the end of the breeding season. This sex-specific condition difference did not, however, appear to indicate a greater short-term reproductive cost among females. Females were lighter for their size than males in both the manipulated and unmanipulated groups. Our results suggest that adult kittiwakes compromise their body condition and body composition during chick rearing to increase the likelihood of successfully fledging young, even though such adjustments may decrease their own post-reproductive survival probabilities. Prior to estimating the body composition of the experimental birds, we evaluated the usefulness of several noninvasive techniques for predicting fat mass in kittiwakes. We used cross-validation techniques to compare multiple regression models that included total body electrical conductivity (TOBEC), total body water (TBW), and morphometric measurements as independent variables. The most parsimonious model for predicting fat mass was based on TOBEC and mass measurements. TBW and morphometrics were of little utility in predicting fat mass in kittiwakes. Previous studies that have evaluated the usefulness of TOBEC as a predictor of fat mass have shown mixed results. We suggest that the size of the experimental subject relative to the size of the TOBEC measurement chamber may affect the accuracy of this technique. C1 US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Anchorage, AK 99503 USA. RP Golet, GH (reprint author), Univ Calif Santa Cruz, Dept Biol, Santa Cruz, CA 95064 USA. NR 66 TC 64 Z9 65 U1 2 U2 18 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0029-8549 J9 OECOLOGIA JI Oecologia PD SEP PY 1999 VL 120 IS 4 BP 530 EP 538 DI 10.1007/s004420050887 PG 9 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 241AJ UT WOS:000082858900008 PM 28308303 ER PT J AU Ferreira, LV Stohlgren, TJ AF Ferreira, LV Stohlgren, TJ TI Effects of river level fluctuation on plant species richness, diversity, and distribution in a floodplain forest in Central Amazonia SO OECOLOGIA LA English DT Article DE Amazonia; flooding period; species richness; diversity; landscape heterogeneity ID FLORISTIC COMPOSITION; INUNDATION; DYNAMICS AB River levels in Central Amazonia fluctuate up to 14 m annually, with the flooding period ranging from 50 to 270 days between the rising and falling phases. Vast areas of forest along the rivers contain plant species that are well adapted to annual flooding. We studied the effect of flooding level on tree species richness, diversity, density, and composition in lake, river, and stream habitats in Ja ir National Park, Brazil. 3051 trees >10 cm diameter (at 1.3 m diameter at breast height, dbh) were measured and identified in 25 10 m x 40 m randomly selected plots in each habitat. Ordination methods and analysis of variance results sheared that forested areas near lakes had significantly lower species richness of trees than riverine and streamside habitats. Plot. species richness and diversity were strongly negatively correlated with, the water level and duration of flooding. The drier (stream) habitat had more total species (54 species of trees) and more unique species of trees (6 tree species) than the riverine (52 tree species; 3 unique species) and lake (33 tree species; 3 unique species) habitats. Species composition overlap among habitats was surprisingly high (42.6-60.6% overlap), almost one-third of the species were found in all three habitat types, and few species were unique to each habitat. We conclude that: (1) duration of flooding has a strong impact on species richness, diversity and plant distribution patterns; (2) most species are adapted to a wide range of habitats and flood durations; and (3) while flood duration may decrease local diversity, it also creates and maintains high landscape-scale diversity by increasing landscape heterogeneity. C1 Inst Nacl Pesquisas Amazonia, Biol Dynam Forest Fragments Project, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil. Colorado State Univ, Nat Resource Ecol Lab, US Geol Survey,Biol Resources Div, Midcontinent Ecol Sci Ctr, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. RP Ferreira, LV (reprint author), WWF, Fundo Mundial Natureza, SHIS EQ QL 06-08, BR-71620430 Brasilia, DF, Brazil. NR 37 TC 62 Z9 82 U1 1 U2 14 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0029-8549 J9 OECOLOGIA JI Oecologia PD SEP PY 1999 VL 120 IS 4 BP 582 EP 587 DI 10.1007/s004420050893 PG 6 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 241AJ UT WOS:000082858900014 PM 28308309 ER PT J AU Rodriguez-Lazaro, J Cronin, TM AF Rodriguez-Lazaro, J Cronin, TM TI Quaternary glacial and deglacial Ostracoda in the thermocline of the Little Bahama Bank (NW Atlantic): palaeoceanographic implications SO PALAEOGEOGRAPHY PALAEOCLIMATOLOGY PALAEOECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Ostracoda; North Atlantic; thermocline; Quaternary; migrations; palaeoceanography ID NORTH-ATLANTIC; DEEP-WATER; KRITHE PROBLEM; GENUS KRITHE; CIRCULATION; TEMPERATURE; OCEAN; SEA; PARAKRITHE; CRUSTACEA AB We determined faunal and oceanographic changes during the last glacial and deglacial in the Providence Channel, Little Bahama Bank (LBB), using modern ocean (from LBB, Florida-Hatteras Slope and Blake Plateau, western North Atlantic) and late Quaternary (LBB) distributions of the benthic ostracode genus Krithe from the mid-depth (300-1600 m) subtropical North Atlantic Ocean. Nine species of Krithe are limited in their bathymetric distribution by warm bottom water temperatures (or a temperature-related parameter) in the thermocline of the modern Atlantic. During the last glacial interval in the northwest Providence Channel of the Little Bahama Bank, five species of Kithe (K. aequabilis, K. dolichodeira, K. gr. minima, K.-reversa acid K. trinidadensis) migrated upslope; conversely, during the deglaciation, most Krithe species migrated downslope, re-occupying their deeper niches. These vertical species migrations are attributed to decreased glacial bottom water temperatures and perhaps increased dissolved oxygen during the last glacial and warmer water temperatures during the deglacial. Based upon thermal values of recent depth ranges of selected species of Krithe, we estimate that glacial waters cooled about 4 degrees C (shallower than 900 m) and about 2 degrees C (deeper than 900 m) and deglacial waters warmed about the same values in shallow and mid-depth water masses, comparing to modern temperatures. The discovery of common Halocypris, a mesopelagic ostracode, in Little Bahama Bank glacial and deglacial sediments also suggests greater oxygenation relative to the late Holocene. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Basque Country, EHU, E-48080 Bilbao, Spain. US Geol Survey, Reston, VA 22092 USA. RP Rodriguez-Lazaro, J (reprint author), Univ Basque Country, EHU, Apartado 644, E-48080 Bilbao, Spain. EM gpprolaj@lg.ehu.es RI Rodriguez-Lazaro, Julio/F-8583-2016 OI Rodriguez-Lazaro, Julio/0000-0002-7437-6110 NR 54 TC 16 Z9 21 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0031-0182 EI 1872-616X J9 PALAEOGEOGR PALAEOCL JI Paleogeogr. Paleoclimatol. Paleoecol. PD SEP 1 PY 1999 VL 152 IS 3-4 BP 339 EP 364 DI 10.1016/S0031-0182(99)00048-6 PG 26 WC Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Paleontology SC Physical Geography; Geology; Paleontology GA 236BJ UT WOS:000082578100008 ER PT J AU Loveland, TR Estes, JE Scepan, J AF Loveland, TR Estes, JE Scepan, J TI Global land cover mapping and validation - Foreword SO PHOTOGRAMMETRIC ENGINEERING AND REMOTE SENSING LA English DT Editorial Material C1 US Geol Survey, EROS Data Ctr, Sioux Falls, SD USA. Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Dept Geog, Remote Sensing Res Unit, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA. RP Loveland, TR (reprint author), US Geol Survey, EROS Data Ctr, Sioux Falls, SD USA. NR 0 TC 9 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER SOC PHOTOGRAMMETRY PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 210, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2160 USA SN 0099-1112 J9 PHOTOGRAMM ENG REM S JI Photogramm. Eng. Remote Sens. PD SEP PY 1999 VL 65 IS 9 BP 1011 EP 1012 PG 2 WC Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Physical Geography; Geology; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA 234LP UT WOS:000082486400004 ER PT J AU Loveland, TR Zhu, ZL Ohlen, DO Brown, JF Reed, BC Yang, LM AF Loveland, TR Zhu, ZL Ohlen, DO Brown, JF Reed, BC Yang, LM TI An analysis of the IGBP global land-cover characterization process SO PHOTOGRAMMETRIC ENGINEERING AND REMOTE SENSING LA English DT Article ID SATELLITE DATA; AVHRR DATA; UNITED-STATES; DATA SET; CLASSIFICATION; VEGETATION; PARAMETERS; AMERICA; MODELS AB The International Geosphere Biosphere Programme (IGBP) has called for the development of improved global land-cover data for use in increasingly sophisticated global environmental models. To meet this need, the staff of the U.S. Geological Survey and the University of Nebraska-Lincoln developed and applied a global land-cover characterization methodology using 1992-1993 1-km resolution Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) and other spatial data. The methodology based on unsupervised classification with extensive postclassification refinement, yielded a multi-layer database consisting of eight land-cover data sets, descriptive attributes, and source data. An independent IGBP accuracy assessment reports a global accuracy of 73.5 percent, and continental results vary from 63 percent to 83 percent. Although data quality, methodology, interpreter performance, and logistics affected the results, significant problems were associated with the relationship between AVHRR data and fine-scale, spectrally similar land-cover patterns in complex natural or disturbed landscapes. C1 US Geol Survey, EROS Data Ctr, Sioux Falls, SD 57198 USA. Raytheon ITSS Inc, USGS EROS Data Ctr, Sioux Falls, SD 57198 USA. RP Loveland, TR (reprint author), US Geol Survey, EROS Data Ctr, Sioux Falls, SD 57198 USA. RI Brown, Jesslyn/C-9888-2010; OI Brown, Jesslyn/0000-0002-9976-1998 NR 41 TC 139 Z9 149 U1 1 U2 15 PU AMER SOC PHOTOGRAMMETRY PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 210, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2160 USA SN 0099-1112 J9 PHOTOGRAMM ENG REM S JI Photogramm. Eng. Remote Sens. PD SEP PY 1999 VL 65 IS 9 BP 1021 EP 1032 PG 12 WC Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Physical Geography; Geology; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA 234LP UT WOS:000082486400006 ER PT J AU Brown, JF Loveland, TR Ohlen, DO Zhu, ZL AF Brown, JF Loveland, TR Ohlen, DO Zhu, ZL TI The global land-cover characteristics database: The users' perspective SO PHOTOGRAMMETRIC ENGINEERING AND REMOTE SENSING LA English DT Article ID UNITED-STATES; DATA SET; SIMULATIONS AB A unique global land-cover characteristics database developed by the U.S. Geological Survey has been available to users since mid-1997. Access to the data is through the Internet under the EROS (Earth Resources Observation Systems) Data Center's home page (http://edcwww.cr.usgs.gov/landdaac/glcc/glcc.html). Since the release of the database, the data have been incorporated into various environmental research and modeling applications, including mapping global biodiversity, mesoscale climate simulations, carbon cycle modeling, and estimating habitat destruction. Since the early stages of the project, user feedback has provided a means to understand data utility in applications, garner suggestions for data improvements, and gain insights into the technical challenges faced by users. Synthesis of user feedback provided a means to generate a user profile and derive a list of applications-critical criteria for land-cover data. User suggestions have lead to revisions in the database, including label changes, alternative classification schemes, and additional projections for the data. C1 Raytheon Co, EROS Data Ctr, Sioux Falls, SD 57198 USA. US Geol Survey, EROS Data Ctr, Sioux Falls, SD 57198 USA. RP Brown, JF (reprint author), Raytheon Co, EROS Data Ctr, Sioux Falls, SD 57198 USA. RI Brown, Jesslyn/C-9888-2010; OI Brown, Jesslyn/0000-0002-9976-1998 NR 23 TC 34 Z9 39 U1 2 U2 4 PU AMER SOC PHOTOGRAMMETRY PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 210, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2160 USA SN 0099-1112 J9 PHOTOGRAMM ENG REM S JI Photogramm. Eng. Remote Sens. PD SEP PY 1999 VL 65 IS 9 BP 1069 EP 1074 PG 6 WC Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Physical Geography; Geology; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA 234LP UT WOS:000082486400011 ER PT J AU Estes, J Belward, A Loveland, T Scepan, J Strahler, A Townshend, J Justice, C AF Estes, J Belward, A Loveland, T Scepan, J Strahler, A Townshend, J Justice, C TI The way forward SO PHOTOGRAMMETRIC ENGINEERING AND REMOTE SENSING LA English DT Article ID AVHRR AB This paper focuses on the lessons learned in the conduct of the International Geosphere Biosphere Program's Data and Information System (IGBP-DIS), global 1-km Land-Cover Mapping Project (DISCover). There is still considerable fundamental research to be conducted dealing with the development and validation of thematic geospatial products derived from a combination of remotely sensed and ancillary data. Issues include database and data product development, classification legend definitions, processing and analysis techniques, and sampling strategies. A significant infrastructure is required to support an effort such as DISCover. The infrastructure put in place under the auspices of the IGBP-DIS serves as a model, and must be put in place to enable replication and development of projects such as DISCover. C1 Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Dept Geog, Remote Sensing Res Unit, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA. Commiss European Communities, Joint Res Ctr, Space Applicat Inst, I-21020 Ispra, VA, Italy. US Geol Survey, EROS Data Ctr, Sioux Falls, SD 57198 USA. Boston Univ, Dept Geog, Boston, MA 02215 USA. Univ Maryland, Dept Geog, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. Univ Virginia, Dept Environm Sci, Charlottesville, VA 22906 USA. RP Estes, J (reprint author), Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Dept Geog, Remote Sensing Res Unit, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA. NR 24 TC 15 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER SOC PHOTOGRAMMETRY PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 210, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2160 USA SN 0099-1112 J9 PHOTOGRAMM ENG REM S JI Photogramm. Eng. Remote Sens. PD SEP PY 1999 VL 65 IS 9 BP 1089 EP 1093 PG 5 WC Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Physical Geography; Geology; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA 234LP UT WOS:000082486400014 ER PT J AU Oviatt, CG Thompson, RS Kaufman, DS Bright, J Forester, RM AF Oviatt, CG Thompson, RS Kaufman, DS Bright, J Forester, RM TI Reinterpretation of the Burmester core, Bonneville basin, Utah SO QUATERNARY RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID WESTERN UNITED-STATES; LAKE BONNEVILLE; CYCLES AB Initial interpretation of the sediments from the Burmester core (Eardley et al, (1973), Geological Society of America Bulletin 84, 211-216) indicated that 17 deep-lake cycles, separated by shallow-lake and soil-forming intervals, occurred in the Bonneville basin during the Brunhes Chron (the last 780 x 10(3) yr). Our re-examination of the core, along with new sedimentological, geochronological, and paleontological data, indicate that only four deep-lake cycles occurred during this period, apparently correlative with marine oxygen-isotope stages 2, 6, 12, and 16. This interpretation suggests that large lakes formed in the Bonneville basin only during the most extensive of the Northern Hemisphere glaciations. (C) 1999 University Washington. C1 Kansas State Univ, Dept Geol, Manhattan, KS 66506 USA. US Geol Survey, Denver, CO 80225 USA. No Arizona Univ, Dept Geol, Flagstaff, AZ 86011 USA. No Arizona Univ, Dept Environm Sci, Flagstaff, AZ 86011 USA. RP Oviatt, CG (reprint author), Kansas State Univ, Dept Geol, Manhattan, KS 66506 USA. RI Kaufman, Darrell/A-2471-2008 OI Kaufman, Darrell/0000-0002-7572-1414 NR 18 TC 46 Z9 46 U1 0 U2 2 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0033-5894 J9 QUATERNARY RES JI Quat. Res. PD SEP PY 1999 VL 52 IS 2 BP 180 EP 184 DI 10.1006/qres.1999.2058 PG 5 WC Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Physical Geography; Geology GA 235ZG UT WOS:000082573300005 ER PT J AU Wiles, GC Post, A Muller, EH Molnia, BF AF Wiles, GC Post, A Muller, EH Molnia, BF TI Dendrochronology and late Holocene history of Bering Piedmont Glacier, Alaska SO QUATERNARY RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE surging glacier; Alaska; dendrochronology; Holocene; Bering Glacier; Neoglaciation ID FLUCTUATIONS; USA AB Fluctuations of the piedmont lobe of Bering Glacier and its sublobe Steller Glacier over the past two millennia are reconstructed using 34 radiocarbon dates and tree-ring data from 16 sites across the glaciers' forelands. The general sequence of glacial activity is consistent with well-dated fluctuations of tidewater and land-terminating glaciers elsewhere along the Gulf of Alaska. Extensive forested areas along 25 km of the Bering ice margin were inundated by glacio-lacustrine and glacio-fluvial sediments during a probable ice advance shortly before 500 cal yr A.D, Regrowth of forests followed the retreating ice as early as the 7th century A.D., with frequent interruptions of tree growth due to outwash aggradation. Forests overrun by ice and buried in outwash indicate readvance about 1080 cal yr A.D. Retreat followed, with ice-free conditions maintained along the distal portions of the forefield until the early 17th century after which the ice advanced to within a few kilometers of its outer Neoglacial moraine, Ice reached this position after the mid-17th century and prior to 200 yr ago. Since the early 20th century, glacial retreat has been punctuated by periodic surges. The record from forests overrun by the nonsurging Steller Lobe shows that this western ice margin was advancing by 1250 A.D., reaching near its outer moraine after 1420 cal yr A.D. Since the late 19th century, the lobe has dominantly retreated. (C) 1999 University of Washington. C1 Coll Wooster, Dept Geol, Wooster, OH 44691 USA. US Geol Survey, Vashon, WA 98070 USA. Syracuse Univ, Heroy Geol Lab, Syracuse, NY 13244 USA. US Geol Survey, Int Programs, Off Chief Geologist, Reston, VA 20192 USA. RP Wiles, GC (reprint author), Coll Wooster, Dept Geol, Wooster, OH 44691 USA. NR 25 TC 24 Z9 26 U1 0 U2 3 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0033-5894 J9 QUATERNARY RES JI Quat. Res. PD SEP PY 1999 VL 52 IS 2 BP 185 EP 195 DI 10.1006/qres.1999.2054 PG 11 WC Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Physical Geography; Geology GA 235ZG UT WOS:000082573300006 ER PT J AU Reheis, M AF Reheis, M TI Highest pluvial-lake shorelines and Pleistocene climate of the western Great Basin SO QUATERNARY RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID UNITED-STATES; SIERRA-NEVADA; CALIFORNIA; CHRONOLOGY; BONNEVILLE; PLIOCENE; DEPOSITS; UPLIFT; RECORD AB Shoreline altitudes of several pluvial lakes in the western Great Basin of North America record successively smaller lakes from the early to the late Pleistocene. This decrease in lake size indicates a long-term drying trend in the regional climate that is not seen in global marine oxygen-isotope records. At +70 m above its late Pleistocene shoreline, Lake Lahontan in the early middle Pleistocene submerged some basins previously thought to have been isolated. Other basins known to contain records of older pluvial lakes that exceeded late Pleistocene levels include Columbus-Fish Lake (Lake Columbus-Rennie), Kobeh-Diamond (Lakes Jonathan and Diamond), Newark, Long (Lake Hubbs), and Clover. Very high stands of some of these lakes probably triggered overflows of previously internally drained basins, adding to the size of Lake Lahontan. Simple calculations based on differences in lake area suggest that the highest levels of these pluvial lakes required a regional increase in effective moisture by a factor of 1.2 to 3 relative to late Pleistocene pluvial amounts (assuming that effective moisture is directly proportional to the hydrologic index, or lake area/tributary basin area). These previously unknown lake levels reflect significant changes in climate, tectonics, and (or) drainage-basin configurations, and could have facilitated migration of aquatic species in the Great Basin. C1 US Geol Survey, Fed Ctr, Denver, CO 80225 USA. RP Reheis, M (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Fed Ctr, MS-980,Box 25046, Denver, CO 80225 USA. NR 52 TC 30 Z9 31 U1 1 U2 15 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0033-5894 J9 QUATERNARY RES JI Quat. Res. PD SEP PY 1999 VL 52 IS 2 BP 196 EP 205 DI 10.1006/qres.1999.2064 PG 10 WC Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Physical Geography; Geology GA 235ZG UT WOS:000082573300007 ER PT J AU Friedman, JM Auble, GT AF Friedman, JM Auble, GT TI Mortality of riparian box elder from sediment mobilization and extended inundation SO REGULATED RIVERS-RESEARCH & MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE Acer negundo; critical shear stress; flood; riparian vegetation; sediment ID PLAINS COTTONWOOD; INCIPIENT MOTION; PLATTE RIVER; VEGETATION; FLOW; ENTRAINMENT; GRAVEL; BED; ESTABLISHMENT; HYDROLOGY AB To explore how high flows limit the streamward extent of riparian vegetation we quantified the effects of sediment mobilization and extended inundation on box elder (Acer negundo) saplings along the cobble-bed Gunnison River in Black Canyon of the Gunnison National Monument, Colorado, USA. We counted and aged box elders in 144 plots of 37.2 m(2), and combined a hydraulic model with the hydrologic record to determine the maximum shear stress and number of growing-season days inundated for each plot in each year of the record. We quantified the effects of the two mortality factors by calculating the extreme values survived during the lifetime of trees sampled in 1994 and by recounting box elders in the plots following a high flow in 1995. Both mortality factors can be modeled as threshold functions; box elders are killed either by inundation for more than 85 days during the growing season or by shear stress that exceeds the critical value for mobilization of the underlying sediment particles. Construction of upstream reservoirs in the 1960s and 1970s reduced the proportion of the canyon bottom annually cleared of box elders by high flows. Furthermore, because the dams decreased the magnitude of high flows more than their duration, flow regulation has decreased the importance of sediment mobilization relative to extended inundation. We use the threshold functions and cross-section data to develop a response surface predicting the proportion of the canyon bottom cleared at any combination of flow magnitude and duration. This response surface allows vegetation removal to be incorporated into quantitative multi-objective water management decisions. Copyright (C) 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. C1 US Geol Survey, Midcontinent Ecol Sci Ctr, Ft Collins, CO 80525 USA. RP Friedman, JM (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Midcontinent Ecol Sci Ctr, 4512 McMurry Ave, Ft Collins, CO 80525 USA. OI Friedman, Jonathan/0000-0002-1329-0663 NR 65 TC 77 Z9 77 U1 1 U2 19 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD PI W SUSSEX PA BAFFINS LANE CHICHESTER, W SUSSEX PO19 1UD, ENGLAND SN 0886-9375 J9 REGUL RIVER JI Regul. Rivers-Res. Manage. PD SEP-OCT PY 1999 VL 15 IS 5 BP 463 EP 476 DI 10.1002/(SICI)1099-1646(199909/10)15:5<463::AID-RRR559>3.0.CO;2-Z PG 14 WC Environmental Sciences; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Water Resources GA 239PK UT WOS:000082778500006 ER PT J AU Ivlev, AA Igamberdiev, AU Threlkeld, C Bykova, NV AF Ivlev, AA Igamberdiev, AU Threlkeld, C Bykova, NV TI Carbon isotope effects in the glycine decarboxylase reaction in vitro on mitochondria from pea and spinach SO RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Pisum sativum; Spinacia oleracea; isotope effect in photorespiration; carbon isotope fractionation; glycine decarboxylation ID ENZYMATIC DECARBOXYLATION; PLANT-MITOCHONDRIA; ACID AB Two independent experiments were made to:study-carbon isotope effects (C-13/C-12) in the reaction of enzymatic decarboxylation of glycine in vitro on mitochondria, isolated from pea (Pisum sativum L,) and spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.) leaves. Experiments were run at 25 and 37 degrees C at pH graded from 6.8 to 8.0 with a 0.2 interval. Various combinations of cofactors (pyridoxal 5-phosphate, ADP, and NAD(+)) were used. The difference in carbon isotope between CO2 and the carboxyl: group of glycine varied from 11.8 to -8.5 parts per thousand. Upon variations in pH and cofactors, the carbon isotope composition of the CO2 produced during glycine decarboxylation showed similar changes in mitochondria from different plant: species. Shifts in the carbon isotope composition of CO2 were always positive in the aforementioned pH range and reached a maximum at pH 7.0-7.4. NAD(+) promoted the greatest isotope effect of all the cofactors tested. The removal of NAD(+) from the reaction medium significantly enriched evolved CO2 with C-12 isotope and could even invert the sign of the effect, which indicates that disruption of the C-C bond became the rate-limiting stage in this reaction. The isotope effects in the reaction of enzymatic decarboxylation of glycine are:discussed on the basis of the supposed mechanism of the reaction. The results are consistent with the possible-occurrence of negative isotope effects in the reaction of glycine decarboxylation bt vivo and their relation to photorespiration. C1 KA Timiryazev Agr Acad, Fac Agrochem, Moscow 127550, Russia. Voronezh State Univ, Fac Biol & Appl Sci, Voronezh 394693, Russia. US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Denver, CO 80225 USA. RP Ivlev, AA (reprint author), KA Timiryazev Agr Acad, Fac Agrochem, Timiryazevskaya Ul 49-10, Moscow 127550, Russia. RI Igamberdiev, Abir/B-4776-2013; OI ivlev, Alexander/0000-0001-7966-2266 NR 17 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 3 PU MAIK NAUKA/INTERPERIODICA PI NEW YORK PA C/O PLENUM/CONSULTANTS BUREAU 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 1021-4437 J9 RUSS J PLANT PHYSL+ JI Russ. J. Plant Physiol. PD SEP-OCT PY 1999 VL 46 IS 5 BP 653 EP 660 PG 8 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 234LA UT WOS:000082485100011 ER PT J AU Klich, I Wilding, LP Drees, LR Landa, ER AF Klich, I Wilding, LP Drees, LR Landa, ER TI Importance of microscopy in durability studies of solidified and stabilized contaminated soils SO SOIL SCIENCE SOCIETY OF AMERICA JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID CEMENT AB Solidification/stabilization (S/S) is recognized by the U.S. EPA as a best demonstrated available technology for the containment of contaminated soils and other hazardous wastes that cannot be destroyed by chemical, thermal, or biological means. Despite the increased use of SIS technologies, little research has been conducted on the weathering and degradation of solidified and stabilized wastes once the treated materials have been buried. Published data to verify the performance and durability of landfilled treated wastes over time are rare. In this preliminary study, optical and electron microscopy (scanning electron microscopy [SEM], transmission electron microscopy [TEM] and electron probe microanalyses [EPMA]) were used to evaluate weathering features associated with metal-bearing contaminated soil that had been solidified and stabilized with Portland cement and subsequently buried on site, stored outdoors aboveground, or archived in a laboratory warehouse for up to 6 yr, Physical and chemical alteration processes identified include: freeze-thaw cracking, cracking caused by the formation of expansive minerals such as ettringite, carbonation, and the movement of metals from waste aggregates into the cement micromass, Although the extent of degradation after 6 yr is considered slight to moderate, results of this study show that the same environmental concerns that affect the durability of concrete must be considered when evaluating the durability and permanence of the solidification and stabilization of contaminated soils with cement. In addition, such evaluations cannot be based on leaching and chemical analyses alone. The use of all levels of microscopic analyses must be incorporated into studies of the long-term performance of SIS technologies. C1 Texas A&M Univ, Dept Soil & Crop Sci, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. US Geol Survey, Natl Ctr 430, Reston, VA 20192 USA. RP Klich, I (reprint author), Transglobal Environm Geochem, PMB 627,HC 01,Box 29030, Caguas, PR 00725 USA. NR 22 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 2 U2 8 PU SOIL SCI SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 SOUTH SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0361-5995 J9 SOIL SCI SOC AM J JI Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. PD SEP-OCT PY 1999 VL 63 IS 5 BP 1274 EP 1283 PG 10 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA 258LC UT WOS:000083839800029 ER PT J AU Valdez, EW Stuart, JN Bogan, MA AF Valdez, EW Stuart, JN Bogan, MA TI Additional records of bats from the middle Rio Grande Valley New Mexico SO SOUTHWESTERN NATURALIST LA English DT Article C1 Univ New Mexico, US Geol Survey, Midcontinent Ecol Sci Ctr, Dept Biol, Albuquerque, NM 87131 USA. RP Valdez, EW (reprint author), Univ New Mexico, US Geol Survey, Midcontinent Ecol Sci Ctr, Dept Biol, Albuquerque, NM 87131 USA. NR 9 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 1 U2 4 PU SOUTHWESTERN ASSN NATURALISTS PI SAN MARCOS PA SOUTHWEST TEXAS STATE UNIV, DEPT BIOLOGY, 601 UNIVERSITY DR, SAN MARCOS, TX 78666 USA SN 0038-4909 J9 SOUTHWEST NAT JI Southw. Natural. PD SEP PY 1999 VL 44 IS 3 BP 398 EP 400 PG 3 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 241PF UT WOS:000082891200023 ER PT J AU Anderson, PL Meerschaert, MM Vecchia, AV AF Anderson, PL Meerschaert, MM Vecchia, AV TI Innovations algorithm for periodically stationary time series SO STOCHASTIC PROCESSES AND THEIR APPLICATIONS LA English DT Article DE time series; periodically stationary; Yule-Walker estimates; innovations algorithm; heavy tails; regular variation ID MODELS AB Periodic ARMA, or PARMA, time series are used to model periodically stationary time series. In this paper we develop the innovations algorithm for periodically stationary processes. We then show how the algorithm can be used to obtain parameter estimates for the PARMA model. These estimates are proven to be weakly consistent for PARMA processes whose underlying noise sequence has either finite or infinite fourth moment. Since many time series from the fields of economics and hydrology exhibit heavy tails, the results regarding the infinite fourth moment case are of particular interest. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Nevada, Dept Math, Reno, NV 89557 USA. US Geol Survey, Div Water Resources, Washington, DC USA. RP Meerschaert, MM (reprint author), Univ Nevada, Dept Math, Reno, NV 89557 USA. NR 29 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0304-4149 J9 STOCH PROC APPL JI Stoch. Process. Their Appl. PD SEP 1 PY 1999 VL 83 IS 1 BP 149 EP 169 DI 10.1016/S0304-4149(99)00027-7 PG 21 WC Statistics & Probability SC Mathematics GA 225YH UT WOS:000081993200009 ER PT J AU Petersen, JH Ward, DL AF Petersen, JH Ward, DL TI Development and corroboration of a bioenergetics model for northern pikeminnow feeding on juvenile salmonids in the Columbia River SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE AMERICAN FISHERIES SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID SQUAWFISH PTYCHOCHEILUS-OREGONENSIS; JOHN-DAY-RESERVOIR; STIZOSTEDION-VITREUM-VITREUM; LAKE-MICHIGAN; FOOD-CONSUMPTION; SMALLMOUTH BASS; SOCKEYE-SALMON; LARGEMOUTH BASS; CHINOOK SALMON; RAINBOW SMELT AB A bioenergetics model was developed and corroborated for northern pikeminnow Ptychocheilus oregonensis, an important predator on juvenile salmonids in the Pacific Northwest. Predictions of modeled predation rate on salmonids were compared with field data from three areas of John Day Reservoir (Columbia River). To make bioenergetics model estimates of predation rate, three methods were used to approximate the change in mass of average predators during 30-d growth periods: observed change in mass between the first and the second month, predicted change in mass calculated with seasonal growth rates, and predicted change in mass based on an annual growth model. For all reservoir areas combined, bioenergetics model predictions of predation on salmon were 19% lower than field estimates based on observed masses, 45% lower than estimates based on seasonal growth rates, and 15% lower than estimates based on the annual growth model. For each growth approach, the largest differences in field-versus-model predation occurred at the midreservoir area (-84% to -67% difference). Model predictions of the rate of predation on salmonids were examined for sensitivity to parameter variation, swimming speed, sampling bias caused by gear selectivity, and asymmetric size distributions of predators. The specific daily growth rate of northern pikeminnow predicted by the model was highest in July and October and decreased during August. The bioenergetics model for northern pikeminnow performed well compared with models for other fish species that have been tested with field data. This model should be a useful tool for evaluating management actions such as predator removal, examining the influence of temperature on predation rates, and exploring interactions between predators in the Columbia River basin. C1 US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Columbia River Res Lab, Cook, WA 98605 USA. Oregon Dept Fish & Wildlife, Clackamas, OR 97015 USA. RP Petersen, JH (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Columbia River Res Lab, Cook, WA 98605 USA. EM jim_petersen@usgs.gov NR 85 TC 18 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 19 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT STREET, STE 850, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 0002-8487 EI 1548-8659 J9 T AM FISH SOC JI Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. PD SEP PY 1999 VL 128 IS 5 BP 784 EP 801 DI 10.1577/1548-8659(1999)128<0784:DACOAB>2.0.CO;2 PG 18 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 351XC UT WOS:000089183900002 ER PT J AU Madenjian, CP O'Connor, DV AF Madenjian, CP O'Connor, DV TI Laboratory evaluation of a lake trout bioenergetics model SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE AMERICAN FISHERIES SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID SALVELINUS-NAMAYCUSH; LARGEMOUTH BASS; PREY CONSUMPTION; ENERGY BUDGET; GROWTH; MICHIGAN; MANAGEMENT; SALMON; FISHES AB Lake trout Salvelinus namaycush, aged 3 and 6 years and with average weights of 700 and 2,000 g, were grown in laboratory tanks for up to 407 d under a thermal regime similar to that experienced by lake trout in nearshore Lake Michigan. Lake trout were fed alewife Alosa pseudoharengus and rainbow smelt Osmerus,mordax, prey typical of lake trout in Lake Michigan. Of the 120 lake trout used in the experiment, 40 were Fed a low ration (0.25% of their body weight per day), 40 were fed a medium ration (0.5% of their body weight per day), and 40 were fed a high ration (ad libitum). We measured consumption and growth, and we compared observed consumption with that predicted by the Wisconsin bioenergetics model. For lake trout fed the medium ration, model predictions for monthly consumption were unbiased. Moreover, predicted cumulative consumption by medium-ration lake trout for the entire experiment (320 d for smaller lake trout and 407 d for larger lake trout) agreed quite well with observed cumulative consumption; predictions were as close as within 0.1 to 5.2% of observed cumulative consumption. Even so, the model consistently overestimated consumption by low-ration fish and underestimated consumption by high-ration fish. The bias was significant in both cases, but was more severe for the low-ration trout. Because the low-ration and high-ration regimes were probably unrealistic for lake trout residing in Lake Michigan and because the model fit our laboratory data rather well for medium-ration trout, we conclude that applying the Wisconsin bioenergetics model to the Lake Michigan lake trout population in order to estimate the amount of prey fish consumed by lake trout each year is appropriate. C1 US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Great Lakes Sci Ctr, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA. RP Madenjian, CP (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Great Lakes Sci Ctr, 1451 Green Rd, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA. NR 32 TC 38 Z9 41 U1 1 U2 4 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA SN 0002-8487 J9 T AM FISH SOC JI Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. PD SEP PY 1999 VL 128 IS 5 BP 802 EP 814 DI 10.1577/1548-8659(1999)128<0802:LEOALT>2.0.CO;2 PG 13 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 351XC UT WOS:000089183900003 ER PT J AU Connolly, PJ Hall, JD AF Connolly, PJ Hall, JD TI Biomass of coastal cutthroat trout in unlogged and previously clear-cut basins in the central coast range of Oregon SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE AMERICAN FISHERIES SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID LARGE WOODY DEBRIS; SMALL STREAMS; OLD-GROWTH; HABITAT; CANOPY; FISH AB Populations of coastal cutthroat trout Oncorhpnchus cla,ki clarki were sampled in 16 Oregon headwater streams during 1991-1993. These streams were above upstream migration barriers and distributed among basins that had been logged 20-30 and 40-60 years ago and basins that had not been logged but had burned 125-150 years ago. The objective of our study was to characterize the populations and habitats of age-1 or older cutthroat trout within these three forest management types. Streams within unlogged basins had relatively low levels and a small range of trout biomass (g/m(2)). Streams in basins logged 40-60 years ago supported low levels but an intermediate range of trout biomass. Streams in basins logged 20-30 years ago supported the widest range of biomass, including the lowest and highest biomasses among all streams sampled. The variable that best explained the variation of trout biomass among all 16 streams was the amount of large woody debris (LWD). All streams were heavily shaded during at least part of the year by mostly closed tree canopies. Deciduous trees were more prominent in canopies over streams in logged basins, while conifers were more prominent in the stream canopies of unlogged basins. Our results suggest that trout production in basins extensively clear-cut 20-60 years ago may generally decrease or remain low over the next 50 or more years because of decreasing loads of remnant LWD, persistent low recruitment potential for new LWD, and persistent heavy shading by conifers. These logged basins are not likely to show an increase in trout biomass over the next 50 years unless reset by favorable natural disturbances or by habitat restoration efforts. C1 Oregon State Univ, Dept Fisheries & Wildlife, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. RP Connolly, PJ (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Columbia River Res Lab, 5501 A Cook Underwood Rd, Cook, WA 98605 USA. EM patrick_connolly@usgs.gov NR 42 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 2 U2 10 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 325 CHESTNUT ST, SUITE 800, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 0002-8487 J9 T AM FISH SOC JI Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. PD SEP PY 1999 VL 128 IS 5 BP 890 EP 899 DI 10.1577/1548-8659(1999)128<0890:BOCCTI>2.0.CO;2 PG 10 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 351XC UT WOS:000089183900011 ER PT J AU Henry, TB Irwin, ER Grizzle, JM Wildhaber, ML Brumbaugh, WG AF Henry, TB Irwin, ER Grizzle, JM Wildhaber, ML Brumbaugh, WG TI Acute toxicity of an acid mine drainage mixing zone to juvenile bluegill and largemouth bass SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE AMERICAN FISHERIES SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID SALMO-TRUTTA L; MOUNTAIN STREAM; ALUMINUM; WATERS; RIVER; TRANSPORT; MORTALITY; CHEMISTRY; COLORADO; COAL AB The toxicity of an acid mixing zone produced at the confluence of a stream that was contaminated by acid mine drainage (AMD) and a pH-neutral stream was investigated in toxicity tests with juvenile bluegill Lepomis macrochirus and largemouth bass Micropterus salmoides. Fish mortalities in instream cages located in the mixing zone, below the mixing zone, and upstream in both tributaries were compared to determine relative toxicity at each site. In all tests and for both species, significantly higher mortality was observed in the mixing zone than at any other location, including the acid stream, which had lower pH (2.9-4.3). The mixing zone was defined chemically by rapid precipitation of dissolved aluminum and iron, which arrived from the low-pH stream, and by the presence of white precipitates, which were attached to the substratum and which extended below the confluence. Possible seasonal changes in mixing zone toxicity were investigated by conducting field tests with bluegill in June, July, and August 1996 and in January 1997 and by conducting field tests with largemouth bass in April and May 1997. Toxicity was not significantly different at the extremes of temperature, pH, and metal concentration that occurred in June and July, as compared with January. Toxicity was significantly lower in August; however, elevated stream discharge during the August test may have disturbed mixing zone characteristics. High toxicity in AMD mixing zones may lower the survival of fishes in streams, reduce available habitat, and impede movements of migratory fish. C1 Auburn Univ, Dept Fisheries & Allied Aquacultures, Alabama Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Auburn, AL 36849 USA. Auburn Univ, Biol Resources Div, Alabama Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Auburn, AL 36849 USA. Auburn Univ, Dept Fisheries & Allied Aquacultures, Auburn, AL 36849 USA. US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Environm & Contaminants Res Ctr, Columbia, MO 65201 USA. RP Henry, TB (reprint author), Auburn Univ, Dept Fisheries & Allied Aquacultures, Alabama Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, 203 Swingle Hall,331 Funchess Hall, Auburn, AL 36849 USA. OI Henry, Theodore/0000-0002-9675-9454 NR 27 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA SN 0002-8487 J9 T AM FISH SOC JI Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. PD SEP PY 1999 VL 128 IS 5 BP 919 EP 928 DI 10.1577/1548-8659(1999)128<0919:ATOAAM>2.0.CO;2 PG 10 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 351XC UT WOS:000089183900014 ER PT J AU Bowen, CA Bronte, CR Argyle, RL Adams, JV Johnson, JE AF Bowen, CA Bronte, CR Argyle, RL Adams, JV Johnson, JE TI Vateritic sagitta in wild and stocked lake trout: Applicability to stock origin SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE AMERICAN FISHERIES SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID SALMON ONCORHYNCHUS-TSHAWYTSCHA; OTOLITHS AB Aragonite is the normal form of calcium carbonate found in teleost otoliths, but it is sometimes replaced by vaterite, an alternate crystalline structure. We investigated the assumption that sagittal otoliths with vaterite replacement were unique to stocked lake trout Salvelinus namaycush in the Laurentian Great Lakes. Earlier studies had attributed these abnormalities to stocking stress, and proposed that the presence of vaterite could separate individual unmarked stocked lake trout from their wild counterparts. We examined and described the frequency of vateritic sagittae in two wild and three stocked populations of lake trout from the Great Lakes and a wild population from a remote inland lake in northern Canada. Among lake trout caught 2-12 years after being stocked, prevalence of vateritic sagittae was 66% for Lake Superior fish, 75% for Lake Huron fish, and 86% for Lake Ontario fish. Among wild fish caught, vateritic sagittae were present in 37% of Lake Superior fish, 22% of Lake Huron fish, and 49% of northern Canada fish. We also compared year-to-year differences in prevalence in four year-classes of fingerling lake trout reared in two U.S. national lake trout hatcheries. Prior to release, between 53 and 84% of the hatchery fish had at least one vateritic sagitta, and prevalence increased with handling associated with hatchery practices. Vateritic sagittae in wild fish might also indicate stress in nature. The presence of vateritic sagittae in both wild and stocked fish compromises the use of this characteristic as an unequivocal indicator of a particular fish's origin. Among-population differences in both the prevalence and the extent of vaterite replacement, however, may provide a means of differentiating between stocks of sympatric unmarked wild and stocked lake trout. C1 US Geol Survey, Great Lakes Sci Ctr, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA. US Geol Survey, Great Lakes Sci Ctr, Lake Super Biol Stn, Ashland, WI 54806 USA. Michigan Dept Nat Resources, Alpena Great Lakes Fisheries Res Stn, Alpena, MI 49707 USA. RP Bronte, CR (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Great Lakes Sci Ctr, 1451 Green Rd, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA. NR 37 TC 27 Z9 29 U1 0 U2 7 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA SN 0002-8487 J9 T AM FISH SOC JI Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. PD SEP PY 1999 VL 128 IS 5 BP 929 EP 938 DI 10.1577/1548-8659(1999)128<0929:VSIWAS>2.0.CO;2 PG 10 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 351XC UT WOS:000089183900015 ER PT J AU Martin, BA Saiki, MK AF Martin, BA Saiki, MK TI Effects of ambient water quality on the endangered Lost River sucker in Upper Klamath Lake, Oregon SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE AMERICAN FISHERIES SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID DISSOLVED-OXYGEN; AMMONIA; PH; TOXICITY; FISHES AB Populations of the Lost River sucker Deltistes luxatus have declined so precipitously in the Upper Klamath Basin of Oregon and California that this fish was recently listed for federal protection as an endangered species. Although Upper Klamath Lake is a major refuge for this species, fish in the lake occasionally experience mass mortalities during summer and early fall. This field study was implemented to determine if fish mortalities resulted from degraded water quality conditions associated with seasonal blooms of phytoplankton, especially Aphanizomenon flos-aquae. Our results indicated that fish mortality did not always increase as water temperature, pH, and un-ionized ammonia concentration increased in Upper Klamath Lake. Little or no mortality occurred when these water quality variables attained their maximum values. On the other hand, an inverse relation existed between fish mortality and dissolved oxygen concentration. High mortality (>90%) occurred whenever dissolved oxygen concentrations decreased to 1.05 mg/L, whereas mortality was usually low (<10%) when dissolved oxygen concentrations equaled or exceeded 1.58 mg/L. Stepwise logistic regression also indicated that the minimum concentration of dissolved oxygen measured was the single most important determinant of fish mortality. C1 US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Western Fisheries Res Ctr, Dixon Duty Stn, Dixon, CA 95620 USA. RP Saiki, MK (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Western Fisheries Res Ctr, Dixon Duty Stn, 6924 Tremont Rd, Dixon, CA 95620 USA. NR 28 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 6 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA SN 0002-8487 J9 T AM FISH SOC JI Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. PD SEP PY 1999 VL 128 IS 5 BP 953 EP 961 DI 10.1577/1548-8659(1999)128<0953:EOAWQO>2.0.CO;2 PG 9 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 351XC UT WOS:000089183900017 ER PT J AU Edsall, TA AF Edsall, TA TI The growth-temperature relation of juvenile lake whitefish SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE AMERICAN FISHERIES SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID SALVELINUS-NAMAYCUSH; MICHIGAN; BLOATER; RESOURCE; RATION; MODEL AB The lake whitefish Coregonus clupeaformis supports major commercial fisheries in Lakes Superior. Huron, and Michigan, where it is managed on a sustained-yield basis: it also supports a recreational hook-and-line fishery in some Great Lakes embayments and nearshore areas. To better understand habitat use by juvenile lake whitefish in the Great Lakes, we acclimated groups of test fish in the laboratory to 5, 10, 15, 18, 21, and 24 degrees C and fed them to excess twice daily for 55 d. The test fish increased in length and weight at all of the test temperatures and at the end of the study were heaviest and longest at 18.1 degrees C. A curve fitted to the specific growth rate data indicated that the optimum temperature for growth was 18.5 degrees C and, thus, that the fundamental thermal niche for juvenile lake whitefish is 15.5-19.5 degrees C. Our results support the limited. published information on thermal ecology of wild, free-ranging juvenile lake whitefish in the Great Lakes. C1 US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Great Lakes Sci Ctr, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA. RP Edsall, TA (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Great Lakes Sci Ctr, 1451 Green Rd, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA. NR 15 TC 12 Z9 13 U1 2 U2 8 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA SN 0002-8487 J9 T AM FISH SOC JI Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. PD SEP PY 1999 VL 128 IS 5 BP 962 EP 964 DI 10.1577/1548-8659(1999)128<0962:TGTROJ>2.0.CO;2 PG 3 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 351XC UT WOS:000089183900018 ER PT J AU Counihan, TD Frost, CN AF Counihan, TD Frost, CN TI Influence of externally attached transmitters on the swimming performance of juvenile white sturgeon SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE AMERICAN FISHERIES SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID ACIPENSER-FULVESCENS; LAKE STURGEON; SHORTNOSE STURGEON; ATLANTIC SALMON; COLUMBIA RIVER; RAINBOW-TROUT; MOVEMENTS; GAIRDNERI AB We measured the critical swimming speed of juvenile white sturgeons Acipenser transmontanus equipped with externally attached dummy ultrasonic transmitters and of untagged control fish in the laboratory. White sturgeons ranging from 31.9 to 37.0 cm fork length were subjected to one of three treatments: control (handled but not tagged), tag attached below the dorsal Rn, and tag attached with the anterior insertion point between the fourth and fifth dorsal scutes. Although transmitters were of recommended weight, we found that the swimming performance of tagged white sturgeons was significantly less than that of untagged control fish. Swimming performance of tagged fish was not differentially affected by rag location. Our results suggest that data from ultrasonic telemetry studies of externally tagged juvenile white sturgeons should be interpreted with caution due to the reduced swimming performance caused by external transmitters. C1 US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Western Fisheries Res Ctr, Columbia River Res Lab, Cook, WA 98605 USA. RP Counihan, TD (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Western Fisheries Res Ctr, Columbia River Res Lab, 5501A Cook Underwood Rd, Cook, WA 98605 USA. NR 29 TC 22 Z9 22 U1 1 U2 10 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA SN 0002-8487 J9 T AM FISH SOC JI Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. PD SEP PY 1999 VL 128 IS 5 BP 965 EP 970 DI 10.1577/1548-8659(1999)128<0965:IOEATO>2.0.CO;2 PG 6 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 351XC UT WOS:000089183900019 ER PT J AU Snow, M Cunningham, CO Melvin, WT Kurath, G AF Snow, M Cunningham, CO Melvin, WT Kurath, G TI Analysis of the nucleoprotein gene identifies distinct lineages of viral haemorrhagic septicaemia virus within the European marine environment SO VIRUS RESEARCH LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 4th International Symposium on Viruses of Lower Vertebrates CY MAY 12-15, 1998 CL WEYMOUTH LAB, WEYMOUTH, ENGLAND HO WEYMOUTH LAB DE nucleoprotein; phylogenetics; RNase protection assay; VHSV ID HEMORRHAGIC SEPTICEMIA VIRUS; HERRING CLUPEA-HARENGUS; PRINCE-WILLIAM-SOUND; COD GADUS-MORHUA; GLYCOPROTEIN GENE; FISH RHABDOVIRUS; NORTH-AMERICA; SEQUENCE; DIVERSITY; CLONING AB A ribonuclease (RNase) protection assay (RPA) has been used to detect nucleotide sequence variation within the nucleoprotein gene of 39 viral haemorrhagic septicaemia virus (VHSV) isolates of European marine origin. The classification of VHSV isolates based on RPA cleavage patterns permitted the identification of ten distinct groups of viruses based on differences at the molecular level. The nucleotide sequence of representatives of each of these groupings was determined and subjected to phylogenetic analysis. This revealed grouping of the European marine isolates of VHSV into three genotypes circulating within distinct geographic areas. A fourth genotype was identified comprising isolates originating from North America. Phylogenetic analyses indicated that VHSV isolates recovered from wild caught fish around the British isles were genetically related to isolates responsible for losses in farmed turbot. Furthermore, a relationship between naturally occurring marine isolates and VHSV isolates causing mortality among rainbow trout in continental Europe was demonstrated. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 FRS Marine Lab, Aberdeen AB11 9DB, Scotland. Univ Aberdeen, Dept Mol & Cell Biol, Aberdeen, Scotland. USGS, Western Fisheries Res Ctr, Biol Resources Div, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. RP Snow, M (reprint author), FRS Marine Lab, POB 101,Victoria Rd, Aberdeen AB11 9DB, Scotland. NR 34 TC 89 Z9 89 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0168-1702 J9 VIRUS RES JI Virus Res. PD SEP PY 1999 VL 63 IS 1-2 BP 35 EP 44 DI 10.1016/S0168-1702(99)00056-8 PG 10 WC Virology SC Virology GA 238PB UT WOS:000082717700006 PM 10509714 ER PT J AU Mao, JH Green, DE Fellers, G Chinchar, VG AF Mao, JH Green, DE Fellers, G Chinchar, VG TI Molecular characterization of iridoviruses isolated from sympatric amphibians and fish SO VIRUS RESEARCH LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 4th International Symposium on Viruses of Lower Vertebrates CY MAY 12-15, 1998 CL WEYMOUTH LAB, WEYMOUTH, ENGLAND HO WEYMOUTH LAB DE iridovirus; inter-class infection; sequence analysis; major capsid protein; fish virus; viruses infecting ectothermic animals; aquaculture; amphibian disease; amphibian virus ID MAJOR CAPSID PROTEIN; VIRUS; PATHOGENICITY AB Iridoviruses infect invertebrates (primarily insects and crustaceans) and ectothermic vertebrates (fish, amphibians, and reptiles). Identical, or nearly identical viruses, have been isolated from different animals within the same taxonomic class, indicating that infection by a given virus is not limited to a single species. Although inter-class infections have been documented following experimental infection with vertebrate iridoviruses, it is not clear whether such infections occur in nature. Here we report the isolation of apparently identical iridoviruses from wild sympatric fish (the threespine stickleback, Gasterostelus aculeatus) and amphibians (the red-legged frog, Rana aurora). Viruses isolated from sticklebacks (stickleback virus, SBV) and from a red-legged frog tadpole (tadpole virus 2, TV2) replicated in fathead minnow (FHM) cells and synthesized proteins which co-migrated with those of frog virus 3 (FV3). Following restriction endonuclease digestion of viral DNA with Hind III and Xba I, gel analysis showed that the profiles of SBV and TV2 were identical to each other and distinct from FV3. Using oligonucleotide primers specific for a highly conserved region of the iridovirus major capsid protein, an similar to 500 nucleotide DNA fragment was amplified from SBV and TV2. Sequence analysis showed that within this 500 nucleotide region SBV and TV2 were identical to each other and to FV3. Taken together these results provide the first evidence that iridoviruses naturally infect animals belonging to different taxonomic classes, and strengthen the suggestion that fish may serve as a reservoir for amphibian viruses or vice versa. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Mississippi, Med Ctr, Dept Microbiol, Jackson, MS 39216 USA. Maryland Dept Agr, Anim Hlth Diagnost Lab, College Pk, MD 20740 USA. USGS, Biol Resources Div, Pt Reyes Natl Seashore, CA 94956 USA. RP Chinchar, VG (reprint author), Univ Mississippi, Med Ctr, Dept Microbiol, Jackson, MS 39216 USA. NR 22 TC 78 Z9 87 U1 1 U2 18 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0168-1702 J9 VIRUS RES JI Virus Res. PD SEP PY 1999 VL 63 IS 1-2 BP 45 EP 52 DI 10.1016/S0168-1702(99)00057-X PG 8 WC Virology SC Virology GA 238PB UT WOS:000082717700007 PM 10509715 ER PT J AU Ahne, W Batts, WN Kurath, G Winton, JR AF Ahne, W Batts, WN Kurath, G Winton, JR TI Comparative sequence analyses of sixteen reptilian paramyxoviruses SO VIRUS RESEARCH LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 4th International Symposium on Viruses of Lower Vertebrates CY MAY 12-15, 1998 CL WEYMOUTH LAB, WEYMOUTH, ENGLAND HO WEYMOUTH LAB DE Fer-de-Lance virus; paramyxovirus; reptilian paramyxoviruses ID VIRUS; COLLECTION; SNAKES AB Viral genomic RNA of Fer-de-Lance virus (FDLV), a paramyxovirus highly pathogenic for reptiles, was reverse transcribed and cloned. Plasmids with significant sequence similarities to the hemagglutinin-neuraminidase (HN) and polymerase (L) genes of mammalian paramyxoviruses were identified by BLAST search. Partial sequences of the FDLV genes were used to design primers for amplification by nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and sequencing of 518-bp L gene and 352-bp HN gene fragments from a collection of 15 previously uncharacterized reptilian paramyxoviruses. Phylogenetic analyses of the partial L and HN sequences produced similar trees in which there were two distinct subgroups of isolates that were supported with maximum bootstrap values, and several intermediate isolates. Within each subgroup the nucleotide divergence values were less than 2.5%, while the divergence between the two subgroups was 20-22%. This indicated that the two subgroups represent distinct virus species containing multiple virus strains. The five intermediate isolates had nucleotide divergence values of 11-20% and may represent additional distinct species. In addition to establishing diversity among reptilian paramyxoviruses, the phylogenetic groupings showed some correlation with geographic location, and clearly demonstrated a low level of host species-specificity within these viruses. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Munich, Inst Zool Fishery Biol & Fish Dis, D-80539 Munich, Germany. USGS, Western Fisheries Res Ctr, Biol Resources Div, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. RP Ahne, W (reprint author), Univ Munich, Inst Zool Fishery Biol & Fish Dis, Kaulbachstr 37, D-80539 Munich, Germany. NR 16 TC 40 Z9 42 U1 1 U2 4 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0168-1702 J9 VIRUS RES JI Virus Res. PD SEP PY 1999 VL 63 IS 1-2 BP 65 EP 74 DI 10.1016/S0168-1702(99)00059-3 PG 10 WC Virology SC Virology GA 238PB UT WOS:000082717700009 PM 10509717 ER PT J AU Christensen, S Cooley, RL AF Christensen, S Cooley, RL TI Evaluation of prediction intervals for expressing uncertainties in groundwater flow model predictions SO WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID CONFIDENCE-INTERVALS; NONLINEAR-REGRESSION; HYDROGEOLOGIC INFORMATION; WATER FLOW; CALIBRATION; APPROXIMATE; OUTPUT AB We tested the accuracy of 95% individual prediction intervals for hydraulic heads, streamflow gains, and effective transmissivities computed by groundwater models of two Danish aquifers. To compute the intervals, we assumed that each predicted value can be written as the sum of a computed dependent variable and a random error. Testing was accomplished by using a cross-validation method and by using new field measurements of hydraulic heads and transmissivities that were not used to develop or calibrate the models. The tested null hypotheses are that the coverage probability of the prediction intervals is not significantly smaller than the assumed probability (95%) and that each tail probability is not significantly different from the assumed probability (2.5%). In all cases tested, these hypotheses were accepted at the 5% level of significance. We therefore conclude that for the groundwater models of two real aquifers the individual prediction intervals appear to be accurate. C1 Aarhus Univ, Dept Earth Sci, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark. US Geol Survey, Div Water Resources, Denver, CO 80225 USA. RP Christensen, S (reprint author), Aarhus Univ, Dept Earth Sci, Ny Munkegade B 520, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark. RI Christensen, Steen/A-2016-2012 OI Christensen, Steen/0000-0002-9251-2315 NR 34 TC 20 Z9 20 U1 0 U2 5 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0043-1397 J9 WATER RESOUR RES JI Water Resour. Res. PD SEP PY 1999 VL 35 IS 9 BP 2627 EP 2639 DI 10.1029/1999WR900163 PG 13 WC Environmental Sciences; Limnology; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Water Resources GA 230HY UT WOS:000082246800003 ER PT J AU Euliss, NH Mushet, DM AF Euliss, NH Mushet, DM TI Influence of agriculture on aquatic invertebrate communities of temporary wetlands in the prairie pothole region of North Dakota, USA SO WETLANDS LA English DT Article DE agricultural impacts; aquatic invertebrates; Branchiopoda; cases; Cladocera; ephippia; Gastropoda; North Dakota; Ostracoda; prairie pothole region; resting eggs; shells; temporary wetlands; Trichoptera ID CONTIGUOUS UNITED-STATES; ECOLOGICAL DISTRIBUTION; BREEDING WATERFOWL; SEDIMENT LOAD; FLUCTUATIONS; DROUGHT AB We evaluated the influence of intensive agriculture on invertebrate communities of temporary wetlands as indicated by aquatic invertebrate resting eggs, shells, and cases remaining after wetlands dried. To facilitate the comparison, we sampled 19 wetlands within cropland areas and 19 wetlands within grassland areas. We found resting eggs, shells, and cases of significantly more taxa and greater numbers of cladoceran resting eggs (ephippia), planorbid and physid snail shells, and ostracod shells in wetlands within grasslands than in croplands. We also successfully incubated greater numbers of cladocerans and ostracods from soil samples collected from grassland sites. We were unable to detect differences in the viability of cladoceran ephippia between grassland and cropland wetlands, but our sample size was small due to an absence of ephippia in most cropland wetlands sampled; 74% of the cropland wetlands were devoid of cladoceran ephippia whereas ephippia were well represented in nearly all of our grassland sites. Our results corroborate findings of other investigators that prairie pothole wetlands have been negatively impacted by human activities. Our study demonstrates that aquatic invertebrates of temporary wetlands have been negatively impacted by intensive agriculture and suggests that future studies need to assess the influence of agricultural practices on wetland-dependant wildlife. C1 US Geol Survey, No Prairie Wildlife Res Ctr, Jamestown, ND 58401 USA. RP Euliss, NH (reprint author), US Geol Survey, No Prairie Wildlife Res Ctr, Jamestown, ND 58401 USA. NR 44 TC 40 Z9 40 U1 6 U2 27 PU SOC WETLAND SCIENTISTS PI LAWRENCE PA 810 E TENTH ST, P O BOX 1897, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0277-5212 J9 WETLANDS JI Wetlands PD SEP PY 1999 VL 19 IS 3 BP 578 EP 583 PG 6 WC Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 237VK UT WOS:000082677100010 ER PT J AU Anderson, DJ Vondracek, B AF Anderson, DJ Vondracek, B TI Insects as indicators of land use in three ecoregions in the prairie pothole region SO WETLANDS LA English DT Article DE community-level indicators; Prairie Pothole Region; insects; land use; wetland condition ID CONTIGUOUS UNITED-STATES; FLUCTUATIONS; CATCHES; DROUGHT AB We sampled populations of insects in the prairie pothole region of North Dakota, USA, to determine whether relationships existed between community- or taxon-level indicators and 11 land-use types. Our goal was to determine if agricultural impacts were reflected in measurable differences for insect indicators: abundance, taxa richness, and diversity. Insects were sampled with light traps at 126 wetland basins in three ecoregions. Sampling was conducted three times each year during the spring and early summer of 1995 and 1996. Sites were selected based on the proportion of cropland to grassland, hayland, and Conservation Reserve Program land surrounding wetland basins at 50 and 400 m radii. Other landuse types included in our analyses were woodland, roadways, and five wetland types: permanent, semipermanent, seasonal, temporary, and riverine. In both years, tars richness, abundance, and diversity were greater for the second (June) and third (July) sampling periods than for the first period (May), and indicators were greater in the Drift Plain and Red River Valley ecoregions than in the Missouri Coteau ecoregion. Our analyses indicated several significant associations between insect indicators and land-use types; however, r(2) values were generally low. Much more of the variance in insect measures was explained by temperature, seasonal, and ecoregion effects. Several associations were significant within individual ecoregions (i.e., abundance of aquatic insects, Caenidae, Scarabaeidae, and Lepidoptera and number of Ephemeroptera families). However, no indicators were found in common for all three ecoregions. Several significant associations with land use were identified across all sites (i.e., all ecoregions combined). A small number of the significant relationships found across all sites were related to agricultural land use, and several indicated a negative relationship with grasslands. However, we observed several positive relationships between our insect indicators and riverine wetlands across sites and in the Red River Valley ecoregion for both years and spatial scales (i.e., the abundance of Caenidae, Scarabaeidae, Ceratopogonidae, Hydropsychidae, and Hydroptilidae). C1 Univ Minnesota, Dept Fisheries & Wildlife, Minnesota Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, US Geol Survey,Biol Resources Div, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. RP Anderson, DJ (reprint author), Univ Minnesota, Dept Fisheries & Wildlife, Minnesota Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, US Geol Survey,Biol Resources Div, 1980 Folwell Ave, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. NR 57 TC 23 Z9 25 U1 2 U2 15 PU SOC WETLAND SCIENTISTS PI LAWRENCE PA 810 E TENTH ST, P O BOX 1897, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0277-5212 J9 WETLANDS JI Wetlands PD SEP PY 1999 VL 19 IS 3 BP 648 EP 664 PG 17 WC Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 237VK UT WOS:000082677100017 ER PT J AU Sherfy, MH Kirkpatrick, RL AF Sherfy, MH Kirkpatrick, RL TI Additional regression equations for predicting seed yield of moist-soil plants SO WETLANDS LA English DT Article DE impoundment; moist-soil management; seed production; waterfowl foods ID WINTER; DIETS AB Laubhan and Fredrickson (1992) describe a regression-based method for predicting seed yield of moist-soil plants from measurements of inflorescence morphology and provide predictive equations for 11 species. Using methods similar to Laubhan and Fredrickson (1992), we developed predictive equations for seed production of six additional herbaceous wetland species. Five of our six equations had precision greater or equal to those of Laubhan and Fredrickson (1992). Thus, applying the two sets of available regression equations simultaneously should not produce biased seed-yield estimates. We evaluated the effect of assessing seed production with both sets of equations using a data set collected at Back Bay National Wildlife Refuge, Virginia, USA. Addition of seed-production estimates for the 6 species we describe resulted in a 12% higher total seed production, suggesting that the originally published method may underestimate total seed yield for some plant communities. We encourage other investigators to develop and publish similar regression models to enhance the utility of this method across habitats and regions. C1 Virginia Polytech Inst & State Univ, Dept Fisheries & Wildlife Sci, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA. RP Sherfy, MH (reprint author), US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Chesapeake Bay Field Off, 177 Admiral Cochrane Dr, Annapolis, MD 21401 USA. NR 18 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 1 U2 1 PU SOC WETLAND SCIENTISTS PI LAWRENCE PA 810 E TENTH ST, P O BOX 1897, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0277-5212 J9 WETLANDS JI Wetlands PD SEP PY 1999 VL 19 IS 3 BP 709 EP 714 PG 6 WC Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 237VK UT WOS:000082677100022 ER PT J AU Schliebe, SL Evans, TJ Fischbach, AS Cronin, MA AF Schliebe, SL Evans, TJ Fischbach, AS Cronin, MA TI Using genetics to verify sex of harvested polar bears: management implications SO WILDLIFE SOCIETY BULLETIN LA English DT Article DE genetics; harvest; management; morphology; polar bear; sex identification; Ursus maritimus; Y-chromosome DNA AB Polar bear (Ursus maritimus) occur at low densities in the southern Beaufort, Chukchi, and Bering seas of Alaska. Populations have a low intrinsic rate of increase. Therefore, excessive harvest of adult females may result in population declines. Accurate sexing of harvested bears is important to make informed management decisions. We determined sex of harvested bears by analyzing chromosomal DNA to assess accuracy of reported sex. Sex was incorrectly determined for 19 of 139 (13.7%) bears. More incorrectly sexed animals were recorded as males when they were Females, resulting in an overall 12% underestimate of females in the harvest. Probability of incorrect sexing of bears varied by sex and age class. A bootstrap resampling analysis determined that sub-adult females had a greater chance of being incorrectly sexed than adult females and that only sub-adults had a bias toward mis reporting females as males. At the current harvest level and estimated population size, the misidentification of sex does not result in an overharvest of females. However, if harvest levels increase or population levels decline, male bias in reporting could result in an overharvest of females. We recommend minimizing sex misidentification by reaching morphologic identification techniques, requiring that bacula of males be presented upon tagging, and conducting genetic analysis of harvested polar bears when sex is otherwise uncertain. C1 US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Anchorage, AK 99503 USA. LGL Alaska Res Associates Inc, Anchorage, AK 99508 USA. RP Schliebe, SL (reprint author), US Fish & Wildlife Serv, 1011 E Tudor Rd, Anchorage, AK 99503 USA. RI Fischbach, Anthony/E-7166-2010 OI Fischbach, Anthony/0000-0002-6555-865X NR 16 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 1 U2 6 PU WILDLIFE SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2197 USA SN 0091-7648 J9 WILDLIFE SOC B JI Wildl. Soc. Bull. PD FAL PY 1999 VL 27 IS 3 BP 592 EP 597 PG 6 WC Biodiversity Conservation SC Biodiversity & Conservation GA 264GZ UT WOS:000084173500010 ER PT J AU Luders, JW Schmidt, RH Dein, FJ Klein, PN AF Luders, JW Schmidt, RH Dein, FJ Klein, PN TI Drowning is not euthanasia SO WILDLIFE SOCIETY BULLETIN LA English DT Article DE animals; carbon dioxide; drowning; euthanasia; killing ID CARBON-DIOXIDE; RATS; FLOW C1 Cornell Univ, Coll Vet Med, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. Utah State Univ, Dept Fisheries & Wildlife, Logan, UT 84322 USA. US Geol Survey, Biol Res Div, Natl Wildlife Hlth Ctr, Madison, WI 53711 USA. US Human Soc, Gaithersburg, MD 20879 USA. RP Luders, JW (reprint author), Cornell Univ, Coll Vet Med, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. NR 22 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 3 U2 3 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ USA SN 0091-7648 J9 WILDLIFE SOC B JI Wildl. Soc. Bull. PD FAL PY 1999 VL 27 IS 3 BP 666 EP 670 PG 5 WC Biodiversity Conservation SC Biodiversity & Conservation GA 264GZ UT WOS:000084173500019 ER PT J AU Laskowski, HP Larsen, AC O'Shea, GF Pittendrigh, BR AF Laskowski, HP Larsen, AC O'Shea, GF Pittendrigh, BR TI Effect of xanthan gum and traditional mosquito larvicides on chironomid larvae SO WILDLIFE SOCIETY BULLETIN LA English DT Article DE abate (R); aquatic invertebrates; Bacillius thuringiensis; chironomids; mosquito control; temephos; wetlands; xanthan gum ID MIGRANT SEMIPALMATED SANDPIPERS; THURINGIENSIS VAR ISRAELENSIS; FEEDING ECOLOGY; FORAGING STRATEGIES; NORTHERN PINTAILS; MIDGES DIPTERA; FOOD-HABITS; CALIFORNIA; SHOREBIRDS; CULICIDAE AB Chironomid larvae are an important food source for many species of wildlife that depend upon wetland habitats. Using various pesticides to control mosquitoes may impact chironomid larvae, with important consequences to the quality of these wetland habitats for wildlife. We tested the effect of traditional mosquito larvicides: Bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis (BTI), temephos, a carbohydrate gum thickener (xanthan gum), and a modified starch (National 5370) on chironomid larvae in a wetland located in eastern Delaware. Only temephos reduced numbers of live chironomid larvae observed (P<0.01). We discuss the potential role of a carbohydrate-based mosquito control method in wetlands where chironomid larvae are the nontarget invertebrates of concern. C1 US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Milton, DE 19968 USA. US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Prime Hook Natl Wildlife Refuge, Milton, DE 19968 USA. RP Laskowski, HP (reprint author), US Fish & Wildlife Serv, RD3,Box 195, Milton, DE 19968 USA. NR 38 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 1 U2 5 PU WILDLIFE SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2197 USA SN 0091-7648 J9 WILDLIFE SOC B JI Wildl. Soc. Bull. PD FAL PY 1999 VL 27 IS 3 BP 741 EP 745 PG 5 WC Biodiversity Conservation SC Biodiversity & Conservation GA 264GZ UT WOS:000084173500029 ER PT J AU Samuel, MD Takekawa, JY Samelius, G Goldberg, DR AF Samuel, MD Takekawa, JY Samelius, G Goldberg, DR TI Avian cholera mortality in lesser snow geese nesting on Banks Island, Northwest Territories SO WILDLIFE SOCIETY BULLETIN LA English DT Article DE avian cholera; Banks Island; Chen caerulescens; lesser snow geese; mortality; Pasteurella multocida ID GOOSE AB Avian cholera is one of the most important diseases affecting waterfowl in North America, but little is known about its ecology and its impact on waterfowl populations. We documented avian cholera mortality in breeding lesser snow geese (Chen c. caerulescens) at the Egg River colony on Banks Island, Northwest Territories, Canada, in 1995 and 1996. Area of the breeding colony, core nesting area, and number of nesting geese were greater in 1996 (colony=7,537 ha, core area=1,158 ha, 401,000 nesting geese) than in 1995(colony=6,637 ha, core area=996 ha, 318,000 nesting geese). Density of nesting geese also was greater in the core area during 1995 (120 geese/ha) than in 1996 (90 geese/ha). Pasteurella multocida (serotype 1)was cultured from the leg bones of adult snow goose carcasses collected after outbreaks. Mortality from avian cholera began during nesting and continued until birds dispersed at hatch. Mortality appeared to be in foci scattered throughout the nesting colony, but generally was greater where there were greater densities of nesting geese. We estimated that 30,000 and 20,000 geese;died in 1995 and 1996, respectively, about 5-9% of the nesting colony. Between 1991 and 1997, at least 4 avian cholera outbreaks occurred at Banks Island. It appears that avian cholera has become endemic in this population of snow geese, and these birds have the potential to transmit the disease to other waterfowl, especially on wintering areas where waterfowl are very concentrated. C1 US Geol Survey, Natl Wildlife Hlth Res Ctr, Biol Resources Div, Madison, WI 53711 USA. US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, San Francisco Bay Estuary Field Stn, Vallejo, CA 94592 USA. Univ Saskatchewan, Dept Biol, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E2, Canada. RP Samuel, MD (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Natl Wildlife Hlth Res Ctr, Biol Resources Div, 6006 Schroeder Rd, Madison, WI 53711 USA. OI Goldberg, Diana/0000-0001-8540-8512 NR 29 TC 12 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 6 PU WILDLIFE SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2197 USA SN 0091-7648 J9 WILDLIFE SOC B JI Wildl. Soc. Bull. PD FAL PY 1999 VL 27 IS 3 BP 780 EP 787 PG 8 WC Biodiversity Conservation SC Biodiversity & Conservation GA 264GZ UT WOS:000084173500033 ER PT J AU Miller, MR Duncan, DC AF Miller, MR Duncan, DC TI The northern pintail is North America: status and conservation needs of a struggling population SO WILDLIFE SOCIETY BULLETIN LA English DT Article DE Anas acuta; conservation; habitat status; northern pintail; population status; recruitment; survival ID YUKON-KUSKOKWIM DELTA; DUCK NEST SUCCESS; MALLARD BROODS; BREEDING POPULATIONS; HABITAT CONDITIONS; NUTRIENT RESERVES; WILD MALLARDS; CLUTCH SIZE; SURVIVAL; ALASKA C1 US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Western Ecol Res Ctr, Dixon Field Stn, Dixon, CA 95620 USA. Canadian Wildlife Serv, Edmonton, AB T6B 2X3, Canada. RP Miller, MR (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Western Ecol Res Ctr, Dixon Field Stn, Dixon, CA 95620 USA. NR 89 TC 46 Z9 50 U1 3 U2 20 PU WILDLIFE SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2197 USA SN 0091-7648 J9 WILDLIFE SOC B JI Wildl. Soc. Bull. PD FAL PY 1999 VL 27 IS 3 BP 788 EP 800 PG 13 WC Biodiversity Conservation SC Biodiversity & Conservation GA 264GZ UT WOS:000084173500034 ER PT J AU Greenwood, RJ Sargeant, AB Piehl, JL Buhl, DA Hanson, BA AF Greenwood, RJ Sargeant, AB Piehl, JL Buhl, DA Hanson, BA TI Foods and foraging of prairie striped skunks during the avian nesting season SO WILDLIFE SOCIETY BULLETIN LA English DT Article DE avian nesting season; diet; food habits; Mephitis mephitis; nest depredation; North Dakota; prairie pothole region; striped skunk ID MEPHITIS-MEPHITIS; SUCCESS AB Food habits of prairie skunks are not well understood, yet such knowledge might provide insight into factors influencing nest depredation. We studied food habits of radiocollared adult striped skunks (Mephitis mephitis) during 1976-78 in North Dakota, where skunks are regarded as important predators of ground-nesting birds. Plant foods, primarily grain and sunflower seeds, occurred in a larger percentage of seats in spring (15 Apr-31 May) than summer (1 June-15 July P=0.04), but overall, plant foods were a minor part of skunk diets. Animal foods, primarily birds (including eggs), small rodents, and insects, occurred annually in a large percentage of the seats of all skunks. These foods were acquired nearly exclusively in grasslands. Percentage of seats containing animal foods was similar, irrespective of sex, season, or year (P>0.45). In spring, vertebrates occurred in a smaller percentage of seats of females than males (P<0.01). Among females, vertebrates also occurred in a smaller percentage of seats in spring than summer (P<0.01). Among all skunks, birds occurred in a smaller percentage of seats in spring than in summer (P<0.01). Both birds (P<0.02) and mammals (P<0.01) occurred in a smaller proportion of seats when wetland conditions were poor. Percentage of seats containing insects, the primary invertebrate food of skunks, did not vary by sex, season, or year (P>0.15). Insects were mostly adult and larval Coleoptera, larval Lepidoptera, and adult and nymph Orthoptera. C1 US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, No Prairie Wildlife Res Ctr, Jamestown, ND 58401 USA. RP Greenwood, RJ (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, No Prairie Wildlife Res Ctr, Jamestown, ND 58401 USA. NR 39 TC 26 Z9 26 U1 0 U2 17 PU WILDLIFE SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2197 USA SN 0091-7648 J9 WILDLIFE SOC B JI Wildl. Soc. Bull. PD FAL PY 1999 VL 27 IS 3 BP 823 EP 832 PG 10 WC Biodiversity Conservation SC Biodiversity & Conservation GA 264GZ UT WOS:000084173500037 ER PT J AU Smith, TS Hardin, PJ Flinders, JT AF Smith, TS Hardin, PJ Flinders, JT TI Response of bighorn sheep to clear-cut logging and prescribed burning SO WILDLIFE SOCIETY BULLETIN LA English DT Article DE clear-cut logging; Dendrocthonus ponderosae; habitat improvement; mountain pine beetle; Ovis canadensis; prescribed burning; Rocky Mountain bighorn sheep ID MOUNTAIN SHEEP; NUTRITION; RANGES AB Prescribed burning and timber harvesting have been used to restore and maintain Rocky Mountain bighorn sheep (Ovis canadensis) ranges. Intensive study of a bighorn sheep herd in northeastern Utah indicated a need for range improvements. To evaluate the effectiveness of clear-cut logging and prescribed burning, we documented sheep responses to these treatments. Although bighorn sheep exhibited strong fidelity to pre-treatment areas (P>0.05), they significantly altered use patterns to include logged and burned areas (P<0.001). Treated habitats experienced 148% increases in bighorn sheep activity, whereas use in untreated areas declined by 45%. Bighorn sheep responded more favorably to logged units than to burned areas. We conclude that carefully planned clear-cut logging and range burning may be effective to enhance and expand bighorn sheep populations. C1 US Geol Survey, Alaska Biol Sci Ctr, Biol Resources Div, Anchorage, AK 99503 USA. Brigham Young Univ, Dept Geog, Provo, UT 84602 USA. Brigham Young Univ, Dept Bot & Range Sci, Provo, UT 84602 USA. RP Smith, TS (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Alaska Biol Sci Ctr, Biol Resources Div, 1011 E Tudor Rd, Anchorage, AK 99503 USA. NR 17 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 4 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 0091-7648 J9 WILDLIFE SOC B JI Wildl. Soc. Bull. PD FAL PY 1999 VL 27 IS 3 BP 840 EP 845 PG 6 WC Biodiversity Conservation SC Biodiversity & Conservation GA 264GZ UT WOS:000084173500039 ER PT J AU Plissner, JH Haig, SM Oring, LW AF Plissner, JH Haig, SM Oring, LW TI Within- and between-year dispersal of American Avocets among multiple western Great Basin wetlands SO WILSON BULLETIN LA English DT Article ID CONNECTIVITY; ENVIRONMENTS; PHILOPATRY; EVOLUTION; MOVEMENTS; RATES AB Connectivity of discrete habitat patches may be described in terms of the movements of individual organisms among such patches. To examine connectivity of widely dispersed alkali lake systems, we recorded post-breeding and subsequent breeding locations of color-banded American Avocets (Recurvirostra americana) in the western U.S. Great Basin, from 1995-1997. Among individuals observed during the postbreeding/premigratory season, over half of the 188 breeding adults were observed at lakes other than their breeding locations, whereas 70% of 125 post-fledged young were observed only at their natal lake systems. Of 46 breeding adults observed in consecutive years, only eight (17%) dispersed between different lake systems. Only 8% of chicks were observed after their first year, and only 1.3% returned to the natal area in subsequent breeding seasons. Adult and recently fledged birds from the southernmost breeding site were regularly observed in post-breeding aggregations at lakes several hundred kilometers to the north, suggesting seasonal differences in habitat quality at the lake systems studied. These results indicate the importance of maintaining habitat fur post-breeding movements. C1 US Geol Survey, Forest & Rangeland Ecosyst Sci Ctr, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. Univ Nevada, Dept Environm & Resource Sci, Reno, NV 89512 USA. RP Haig, SM (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Forest & Rangeland Ecosyst Sci Ctr, 3200 SW Jefferson Way, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. NR 37 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 2 U2 4 PU WILSON ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC PI ANN ARBOR PA MUSEUM OF ZOOLOGY UNIV MICHIGAN, ANN ARBOR, MI 48109 USA SN 0043-5643 J9 WILSON BULL JI Wilson Bull. PD SEP PY 1999 VL 111 IS 3 BP 314 EP 320 PG 7 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA 227XV UT WOS:000082106000002 ER PT J AU Dove, CJ Banks, RC AF Dove, CJ Banks, RC TI A taxonomic study of crested carbcaras (Falconidae) SO WILSON BULLETIN LA English DT Article AB The taxonomic status of the crested caracaras (Caracara spp., Falconidae) has been unsettled for many years. Current sources such as the AOU Check-list recognize a single species that includes three taxa formerly considered distinct, citing observations by Hellmayr and Conover (1949) on two specimens considered to be intermediate. We studied plumage characters and measurements of over 392 museum specimens and found no evidence of clinal change between the northern and southern continental populations. Sixteen specimens from localities near the Amazon River where these two populations sporadically meet exhibit a mosaic of plumage elements from both forms. Measurements of wing chord, bill length, and bill depth indicate that size is positively correlated with latitude north and south of the equator and that females are larger than males in the northern population. These populations do not meet in western South America. We conclude that three biological species can be identified in the crested caracaras: the insular Gundalupe Caracara (Carocara lutosus); and two continental species, Northern (C. cheriway) and Southern caracara (C. plancus), neither of which shows subspecific variation. C1 George Mason Univ, Dept Biol, Fairfax, VA 22030 USA. US Geol Survey, Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, Natl Museum Nat Hist, Washington, DC 20560 USA. RP Dove, CJ (reprint author), George Mason Univ, Dept Biol, Fairfax, VA 22030 USA. NR 32 TC 16 Z9 19 U1 1 U2 4 PU WILSON ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC PI ANN ARBOR PA MUSEUM OF ZOOLOGY UNIV MICHIGAN, ANN ARBOR, MI 48109 USA SN 0043-5643 J9 WILSON BULL JI Wilson Bull. PD SEP PY 1999 VL 111 IS 3 BP 330 EP 339 PG 10 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA 227XV UT WOS:000082106000004 ER PT J AU Skagen, SK Stanley, TR Dillon, MB AF Skagen, SK Stanley, TR Dillon, MB TI Do mammalian nest predators follow human scent trails in the shortgrass prairie? SO WILSON BULLETIN LA English DT Article ID GROUND NESTS; DUCK NESTS; HABITAT; SUCCESS; DEPREDATION AB Nest predation, the major cause of nest failure in passerines, has exerted a strong influence on the evolution of life history traits of birds. Because human disturbance during nest monitoring may alter predation rates, we investigated whether human scent affected the survival of artificial ground nests in shortgrass prairie. Our experiment consisted of two treatments, one in which there was no attempt to mask human scent along travel routes between artificial nests, and one in which we masked human scent with cow manure, a scent familiar to mammalian predators in the study area. We found no evidence that human scent influenced predation rates, nor that mammalian predators followed human trails between nests. We conclude that scent trails made by investigators do not result in lower nesting success of passerines of the shortgrass prairie where vegetation trampling is minimal, mammalian predators predominate, and avian predators are rare. C1 US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Midcontinent Ecol Sci Ctr, Ft Collins, CO 80525 USA. RP Skagen, SK (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Midcontinent Ecol Sci Ctr, Ft Collins, CO 80525 USA. NR 25 TC 19 Z9 21 U1 0 U2 4 PU WILSON ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC PI ANN ARBOR PA MUSEUM OF ZOOLOGY UNIV MICHIGAN, ANN ARBOR, MI 48109 USA SN 0043-5643 J9 WILSON BULL JI Wilson Bull. PD SEP PY 1999 VL 111 IS 3 BP 415 EP 420 PG 6 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA 227XV UT WOS:000082106000014 ER PT J AU Whittow, GC Naughton, MB AF Whittow, GC Naughton, MB TI Christmas shearwater egg dimensions and shell characteristics on Laysan Island, Northwestern Hawaiian Islands SO WILSON BULLETIN LA English DT Article ID CONDUCTANCE AB The mean fresh egg mass of Christmas Shearwaters (Puffinus nativitatis) on Laysan Island, in the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands, was 44.9 +/- 3.4 (SD) g, and the mean egg volume was 42.3 +/- 2.9 cm(3). The measured length and breadth of the eggs, the shell mass, shell thickness, and number of pores in the shell were within 10% of predictions for procellariiform birds, based on fresh egg mass or on both fresh egg mass and incubation period. These data conform with evidence that there are few allometric differences between the eggs of tropical Procellariiformes and those of Procellariiformes from higher latitudes. C1 Univ Hawaii, John A Burns Sch Med, Dept Physiol, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Honolulu, HI 96850 USA. RP Whittow, GC (reprint author), Univ Hawaii, John A Burns Sch Med, Dept Physiol, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. NR 12 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU WILSON ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC PI ANN ARBOR PA MUSEUM OF ZOOLOGY UNIV MICHIGAN, ANN ARBOR, MI 48109 USA SN 0043-5643 J9 WILSON BULL JI Wilson Bull. PD SEP PY 1999 VL 111 IS 3 BP 421 EP 422 PG 2 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA 227XV UT WOS:000082106000015 ER PT J AU Kriens, BJ Shoemaker, EM Herkenhoff, KE AF Kriens, BJ Shoemaker, EM Herkenhoff, KE TI Geology of the upheaval dome impact structure, southeast Utah SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-PLANETS LA English DT Article ID SHOCK METAMORPHISM; QUARTZ; BASIN; COMET AB Two vastly different phenomena, impact and salt diapirism, have been proposed for the origin of Upheaval Dome, a spectacular scenic feature in southeast Utah. Detailed geologic mapping and seismic refraction data indicate that the dome originated by collapse of a transient cavity formed by impact. Evidence is as follows: (I)sedimentary strata in the center of the structure are pervasively imbricated by top-toward-the-center thrust faulting and are complexly folded as well; (2) top-toward-the-center normal faults are found at the perimeter of the structure; (3) clastic dikes are widespread; (4) the top of the underlying salt horizon is at least 500 m below the surface at the center of the dome, and there are no exposures of salt or associated rocks of the Paradox Formation in the dome to support the possibility that a salt diapir has ascended through it; and (5) planar microstructures in quartz grains, fan-tailed fracture surfaces (shatter surfaces), and rare shatter cones are present near the center of the structure. We show that the dome formed mainly by centerward motion of rock units along listric faults. Outcrop-scale folding and upturning of beds, especially common in the center, are largely a consequence of this motion. We have also detected some centerward motion of fault-bounded wedges resulting from displacements on subhorizontal faults that conjoin and die out within horizontal bedding near the perimeter of the structure. The observed deformation corresponds to the central uplift and the encircling ring structural depression seen in complex impact craters. C1 US Geol Survey, Flagstaff, AZ 86001 USA. Calif State Univ Dominguez Hills, Dept Earth Sci, Carson, CA 90747 USA. CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA USA. RP Herkenhoff, KE (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 2255 N Gemini Dr, Flagstaff, AZ 86001 USA. NR 55 TC 39 Z9 39 U1 3 U2 12 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0148-0227 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-PLANET JI J. Geophys. Res.-Planets PD AUG 25 PY 1999 VL 104 IS E8 BP 18867 EP 18887 DI 10.1029/1998JE000587 PG 21 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 229KG UT WOS:000082193300001 ER PT J AU Foreman, WT Goolsby, DA AF Foreman, WT Goolsby, DA TI Pesticides ih the air end precipitation of the Mississippi River Valley. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US Geol Survey, Sacramento, CA 95819 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG 22 PY 1999 VL 218 MA 50-AGRO BP U80 EP U80 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 226QZ UT WOS:000082033900177 ER PT J AU Hickey, JP Chernyak, SM Begnoche, L Quintal, R Poshyvanyk, M AF Hickey, JP Chernyak, SM Begnoche, L Quintal, R Poshyvanyk, M TI Traditional and current pesticides in commercial fish of the Black Sea basin/Sea of Azov. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 USGS, Great Lakes Sci Ctr, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA. Univ Illinois, Chicago, IL USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG 22 PY 1999 VL 218 MA 115-AGRO BP U99 EP U99 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 226QZ UT WOS:000082033900239 ER PT J AU Hoch, AR Reddy, MM Aiken, GR AF Hoch, AR Reddy, MM Aiken, GR TI Inhibition of calcite growth by dissolved organic carbon (DOC) isolated from the Florida Everglades. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US Geol Survey, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG 22 PY 1999 VL 218 MA 246-COLL BP U471 EP U471 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 226QZ UT WOS:000082033901439 ER PT J AU Kalkhoff, SJ Savoca, ME Sadorf, EM Kolpin, DW Thurman, EM AF Kalkhoff, SJ Savoca, ME Sadorf, EM Kolpin, DW Thurman, EM TI Occurrence of acetochlor and acetochlor-metabolites in alluvial aquifers in Iowa. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US Geol Survey, Easter Iowa Basins NAWQA, Iowa City, IA 52244 USA. US Geol Survey, Lawrence, KS 66049 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG 22 PY 1999 VL 218 MA 108-AGRO BP U97 EP U97 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 226QZ UT WOS:000082033900233 ER PT J AU Munro, RE Loges, LM Boone, K Eisler, R AF Munro, RE Loges, LM Boone, K Eisler, R TI Contaminant Hazard Reviews on CD. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US Geol Survey, Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, Laurel, MD 20708 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG 22 PY 1999 VL 218 MA 116-AGRO BP U99 EP U99 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 226QZ UT WOS:000082033900240 ER PT J AU Rice, CP AF Rice, CP TI Fog: A unique phase for partitioning of pesticides and other pollutants. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 USDA ARS, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. US Geol Serv, Biol REsources Div, Great Lakes Sci Ctr, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG 22 PY 1999 VL 218 MA 31-AGRO BP U73 EP U74 PN 1 PG 2 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 226QZ UT WOS:000082033900158 ER PT J AU Simon, NS Isbister, J Margraf, J Bricker, OP AF Simon, NS Isbister, J Margraf, J Bricker, OP TI Organo-phosphorus compounds in Chesapeake Bay coastal plain sediments and associated water from two watersheds with different land management practices. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US Geol Survey, Natl Ctr 432, Reston, VA 20192 USA. George Mason Univ, Fairfax, VA 22030 USA. US Geol Survey, Maryland Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Princess Anne, MD 21853 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG 22 PY 1999 VL 218 MA 23-GEOC BP U651 EP U651 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 226QZ UT WOS:000082033901967 ER PT J AU Thorn, KA AF Thorn, KA TI Reactions of LMW nitrogen compounds with humic substances. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Denver, CO 80225 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 1 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG 22 PY 1999 VL 218 MA 21-GEOC BP U651 EP U651 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 226QZ UT WOS:000082033901965 ER PT J AU Thurman, EM Hostetler, KA AF Thurman, EM Hostetler, KA TI Determination of ionic chloroacetanalide herbicide metabolites in surface water and groundwater by high-performance liquid chromatography-diode array detection and high-performance liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US Geol Survey, Lawrence, KS 66049 USA. Univ Kansas, Ctr Res Inc, Lawrence, KS 66045 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG 22 PY 1999 VL 218 MA 107-AGRO BP U97 EP U97 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 226QZ UT WOS:000082033900232 ER PT J AU White, JA AF White, JA TI Regulatory aspects of protecting endangered species with county pesticide bulletins. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Austin, TX 78758 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG 22 PY 1999 VL 218 MA 99-AGRO BP U94 EP U94 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 226QZ UT WOS:000082033900224 ER PT J AU Wong, CS Garrison, AW Foreman, WT Capel, PD Nowell, LH AF Wong, CS Garrison, AW Foreman, WT Capel, PD Nowell, LH TI Enantiomeric occurrence and distribution of chiral organochlorine compounds in US river sediment and biota. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US EPA, NERL, ERD, Athens, GA 30605 USA. USGS, Arvada, CO 80002 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG 22 PY 1999 VL 218 MA 86-ENVR BP U568 EP U568 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 226QZ UT WOS:000082033901725 ER PT J AU Ibrahim, MA Lee, BG Park, NG Pugh, JR Eberl, DD Frank, AJ AF Ibrahim, MA Lee, BG Park, NG Pugh, JR Eberl, DD Frank, AJ TI Synthesis of new oligothiophene derivatives and their intercalation compounds: orientation effects SO SYNTHETIC METALS LA English DT Article DE thiophene oligomers; intercalation; nanocomposites; orientation effects ID TRANSITION-METAL DICHALCOGENIDES; CONDUCTIVE POLYMER; PHOTOINDUCED ABSORPTION; ELECTROACTIVE POLYMERS; V2O5 XEROGELS; SEXITHIOPHENE; ANILINE; NANOCOMPOSITES; POLYANILINE; MOS2 AB The orientation dependence of intercalated oligothiophene derivatives in vermiculite and metal disulfides MS2 (M = Mo, Ti and Zr) on the pendant group on the thiophene ring and the host material was studied by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and solid state nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Amino and nitro derivatives of bi-, ter- and quarter-thiophenes were synthesized for the first time. The amino-oligothiophenes were intercalated into vermiculite by an exchange reaction with previously intercalated octadecylammonium vermiculite and into MS2 by the intercalation-exfoliation technique. Analysis of the XRD data indicates that a monolayer of amino-oligothiophene orients perpendicularly to the silicate surface in vermiculite and lies flat in the van der Waals gap of MS2. (C) 1999 Published by Elsevier Science S.A. All rights reserved. C1 Natl Renewable Energy Lab, Golden, CO 80401 USA. Chosun Univ, Dept Chem, Kwangju 501759, South Korea. Harrell Ind, Rock Hill, SC 29715 USA. US Geol Survey, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RP Frank, AJ (reprint author), Natl Renewable Energy Lab, 1617 Cole Blvd, Golden, CO 80401 USA. RI Park, Nam-Gyu/F-2477-2014 NR 63 TC 29 Z9 29 U1 1 U2 16 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE SA PI LAUSANNE PA PO BOX 564, 1001 LAUSANNE, SWITZERLAND SN 0379-6779 J9 SYNTHETIC MET JI Synth. Met. PD AUG 16 PY 1999 VL 105 IS 1 BP 35 EP 42 DI 10.1016/S0379-6779(99)00037-5 PG 8 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Physics, Condensed Matter; Polymer Science SC Materials Science; Physics; Polymer Science GA 212GL UT WOS:000081208900007 ER PT J AU Burton, KW Lee, DC Christensen, JN Halliday, AN Hein, JR AF Burton, KW Lee, DC Christensen, JN Halliday, AN Hein, JR TI Actual timing of neodymium isotopic variations recorded by Fe-Mn crusts in the western North Atlantic SO EARTH AND PLANETARY SCIENCE LETTERS LA English DT Article DE ferromanganese composition; North Atlantic Deep Water; paleo-oceanography; glaciation; Northern Hemisphere; Nd-144/Nd-143 ID CENTRAL PACIFIC SEAWATER; CENTRAL-AMERICAN ISTHMUS; FERROMANGANESE CRUSTS; DEEP-WATER; MASS-SPECTROMETRY; ARCTIC-OCEAN; PB ISOTOPES; STRONTIUM; ND; CIRCULATION AB Hydrogenetic ferromanganese (Fe-Mn) crusts from the western North Atlantic record variations in the Nd and Pb isotopic composition of Cenozoic deep water preserved during their growth. The timing and cause of the most striking change have been the subject of debate. Some have proposed that the shift took place after 4 Ma in response to the closure of the Panama gateway. Others have argued that the major change in isotope composition occurred as early as 8 Ma. This study presents high-resolution Nd isotope records fbr crusts previously dated using Be-10/Be-9 chronology. These data confirm that the shifts in Nd occurred after 4 Ma, consistent with a likely relationship with the closure of the Central American Isthmus and intensification of Northern Hemisphere Glaciation, and in accordance with changes seen in other physical and chemical records. These results illustrate the need for both a robust chronological framework and high-resolution records before a reliable paleoceanographic interpretation can be made of the variations recorded by Fe-Mn crusts. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Michigan, Dept Geol Sci, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. Univ Blaise Pascal, Lab Magmas & Volcans, CNRS, UMR 6524, F-63038 Clermont Ferrand, France. ETH ZentrumNO, Dept Erdwissensch, Inst Isotopengeol & Mineral Rohstoffe, CH-9092 Zurich, Switzerland. US Geol Survey, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. RP Burton, KW (reprint author), Univ Michigan, Dept Geol Sci, 1006 CC Little Bldg, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. RI Lee, Der-Chuen/N-9225-2013; Christensen, John/D-1475-2015 NR 45 TC 53 Z9 59 U1 5 U2 16 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0012-821X J9 EARTH PLANET SC LETT JI Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. PD AUG 15 PY 1999 VL 171 IS 1 BP 149 EP 156 DI 10.1016/S0012-821X(99)00138-7 PG 8 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 226FX UT WOS:000082010600012 ER PT J AU Burton, KW Bourdon, B Birck, JL Allegre, CJ Hein, JR AF Burton, KW Bourdon, B Birck, JL Allegre, CJ Hein, JR TI Osmium isotope variations in the oceans recorded by Fe-Mn crusts SO EARTH AND PLANETARY SCIENCE LETTERS LA English DT Article DE ferromanganese composition; osmium; isotope ratios; sea water ID RICH FERROMANGANESE CRUSTS; MARINE MANGANESE NODULES; PACIFIC SEAMOUNT AREAS; CENTRAL NORTH PACIFIC; OS-187/OS-186 RATIO; MASS-SPECTROMETRY; GROWTH-RATES; SEA-WATER; SEAWATER; SEDIMENTS AB This study presents osmium (Os) isotope data for recent growth surfaces of hydrogenetic ferromanganese (Fe-Mn) crusts from the Pacific, Atlantic and Indian Oceans. In general, these data indicate a relatively uniform Os isotopic composition for modem seawater, but suggest that North Atlantic seawater is slightly more radiogenic than that of the Pacific and Indian Oceans. The systematic difference in the Os isotopic composition between the major oceans probably reflects a greater input of old continental material with a high Re/Os ratio in the North Atlantic Ocean, consistent with the distribution of Nd and Pb isotopes. This spatial variation in the Os isotope composition in seawater is consistent with a residence One for Os of between 2 and 60 kyr. Indian Ocean samples show no evidence of a local source of radiogenic Os, which suggests that the present-day riverine input from the Himalaya-Tibet region is not a major source for Os. Recently formed Fe-Mn crusts from the TAG hydrothermal field in the North Atlantic yield an Os isotopic composition close to that of modem seawater, which indicates that, in this area, the input of unradiogenic Os from the hydrothermal alteration of oceanic crust is small. However, some samples from the deep Pacific (greater than or equal to 4 km) possess a remarkably unradiogenic Os isotope composition ((187)Os/(186)Os ratios as low as 4.3). The compositional control of Os incorporation into the crusts and mixing relationships suggest that this unradiogenic composition is most likely due to the direct incorporation of micrometeoritic or abyssal peridotite particles, rather than indicating the presence of an unradiogenic deep-water mass. Moreover, this unradiogenic signal appears to be temporary, and local, and has had little apparent effect on the overall evolution of seawater. These results confirm that input of continental material through erosion is the dominant source of Os in seawater, but it is not clear whether global Os variations are due to the input of mantle or meteoritic material, or simply indicate that the continental source itself is not uniform. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Inst Phys Globe, CNRS, Lab Geochim & Cosmochim, F-75252 Paris 05, France. US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. RP Burton, KW (reprint author), Univ Clermont Ferrand, Lab Magmas & Volcans, CNRS, UMR 6524, 5 Rue Kessler, F-63038 Clermont Ferrand, France. EM burton@opgc.univ-bpclermont.fr RI Bourdon, Bernard/A-3303-2008; BIRCK, Jean Louis/A-6127-2011 NR 59 TC 66 Z9 78 U1 5 U2 13 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0012-821X J9 EARTH PLANET SC LETT JI Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. PD AUG 15 PY 1999 VL 171 IS 1 BP 185 EP 197 DI 10.1016/S0012-821X(99)00139-9 PG 13 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 226FX UT WOS:000082010600015 ER PT J AU Uhle, ME Chin, YP Aiken, GR McKnight, DM AF Uhle, ME Chin, YP Aiken, GR McKnight, DM TI Binding of polychlorinated biphenyls to aquatic humic substances: The role of substrate and sorbate properties on partitioning SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC-HYDROCARBONS; DISPERSED ORGANIC POLYMERS; SOLUBILITY ENHANCEMENT; MOLECULAR-WEIGHT; NATURAL SOLIDS; FULVIC-ACIDS; PYRENE; CONTAMINANTS; TRANSPORT; CONSTANTS AB Two ortho- (2,2',5 and 2,2',5,6') and a non-ortho- (3,3',4,4') substituted polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) congeners were used to study the effects of sorbate structure in binding processes to two lacustrine fulvic acids. Binding constants were determined by solubility enhancement of the solutes by the fulvic acids. The binding of the orthotrichlorobiphenyl was significantly less than the non-ortho-substituted tetrachlorobiphenyl to both fulvic acids. Surprisingly, the measured ortho-trichlorobiphenyl binding constant to both fulvic acids was approximately the same as the ortho-substituted tetrachlorobiphenyl. The effect of the chlorines in the ortho position inhibits free rotation around the 1,1' carbon bond, thereby making the molecule less able to interact effectively with the fulvic acid substrate relative to its non-ortho-substituted congeners. Finally, binding of all three PCBs to the Great Dismal Swamp fulvic acid was significantly higher than for the Pony Lake sample. This observation is attributable to the former substrate's higher degree of aromaticity and polarizability, which can potentially interact more favorably with the PCBs through an increase in van der Waals type interactions. C1 Ohio State Univ, Dept Geol Sci, Columbus, OH 43210 USA. US Geol Survey, Div Water Resources, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. Univ Colorado, Inst Arctic & Alpine Res, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RP Chin, YP (reprint author), Ohio State Univ, Dept Geol Sci, Columbus, OH 43210 USA. OI MCKNIGHT, DIANE/0000-0002-4171-1533 NR 28 TC 61 Z9 64 U1 1 U2 22 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0013-936X J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD AUG 15 PY 1999 VL 33 IS 16 BP 2715 EP 2718 DI 10.1021/es9808447 PG 4 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 227HF UT WOS:000082074500005 ER PT J AU Snyder, SA Keith, TL Verbrugge, DA Snyder, EM Gross, TS Kannan, K Giesy, JP AF Snyder, SA Keith, TL Verbrugge, DA Snyder, EM Gross, TS Kannan, K Giesy, JP TI Analytical methods for detection of selected estrogenic compounds in aqueous mixtures SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID SEWAGE-TREATMENT PLANT; DETROIT RIVER; ALKYLPHENOLIC CHEMICALS; EXTRACTION DISKS; TRACE ENRICHMENT; WATER SAMPLES; STW EFFLUENT; IN-VITRO; IDENTIFICATION; TROUT AB Both natural estrogens and synthetic compounds that mimic estrogen can reach the aquatic environment through wastewater discharges. Because nonylphenol (NP), octylphenol (OP), nonylphenol polyethoxylates (NPE), 17 beta-estradiol (E2), and ethynylestradiol (EE2) have previously been found to be estrogenic and to occur in wastewater effluents, they were the primary analytes for which the method was developed. Water samples were extracted in situ using solid-phase extraction disks. Analytes were separated by high-pressure liquid chromatography and detected by fluorescence or competitive radioimmunoassay (RIA). Method detection limits(MDLs) using HPLC with fluorescence detection were 11, 2, and 52 ng/L of water for NP, OF, and NPE, respectively. The RIA MDLs for E2 and EE2 were 107 and 53 pg/L, respectively. Samples were collected from four municipal wastewater treatment plants in south central Michigan, eight locations on the Trenton Channel of the Detroit River, MI, and five locations in Lake Mead, NV. Concentrations of NP and OP ranged from less than the MDL to 37 and 0.7 mu g/L, respectively. NPE concentrations ranged from less than the MDL to 332 mu g/L. Concentrations of E2 and EE2 ranged from less than the MDLs to 3.7 and 0.8 ng/L, respectively. C1 Michigan State Univ, Dept Zool, Natl Food Safety & Toxicol Ctr, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA. Michigan State Univ, Inst Environm Toxicol, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA. Florida Caribbean Sci Ctr, US Geol Survey, Biol Res Div, Gainesville, FL 32653 USA. RP Snyder, SA (reprint author), Michigan State Univ, Dept Zool, Natl Food Safety & Toxicol Ctr, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA. RI Snyder, Shane/A-3302-2011 OI Snyder, Shane/0000-0003-2709-9840 NR 46 TC 287 Z9 310 U1 8 U2 36 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0013-936X J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD AUG 15 PY 1999 VL 33 IS 16 BP 2814 EP 2820 DI 10.1021/es981294f PG 7 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 227HF UT WOS:000082074500020 ER PT J AU Chadwell, CD Hildebrand, JA Spiess, FN Morton, JL Normark, WR Reiss, CA AF Chadwell, CD Hildebrand, JA Spiess, FN Morton, JL Normark, WR Reiss, CA TI No spreading across the southern Juan de Fuca Ridge axial cleft during 1994-1996 SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article ID BASE-LINE TILTMETER; SEA MARC-I; MIDOCEAN RIDGE; DEFORMATION; EQUATIONS; SPEED; SOUND; RIFT; SEAWATER; SEAMOUNT AB Direct-path acoustic measurements between seafloor transponders observed no significant extension (-10 +/- 14 mm/yr) from August 1994 to September 1996 at the southern Juan de Fuca Ridge (44 degrees 40' N and 130 degrees 20' W). The acoustic path for the measurement is a 691-m baseline straddling the axial cleft, which bounds the Pacific and Juan de Fuca plates. Given an expected full-spreading rate of 56 mm/yr, these data suggest that extension across this plate boundary occurs episodically within the narrow (similar to 1 km) region of the axial valley floor, and that active deformation is occurring between the axial cleft and the plate interior. A cleft-parallel 714-m baseline located 300 m to the west of the cleft on the Pacific plate monitored system performance and, as expected, observed no motion (+5 +/- 7 mm/yr) between the 1994 and 1996 surveys. C1 Univ Calif San Diego, Scripps Inst Oceanog, Marine Phys Lab, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA. US Geol Survey, Natl Ctr 918, Reston, VA USA. US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. RP Chadwell, CD (reprint author), Univ Calif San Diego, Scripps Inst Oceanog, Marine Phys Lab, 9500 Gilman Dr, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA. NR 30 TC 28 Z9 28 U1 0 U2 9 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0094-8276 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD AUG 15 PY 1999 VL 26 IS 16 BP 2525 EP 2528 DI 10.1029/1999GL900570 PG 4 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 226GD UT WOS:000082011200030 ER PT J AU Langbein, J Gwyther, RL Hart, RHG Gladwin, MT AF Langbein, J Gwyther, RL Hart, RHG Gladwin, MT TI Slip-rate increase at Parkfield in 1993 detected by high-precision EDM and borehole tensor strainmeters SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article ID EARTHQUAKE PREDICTION EXPERIMENT; SAN-ANDREAS FAULT; 2-COLOR GEODIMETER; CALIFORNIA; DEFORMATION; SHEAR AB On two of the instrument networks at Parkfield, California, the two-color Electronic Distance Meter (EDM) network and Borehole Tensor Strainmeter (BTSM) network, we have detected a rate change starting in 1993 that has persisted at least 5 years. These and other instruments capable of measuring crustal deformation were installed at Parkfield in anticipation of a moderate, M6, earthquake on the San Andreas fault. Many of these instruments have been in operation since the mid 1980s and have established an excellent baseline to judge changes in rate of deformation and the coherence of such changes between instruments. The onset of the observed rate change corresponds in time to two other changes at Parkfield. From late 1992 through late 1994, the Parkfield region had an increase in number of M4 to M5 earthquakes relative to the preceding 6 years. The deformation-rate change also coincides with the end of a 7-year period of sub-normal rainfall. Both the spatial coherence of the rate change and hydrological modeling suggest a tectonic explanation for the rate change. From these observations, we infer that the rate of slip increased over the period 1993-1998. C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. CSIRO, Pinjarra Hills, Qld 4069, Australia. RP Langbein, J (reprint author), US Geol Survey, MS 977,345 Middlefield Rd, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. NR 16 TC 28 Z9 29 U1 0 U2 5 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0094-8276 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD AUG 15 PY 1999 VL 26 IS 16 BP 2529 EP 2532 DI 10.1029/1999GL900557 PG 4 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 226GD UT WOS:000082011200031 ER PT J AU Kay, I Musacchio, G White, D Asudeh, I Roberts, B Forsyth, D Hajnal, Z Koperwhats, B Farrell, D AF Kay, I Musacchio, G White, D Asudeh, I Roberts, B Forsyth, D Hajnal, Z Koperwhats, B Farrell, D TI Imaging the Moho and V-p/V-s ratio in the Western Superior Archean craton with wide angle reflections SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article ID CANADIAN SHIELD; REFRACTION DATA; CONSTRAINTS; GRENVILLE; PROVINCES; BENEATH; CRUST AB A refraction/wide-angle reflection survey in northwestern Ontario investigated the Archean Superior Province of the Canadian Shield. Images of apparent Moho topography were produced from both the PmP and SmS Moho wide angle reflections. The average Moho depth is 41 km, and average P- and S-wave velocities 6.6 and 3.8 (+/- 0.05) km/s respectively. The Moho dips southward from 39.5 to 42 km depth over roughly 400 km. From ratios of S and P travel times to the Moho, profiles of V-p/V-s were constructed. The average V-p/V-s ratios are 1.74 and 1.76 for on the E-W and N-S lines (Poisson's ratio sigma = 0.253 and 0.262 respectively). V-p/V-s profiles show a sharp increase from west to east and a gradual increase from north to south, correlating with the distribution of more felsic continental crust and composite crust in the Western Superior. C1 Geol Survey Canada, Ottawa, ON K2A 0E8, Canada. CNR, IRRS, I-20133 Milan, Italy. Univ Saskatchewan, Dept Geol Sci, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E2, Canada. Stanford Univ, Dept Geophys, PASSCAL Instrument Ctr, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. US Geol Survey, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. RP Kay, I (reprint author), Geol Survey Canada, 601 Booth St, Ottawa, ON K2A 0E8, Canada. NR 14 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 1 U2 3 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0094-8276 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD AUG 15 PY 1999 VL 26 IS 16 BP 2585 EP 2588 DI 10.1029/1999GL010422 PG 4 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 226GD UT WOS:000082011200045 ER PT J AU Lee, DC Halliday, AN Hein, JR Burton, KW Christensen, JN Gunther, D AF Lee, DC Halliday, AN Hein, JR Burton, KW Christensen, JN Gunther, D TI Hafnium isotope stratigraphy of ferromanganese crusts SO SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID CENTRAL PACIFIC SEAWATER; DEEP-OCEAN WATER; FE-MN CRUSTS; PB ISOTOPES; HF; ND; DEPOSITS; NODULES; MANTLE; EVOLUTION AB A Cenozoic record of hafnium isotopic compositions of central Pacific deep water has been obtained from two ferromanganese crusts. The crusts are separated by more than 3000 kilometers but display similar secular variations. Significant fluctuations in hafnium isotopic composition occurred in the Eocene and Oligocene, possibly related to direct advection from the Indian and Atlantic oceans. Hafnium isotopic compositions have remained approximately uniform for the past 20 million years, probably reflecting increased isolation of the central Pacific. The mechanisms responsible for the increase in Sr-87/Sr-86 in seawater through the Cenozoic apparently had no effect on central Pacific deep-water hafnium. C1 Univ Michigan, Dept Geol Sci, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. ETH Zentrum, Dept Erdwissensch, Inst Isotopengeol & Mineral Rohstoffe, CH-8092 Zurich, Switzerland. US Geol Survey, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. Univ Blaise Pascal, Dept Sci Terre, F-63038 Clermont Ferrand, France. ETH Zurich, Inst Analyt Chem & Spurenanalyt, Anorgan Chem Lab, CH-8092 Zurich, Switzerland. RP Lee, DC (reprint author), Univ Michigan, Dept Geol Sci, 1006 CC Little Bldg, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. RI Lee, Der-Chuen/N-9225-2013; Christensen, John/D-1475-2015 NR 40 TC 49 Z9 55 U1 4 U2 9 PU AMER ASSOC ADVANCEMENT SCIENCE PI WASHINGTON PA 1200 NEW YORK AVE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 USA SN 0036-8075 J9 SCIENCE JI Science PD AUG 13 PY 1999 VL 285 IS 5430 BP 1052 EP 1054 DI 10.1126/science.285.5430.1052 PG 3 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 226QV UT WOS:000082033100041 ER PT J AU Savage, JC Svarc, JL Prescott, WH AF Savage, JC Svarc, JL Prescott, WH TI Strain accumulation at Yucca Mountain, Nevada, 1983-1998 SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SOLID EARTH LA English DT Article ID DISTANCE MEASUREMENTS; SOUTHERN-CALIFORNIA; FAULT; CONSTRAINTS; GEODOLITE AB A 14-station, 50-km aperture geodetic array centered on the proposed radioactive waste disposal site at Yucca Mountain, Nevada, was surveyed in 1983, 1984, 1993, and 1998 to determine the rate of strain accumulation there. The coseismic effects of the 1992 (M-S=5.4) Little Skull Mountain earthquake, which occurred within the array, were calculated from a dislocation model and removed from the data. The measured principal strain accumulation rates determined over the 1983-1998 interval are epsilon(1) = 2+/-12 nanostrain/yr N87 degrees W+/-12 degrees and epsilon(2) = -22+/-12 nanostrain/yr N03 degrees E+/-12 degrees (extension reckoned positive and quoted uncertainties are standard deviations). The N65 degrees W extension rate is -2+/-12 nanostrain/yr, significantly less than the 1991-1997 N65 degrees W rate of 50+/-9 nanostrain/yr reported by Wernicke et al. [1998]. The implied maximum right-lateral engineering-shear, strain accumulation rate is gamma=epsilon(1)-epsilon(2) = 23+/-10 nanostrain/yr, a marginally significant rate. Almost half (epsilon(1) = 6 nanostrain/yr N90 degrees W, epsilon(2) = -6 nanostrain/yr N00 degrees E, and gamma = 12 nanostrain/yr) of the measured strain rate can be attributed to strain accumulation on the Death Valley-Furnace Creek (50 km distant) and Hunter Mountain-Panamint Valley (90 km distant) faults. The residual strain rate after the removal of those fault contributions is not significant at the 95% confidence level. C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. RP Savage, JC (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 345 Middlefield Rd,M-S 977, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. EM jsavage@isdmnl.wr.usgs.gov NR 14 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-9313 EI 2169-9356 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-SOL EA JI J. Geophys. Res.-Solid Earth PD AUG 10 PY 1999 VL 104 IS B8 BP 17627 EP 17631 DI 10.1029/1999JB900100 PG 5 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 224LL UT WOS:000081900500006 ER PT J AU Parsons, T Wells, RE Fisher, MA Flueh, E ten Brink, US AF Parsons, T Wells, RE Fisher, MA Flueh, E ten Brink, US TI Three-dimensional velocity structure of Siletzia and other accreted terranes in the Cascadia forearc of Washington SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SOLID EARTH LA English DT Article ID OLYMPIC SUBDUCTION COMPLEX; SOUTHERN VANCOUVER-ISLAND; WESTERN WASHINGTON; COAST RANGE; TECTONIC EVOLUTION; EARTHQUAKE HAZARDS; CONVERGENT MARGIN; PLATE MOTIONS; PUGET-SOUND; OREGON AB Eocene mafic crust with high seismic velocities underlies much of the Oregon and Washington forearc and acts as a backstop for accretion of marine sedimentary rocks from the obliquely subducting Juan de Fuca slab. Are-parallel migration of relatively strong blocks of this terrane, known as Siletzia, focuses upper crustal deformation along block boundaries, which are potential sources of earthquakes. In a three-dimensional velocity model of coastal Washington, we have combined surface geology, well data, and travel times from earthquakes and controlled source seismic experiments to resolve the major boundaries of the Siletz terrane with the adjacent accreted sedimentary prism and volcanic are. In southern Washington and northern Oregon the Siletz terrane appears to be a thick block (similar to 20 km) that extends west of the coastline and makes a high-angle contact with the offshore accreted sedimentary prism. On its east flank the high-velocity Siletz terrane boundary coincides with an en echelon zone of seismicity in the are. In northern Washington the western edge of Siletzia makes a lower-angled, fault-bound contact with the accretionary prism. In addition, alternating, east-west trending uplifts and downwarps of the Siletz terrane centered on the antiformal Olympic Mountains may reflect focusing of north-south compression in the northern part of the Siletz terrane. This compressional strain may result from northward transport and clockwise rotation of the Siletz terrane into the relatively fixed Canadian Coast Mountains restraining bend along the coast. C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. GEOMAR Res Ctr Marine Geosci, D-24148 Kiel, Germany. US Geol Survey, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. RP Parsons, T (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 345 Middlefield Rd,MS 999, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. EM tparsons@usgs.gov RI Parsons, Tom/A-3424-2008; ten Brink, Uri/A-1258-2008; OI ten Brink, Uri/0000-0001-6858-3001; Parsons, Tom/0000-0002-0582-4338 NR 53 TC 34 Z9 34 U1 0 U2 8 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-9313 EI 2169-9356 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-SOL EA JI J. Geophys. Res.-Solid Earth PD AUG 10 PY 1999 VL 104 IS B8 BP 18015 EP 18039 DI 10.1029/1999JB900106 PG 25 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 224LL UT WOS:000081900500031 ER PT J AU Gutmann, B Chalup, A Plunkert, PA Perl, AS Virta, RL Potter, MJ McCracken, DJ Sheth, A Kramer, DA Hedrick, JB Holroyd, B Karr, C Bolen, WP Johnson, RL AF Gutmann, B Chalup, A Plunkert, PA Perl, AS Virta, RL Potter, MJ McCracken, DJ Sheth, A Kramer, DA Hedrick, JB Holroyd, B Karr, C Bolen, WP Johnson, RL CA US Borax Inc TI Alumina SO AMERICAN CERAMIC SOCIETY BULLETIN LA English DT Article C1 Alcoa Ind Chem Div, Charlotte, NC 28226 USA. US Geol Survey, Washington, DC 20242 USA. US Borax Inc, Valencia, CA 91355 USA. Amer Minerals Inc, King Of Prussia, PA 19406 USA. Unimin Corp, New Canaan, CT 06840 USA. RT Vanderbilt Co Inc, Norwalk, CT 06856 USA. Eagle Zinc Co, New York, NY 10012 USA. NR 8 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER CERAMIC SOC PI WESTERVILLE PA 735 CERAMIC PLACE, PO BOX 6136, WESTERVILLE, OH 43081-6136 USA SN 0002-7812 J9 AM CERAM SOC BULL JI Am. Ceram. Soc. Bull. PD AUG PY 1999 VL 78 IS 8 BP 118 EP + PG 29 WC Materials Science, Ceramics SC Materials Science GA 291WP UT WOS:000085762600007 ER PT J AU Giraud, KL Loomis, JB Johnson, RL AF Giraud, KL Loomis, JB Johnson, RL TI Two valuation questions in one survey: is it a recipe for sequencing and instrument context effects? SO APPLIED ECONOMICS LA English DT Article ID CONTINGENT-VALUATION AB Economic theory suggests that willingness to pay for two goods independently offered should remain unchanged when the survey instrument changes slightly. Four survey treatments consisting of comprehensive good and a subset of that good were used. The surveys alternated in the question ordering and in the embedded good which accompanied the comprehensive good. We tested for sequencing and instrument context effects using both a combined and split sample designs. In the combined sample case we found some evidence to sequencing effects in the data containing the first subset good. Likelihood ratio tests indicated that sequencing did not effect scale or location of parameters. In the test for instrument context effects, evidence was found indicating context does effect willingness to pay estimates. C1 Univ Alaska Fairbanks, Dept Econ, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA. Colorado State Univ, Dept Agr & Resource Econ, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. US Geol Survey, Midcontinent Ecol Sci Ctr, Ft Collins, CO 80525 USA. RP Giraud, KL (reprint author), Univ Alaska Fairbanks, Dept Econ, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA. RI Cullen, Kelly/C-6418-2017 OI Cullen, Kelly/0000-0001-6642-9676 NR 13 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 1 U2 4 PU ROUTLEDGE PI LONDON PA 11 NEW FETTER LANE, LONDON EC4P 4EE, ENGLAND SN 0003-6846 J9 APPL ECON JI Appl. Econ. PD AUG PY 1999 VL 31 IS 8 BP 957 EP 964 PG 8 WC Economics SC Business & Economics GA 225CZ UT WOS:000081940800004 ER PT J AU Gaikowski, MP Rach, JJ Ramsay, RT AF Gaikowski, MP Rach, JJ Ramsay, RT TI Acute toxicity of hydrogen peroxide treatments to selected lifestages of cold-, cool-, and warmwater fish SO AQUACULTURE LA English DT Article DE acute toxicity; hydrogen peroxide; lifestages ID TROUT ONCORHYNCHUS-MYKISS; RAINBOW-TROUT; DISEASE AB Hatchery personnel depend on therapeutant treatments to control diseases. Currently, hatchery managers in the United States are limited to one approved therapeutant (formalin) and three compounds of Low Regulatory Priority (sodium chloride, hydrogen peroxide, and acetic acid) to control external diseases of cultured fish. Hydrogen peroxide has been used to effectively control external columnaris and bacterial gill disease in rainbow trout, however, definitive safe treatment concentrations for hydrogen peroxide are lacking for a variety of species. We report the acute toxicity of hydrogen peroxide treatments to 11 species of fry and 13 species of fingerling freshwater fish. Most mortality occurred within the first 30 h after the first exposure to hydrogen peroxide with little change in the overall shape of survival curves over time. Our data predict that in an actual therapeutic application of hydrogen peroxide, most treatment-related mortalities would be observed shortly after the initial exposure. Coolwater species were more sensitive than coldwater species but were generally similar to warmwater species tested. Based on our mortality data, coldwater species and largemouth bass may be treated for 60 min at concentrations of less than or equal to 150 mu l/l without harmful effects; all muskellunge, walleye, bluegill, channel catfish, yellow perch, pallid sturgeon fingerlings, fathead minnow fingerlings, white sucker fingerlings, and northern pike fry may be treated for 60 min at less than or equal to 100 mu l/l; and northern pike fingerlings and white sucker, yellow perch and fathead minnow fry may be treated for 60 min at less than or equal to 50 mu l/l. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Upper Midwest Environm Sci Ctr, USGS Biol Resources Div, La Crosse, WI 54603 USA. RP Gaikowski, MP (reprint author), Upper Midwest Environm Sci Ctr, USGS Biol Resources Div, 2630 Fanta Reed Rd, La Crosse, WI 54603 USA. OI Gaikowski, Mark/0000-0002-6507-9341 NR 22 TC 57 Z9 58 U1 4 U2 16 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0044-8486 J9 AQUACULTURE JI Aquaculture PD AUG 1 PY 1999 VL 178 IS 3-4 BP 191 EP 207 DI 10.1016/S0044-8486(99)00123-4 PG 17 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 215JD UT WOS:000081377800001 ER PT J AU Doerner, JP Carrara, PE AF Doerner, JP Carrara, PE TI Deglaciation and postglacial vegetation history of the West Mountains, west-central Idaho, USA SO ARCTIC ANTARCTIC AND ALPINE RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID GLACIER PEAK TEPHRA; ROCKY-MOUNTAINS; NATIONAL-PARK; MONTANA; CLIMATE; AGE; FLUCTUATIONS; STRATIGRAPHY; COLORADO; ALBERTA AB The West Mountains, west-central Idaho, were deglaciated before ca. 11,500 BP, as indicated by radiocarbon ages and Glacier Peak tephra, at several sites in cirques. Pollen analysis of a sediment core, and plant macrofossils from sediments recovered from the cirque at the head of Van Wyck Creek, indicate that a closed spruce-pine forest surrounded the site from ca. 11,500 to 9800 BP: Early in this period, spruce (probably krummholz) was already growing near the present-day altitudinal Limit of large upright spruce. Hence, the climate during this period was significantly warmer than before 11,500 BP: Between ca. 9800 and 3200 BP the climate was warmer and drier than present. Pollen data indicate that from ca. 9300 to the time of Mazama tephra deposition (ca. 6700 BP), the climate was warmer and drier than at any time since 11,500 BP. From ca. 6700 to 3200 BP there was a small decrease in temperature with a minor increase in effective moisture. Beginning ca. 3200 BP, the climate was characterized by cooler temperatures and more mesic conditions. Modern plant communities were established by ca. 1500 BP. C1 Univ No Colorado, Dept Geog, Greeley, CO 80639 USA. US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Lakewood, CO 80225 USA. RP Doerner, JP (reprint author), Univ No Colorado, Dept Geog, Greeley, CO 80639 USA. NR 34 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 1 U2 4 PU INST ARCTIC ALPINE RES PI BOULDER PA UNIV COLORADO, BOULDER, CO 80309 USA SN 1523-0430 J9 ARCT ANTARCT ALP RES JI Arct. Antarct. Alp. Res. PD AUG PY 1999 VL 31 IS 3 BP 303 EP 311 DI 10.2307/1552261 PG 9 WC Environmental Sciences; Geography, Physical SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Physical Geography GA 227BP UT WOS:000082058400013 ER PT J AU Quist, CF Latimer, KS Goldade, SL Rivera, A Dein, FJ AF Quist, CF Latimer, KS Goldade, SL Rivera, A Dein, FJ TI Granular cell tumour in an endangered Puerto Rican Amazon parrot (Amazon vittata) SO AVIAN PATHOLOGY LA English DT Article AB A 3 cm diameter mass from the metacarpus of a Puerto Rican Amazon parrot was diagnosed as a granular cell tumour based on light microscopy. The cytoplasmic granules were periodic-acid Schiff positive and diastase resistant. Ultrastructural characteristics of the cells included convoluted nuclei and the presence of numerous cytoplasmic tertiary lysosomes. This is only the second granular cell tumour reported in a bird. We speculate that most granular cell tumours are derived from cells that are engaged in some type of cellular degradative process, creating a similar morphologic appearance, but lacking a uniform histogenesis. C1 Univ Georgia, Coll Vet Med, SE Cooperat Wildlife Dis Study, Athens, GA 30602 USA. Univ Georgia, Coll Vet Med, Dept Pathol, Athens, GA 30602 USA. US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Rio Grande Field Off, Rio Grande, PR USA. US Geol Survey, Madison, WI 53711 USA. RP Quist, CF (reprint author), Univ Georgia, Coll Vet Med, SE Cooperat Wildlife Dis Study, Athens, GA 30602 USA. NR 8 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU CARFAX PUBLISHING PI BASINGSTOKE PA RANKINE RD, BASINGSTOKE RG24 8PR, HANTS, ENGLAND SN 0307-9457 J9 AVIAN PATHOL JI Avian Pathol. PD AUG PY 1999 VL 28 IS 4 BP 345 EP 348 PG 4 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA 237CJ UT WOS:000082636900004 PM 26905490 ER PT J AU Ewel, JJ O'Dowd, DJ Bergelson, J Daehler, CC D'Antonio, CM Gomez, LD Gordon, DR Hobbs, RJ Holt, A Hopper, KR Hughes, CE LaHart, M Leakey, RRB Lee, WG Loope, LL Lorence, DH Louda, SM Lugo, AE McEvoy, PB Richardson, DM Vitousek, PM AF Ewel, JJ O'Dowd, DJ Bergelson, J Daehler, CC D'Antonio, CM Gomez, LD Gordon, DR Hobbs, RJ Holt, A Hopper, KR Hughes, CE LaHart, M Leakey, RRB Lee, WG Loope, LL Lorence, DH Louda, SM Lugo, AE McEvoy, PB Richardson, DM Vitousek, PM TI Deliberate introductions of species: Research needs - Benefits can be reaped, but risks are high SO BIOSCIENCE LA English DT Review ID BIOLOGICAL-CONTROL; PLANT INVASIONS; CORDGRASS SPARTINA; TRANSGENIC PLANTS; HOST-SPECIFICITY; HYBRIDIZATION; EVOLUTION; CLASSIFICATION; INTERFERENCE; RESISTANCE C1 USDA Forest Serv, Inst Pacific Isl Forestry, Honolulu, HI 96813 USA. Univ Chicago, Dept Ecol & Evolut, Chicago, IL 60637 USA. Univ Hawaii, Dept Bot, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Integrat Biol, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. Org Trop Studies, Las Cruces Biol Stn, San Vito Java, Coto Brus, Costa Rica. Org Trop Studies, Wilson Bot Garden, San Vito Java, Coto Brus, Costa Rica. Nat Conservancy Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. CSIRO Wildlife & Ecol, Perth, WA 6014, Australia. Nat Conservancy Hawaii, Honolulu, HI 96817 USA. Univ Delaware, USDA ARS, Beneficial Insect Intro Res Unit, Newark, DE 19713 USA. Univ Oxford, Dept Plant Sci, Oxford OX1 3RB, England. S Florida Water Management Dist, W Palm Beach, FL 33406 USA. Inst Terr Ecol, Penicuik EH26 QB, Midlothian, Scotland. Landcare Res, Dunedin, New Zealand. US Geol Survey, Div Biol Res, Makawao, HI 96768 USA. Natl Trop Bot Garden, Lawai, HI 96765 USA. Univ Nebraska, Sch Biol Sci, Lincoln, NE 68588 USA. USDA, Forest Serv, Int Inst Trop Forestry, Rio Piedras, PR 00928 USA. Oregon State Univ, Dept Entomol, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. Univ Cape Town, Dept Bot, Inst Plant Conservat, ZA-7701 Rondebosch, South Africa. Stanford Univ, Dept Biol Sci, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. RP Ewel, JJ (reprint author), USDA Forest Serv, Inst Pacific Isl Forestry, Honolulu, HI 96813 USA. EM jackewel@gte.net RI Hobbs, Richard/F-5883-2010; Richardson, David/A-1495-2008 OI Hobbs, Richard/0000-0003-4047-3147; Richardson, David/0000-0001-9574-8297 NR 112 TC 148 Z9 166 U1 4 U2 40 PU AMER INST BIOLOGICAL SCI PI WASHINGTON PA 1444 EYE ST, NW, STE 200, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 USA SN 0006-3568 J9 BIOSCIENCE JI Bioscience PD AUG PY 1999 VL 49 IS 8 BP 619 EP 630 DI 10.2307/1313438 PG 12 WC Biology SC Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics GA 220TL UT WOS:000081683500006 ER PT J AU Andrews, DJ AF Andrews, DJ TI Test of two methods for faulting in finite-difference calculations SO BULLETIN OF THE SEISMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA LA English DT Article ID DYNAMIC RUPTURE; EARTHQUAKE; SIMULATION; STRAIN AB Tests of two fault boundary conditions show that each converges with second order accuracy as the finite-difference grid is refined. The first method uses split nodes so that there are disjoint grids that interact via surface traction. The 3D version described here is a generalization of a method I have used extensively in 2D; it is as accurate as the 2D version. The second method represents fault slip as inelastic strain in a fault zone. Offset of stress from its elastic value is seismic moment density. Implementation of this method is quite simple in a finite-difference scheme using velocity and stress as dependent variables. C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. RP US Geol Survey, 345 Middlefield Rd,Mail Stop 977, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. NR 15 TC 86 Z9 88 U1 0 U2 2 PU SEISMOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI ALBANY PA 400 EVELYN AVE, SUITE 201, ALBANY, CA 94706-1375 USA SN 0037-1106 EI 1943-3573 J9 B SEISMOL SOC AM JI Bull. Seismol. Soc. Amer. PD AUG PY 1999 VL 89 IS 4 BP 931 EP 937 PG 7 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 231MX UT WOS:000082315300008 ER PT J AU Meltzner, AJ Wald, DJ AF Meltzner, AJ Wald, DJ TI Foreshocks and aftershocks of the great 1857 California earthquake SO BULLETIN OF THE SEISMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA LA English DT Article ID MAGNITUDE; FAULT AB The San Andreas fault is the longest fault in California and one of the longest strike-slip faults anywhere in the world, yet we know little about many aspects of its behavior before, during, and after large earthquakes. We conducted a study to locate and to estimate magnitudes for the largest foreshocks and aftershocks of the 1857 M 7.9 Fort Tejon earthquake on the central and southern segments of the fault. We began by searching archived first-hand accounts from 1857 through 1862, by grouping felt reports temporally, and by assigning modified Mercalli intensities to each site. We then used a modified form of the grid-search algorithm of Bakun and Wentworth, derived from empirical analysis of modern earthquakes, to find the location and magnitude most consistent with the assigned intensities for each of the largest events, The result confirms a conclusion of Sieh that at least two foreshocks ("dawn" and "sunrise") located on or near the Parkfield segment of the San Andreas fault preceded the mainshock. We estimate their magnitudes to be M approximate to 6.1 and M approximate to 5.6, respectively. The aftershock rate was below average but within one standard deviation of the number of aftershocks expected based on statistics of modern southern California mainshock-aftershock sequences. The aftershocks included two significant events during the first eight days of the sequence, with magnitudes M approximate to 6.25 and M approximate to 6.7, near the southern half of the rupture; later aftershocks included a M approximate to 6 event near San Bernardino in December 1858 and a M approximate to 6.3 event near the Parkfield segment in April 1860, From earthquake logs at Fort Tejon, we conclude that the aftershock sequence lasted a minimum of 3.75 years. C1 CALTECH, Div Geol & Planetary Sci, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. US Geol Survey, Pasadena, CA 91106 USA. RP CALTECH, Div Geol & Planetary Sci, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. RI Meltzner, Aron/A-5585-2009; OI Meltzner, Aron/0000-0002-2955-0896; Wald, David/0000-0002-1454-4514 NR 16 TC 19 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 2 PU SEISMOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI ALBANY PA 400 EVELYN AVE, SUITE 201, ALBANY, CA 94706-1375 USA SN 0037-1106 EI 1943-3573 J9 B SEISMOL SOC AM JI Bull. Seismol. Soc. Amer. PD AUG PY 1999 VL 89 IS 4 BP 1109 EP 1120 PG 12 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 231MX UT WOS:000082315300023 ER PT J AU Waythomas, CF AF Waythomas, CF TI Stratigraphic framework of Holocene volcaniclastic deposits, Akutan Volcano, east-central Aleutian Islands, Alaska SO BULLETIN OF VOLCANOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Akutan; lapilli tephra; Holocene volcaniclastic deposits; caldera-forming eruption Lahara; hazards ID DEBRIS FLOW AB Akutan Volcano is one of the most active volcanoes in the Aleutian are, but until recently little was known about its history and eruptive character. Following a brief but sustained period of intense seismic activity in March 1996, the Alaska Volcano Observatory began investigating the geology of the volcano and evaluating potential volcanic hazards that could affect residents of Akutan Island. During these studies new information was obtained about the Holocene eruptive history of the volcano on the basis of stratigraphic studies of volcaniclastic deposits and radiocarbon dating of associated buried soils and peat. A black, scoria-bearing, lapilli tephra, informally named the "Akutan tephra," is up to 2 m thick and is found over most of the island, primarily east of the volcano summit. Six radiocarbon ages on the humic fraction of soil A-horizons beneath the tephra indicate that the Akutan tephra was erupted approximately 1611 years B.P. At several locations the Akutan tephra is within a conformable stratigraphic sequence of pyroclastic-flow and lahar deposits that are all part of the same eruptive sequence. The thickness, widespread distribution, and conformable stratigraphic association with overlying pyroclastic-flow and lahar deposits indicate that the Akutan tephra likely records a major eruption of Akutan Volcano that may have formed the present summit caldera. Noncohesive lahar and pyroclastic-flow deposits that predate the Akutan tephra occur in the major valleys that head on the volcano and are evidence for six to eight earlier Holocene eruptions. These eruptions were strombolian to subplinian events that generated limited amounts of tephra and small pyroclastic flows that extended only a few kilometers from the vent. The pyroclastic flows melted snow and ice on the volcano flanks and formed lahars that traveled several kilometers down broad, formerly glaciated valleys, reaching the coast as thin, watery, hyperconcentrated flows or water floods. Slightly cohesive lahars in Hot Springs valley and Long valley could have formed from minor flank collapses of hydrothermally altered volcanic bedrock. These lahars may be unrelated to eruptive activity. C1 US Geol Survey, Alaska Volcano Observ, Anchorage, AK 99508 USA. RP Waythomas, CF (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Alaska Volcano Observ, 4230 Univ Dr,Suite 201, Anchorage, AK 99508 USA. NR 23 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 3 U2 5 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0258-8900 J9 B VOLCANOL JI Bull. Volcanol. PD AUG PY 1999 VL 61 IS 3 BP 141 EP 161 DI 10.1007/s004450050268 PG 21 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 233KV UT WOS:000082426800001 ER PT J AU Fabrizio, MC Nichols, JD Hines, JE Swanson, BL Schram, ST AF Fabrizio, MC Nichols, JD Hines, JE Swanson, BL Schram, ST TI Modeling data from double-tagging experiments to estimate heterogeneous rates of tag shedding in lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush) SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FISHERIES AND AQUATIC SCIENCES LA English DT Article ID CAPTURE-RECAPTURE DATA; SOUTHERN BLUEFIN TUNA; SURVIVAL RATES; POPULATION; SELECTION; RECOVERY AB Data from mark-recapture studies are used to estimate population rates such as exploitation, survival, and growth. Many of these applications assume negligible tag loss, so tag shedding can be a significant problem. Various tag shedding models have been developed for use with data from double-tagging experiments, including models to estimate constant instantaneous rates, time-dependent rates, and type I and II shedding rates. In this study, we used conditional (on recaptures) multinomial models implemented using the program SURVIV (G.C. White. 1983. J. Wildl. Manage. 47: 716-728) to estimate tag shedding rates of lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush) and explore various potential sources of variation in these rates. We applied the models to data from several long-term double-tagging experiments with Lake Superior lake trout and estimated shedding rates for anchor tags in hatchery-reared and wild fish and for various tag types applied in these experiments. Estimates of annual tag retention rates for lake trout were fairly high (80-90%), but we found evidence (among wild fish only) that retention rates may be significantly lower in the first year due to type I losses. Annual retention rates for some tag types varied between male and female fish, but there was no consistent pattern across years. Our estimates of annual tag retention rates will be used in future studies of survival rates for these fish. C1 US Geol Survey, Great Lakes Sci Ctr, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA. US Geol Survey, Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, Laurel, MD 20708 USA. Wisconsin Dept Nat Resources, Bayfield, WI 54814 USA. RP Fabrizio, MC (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Great Lakes Sci Ctr, 1451 Green Rd, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA. OI Fabrizio, Mary/0000-0002-6115-5490 NR 35 TC 17 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 4 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA, ONTARIO K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0706-652X J9 CAN J FISH AQUAT SCI JI Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. PD AUG PY 1999 VL 56 IS 8 BP 1409 EP 1419 DI 10.1139/cjfas-56-8-1409 PG 11 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 231TT UT WOS:000082326800009 ER PT J AU MacRae, RK Maest, AS Meyer, JS AF MacRae, RK Maest, AS Meyer, JS TI Selection of an organic acid analogue of dissolved organic matter for use in toxicity testing SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FISHERIES AND AQUATIC SCIENCES LA English DT Article ID HUMIC SUBSTANCES; STABILITY-CONSTANTS; COMPLEX-FORMATION; CADMIUM-BINDING; NATURAL-WATERS; METAL-IONS; FISH GILLS; COPPER; BIOAVAILABILITY; SPECIATION AB Uncontaminated stream waters in the vicinity of a Co mine in Idaho were titrated with Cu to determine the Cu-binding characteristics of natural dissolved organic matter (DOM) and suspended particles. Nonlinear regressions of bound versus free Cu concentrations were consistent with a two-ligand model for DOM complexation of Cu, in which the conditional stability constants (log K) and complexation capacities (CC) were log K-1 = 7.26, CC1 = 0.21 mu mol Cu.mg dissolved organic carbon (DOC)(-1) and log K-2 = 5.13, CC2 = 2.89 mu mol Cu.mg DOC-1. Copper-binding constants were similar in filtered (0.45 mu m) and unfiltered water samples. Calcium, Mg, and Co did not compete appreciably with Cu for DOM complexation at concentrations present in site waters. Copper binding to amorphous iron oxide flocs also was not important at the Fe concentrations present in the stream waters. We selected a mixture of three organic acids, dipicolinic, oxalic, and malonic, to mimic the Cu-binding properties of this DONI. Geochemical models were developed to estimate Cu speciation and evaluate its bioavailability in companion fish toxicity tests using the DOM analogue (Marr et al. 1999. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 56: 1471-1483). C1 Univ Wyoming, Dept Zool & Physiol, Laramie, WY 82071 USA. Hydrosphere Inc, Boulder, CO 80302 USA. RP MacRae, RK (reprint author), US Fish & Wildlife Serv, New Mexico Ecol Serv, Field Off, Environm Contaminants Div, 2105 Osuna NE, Albuquerque, NM 87113 USA. NR 35 TC 7 Z9 8 U1 1 U2 2 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA, ONTARIO K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0706-652X J9 CAN J FISH AQUAT SCI JI Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. PD AUG PY 1999 VL 56 IS 8 BP 1484 EP 1493 PG 10 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 231TT UT WOS:000082326800016 ER PT J AU Mech, LD AF Mech, LD TI Alpha status, dominance, and division of labor in wolf packs SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF ZOOLOGY LA English DT Article ID WOLVES CANIS-LUPUS; ARCTIC WOLF; EXTRATERRITORIAL MOVEMENTS; DISPERSAL; MARKING AB The prevailing view of a wolf (Canis lupus) pack is that of a group of individuals ever vying for dominance but held in check by the "alpha" pair, the alpha male and alpha female. Most research on the social dynamics of wolf packs, however, has been conducted on non-natural assortments of captive wolves. Here I describe the wolf-pack social order as it occurs in nature, discuss the alpha concept and social dominance and submission, and present data on the precise relationships among members in free-living packs, based on a literature review and 13 summers of observations of wolves on Ellesmere Island, Northwest Territories, Canada. I conclude that the typical wolf pack is a family, with the adult parents guiding the activities of the group in a division-of-labor system in which the female predominates primarily in such activities as pup care and defense and the male primarily during foraging and food-provisioning and the travels associated with them. C1 US Geol Survey, Prairie & No Wildlife Res Ctr, Biol Resources Div, Jamestown, ND 58401 USA. RP Mech, LD (reprint author), No Cent Res Stn, 1992 Folwell Ave, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. EM Mechx002@tc.umn.edu NR 49 TC 97 Z9 99 U1 6 U2 114 PU CANADIAN SCIENCE PUBLISHING, NRC RESEARCH PRESS PI OTTAWA PA 65 AURIGA DR, SUITE 203, OTTAWA, ON K2E 7W6, CANADA SN 0008-4301 EI 1480-3283 J9 CAN J ZOOL JI Can. J. Zool. PD AUG PY 1999 VL 77 IS 8 BP 1196 EP 1203 DI 10.1139/cjz-77-8-1196 PG 8 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA 256ZW UT WOS:000083757200004 ER PT J AU Wilmshurst, JF Fryxell, JM Farm, BP Sinclair, ARE Henschel, CP AF Wilmshurst, JF Fryxell, JM Farm, BP Sinclair, ARE Henschel, CP TI Spatial distribution of Serengeti wildebeest in relation to resources SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF ZOOLOGY LA English DT Article ID ESTIMATE HERBAGE DIGESTIBILITY; ACID DETERGENT FIBER; FORAGE QUALITY; FUNCTIONAL-RESPONSE; GRAZING ECOSYSTEM; INTERNAL MARKERS; PATCH SELECTION; BITE DIMENSIONS; DIET SELECTION; SWARD HEIGHT AB We investigated the spatial distribution of radio-marked wildebeest (Connochaetes taurinus) in the Serengeti ecosystem in relation to the distribution of their food resources, comparing patterns in the wet and dry seasons and at local and landscape spatial scales. A mechanistic model of ruminant energy optimization predicted that wildebeest should maximize energy intake on swards 3 cm high and maintain energy balance on swards between 3 and 10 cm high. At the ecosystem scale, wildebeest preferred short and intermediate-height grass of moderate greenness during both the wet and dry seasons. This was consistent with the model prediction which suggests that large-scale movements by wildebeest are motivated, at least partially, by an energy-maximizing strategy. At the local scale, however, wildebeest showed spatial selectivity only on the basis of grass greenness, not on grass height. This differed from model expectations and may have resulted from wildebeest exploiting ephemeral green flushes of grass caused by localized rainfall in their movement radius. According to these results, the influence of other nutritional or behavioural factors on wildebeest distributions is not rejected, yet they suggest the potentially important role of an energy intake maximizing strategy on movement patterns. Our findings show that wildebeest movements are broadly similar to those of other large herbivores that migrate in response to resource gradients. C1 Univ Guelph, Dept Zool, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada. US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Hawaii Volcanoes NP, HI 96718 USA. Univ British Columbia, Dept Zool, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada. Univ British Columbia, Ctr Biodivers, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada. RP Agr & Agri Food Canada, Res Ctr, POB 3000, Lethbridge, AB T1J 4B1, Canada. NR 77 TC 108 Z9 113 U1 2 U2 38 PU CANADIAN SCIENCE PUBLISHING, NRC RESEARCH PRESS PI OTTAWA PA 65 AURIGA DR, SUITE 203, OTTAWA, ON K2E 7W6, CANADA SN 0008-4301 EI 1480-3283 J9 CAN J ZOOL JI Can. J. Zool. PD AUG PY 1999 VL 77 IS 8 BP 1223 EP 1232 DI 10.1139/cjz-77-8-1223 PG 10 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA 256ZW UT WOS:000083757200007 ER PT J AU Mech, LD Wolf, PC Packard, JM AF Mech, LD Wolf, PC Packard, JM TI Regurgitative food transfer among wild wolves SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF ZOOLOGY-REVUE CANADIENNE DE ZOOLOGIE LA English DT Article ID ARCTIC WOLF PACK; CANIS-LUPUS; DEN AB Few studies of monogamous canids have addressed regurgitation in the context of extended parental care and alloparental care within family groups. We studied food transfer by regurgitation in a pack of wolves on Ellesmere Island, North West Territories, Canada, during 6 summers from 1988 through 1996. All adult wolves, including yearlings and a post-reproductive female, regurgitated food. Although individuals regurgitated up to five times per bout, the overall ratio of regurgitations per bout was 1.5. Pups were more likely to receive regurgitations (81%) than the breeding female (14%) or auxiliaries (6%). The breeding male regurgitated mostly to the breeding female and pups, and the breeding female regurgitated primarily to pups. The relative effort of the breeding female was correlated with litter size (Kendall's tau = 0.93, P = 0.01). C1 US Geol Survey, Midcontinent Ecol Sci Ctr, Biol Resources Div, Ft Collins, CO 80525 USA. Univ Minnesota, Dept Fisheries & Wildlife, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. Texas A&M Univ, Dept Fisheries & Wildlife Sci, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. RP Mech, LD (reprint author), N Cent Res Stn, 1992 Folwell Ave, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. RI Packard, Jane/B-4812-2013 OI Packard, Jane/0000-0003-3758-6087 NR 16 TC 32 Z9 32 U1 3 U2 17 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA, ONTARIO K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0008-4301 J9 CAN J ZOOL JI Can. J. Zool.-Rev. Can. Zool. PD AUG PY 1999 VL 77 IS 8 BP 1192 EP 1195 DI 10.1139/cjz-77-8-1192 PG 4 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA 256ZW UT WOS:000083757200003 ER PT J AU Leonard, JBK AF Leonard, JBK TI Regional variation in muscle metabolic enzymes in individual American shad (Alosa sapidissima) SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF ZOOLOGY-REVUE CANADIENNE DE ZOOLOGIE LA English DT Article ID FISH AB Evaluation of the activity of metabolic enzymes is often used to assess metabolic capacity at the tissue level, but the amount of regional variability within a tissue in an individual fish of a given species is frequently unknown. The activities of four enzymes (citrate synthase (CS), phosphofructokinase, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and beta-hydroxyacyl coenzyme A dehydrogenase (HOAD)) were assayed in red and white muscle at 10 sites along the body of adult American shad (Alosa sapidissima). Red and white muscle HOAD and white muscle CS and LDH varied significantly, generally increasing posteriorly. Maximal variation occurs in red muscle HOAD (similar to 450%) and white muscle LDH (similar to 60%) activity. Differences between the sexes also vary with sampling location. This study suggests that the variability in enzyme activity may be linked to functional differences in the muscle at different locations, and also provides guidelines for sample collection in this species. C1 US Geol Survey, Fish Res Ctr, SO Conte Anadromous Fish Res Ctr, Turners Falls, MA 01376 USA. Univ Massachusetts, Dept Biol, Amherst, MA 01003 USA. RP Leonard, JBK (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Fish Res Ctr, SO Conte Anadromous Fish Res Ctr, Turners Falls, MA 01376 USA. NR 10 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 2 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA, ONTARIO K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0008-4301 J9 CAN J ZOOL JI Can. J. Zool.-Rev. Can. Zool. PD AUG PY 1999 VL 77 IS 8 BP 1322 EP 1326 DI 10.1139/cjz-77-8-1322 PG 5 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA 256ZW UT WOS:000083757200018 ER PT J AU Lebo, JA Huckins, JN Petty, JD Ho, KT AF Lebo, JA Huckins, JN Petty, JD Ho, KT TI Removal of organic contaminant toxicity from sediments - Early work toward development of a toxicity identification evaluation (TIE) method SO CHEMOSPHERE LA English DT Article ID SEMIPERMEABLE-MEMBRANE DEVICES; BEDFORD HARBOR; BIOAVAILABILITY; MODEL AB Work was performed to determine the feasibility of selectively detoxifying organic contaminants in sediments. The results of this research will be used to aid in the development of a scheme for whole-sediment toxicity identification evaluations (TIEs). The context in which the method will be used inherently restricts the treatments to which the sediments can be subjected: Sediments cannot be significantly altered physically or chemically and the presence and bioavailabilities of other toxicants must not be changed. The methodological problem is daunting because of the requirement that the detoxification method be relatively fast and convenient together with the stipulation that only innocuous and minimally invasive treatments be used. Some of the experiments described here dealt with degrees of decontamination (i.e., detoxification as predicted from instrumental measurements) of spiked sediments rather than with degrees of detoxification as gauged by toxicity tests (e.g., 48-h toxicity tests with amphipods). Although the larger TIE scheme itself is mostly outside the scope of this paper, theoretical aspects of bioavailability and of the desorption of organic contaminants from sediments are discussed. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 US Geol Survey, CERC, Columbia, MO 65201 USA. US EPA, Atlantic Ecol Div, NHEERL, Narragansett, RI 02882 USA. RP Lebo, JA (reprint author), US Geol Survey, CERC, 4200 New Haven Rd, Columbia, MO 65201 USA. NR 22 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 3 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0045-6535 J9 CHEMOSPHERE JI Chemosphere PD AUG PY 1999 VL 39 IS 3 BP 389 EP 406 DI 10.1016/S0045-6535(99)00003-X PG 18 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 204JD UT WOS:000080760000001 ER PT J AU De Leon, MT Smith, LM AF De Leon, MT Smith, LM TI Behavior of migrating shorebirds at North Dakota Prairie Potholes SO CONDOR LA English DT Article DE American Avocet; Least Sandpiper; Long-billed Dowitcher; Prairie Pothole Region; Semipalmated Sandpiper; shorebirds; Stilt Sandpiper ID CONSERVATION AB We examined diurnal time-activity budgets of American Avocets (Recurvirostra americana), Long-billed Dowitchers (Limnodromus scolopaceus), Stilt Sandpipers (Calidris himantopus), Semipalmated Sandpipers (C. pusilla), and Least Sandpipers (C. minutilla) in the Prairie Pothole Region of northwestern North Dakota during spring and fall 1994 and 1995 to evaluate the importance of prairie pothole wetlands to a variety of shorebird guilds. Long-billed Dowitchers, and Stilt, Semipalmated, and Least Sandpipers spent most of their time feeding in spring and fall. American Avocets also used prairie potholes for feeding, but other activities like locomotion, body maintenance, and sleep consumed large proportions of time. Time spent in various behaviors was similar among three diurnal (early, midday, and late) time periods during spring and fall. Avocets and dowitchers slept more during midday than early or late periods. Flock size was smaller during spring than fall in both years for American Avocets, Long-billed Dowitchers, Semipalmated Sandpipers, and Least Sandpipers and in 1994 for Stilt Sandpipers. More than half of all aggressive encounters by American Avocets, Stilt Sandpipers, Semipalmated Sandpipers, and Least Sandpipers were intraspecific during feeding. Smaller hock sizes in spring may be related to avoidance of costly aggression in spring and/or the numbers of birds migrating through the region. The Prairie Pothole Region serves as a stopover for most shorebirds to acquire energy reserves during migration, and conservation efforts should focus on preserving and enhancing prairie potholes for foraging shorebirds. C1 Texas Tech Univ, Dept Range Wildlife & Fisheries Management, Lubbock, TX 79409 USA. RP De Leon, MT (reprint author), US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Ouray Natl Wildlife Refuge, 266 W 100 N,Suite 2, Vernal, UT 84078 USA. NR 43 TC 19 Z9 21 U1 2 U2 9 PU COOPER ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC PI LAWRENCE PA ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC NORTH AMER PO BOX 1897, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 USA SN 0010-5422 J9 CONDOR JI Condor PD AUG PY 1999 VL 101 IS 3 BP 645 EP 654 PG 10 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA 226CG UT WOS:000082002300019 ER PT J AU Ellis, DH Clegg, KR Lewis, JC Spaulding, E AF Ellis, DH Clegg, KR Lewis, JC Spaulding, E TI Golden Eagle predation on experimental Sandhill and Whooping Cranes SO CONDOR LA English DT Article DE Aquila chrysaetos; Golden Eagle; Grus americana; Grus canadensis; predation; Sandhill Crane; Whooping Crane AB During experiments to lead cranes on migration behind motorized craft in the western United States, our cranes experienced 15 attacks (4 fatal) by Golden Eagles. We believe many more attacks would have occurred (and more would have been fatal) without human intervention. We recognize eagle predation as an important risk to cranes especially during migration. C1 USGS, Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, Laurel, MD 20708 USA. RP Ellis, DH (reprint author), USGS, Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, Laurel, MD 20708 USA. NR 15 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 1 U2 5 PU COOPER ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC PI LAWRENCE PA ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC NORTH AMER PO BOX 1897, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 USA SN 0010-5422 J9 CONDOR JI Condor PD AUG PY 1999 VL 101 IS 3 BP 664 EP 666 DI 10.2307/1370196 PG 3 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA 226CG UT WOS:000082002300021 ER PT J AU Laubhan, MK Metzner, KA AF Laubhan, MK Metzner, KA TI Distribution and diurnal behavior of Steller's Eiders wintering on the Alaska Peninsula SO CONDOR LA English DT Article DE Alaska Peninsula; Izembek Lagoon; Polysticta stelleri; population distribution; Steller's Eiders; winter habitat use ID POLYSTICTA-STELLERI; NORTHERN NORWAY; ZOSTERA-MARINA AB We studied the distribution and activities of adult Steller's Elders (Polysticta stelleri) during winter and spring on a deep-water embayment and a shallow lagoon along the Alaska Peninsula from September 1980 to May 1981. During the remigial molt, elders were observed on Izembek Lagoon but not on Cold Bay. Following the flightless period, Izembek Lagoon continued to support 63-100% of elders encountered during surveys. As ice cover on Izembek Lagoon increased, the number of birds decreased on Izembek Lagoon bur increased on Cold Bay, suggesting that some elders disperse to nearshore, deep-water habitats in close proximity to Izembek Lagoon during severe weather. Diurnal activity budgets indicated that the amount of time resting or engaged in aggression and alert activities was similar among locations, seasons, tidal stages, and sexes. In contrast, time spent foraging differed among seasons and locations but did not differ among tidal stages or sexes. Although time spent foraging was similar during winter and spring on Izembek Lagoon, elders on Cold Bay foraged more during winter compared to spring. Synchronous diving was the dominant foraging strategy. C1 US Geol Survey, Midcontinent Ecol Sci Ctr, Ft Collins, CO 80525 USA. RP Laubhan, MK (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Midcontinent Ecol Sci Ctr, Ft Collins, CO 80525 USA. NR 34 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 2 PU COOPER ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC PI LAWRENCE PA ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC NORTH AMER PO BOX 1897, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 USA SN 0010-5422 J9 CONDOR JI Condor PD AUG PY 1999 VL 101 IS 3 BP 694 EP 698 DI 10.2307/1370204 PG 5 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA 226CG UT WOS:000082002300029 ER PT J AU Turner, AM Trexler, JC Jordan, CF Slack, SJ Geddes, P Chick, JH Loftus, WF AF Turner, AM Trexler, JC Jordan, CF Slack, SJ Geddes, P Chick, JH Loftus, WF TI Targeting ecosystem features for conservation: Standing crops in the Florida Everglades SO CONSERVATION BIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID NORTHERN EVERGLADES; NUTRIENT ENRICHMENT; COMMUNITY STRUCTURE; WATER; PERIPHYTON; BIOMASS; FISH; PRODUCTIVITY; PATTERNS; HABITATS AB The Everglades in southern Florida, U.S.A., is a major focus of conservation activities. The freshwater wetlands of the Everglades do not have high species richness, and no species of threatened aquatic animals or plants live there. We have, however, identified a distinctive ecological feature of the Everglades that is threatened by canal construction, draining, and nutrient enrichment from agricultural runoff. Compared to values reported from other freshwater systems, standing stocks of periphyton in relatively undisturbed areas of the Everglades were unusually high, and standing stocks of invertebrates and fish were unusually low. Averaging data gathered from nine sites and five sampling periods spannin 1 year, we found that periphyton standing crop was 88.2 g/m(2) (ash-free dry mass), invertebrate standing stock was 0.64 g/m(2) (dry mass), and fish standing stock was 1.2 g/m(2) (dry mass of large and small species combined). We found that fish standing stocks were much higher in phosphorus-enriched sites than in nearby reference sites but that invertebrate standing stocks were similar in enriched and reference sites. Our results support the notion that oligotrophy is at least partially responsible for the low standing stocks of fish, but they also suggest that species interactions and a paucity of deep-water refugia are important. Anthropogenic eutrophication in Everglades marshes will lend to the loss of distinctive ecosystem features A focus on species richness and "hot spots" of threatened species provides no basis for conservation of ecosystems like the Everglades. If oligotrophic ecosystems often have low species richness, they will be underrepresented in preservation networks based on some common criteria for establishing conservation priorities. C1 Florida Int Univ, SE Environm Res Program, Miami, FL 33199 USA. Florida Int Univ, Dept Sci Biol, Miami, FL 33199 USA. Loyola Univ, Dept Sci Biol, New Orleans, LA 70118 USA. US Geol Survey, Biol Res Div, Homestead, FL 33034 USA. RP Trexler, JC (reprint author), Florida Int Univ, SE Environm Res Program, Miami, FL 33199 USA. NR 78 TC 84 Z9 91 U1 1 U2 16 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE INC PI MALDEN PA 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN, MA 02148 USA SN 0888-8892 J9 CONSERV BIOL JI Conserv. Biol. PD AUG PY 1999 VL 13 IS 4 BP 898 EP 911 DI 10.1046/j.1523-1739.1999.97513.x PG 14 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 222EV UT WOS:000081771200023 ER PT J AU Mooij, WM DeAngelis, DL AF Mooij, WM DeAngelis, DL TI Error propagation in spatially explicit population models: a reassessment SO CONSERVATION BIOLOGY LA English DT Editorial Material ID MANAGEMENT; LANDSCAPES; DISPERSAL C1 Netherlands Inst Ecol, Ctr Limnol, NL-3631 AC Nieuwersluis, Netherlands. Univ Miami, Dept Biol, US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Coral Gables, FL 33124 USA. RP Mooij, WM (reprint author), Netherlands Inst Ecol, Ctr Limnol, Rijksstrattweg 6, NL-3631 AC Nieuwersluis, Netherlands. RI Mooij, Wolf/C-2677-2008 OI Mooij, Wolf/0000-0001-5586-8200 NR 13 TC 24 Z9 25 U1 0 U2 6 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE INC PI MALDEN PA 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN, MA 02148 USA SN 0888-8892 J9 CONSERV BIOL JI Conserv. Biol. PD AUG PY 1999 VL 13 IS 4 BP 930 EP 933 DI 10.1046/j.1523-1739.1999.98153.x PG 4 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 222EV UT WOS:000081771200027 ER PT J AU Jeffrey, CFG Jennings, CA AF Jeffrey, CFG Jennings, CA TI An alternative view on estimating subsistence consumption of coral reef fishes in the US Virgin Islands SO CONSERVATION BIOLOGY LA English DT Editorial Material C1 Univ Georgia, Inst Ecol, Athens, GA 30602 USA. Univ Georgia, Program Conservat Ecol & Sustainable Dev, Athens, GA 30602 USA. Univ Georgia, Sch Forest Resources, Georgia Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, US Geol Survey,Biol Resources Div, Athens, GA 30602 USA. RP Jeffrey, CFG (reprint author), Univ Georgia, Inst Ecol, Athens, GA 30602 USA. NR 10 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE INC PI MALDEN PA 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN, MA 02148 USA SN 0888-8892 J9 CONSERV BIOL JI Conserv. Biol. PD AUG PY 1999 VL 13 IS 4 BP 939 EP 941 DI 10.1046/j.1523-1739.1999.98473.x PG 3 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 222EV UT WOS:000081771200030 ER PT J AU Boone, RB Krohn, WB AF Boone, RB Krohn, WB TI Modeling the occurrence of bird species: Are the errors predictable? SO ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS LA English DT Article DE bird species occurrence; habitat models, assessment; incidence; logistic model; Maine, USA; species occurrence predictions; species-habitat models ID DENSITY-DEPENDENCE; SPATIAL DISTRIBUTIONS; OAK WOODLANDS; UNITED-STATES; BODY-SIZE; ABUNDANCE; CENSUSES; SERIES AB Typical assessments of models where many species occurrences are predicted (e.g., from species-habitat matrices or Gap Analyses) report overall omission and commission errors. Yet species' attributes suggest that we may predict a priori that some species are more likely to be modeled correctly than others. Because the likelihood of modeling species correctly is related to species incidences in surveys, a method was created that ranked the 183 avian species known to be breeding in Maine as to how likely they would be to occur in surveys. Attributes (e.g., population level, niche width, aggregation) were used to model 79% of the variation in incidence within the Maine Breeding Bird Atlas. Likelihood of Occurrence Ranks (LOORs) were assigned to each species based upon the modeled incidences to reflect how likely the species are to be observed in future surveys. The occurrence of birds on areas with species checklists were then modeled and compared to the LOORs. For five of six areas, the number of species correctly modeled using species-habitat associations was highly correlated with LOORs: species judged a priori to be likely to be modeled correctly actually were. For one large area (9172 ha) with a checklist covering 52 years, the number of species correctly modeled was not correlated with LOORs, evidence that the checklist is essentially complete. In general, sites with checklists from many years (e.g., >10 yr) and from large areas (e.g., >1000 ha) yielded the lowest commission error. These results demonstrate that the confidence assigned to results where the occurrences of species are modeled (e.g., Gap Analysis) is highly dependent on the test sets and the species modeled. C1 Univ Maine, Dept Wildlife Ecol, Maine Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Orono, ME 04469 USA. Univ Maine, US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Maine Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Orono, ME 04469 USA. RP Boone, RB (reprint author), Colorado State Univ, Nat Resource Ecol Lab, A215 Nat & Environm Sci Bldg, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. RI Boone, Randall/N-6566-2013 NR 65 TC 41 Z9 42 U1 0 U2 3 PU ECOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 1707 H ST NW, STE 400, WASHINGTON, DC 20006-3915 USA SN 1051-0761 J9 ECOL APPL JI Ecol. Appl. PD AUG PY 1999 VL 9 IS 3 BP 835 EP 848 DI 10.2307/2641333 PG 14 WC Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 225QQ UT WOS:000081972600008 ER PT J AU Lawrence, GB David, MB Lovett, GM Murdoch, PS Burns, DA Stoddard, JL Baldigo, BP Porter, JH Thompson, AW AF Lawrence, GB David, MB Lovett, GM Murdoch, PS Burns, DA Stoddard, JL Baldigo, BP Porter, JH Thompson, AW TI Soil calcium status and the response of stream chemistry to changing acidic deposition rates SO ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS LA English DT Article DE acidic deposition; acid-neutralizing capacity; atmospheric deposition; base cations; calcium; elevational gradient of stream chemistry; leaching of soil bases; nitrate; soil acidification; soil calcium depletion; stream acidification; stream chemistry and elevational gradient; sulfate ID NORTHEASTERN UNITED-STATES; LONG-TERM TRENDS; RED SPRUCE; NEW-YORK; ATMOSPHERIC DEPOSITION; WHITEFACE MOUNTAIN; FOREST ECOSYSTEMS; ACIDIFICATION; WATER; VARIABILITY AB Despite a decreasing trend in acidic deposition rates over the past two to three decades, acidified surface waters in the northeastern United States have shown minimal changes. Depletion of soil Ca pools has been suggested as a cause, although changes in soil Ca pools have not been directly related to long-term records of stream chemistry. To investigate this problem, a comprehensive watershed study was conducted in the Neversink River Basin, in the Catskill Mountains of New York, during 1991-1996. Spatial variations of atmospheric deposition, soil chemistry, and stream chemistry were evaluated over an elevation range of 817-1234 m to determine whether these factors exhibited elevational patterns, An increase in atmospheric deposition of SO4 with increasing elevation corresponded with upslope decreases of exchangeable soil base concentrations and acid-neutralizing capacity of stream water. Exchangeable base concentrations in homogeneous soil incubated within the soil profile for one year also decreased with increasing elevation. An elevational gradient in precipitation was not observed, and effects of a temperature gradient on soil properties were not detected, Laboratory leaching experiments with soils from this watershed showed that (1) concentrations of Ca in leachate increased as the concentrations of acid anions in added solution increased, and (2) the slope of this relationship was positively correlated with base saturation, Field and laboratory soil analyses are consistent with the interpretation that decreasing trends in acid-neutralizing capacity in stream water in the Neversink Basin, dating back to 1984, are the result of decreases in soil base saturation caused by acidic deposition. C1 US Geol Survey, Troy, NY 12180 USA. Univ Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. Inst Ecosyst Studies, Millbrook, NY 12545 USA. New York City Dept Environm Protect, Grahamsville, NY 12740 USA. US EPA, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. RP Lawrence, GB (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 425 Jordan Rd, Troy, NY 12180 USA. RI Burns, Douglas/A-7507-2009; Lovett, Gary/H-3800-2013; OI Lovett, Gary/0000-0002-8411-8027; Stoddard, John/0000-0002-2537-6130 NR 58 TC 95 Z9 96 U1 0 U2 7 PU ECOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 1707 H ST NW, STE 400, WASHINGTON, DC 20006-3915 USA SN 1051-0761 J9 ECOL APPL JI Ecol. Appl. PD AUG PY 1999 VL 9 IS 3 BP 1059 EP 1072 DI 10.2307/2641351 PG 14 WC Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 225QQ UT WOS:000081972600026 ER PT J AU Blaustein, AR Hays, JB Hoffman, PD Chivers, DP Kiesecker, JM Leonard, WP Marco, A Olson, DH Reaser, JK Anthony, RG AF Blaustein, AR Hays, JB Hoffman, PD Chivers, DP Kiesecker, JM Leonard, WP Marco, A Olson, DH Reaser, JK Anthony, RG TI DNA repair and resistance to UV-B radiation in western spotted frogs SO ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS LA English DT Article DE amphibians; DNA repair; frogs and ultraviolet radiation; oocytes; photolyase; photoreactivation; Rana luteiventris; Rana pretiosa; spotted frogs; ultraviolet radiation; UV-B resistance ID DECLINING AMPHIBIAN POPULATIONS; SOLAR ULTRAVIOLET-RADIATION; RANA-AURORA; INTRODUCED BULLFROGS; HYLA-REGILLA; GOLDEN TOAD; MORTALITY; SURVIVAL; AMBIENT; EGGS AB We assessed DNA repair and resistance to solar radiation in eggs of members of the western spotted frog complex (Rana pretiosa and R. luteiventris), species whose populations are suffering severe range reductions and declines. Specifically, we measured the activity of photoreactivating enzyme (photolyase) in oocytes of spotted frogs. In some species, photoreactivation is the most important mechanism for repair of UV-damaged DNA. Using field experiments, we also compared the hatching success of spotted frog embryos at natural oviposition sites at three elevations, where some embryos were subjected to ambient levels of UV-B radiation and others were shielded from UV-B radiation. Compared with other amphibians, photolyase activities in spotted frogs were relatively high. At all sites, hatching success was unaffected by UV-B. Our data support the interpretation that amphibian embryos with relatively high levels of photolyase are more resistant to UV-B radiation than those with lower levels of photolyase. At the embryonic stage, UV-B radiation does not presently seem to be contributing to the population declines of spotted frogs. C1 Oregon State Univ, Dept Zool, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. Oregon State Univ, Dept Agr Chem, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. Univ Maine, Dept Biol Sci, Orono, ME 04469 USA. Yale Univ, Sch Forestry & Environm Studies, New Haven, CT 06511 USA. Washington Dept Fish & Wildlife, Wildlife Management Program, Olympia, WA 98501 USA. Univ Salamanca, Dept Anim Biol, Salamanca 37071, Spain. US Forest Serv, Pacific NW Res Stn, USDA, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. Oregon State Univ, Dept Fisheries & Wildlife, Oregon Cooperat Wildlife Res Unit, US Geol Survey,Biol Resources Div, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. RP Blaustein, AR (reprint author), Oregon State Univ, Dept Zool, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. RI Marco, Adolfo/B-7118-2009 OI Marco, Adolfo/0000-0002-6523-9704 NR 58 TC 33 Z9 36 U1 0 U2 7 PU ECOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 1990 M STREET NW, STE 700, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 1051-0761 J9 ECOL APPL JI Ecol. Appl. PD AUG PY 1999 VL 9 IS 3 BP 1100 EP 1105 PG 6 WC Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 225QQ UT WOS:000081972600029 ER PT J AU Krauss, KW Chambers, JL Allen, JA Luse, BP DeBosier, AS AF Krauss, KW Chambers, JL Allen, JA Luse, BP DeBosier, AS TI Root and shoot responses of Taxodium distichum seedlings subjected to saline flooding (vol 41, pg 15, 1999) SO ENVIRONMENTAL AND EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY LA English DT Correction C1 Louisiana State Univ, Louisiana Agr Expt Stn, Sch Forestry Wildlife & Fisheries, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA. US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Natl Wetlands Res Ctr, Lafayette, LA 70506 USA. RP Krauss, KW (reprint author), Louisiana State Univ, Louisiana Agr Expt Stn, Sch Forestry Wildlife & Fisheries, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA. NR 1 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0098-8472 J9 ENVIRON EXP BOT JI Environ. Exp. Bot. PD AUG PY 1999 VL 42 IS 1 BP 83 EP 83 DI 10.1016/S0098-8472(99)00032-5 PG 1 WC Plant Sciences; Environmental Sciences SC Plant Sciences; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 226VN UT WOS:000082043400009 ER PT J AU Kotliar, NB Baker, BW Whicker, AD Plumb, G AF Kotliar, NB Baker, BW Whicker, AD Plumb, G TI A critical review of assumptions about the prairie dog as a keystone species SO ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE prairie dogs; Cynomys spp.; keystone species; ecosystem functions; biological diversity ID MIXED-GRASS PRAIRIE; PLANT-HERBIVORE INTERACTIONS; WESTERN SOUTH-DAKOTA; BLACK-FOOTED FERRETS; COMMUNITY STRUCTURE; SHORTGRASS RANGE; VEGETATION; DECLINE; HABITAT; BISON AB Prairie dogs (Cynomys spp.) have been labeled as keystone species because of their influence on biological diversity and ecosystem function. However, the validity of several assumptions used to support keystone status is questionable. We review the strength of the evidence and the magnitude of the prairie dog's effects on ecosystem structure and function. We use this review to reevaluate the keystone role for prairie dogs. Our goal is to encourage sound management of the prairie dog ecosystem by improving the ecological foundation of their keystone status. Our review confirms that prairie dogs affect a number of ecosystem-level functions but that their influence on prairie vertebrates may be less than previously suggested. Species richness and abundance patterns were variable among plants, mammals, and birds and were not consistently higher on prairie dog colonies compared to uncolonized areas. In addition, only nine of the 208 species listed in the literature as observed on or near prairie dogs colonies had quantitative evidence of dependence on prairie dogs. Abundance data indicated opportunistic use of colonies for an additional 20 species. A total of 117 species may have some relationship with prairie dogs, but we lacked sufficient data to evaluate the strength of this relationship. The remaining 62 species may be accidental or alien to the system. Despite our conclusion that some prairie dog functions may be smaller than previously assumed, collectively these functions are quite large compared to other herbivores in the system. We suggest that prairie dogs also provide some unique functions not duplicated by any other species and that continued decline of prairie dogs may lead to a substantial erosion of biological diversity and landscape heterogeneity across prairie and shrub-steppe landscapes. Thus, we concur that keystone status for prairie dogs is appropriate and may aid conservation efforts that help protect species dependent on prairie dogs and support other important ecosystem functions. C1 US Geol Survey, Midcontinent Ecol Sci Ctr, Biol Resources Div, Ft Collins, CO 80525 USA. Natl Pk Serv, Interior, SD 57750 USA. RP Kotliar, NB (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Midcontinent Ecol Sci Ctr, Biol Resources Div, 4512 McMurry Ave, Ft Collins, CO 80525 USA. NR 87 TC 129 Z9 139 U1 17 U2 68 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0364-152X J9 ENVIRON MANAGE JI Environ. Manage. PD AUG PY 1999 VL 24 IS 2 BP 177 EP 192 DI 10.1007/s002679900225 PG 16 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 211ZV UT WOS:000081192500004 ER PT J AU Larson, GL Lomnicky, G Hoffman, R Liss, WJ Deimling, E AF Larson, GL Lomnicky, G Hoffman, R Liss, WJ Deimling, E TI Integrating physical and chemical characteristics of lakes into the glacially influenced landscape of the northern cascade mountains, Washington State, USA SO ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE limnology; mountain lakes; water quality; North Cascades National Park Service Complex; National Park Service ID NATIONAL-PARK; LIMNOLOGY; CHEMISTRY AB A basic knowledge of the physical and chemical characteristics of lakes is needed by management to make informed decisions to protect water resources. In this study we investigated some of the physical and chemical characteristics of 58 lakes in alpine, subalpine, and forest vegetation zones in a natural area (North Cascades National Park Service Complex) between 1989 and 1993. The objectives of the study were to: (1) document the time of ice-out relative to lake elevation; (2) determine how a sharp climate gradient west and east of the hydrologic divide affected the time of ice-out for subalpine lakes; and (3) assess how lake water quality was associated with lake elevation, lake depth, and basin geology. As expected, lake ice-out times occurred earlier with decreasing elevation. East-slope subalpine lakes iced-out earlier than did west-slope subalpine lakes because the east slope of the study area was drier and warmer than the west slope. On average, the lakes were relatively cold, neutral in pH, and low in dissolved substances and concentrations of nitrogen and phosphorus. Although some shallow lakes (depth <10 m) exhibited the highest alkalinities, conductivities, and concentrations of phosphorus and nitrogen, most shallow lakes exhibited low values for these variables that were comparable to values observed in deep lakes. Geology did not play a major role in segregating the lakes based on water quality. Overall, lake temperature, pH, alkalinity, conductivity, and concentrations of total phosphorus and total Kjeldahl N increased with decreasing elevation. These changes in water quality with decreasing elevation in this temperate mountainous region corresponded with warmer air temperatures and increased vegetation biomass, soil depth and maturity,and dissolved substances and nutrients. C1 US Geol Survey, Forest & Rangeland Ecosyst Sci Ctr, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. Oregon State Univ, Dept Fisheries & Wildlife, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. RP Larson, GL (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Forest & Rangeland Ecosyst Sci Ctr, 3200 SW Jefferson Way, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. NR 33 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 2 U2 15 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0364-152X J9 ENVIRON MANAGE JI Environ. Manage. PD AUG PY 1999 VL 24 IS 2 BP 219 EP 228 DI 10.1007/s002679900228 PG 10 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 211ZV UT WOS:000081192500007 ER PT J AU Rice, KC AF Rice, KC TI Trace-element concentrations in streambed sediment across the conterminous United States SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID NORMALIZATION; CONTAMINATION; METALS AB Trace-element concentrations in 541 streambed-sediment samples collected from 20 study areas across the conterminous United States were examined as part of the National Water-Quality Assessment Program of the U.S. Geological Survey. Sediment samples were sieved and the <63-mu m fraction was retained for determination of total concentrations of trace elements. Aluminum, iron, titanium, and organic carbon were weakly or not at all correlated with the nine trace elements examined: arsenic, cadmium, chromium, copper, lead, mercury, nickel, selenium, and zinc. Four different methods of accounting for background/ baseline concentrations were examined; however, normalization was not required because field sieving removed most of the background differences between samples. The sum of concentrations of trace elements characteristic of urban settings-copper, mercury, lead, and zinc-was well correlated with population-density, nationwide. Median concentrations of seven trace elements (all nine examined except arsenic and selenium) were enriched in samples collected from urban settings relative to agricultural:or forested settings. Forty-nine percent of the sites sampled in urban settings had concentrations of one or more trace elements that exceeded levels at which adverse biological effects could occur in aquatic biota. C1 US Geol Survey, Charlottesville, VA 22903 USA. RP Rice, KC (reprint author), US Geol Survey, POB B, Charlottesville, VA 22903 USA. RI Rice, Karen/A-8945-2013; OI Rice, Karen/0000-0002-9356-5443 NR 37 TC 75 Z9 76 U1 3 U2 18 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0013-936X J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD AUG 1 PY 1999 VL 33 IS 15 BP 2499 EP 2504 DI 10.1021/es990052s PG 6 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 222XT UT WOS:000081811200020 ER PT J AU Horvath, TG Lamberti, GA AF Horvath, TG Lamberti, GA TI Mortality of zebra mussel, Dreissena polymorpha, veligers during downstream transport SO FRESHWATER BIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE dispersal; Dreissena polymorpha; mortality; streams; veligers ID DYNAMICS; LARVAE; DISPERSAL; RECRUITMENT; SETTLEMENT; ABUNDANCE; PLANKTON; RIVERS; LAKES AB 1. Streams flowing from lakes which contain zebra mussels, Dreissena polymorpha, provide apparently suitable habitats for mussel colonization and downstream range expansion, yet most such streams contain few adult mussels. We postulated that mussel veligers experience high mortality during dispersal via downstream transport. They tested this hypothesis in Christiana Creek, a lake-outlet stream in south-western Michigan, U.S.A., in which adult mussel density declined exponentially with distance downstream. 2. A staining technique using neutral red was developed and tested to distinguish quickly live and dead veligers. Live and dead veligers were distinguishable after an exposure of fresh samples to 13.3 mg L-1 of neutral red for 3 h. 3. Neutral red was used to determine the proportion of live veligers in samples taken longitudinally along Christiana Creek. The proportion of live veligers (mean +/- SE) declined from 90 +/- 3% at the lake outlet to 40 +/- 8% 18 km downstream. 4. Veligers appear to be highly susceptible to damage by physical forces (e.g. shear), and therefore, mortality in turbulent streams could be an important mechanism limiting zebra mussel dispersal to downstream reaches. Predictions of zebra mussel spread and population growth should consider lake-stream linkages and high mortality in running waters. C1 Univ Notre Dame, Dept Biol Sci, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA. RP Horvath, TG (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Lake Michigan Ecol Res Stn, 1100 N Mineral Springs Rd, Porter, IN 46304 USA. NR 30 TC 26 Z9 27 U1 2 U2 9 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA P O BOX 88, OSNEY MEAD, OXFORD OX2 0NE, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0046-5070 J9 FRESHWATER BIOL JI Freshw. Biol. PD AUG PY 1999 VL 42 IS 1 BP 69 EP 76 DI 10.1046/j.1365-2427.1999.00462.x PG 8 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 224ZH UT WOS:000081929500007 ER PT J AU Max, MD Dillon, WP Nishimura, C Hurdle, BG AF Max, MD Dillon, WP Nishimura, C Hurdle, BG TI Sea-floor methane blow-out and global firestorm at the K-T boundary SO GEO-MARINE LETTERS LA English DT Article ID CRETACEOUS-TERTIARY BOUNDARY; ISOTOPIC EVIDENCE; TSUNAMI DEPOSIT; CARBON; WATER; SIZE AB A previously unsuspected source of fuel for the global firestorm recorded by soot in the Cretaceous-Tertiary impact layer may have resided in methane gas associated with gas hydrate in the end-Cretaceous seafloor. End-Cretaceous impact-generated shock and megawaves would have had the potential to initiate worldwide oceanic methane gas blow-outs from these deposits. The methane would likely have ignited and incompletely combusted. This large burst of methane would have been followed by longer-term methane release as a part of a positive thermal feedback in the disturbed ocean-atmosphere system. C1 USN, Res Lab, Acoust Div, Washington, DC 20375 USA. US Geol Survey, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. RP Max, MD (reprint author), USN, Res Lab, Acoust Div, Washington, DC 20375 USA. NR 45 TC 21 Z9 23 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0276-0460 J9 GEO-MAR LETT JI Geo-Mar. Lett. PD AUG PY 1999 VL 18 IS 4 BP 285 EP 291 DI 10.1007/s003670050081 PG 7 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Oceanography SC Geology; Oceanography GA 236FD UT WOS:000082587800004 ER PT J AU Kuwabara, JS van Geen, A McCorkle, DC Bernhard, JM AF Kuwabara, JS van Geen, A McCorkle, DC Bernhard, JM TI Dissolved sulfide distributions in the water column and sediment pore waters of the Santa Barbara Basin SO GEOCHIMICA ET COSMOCHIMICA ACTA LA English DT Article ID COASTAL MARINE SEDIMENT; BLACK-SEA; SULFATE REDUCTION; SUBOXIC SEDIMENTS; VARVE FORMATION; CALIFORNIA; OXIDATION; SEAWATER; MOLYBDENUM; MANGANESE AB Dissolved sulfide concentrations in the water column and in sediment pore waters were measured by square-wave voltammetry (nanomolar detection limit) during three cruises to the Santa Barbara Basin in February 1995, November-December 1995, and April 1997. In the water column, sulfide concentrations measured outside the basin averaged 3 +/- 1 nM (n = 28) in the 0 to 600 m depth range. Inside the basin, dissolved sulfides increased to reach values of up to 15 nM at depths >400 m. A suite of box cores and multicores collected at four sites along the northeastern flank of the basin showed considerable range in surficial (<0.5 cm) pore-water sulfide concentrations: <0.008, 0.01, 0.02, to as much as 0.4 mu M at the 340, 430, 550, and 590 m sites, respectively. At a core depth of 10 cm, however, pore-water sulfides exhibited an even wider range: 0.005, 0.05, 0.1, and 100 mu M at the same sites, respectively. The sulfide flux into the deep basin, estimated from water-column profiles during three cruises, suggests a fairly consistent input of 100-300 nmole m(-2) h(-1). In contrast, sulfide fluxes estimated from pore-water sulfide gradients at the sediment water interface were much more variable (-4 to 13,000 nmole m(-2) h(-1)). Dissolved silicate profiles show clear indications of irrigation at shallow sites (340 and 430 m) in comparison to deeper basin sites (550 and 590 m) with low (<10 mu M) bottom-water dissolved-oxygen concentrations. Pore-water profiles indicate ammonia generation at all sites, but particularly at the deep-basin 590 m site with concentrations increasing with sediment depth to >400 mu M at 10 cm. Decreases in water-column nitrate below the sill depth indicate nitrate consumption (-55 to - 137 mu mole m(-2) h(-1)) similar to nearby Santa Monica Basin. Peaks in pore-water iron concentrations were generally observed between 2 and 5 cm depth with shallowest peaks at the 590 m site. These observations, including observations of the benthic microfauna, suggest that the extent to which the sulfide flux, sustained by elevated pore-water concentrations, reaches the water column may be modulated by the abundance of sulfide-oxidizing bacteria in addition to iron redox and precipitation reactions. Copyright (C) 1999 Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 US Geol Survey, Div Water Resources, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. Columbia Univ, Lamont Doherty Earth Observ, Palisades, NY 10964 USA. Woods Hole Oceanog Inst, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. Univ S Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208 USA. RP Kuwabara, JS (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Div Water Resources, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. RI Bernhard, Joan/M-3260-2013; OI Bernhard, Joan/0000-0003-2121-625X; Kuwabara, James/0000-0003-2502-1601 NR 57 TC 36 Z9 37 U1 2 U2 15 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0016-7037 J9 GEOCHIM COSMOCHIM AC JI Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta PD AUG PY 1999 VL 63 IS 15 BP 2199 EP 2209 DI 10.1016/S0016-7037(99)00084-8 PG 11 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 235VU UT WOS:000082563900004 ER PT J AU Poore, RZ Osterman, L Curry, WB Phillips, RL AF Poore, RZ Osterman, L Curry, WB Phillips, RL TI Late Pleistocene and Holocene meltwater events in the western Arctic Ocean SO GEOLOGY LA English DT Article ID SEA-LEVEL RECORD AB Accelerator mass spectrometer C-14 dated stable isotope data from neogloboquadrina pachyerma in cores raised from the Mendeleyev Ridge and slope provide evidence for significant influx of meltwater to the western Arctic Ocean during the early part of marine oxygen isotope stage 1 (OIS 1) and during several intervals within OIS 3. The strongest OIS 3 meltwater event occurred before ca. 45 ka (conventional radiocarbon age) and was probably related to the deglaciation at the beginning of OIS 3. Major meltwater input to the western Arctic Ocean during he last deglaciation coincides closely with the maximum rate of global sea-level rise as determined from the Barbados sea-level record, demonstrating a strong link between the global record and changes in the central Arctic Ocean. OIS 2, which includes the last glacial maximum, is very condensed or absent in the cores. Abundance and delta(13)C values for N. pachyderma in the middle part of OIS 3 are similar to modern values, indicating high productivity and seasonal ice-free areas along the Arctic margin at that time. These records indicate that the Arctic Ocean was a source of heat and moisture to the northern polar atmosphere during parts of OIS 3. C1 US Geol Survey, Natl Ctr, Reston, VA 20192 USA. Woods Hole Oceanog Inst, Clark Lab 122, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. US Geol Survey, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. RP Poore, RZ (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Natl Ctr, MS 955, Reston, VA 20192 USA. NR 19 TC 67 Z9 72 U1 0 U2 3 PU GEOLOGICAL SOC AMERICA, INC PI BOULDER PA PO BOX 9140, BOULDER, CO 80301-9140 USA SN 0091-7613 J9 GEOLOGY JI Geology PD AUG PY 1999 VL 27 IS 8 BP 759 EP 762 DI 10.1130/0091-7613(1999)027<0759:LPAHME>2.3.CO;2 PG 4 WC Geology SC Geology GA 221LY UT WOS:000081729600022 ER PT J AU Barton, DJ Foulger, GR Henderson, JR Julian, BR AF Barton, DJ Foulger, GR Henderson, JR Julian, BR TI Frequency-magnitude statistics and spatial correlation dimensions of earthquakes at Long Valley caldera, California SO GEOPHYSICAL JOURNAL INTERNATIONAL LA English DT Article DE earthquakes; fractal; Long Valley ID DATA SETS; B-VALUE; SEISMICITY; EVOLUTION AB Intense earthquake swarms at Long Valley caldera in late 1997 and early 1998 occurred on two contrasting structures. The first is defined by the intersection of a north-northwesterly array of faults with the southern margin of the resurgent dome, and is a zone of hydrothermal upwelling. Seismic activity there was characterized by high b-values and relatively low values of D, the spatial fractal dimension of hypocentres. The second structure is the pre-existing South Moat fault, which has generated large-magnitude seismic activity in the past. Seismicity on this structure was characterized by low b-values and relatively high D. These observations are consistent with low-magnitude, clustered earthquakes on the first structure, and higher-magnitude, diffuse earthquakes on the second structure. The first structure is probably an immature fault zone, fractured on a small scale and lacking a well-developed fault plane. The second zone represents a mature fault with an extensive, coherent fault plane. C1 Univ Durham, Dept Geol Sci, Durham DH1 3LE, England. US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. RP Univ Durham, Dept Geol Sci, Durham DH1 3LE, England. EM g.r.foulger@durham.ac.uk NR 23 TC 28 Z9 28 U1 0 U2 2 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS PI OXFORD PA GREAT CLARENDON ST, OXFORD OX2 6DP, ENGLAND SN 0956-540X EI 1365-246X J9 GEOPHYS J INT JI Geophys. J. Int. PD AUG PY 1999 VL 138 IS 2 BP 563 EP 570 DI 10.1046/j.1365-246X.1999.00898.x PG 8 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 226FY UT WOS:000082010700022 ER PT J AU Kumagai, H Chouet, BA AF Kumagai, H Chouet, BA TI The complex frequencies of long-period seismic events as probes of fluid composition beneath volcanoes SO GEOPHYSICAL JOURNAL INTERNATIONAL LA English DT Article DE crack model; fluid composition; long-period event; Q; Sompi method ID LINEAR DYNAMIC SYSTEM; OLD-FAITHFUL GEYSER; SPECTRAL-ANALYSIS; HARMONIC TREMOR; DRIVEN CRACK; SOURCE MECHANISM; EARTHQUAKES; RESONANCE; ERUPTION; ORIGIN AB Long-period (LP) events have been widely observed in relation to magmatic and hydrothermal activities in volcanic areas. LP waveforms characterized by their harmonic signature have been interpreted as oscillations of a fluid-filled resonator, and mixtures of liquid and gas in the form of bubbly liquids have been mainly assumed for the fluid. To investigate the characteristic properties of the resonator system, we analyse waveforms of LP events observed at four different volcanoes in Hawaii, Alaska, Colombia and Japan using a newly developed spectral method. This method allows an estimation of the complex frequencies of decaying sinusoids based on an autoregressive model. The results of our analysis show a wide variety of Q factors, ranging from tens to several hundred. We compare these complex frequencies with those predicted by the fluid-filled crack model for various mixtures of liquid, gas and ash. Although the oscillations of LP events with Q smaller than 50 can be explained by various combinations of liquids and gases, we find that ash-laden gases are required to explain longlasting oscillations with Q larger than 100. The complex frequencies of LP events yield useful information on the types of fluids. Temporal and spatial variations of the complex frequencies can be used as probes of fluid composition beneath volcanoes. C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. Nagoya Univ, Res Ctr Seismol & Volcanol, Nagoya, Aichi 4648602, Japan. RP Kumagai, H (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 345 Middlefield Rd, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. NR 21 TC 61 Z9 61 U1 0 U2 3 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA P O BOX 88, OSNEY MEAD, OXFORD OX2 0NE, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0956-540X J9 GEOPHYS J INT JI Geophys. J. Int. PD AUG PY 1999 VL 138 IS 2 BP F7 EP F12 DI 10.1046/j.1365-246X.1999.00911.x PG 6 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 226FY UT WOS:000082010700001 ER PT J AU Fletcher, JB Guatteri, M AF Fletcher, JB Guatteri, M TI Stress drop for three M similar to 4.3-4.7 (1992-1994) Parkfield, CA, earthquakes SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article ID SOURCE TIME FUNCTIONS; RUPTURE PROPAGATION; CALIFORNIA; FAULT AB In a previous paper (Fletcher and Spudich, 1998) we determined the slip distribution for the three M similar to 4.3 to 4.7 Parkfield events that occurred between Oct. 20, 1992 and Dec. 20, 1994. The rupture characteristics of these events are of particular interest because they an the largest events to occur at Parkfield since the 1966 mainshock. To further investigate the rupture process of these events, we compute the static stress change or stress drop caused by the slip using a boundary integral method from Quin and Das (1989) adapted for the forward modeling case of computing stresses from a static slip distribution. We find that the initial phase at or very near the hypocenter has the largest stress change in all cases. This peak has a value of about 3.8 MPa for the Oct. 20, 1992 event (which also has the smallest magnitude of the three at 4.3) and about 45 MPa for the other Nov. 14, 1993 and 60 MPa for the Dec. 20, 1994 event. The rest of the stress release is comparatively small and smooth for the Nov. 14, 1993 event, which is the deepest event and the most impulsive. The pattern of stress release of the other two events (Oct. 20, 1992 and Dec. 20, 1994) is more complex with a greater spatial extent. The spatial distribution of stress is approximately similar to the spatial distribution of slip, but with the larger initial peak in stress drop at the hypocenter. C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. Stanford Univ, Dept Geophys, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. RP Fletcher, JB (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 345 Middlefield Rd, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. NR 18 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 5 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0094-8276 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD AUG 1 PY 1999 VL 26 IS 15 BP 2295 EP 2298 DI 10.1029/1999GL900392 PG 4 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 221WT UT WOS:000081750700019 ER PT J AU Drew, L Fowler, BK AF Drew, L Fowler, BK TI The megaquarry - A conversation on the state of the aggregate industry SO GEOTIMES LA English DT Editorial Material C1 US Geol Survey, Denver, CO 80225 USA. RP Drew, L (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Box 25046, Denver, CO 80225 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER GEOLOGICAL INST PI ALEXANDRIA PA 4220 KING ST, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22302-1507 USA SN 0016-8556 J9 GEOTIMES JI Geotimes PD AUG PY 1999 VL 44 IS 8 BP 17 EP 22 PG 6 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 221XQ UT WOS:000081753200015 ER PT J AU Lopes-Gautier, R McEwen, AS Smythe, WB Geissler, PE Kamp, L Davies, AG Spencer, JR Keszthelyi, L Carlson, R Leader, FE Mehlman, R Soderblom, L AF Lopes-Gautier, R McEwen, AS Smythe, WB Geissler, PE Kamp, L Davies, AG Spencer, JR Keszthelyi, L Carlson, R Leader, FE Mehlman, R Soderblom, L CA Galileo NIMS Team SSI Team TI Active volcanism on Io: Global distribution and variations in activity SO ICARUS LA English DT Article DE Io; volcanism; infrared observations ID INFRARED MAPPING SPECTROMETER; HOT-SPOTS; SILICATE VOLCANISM; INTERNAL STRUCTURE; HEAT-FLOW; GALILEO; TEMPERATURE; SURFACE; STATE; SSI AB Io's volcanic activity has been monitored by instruments aboard the Galileo spacecraft since June 28, 1996. We present results from observations by the near-infrared mapping spectrometer (NIMS) for the first 10 orbits of Galileo, correlate them with results from the Solid State Imaging System (SSI) and from groundbased observations, and compare them to what was known about Io's volcanic activity from observations made during the two Voyager flybys in 1979. A total of 61 active volcanic centers have been identified from Voyager, groundbased, and Galileo observations. Of these, 41 are hot spots detected by NIMS and/or SSI. Another 25 locations were identified as possible active volcanic centers, mostly on the basis of observed surface changes. Hot spots are correlated with surface colors, particularly dark and red deposits, and generally anti-correlated with white, SO2-rich areas. Surface features corresponding to the hot spots, mostly calderas or flows, were identified from Galileo and Voyager images. Hot spot temperatures obtained from both NIMS and SSI are consistent with silicate volcanism, which appears to be widespread on Io. Two types of hot spot activity are present: persistent-type activity, lasting from months to years, and sporadic events, which may represent either short-lived activity or low-level activity that occasionally flares up. Sporadic events are not often detected, but may make an important contribution to lo's heat flow and resurfacing. The distribution of active volcanic centers on the surface does not show any clear correlation with latitude, longitude, Voyager-derived global topography, or heat flow patterns predicted by the asthenosphere and deep mantle tidal dissipation models. However persistent hot spots and active plumes are concentrated toward lower latitudes, and this distribution favors the asthenosphere rather than the deep mantle tidal dissipation model. (C) 1999 Academic Press. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. Univ Arizona, Dept Planetary Sci, Lunar & Planetary Lab, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. Lowell Observ, Flagstaff, AZ 86001 USA. Univ Calif Los Angeles, Inst Geophys & Planetary Phys, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA. US Geol Survey, Branch Astrogeol Studies, Flagstaff, AZ 86001 USA. RP Lopes-Gautier, R (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RI Lopes, Rosaly/D-1608-2016 OI Lopes, Rosaly/0000-0002-7928-3167 NR 51 TC 104 Z9 105 U1 0 U2 9 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0019-1035 J9 ICARUS JI Icarus PD AUG PY 1999 VL 140 IS 2 BP 243 EP 264 DI 10.1006/icar.1999.6129 PG 22 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 239EB UT WOS:000082754900001 ER PT J AU Nielsen, JL AF Nielsen, JL TI The evolutionary history of steelhead (Oncorhynchus mykiss) along the US Pacific Coast: Developing a conservation strategy using genetic diversity SO ICES JOURNAL OF MARINE SCIENCE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT ICES Annual Science Conference CY SEP 25-26, 1997 CL BALTIMORE, MD SP Int Council Explorat Sea DE conservation; evolution; genetic diversity; microsatellite DNA; steelhead ID POPULATION VIABILITY ANALYSIS; ANIMAL MITOCHONDRIAL-DNA; SALMON SALMO-SALAR; MICROSATELLITE LOCI; ATLANTIC SALMON; PHYLOGENETIC TREES; CLARKI-CLARKI; O-MYKISS; BIOLOGY; POLYMORPHISM AB Changes in genetic variation across a species range may indicate patterns of population structure resulting from past ecological and demographic events that are otherwise difficult to infer and thus provide insight into evolutionary development. Genetic data is used, drawn from 11 microsatellite loci amplified from anadromous steelhead (Oncorhynchus mykiss) sampled throughout its range in the eastern Pacific Ocean, to explore population structure at the southern edge in California. Steelhead populations in this region represent less than 10% of their reported historic abundance and survive in very small populations found in fragmented habitats. Genetic data derived from three independent molecular systems (allozymes, mtDNA, and microsatellites) have shown that the southernmost populations are characterized by a relatively high genetic diversity. Two hypothetical models supporting genetic population substructure such as observed were considered: (1) range expansion with founder-flush effects and subsequent population decline; (2) a second Pleistocene radiation from the Gulf of California. Using genetic and climatic data, a second Pleistocene refugium contributing to a southern ecotone seems more feasible. These data support strong conservation measures based on genetic diversity be developed to ensure the survival of this uniquely diverse gene pool. (C) 1999 International Council for the Exploration of the Sea. C1 USGS, BRD, Alaska Biol Sci Ctr, Anchorage, AK 99503 USA. RP Nielsen, JL (reprint author), USGS, BRD, Alaska Biol Sci Ctr, 1011 E Tudor Rd, Anchorage, AK 99503 USA. EM jennifer_nielsen@usgs.gov NR 71 TC 25 Z9 25 U1 0 U2 3 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS PI OXFORD PA GREAT CLARENDON ST, OXFORD OX2 6DP, ENGLAND SN 1054-3139 EI 1095-9289 J9 ICES J MAR SCI JI ICES J. Mar. Sci. PD AUG PY 1999 VL 56 IS 4 BP 449 EP 458 DI 10.1006/jmsc.1999.0452 PG 10 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA 230HA UT WOS:000082244700007 ER PT J AU Reisenbichler, RR Rubin, SP AF Reisenbichler, RR Rubin, SP TI Genetic changes from artificial propagation of Pacific salmon affect the productivity and viability of supplemented populations SO ICES JOURNAL OF MARINE SCIENCE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT ICES Annual Science Conference CY SEP 25-26, 1997 CL BALTIMORE, MARYLAND SP Int Council Explorat Sea DE fitness; genetics; hatcheries; Pacific salmon; population productivity; supplementation; wild populations ID WILD STEELHEAD TROUT; ONCORHYNCHUS-KISUTCH; ATLANTIC SALMON; COHO SALMON; AGONISTIC BEHAVIOR; LIFE-HISTORY; HATCHERY; ADAPTATION; OREGON; FISH AB Although several studies have shown genetic differences between hatchery and wild anadromous Pacific salmon (Oncorhynchus spp.), none has provided compelling evidence that artificial propagation poses a genetic threat to conservation of naturally spawning populations. When the published studies and three studies in progress are considered collectively, however, they provide strong evidence that the fitness for natural spawning and rearing can be rapidly and substantially reduced by artificial propagation. This issue takes on great importance in the Pacific Northwest where supplementation of wild salmon populations with hatchery fish has been identified as an important tool for restoring these populations. Recognition of negative aspects may lead to restricted use of supplementation, and better conservation, better evaluation, and greater benefits when supplementation is used. (C) 1999 International Council for the Exploration of the Sea. C1 US Geol Survey, Western Fisheries Res Ctr, Biol Resources Div, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. RP Reisenbichler, RR (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Western Fisheries Res Ctr, Biol Resources Div, 6505 NE 65th St, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. NR 44 TC 154 Z9 157 U1 6 U2 29 PU ACADEMIC PRESS LTD PI LONDON PA 24-28 OVAL RD, LONDON NW1 7DX, ENGLAND SN 1054-3139 J9 ICES J MAR SCI JI ICES J. Mar. Sci. PD AUG PY 1999 VL 56 IS 4 BP 459 EP 466 DI 10.1006/jmsc.1999.0455 PG 8 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA 230HA UT WOS:000082244700008 ER PT J AU Ruppert, LF Tewalt, SJ Bragg, LJ Wallack, RN AF Ruppert, LF Tewalt, SJ Bragg, LJ Wallack, RN TI A digital resource model of the upper Pennsylvanian Pittsburgh coal bed, Monongahela Group, northern Appalachian basin coal region, USA SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF COAL GEOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Applied Topics in Coal Geology at the 47th Annual Meeting of the Southeastern Section of the Geological-Society-of-America CY MAR 30-31, 1998 CL CHARLESTON, WEST VIRGINIA SP Geol Soc Amer, Coal Geol Div, Soc Organ Petrol, SO Sect Geol Soc Amer DE Pittsburgh coal bed; northern Appalachian basin coal region; central Appalachian basin coal region; coal resources; coal quality; geographic information system AB The U.S. Geological Survey is currently conducting a coal resource assessment of the coal beds and zones that are expected to provide the bulk of the Nation's coal resources for the next few decades. The Pittsburgh coal bed is the first bed in the northern and central Appalachian basin coal region to undergo a fully-digital assessment. The bed-specific assessment is being carried out in partnership with the state geologic surveys of West Virginia (WV), Pennsylvania (PA), Ohio (OH), and Maryland (MD). Comprehensive stratigraphic and geochemical databases have been developed for the Pittsburgh coal bed, and areal extent, mined areas, structure contour, isopach, overburden thickness maps of the bed have been released as United States Geological Survey (USGS) Open-File Reports. The resulting resource model indicates that of the original 34 billion short tons (31 billion tonnes) of Pittsburgh coal, 16 billion short tons (14 billion tonnes) remain. Although most of the remaining coal is thinner, deeper, and higher in ash and sulfur (S) than the original resource, there an blocks of extensive thick (6-8 ft or 1.8-2.4 m) coal in southwestern PA and the northern panhandle of WV. Published by Elsevier Science B.V. C1 US Geol Survey, Branch Coal Geol, Natl Ctr, Reston, VA 20192 USA. RP Ruppert, LF (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Branch Coal Geol, Natl Ctr, MS 956,12201 Sunrise Valley Dr, Reston, VA 20192 USA. OI Ruppert, Leslie/0000-0002-7453-1061 NR 21 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 3 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0166-5162 J9 INT J COAL GEOL JI Int. J. Coal Geol. PD AUG PY 1999 VL 41 IS 1-2 BP 3 EP 24 DI 10.1016/S0166-5162(99)00009-9 PG 22 WC Energy & Fuels; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Energy & Fuels; Geology GA 236ZU UT WOS:000082629800002 ER PT J AU Bakke, PD Thomas, R Parrett, C AF Bakke, PD Thomas, R Parrett, C TI Estimation of long-term discharge statistics by regional adjustment SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN WATER RESOURCES ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article DE modeling/statistics; surface water hydrology; regional models; streamflow estimation; Klamath River Basin; bootstrap models; discharge statistics; exceedance statistics AB A regional adjustment relationship was developed to estimate long-term (30-year) monthly median discharges from short term (three-year) records. This method differs from traditional approaches in that it is based on site-specific discharge data but does not require correlation of these data with discharges from a single hydrologically similar long-term gage. The method is shown to be statistically robust, and applicable to statistics other than the median. C1 US Forest Serv, USDA, Klamath Falls, OR 97601 USA. US Geol Survey, Helena, MT 59626 USA. RP Bakke, PD (reprint author), US Forest Serv, USDA, 2819 Dahlia St, Klamath Falls, OR 97601 USA. NR 12 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER WATER RESOURCES ASSOC PI HERNDON PA 950 HERNDON PARKWAY SUITE 300, HERNDON, VA 20170-5531 USA SN 1093-474X J9 J AM WATER RESOUR AS JI J. Am. Water Resour. Assoc. PD AUG PY 1999 VL 35 IS 4 BP 911 EP 921 DI 10.1111/j.1752-1688.1999.tb04184.x PG 11 WC Engineering, Environmental; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Engineering; Geology; Water Resources GA 228GR UT WOS:000082129200017 ER PT J AU Kennen, JG AF Kennen, JG TI Relation of macroinvertebrate community impairment to catchment characteristics in New Jersey streams SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN WATER RESOURCES ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article DE aquatic ecosystems; bioassessment; macroinvertebrates; water quality; land use; urbanization; modeling/statistics ID BIOTIC INTEGRITY; LAND-USE; BENTHIC MACROINVERTEBRATES; WATER-QUALITY; BIOASSESSMENT; VARIABILITY; SEDIMENTS; HABITATS; RIVERS; INDEX AB The level of macroinvertebrate community impairment was statistically related to selected basin and water-quality characteristics in New Jersey streams. More than 700 ambient biomonitoring stations were chosen to evaluate potential and known anthropogenic effects. Macroinvertebrate communities were assessed with a modified rapid-bioassessment approach using three impairment ratings (nonimpaired, moderately impaired, and severely impaired). Maximum-likelihood multiple logistic-regression analysis was used to develop equations defining the probability of community impairment above predetermined impairment levels. Seven of the original 140 explanatory variables were highly related to the level of community impairment. Explanatory variables found to be most useful for predicting severe macroinvertebrate community impairment were the amount of urban land and total flow of municipal effluent. Area underlain by the Reading Prong physiographic region and amount of forested land were inversely related to severe impairment. Nonparametric analysis of variance on rank-transformed bioassessment scores was used to evaluate differences in level of impairment among physiographic regions and major drainage areas simultaneously. Rejection of the null hypothesis indicated that the levels of impairment among all six physiographic regions and five major drainage areas were not equal. Physiographic regions located in the less urbanized northwest portion of New Jersey were not significantly different from each other and had the lowest occurrence of severely impaired macroinvertebrate communities. Physiographic regions containing urban centers had a higher probability of exhibiting a severely impaired macroinvertebrate community. Analysis of major drainage areas indicates that levels of impairment in the Atlantic Coastal Rivers drainage area differed significantly from those in the Lower Delaware River drainage area. C1 US Geol Survey, W Trenton, NJ 08628 USA. RP Kennen, JG (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 810 Bear Tavern Rd,Suite 206, W Trenton, NJ 08628 USA. NR 72 TC 33 Z9 33 U1 3 U2 7 PU AMER WATER RESOURCES ASSOC PI HERNDON PA 950 HERNDON PARKWAY SUITE 300, HERNDON, VA 20170-5531 USA SN 1093-474X J9 J AM WATER RESOUR AS JI J. Am. Water Resour. Assoc. PD AUG PY 1999 VL 35 IS 4 BP 939 EP 955 DI 10.1111/j.1752-1688.1999.tb04186.x PG 17 WC Engineering, Environmental; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Engineering; Geology; Water Resources GA 228GR UT WOS:000082129200019 ER PT J AU Kratzer, CR AF Kratzer, CR TI Transport of sediment-bound organochlorine pesticides to the San Joaquin River, California SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN WATER RESOURCES ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article DE organochlorine pesticides; nonpoint source pollution; erosion; sedimentation; San Joaquin River; surface water hydrology; drainage; water quality ID WATER AB Suspended sediment samples were collected in west-side tributaries and the main stem of the San Joaquin River, California, in June 1994 during the irrigation season and in January 1995 during a winter storm. These samples were analyzed for 15 organochlorine pesticides to determine their occurrence and their concentrations on suspended sediment and to compare transport during the irrigation season (April to September) to transport during winter storm runoff (October to March). Ten organochlorine pesticides were detected during the winter storm runoff; seven during the irrigation season. The most frequently detected organochlorine pesticides during both sampling periods were p,p'-DDE, P,P=DDT, p,p'-DDD, dieldrin, toxaphene, and chlordane. Dissolved samples were analyzed for three organochlorine pesticides during the irrigation season and for 15 during the winter storm. Moat calculated total concentrations of p,p'-DDT, chlordane, dieldrin, and toxaphene exceeded chronic criteria for the protection of freshwater aquatic life. At eight sites in common between sampling periods, suspended sediment concentrations and streamflow were greater during the winter storm runoff - median concentration of 3,590 mg/L versus 489 mg/L and median streamflow of 162 ft(3)/s versus 11 ft(3)/s. Median concentrations of total DDT (sum of p,p'-DDD, p,p'-DDE, and p,p'-DDT), chlordane, dieldrin, and toxaphene on suspended sediment were slightly greater during the irrigation season, but instantaneous loads of organochlorine pesticides at the time of sampling were substantially greater during the winter storm. Estimated loads for the entire irrigation season exceeded estimated loads for the January 1995 storm by about 2 to 4 times for suspended transport and about 3 to 11 times for total transport. However, because the mean annual winter runoff is about 2 to 4 times greater than the runoff during the January 1995 storm, mean winter transport may be similar to irrigation season transport. This conclusion is tentative primarily because of insufficient information on long-term seasonal variations in suspended sediment and organochlorine concentrations. Nevertheless, runoff from infrequent winter storms will continue to deliver a significant load of sediment-bound organochlorine pesticides to the San Joaquin River even if irrigation-induced sediment transport is reduced. As a result, concentrations of organochlorine pesticides in San Joaquin River biota will continue to be relatively high compared to other regions of the United States. C1 US Geol Survey, Div Water Resources, Sacramento, CA 95819 USA. RP Kratzer, CR (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Div Water Resources, Placer Hall,6000 J St, Sacramento, CA 95819 USA. NR 20 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 3 U2 8 PU AMER WATER RESOURCES ASSOC PI HERNDON PA 950 HERNDON PARKWAY SUITE 300, HERNDON, VA 20170-5531 USA SN 1093-474X J9 J AM WATER RESOUR AS JI J. Am. Water Resour. Assoc. PD AUG PY 1999 VL 35 IS 4 BP 957 EP 981 DI 10.1111/j.1752-1688.1999.tb04187.x PG 25 WC Engineering, Environmental; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Engineering; Geology; Water Resources GA 228GR UT WOS:000082129200020 ER PT J AU Marlow, MS Jachens, RC Hart, PE Carlson, PR Anima, RJ Childs, JR AF Marlow, MS Jachens, RC Hart, PE Carlson, PR Anima, RJ Childs, JR TI Development of San Leandro synform and neotectonics of the San Francisco Bay block, California SO MARINE AND PETROLEUM GEOLOGY LA English DT Article ID EVOLUTION AB High-resolution, 24-channel seismic-reflection data show a stratified synform beneath south San Francisco Bay. These seismic-reflection data reveal an eastward-dipping bedrock surface that is about 40 m deep (subbottom) beneath the western south bay, and that reaches a maximum observed depth of 500-800 m (subbottom) below the eastern half of the south bay. An angular unconformity cuts both the synform and underlying bedrock. The age of the unconformity is unknown but may be Pleistocene, when these strata forming the synform were presumably exposed subaerially during lowered sea levels. The synformal strata, the unconformity, and some generally flat-lying and overlying strata are folded near the eastern shore of the bay. This folding may result from movement on the Hayward fault (fault interactions and localized strain partitioning) or from compressional deformation in the East Bay Hills related to NE-SW ('fault-normal') convergence between the Pacific and North American plates. In general, reflections from sediment overlying the unconformity are flat lying (except near the eastern short of the bay), whereas reflections beneath the unconformity dip eastward. The overlying, flat sediment section fills a shallow basin that is coincident with an elliptical residual gravity low. This low appears to be related to the deeper sedimentary, synformal section based on the spatial correlation between the east-dipping reflections and the gravity anomaly. Projecting the east-dipping reflections to the center of the gravity low suggests that the total section of flat-lying and dipping reflections in the synform may exceed 1000 m. Modeling of the gravity low suggests a total tow-density section, about 1.5 km thick, at the center of the synform relative to the surrounding bedrock of presumed Franciscan Complex. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. RP Marlow, MS (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 345 Middlefield Rd, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. NR 19 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0264-8172 J9 MAR PETROL GEOL JI Mar. Pet. Geol. PD AUG PY 1999 VL 16 IS 5 BP 431 EP 442 DI 10.1016/S0264-8172(99)00002-1 PG 12 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 208XR UT WOS:000081017900003 ER PT J AU Reasenberg, PA AF Reasenberg, PA TI Foreshock occurrence rates before large earthquakes worldwide SO PURE AND APPLIED GEOPHYSICS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Workshop on Seismicity Patterns CY MAY 11-12, 1998 CL NIKKO, JAPAN SP Univ Alaska, Geophys Inst DE foreshock; foreshock rates; earthquake clustering ID CALIFORNIA; PREDICTION; SEISMICITY; PROBABILITIES; MODERATE; MOMENT; HAZARD AB Global rates of foreshock occurrence involving shallow M greater than or equal to 6 and M greater than or equal to 7 mainshocks and M greater than or equal to 5 foreshocks were measured, using earthquakes listed in the Harvard CMT catalog for the period 1978-1996. These rates are similar to rates ones measured in previous worldwide and regional studies when they are normalized for the ranges of magnitude difference they each span. The observed worldwide rates were compared to a generic model of earthquake clustering, which is based on patterns of small and moderate aftershocks in California, and were found to exceed the California model by a factor of approximately 2. Significant differences in foreshock rate were found among subsets of earthquakes defined by their focal mechanism and tectonic region, with the rate before thrust events higher and the rate before strike-slip events lower than the worldwide average. Among the thrust events a large majority, composed of events located in shallow subduction zones, registered a high foreshock rate, while a minority, located in continental thrust belts, measured a low rate. These differences may explain why previous surveys have revealed low foreshock rates among thrust events in California (especially southern California), while the worldwide observations suggest the opposite: California, lacking an active subduction zone in most of its territory, and including a region of mountain-building thrusts in the south, reflects the low rate apparently typical for continental thrusts, while the worldwide observations, dominated by shallow subduction zone events, are foreshock-rich. C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. RP US Geol Survey, 345 Middlefield Rd, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. NR 23 TC 22 Z9 23 U1 0 U2 5 PU SPRINGER BASEL AG PI BASEL PA PICASSOPLATZ 4, BASEL, 4052, SWITZERLAND SN 0033-4553 EI 1420-9136 J9 PURE APPL GEOPHYS JI Pure Appl. Geophys. PD AUG PY 1999 VL 155 IS 2-4 BP 355 EP 379 DI 10.1007/s000240050269 PG 25 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 229YP UT WOS:000082223900008 ER PT J AU Schaber, GG Breed, CS AF Schaber, GG Breed, CS TI The importance of SAR wavelength in penetrating blow sand in northern Arizona SO REMOTE SENSING OF ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article ID MICROWAVE DIELECTRIC BEHAVIOR; SHUTTLE IMAGING RADAR; EASTERN SAHARA; WET SOIL; SUBSURFACE; DESERT; SAFSAF; MODELS; EGYPT AB Multifrequency and polarimetric Airborne Synthetic Aperture Radar (AIRSAR) images of a sand streak in northern Arizona demonstrate the ability of C- (6-cm wavelength), L- (24 cm), and P-band (68 cm) radar signals to backscatter, respectively, from increasingly greater depths reaching 2 m or more in active blow sand. The studied sand streak, located on a salient of Ward Terrace at lat 35 degrees 48.4'N and long 111 degrees 15.0'W, is sourced in the normally dry Little Colorado River channel and migrates northeastward toward the Moenkopi Plateau Scarp. The sand streak is "radar dark" compared to the "radar-bright" surface of Ward Terrace on all C-band images. It is, however, penetrated completely at P-band and is invisible on thee images. The sand streak is recognizable on the LHH image but is poorly defined on the LHV image. High resolution AIRSAR images constitute the primary data set analyzed: in addition a C-band radar image acquired by the European Remote Sensing (ERS) satellite is also presented. The spaceborne image data confirms the results of the aircraft data at C-band. Published by Elsevier Science Inc. C1 US Geol Survey, Flagstaff, AZ 86001 USA. US Geol Survey, Sedona, AZ USA. RP Schaber, GG (reprint author), 3312 N Patterson Blvd, Flagstaff, AZ 86004 USA. NR 33 TC 18 Z9 18 U1 1 U2 7 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 655 AVENUE OF THE AMERICAS, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0034-4257 J9 REMOTE SENS ENVIRON JI Remote Sens. Environ. PD AUG PY 1999 VL 69 IS 2 BP 87 EP 104 DI 10.1016/S0034-4257(99)00013-9 PG 18 WC Environmental Sciences; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA 222NF UT WOS:000081791100001 ER PT J AU Cosner, C DeAngelis, DL Ault, JS Olson, DB AF Cosner, C DeAngelis, DL Ault, JS Olson, DB TI Effects of spatial grouping on the functional response of predators SO THEORETICAL POPULATION BIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE predator-prey; functional response; spatial heterogeneity; Beddington-DeAngelis models; Hassell-Varley models ID RATIO-DEPENDENT PREDATION; EXPLOITATION ECOSYSTEMS; POPULATION-DYNAMICS; PREY THEORY; MODELS; HETEROGENEITY; INTERFERENCE; ENRICHMENT; EVOLUTION; PARADOX AB A unified mechanistic approach is given for the derivation of various forms of functional response in predator-prey models.. The derivation is based on the principle of mass action but with the crucial refinement that the nature of the spatial distribution of predators and/or opportunities for predation are taken into account in an implicit way. If the predators are assumed to have a homogeneous spatial distribution, then the derived functional response is prey-dependent. If the predators are assumed to form a dense colony or school in a single (possibly moving) location, or if the region where predators can encounter prey is assumed to be of limited size, then the functional response depends on both predator and prey densities in a manner that reflects feeding interference between predators. Depending on the specific assumptions, the resulting functional response may be of Beddington-DeAngelis type, of Hassell-Varley type, or ratio-dependent. (C) 1999 Academic Press. C1 Univ Miami, Dept Math & Comp Sci, Coral Gables, FL 33124 USA. Univ Miami, Dept Biol, US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Coral Gables, FL 33124 USA. Univ Miami, Rosenstiel Sch Marine & Atmospher Sci, Miami, FL 33149 USA. RP Cosner, C (reprint author), Univ Miami, Dept Math & Comp Sci, Coral Gables, FL 33124 USA. RI Ault, Jerald/A-5241-2008; OI Ault, Jerald/0000-0001-9657-8007; Olson, Donald/0000-0001-7180-5672 NR 44 TC 198 Z9 204 U1 2 U2 33 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0040-5809 J9 THEOR POPUL BIOL JI Theor. Popul. Biol. PD AUG PY 1999 VL 56 IS 1 BP 65 EP 75 DI 10.1006/tpbi.1999.1414 PG 11 WC Ecology; Evolutionary Biology; Genetics & Heredity SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Evolutionary Biology; Genetics & Heredity GA 227VT UT WOS:000082101200005 PM 10438669 ER PT J AU Chase, TN Pielke, RA Kittel, TGF Baron, JS Stohlgren, TJ AF Chase, TN Pielke, RA Kittel, TGF Baron, JS Stohlgren, TJ TI Potential impacts on Colorado Rocky Mountain weather due to land use changes on the adjacent Great Plains SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article ID GENERAL-CIRCULATION MODEL; MESOSCALE CIRCULATIONS; UNITED-STATES; COMPLEX TERRAIN; GLOBAL CLIMATE; BOUNDARY-LAYER; VEGETATION; SENSITIVITY; SURFACE; TEMPERATURE AB Evidence from both meteorological stations and vegetational successional studies suggests that summer temperatures are decreasing in the mountain-plain system in northeast Colorado, particularly since the early 1980s. These trends are coincident with large changes in regional land cover. Trends in global, Northern Hemisphere and continental surface temperatures over the same period are insignificant. These observations suggest that changes in the climate of this mountain-plain system may be, in some part, a result of localized forcing mechanisms. In this study the effects of land use change on the northern Colorado plains, where large regions of grasslands have been transformed into both dry and irrigated agricultural lands, on regional weather is examined in an effort to understand this local deviation from larger-scale trends. We find with high-resolution numerical simulations of a 3-day summer period using a regional atmospheric-land surface model that replacing grasslands with irrigated and dry farmland can have impacts on regional weather and therefore climate which are not limited to regions of direct forcing. Higher elevations remote from regions of land use change are affected as well. Specifically, cases with altered landcover had cooler, moister boundary layers, and diminished low-level upslope winds over portions of the plains. At higher elevations, temperatures also were lower as was low-level convergence. Precipitation and cloud cover were substantially affected in mountain regions. We advance the hypothesis that observed land use changes may have already had a role in explaining part of the observed climate record in the northern Colorado mountain-plain system. C1 Colorado State Univ, Dept Atmospher Sci, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. US Geol Survey, Midcontinent Ecol Sci Ctr, Ft Collins, CO 80525 USA. Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Climate & Global Dynam Div, Boulder, CO 80307 USA. Colorado State Univ, Grad Degree Program Ecol, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. Colorado State Univ, Nat Resource Ecol Lab, Ft Collins, CO USA. RP Chase, TN (reprint author), Colorado State Univ, Dept Atmospher Sci, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. EM chase@deathstar.atmos.colostate.edu; dallas@hercules.atmos.colostate.edu; kittel@ucar.edu; jill@nrel.colostate.edu RI Pielke, Roger/A-5015-2009; Kittel, Timothy/F-2792-2011; Baron, Jill/C-5270-2016 OI Kittel, Timothy/0000-0002-4153-1006; Baron, Jill/0000-0002-5902-6251 NR 56 TC 69 Z9 73 U1 2 U2 10 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD JUL 27 PY 1999 VL 104 IS D14 BP 16673 EP 16690 DI 10.1029/1999JD900118 PG 18 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 220ET UT WOS:000081652100004 ER PT J AU Sipkin, SA Bufe, CG Zirbes, MD AF Sipkin, SA Bufe, CG Zirbes, MD TI Moment tensor solutions estimated using optimal filter theory: global seismicity, 1997 SO PHYSICS OF THE EARTH AND PLANETARY INTERIORS LA English DT Letter DE moment tensor solutions; earthquakes; optimal filter theory ID EARTHQUAKE SOURCE PARAMETERS; WAVEFORM DATA; INVERSION AB Moment tensor solutions, estimated using optimal filter theory, are listed for 218 moderate-to-large size earthquakes that occurred during 1997. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Denver, CO 80225 USA. RP Sipkin, SA (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, MS 967,Box 25046, Denver, CO 80225 USA. NR 14 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0031-9201 J9 PHYS EARTH PLANET IN JI Phys. Earth Planet. Inter. PD JUL 27 PY 1999 VL 114 IS 3-4 BP 109 EP 117 DI 10.1016/S0031-9201(99)00061-8 PG 9 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 208FX UT WOS:000080981300002 ER PT J AU Herkenhoff, KE Vasavada, AR AF Herkenhoff, KE Vasavada, AR TI Dark material in the polar layered deposits and dunes on Mars SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-PLANETS LA English DT Article ID THERMAL MAPPER OBSERVATIONS; PARTICLE-SIZE; PARTICULATE MATERIALS; ASTRONOMICAL THEORY; VIKING 2; DUST; ICE; SURFACE; SAND; CAP AB Viking infrared thermal mapping and bistatic radar data suggest that the bulk density of the north polar erg material is much lower than that of the average Martian surface or of dark dunes at lower latitudes. We have derived a thermal inertia of 245-280 J m(-2) s(-1/2) K-1 (5.9-6.7 x 10(-3) cal cm(-2) s(-1/2) K-1) for the Proctor dune field and 25-150 J m(-2) s(-1/2) K-1 (0.6-3.6 x 10(-3) cal cm(-2) s(-1/2) K-1) for the north polar erg. The uniqueness of the thermophysical properties of the north polar erg material may be due to a unique polar process that has created them. The visible and near-infrared spectral reflectance of the erg suggests that the dark material may be composed of basalt or ferrous clays. These data are consistent with the dark material being composed of basaltic ash or filamentary sublimate residue (FSR) particles derived from erosion of the layered deposits. Dark dust may be preferentially concentrated at the surface of the layered deposits by the formation of FSR particles upon sublimation of water ice. Further weathering and erosion of these areas of exposed layered deposits may form the dark, saltating material that is found in both polar regions. Dark FSR particles may saltate for great distances before eventually breaking down into dust grains, re-mixing with the global dust reservoir, and being recycled into the polar layered deposits via atmospheric suspension. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA USA. CALTECH, Div Geol & Planetary Sci, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. RP Herkenhoff, KE (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 2255 N Gemini Dr, Flagstaff, AZ 86001 USA. NR 91 TC 28 Z9 29 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0148-0227 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-PLANET JI J. Geophys. Res.-Planets PD JUL 25 PY 1999 VL 104 IS E7 BP 16487 EP 16500 DI 10.1029/1998JE000589 PG 14 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 218ZT UT WOS:000081583000004 ER PT J AU Hinkley, TK Lamothe, PJ Wilson, SA Finnegan, DL Gerlach, TM AF Hinkley, TK Lamothe, PJ Wilson, SA Finnegan, DL Gerlach, TM TI Metal emissions from Kilauea, and a suggested revision of the estimated worldwide metal output by quiescent degassing of volcanoes SO EARTH AND PLANETARY SCIENCE LETTERS LA English DT Article DE volcanoes; trace elements; trace metals; injection degassing; Kilauea ID ATMOSPHERIC TRACE-METALS; HEAVY-METALS; SULFUR-DIOXIDE; MOUNT ETNA; ELEMENTS; SNOW; PARTICULATE; HEMISPHERE; ENRICHMENT; POLLUTION AB Measurements of a large suite of metals (Pb, Cd, Cu, Zn and several others) and sulfur at Kilauea volcano over an extended period of time has yielded a detailed record of the atmospheric injection of ordinarily-rare metals from this quiescently degassing volcano, representative of an important type. We have combined the Kilauea data with data of recent studies by others (emissions from volcanoes in the Indonesian are; the large Laki eruption of two centuries ago; Etna; estimates of total volcanic emissions of sulfur) to form the basis for a new working estimate of the rate of worldwide injection of metals to the atmosphere by volcanoes. The new estimate is that volcanoes inject a substantially smaller mass of ordinarily-rare metals into the atmosphere than was stated in a widely cited previous estimate [J.O. Nriagu, A global assessment of natural sources of atmospheric trace metals, Nature 338 (1989) 47-49]. Our estimate, which is an upper limit, is an annual injection mass of about 10,000 tons of the metals considered, versus the earlier estimate of about 23,000 tons. Also, the proportions of the metals are substantially different in our new estimate. Published by Elsevier Science B.V. C1 980 US Geol Survey, Denver, CO 80225 USA. Univ Calif Los Alamos Natl Lab, Los Alamos, NM USA. US Geol Survey, Vancouver, WA USA. RP Hinkley, TK (reprint author), 980 US Geol Survey, Box 25046 Fed Ctr, Denver, CO 80225 USA. NR 32 TC 118 Z9 119 U1 0 U2 19 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0012-821X J9 EARTH PLANET SC LETT JI Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. PD JUL 15 PY 1999 VL 170 IS 3 BP 315 EP 325 DI 10.1016/S0012-821X(99)00103-X PG 11 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 215DY UT WOS:000081367700012 ER PT J AU Bargar, JR Reitmeyer, R Davis, JA AF Bargar, JR Reitmeyer, R Davis, JA TI Spectroscopic confirmation of uranium(VI)-carbonato adsorption complexes on hematite SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID CARBONATE COMPLEXES; AQUEOUS-SOLUTION; URANYL; GOETHITE; MODEL; ION AB Evaluating societal risks posed by uranium contamination from waste management facilities, mining sites, and heavy industry requires knowledge about uranium transport in groundwater, often the most significant pathway of exposure to humans. It has been proposed that uranium mobility in aquifers may be controlled by adsorption of U(VI)-carbonato complexes on oxide minerals. The existence of such complexes has not been demonstrated, and little is known about their compositions and reaction stoichiometries. We have used attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) and extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) spectroscopies to probe the existence, structures, and compositions of=FeO(surface)-U(VI)-carbonato complexes on hematite throughout the pH range of uranyl uptake under conditions relevant to aquifers. U(VI)-carbonato complexes were found to be the predominant adsorbed U(VI) species at all pH values examined, a much wider pH range than previously postulated based on analogy to aqueous U(VI)-carbonato complexes;, which are trace constituents at pH < 6. This result indicates the inadequacy of the common modeling assumption that the compositions and predominance of adsorbed species can be inferred from aqueous species. By extension, adsorbed carbonate complexes may be of major importance to the groundwater transport of similar actinide contaminants such as neptunium and plutonium. C1 Stanford Synchrotron Radiat Lab, SLAC, Stanford, CA 94309 USA. US Geol Survey, Div Water Resources, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. RP Bargar, JR (reprint author), Stanford Synchrotron Radiat Lab, SLAC, Stanford, CA 94309 USA. EM bargar@ssrl.slac.stanford.edu NR 25 TC 158 Z9 161 U1 7 U2 74 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0013-936X J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD JUL 15 PY 1999 VL 33 IS 14 BP 2481 EP 2484 DI 10.1021/es990048g PG 4 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 217CA UT WOS:000081480900026 ER PT J AU Harris, RA Day, SM AF Harris, RA Day, SM TI Dynamic 3D simulations of earthquakes on en echelon faults SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article ID STRIKE-SLIP FAULTS; SAN-ANDREAS FAULT; 1992 LANDERS EARTHQUAKE; SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA; RUPTURE PROCESS; VELOCITY; VALLEY; STRESS; PROPAGATION; SEQUENCE AB One of the mysteries of earthquake mechanics is why earthquakes stop. This process determines the difference between small and devastating ruptures. One possibility is that fault geometry controls earthquake size. We test this hypothesis using a numerical algorithm that simulates spontaneous rupture propagation in a three-dimensional medium and apply our knowledge to two California fault zones. We find that the size difference between the 1934 and 1966 Parkfield, California, earthquakes may be the product of a stepover at the southern end of the 1934 earthquake and show how the 1992 Landers, California, earthquake followed physically reasonable expectations when it jumped across en echelon faults to become a large event. If there are no linking structures, such as transfer faults, then strike-slip earthquakes are unlikely to propagate through stepovers >5 km wide. C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. San Diego State Univ, Dept Geol Sci, San Diego, CA 92182 USA. RP Harris, RA (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 345 Middlefield Rd,MS 977, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. RI Harris, Ruth/C-4184-2013 OI Harris, Ruth/0000-0002-9247-0768 NR 39 TC 142 Z9 149 U1 0 U2 15 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0094-8276 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD JUL 15 PY 1999 VL 26 IS 14 BP 2089 EP 2092 DI 10.1029/1999GL900377 PG 4 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 217YT UT WOS:000081527100014 ER PT J AU Savage, JC Svarc, JL Prescott, WH AF Savage, JC Svarc, JL Prescott, WH TI Deformation across the Alaska-Aleutian subduction zone near Kodiak SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article ID STRAIN ACCUMULATION; EARTHQUAKES; MODEL AB The Kodiak-Katmai geodetic array,nine monuments distributed along a profile trending north-northwestward across Kodiak Island and the Alaska Peninsula, was surveyed in 1993, 1995 and 1997 to determine the deformation at the Alaska-Aleutian subduction zone. Velocities on Kodiak Island measured relative to the stable North American plate decrease with distance from the Alaska-Aleutian trench (distance range 106 to 250 km), whereas no appreciable deformation was measured on the Alaska Peninsula (distances 250 to 370 km from the trench). The measured deformation is reasonably well predicted by the conventional dislocation representation of subduction with the model parameters determined independently (i.e., not simply by fitting the observations). The deformation of Kodiak Island is in striking contrast to the very minor deformation measured in the similarly situated Shumagin islands, 450 km southwest of Kodiak along the Alaska-Aleutian trench. C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. RP Savage, JC (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 345 Middlefield Rd,MS-977, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. NR 15 TC 19 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0094-8276 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD JUL 15 PY 1999 VL 26 IS 14 BP 2117 EP 2120 DI 10.1029/1999GL900471 PG 4 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 217YT UT WOS:000081527100021 ER PT J AU McLean, SR Wolfe, SR Nelson, JM AF McLean, SR Wolfe, SR Nelson, JM TI Spatially averaged flow over a wavy boundary revisited SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-OCEANS LA English DT Article ID 2-DIMENSIONAL BED FORMS AB Vertical profiles of streamwise velocity measured over bed forms are commonly used to deduce boundary shear stress for the purpose of estimating sediment transport. These profiles may be derived locally or from dome Sort of spatial average. Arguments for using the latter procedure are based on the assumption that spatial averaging of the momentum equation effectively removes local accelerations from the problem. Using analogies based on steady, uniform flows, it has been argued that the spatially averaged velocity profiles are approximately logarithmic and can be used to infer values of boundary shear stress. This technique of using logarithmic profiles is investigated using detailed laboratory measurements of flow structure and boundary shear stress aver fixed two-dimensional bed forms. Spatial averages over the length of the bed form of mean velocity measurements at constant distances from the mean bed elevation yield vertical profiles that are highly logarithmic even though the effect of the bottom topography is observed throughout the water column. However, logarithmic fits of these averaged profiles do not yield accurate estimates of the measured total boundary shear Stress. C1 Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Dept Mech & Environm Engn, Ocean Engn Lab, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA. US Geol Survey, Div Water Resources, Denver, CO 80225 USA. RP McLean, SR (reprint author), Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Dept Mech & Environm Engn, Ocean Engn Lab, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA. NR 13 TC 47 Z9 47 U1 0 U2 6 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0148-0227 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-OCEANS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans PD JUL 15 PY 1999 VL 104 IS C7 BP 15743 EP 15753 DI 10.1029/1999JC900116 PG 11 WC Oceanography SC Oceanography GA 217RD UT WOS:000081512000017 ER PT J AU Verdin, J Funk, C Klaver, R Roberts, D AF Verdin, J Funk, C Klaver, R Roberts, D TI Exploring the correlation between Southern Africa NDVI and Pacific sea surface temperatures: results for the 1998 maize growing season SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF REMOTE SENSING LA English DT Article ID VEGETATION INDEX; BURKINA-FASO; OSCILLATION; RAINFALL; PRECIPITATION; AVHRR AB Several studies have identified statistically significant correlations between Pacific sea surface temperature anomalies and NDVI anomalies in Southern Africa. The potential predictive value of the relationship was explored for the 1998 maize growing season. Cross-validation techniques suggested a more useful relationship for regions of wet anomaly than for regions of dry anomaly. Observed 1998 NDVI anomaly patterns were consistent with this result. Wet anomalies were observed as expected, but wide areas of expected dry anomalies exhibited average or above-average greeness. C1 US Geol Survey, Earth Resources Observat Syst Data Ctr, Sioux Falls, SD 57198 USA. Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Dept Geog, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA. RP Verdin, J (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Earth Resources Observat Syst Data Ctr, Sioux Falls, SD 57198 USA. NR 23 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 1 U2 2 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD PI LONDON PA ONE GUNPOWDER SQUARE, LONDON EC4A 3DE, ENGLAND SN 0143-1161 J9 INT J REMOTE SENS JI Int. J. Remote Sens. PD JUL 10 PY 1999 VL 20 IS 10 BP 2117 EP 2124 DI 10.1080/014311699212380 PG 8 WC Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA 211HL UT WOS:000081154800012 ER PT J AU Thomas, C Weber, M Wicks, CW Scherbaum, F AF Thomas, C Weber, M Wicks, CW Scherbaum, F TI Small scatterers in the lower mantle observed at German broadband arrays SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SOLID EARTH LA English DT Article ID TRAVEL-TIMES; CONSTRAINTS; VELOCITIES; ANOMALIES; WAVES; LAYER; D'' AB Seismograms of earthquakes from the South Pacific recorded at a German broadband array and network show precursors to PKPdf. These precursors mainly originate from off-path scattering of PKPab or a nearby PKPbc to P (for receiver-side scattering) or from scattering of P to PKPab or PKPbc on the PKPdf path (for source-side scattering). Standard array processing techniques based on plane wave approximations (such as vespagram or frequency-wavenumber analysis) are inadequate for investigating these precursors since scattered waves cannot be approximated as plane waves for arrays and networks larger than 300 x 300 km for short-period waves. We therefore develop a migration method to estimate the location of scatterers in the mantle, at the core-mantle boundary and at the top of the outer core. With our method we are able to find isolated scatterers at the source side and the receiver side, although the depth of the scatterer is not well constrained. However, from looking at the first possible arrival time of precursors at different depth and the region where scattering can take place (scattering volume), we believe that the location of the scatterers is in the lowermost mantle. Since we have detected scatterers in regions where ultralow-velocity zones have been discovered recently, we think that the precursor energy possibly originates from scattering at partial melt at the base of the mantle. Comparing results from broadband and band-pass-filtered data the detection of small-scale structure of the ultralow-velocity zones becomes possible. C1 Univ Gottingen, Inst Geophys, D-37075 Gottingen, Germany. Geoforschungszentrum Potsdam, D-14473 Potsdam, Germany. US Geol Survey, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. Univ Potsdam, Inst Geowissensch, D-14415 Potsdam, Germany. RP Thomas, C (reprint author), Univ Gottingen, Inst Geophys, Herzberger Landstr 180, D-37075 Gottingen, Germany. EM tine@uni-geophys.gwdg.de; mhw@gfz-potsdam.de; chuck@insar.wr.usgs.gov; fs@geo.uni-potsdam.de RI Scherbaum, Frank/F-4144-2011; Weber, Michael/D-8330-2013 NR 28 TC 54 Z9 55 U1 1 U2 6 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-9313 EI 2169-9356 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-SOL EA JI J. Geophys. Res.-Solid Earth PD JUL 10 PY 1999 VL 104 IS B7 BP 15073 EP 15088 DI 10.1029/1999JB900128 PG 16 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 215JP UT WOS:000081378800008 ER PT J AU Audemard, F Pantosti, D Machette, M Costa, C Okumura, K Cowan, H Diederix, H Ferrer, C Acosta, L Alvarado, A Arzola, A Drake, L Gardini, C Gomez, IC Laffaille, J Perez, AM Rengifo, M Saadi, A Vergara, H AF Audemard, F Pantosti, D Machette, M Costa, C Okumura, K Cowan, H Diederix, H Ferrer, C Acosta, L Alvarado, A Arzola, A Drake, L Gardini, C Gomez, IC Laffaille, J Perez, AM Rengifo, M Saadi, A Vergara, H CA S Amer Field Workshop Paleoseisomology TI Trench investigation along the Merida section of the Bocono fault (central Venezuelan Andes), Venezuela SO TECTONOPHYSICS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 29th General Assembly of the International-Association-of-Seismology-and-Physics-of-the-Earths-Interi or CY AUG 18-28, 1997 CL THESSALONIKI, GREECE SP Int Assoc Seismol & Phys Earths Interior DE active tectonics; paleoseismology; Bocono Fault; Venezuelan Andes ID PLATE MOTIONS; NEOTECTONICS AB The Bocono fault is a major NE-SW-trending, dextral fault that extends for about 500 km along the backbone of the Venezuelan Andes. Several large historical earthquakes :in this region have been attributed to the Bocono fault, surd some of these have been recently associated with specific parts through paleoseismologic investigations. A new trench study has been performed, 60 km to the northeast of Merida ill the central Venezuelan Andes, where the fault forms a releasing bend, comprising two conspicuous late Holocene fault strands that are about 1 km apart. The southern and northern strands carry about 70% and 30% (respectively) of the 7-10 mm/yr net slip rate measured in this sector, which is based on a 40 vs. 85-100 m right-lateral offset of the Late Pleistocene Los Zerpa moraines. A trench excavated on the northern strand of the fault (near Morros de los Hoyos, slightly northeast of Apartaderos) across a twin shutter ridge and related sag pond exposed two main fault zones cutting Late Pleistocene alluvial and Holocene peat deposits. Each zone forms a shutter ridge with peat deposits ponded against the uplifted block. The paleoearthquake reconstruction derived from this trench allows us to propose the occurrence of at least 6-8 earthquakes in the past 9000 yr, yielding a maximum average recurrence interval of about 1100-1500 yr. Based on the northern strands average slip rate (2.6 mm/yr), such an earthquake sequence should have accommodated about 23 m of slip since 9 ka, suggesting that the maximum slip per event ranges between 3 and 4 m. No direct evidence for the large 1812 earthquake has been found in the trench, although this earthquake may have ruptured this section of the fault. Further paleoseismic studies will investigate the possibility that this event occurred on the Bocono fault, but ruptured mainly its southern strand in this region. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Funvisis Venezuelan Fdn Seismol Res, Caracas, Venezuela. Ist Nazl Geofis, I-00161 Rome, Italy. US Geol Survey, Denver, CO 80225 USA. Univ Nacl San Luis, San Luis, Argentina. Hiroshima Univ, Hiroshima, Japan. ITC Netherlands, Delft, Netherlands. ULA Merida, Caracas, Venezuela. RP Audemard, F (reprint author), Funvisis Venezuelan Fdn Seismol Res, Caracas, Venezuela. EM faudem@funvisis.internet.ve OI Pantosti, daniela/0000-0001-7308-9104 NR 36 TC 31 Z9 35 U1 0 U2 3 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0040-1951 EI 1879-3266 J9 TECTONOPHYSICS JI Tectonophysics PD JUL 10 PY 1999 VL 308 IS 1-2 BP 1 EP 21 DI 10.1016/S0040-1951(99)00085-2 PG 21 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 220AJ UT WOS:000081641400002 ER PT J AU Kendall, KA Shanley, JB McDonnell, JJ AF Kendall, KA Shanley, JB McDonnell, JJ TI A hydrometric and geochemical approach to test the transmissivity feedback hypothesis during snowmelt SO JOURNAL OF HYDROLOGY LA English DT Article DE transmissivity feedback; hillslope; snowmelt; riparian zone; source areas; end-member mixing; geochemistry; topographic index ID STORM RUNOFF; HYDROGRAPH SEPARATIONS; CONTRIBUTING AREAS; STREAM CHEMISTRY; WATER; CATCHMENT; GROUNDWATER; RIVER; BASIN; GENERATION AB To test the transmissivity feedback hypothesis of runoff generation, surface and subsurface waters were monitored and sampled during the 1996 snowmelt at various topographic positions in a 41 ha forested headwater catchment at Sleepers River, Vermont. Two conditions that promote transmissivity feedback existed in the catchment during the melt period. First, saturated hydraulic conductivity increased toward land surface, from a geometric mean of 3.6 mm h(-1) in glacial till to 25.6 mm h(-1) in deep soil to 54.0 mm h(-1) in shallow soil. Second, groundwater levels rose to within 0.3 m of land surface at all riparian sites and most hillslope sites at peak melt. The importance of transmissivity feedback to streamflow generation was tested at the catchment scale by examination of physical and chemical patterns of groundwater in near-stream (discharge) and hillslope (recharge/lateral flow) zones, and within a geomorphic hollow (convergent flow). The presence of transmissivity feedback was supported by the abrupt increase in streamflow as the water table rose into the surficial, transmissive zone; a flattening of the groundwater level vs, streamflow curve occurred at most sites. This relation had a clockwise hysteresis (higher groundwater level for given discharge on rising limb than at same discharge on falling limb) at riparian sites, suggesting that the riparian zone was the dominant source area during the rising limb of the melt hydrograph. Hysteresis was counterclockwise at hillslope sites, suggesting that hillslope drainage controlled the snowmelt recession. End member mixing analysis using Ca, Mg, Na, dissolved organic carbon (DOC), and Si showed that stream chemistry could be explained as a two-component mixture of groundwater high in base cations and an O-horizon/overland how water high in DOG. The dominance of shallow How paths during events was indicated by the high positive correlation of DOC with streamflow (r(2) = 0.82). Despite the occurrence of transmissivity feedback. hillslope till and soil water were ruled out as end members primarily because their distinctive high-Si composition hail little or no effect on streamwater composition, Till water from the geomorphic hollow had a chemistry very close to streamwater base flow, and may represent the base now end member better than the more concentrated riparian groundwater. During snowmelt, streamwater composition shifted as this base flow was diluted - not by shallow groundwater from the hillslope, but rather bq a more surficial O-horizon/overland flow water, (C) 1999 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 US Geol Survey, Div Water Resources, Montpelier, VT 05601 USA. SUNY Coll Environm Sci & Forestry, Syracuse, NY 13210 USA. RP Shanley, JB (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Div Water Resources, POB 628, Montpelier, VT 05601 USA. RI McDonnell, Jeffrey/I-6400-2013 NR 45 TC 75 Z9 76 U1 0 U2 14 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0022-1694 J9 J HYDROL JI J. Hydrol. PD JUL 8 PY 1999 VL 219 IS 3-4 BP 188 EP 205 DI 10.1016/S0022-1694(99)00059-1 PG 18 WC Engineering, Civil; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Engineering; Geology; Water Resources GA 213VU UT WOS:000081294600005 ER PT J AU Long, AJ Derickson, RG AF Long, AJ Derickson, RG TI Linear systems analysis in a karst aquifer SO JOURNAL OF HYDROLOGY LA English DT Article DE karst hydrology; time series analysis; Madison aquifer; solution features; deconvolution; filtering ID REGIONAL SCALE TRANSPORT; FLUCTUATIONS; RECHARGE AB A linear systems analysis applied to ground-water flow is presented as an alternative modeling technique to traditional discretized ground-water models (i.e. finite-difference and finite-element), which require elaborate parameters and boundary conditions. Linear systems analysis has been used extensively for surface-water modeling and to 3 lesser extent for groundwater applications. We present a method for the analysis of an aquifer's response in hydraulic head to recharge that comprises two major components. The first component is to predict the drop in hydraulic head over time if recharge is eliminated. By fitting logarithmic curves to selected short-term hydraulic head recession periods, a long-term recession or "base head" can be established. The estimation of base head is necessary for the second component of the method, which is the derivation of an impulse response function or transfer function. The transfer function H-as derived by deconvolution of two time series data sets - estimated recharge and the measured response in hydraulic head. An aquifer's response to recharge can be characterized and modeled by using the transfer function. which also establishes the time to peak response. the response time distribution, and the total memory length of the system. The method requires fitting smooth curves to the oscillatory transfer function derived by deconvolution in the Fourier transform domain. The smooth curve is considered to be the physically valid transfer function. In this analysis, curve fitting was more effective than other smoothing techniques commonly used. We applied the method to the karstic Madison aquifer and found that thr time to peak response is less than one month, the system's total memory is about six years, and a logarithmic curve best fits the system response. This method has potential to be useful as 3 predictive tool in aquifer management. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 S Dakota Sch Mines & Technol, Dept Geol & Geol Engn, Rapid City, SD 57701 USA. S Dakota Sch Mines & Technol, Inst Atmospher Sci, Rapid City, SD 57701 USA. RP Long, AJ (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 1608 Mt View Rd, Rapid City, SD 57702 USA. RI Long, Andrew/A-9204-2008 OI Long, Andrew/0000-0001-7385-8081 NR 28 TC 30 Z9 31 U1 0 U2 13 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0022-1694 J9 J HYDROL JI J. Hydrol. PD JUL 8 PY 1999 VL 219 IS 3-4 BP 206 EP 217 DI 10.1016/S0022-1694(99)00058-X PG 12 WC Engineering, Civil; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Engineering; Geology; Water Resources GA 213VU UT WOS:000081294600006 ER PT J AU O'Brien, CA Box, JB AF O'Brien, CA Box, JB TI Reproductive biology and juvenile recruitment of the shinyrayed pocketbook, Lampsilis subangulata (Bivalvia : Unionidae) in the Gulf coastal plain SO AMERICAN MIDLAND NATURALIST LA English DT Article ID FRESH-WATER MUSSELS; LIFE-HISTORY; FISH HOSTS; MOLLUSCA; VIRGINIA; RIVER; GLOCHIDIA AB The reproductive biology, glochidial morphology and recruitment of the federally endangered shinyrayed pocketbook, Lampsilis subangulata, were studied from May 1995 to July 1996 in the Flint River system, Georgia. Gravid female L. subangulata were found nine months of the year. On 19 May 1995, a L. subangulata was discovered releasing a superconglutinate, the first record confirming that this species used this specialized reproductive strategy. Superconglutinate release occurred from late May to mid-July in water temperatures ranging from 20.0 to 23.5 C. Laboratory experiments indicated that two fish species served as primary hosts, the spotted bass (Micropterus punctulatus) and largemouth bass (NL salmoides). Secondary host fish included the eastern mosquitofish (Gambusia holbrooki), guppy (Poecilia reticulata) and bluegill (Lepomis macrochirus). The glochidial morphology of L. subangulata was similar to other lampsiline species. Using quantitative survey methods, no evidence of recent juvenile recruitment was found in the largest known extant L. subangulata population. C1 US Geol Survey, Florida Caribbean Sci Ctr, Gainesville, FL 32653 USA. RP O'Brien, CA (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Florida Caribbean Sci Ctr, 7920 NW 71st St, Gainesville, FL 32653 USA. NR 40 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER MIDLAND NATURALIST PI NOTRE DAME PA UNIV NOTRE DAME, BOX 369, ROOM 295 GLSC, NOTRE DAME, IN 46556 USA SN 0003-0031 J9 AM MIDL NAT JI Am. Midl. Nat. PD JUL PY 1999 VL 142 IS 1 BP 129 EP 140 DI 10.1674/0003-0031(1999)142[0129:RBAJRO]2.0.CO;2 PG 12 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 214WJ UT WOS:000081350300013 ER PT J AU Schweitzer, SH Leslie, DM AF Schweitzer, SH Leslie, DM TI Nesting habitat of least terns (Sterna antillarum athalassos) on an inland alkaline flat SO AMERICAN MIDLAND NATURALIST LA English DT Article ID SUCCESS AB We measured habitat characteristics in colony sites and at nest sites of endangered least terns (Sterna antillarum athalassos) on an expansive alkaline flat at Salt Plains National Wildlife Refuge, Oklahoma, in 1992 and 1993. Least terns nested in 12 colony sites on the alkaline flat during 1992 and 1993. Number of nests per colony site ranged from 5-25 and density of nests ranged from 0.1-0.75 nests/ha. Density of least terns in colony sites ranged from 0-2.1 terns/ha and was not correlated with soil color (P = 0.66) or soil texture (P = 0.12). Only a small percentage of ground cover was provided by vegetation (0.0-1.2%), driftwood (0.0-0.4%) and debris (0.0-1.1%) in colony sites. Least terns selected nest sites with coarser soil (loamy sand to sandy loam) than that of random points (P less than or equal to 0.0009). The coarser soils were lighter in color (P = 0.0001). Least tern nests were closer to driftwood or debris than random points (P = 0.0001). Internest distances in active colony sites ranged from 21.4 to >100 m. Nearest-neighbor analyses indicated that nests were distributed randomly in 58% and uniformly in 42% of active colony sites. Nests were distributed uniformly in small active colony sites and randomly in large active colony sites. No differences in densities of nests were noted relative to size of colony sites. Increasing availability of coarse light-colored soils in areas of greater than or equal to 20 ha on alkaline flats may enhance recovery of least terns by improving nesting habitat and recruitment. C1 Oklahoma State Univ, Dept Zool, Biol Resources Div,US Geol Survey, Oklahoma Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Stillwater, OK 74078 USA. RP Schweitzer, SH (reprint author), Univ Georgia, Daniel B Warnell Sch Forest Resources, Athens, GA 30602 USA. NR 44 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 1 U2 1 PU AMER MIDLAND NATURALIST PI NOTRE DAME PA UNIV NOTRE DAME, BOX 369, ROOM 295 GLSC, NOTRE DAME, IN 46556 USA SN 0003-0031 J9 AM MIDL NAT JI Am. Midl. Nat. PD JUL PY 1999 VL 142 IS 1 BP 173 EP 180 DI 10.1674/0003-0031(1999)142[0173:NHOLTS]2.0.CO;2 PG 8 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 214WJ UT WOS:000081350300017 ER PT J AU Stolley, DS Bissonette, JA Kadlec, JA AF Stolley, DS Bissonette, JA Kadlec, JA TI Effects of saline environments on the survival of wild goslings (Branta canadensis) SO AMERICAN MIDLAND NATURALIST LA English DT Article ID MALLARD DUCKLINGS; GEESE AB Research on ducklings and goslings has demonstrated that young birds hatched in moderate to high saline environments without access to fresh drinking water grow and develop slower, and have increased mortality rates. Most direct saline-induced mortality happens before day 6 of life, after which time the nasal salt glands become functional. At Fish Springs National Wildlife Refuge in western Utah, the water available to Canada goose (Branta canadensis) goslings ranged from brackish to highly saline (3100-25,000 + mu S/cm) throughout the summer and differed spatially across the impoundments; no fresh water was available. We followed collar-marked, radio-marked and unmarked broods from hatching to day 15 to determine early survival of all goslings hatched in 1997. Nineteen broods hatched between 25 April and 25 May. We analyzed the relationship between specific conductivity of water and gosling mortality in 1997. The levels of salinity found at the refuge within 15 d after hatching were independent of mortality. During dry years salinity levels increase earlier in the Spring and may limit gosling productivity. C1 Utah State Univ, Dept Fisheries & Wildlife, USGS BRD, Utah Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Logan, UT 84322 USA. RP Bissonette, JA (reprint author), Utah State Univ, Dept Fisheries & Wildlife, USGS BRD, Utah Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Logan, UT 84322 USA. NR 33 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER MIDLAND NATURALIST PI NOTRE DAME PA UNIV NOTRE DAME, BOX 369, ROOM 295 GLSC, NOTRE DAME, IN 46556 USA SN 0003-0031 J9 AM MIDL NAT JI Am. Midl. Nat. PD JUL PY 1999 VL 142 IS 1 BP 181 EP 190 DI 10.1674/0003-0031(1999)142[0181:EOSEOT]2.0.CO;2 PG 10 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 214WJ UT WOS:000081350300018 ER PT J AU Ross, M AF Ross, M TI Presentation of the Distinguished Public Service Medal for 1998 to Daniel E. Appleman SO AMERICAN MINERALOGIST LA English DT Biographical-Item C1 US Geol Survey, Reston, VA 20192 USA. RP Ross, M (reprint author), US Geol Survey, MS 954, Reston, VA 20192 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU MINERALOGICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 1015 EIGHTEENTH ST, NW SUITE 601, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0003-004X J9 AM MINERAL JI Am. Miner. PD JUL-AUG PY 1999 VL 84 IS 7-8 BP 1205 EP 1206 PG 2 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Mineralogy SC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Mineralogy GA 213FB UT WOS:000081261100030 ER PT J AU Williamson, JL Rocke, TE Aiken, JM AF Williamson, JL Rocke, TE Aiken, JM TI In situ detection of the Clostridium botulinum type C-1 toxin gene in wetland sediments with a nested PCR assay SO APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID POLYMERASE CHAIN-REACTION; BALTIC SEA SEDIMENT; ENVIRONMENTAL-SAMPLES; DNA; BACTERIA; PREVALENCE; EXTRACTION; SOIL AB A nested PCR was developed for detection of the Clostridium botulinum type C-1 toxin gene in sediments collected from wetlands where avian botulism outbreaks had or had not occurred. The C-1 toxin gene was detected in 16 of 18 sites, demonstrating both the ubiquitous distribution of C. botulinum type C in wetland sediments and the sensitivity of the detection assay. C1 US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Natl Wildlife Hlth Ctr, Madison, WI 53711 USA. Univ Wisconsin, Dept Anim Hlth & Biomed Sci, Madison, WI 53706 USA. RP Williamson, JL (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Natl Wildlife Hlth Ctr, 6006 Schroeder Rd, Madison, WI 53711 USA. OI Rocke, Tonie/0000-0003-3933-1563 NR 20 TC 30 Z9 31 U1 2 U2 6 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1325 MASSACHUSETTS AVENUE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005-4171 USA SN 0099-2240 J9 APPL ENVIRON MICROB JI Appl. Environ. Microbiol. PD JUL PY 1999 VL 65 IS 7 BP 3240 EP 3243 PG 4 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology GA 212CP UT WOS:000081199000062 PM 10388729 ER PT J AU Cravotta, CA Trahan, MK AF Cravotta, CA Trahan, MK TI Limestone drains to increase pH and remove dissolved metals from acidic mine drainage SO APPLIED GEOCHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID MANGANESE OXIDE; REDOX PROCESSES; SULFATE WATERS; IRON-OXIDES; ADSORPTION; IONS; OXIDATION; SURFACES; ENVIRONMENTS; ALUMINUM AB Despite encrustation by Fe and Al hydroxides, limestone can be effective for remediation of acidic mine drainage (AMD). Samples of water and limestone (CaCO3) were collected periodically for 1 a at 3 identical limestone-filled drains in Pennsylvania to evaluate the attenuation of dissolved metals and the effects of pH and Fe- and Al-hydrolysis products on the rate of CaCO3 dissolution. The influent was acidic and relatively dilute (pH < 4; acidity < 90 mg) but contained 1-4 mg . L-1 of O-2, Fe3+, Al3+ and Mn2+. The total retention time in the oxic limestone drains (OLDs) ranged from 1.0 to 3.1 hr. Effluent remained oxic (O-2 > 1 mg . L-1) but was near neutral (pH = 6.2-7.0); Fe and Al decreased to less than 5% of influent concentrations. As pH increased near the inflow, hydrous Fe and Al oxides precipitated in the OLDs, The hydrous oxides, nominally Fe(OH)(3) and Al(OH)(3), were visible as loosely bound, orange-yellow coatings on limestone near the inflow. As time elapsed, Fe(OH)(3) and Al(OH)(3) particles were transported downflow. The accumulation of hydrous oxides and elevated pH (> 5) in the downflow part of the OLDs promoted sorption and coprecipitation of dissolved Mn, Cu, Co, Ni and Zn as indicated by decreased concentrations of the metals in effluent and their enrichment relative to Fe in hydrous-oxide particles and coatings on limestone. Despite thick (similar to 1 mm) hydrous-oxide coatings on limestone near the inflow, CaCO3 dissolution was more rapid near the inflow than at downflow points within and the OLD where the limestone was not coated. The high rates of CaCO3 dissolution and Fe(OH3) precipitation were associated with the relatively low pH and high Fe3+ concentration near the inflow. The rate of CaCO3 dissolution decreased with increased pH and concentrations of Ca2+ and HCO3- and decreased Pco(2). Because overall efficiency is increased by combining neutralization and hydrolysis reactions, an OLD followed by a settling pond requires less land area than needed for a two-stage treatment system consisting of an anoxic limestone drain and oxidation-settling pond or wetland. To facilitate removal of hydrous-oxide sludge, a perforated-pipe subdrain can be installed within an OLD. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 US Geol Survey, Lemoyne, PA 17043 USA. Wallis Engn, Vancouver, WA 98660 USA. RP Cravotta, CA (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 840 Market St, Lemoyne, PA 17043 USA. NR 68 TC 104 Z9 109 U1 4 U2 34 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0883-2927 J9 APPL GEOCHEM JI Appl. Geochem. PD JUL PY 1999 VL 14 IS 5 BP 581 EP 606 DI 10.1016/S0883-2927(98)00066-3 PG 26 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 191VY UT WOS:000080043300004 ER PT J AU Collett, TS Dallimore, SR AF Collett, TS Dallimore, SR TI Hydrocarbon gases associated with permafrost in the Mackenzie Delta, Northwest Territories, Canada SO APPLIED GEOCHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID METHANE; HYDRATE; ALASKA; AREA AB Molecular and isotopic analyses of core gas samples from 3 permafrost research core holes (92GSCTAGLU, 92GSCKUMAK, 92GSCUNIPKAT; sample core depths ranging from 0.36 to 413.82 m) in the Mackenzie Delta of the Northwest Territories of Canada reveal the presence of hydrocarbon gases from both microbial and thermogenic sources. Analyses of most headspace and blended gas samples from the ice-bonded permafrost portion of the core holes yielded C-1/(C-2 + C-3) hydrocarbon gas ratios and CH4-C isotopic compositions (delta(13)C CH4) indicative of microbially sourced CH4 gas. However, near the base of ice-bonded permafrost and into the underlying non-frozen stratigraphic section, an increase in ethane (C-2) concentrations, decreases in C-1/(C-2 + C-3) hydrocarbon gas ratios, and CH4-C isotopic (delta(13)C CH4) data indicate the presence of hydrocarbon gases derived from a thermogenic source. The thermogenic gas below permafrost in the Mackenzie Delta likely migrated from deeper hydrocarbon accumulations and/or directly from thermally mature hydrocarbon source rocks. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Denver, CO 80225 USA. Geol Survey Canada, Ottawa, ON K1A 0E8, Canada. RP Collett, TS (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Box 25046,MS-939, Denver, CO 80225 USA. NR 30 TC 3 Z9 10 U1 2 U2 8 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0883-2927 J9 APPL GEOCHEM JI Appl. Geochem. PD JUL PY 1999 VL 14 IS 5 BP 607 EP 620 DI 10.1016/S0883-2927(98)00087-0 PG 14 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 191VY UT WOS:000080043300005 ER PT J AU Tuccillo, ME Cozzarelli, IM Herman, JS AF Tuccillo, ME Cozzarelli, IM Herman, JS TI Iron reduction in the sediments of a hydrocarbon-contaminated aquifer SO APPLIED GEOCHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID GRAVEL AQUIFER; SHALLOW SAND; CRUDE-OIL; MICROBIAL REDUCTION; MARINE-SEDIMENTS; ORGANIC-MATTER; LANDFILL; OXIDES; DISSOLUTION; DENMARK AB Sediments sampled at a hydrocarbon-contaminated, glacial-outwash, sandy aquifer near Bemidji, Minnesota, were analyzed for sediment-associated Fe with several techniques. Extraction with 0.5 M HCl dissolved poorly crystalline Fe oxides and small amounts of Fe in crystalline Fe oxides, and extracted Fe from phyllosilicates. Use of Ti-citrate-EDTA-bicarbonate results in more complete removal of crystalline Fe oxides. The average HCl-extractable Fe(III) concentration in the sediments closest to the crude-oil contamination (16.2 mu mol/g) has been reduced by up to 30% from background values (23.8 mu mol/g) as a result of Fe(III) reduction in contaminated anoxic groundwater. Iron(II) concentrations are elevated in sediments within an anoxic plume in the aquifer. Iron(II) values under the oil body (19.2 mu mol/g) are as much as 4 times those in the background sediments (4.6 mu mol/g), indicating incorporation of reduced Fe in the contaminated sediments. A 70% increase in total extractable Fe at the anoxic/oxic transition zone indicates: reoxidation and precipitation of Fe mobilized from sediment in the anoxic plume. Scanning electron microscopy detected authigenic ferroan calcite in the anoxic sediments and confirmed abundant Fe(III) oxyhydroxides at the anoxic/oxic boundary. The redox biogeochemistry of Fe in this system is coupled to contaminant degradation and is important in predicting processes of hydrocarbon degradation. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Virginia, Dept Environm Sci, Charlottesville, VA 22903 USA. US Geol Survey, Natl Ctr, Reston, VA 20192 USA. RP Tuccillo, ME (reprint author), Univ Virginia, Dept Environm Sci, Clark Hall, Charlottesville, VA 22903 USA. OI Cozzarelli, Isabelle/0000-0002-5123-1007 NR 37 TC 59 Z9 61 U1 0 U2 13 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0883-2927 J9 APPL GEOCHEM JI Appl. Geochem. PD JUL PY 1999 VL 14 IS 5 BP 655 EP 667 DI 10.1016/S0883-2927(98)00089-4 PG 13 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 191VY UT WOS:000080043300008 ER PT J AU Deacon, JR Driver, NE AF Deacon, JR Driver, NE TI Distribution of trace elements in streambed sediment associated with mining activities in the Upper Colorado River Basin, Colorado, USA, 1995-96 SO ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article AB Streambed-sediment samples were collected in the Southern Rocky Mountains physiographic province in the Upper Colorado River Basin in Colorado to characterize the occurrence and distribution of trace elements in mined and nonmined areas of the basin. During October 1995 and September 1996, streambed sediment was collected at 37 sites, and the samples were analyzed for trace elements. The ranges in concentrations of As, Cd, Cu, Pb, and Zn at mining sites generally were orders of magnitude higher than the ranges of concentrations at nonmining sites. Sampling sites located in two predominant rock types in mining areas were not significantly different (p > 0.05) for concentrations of As, Cd, Pb, and Zn. Cu was significantly different (p < 0.05) between sites in the two predominant rock types. Concentrations of As, Cd, Cu, Pb, and Zn were not significantly different (p > 0.05) between main-stem sites and tributary sites. Concentrations of As, Cd, Cu, Pb, and Zn exceeded established guidelines for adverse effects on aquatic biota at some sites in the study area. The patterns in concentrations of Cd and Zn, Cd and Pb, and Pb and Zn were highly correlated to one another in this study. Concentrations of trace elements in the <63-mu m fraction were higher than in the total particle-size fraction analysis. Comparison of reference sites to sites affected by a mine source indicated that trace-element concentrations initially increased downstream of the source and then gradually decreased in concentration with distance from the source. C1 US Geol Survey, Div Water Resources, Denver Fed Ctr, Denver, CO 80225 USA. RP Deacon, JR (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Div Water Resources, Denver Fed Ctr, Box 25046,MS 415, Denver, CO 80225 USA. NR 27 TC 7 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 3 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0090-4341 J9 ARCH ENVIRON CON TOX JI Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. PD JUL PY 1999 VL 37 IS 1 BP 7 EP 18 PG 12 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA 201XZ UT WOS:000080623700002 ER PT J AU Andres, BA AF Andres, BA TI Effects of persistent shoreline oil on breeding success and chick growth in black oystercatchers SO AUK LA English DT Article ID PRINCE-WILLIAM-SOUND; CRUDE-OIL; SPILL; ALASKA; SIZE AB To determine if Black Oystercatchers (Haematopus bachmani) were affected by persistent shoreline oil from the T/V Exxon Valdez oil spill, I identified contaminated foraging sites of oystercatchers, quantified diet and foraging behavior, assessed hydrocarbon uptake, and measured breeding success and mass gain of chicks. Hydrocarbon concentrations in sediments at foraging sites indicated that some oystercatchers potentially were exposed to shoreline oil that persisted into 1992 or 1993. Direct evidence of hydrocarbon exposure was obtained from feces of chicks raised on persistently oiled shorelines. Elevated concentrations of total hydrocarbons, even-numbered aliphatics, and unresolved complex mixtures were indicative of petroleum hydrocarbon exposure. Mussels (Mytilus trossulus) were an important component of the diet of adults and chicks. Oystercatchers foraged for mussels on low-sloping, mixed sand-and-gravel beaches that often retained oil but spent less time foraging on contaminated substrates than on unoiled substrates. Effects of persistent shoreline oil on measures of breeding success were negligible and likely were overridden by the influence of egg and chick predation. Chicks raised on shorelines that were heavily oiled in 1989 gained mass at a slower rate than did chicks raised on shorelines that were not heavily oiled; however, slower mass gain did not translate into reduced fledging success of chicks raised on heavily oiled shorelines, Although some oystercatchers were exposed to persistent shoreline oil, areas of contamination were patchily distributed, and relatively few adults and young were exposed. The lack of a large-scale change in oystercatcher numbers inhabiting the oiled area of Prince William Sound suggests that the negative effects of oil exposure operated locally. Consequently, oiled mussel beds present little additional risk to the population of Black Oystercatchers inhabiting Prince William Sound. C1 Ohio State Univ, Ohio Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Columbus, OH 43210 USA. RP Andres, BA (reprint author), US Fish & Wildlife Serv, 1011 E Tudor Rd, Anchorage, AK 99503 USA. EM brad_andres@fws.gov NR 41 TC 18 Z9 19 U1 2 U2 8 PU AMER ORNITHOLOGISTS UNION PI LAWRENCE PA ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC NORTH AMER PO BOX 1897, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 USA SN 0004-8038 J9 AUK JI AUK PD JUL PY 1999 VL 116 IS 3 BP 640 EP 650 PG 11 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA 227AP UT WOS:000082055800006 ER PT J AU Schepps, J Lohr, S Martin, TE AF Schepps, J Lohr, S Martin, TE TI Does tree hardness influence nest-tree selection by primary cavity nesters? SO AUK LA English DT Article ID DOUGLAS-FIR FORESTS; WESTERN OREGON; SITE SELECTION; EUROPEAN STARLINGS; CLUTCH SIZE; BIRDS; COMPETITION; SAPSUCKERS; PREDATION; HABITAT AB Cavity-nesting birds that excavate nest holes may be limited by the availability of suitable substrates for excavation. Suitability of trees for excavation may be influenced by substrate hardness and excavation strength of the bird. Excavation strength, in turn, may vary among bird species, causing nest-tree selection to vary among excavator species. We examined use of quaking aspens (Populus tremuloides) for nest trees as a function of tree hardness in four species of woodpeckers: Williamson's Sapsucker (Sphyrapicus thyroideus), Red-naped Sapsucker (S. nuchalis), Downy Woodpecker (Picoides pubescens), and Hairy Woodpecker (P. villosus). Hardness of trees was measured at 95 nest trees, 94 neighboring trees, and 150 random trees using a new technique described here. Other investigators have speculated that the gross external appearance of trees/snags can be used to estimate hardness. Hardness decreased from live trees to partly dead trees to dead trees and with increasing height in trees, but hardness was not related to other external features such as numbers of conks or percentage of the tree covered with bark. All four bird species chose nest trees that were softer than neighboring or random trees, and nest trees were softer at nests than at other heights measured. The four species selected trees of different hardness for nesting; Red-naped Sapsucker and Hairy Woodpecker chose harder trees than Williamson's Sapsucker and Downy Woodpecker. These results suggest that primary cavity nesters are sensitive to subtle characteristics of trees that reflect hardness, some of which may not be apparent in the external appearance of the trees. C1 Univ Montana, Avian Studies Program, Montana Cooperat Wildlife Res Unit, USGS Biol Resources Div, Missoula, MT 59812 USA. RP Martin, TE (reprint author), Univ Montana, Avian Studies Program, Montana Cooperat Wildlife Res Unit, USGS Biol Resources Div, Missoula, MT 59812 USA. RI Martin, Thomas/F-6016-2011 OI Martin, Thomas/0000-0002-4028-4867 NR 43 TC 47 Z9 51 U1 3 U2 17 PU AMER ORNITHOLOGISTS UNION PI LAWRENCE PA ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC NORTH AMER PO BOX 1897, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 USA SN 0004-8038 J9 AUK JI AUK PD JUL PY 1999 VL 116 IS 3 BP 658 EP 665 PG 8 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA 227AP UT WOS:000082055800008 ER PT J AU Lanctot, R Goatcher, B Scribner, K Talbot, S Pierson, B Esler, D Zwiefelhofer, D AF Lanctot, R Goatcher, B Scribner, K Talbot, S Pierson, B Esler, D Zwiefelhofer, D TI Harlequin Duck recovery from the Exxon Valdez oil spill: A population genetics perspective SO AUK LA English DT Article ID CONTROL-REGION SEQUENCES; HUMAN MITOCHONDRIAL-DNA; MICROSATELLITE LOCI; PHYLOGENETIC TREES; DISTANCES; POLYMORPHISMS; SYSTEMATICS; FLOW AB Concerns about Harlequin Duck (Histrionicus histrionicus) population recovery following the Exxon Valdez oil spill led biologists to ask whether birds located in different molting and wintering areas belong to genetically distinct and, thus, demographically independent populations. Owing to the lack of direct observations of movements among marine areas, three classes of genetic markers that differed in mode of inheritance were used to evaluate the degree of genetic differentiation among wintering areas within Prince William Sound (PWS) and the Alaska Peninsula and Kodiak Archipelago (APKA). We could not reject the null hypothesis that the wintering aggregations within each region are composed of a single genetically panmictic population. Differences in genotype frequencies among wintering locations within PWS and APKA were low and nonsignificant for all three classes of markers. Furthermore, we saw no evidence for deviations in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium or gametic disequilibrium between loci within a winter collection site as would be expected if these locales were composed of individuals from reproductively isolated (and genetically distinct) breeding locales. Finally no evidence for significant structuring was noted between PWS and APKA. Lack of spatial genetic structuring could be due to the cumulative effects of low levels of gene flow over long time periods, low levels of gene flow by immature birds moving between marine habitats, or to episodic dispersal caused by habitat alteration (e.g. Volcanic eruptions). Harlequin Ducks are likely to recolonize or enhance populations in areas recovering from environmental damage via emigration of birds from non-affected areas. Demographic studies suggest, however, that levels of movements are low, and that population recovery by emigration is a long-term process. C1 US Geol Survey, Alaska Biol Sci Ctr, Anchorage, AK 99503 USA. Katmai Natl Pk & Preserv, Kodiak Coastal Unit Off, Kodiak, AK 99615 USA. Kodiak Natl Wildlife Refuge, Kodiak, AK 99615 USA. RP Lanctot, R (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Alaska Biol Sci Ctr, 1011 E Tudor Rd, Anchorage, AK 99503 USA. RI Talbot, Sandra/C-9433-2011 NR 52 TC 26 Z9 26 U1 2 U2 10 PU AMER ORNITHOLOGISTS UNION PI LAWRENCE PA ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC NORTH AMER PO BOX 1897, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 USA SN 0004-8038 J9 AUK JI AUK PD JUL PY 1999 VL 116 IS 3 BP 781 EP 791 PG 11 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA 227AP UT WOS:000082055800019 ER PT J AU Biggins, DE Vargas, A Godbey, JL Anderson, SH AF Biggins, DE Vargas, A Godbey, JL Anderson, SH TI Influence of prerelease experience on reintroduced black-footed ferrets (Mustela nigripes) SO BIOLOGICAL CONSERVATION LA English DT Article DE behavior; black-footed ferret; Mustela nigripes; reintroduction; survival ID SURVIVAL SKILLS; EVERSMANNI AB Captive breeding is increasingly being used to create supplies of endangered animals for release into natural habitats, but rearing strategies vary and debates arise over which methods an most efficient. We assessed postrelease behaviors and survival of three groups of black-footed ferrets,each with different prerelease experience. Eighteen ferret kits less than or equal to 60 days of age were moved with their dams from cages to 80-m(2) outdoor pens with prairie dog burrows. These animals were compared to animals reared in standard cages (n = 72), some of which were given experience killing prairie dogs (n = 32). Ferrets were released onto white-tailed prairie dog (Cynomys leucurus) colonies in Wyoming, USA, in fall, 1992. Radio-tagged cage-reared ferrets made longer nightly moves and dispersed further from release sites than their pen-reared counterparts. The band return rate was 4-fold higher for pen-reared animals than for cage-reared animals during surveys conducted about 1 month after release. We recommend routine use of quasi-natural outdoor pens for prerelease conditioning of black-footed ferrets. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 US Geol Survey, Midcontinent Ecol Sci Ctr, Ft Collins, CO 80525 USA. US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Natl Black Footed Ferret Conservat Ctr, Laramie, WY 82070 USA. Univ Wyoming, US Geol Survey, Wyoming Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Laramie, WY 82071 USA. RP Biggins, DE (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Midcontinent Ecol Sci Ctr, 4512 McMurry Ave, Ft Collins, CO 80525 USA. NR 43 TC 65 Z9 70 U1 9 U2 64 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0006-3207 J9 BIOL CONSERV JI Biol. Conserv. PD JUL PY 1999 VL 89 IS 2 BP 121 EP 129 DI 10.1016/S0006-3207(98)00158-X PG 9 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 180GQ UT WOS:000079378100002 ER PT J AU Sweet, LI Passino-Reader, DR Meier, PG Omann, GM AF Sweet, LI Passino-Reader, DR Meier, PG Omann, GM TI Xenobiotic-induced apoptosis: significance and potential application as a general biomarker of response SO BIOMARKERS LA English DT Review DE apoptosis; xenobiotic; biomarker ID PROGRAMMED CELL-DEATH; MITOCHONDRIAL PERMEABILITY TRANSITION; CADMIUM-INDUCED APOPTOSIS; FLOW CYTOMETRIC ANALYSIS; IN-SITU DETECTION; RAINBOW-TROUT; PLASMA-MEMBRANE; ANNEXIN-V; POLY(ADP-RIBOSE) POLYMERASE; INORGANIC MERCURY AB The process of apoptosis, often coined programmed cell death, involves cell injury induced by a variety of stimuli including xenobiotics and is morphologically, biochemically, and physiologically distinct from necrosis. Apoptotic death is characterized by; cellular changes such as cytoplasm shrinkage, chromatin condensation, and plasma membrane asymmetry. This form of cell suicide is appealing as a general biomarker of response in that it is expressed in multiple cell systems (e.g. immune, neuronal, hepatal, intestinal, dermal, reproductive), is conserved phylogenetically (e.g. fish, rodents, birds, sheep, amphibians, roundworms, plants, humans), is modulated by environmentally relevant levels of chemical contaminants, and indicates a state of stress of the organism. Further, apoptosis is useful as a biomarker as it serves as a molecular control point and hence may provide mechanistic information on xenobiotic stress. Studies reviewed here suggest that apoptosis is a sensitive and early indicator of acute and chronic chemical stress, loss of cellular function and structure, and organismal health. Examples are provided of the application of this methodology in studies of health of lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush) in the Laurentian Great Lakes. C1 Univ Michigan, Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Environm & Ind Hlth, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Great lakes Sci Ctr, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA. Univ Michigan, Sch Med, Dept Surg & Biol Chem, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA. Vet Adm Med Ctr, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA. RP Sweet, LI (reprint author), Univ Michigan, Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Environm & Ind Hlth, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. NR 127 TC 40 Z9 41 U1 0 U2 5 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD PI LONDON PA ONE GUNPOWDER SQUARE, LONDON EC4A 3DE, ENGLAND SN 1354-750X J9 BIOMARKERS JI Biomarkers PD JUL-AUG PY 1999 VL 4 IS 4 BP 237 EP 253 PG 17 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Toxicology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Toxicology GA 220MY UT WOS:000081670800001 ER PT J AU Scott, NJ Jennings, MR AF Scott, NJ Jennings, MR TI Defending whole-animal collections SO BIOSCIENCE LA English DT Letter C1 US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Western Ecol Res Ctr, Piedras Blancas Field Stn, San Simeon, CA 93452 USA. RP Scott, NJ (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Western Ecol Res Ctr, Piedras Blancas Field Stn, San Simeon, CA 93452 USA. NR 9 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER INST BIOLOGICAL SCI PI WASHINGTON PA 1444 EYE ST, NW, STE 200, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 USA SN 0006-3568 J9 BIOSCIENCE JI Bioscience PD JUL PY 1999 VL 49 IS 7 BP 511 EP 512 DI 10.2307/1313470 PG 2 WC Biology SC Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics GA 212HQ UT WOS:000081211600002 ER PT J AU Dzurisin, D AF Dzurisin, D TI Results of repeated leveling surveys at Newberry Volcano, Oregon, and near Lassen Peak Volcano, California SO BULLETIN OF VOLCANOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Newberry volcano; Lassen Peak volcano; leveling; volcano geodesy; crustal uplift AB Personnel from the U.S. Geological Survey's Cascades Volcano Observatory conducted first-order, class-II leveling surveys near Lassen Peak, California, in 1991 and at Newberry Volcano, Oregon, in 1985, 1986, and 1994. Near Lassen Peak no significant vertical displacements had occurred along either of two traverses, 33 and 44 km long, since second-order surveys in 1932 and 1934. At Newberry, however, the 1994 survey suggests that the volcano's summit area had risen as much as 97 +/- 22 mm with respect to a third-order survey in 1931. The 1931 and 1994 surveys measured a 37-km-long, east-west traverse across the entire volcano. The 1985 and 1986 surveys, on the other hand, measured only a 9-km-long traverse across the summit caldera with only one benchmark in common with the 1931 survey. Comparison of the 1985, 1986, and 1994 surveys revealed no significant differential displacements inside the caldera. A possible mechanism for uplift during 1931-1994 is injection of approximately 0.06 km(3) of magma at a depth of approximately 10 km beneath the volcano's summit. The average magma supply rate of approximately 1x10(-3) km(3)/year would be generally consistent with the volcano's growth rate averaged over its 600,000-year history (0.7-1.7 x 10(-3) km(3)/year). C1 US Geol Survey, David A Johnston Cascades Volcano Observ, Vancouver, WA 98661 USA. RP Dzurisin, D (reprint author), US Geol Survey, David A Johnston Cascades Volcano Observ, 5400 MacArthur Blvd, Vancouver, WA 98661 USA. NR 18 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 2 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0258-8900 J9 B VOLCANOL JI Bull. Volcanol. PD JUL PY 1999 VL 61 IS 1-2 BP 83 EP 91 DI 10.1007/s004450050264 PG 9 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 226TY UT WOS:000082039200007 ER PT J AU Dinsmore, SJ Knopf, FL AF Dinsmore, SJ Knopf, FL TI Six-egg clutches of the Mountain Plover, Charadrius montanus SO CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST LA English DT Article DE Mountain Plover; Charadrius montanus; clutch size; Montana AB Three six-egg clutches of the Mountain Plover (Charadrius montanus) represent the largest clutch size ever reported for this declining Great Plains shorebird. Clutch size in this species is normally three eggs, and six-egg clutches probably represent the laying of a second clutch in the nest by the same female. C1 US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Midcontinent Ecol Sci Ctr, Ft Collins, CO 80525 USA. RP Dinsmore, SJ (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Midcontinent Ecol Sci Ctr, 4512 McMurray Ave, Ft Collins, CO 80525 USA. NR 6 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 1 U2 2 PU OTTAWA FIELD-NATURALISTS CLUB PI OTTAWA PA PO BOX 35069, WESTGATE PO, OTTAWA, ONTARIO K1Z 1A2, CANADA SN 0008-3550 J9 CAN FIELD NAT JI Can. Field-Nat. PD JUL-SEP PY 1999 VL 113 IS 3 BP 516 EP 517 PG 2 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 237ZK UT WOS:000082686300022 ER PT J AU Leonard, JBK McCormick, SD AF Leonard, JBK McCormick, SD TI Effects of migration distance on whole-body and tissue-specific energy use in American shad (Alosa sapidissima) SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FISHERIES AND AQUATIC SCIENCES LA English DT Article ID FRESH-WATER MIGRATION; PROXIMATE COMPOSITION; SEASONAL-VARIATIONS; SPAWNING MIGRATION; FISH; REPRODUCTION; DEPOSITION; EVOLUTION; PATTERNS; MUSCLE AB We examined total and tissue-specific energy content of upstream-migrating American shad (Alosa sapidissima) in the Connecticut River. Total energy depletion over the course of the 228-km migration ranged from 35 to 60%. The approximate contributions of different tissues to energy use during migration were white muscle 57%, subdermal fat 27%, red muscle 8%, viscera 6%, and liver 2%. American shad preferentially use energy stores in the skin and its subdermal fat layer (depleted by 63%) while sparing red muscle protein. Both lipid and protein were used as energy sources throughout migration, although lipids were depleted to a greater extent (e.g., white muscle lipid decreased 48% and protein 30%). Large fish expended 2-21% more energy during migration than small fish. Migrating to upriver sites (198-228 km) is 50-100% more energetically expensive than to lower river sections for females. This suggests that upriver range expansion may be limited by females in that they may have reached a threshold level of energy expenditure in this upriver area. American shad may possess physiological mechanisms for tissue-specific energy use allowing maintenance of critical tissues necessary for postspawning survival. C1 US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, SO Conte Anadromous Fish Res Ctr, Turners Falls, MA 01376 USA. Univ Massachusetts, Dept Biol, Amherst, MA 01003 USA. RP Leonard, JBK (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, SO Conte Anadromous Fish Res Ctr, Turners Falls, MA 01376 USA. NR 40 TC 33 Z9 37 U1 1 U2 10 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA, ONTARIO K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0706-652X J9 CAN J FISH AQUAT SCI JI Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. PD JUL PY 1999 VL 56 IS 7 BP 1159 EP 1171 PG 13 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 222MB UT WOS:000081788400003 ER PT J AU Nelson, ME Mech, LD AF Nelson, ME Mech, LD TI Twenty-year home-range dynamics of a white-tailed deer matriline SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF ZOOLOGY-REVUE CANADIENNE DE ZOOLOGIE LA English DT Article ID NORTHEASTERN MINNESOTA; SOCIAL-ORGANIZATION; MORTALITY; DISPERSAL; BEHAVIOR AB We examined the seasonal migration and home-range dynamics of a multigeneration white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) matriline comprising six females from four generations spanning a 20-year period in northeastern Minnesota. All, from the matriarch to her great-granddaughter, migrated to the same summer and winter ranges, the longest individual record being 14.5 years. Three maternal females concurrently occupied exclusive fawning sites within their ancestral matriarch's summer range, while two nonmaternal females explored new areas and ranged near their mothers. One great-granddaughter expanded her summer range I km beyond the matriarch's summer range while essentially vacating half of her ancestors' range and becoming nonmigratory the last 4 years of her Life. These data indicate that individual movements of matriline members can potentially expand their ranges beyond the areas occupied by their ancestors through a slow process of small incremental changes. This suggests that the rapid extension of deer range in eastern North America resulted from natal dispersal by yearling deer rather than from the type of home-range expansion reported here. C1 US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, No Prairie Wildlife Res Ctr, Jamestown, MD USA. RP Nelson, ME (reprint author), Kawishiwi Field Lab, SR 1,Box 7200, Ely, MN 55731 USA. NR 31 TC 33 Z9 35 U1 1 U2 16 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA, ONTARIO K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0008-4301 J9 CAN J ZOOL JI Can. J. Zool.-Rev. Can. Zool. PD JUL PY 1999 VL 77 IS 7 BP 1128 EP 1135 DI 10.1139/cjz-77-7-1128 PG 8 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA 252PC UT WOS:000083510100013 ER PT J AU Harper, FD Waldrop, VC Jeffers, RD Duncan, CD Cobb, GP AF Harper, FD Waldrop, VC Jeffers, RD Duncan, CD Cobb, GP TI Organochlorine and polychlorinated biphenyl contamination in black neck stilt, Himantopus mexicanus, eggs from the Savannah and Tybee National Wildlife Refuges SO CHEMOSPHERE LA English DT Article ID CHORIOALLANTOIC MEMBRANES; SOUTH-CAROLINA; PASSERINES; RIVER AB Since previous studies had determined organic contamination in Savannah Harbor sediments, an assessment was needed to determine its potential effects on wildlife species which frequently used surrounding areas as feeding and breeding habitats. Ninety percent of the black neck stilt egg contents evaluated contained p,p'-DDE, and 14% of the egg contents contained more than one PCB congener. Ninety percent of chorioallantoic membranes evaluated contained p,p'-DDE. Data from this study will provide information necessary to evaluate proposed measures to enhance bird use of confined disposal facilities associated with Savannah Harbor and will serve as a baseline for future ecotoxicological information gathered to better manage bird nesting areas along the Atlantic coast. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Texas Tech Univ, Inst Environm & Human Hlth, Lubbock, TX 79409 USA. Clemson Univ, Dept Environm Toxicol, Pendleton, SC 29670 USA. US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Charleston, SC 29412 USA. RP Cobb, GP (reprint author), Texas Tech Univ, Inst Environm & Human Hlth, Lubbock, TX 79409 USA. NR 19 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 1 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0045-6535 J9 CHEMOSPHERE JI Chemosphere PD JUL PY 1999 VL 39 IS 1 BP 151 EP 163 DI 10.1016/S0045-6535(98)00593-1 PG 13 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 199XM UT WOS:000080509400014 ER PT J AU Carter, J Finn, JT AF Carter, J Finn, JT TI MOAB: a spatially explicit, individual-based expert system for creating animal foraging models SO ECOLOGICAL MODELLING LA English DT Article DE expert system; individual-based modeling; geographic information system; red fox; Vulpes vulpes; striped skunk; Mephitis mephitis; behavior modeling ID VULPES-VULPES; PREDATION; HABITAT; ECOLOGY AB We describe the development, structure, and corroboration process of a simulation model of animal behavior (MOAB). MOAB can create spatially explicit, individual-based animal foraging models. Users can create or replicate heterogeneous landscape patterns, and place resources and individual animals of a given species on that landscape to simultaneously simulate the foraging behavior of multiple species. The heuristic rules for animal behavior are maintained in a user-modifiable expert system. MOAB can be used to explore hypotheses concerning the influence of landscape pattern on animal movement and foraging behavior. A red fox (Vulpes vulpes L.) foraging and nest predation model was created to test MOAB's capabilities. Foxes were simulated for 30-day periods using both expert system and random movement rules. Home range size, territory formation and other measures of movement were compared to data from field studies, the random movement simulations, and other available simulation studies. A striped skunk (Mephitis mephitis L.) model also was developed. The expert system model proved superior to stochastic in respect to territory formation, general movement patterns and home range size, (C) 1999 Published by Elsevier Science B.V. C1 Univ Massachusetts, Dept Forestry & Wildlife Management, Amherst, MA 01003 USA. USGS, No Prairie Sci Ctr, Jamestown, ND 58401 USA. RP Carter, J (reprint author), USGS, Natl Wetlands Res Ctr, 700 Cajundome Blvd, Lafayette, LA 70506 USA. NR 35 TC 28 Z9 29 U1 0 U2 7 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0304-3800 J9 ECOL MODEL JI Ecol. Model. PD JUL 1 PY 1999 VL 119 IS 1 BP 29 EP 41 DI 10.1016/S0304-3800(99)00044-7 PG 13 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 212YP UT WOS:000081245500003 ER PT J AU Hower, JC Trimble, AS Eble, CF Palmer, CA Kolker, A AF Hower, JC Trimble, AS Eble, CF Palmer, CA Kolker, A TI Characterization of fly ash from low-sulfur and high-sulfur coal sources: Partitioning of carbon and trace elements with particle size SO ENERGY SOURCES LA English DT Article DE fly ash; Kentucky; carbon; mercury AB Fly ash samples were collected in November and December of 1994, from generating units at a Kentucky power station using high- and low-sulfur feed coals. The samples are part of a two-year study of the coal and coal combustion byproducts from the power station. The ashes were wet screened at 100, 200, 325, and 500 mesh (150, 75, 42, and 25 mu m, respectively). The size fractions were then dried, weighed, split for petrographic and chemical analysis, and analyzed for ash yield and carbon content. The low-sulfur "heavy side" and "light side" ashes each have a similar size distribution in the November samples. In contrast, the December fly ashes showed the trend observed in later months, the light-side ash being finer (over 20% more ash in the -500 mesh [-25 mu m] fraction) than the heavy-side ash. Carbon tended to be concentrated in the coarse fractions in the December samples. The dominance of the -325 mesh (-42 mu m) fractions in the overall size analysis implies, though, that carbon in the fine sizes may be an important consideration in the utilization of the fly ash. Element partitioning follows several patterns. Volatile elements, such as Zn and As, are enriched in the finer sizes, particularly in fly ashes collected at cooler, light-side electrostatic precipitator (ESP) temperatures. The latter trend is a function of precipitation at the cooler-ESP temperatures and of increasing concentration with the increased surface area of the finest fraction. Mercury concentrations are higher in high-carbon fly ashes, suggesting Hg adsorption on the fly ash carbon. Ni and Cr are associated, in part, with the spinel minerals in the fly ash. C1 Univ Kentucky, Ctr Appl Energy Res, Lexington, KY 40511 USA. Franklin Cty High Sch, Frankfort, KY USA. Kentucky Geol Survey, Lexington, KY USA. US Geol Survey, Reston, VA 22092 USA. RP Hower, JC (reprint author), Univ Kentucky, Ctr Appl Energy Res, 3572 Iron Works Pike, Lexington, KY 40511 USA. NR 9 TC 54 Z9 54 U1 0 U2 13 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 325 CHESTNUT ST, SUITE 800, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 0090-8312 J9 ENERG SOURCE JI Energy Sources PD JUL PY 1999 VL 21 IS 6 BP 511 EP 525 PG 15 WC Energy & Fuels; Engineering, Chemical SC Energy & Fuels; Engineering GA 204CY UT WOS:000080746400003 ER PT J AU Engle, VD Summers, JK Macauley, JM AF Engle, VD Summers, JK Macauley, JM TI Dissolved oxygen conditions in northern Gulf of Mexico estuaries SO ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT LA English DT Article DE dissolved oxygen; EMAP; estuary; Gulf of Mexico; monitoring ID PAMLICO RIVER ESTUARY; LONG-ISLAND SOUND; CHESAPEAKE BAY; MOBILE-BAY; HYPOXIA; DEPLETION; STRATIFICATION; NUTRIENTS; EVENTS; TRENDS AB Because deficient dissolved oxygen (DO) levels may have severe detrimental effects on estuarine and marine life, DO has been widely used as an indicator of ecological conditions by environmental monitoring programs. The U.S. EPA's Environmental Monitoring and Assessment Program for Estuaries (EMAP-E) monitored DO conditions in the estuaries of the Gulf of Mexico from 1991 to 1994. DO was measured in two ways: 1) instantaneous profiles from the surface to the bottom were taken during the day, and 2) continuous measurements were taken near the bottom at 15 min intervals for at least 12 h. This information was summarized to assess the spatial distribution and severity of DO conditions in these estuaries. Depending on the criteria used to define hypoxia (DO concentrations usually < 2 mg L-1 or < 5 mg L-1) and the method by which DO is measured, we estimate that between 5.2 and 29.3% of the total estuarine area in the Louisianian Province was affected by low DO conditions. C1 US Geol Survey, Natl Wetlands Res Ctr, Gulf Breeze Project Off, Gulf Breeze, FL 32561 USA. RP Engle, VD (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Natl Wetlands Res Ctr, Gulf Breeze Project Off, 1 Sabine Isl Dr, Gulf Breeze, FL 32561 USA. NR 35 TC 26 Z9 31 U1 3 U2 12 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0167-6369 J9 ENVIRON MONIT ASSESS JI Environ. Monit. Assess. PD JUL PY 1999 VL 57 IS 1 BP 1 EP 20 DI 10.1023/A:1005980410752 PG 20 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 203ZX UT WOS:000080739400001 ER PT J AU Bradley, PM Chapelle, FH AF Bradley, PM Chapelle, FH TI Comment on "Methane as a product of chloroethene biodegradation under methanogenic conditions" - Response SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Letter ID VINYL-CHLORIDE; MINERALIZATION; OXIDATION C1 US Geol Survey, Columbia, SC 29210 USA. RP Bradley, PM (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 720 Gracern Rd,Suite 129, Columbia, SC 29210 USA. NR 8 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 1 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0013-936X J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD JUL 1 PY 1999 VL 33 IS 13 BP 2304 EP 2304 DI 10.1021/es9920112 PG 1 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 213RD UT WOS:000081286300050 ER PT J AU McCarty, JP Secord, AL AF McCarty, JP Secord, AL TI Reproductive ecology of tree swallows (Tachycineta bicolor) with high levels of polychlorinated biphenyl contamination SO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE Hudson River; reproductive success; passerine; polychlorinated biphenyls ID BREEDING ECOLOGY; SUCCESS; BIRDS; ORGANOCHLORINES; ACCUMULATION; CHEMICALS; WILDLIFE; MERCURY; LAKES; PCBS AB Tree swallows (Tachycineta bicolor) breeding along the Hudson River forage extensively on PCB-contaminated insects that emerge from the river. We studied the reproductive ecology and behavior of tree swallows breeding at several sites along the Hud,on River. Related work has shown that PCB levels in both eggs and chicks were among the highest ever reported in this species, with concentrations comparable to those found in aquatic organisms in the Hudson River. In 1994, reproductive success at PCB-contaminated sites was significantly impaired relative to other sires in New York. Reduced reproductive success was largely due to high levels of nest abandonment during incubation and reduced hatchability of eggs. In 1995, reproductive output was normal, but higher than expected rates of abandonment and supernormal clutches persisted. Growth and development of nestlings was not significantly impaired. Given the levels of contamination in this population, the success of most Hudson River tree swallows reinforces the importance of understanding interspecific differences in the effects of contaminants. C1 Cornell Univ, Div Biol Sci, Ecol & Systemat Sect, Ithaca, NY 14850 USA. US Fish & Wildlife Serv, New York Field Off, Cortland, NY 13045 USA. RP McCarty, JP (reprint author), Cornell Univ, Div Biol Sci, Ecol & Systemat Sect, Ithaca, NY 14850 USA. RI McCarty, John/E-9797-2011 OI McCarty, John/0000-0002-6278-5451 NR 42 TC 67 Z9 69 U1 3 U2 16 PU SETAC PRESS PI PENSACOLA PA 1010 NORTH 12TH AVE, PENSACOLA, FL 32501-3370 USA SN 0730-7268 J9 ENVIRON TOXICOL CHEM JI Environ. Toxicol. Chem. PD JUL PY 1999 VL 18 IS 7 BP 1433 EP 1439 DI 10.1897/1551-5028(1999)018<1433:REOTST>2.3.CO;2 PG 7 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA 208ZB UT WOS:000081021400013 ER PT J AU Muir, DCG Kidd, KA DeVault, D AF Muir, DCG Kidd, KA DeVault, D TI Deposition and bioaccumulation of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in aquatic environments from the great lakes to the arctic. SO EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Environm Canada, Natl Water Res Inst, Burlington, ON L7R 4A6, Canada. Fisheries & Oceans Canada, Inst Freshwater, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N6, Canada. US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Ft Snelling, MN USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 4 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 1044-3983 J9 EPIDEMIOLOGY JI Epidemiology PD JUL PY 1999 VL 10 IS 4 MA 507SO BP S168 EP S168 PG 1 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 208JK UT WOS:000080987100537 ER PT J AU Mancera, JM McCormick, SD AF Mancera, JM McCormick, SD TI Influence of cortisol, growth hormone, insulin-like growth factor I and 3,3 ',5-triiodo-L-thyronine on hypoosmoregulatory ability in the euryhaline teleost Fundulus heteroclitus SO FISH PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE osmoregulation; hormones; sea water adaptation; gill; Na+; K+-ATPase activity; mummichog ID TROUT ONCORHYNCHUS-MYKISS; K+-ATPASE ACTIVITY; CHLORIDE CELL-FUNCTION; SALMON SALMO-SALAR; RAINBOW-TROUT; OSMOREGULATORY ACTIONS; ATLANTIC SALMON; FRESH-WATER; COHO SALMON; SEAWATER ADAPTATION AB The capacity of cortisol, ovine growth hormone (oGH), recombinant bovine insulin-like growth factor I (rbIGF-I) and 3,3',5-triiodo-L-thyronine (T-3) to increase hypoosmoregulatory capacity in the euryhaline teleost Fundulus heteroclitus was examined. Fish acclimated to brackish water (BW, 10 ppt salinity) were injected with a single dose of hormone suspended in oil and transferred to seawater (SW, 35 ppt salinity) 10 days post-injection. Fish were sampled 24 h after transfer and plasma osmolality and gill Na+, K+-ATPase activity were examined. Transfer from BW to SW induced significantly increased plasma osmolality but not gill Na+, K+-ATPase activity. Cortisol (50 mu g g(-1) body weight) improved the ability to maintain plasma osmolality and to increase gill Na+, K+-ATPase activity. oGH (5 mu g g(-1) body weight) also increased hypoosmoregulatory ability and gill Na+, K+-ATPase activity. A cooperation between oGH and cortisol was observed in increasing hypoosmoregulatory ability but not in increasing gill Na+, K+-ATPase activity. rbIGF-I (0.5 mu g g(-1) body weight) alone was without effect in increasing salinity tolerance or gill Na+, K+-ATPase activity. rbIGF-I and oGH showed a positive interaction in increasing salinity tolerance, but not gill Na+, K+-ATPase activity. Treatment with T-3 (5 mu g g(-1) body weight) alone did not increase salinity tolerance or gill Na+, K+-ATPase activity, and there was no consistent significant interaction between cortisol and T-3 or between GH and T-3. The results confirm the classical role of cortisol as a seawater-adapting hormone and indicate an interaction between cortisol and the GH/IGF-I axis during seawater acclimation of Fundulus heteroclitus. C1 Univ Cadiz, Fac Ciencias Mar, Dept Biol Anim, Cadiz 11510, Spain. USGS, Biol Resources Div, Conte Anadromous Fish Res Ctr, Turners Falls, MA 01376 USA. RP Mancera, JM (reprint author), Univ Cadiz, Fac Ciencias Mar, Dept Biol Anim, Cadiz 11510, Spain. RI Mancera, Juan/A-8132-2014 OI Mancera, Juan/0000-0003-0751-5966 NR 41 TC 33 Z9 40 U1 1 U2 4 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0920-1742 J9 FISH PHYSIOL BIOCHEM JI Fish Physiol. Biochem. PD JUL PY 1999 VL 21 IS 1 BP 25 EP 33 DI 10.1023/A:1007737924339 PG 9 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Fisheries; Physiology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Fisheries; Physiology GA 215YF UT WOS:000081411800003 ER PT J AU White, AF Bullen, TD Vivit, DV Schulz, MS Clow, DW AF White, AF Bullen, TD Vivit, DV Schulz, MS Clow, DW TI The role of disseminated calcite in the chemical weathering of granitoid rocks SO GEOCHIMICA ET COSMOCHIMICA ACTA LA English DT Article ID SIERRA-NEVADA; NATIONAL-PARK; MASS-BALANCE; PUERTO-RICO; LOCH-VALE; CALIFORNIA; RATES; STREAMWATER; CHEMISTRY; MOUNTAINS AB Accessory calcite, present at concentrations between 300 and 3000 mg kg(-1), occurs in fresh granitoid rocks sampled from the Merced watershed in Yosemite National Park, CA, USA; Loch Vale in Rocky Mountain National Park CO USA; the Panola watershed, GA USA; and the Rio Icacos, Puerto Rico. Calcite occurs as fillings in microfractures, as disseminated grains within the silicate matrix, and as replacement of calcic cores in plagioclase. Flow-through column experiments, using de-ionized water saturated with 0.05 atm. CO(2), produced effluents from the fresh granitoid rocks that were dominated by Ca and bicarbonate and thermodynamically saturated with calcite. During reactions up to 1.7 yr, calcite dissolution progressively decreased and was superceded by steady state dissolution of silicates, principally biotite. Mass balance calculations indicate that most calcite had been removed during this time and accounted for 57-98% of the total Ca released from these rocks. Experimental effluents from surfically weathered granitoids from the same watersheds were consistently dominated by silicate dissolution. The lack of excess Ca and alkalinity indicated that calcite had been previously removed by natural weathering. The extent of Ca enrichment in watershed discharge fluxes corresponds to the amounts of calcite exposed in granitoid rocks. High Ca/Na ratios relative to plagioclase stoichiometries indicate excess Ca in the Yosemite, Loch Vale, and other alpine watersheds in the Sierra Nevada and Rocky Mountains of the western United States. This Ca enrichment correlates with strong preferential weathering of calcite relative to plagioclase in exfoliated granitoids in glaciated terrains. In contrast, Ca/Na flux ratios are comparable to or less than the Ca/Na ratios for plagioclase in the subtropical Panola and tropical Rio Icacos watersheds, in which deeply weathered regoliths exhibit concurrent losses of calcite and much larger masses of plagioclase during transport-limited weathering. These results indicate that the weathering of accessory calcite may strongly influence Ca and alkalinity fluxes from silicate rocks during and following periods of glaciation and tectonism but is much less important for older stable geomorphic surfaces. Copyright (C) 1999 Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 US Geol Survey, Div Water Resources, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. US Geol Survey, Denver, CO 80225 USA. RP White, AF (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Div Water Resources, 345 Middlefield Rd,MS420, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. EM afwhite.@usgs.gov OI Schulz, Marjorie/0000-0001-5597-6447; Clow, David/0000-0001-6183-4824 NR 56 TC 179 Z9 184 U1 8 U2 41 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0016-7037 J9 GEOCHIM COSMOCHIM AC JI Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta PD JUL PY 1999 VL 63 IS 13-14 BP 1939 EP 1953 DI 10.1016/S0016-7037(99)00082-4 PG 15 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 231CB UT WOS:000082287500004 ER PT J AU Lehmann, C Osleger, DA Montanez, IP Sliter, W Arnaud-Vanneau, A Banner, J AF Lehmann, C Osleger, DA Montanez, IP Sliter, W Arnaud-Vanneau, A Banner, J TI Evolution of Cupido and Coahuila carbonate platforms, early Cretaceous, northeastern Mexico SO GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA BULLETIN LA English DT Review ID EAST-CENTRAL MEXICO; SEA-LEVEL HISTORY; GULF-OF-MEXICO; ISOTOPE STRATIGRAPHY; MIDDLE; DIAGENESIS; EPISODES; SEAWATER; MARGINS; REGION AB The Cupido and Coahuila platforms of northeastern Mexico are part of the extensive carbonate platform system that rimmed the ancestral Gulf of Mexico during Barremian to Albian time. Exposures of Cupido and Coahuila lithofacies in several mountain ranges spanning an similar to 80 000 km(2) area reveal information about platform morphology and composition, paleoenvironmental relations,and the chronology of platform evolution, New biostratigraphic data, integrated with carbon and Strontium isotope stratigraphy, significantly improve chronostratigraphic relations across the region. These data substantially change previous age assignments of several formations and force a revision of the longstanding stratigraphy in the region. The revised stratigraphy and enhanced time control, combined with regional facies associations, allow the construction of cross sections, isopach maps, and time-slice paleogeographic maps that collectively document platform morphology and evolution. The orientation of the Cupido (Barremian-Aptian) shelf margin was controlled by the emergent Coahuila:basement block to the northwest. The south-facing margin is a high-energy grainstone shoal, whereas the margin facing the ancestral Gulf of Mexico to the east is a discontinuous rudist-coral reef. A broad shelf lagoon developed in the lee of the Cupido margin, where as much as 660 m of cyclic peritidal deposits accumulated. During middle to late Aptian time, a major phase of flooding forced a retrograde backstep of the Cupido platform, shifting the locus of shallow-marine sedimentation northwestward toward the Coahuila block. This diachronous flooding event records both the demise of the Cupido shelf and the consequent initiation of the Coahuila ramp. The backstepped Coahuila ramp (Aptian-Albian) consisted of a shallow shoal margin separating an interior evaporitic lagoon from a low-energy, muddy deep ramp. More than 500 m of cyclic carbonates and evaporites accumulated in the evaporitic lagoon during early to middle Albian time. Restriction of the platform interior dissipated by middle to late Albian time with the deposition of peloidal, miliolid-rich packstones and grainstones of the Aurora Formation, The Coahuila platform was drowned during latest Albian to early Cenomanian time, and the deep-water laminites of the Cuesta del Cura Formation were deposited. This study fills in a substantial: gap in the Cretaceous paleogeography of the eastern Gulf of Mexico coast, improving regional correlations with adjacent hydrocarbon-rich platforms. The enhanced temporal relations and chronology of events recorded in the Cupido and Coahuila platforms significantly improve global correlations with coeval, economically important platforms worldwide perhaps contributing to the determination of global versus regional controls on carbonate platform evolution during middle Cretaceous time. C1 Univ Calif Riverside, Dept Earth Sci, Riverside, CA 92521 USA. Univ Calif Davis, Dept Geol, Davis, CA 95616 USA. US Geol Survey, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. Inst Dolomieu, F-38031 Grenoble, France. Univ Texas, Dept Geol Sci, Austin, TX 78712 USA. RP Lehmann, C (reprint author), Univ Calif Riverside, Dept Earth Sci, Riverside, CA 92521 USA. RI Banner, Jay/C-8676-2011 NR 101 TC 45 Z9 50 U1 0 U2 7 PU ASSOC ENGINEERING GEOLOGISTS GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY AMER PI COLLEGE STN PA TEXAS A & M UNIV, DEPT GEOLOGY & GEOPHYSICS, COLLEGE STN, TX 77843-3115 USA SN 0016-7606 J9 GEOL SOC AM BULL JI Geol. Soc. Am. Bull. PD JUL PY 1999 VL 111 IS 7 BP 1010 EP 1029 DI 10.1130/0016-7606(1999)111<1010:EOCACC>2.3.CO;2 PG 20 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 211NX UT WOS:000081168000005 ER PT J AU Johnson, SY Dadisman, SV Childs, JR Stanley, WD AF Johnson, SY Dadisman, SV Childs, JR Stanley, WD TI Active tectonics of the Seattle fault and central Puget Sound, Washington - Implications for earthquake hazards SO GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA BULLETIN LA English DT Article ID WESTERN WASHINGTON; LAKE-WASHINGTON; LOWLAND; EVOLUTION; SEDIMENTS; BASIN; STATE AB We use an extensive network of marine high-resolution and conventional industry seismic-reflection data to constrain the. location, shallow structure, and displacement rates of the Seattle fault zone and crosscutting high-angle faults in the Puget Lowland of western Washington. Analysis of seismic profiles extending 50 km across the Puget Lowland from Lake Washington to Hood Canal indicates that the west-trending Seattle fault comprises a broad (4-6 km) zone of three or more south-dipping reverse faults. Quaternary sediment has been folded and faulted along all faults in the zone but is clearly most pronounced along fault A, the northernmost fault, which forms the boundary between the Seattle uplift and Seattle basin; Analysis of growth strata deposited across fault A indicate minimum Quaternary slip rates of about 0.6 mm/yr. Slip rates across the entire zone are estimated to be 0.7-1.1 mm/yr. The Seattle fault is cut into two main segments by an active, north-trending, high-angle, strike-slip fault zone with cumulative dextral displacement of about 2.4 km. Faults in this zone truncate and warp reflections in Tertiary and Quaternary strata and locally coincide with bathymetric lineaments, Cumulative slip rates on these faults may exceed 0.2 mm/yr, Assuming no other crosscutting faults, this north-trending fault zone divides the Seattle fault into 30-40-km-long western and eastern segments. Although this geometry could limit the area ruptured in some Seattle fault earthquakes, a large event ca. A.D. 900 appears to have involved both segments. Regional seismic-hazard assessments must (1) incorporate new information on fault length, geometry, and displacement rates on the Seattle fault, and (2) consider the hazard presented by the previously unrecognized, north-trending fault zone. C1 US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Denver, CO 80225 USA. US Geol Survey, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. RP Johnson, SY (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Box 25046,MS 966, Denver, CO 80225 USA. NR 39 TC 63 Z9 63 U1 0 U2 7 PU ASSOC ENGINEERING GEOLOGISTS GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY AMER PI COLLEGE STN PA TEXAS A & M UNIV, DEPT GEOLOGY & GEOPHYSICS, COLLEGE STN, TX 77843-3115 USA SN 0016-7606 J9 GEOL SOC AM BULL JI Geol. Soc. Am. Bull. PD JUL PY 1999 VL 111 IS 7 BP 1042 EP 1053 DI 10.1130/0016-7606(1999)111<1042:ATOTSF>2.3.CO;2 PG 12 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 211NX UT WOS:000081168000007 ER PT J AU Johnston, ST Mihalynuk, MG Brew, DA Hart, CJR Erdmer, P Gehrels, GE AF Johnston, ST Mihalynuk, MG Brew, DA Hart, CJR Erdmer, P Gehrels, GE TI Paleozoic and Mesozoic rocks of Stikinia exposed in northwestern British Columbia: Implications for correlations in the northern Cordillera: Discussion SO GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA BULLETIN LA English DT Editorial Material ID COAST MOUNTAINS; SOUTHEASTERN ALASKA; SOUTHWEST YUKON; TERRANE; MARGIN C1 British Columbia Geol Survey Branch, Victoria, BC V8W 9N3, Canada. Univ Durban Westville, Dept Geol, ZA-4000 Durban, South Africa. US Geol Survey, Alaskan Geol Sect, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. Yukon Geol Program, Whitehorse, YT Y1A 2C6, Canada. Univ Alberta, Dept Earth & Atmospher Sci, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E3, Canada. Univ Arizona, Dept Geosci, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. RP Mihalynuk, MG (reprint author), British Columbia Geol Survey Branch, POB 9320,Stn Prov Govt, Victoria, BC V8W 9N3, Canada. NR 11 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU ASSOC ENGINEERING GEOLOGISTS GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY AMER PI COLLEGE STN PA TEXAS A & M UNIV, DEPT GEOLOGY & GEOPHYSICS, COLLEGE STN, TX 77843-3115 USA SN 0016-7606 J9 GEOL SOC AM BULL JI Geol. Soc. Am. Bull. PD JUL PY 1999 VL 111 IS 7 BP 1103 EP 1104 DI 10.1130/0016-7606(1999)111<1103:PAMROS>2.3.CO;2 PG 2 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 211NX UT WOS:000081168000013 ER PT J AU Bawden, GW Michael, AJ Kellogg, LH AF Bawden, GW Michael, AJ Kellogg, LH TI Birth of a fault: Connecting the Kern County and Walker Pass, California, earthquakes SO GEOLOGY LA English DT Article ID TECTONICS AB A band of seismicity transects the southern Sierra Nevada range between the northeastern end of the site of the 1952 M-W (moment magnitude) 7.3 Kern County earthquake and the site of the 1946 M-W 6.1 Walker Pass earthquake. Relocated earthquakes in this band, which lacks a surface expression, better delineate the northeast-trending seismic lineament and resolve complex structure near the Walker Pass mainshock, Left-lateral earthquake focal planes are rotated counterclockwise from the strike of the seismic lineament, consistent with slip on shear fractures such as those observed in the early stages of fault development in laboratory experiments. We interpret this seismic lineament as a previously unrecognized, incipient, currently blind, strikeslip fault, a unique example of a newly forming structure. C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. Univ Calif Davis, Dept Geol, Davis, CA 95616 USA. RP Bawden, GW (reprint author), US Geol Survey, MS 977, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. RI Michael, Andrew/A-5059-2010; Kellogg, Louise/J-2171-2012 OI Michael, Andrew/0000-0002-2403-5019; Kellogg, Louise/0000-0001-5874-0472 NR 22 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 1 PU GEOLOGICAL SOC AMERICA, INC PI BOULDER PA PO BOX 9140, BOULDER, CO 80301-9140 USA SN 0091-7613 J9 GEOLOGY JI Geology PD JUL PY 1999 VL 27 IS 7 BP 601 EP 604 DI 10.1130/0091-7613(1999)027<0601:BOAFCT>2.3.CO;2 PG 4 WC Geology SC Geology GA 211NW UT WOS:000081167900006 ER PT J AU Sisson, TW Bacon, CR AF Sisson, TW Bacon, CR TI Gas-driven filter pressing in magmas SO GEOLOGY LA English DT Article ID MELT INCLUSIONS; GRANITIC MAGMAS; SILICIC MAGMAS; ERUPTIVE STYLE; CRATER LAKE; H2O; EVOLUTION; CHAMBER; BASALT; MODEL AB Most silicic and some mafic magmas expand via second boiling if they crystallize at depths of about 10 km or less. The buildup of gas pressure due to second boiling can be relieved by expulsion of melt out of the region of crystallization, and this process of gas-driven filter pressing assists the crystallization differentiation of magmas. For gas-driven filter pressing to be effective, the region of crystallization must inflate slowly relative to buildup of pressure and expulsion of melt. These conditions are satisfied in undercooled magmatic inclusions and in thin sheets of primitive magma underplating cooler magma reservoirs. Gas-driven filter pressing thereby adds fractionated melt to magma bodies. Gas-driven filter pressing is probably the dominant process by which highly evolved melts segregate from crystal mush to form aplitic dikes in granitic plutons; this process could also account for the production of voluminous, crystal-poor rhyolites. C1 US Geol Survey, Volcano Hazards Team, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. RP Sisson, TW (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Volcano Hazards Team, MS-910,345 Middlefield Rd, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. NR 35 TC 110 Z9 110 U1 0 U2 11 PU GEOLOGICAL SOC AMERICA, INC PI BOULDER PA PO BOX 9140, BOULDER, CO 80301-9140 USA SN 0091-7613 J9 GEOLOGY JI Geology PD JUL PY 1999 VL 27 IS 7 BP 613 EP 616 DI 10.1130/0091-7613(1999)027<0613:GDFPIM>2.3.CO;2 PG 4 WC Geology SC Geology GA 211NW UT WOS:000081167900009 ER PT J AU Johnson, CA Harlow, GE AF Johnson, CA Harlow, GE TI Guatemala jadeitites and albitites were formed by deuterium-rich serpentinizing fluids deep within a subduction zone SO GEOLOGY LA English DT Article ID OXYGEN-ISOTOPE FRACTIONATIONS; MOTAGUA FAULT ZONE; ULTRAMAFIC ROCKS; STABLE-ISOTOPE; HYDROGEN ISOTOPE; RODINGITES; ORIGIN; CARBON; WATER; TEMPERATURES AB Jadeitites and albitites from the Motagua Valley, Guatemala, are high-pressure-low-temperature metasomatic rocks that occur as tectonic inclusions in serpentinite-matrix melange. Metasomatism was driven by a fluid with a delta(18)O(H2O) value of 6 parts per thousand, and a delta D-H2O value that is high in comparison with metamorphic fluids at other high-pressure-low-temperature localities of similar grade. We infer that the fluid was originally seawater that was entrained during subduction either as mineral-bound H2O or as free pore waters. The fluid drove serpentinization reactions in ultramafic rocks, possibly leading to deuterium enrichment of H2O, prior to forming the jadeitites and albitites at a depth of 29 +/- 11 km, There are isotopic and fluid-inclusion similarities to rodingites, which are Ca-rich metasomatites found at other serpentinite localities. Our results suggest that the serpentinization process, whether it occurs within subduction zones or on the flanks of oceanic spreading ridges, may produce residual fluids that are H2O rich, have 1-8 wt% equivalent NaCl, and have high, perhaps seawater-like, delta D values. C1 US Geol Survey, Lakewood, CO 80225 USA. Amer Museum Nat Hist, Dept Earth & Planetary Sci, New York, NY 10024 USA. RP Johnson, CA (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Box 25046,MS 963, Lakewood, CO 80225 USA. EM cjohnso@usgs.gov NR 47 TC 53 Z9 57 U1 0 U2 9 PU GEOLOGICAL SOC AMER, INC PI BOULDER PA PO BOX 9140, BOULDER, CO 80301-9140 USA SN 0091-7613 EI 1943-2682 J9 GEOLOGY JI Geology PD JUL PY 1999 VL 27 IS 7 BP 629 EP 632 DI 10.1130/0091-7613(1999)027<0629:GJAAWF>2.3.CO;2 PG 4 WC Geology SC Geology GA 211NW UT WOS:000081167900013 ER PT J AU Chouet, B Saccorotti, G Dawson, P Martini, M Scarpa, R De Luca, G Milana, G Cattaneo, M AF Chouet, B Saccorotti, G Dawson, P Martini, M Scarpa, R De Luca, G Milana, G Cattaneo, M TI Broadband measurements of the sources of explosions at Stromboli Volcano, Italy SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article ID BAND SEISMIC OBSERVATIONS; SIGNALS; TREMOR; ARRAY; JAPAN AB During September-October 1997, 21 three-component broadband seismometers were deployed on Stromboli Volcano at radial distances of 0.3-2.2 km from the active crater to investigate the source mechanisms of Strombolian explosions. In the 2-50 s band, the very-long period (VLP) signals associated with explosions are consistent with two stationary sources repeatedly activated in time. VLP particle motions are essentially linear and analyses of semblance and particle motions are consistent with a source centroid offset 300 m beneath and 300 m northwest of the active vents. Similar VLP waveforms are observed at all 21 stations, indicating that the seismograms are source-dominated. The VLP ground displacement response to each explosion may be qualitatively interpreted as: (1) pressurization of the conduit associated with the ascent of a slug of gas; (2) depressurization of the conduit in response to mass withdrawal during the eruption; and (3) repressurization of the conduit associated with the replenishment of the source with fluid. C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. Univ Salerno, I-84100 Salerno, Italy. Osservatorio Vesuviano, I-80123 Naples, Italy. Univ Aquila, Dipartimento Fis, I-67010 Coppito, Italy. Serv Sismico Nazl, I-00185 Rome, Italy. Univ Genoa, Dipartimento Sci Terra, Genoa, Italy. RP Chouet, B (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 345 Middlefield Rd,MS910, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. OI Saccorotti, Gilberto/0000-0003-2915-1446 NR 15 TC 85 Z9 85 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0094-8276 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD JUL 1 PY 1999 VL 26 IS 13 BP 1937 EP 1940 DI 10.1029/1999GL900400 PG 4 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 213TU UT WOS:000081290000039 ER PT J AU Lienkaemper, JJ Williams, PL AF Lienkaemper, JJ Williams, PL TI Evidence for surface rupture in 1868 on the Hayward fault in north Oakland and major rupturing in prehistoric earthquakes SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article ID SAN-ANDREAS FAULT; SLIP; CALIFORNIA AB WGCEP90 estimated the Hayward fault to have a high probability (0.45 in 30 yr) of producing a future M7 Bay Area earthquake. This was based on a generic recurrence time and an unverified segmentation model, because there were few direct observations for the southern fault and none for the northern Hayward fault. To better constrain recurrence and segmentation of the northern Hayward fault, we trenched in north Oakland. Unexpectedly, we observed evidence of surface rupture probably from the M7 1868 earthquake. This extends the limit of that surface rupture 13 km north of the segmentation boundary used in the WGCEP90 model and forces serious re-evaluation of the current two-segment paradigm. Although we found that major prehistoric ruptures have occurred here, we could not radiocarbon date them. However, the last major prehistoric event appears correlative with a recently recognized event 13 km to the north dated AD 1640-1776. C1 US Geol Survey 977, Western Earthquake Hazards Team, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. Univ Calif Berkeley, Seismog Stn, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. RP Lienkaemper, JJ (reprint author), US Geol Survey 977, Western Earthquake Hazards Team, 345 Middlefield Rd, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. NR 18 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0094-8276 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD JUL 1 PY 1999 VL 26 IS 13 BP 1949 EP 1952 DI 10.1029/1999GL900393 PG 4 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 213TU UT WOS:000081290000042 ER PT J AU Helgerud, MB Dvorkin, J Nur, A Sakai, A Collett, T AF Helgerud, MB Dvorkin, J Nur, A Sakai, A Collett, T TI Elastic-wave velocity in marine sediments with gas hydrates: Effective medium modeling SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article ID METHANE HYDRATE; EQUATION AB We offer a first-principle-based effective medium model for elastic-wave velocity in unconsolidated, high porosity, ocean bottom sediments containing gas hydrate. The dry sediment frame elastic constants depend on porosity, elastic moduli of the solid phase, and effective pressure. Elastic moduli of saturated sediment are calculated from those of the dry frame using Gassmann's equation. To model the effect of gas hydrate on sediment elastic moduli we use two separate assumptions: (a) hydrate modifies the pore fluid elastic properties without affecting the Framer (b) hydrate becomes a component of the solid phase, modifying the elasticity of the frame. The goal of the modeling is to predict the amount of hydrate in sediments from sonic or seismic velocity data. We apply the model to sonic and VSP data From ODP Hole 995 and obtain hydrate concentration estimates from assumption (b) consistent with estimates obtained from resistivity, chlorinity and evolved gas data. C1 Stanford Univ, Dept Geophys, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. Japan Petr Explorat Co Ltd, Shinagawa Ku, Tokyo 140, Japan. US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Denver, CO 80225 USA. RP Helgerud, MB (reprint author), Stanford Univ, Dept Geophys, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. NR 22 TC 236 Z9 255 U1 4 U2 46 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0094-8276 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD JUL 1 PY 1999 VL 26 IS 13 BP 2021 EP 2024 DI 10.1029/1999GL900421 PG 4 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 213TU UT WOS:000081290000060 ER PT J AU Lyttle, PT Berg, RC AF Lyttle, PT Berg, RC TI Geologic Mapping Coalition SO GEOTIMES LA English DT Article C1 US Geol Survey, Reston, VA 20192 USA. RP Lyttle, PT (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 908 Natl Ctr, Reston, VA 20192 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER GEOLOGICAL INST PI ALEXANDRIA PA 4220 KING ST, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22302-1507 USA SN 0016-8556 J9 GEOTIMES JI Geotimes PD JUL PY 1999 VL 44 IS 7 BP 16 EP 17 PG 2 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 220AH UT WOS:000081641300016 ER PT J AU Harris, RA AF Harris, RA TI Earthquake seismology SO GEOTIMES LA English DT Article C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. RP Harris, RA (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Mail Stop 977,345 Middlefield Rd, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER GEOLOGICAL INST PI ALEXANDRIA PA 4220 KING ST, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22302-1507 USA SN 0016-8556 J9 GEOTIMES JI Geotimes PD JUL PY 1999 VL 44 IS 7 BP 21 EP 22 PG 2 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 220AH UT WOS:000081641300019 ER PT J AU Kolker, A AF Kolker, A TI Coal SO GEOTIMES LA English DT Article C1 US Geol Survey, Eastern Energy Resources Program, Reston, VA 20192 USA. RP Kolker, A (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Eastern Energy Resources Program, 956 Natl Ctr, Reston, VA 20192 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER GEOLOGICAL INST PI ALEXANDRIA PA 4220 KING ST, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22302-1507 USA SN 0016-8556 J9 GEOTIMES JI Geotimes PD JUL PY 1999 VL 44 IS 7 BP 33 EP 34 PG 2 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 220AH UT WOS:000081641300033 ER PT J AU Konikow, LE Ewing, RC AF Konikow, LE Ewing, RC TI Is a probabilistic performance assessment enough? SO GROUND WATER LA English DT Editorial Material C1 US Geol Survey, Natl Ctr 431, Reston, VA 20192 USA. Univ Michigan, Dept Geol Sci, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. Univ Michigan, Dept Nucl Engn & Radiol Sci, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. RP Konikow, LE (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Natl Ctr 431, Reston, VA 20192 USA. NR 0 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 1 U2 1 PU GROUND WATER PUBLISHING CO PI WESTERVILLE PA 601 DEMPSEY RD, WESTERVILLE, OH 43081 USA SN 0017-467X J9 GROUND WATER JI Ground Water PD JUL-AUG PY 1999 VL 37 IS 4 BP 481 EP 482 DI 10.1111/j.1745-6584.1999.tb01127.x PG 2 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Geology; Water Resources GA 213JK UT WOS:000081268800001 ER PT J AU Hinds, JJ Ge, SM Fridrich, CJ AF Hinds, JJ Ge, SM Fridrich, CJ TI Numerical modeling of perched water under Yucca Mountain, Nevada SO GROUND WATER LA English DT Article ID CAPILLARY BARRIERS; TUFF AB The presence of perched water near the potential high-level nuclear waste repository area at Yucca Mountain, Nevada, has important implications for waste isolation. Perched water occurs because of sharp contrasts in rock properties, in particular between the strongly fractured repository host rock (the Topopah Spring welded tuff) and the immediately underlying vitrophyric (glassy) subunit, in which fractures are sealed by clays that were formed by alteration of the volcanic glass. The vitrophyre acts as a vertical barrier to unsaturated flow throughout much of the potential repository area. Geochemical analyses (Yang et al, 1996) indicate that perched water is relatively young, perhaps younger than 10,000 years. Given the low permeability of the rock matric, fractures and perhaps fault zones must play a crucial role in unsaturated flow. The geologic setting of the major perched water bodies under Yucca Mountain suggests that faults commonly form barriers to lateral flow at the level of the repository horizon, but may also form important pathways for vertical infiltration from the repository horizon down to the water table, Using the numerical code UNSAT2, two factors believed to influence the perched water system at Yucca Mountain, climate and fault-zone permeability; are explored. The two-dimensional model predicts that the volume of water held within the perched water system may greatly increase under wetter climatic conditions, and that perched water bodies may drain to the water table along fault zones. Modeling results also show fault flow to be significantly attenuated in the Paintbrush Tuff non-welded hydrogeologic unit. C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. Univ Colorado, Dept Geol Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. US Geol Survey, Denver, CO 80225 USA. RP Hinds, JJ (reprint author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, 1 Cyclotron Rd,MS-90-1116, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. NR 32 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 6 PU GROUND WATER PUBLISHING CO PI WESTERVILLE PA 601 DEMPSEY RD, WESTERVILLE, OH 43081 USA SN 0017-467X J9 GROUND WATER JI Ground Water PD JUL-AUG PY 1999 VL 37 IS 4 BP 498 EP 504 DI 10.1111/j.1745-6584.1999.tb01135.x PG 7 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Geology; Water Resources GA 213JK UT WOS:000081268800009 ER PT J AU Brown, CJ Coates, JD Schoonen, MAA AF Brown, CJ Coates, JD Schoonen, MAA TI Localized sulfate-reducing zones in a coastal plain aquifer SO GROUND WATER LA English DT Article ID FERRIC IRON; AQUATIC SEDIMENTS; ORGANIC-CARBON; NEW-JERSEY; OXIDATION; REDUCTION; BACTERIA; PYRITE; GEOCHEMISTRY; GROUNDWATER AB High concentrations of dissolved iron in ground water of coastal plain or alluvial aquifers contribute to the biofouling of public supply wells for which treatment and remediation is costly, Many of these aquifers, however contain zones in which microbial sulfate reduction and the associated precipitation of iron-sulfide minerals decreases iron mobility. The principal water-bearing aquifer (Magothy Aquifer of Cretaceous age) in Suffolk County, New York, contains localized sulfate-reducing zones in and near lignite deposits, which generally are associated with clay lenses. Microbial analyses of core samples amended with [C-14]-acetate indicate that microbial sulfate reduction is the predominant terminal-electron-accepting process (TEAP) in poorly permeable, lignite-rich sediments at shallow depths and near the ground water divide. The sulfate-reducing zones are characterized by abundant lignite and iron-sulfide minerals, low concentrations of Fe(III) oxyhydroxides, and by proximity to clay lenses that contain pore water with relatively high concentrations of sulfate and dissolved organic carbon. The low permeability of these zones and, hence, the long residence time of ground water within them, permit the preservation and (or) allow the formation of iron-sulfide minerals, including pyrite and marcasite, Both sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB) and iron-reducing bacteria (IRB) are present beneath and beyond the shallow sulfate-reducing zones, A unique Fe(III)-reducing organism, MD-612, was found in core sediments from a depth of 187 m near the southern shore of Long Island. The distribution of poorly permeable, lignite-rich, sulfate-reducing zones with decreased iron concentration is varied within the principal aquifer and accounts for the observed distribution of dissolved sulfate, iron, and iron sulfides in the aquifer, Locating such zones for the placement of production wells would be difficult, however because these zones are of limited aerial extent. C1 US Geol Survey, Coram, NY 11727 USA. So Illinois Univ, Dept Microbiol, Carbondale, IL 62901 USA. SUNY Stony Brook, Dept Geosci, Stony Brook, NY 11790 USA. SUNY Stony Brook, Long Isl Groundwater Res Inst, Stony Brook, NY 11790 USA. RP Brown, CJ (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 2045 Route 112, Coram, NY 11727 USA. RI Schoonen, martin/E-7703-2011 OI Schoonen, martin/0000-0002-7133-1160 NR 50 TC 21 Z9 21 U1 0 U2 2 PU GROUND WATER PUBLISHING CO PI WESTERVILLE PA 601 DEMPSEY RD, WESTERVILLE, OH 43081 USA SN 0017-467X J9 GROUND WATER JI Ground Water PD JUL-AUG PY 1999 VL 37 IS 4 BP 505 EP 516 DI 10.1111/j.1745-6584.1999.tb01136.x PG 12 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Geology; Water Resources GA 213JK UT WOS:000081268800010 ER PT J AU Stolz, JF Ellis, DJ Blum, JS Ahmann, D Lovley, DR Oremland, RS AF Stolz, JF Ellis, DJ Blum, JS Ahmann, D Lovley, DR Oremland, RS TI Sulfurospirillum barnesii sp nov and Sulfurospirillum arsenophilum sp nov., new members of the Sulfurospirillum clade of the epsilon Proteobacteria SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SYSTEMATIC BACTERIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE arsenate reduction; selenate reduction; epsilon Proteobacteria; Sulfurospirillum barnesi; Sulfurospirillum arsenophilum ID GEN-NOV; RESPIRING BACTERIUM; CAMPYLOBACTER; RESPIRATION; REDUCTION; SEDIMENTS; DATABASE AB Two strains of dissimilatory arsenate-reducing vibrio-shaped bacteria are assigned to the genus Sulfurospirillum. These two new species, Sulfurospirillum barnesii strain SES-3(T) and Sulfurospirillum arsenophilum strain MIT-13(T), in addition to Sulfurospirillum sp. SM-5, two strains of Sulfurospirillum deleyianum, and Sulfurospirillum arcachonense, form a distinct clade within the epsilon subclass of the Proteobacteria based on 16S rRNA analysis. C1 Duquesne Univ, Dept Sci Biol, Pittsburgh, PA 15202 USA. Univ Massachusetts, Dept Microbiol, Amherst, MA 01003 USA. US Geol Survey, Div Water Resources, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. Duke Univ, Nicholas Sch Environm, Durham, NC 27708 USA. RP Stolz, JF (reprint author), Duquesne Univ, Dept Sci Biol, Pittsburgh, PA 15202 USA. NR 20 TC 111 Z9 116 U1 1 U2 21 PU SOC GENERAL MICROBIOLOGY PI READING PA MARLBOROUGH HOUSE, BASINGSTOKE RD, SPENCERS WOODS, READING, BERKS, ENGLAND RG7 1AE SN 0020-7713 J9 INT J SYST BACTERIOL JI Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. PD JUL PY 1999 VL 49 BP 1177 EP 1180 PN 3 PG 4 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA 216ND UT WOS:000081448000029 PM 10425777 ER PT J AU Stehly, GR Gingerich, WH Kiessling, CR Cutting, JH AF Stehly, GR Gingerich, WH Kiessling, CR Cutting, JH TI A bridging study for oxytetracycline in the edible fillet of rainbow trout: Analysis by a liquid chromatographic method and the official microbial inhibition assay SO JOURNAL OF AOAC INTERNATIONAL LA English DT Article ID FISH AB Oxytetracycline (OTC) is a drug approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to control certain diseases in salmonids and catfish. OTC is also a likely control agent for diseases of other fish species and for other diseases of salmonids and catfish not currently on the label. One requirement for FDA to extend and expand the approval of this antibacterial agent to other fish species is residue depletion studies. The current regulatory method for OTC in fish tissue, based on microbial inhibition, lacks sensitivity and specificity. To conduct residue depletion studies for OTC in fish with a liquid chromatographic method, a bridging study was required to determine its relationship with the official microbial inhibition assay. Triplicate samples of rainbow trout fillet tissue fortified with OTC at 0.3, 0.6, 1.2, 2.4, 4.8, and 9.6 ppm and fillet tissue with incurred OTC at approximately 0.75, 1.5, and 3.75 ppm were analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and the microbial inhibition assay. The results indicated that the 2 methods are essentially identical in the tested range, with mean coefficients of variation of 1.05% for the HPLC method and 3.94% for the microbial inhibition assay. C1 US Geol Survey, Upper Midwest Environm Sci Ctr, La Crosse, WI 54603 USA. US FDA, Denver Dist Lab, Denver, CO 80225 USA. RP Stehly, GR (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Upper Midwest Environm Sci Ctr, 2630 Fanta Reed Rd, La Crosse, WI 54603 USA. NR 14 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 0 PU AOAC INTERNATIONAL PI GAITHERSBURG PA 481 NORTH FREDRICK AVE, STE 500, GAITHERSBURG, MD 20877-2504 USA SN 1060-3271 J9 J AOAC INT JI J. AOAC Int. PD JUL-AUG PY 1999 VL 82 IS 4 BP 866 EP 870 PG 5 WC Chemistry, Analytical; Food Science & Technology SC Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 219GT UT WOS:000081600100011 PM 10444825 ER PT J AU Leonard, JBK Norieka, JF Kynard, B McCormick, SD AF Leonard, JBK Norieka, JF Kynard, B McCormick, SD TI Metabolic rates in an anadromous clupeid, the American shad (Alosa sapidissima) SO JOURNAL OF COMPARATIVE PHYSIOLOGY B-BIOCHEMICAL SYSTEMIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL PHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE American shad; Alosa sapidissima; metabolism; respirometry; clupeidae ID LARGE WATER TUNNEL; SOCKEYE-SALMON; BODY SIZE; SWIMMING PERFORMANCE; RED MUSCLE; TEMPERATURE; MIGRATIONS; FISHES; TUNA; CONSEQUENCES AB To assess the energetics of migration in an anadromous fish, adult American shad (Alosa sapidissima) were swum in a large respirometer at a range of speeds (1.0-2.3 body lengths (BL) s(-1), 13-24 degrees C). Metabolic rate (M-O2) was logarithmically related to swimming speed (B1 s(-1); r(2) = 0.41, slope = 0.23 +/- 0.037) and tailbeat frequency (beats x min(-1); r(2) = 0.52, slope = 0.003 +/- 0.0003). Temperature had a significant effect on metabolic rate (r(2) = 0.41) with a Q(10) of 2.2. Standard metabolic rate (SMR), determined directly after immobilization with the neuroblocker gallamine triethiodide, ranged from 2.2-6.2 mmolO(2) kg(-1) h(-1) and scaled with mass (W) such that SMR = 4.0 (+/- 0.03)W0.695(+/-0.15). Comparison of directly determined and extrapolated SMR suggests that swimming respirometry provides a good estimate of SMR in this species, given the differences in basal activity monitored by the two methods. Overall, American shad metabolic rates (M-O2 and SMR) were intermediate between salmonids and fast-swimming perciforms, including tunas, and may be a result of evolutionary adaptation to their active pelagic, schooling life history. This study demonstrates variability in metabolic strategy among anadromous fishes that may be important to understanding the relative success of different migratory species under varying environmental conditions. C1 US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Conte Anadromous Fish Res Ctr, Turners Falls, MA 01376 USA. Univ Massachusetts, Dept Biol, Amherst, MA 01003 USA. RP Leonard, JBK (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Conte Anadromous Fish Res Ctr, Turners Falls, MA 01376 USA. NR 49 TC 16 Z9 17 U1 2 U2 10 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0174-1578 J9 J COMP PHYSIOL B JI J. Comp. Physiol. B-Biochem. Syst. Environ. Physiol. PD JUL PY 1999 VL 169 IS 4-5 BP 287 EP 295 DI 10.1007/s003600050223 PG 9 WC Physiology; Zoology SC Physiology; Zoology GA 223GZ UT WOS:000081834300007 ER PT J AU Kitaysky, AS Piatt, JF Wingfield, JC Romano, M AF Kitaysky, AS Piatt, JF Wingfield, JC Romano, M TI The adrenocortical stress-response of Black-legged Kittiwake chicks in relation to dietary restrictions SO JOURNAL OF COMPARATIVE PHYSIOLOGY B-BIOCHEMICAL SYSTEMIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL PHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE corticosterone; testosterone; food-stress; nest-bound chicks ID BIRDS; CORTICOSTERONE; GROWTH; TESTOSTERONE; METABOLISM; PASSERINE; QUALITY AB In this study we examined hormonal responses of Black-legged Kittiwake (Rissa tridactyla) chicks to experimental variations in energy content and nutritional quality (low or high lipid to protein ratio, LPR) of their food. Starting at the age of 10 days, chicks were fed either high or low LPR fish at 30, 50, 70 and 100% of ad libitum energy intake. After 20 days of treatment, chicks were exposed to a standardized acute handling and restraint stress protocol, where a baseline sample was taken immediately after taking a chick from the nest, and three additional blood samples were taken at intervals up to 50 min. Testosterone and corticosterone titres in plasma were measured via radioimmunoassay. We found that baseline testosterone levels were not significantly affected by the experimental treatments. Food-restricted chicks had elevated baseline and acute stress-induced levels of corticosterone compared to chicks fed ad libitum. An elevation of circulating levels of corticosterone in energetically stressed individuals was further magnified by low nutritional quality of food. Baseline and acute stress-induced corticosterone levels of chicks were negatively correlated with their fat reserves. We conclude that the physiological condition of Black-legged Kittiwake chicks can be assessed reliably by measuring circulating levels of corticosterone. We discuss short- and long-term effects of elevated corticosterone secretion in food-stressed nest-bound chicks. C1 Univ Washington, Dept Zool, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. USGS, Alaska Biol Sci Ctr, Anchorage, AK USA. Oregon State Univ, Oregon Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. RP Kitaysky, AS (reprint author), Univ Washington, Dept Zool, Box 351800, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. EM kitaysky@u.washington.edu NR 48 TC 165 Z9 166 U1 4 U2 35 PU SPRINGER HEIDELBERG PI HEIDELBERG PA TIERGARTENSTRASSE 17, D-69121 HEIDELBERG, GERMANY SN 0174-1578 EI 1432-136X J9 J COMP PHYSIOL B JI J. Comp. Physiol. B-Biochem. Syst. Environ. Physiol. PD JUL PY 1999 VL 169 IS 4-5 BP 303 EP 310 DI 10.1007/s003600050225 PG 8 WC Physiology; Zoology SC Physiology; Zoology GA 223GZ UT WOS:000081834300009 ER PT J AU Miles, SB Ho, CL AF Miles, SB Ho, CL TI Applications and issues of GIS as tool for civil engineering modeling SO JOURNAL OF COMPUTING IN CIVIL ENGINEERING LA English DT Article ID SYSTEMS; INFORMATION; SOFTWARE AB A tool that has proliferated within civil engineering in recent years is geographic information systems (GIS). The goal of a tool is to supplement ability and knowledge that already exists, not to serve as a replacement for that which is lacking. To secure the benefits and avoid misuse of a burgeoning tool, engineers must understand the limitations, alternatives, and context of the tool. The common benefits of using GIS as a supplement to engineering modeling are summarized. Several brief case studies of GIS modeling applications are taken from popular civil engineering literature to demonstrate the wide use and varied implementation of GIS across the discipline. Drawing from the case studies, limitations regarding traditional GIS data models and the implementation of civil engineering models within current GIS are identified and countered by discussing the direction of the next generation of GIS. The paper concludes by highlighting the potential for the misuse of GIS in the context of engineering modeling and suggests that this potential can be reduced through education and awareness. The goal, of this paper is to promote awareness of the issues related to GIS-based modeling and to assist in the formulation of questions regarding the application. of current GIS. The technology has experienced much publicity of late, with many engineers being perhaps too excited about the usefulness of current GIS. An undoubtedly beneficial side effect of this, however, is that engineers are becoming more aware of GIS and, hopefully, the associated subtleties. Civil engineers must stay informed of GIS issues and progress, but more importantly, civil engineers must inform the GIS community to direct the technology development optimally. C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. Univ Massachusetts, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Amherst, MA 01003 USA. RP Miles, SB (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 345 Middlefield Rd,MS 977, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. OI Miles, Scott B/0000-0003-3968-2347 NR 47 TC 18 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 16 PU ASCE-AMER SOC CIVIL ENGINEERS PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017-2398 USA SN 0887-3801 J9 J COMPUT CIVIL ENG JI J. Comput. Civil. Eng. PD JUL PY 1999 VL 13 IS 3 BP 144 EP 152 DI 10.1061/(ASCE)0887-3801(1999)13:3(144) PG 9 WC Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications; Engineering, Civil SC Computer Science; Engineering GA 207KL UT WOS:000080936000002 ER PT J AU Giraud, KL Loomis, JB Johnson, RL AF Giraud, KL Loomis, JB Johnson, RL TI Internal and external scope in willingness-to-pay estimates for threatened and endangered wildlife SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE endangered species; probit; willingness-to-pay; contingent valuation ID CONTINGENT-VALUATION; VALUES AB Economic theory suggests willingness-to-pay (WTP) should be significantly higher for a comprehensive good than for a subset of that good. We tested this using both a split sample design (external scope test) and paired responses (internal scope test) for WTP for several endangered fish and wildlife species in the US. In the paired response case we corrected for correlation of willingness-to-pay responses using a bivariate probit model. Surprisingly, the independent split samples passed the scope test but the paired samples did not As the results contradict each other questions of validity for policy implications are raised. However using either approach, the benefit of maintaining critical habitat for these species exceeds the costs. (C) 1999 Academic Press. C1 Univ Alaska Fairbanks, Dept Econ, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA. Colorado State Univ, Dept Agr & Resource Econ, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. US Geol Survey, Ft Collins, CO 80525 USA. RP Giraud, KL (reprint author), Univ Alaska Fairbanks, Dept Econ, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA. RI Cullen, Kelly/C-6418-2017 OI Cullen, Kelly/0000-0001-6642-9676 NR 22 TC 28 Z9 30 U1 1 U2 8 PU ACADEMIC PRESS LTD- ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI LONDON PA 24-28 OVAL RD, LONDON NW1 7DX, ENGLAND SN 0301-4797 EI 1095-8630 J9 J ENVIRON MANAGE JI J. Environ. Manage. PD JUL PY 1999 VL 56 IS 3 BP 221 EP 229 DI 10.1006/jema.1999.0277 PG 9 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 216KR UT WOS:000081441700006 ER PT J AU Wright, WG AF Wright, WG TI Oxidation and mobilization of selenium by nitrate in irrigation drainage SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY LA English DT Article ID KESTERSON RESERVOIR; SELENATE REDUCTION; GROUNDWATER; CALIFORNIA; MOBILITY AB Selenium (Se) can be oxidized by nitrate (NO3-) from irrigation on Cretaceous marine shale in western Colorado. Dissolved Se concentrations are positively correlated with dissolved NO3- concentrations in surface water and ground water samples from irrigated areas. Redox conditions dominate in the mobilization of Se in marine shale hydrogeologic settings; dissolved Se concentrations increase with increasing platinum-electrode potentials. Theoretical calculations for the oxidation of Se by NO3- and oxygen show favorable Gibbs free energies for the oxidation of Se by NO3-, indicating NO3- can act as an electron acceptor for the oxidation of Se. Laboratory batch experiments were performed by adding Mancos Shale samples to zero-dissolved-oxygen water containing 0, 5, 50, and 100 mg/L NO3- as N (mg Nn). Samples,were incubated in airtight bottles at 25 degrees C for 188 d; samples collected from the batch experiment bottles show increased Sr! concentrations over time with increased NO3- concentrations. Pseudo first order rate constants for NO3- oxidation of Se ranged from 0.0007 to 0.0048/d for 0 to 100 mg Nn NO3- concentrations, respectively. Management of N fertilizer applications in Cretaceous shale settings might help to control the oxidation and mobilization of Se and other trace constituents into the environment. C1 US Geol Survey, Div Water Resources, Durango, CO 81301 USA. RP Wright, WG (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Div Water Resources, POB 3367, Durango, CO 81301 USA. NR 29 TC 21 Z9 22 U1 1 U2 12 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0047-2425 J9 J ENVIRON QUAL JI J. Environ. Qual. PD JUL-AUG PY 1999 VL 28 IS 4 BP 1182 EP 1187 PG 6 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 214UF UT WOS:000081345400017 ER PT J AU Wilcox, RE AF Wilcox, RE TI The idea of magma mixing: History of a struggle for acceptance SO JOURNAL OF GEOLOGY LA English DT Article AB In 1851, chemist Robert Bunsen suggested that the mixing of two magmas, one mafic and the other felsic, in various proportions might account for the wide range of chemical compositions of igneous rocks. Based on flaws in several of its secondary provisions, the whole hypothesis was rejected by a succession of influential critics and remained in disrepute for a hundred years. Meanwhile, studies of composite dikes and sills indicated that, indeed, mafic and felsic magmas had coexisted at close quarters and had been emplaced in quick succession. This interpretation was also used by some investigators to explain the intimate association of mafic and felsic rock types in the commonly occurring igneous complexes. Others believed that the mafic components of these complexes were derived from geologically older mafic formations. By the early 1900s it had become apparent that mafic magmas crystallized at higher temperatures than felsic magmas. This knowledge was not immediately applied to the problem of magma mixing, however, due in part to the popularity of the newly validated process of fractional crystallization and to the implication that the diversity of igneous rocks could be accounted for by that process alone. Not until the 1950s was the attention of the geological community drawn to the fact that disparate magmas mix in a special manner: they mingle, the mafic magma being quenched to a fracturable solid upon contact with the cooler felsic magma. This explanation set in motion a series of studies of other igneous complexes, confirming the concept and adding other identifying features of the process. C1 US Geol Survey, Wheat Ridge, CO 80033 USA. NR 83 TC 36 Z9 45 U1 0 U2 4 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 5720 SOUTH WOODLAWN AVE, CHICAGO, IL 60637-1603 USA SN 0022-1376 J9 J GEOL JI J. Geol. PD JUL PY 1999 VL 107 IS 4 BP 421 EP 432 DI 10.1086/314357 PG 12 WC Geology SC Geology GA 228XB UT WOS:000082161600003 ER PT J AU Kayen, RE Mitchell, JK AF Kayen, RE Mitchell, JK TI Assessment of liquefaction potential during earthquakes by Arias Intensity - Closure by Robert E. Kayen, Member, ASCE, and James K. Mitchell, Honorary Member, ASCE SO JOURNAL OF GEOTECHNICAL AND GEOENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING LA English DT Editorial Material ID ENERGY; MOTION C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA. RP Kayen, RE (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 345 Middlefield Rd, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. NR 10 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU ASCE-AMER SOC CIVIL ENGINEERS PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017-2398 USA SN 1090-0241 J9 J GEOTECH GEOENVIRON JI J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng. PD JUL PY 1999 VL 125 IS 7 BP 627 EP 629 DI 10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0241(1999)125:7(627.2) PG 3 WC Engineering, Geological; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Engineering; Geology GA 208TF UT WOS:000081007200016 ER PT J AU McLean, SR Wolfe, SR Nelson, JM AF McLean, SR Wolfe, SR Nelson, JM TI Predicting boundary shear stress and sediment transport over bed forms SO JOURNAL OF HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING-ASCE LA English DT Article ID LOAD TRANSPORT; TURBULENCE STRUCTURE; FLOW; MECHANICS; MODEL AB To estimate bed-load sediment transport rates in flows over bed forms such as ripples and dunes, spatially averaged velocity profiles are frequently used to predict mean boundary shear stress. However, such averaging obscures the complex, nonlinear interaction of wake decay, boundary-layer development, and topographically induced acceleration downstream of flow separation and often leads to inaccurate estimates of boundary stress, particularly skin friction, which is critically important in predicting bed-load transport rates. This paper presents an alternative methodology for predicting skin friction over 2D bed forms. The approach is based on combining the equations describing the mechanics of the internal boundary layer with semiempirical structure functions to predict the velocity at the crest of a bedform, where the flow is most similar to a uniform boundary layer. Significantly, the methodology is directed toward making specific predictions only at the bed-form crest, and as a result it avoids the difficulty and questionable validity of spatial averaging. The model provides an accurate estimate of the skin friction at the crest where transport rates are highest. Simple geometric constraints can be used to derive the mean transport rates as long as bed load is dominant. C1 Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Dept Mech & Environm Engn, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA. US Geol Survey, Div Water Resources, Denver, CO 80225 USA. RP McLean, SR (reprint author), Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Dept Mech & Environm Engn, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA. NR 24 TC 36 Z9 36 U1 0 U2 8 PU ASCE-AMER SOC CIVIL ENGINEERS PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017-2398 USA SN 0733-9429 J9 J HYDRAUL ENG-ASCE JI J. Hydraul. Eng.-ASCE PD JUL PY 1999 VL 125 IS 7 BP 725 EP 736 DI 10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9429(1999)125:7(725) PG 12 WC Engineering, Civil; Engineering, Mechanical; Water Resources SC Engineering; Water Resources GA 207JY UT WOS:000080934800008 ER PT J AU Isaacson, PE Dutro, JT AF Isaacson, PE Dutro, JT TI Lower Carboniferous brachiopods from Sierra de Almeida, northern Chile SO JOURNAL OF PALEONTOLOGY LA English DT Article ID ANDES AB A low-diversity brachiopod assemblage from the upper member of the Zorritas Formation in the Sierra de Almeida, northern Chile, further confirms the presence of Lower Carboniferous (Tournaisian) strata in that region. Key taxa include Schuchertella? sp., Chilenochonetes anna new genus and species, Paurorhyncha chavelensis (Amos), and Septosyringothyris covacevichi new species. Other elements of the assemblage, including Paraconularia sp., Posidoniella sp., Bellerophon (Bellerophon) sp.. Eocanites sernageominus, and Imitoceras? sp. support this Early Carboniferous age assignment. Local distribution of taxa suggests small-scale environmental control. Rhynchonelloid and syringothyroid shells, many articulated, occur in lenticular sandstone bodies that were deposited in deltaic distributary channels; chonetids, schuchertellids and mollusc-bearing, iron-rich concretions are found in siltstones and mudstones that reflect interdistributary quiet-water settings and possibly a delta-front setting. Certain elements of this fauna are also present in northwestern Argentina and Peru, indicating a regional nearshore elastic regime, The closest correlation elsewhere is with the Tournaisian faunas of southeastern Australia, although analogous big-shell assemblages are found in lower Mississippian elastic strata of the central Appalachians, Ohio, and Indiana. C1 Univ Idaho, Dept Geol, Moscow, ID 83844 USA. US Geol Survey, Natl Museum Nat Hist E 308, Washington, DC 20560 USA. RP Isaacson, PE (reprint author), Univ Idaho, Dept Geol, Moscow, ID 83844 USA. NR 55 TC 14 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 0 PU PALEONTOLOGICAL SOC INC PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH ST, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0022-3360 J9 J PALEONTOL JI J. Paleontol. PD JUL PY 1999 VL 73 IS 4 BP 625 EP 633 PG 9 WC Paleontology SC Paleontology GA 219HD UT WOS:000081601100007 ER PT J AU Samuel, MD Shadduck, DJ Goldberg, DR Baranyuk, V Sileo, L Price, JI AF Samuel, MD Shadduck, DJ Goldberg, DR Baranyuk, V Sileo, L Price, JI TI Antibodies against Pasteurella multocida in snow geese in the western Arctic SO JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE DISEASES LA English DT Article DE avian cholera; Chen caerulescens caerulescens; disease reservoir; enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay; lesser snow geese; Pasteurella multocida; serology ID AVIAN CHOLERA; GOOSE; CALIFORNIA; WATERFOWL; BIRDS; DUCKS AB To determine if lesser snow geese (Chen caerulescens caerulescens) are a potential reservoir for the Pasteurella multocida bacterium that causes avian cholera, serum samples and/or pharyngeal swabs were collected from >3,400 adult geese breeding on Wrangel Island (Russia) and Banks Island (Canada) during 1993-1996. Pharyngeal swab sampling rarely (>0.1%) detected birds that were exposed to P. multocida in these populations. Geese with serum antibody levels indicating recent infection with P. multocida were found at both breeding colonies. Prevalence of seropositive birds was 3.5% at Wrangel Island, an area that has no recorded history of avian cholera epizootics. Prevalence of seropositive birds was 2.8% at Banks Island in 1994, but increased to 8.2% during 1995 and 1996 when an estimated 40,000-60,000 snow geese were infected. Approximately 50% of the infected birds died during the epizootic and a portion of the surviving birds may have become carriers of the disease. This pattern of prevalence indicated that enzootic levels of infection with P. multocida occurred at both breeding colonies. When no avian cholera epizootics occurred (Wrangel Island, Banks Island in 1994), female snow geese (4.7%) had higher antibody prevalence than males (2.0%). C1 US Geol Survey, Natl Wildlife Hlth Res Ctr, Madison, WI 53711 USA. Wrangel Isl Nat Reserve, Ushakovskoye, Russia. RP Samuel, MD (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Natl Wildlife Hlth Res Ctr, 6006 Schroeder Rd, Madison, WI 53711 USA. OI Goldberg, Diana/0000-0001-8540-8512 NR 49 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 8 PU WILDLIFE DISEASE ASSN, INC PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH ST, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 USA SN 0090-3558 J9 J WILDLIFE DIS JI J. Wildl. Dis. PD JUL PY 1999 VL 35 IS 3 BP 440 EP 449 PG 10 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA 219LA UT WOS:000081607700003 PM 10479077 ER PT J AU Work, TM Rameyer, RA AF Work, TM Rameyer, RA TI Mass stranding of wedge-tailed shearwater chicks in Hawaii SO JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE DISEASES LA English DT Article DE hematology; mortality; pathology; Puffinus pacificus; serum chemistry; wedge-tailed shearwater ID URIA-AALGE; MORTALITY; SEABIRDS; WINTER; WRECK AB Unusual numbers of wedge-tailed shearwater (Puffinus pacificus) chicks stranded on Oahu (Hawaii, USA) in 1994. Compared to healthy wedge-tailed shearwater (WTSW) chicks, stranded chicks were underweight, dehydrated, leukopenic, lymphopenic, eosinopenic, and heterophilic; some birds were toxemic and septic. Stranded chicks also were hypoglycemic and had elevated aspartate amino transferase levels. Most chicks apparently died from emaciation, dehydration, or bacteremia. Because many birds with bacteremia also had severe necrosis of the gastrointestinal (GI) mucosa associated with bacteria, we suspect the GI tract to be the source of disseminated bacterial infection. The identity of the bacteria was not confirmed. The daily number of chicks stranded was significantly related to average wind speeds, and the mortality coincided with the fledging period for WTSW. Strong southeasterly winds were a distinguishing meteorologic factor in 1994 and contributed to the distribution of stranded chicks on Oahu. More objective data on WTSW demographics would enhance future efforts to determine predisposing causes of WTSW wrecks and their effects on seabird colonies. C1 US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Natl Wildlife Hlth Ctr, Honolulu Field Stn, Honolulu, HI 96850 USA. RP Work, TM (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Natl Wildlife Hlth Ctr, Honolulu Field Stn, POB 50167, Honolulu, HI 96850 USA. RI Work, Thierry/F-1550-2015 OI Work, Thierry/0000-0002-4426-9090 NR 38 TC 9 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 4 PU WILDLIFE DISEASE ASSN, INC PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH ST, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 USA SN 0090-3558 J9 J WILDLIFE DIS JI J. Wildl. Dis. PD JUL PY 1999 VL 35 IS 3 BP 487 EP 495 PG 9 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA 219LA UT WOS:000081607700009 PM 10479083 ER PT J AU Dunbar, MR Velarde, R Gregg, MA Bray, M AF Dunbar, MR Velarde, R Gregg, MA Bray, M TI Health evaluation of a pronghorn antelope population in Oregon SO JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE DISEASES LA English DT Article DE pronghorn antelope; Antilocapra americana; hematology; serum chemistry; trace minerals ID WHITE-TAILED DEER; VITAMIN-E; SELENIUM; FAWNS; HEMATOLOGY; MINNESOTA; MORTALITY AB During 1996 and 1997, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service conducted a study to determine the cause(s) of population decline and low survival of pronghorn antelope (Antilocapra americana) fawns on Hart Mountain National Antelope Refuge (HMNAR) located in southeastern Oregon (USA). As part of that study, blood, fecal, and tissue samples from 104 neonatal fawns, 40 adult does, and nine adult male pronghorns were collected to conduct a health evaluation of the population. Physiological parameters related to nutrition and/or disease were studied. No abnormalities were found in the complete blood cell counts of adults (n = 40) or fawns (n = 44 to 67). Serum total protein and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) levels were lower compared to other pronghorn populations. Does had mean BUN values significantly lower (P < 0.001) in December 1996 than March 1997. Serum copper (Cu) levels in does (range 0.39 to 0.74 ppm) were considered marginal when compared to domestic animals and other wild ungulates. Fawns had low (0.28 ppm) Cu levels at birth and reached the does' marginal values in about 3 days. Whole blood, serum and liver selenium (Se) levels were considered marginal to low in most segments of the pronghorn population. However serum levels of vitamin E (range 1.98 to 3.27 mu g/ml), as determined from the does captured in March, were apparently sufficient to offset any signs of Se deficiency. No clinical signs of Cu or Se deficiency were observed. Fifty-live of 87 dead fawns were necropsied. Trauma, due to predation by coyotes (Canis latrans), accounted for 62% of the mortality during mid-May to mid-July of each year. Other causes included predation by golden eagles (Aquila chrysaetos) (4%), dystocia (2%), septicemic pasteurellosis (4%), starvation (5%), and unknown (23%). Adult females were tested for serum neutralizing antibodies to Brucella spp. (n = 20, negative), Leptospira interrogans (n = 20, negative), bluetongue virus (n = 20, 35% positive), epizootic hemo disease virus (n = 20, 30% positive), respiratory syncytial virus (n = 18, negative), parainfluenza virus type 3 (n = 18, 67% positive), infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (n 18, negative), and bovine viral diarrhea (n = 18, negative). Considering the parameters examined, we found no apparent predisposing factors to mortality including those killed by coyotes, but some nutritional parameters suggest that pronghorns on HMNAR exist on a diet low in protein and Se and marginal in Cu. The effect these factors have on the population is not known. C1 US Geol Survey, Natl Wildlife Hlth Res Ctr, Biol Resources Div, Madison, WI 53711 USA. US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Sheldon Hart Mt Natl Antelope Refuge, Lakeview, OR 97630 USA. RP Dunbar, MR (reprint author), US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Sheldon Hart Mt Natl Antelope Refuge, POB 111, Lakeview, OR 97630 USA. RI Velarde, Roser/M-1614-2014 OI Velarde, Roser/0000-0003-3332-6405 NR 64 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 2 U2 7 PU WILDLIFE DISEASE ASSN, INC PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH ST, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 USA SN 0090-3558 J9 J WILDLIFE DIS JI J. Wildl. Dis. PD JUL PY 1999 VL 35 IS 3 BP 496 EP 510 PG 15 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA 219LA UT WOS:000081607700010 PM 10479084 ER PT J AU Stuht, JN Bowerman, WW Best, DA AF Stuht, JN Bowerman, WW Best, DA TI Leucocytozoonosis in nestling bald eagles in Michigan and Minnesota SO JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE DISEASES LA English DT Article DE anemia; bald eagle; Haliaeetus leucocephalus; leucocytosis; Leucocytozoon toddi; parasites; survey; threatened species ID SPARROWHAWKS ACCIPITER-NISUS; INFECTION; RAPTORS; TODDI AB Thirteen of 21 nestling bald eagles (Haliaeetus leucocephalus) examined for blood parasites in Michigan and Minnesota (USA) during June and July 1997 had patent infections of Leucocytozoon toddi. No other parasites were seen. The degree of parasitemia was light and varied from 1 to 2 an the Ashford Scale. Several of the infected nestlings appeared to have elevated levels of heterophils in their peripheral circulating blood. One of the infected nestlings also showed signs of severe anemia. We believe this is the first report of L. toddi in the bald eagle. C1 Lake Super State Univ, Gale Gleason Environm Inst, Sault St Marie, ON 49783, Canada. Michigan State Univ, Coll Vet Med, E Lansing, MI 48823 USA. US Fish & Wildlife Serv, E Lansing, MI 48823 USA. RP Bowerman, WW (reprint author), Lake Super State Univ, Gale Gleason Environm Inst, Sault St Marie, ON 49783, Canada. NR 18 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 1 U2 6 PU WILDLIFE DISEASE ASSN, INC PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH ST, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 USA SN 0090-3558 J9 J WILDLIFE DIS JI J. Wildl. Dis. PD JUL PY 1999 VL 35 IS 3 BP 608 EP 612 PG 5 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA 219LA UT WOS:000081607700028 PM 10479102 ER PT J AU Gipson, PS Veatch, JK Matlack, RS Jones, DP AF Gipson, PS Veatch, JK Matlack, RS Jones, DP TI Health status of a recently discovered population of feral swine in Kansas SO JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE DISEASES LA English DT Article DE feral hogs; infectious diseases; survey; translocation AB Twenty feral hogs (Sus scrofa) from a newly discovered population on Fort Riley Army Base (Kansas, USA) were shot and examined from November 1993 through February 1994 to assess the health of the population. The hogs were generally healthy, although serologic evidence indicated that some individuals had been exposed to parvovirus, enterovirus, and swine influenza. We found no indications of brucellosis, pseudorabies, or porcine respiratory and reproductive syndrome. Lung worms (Metastrongylus spp.), round worms (Ascaris suum), and whipworms (Trichuris suis) were found in nine, four and two of the hogs, respectively. Seven hogs had infestations of lice (Haematopinus suis). Fence-line contacts were documented between four wild boars and domestic sows, and in three cases wild boars entered pens containing domestic sows. We recommend that hogs be examined periodically from this and other wild populations to monitor health status since new animals may enter populations through deliberate translocation, escape from shooting preserves or domestic swine producers, or dispersal from other feral populations. C1 Kansas State Univ, Div Biol, US Geol Survey, Kansas Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Manhattan, KS 66506 USA. Kansas State Univ, Coll Vet Med, Dept Diagnost Med Pathobiol, Manhattan, KS 66506 USA. Kansas State Univ, Div Biol, Manhattan, KS 66506 USA. Nat Resources Div, Ft Riley Army Base, KS 66442 USA. RP Gipson, PS (reprint author), Kansas State Univ, Div Biol, US Geol Survey, Kansas Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Ackert Hall, Manhattan, KS 66506 USA. NR 18 TC 21 Z9 22 U1 0 U2 3 PU WILDLIFE DISEASE ASSN, INC PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH ST, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 USA SN 0090-3558 J9 J WILDLIFE DIS JI J. Wildl. Dis. PD JUL PY 1999 VL 35 IS 3 BP 624 EP 627 PG 4 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA 219LA UT WOS:000081607700032 PM 10479106 ER PT J AU Johnson, DH AF Johnson, DH TI The insignificance of statistical significance testing SO JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE Bayesian approaches; confidence interval; null hypothesis; P-value; power analysis; scientific hypothesis test; statistical hypothesis test ID POWER ANALYSIS; INFERENCE; MANAGEMENT; HYPOTHESIS; ECOLOGY AB Despite their wide use in scientific journals such as The Journal of Wildlife Management, statistical hypothesis tests add very little value to the products of research. Indeed, they frequently confuse the interpretation of data. This paper describes how statistical hypothesis tests are often viewed, and then contrasts that interpretation with the correct one. I discuss the arbitrariness of P-values, conclusions that the null hypothesis is true, Dower analysis, and distinctions between statistical and biological significance. Statistical hypothesis testing, in which the null hypothesis about the properties of a population is almost always known a priori to be false, is contrasted with scientific hypothesis testing, which examines a credible null hypothesis about phenomena in nature. More meaningful alternatives are brief-ly outlined, including estimation and confidence intervals for determining the importance of factors, decision theory for guiding actions in the face of uncertainty, and Bayesian approaches to hypothesis testing and other statistical practices. C1 US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, No Prairie Wildlife Res Ctr, Jamestown, ND 58401 USA. RP Johnson, DH (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, No Prairie Wildlife Res Ctr, Jamestown, ND 58401 USA. NR 65 TC 588 Z9 616 U1 10 U2 145 PU WILDLIFE SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2197 USA SN 0022-541X J9 J WILDLIFE MANAGE JI J. Wildl. Manage. PD JUL PY 1999 VL 63 IS 3 BP 763 EP 772 DI 10.2307/3802789 PG 10 WC Ecology; Zoology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Zoology GA 216KP UT WOS:000081441500001 ER PT J AU Kochert, MN Steenhof, K Carpenter, LB Marzluff, JM AF Kochert, MN Steenhof, K Carpenter, LB Marzluff, JM TI Effects of fire on golden eagle territory occupancy and reproductive success SO JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE Aquila chrysaetos; fire; golden eagle; habitat selection; home range; Idaho; reproductive success; shrub-steppe; territory occupancy ID SOUTHWESTERN IDAHO; HABITAT; POPULATION; PREY AB We examined effects of fire on golden eagle (Aquila chrysaetos) territory occupancy and reproductive success in southwestern Idaho because wildfires since 1980 have resulted in large-scale losses of shrub habitat in the Snake River Plain. Success (percentage of pairs that raised young) at burned territories declined after major fires (P = 0.004). Pairs in burned areas that could expand into adjacent vacant territories were as successful as pairs in un,urned territories and more successful than pairs in burned territories that could not expand. Success at extensively burned territories was lowest 4-6 years after burning but increased 4-5 years later The incidence and extent of fires did not help predict territories that would have low occupancy and success rates in postburn) ears. The presence of a vacant neighboring territory and the amount of agriculture and proportion of shrubs within 3 km of die nesting centroid Lest predicted probability of territory occupancy. Nesting success during preburn years best predicted the probability of a territory being successful in postburn years. Burned territories with high success rates during preburn years continued to have high success rates during postburn years, and those with low success in preburn years continued to be less successful after burning. In areas where much shrub habitat has been lost to fire, management for golden eagles should include active fire suppression and rehabilitation of burned areas. C1 US Geol Survey, Forest & Rangeland Ecosyst Sci Ctr, Snake River Field Stn, Boise, ID 83706 USA. Boise State Univ, Raptor Res Ctr, Boise, ID 83725 USA. Greenfalk Consultants, Boise, ID 83709 USA. RP Kochert, MN (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Forest & Rangeland Ecosyst Sci Ctr, Snake River Field Stn, 970 Lusk, Boise, ID 83706 USA. NR 28 TC 21 Z9 22 U1 4 U2 17 PU WILDLIFE SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2197 USA SN 0022-541X J9 J WILDLIFE MANAGE JI J. Wildl. Manage. PD JUL PY 1999 VL 63 IS 3 BP 773 EP 780 DI 10.2307/3802790 PG 8 WC Ecology; Zoology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Zoology GA 216KP UT WOS:000081441500002 ER PT J AU Anthony, RG Garrett, MG Isaacs, FB AF Anthony, RG Garrett, MG Isaacs, FB TI Double-survey estimates of bald eagle populations in Oregon SO JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE bald eagles; double-survey method; Haliacetus leucocephalus; Oregon; population estimation; raptors; sighting probabilities ID COLUMBIA RIVER ESTUARY; AERIAL SURVEY; SIZE; BIAS; COUNTS AB The literature on abundance of birds of prey is almost devoid of population estimates with statistical rigor. Therefore, we surveyed bald eagle (Haliaectus leucocephalus) populations on the Crooked and lower Columbia rivers of Oregon and used the double-survey method to estimate populations and sighting probabilities for different survey methods (aerial, boat, vehicle) and bald eagle ages (adults vs. subadults). Sighting probabilities were consistently <1.00, so direct counts were biased estimates of abundance. There was a greater probability of observing adult (0.625) versus subadult (0.494) eagles on die Crooked River for different survey methods, but we did not detect differences in sighting probabilities for adults (0.707) versus subadults (0.683) on the Columbia River. The probability of observing bald eagles from aircraft (0.636) was lower than that from heats (0.758) on the Columbia River. and sighting probabilities from aircraft (0.764) were lower than those from the ground (0.764) on the Crooked River. Precision of population estimates was generally good: most (68%. n = 30) coefficients of variation were <10%. and only 7% were >20%. The results revealed variable and negative bias (percent relative bias = -9 -70%) of direct counts and emphasized the importance of estimating populations where some measure of precision and ability to conduct inference tests are available. We recommend use of the double-survey method to estimate abundance of bald eagle populations and other raptors in open habitats. C1 Oregon State Univ, Dept Fisheries & Wildlife, Oregon Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, US Geol Survey, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. Oregon State Univ, Dept Fisheries & Wildlife, Oregon Cooperat Wildlife Res Unit, US Geol Survey, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. RP Anthony, RG (reprint author), Oregon State Univ, Dept Fisheries & Wildlife, Oregon Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, US Geol Survey, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. EM robert.anthony@orst.edu NR 21 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 1 U2 6 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ USA SN 0022-541X EI 1937-2817 J9 J WILDLIFE MANAGE JI J. Wildl. Manage. PD JUL PY 1999 VL 63 IS 3 BP 794 EP 802 DI 10.2307/3802792 PG 9 WC Ecology; Zoology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Zoology GA 216KP UT WOS:000081441500004 ER PT J AU Krementz, DG Christie, JS AF Krementz, DG Christie, JS TI Scrub-successional bird community dynamics in young and mature longleaf pine-wiregrass savannahs SO JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE COMDYN4; community dynamics; forest management; longleaf pine-wiregrass; Picoides borealis; red-cockaded woodpecker; scrub-successional birds; South Carolina; species richness; survival rate ID CAPTURE PROBABILITIES VARY; POPULATION; HABITAT; ANIMALS; SIZE; SURVIVAL; SPARROW; RATES AB Public agencies are required to manage for threatened and endangered species and for biodiversity. However, at times, management for threatened and endangered species precludes consideration of other species. We investigated how managing for red-cockaded woodpeckers (Picoides borealis) and biodiversity at the Savannah River Site (SRS), South Carolina, affected communities of bird species that use early-successional scrub habitat thereafter, scrub-successional species). Management for red-cockaded woodpeckers at the SRS involved both (1) manipulating mature longleaf pine (Pinus palustris)-wiregrass (Andropogon spp.) stands via canopy thinning, removal of midstory trees, and prescribed bunting; and (2) even-aged timber harvesting. The former management practice encouraged red-cockaded woodpeckers to establish new colonies in previously unoccupied stands thereafter, "recruitment" stands). The latter management practice is used to remove offsite planted pines and replant with preferred longleaf pines. We conducted a constant-effort mist net study in recruitment and regenerating stands (stands clearcut and planted with longleaf pine) during the breeding seasons of 1995-96. We hypothesized that the scrub-successional bird community in recruitment stands would have greater species richness and higher survival and reproductive rates per species than in regenerating stands. However, recruitment stands always had fewer scrub-successional species (1995: 36 species: 1996: 31 species) than regenerating stands (1995: 54 species; 1996: 55 species), and all species that occurred in recruitment stands also occurred in regenerating stands. Species which commonly occurred in both recruitment and regenerating stands had similar adult:juvenile ratios (P > 0.15) and relative proportion of adults in breeding condition (P > 0.05). We detected no difference in survival rates of Bachman's sparrows (Aimophila aestivalis). indigo buntings (Passerina cyanea), and of "combined" scrub-successional birds between stand types (P > 0.05). We found that even-aged forestry is an important management practice for maintaining and increasing avian biodiversity on public lands, as well as an acceptable management practice for red-cockaded woodpeckers. C1 Univ Georgia, Warnell Sch Forest Resources, Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, US Geol Survey, Athens, GA 30602 USA. Univ Georgia, Inst Ecol, Athens, GA 30602 USA. RP Krementz, DG (reprint author), Univ Georgia, Warnell Sch Forest Resources, Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, US Geol Survey, Athens, GA 30602 USA. EM krem@uga.cc.uga.edu NR 42 TC 14 Z9 15 U1 1 U2 10 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ USA SN 0022-541X EI 1937-2817 J9 J WILDLIFE MANAGE JI J. Wildl. Manage. PD JUL PY 1999 VL 63 IS 3 BP 803 EP 814 DI 10.2307/3802793 PG 12 WC Ecology; Zoology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Zoology GA 216KP UT WOS:000081441500005 ER PT J AU Dettmers, R Buehler, DA Bartlett, JG Klaus, NA AF Dettmers, R Buehler, DA Bartlett, JG Klaus, NA TI Influence of point count length and repeated visits on habitat model performance SO JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE bird-habitat models; logistic regression; model performance; point count; southern Appalachian Mountains; Tennessee ID NUMBERS; BIRDS AB Point counts are commonly used to monitor bird populations, and a substantial amount of research has investigated how conducting counts for different lengths of time affects the accuracy of these counts and the subsequent ability to monitor changes in population trends. However, little work has been done to assess how changes in count duration affect bird-habitat models developed from point count data. In this paper, we present an empirical comparison of the performance of bird-habitat models, which were developed via logistic regression analyses based on point count data from 3-, 5-, 10-, and 20-min counts. We also investigated the effect of die number of visits to each sun ey point on model performance. We assessed model performance on the basis of R-2-values and percent concordant pairs. A positive relation between model performance and count duration was most apparent for species with relatively low detection probabilities, whereas performance of models for species with relatively high detectability was fairly consistent or even decreased as count duration increased. Our results suggest that while some improvement in bird-habitat models for species with low detection rates can be achieved via longer point counts, the modest gains in model performance should be weighed against the increased time and effort required to conduct longer counts. Models based on data from a single visit to each point did not performed as well as models based on multiple visits. However. we found little or no improvement in model performance when the number of visits per point increased from 2 to 3. We suggest that current recommendations on point count durations (5 or 10 min) will provide adequate data for modeling bird-habitat relations. C1 Univ Tennessee, Dept Forestry Fisheries & Wildlife, Knoxville, TN 37901 USA. RP Dettmers, R (reprint author), US Fish & Wildlife Serv, 300 Westgate Ctr Dr, Hadley, MA 01035 USA. NR 31 TC 34 Z9 35 U1 0 U2 9 PU WILDLIFE SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2197 USA SN 0022-541X J9 J WILDLIFE MANAGE JI J. Wildl. Manage. PD JUL PY 1999 VL 63 IS 3 BP 815 EP 823 DI 10.2307/3802794 PG 9 WC Ecology; Zoology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Zoology GA 216KP UT WOS:000081441500006 ER PT J AU McLellan, BN Hovey, FW Mace, RD Woods, JG Carney, DW Gibeau, ML Wakkinen, WL Kasworm, WF AF McLellan, BN Hovey, FW Mace, RD Woods, JG Carney, DW Gibeau, ML Wakkinen, WL Kasworm, WF TI Rates and causes of grizzly bear mortality in the interior mountains of British Columbia, Alberta, Montana, Washington, and Idaho SO JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE Alberta; British Columbia; grizzly bears; bunting; Idaho; Montana; poaching; problem wildlife; protected areas; survival rates; Ursus arctos; Washington ID SURVIVAL RATES; POPULATION TREND; DYNAMICS AB Trends of grizzly Lear (Ursus arctos) populations are most sensitive to female survival; thus, understanding rates and causes of grizzly Lear mortality is critical for their conservation. Survival rates were estimated and causes of mortalities investigated for 388 grizzly bears radiocollared for research purposes in 13 study areas in the Rocky and Columbia mountains of Alberta, British Columbia, Montana, Idaho, and Washington between 1975 and 1997. People killed 77-85% of the 99 grizzly bears known or suspected to have died while they were radiocollared. In jurisdictions that permitted grizzly bear hunting, legal harvest accounted for 39-44% of the mortalities. Other major causes of mortality included control killing for being close to human habitation or property self-defense, and malicious killings. The mortality rate due to hunting was higher (P = 0.006) for males than females, and subadult males had a higher probability (P = 0.007.) of being killed as problem animals than did adult males or females. Adult females had a higher (P = 0.009) mortality rate from natural causes than males. Annual survival rates of subadult males (0.74-0.81) were less than other sex-age classes. Adult male survival rates varied between 0.84 and 0.89 in most areas. Survival of females appeared highest (0.95-0.96) in 2 areas dominated by multiple-use land and were lower (0.91) in an area dominated by parks, although few bears were killed within park boundaries. Without radiotelemetry, management agencies would have been unaware of about half (46-51%) of the deaths of radiocollared grizzly bears. The importance of well-managed multiple-use land to grizzly bear conservation should be recognized, and land-use plans for these areas should ensure no human settlement and low levels of recreational activity. C1 British Columbia Minist Forests, Revelstoke, BC V0E 3K0, Canada. Montana Dept Fish Wildlife & Parks, Kalispell, MT 59901 USA. Parks Canada, Revelstoke, BC V0E 2S0, Canada. Blackfeet Fish & Wildlife Dept, Browning, MT 59417 USA. Univ Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada. Idaho Dept Fish & Game, Bonners Ferry, ID 83805 USA. US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Libby, MT 59923 USA. RP McLellan, BN (reprint author), British Columbia Minist Forests, RPO Number 3,POB 9158, Revelstoke, BC V0E 3K0, Canada. NR 36 TC 88 Z9 90 U1 4 U2 33 PU WILDLIFE SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2197 USA SN 0022-541X J9 J WILDLIFE MANAGE JI J. Wildl. Manage. PD JUL PY 1999 VL 63 IS 3 BP 911 EP 920 DI 10.2307/3802805 PG 10 WC Ecology; Zoology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Zoology GA 216KP UT WOS:000081441500017 ER PT J AU Jacoby, ME Hilderbrand, GV Servheen, C Schwartz, CC Arthur, SM Hanley, TA Robbins, CT Michener, R AF Jacoby, ME Hilderbrand, GV Servheen, C Schwartz, CC Arthur, SM Hanley, TA Robbins, CT Michener, R TI Trophic relations of brown and black bears in several western North American ecosystems SO JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE black bear; brown bear; diet; Glacier National Park; grizzly lear; Kenai Peninsula; meat; stable isotopes; trophic level; Ursus americanus; Ursus arctos; Yellowstone National Park ID YELLOWSTONE GRIZZLY BEARS; STABLE ISOTOPES; URSUS-ARCTOS; FOOD-HABITS; ECOLOGY; CARBON; NITROGEN; DIETS; WEB; MARINE AB We examined the historical and current diets of brown bears (Ursus arctos) and black bears (U. americanus) in the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem, Glacier National Park and immediately adjacent areas of national forests, Cabinet-Yaak mountains of northwestern Montana and northern Idaho, Blackfeet and Flathead Indian reservations east and south of Glacier National Park, the Kenai Peninsula of Alaska, and the southwestern states of Colorado, New Mexico, and Arizona. Dietary estimates are an essential first step in understanding variation in productivity and density of current populations and, therefore, predicting success of reintroduced populations. Hair or bone samples from 14 federal or state agencies, museums, and universities were examined via stable isotope analyses to quantify the importance of animal and plant resources to sympatric brown and black bears. Stable isotope analyses have numerous advantages over fecal analyses or direct observation because diets of (1) individuals and thereby specific age and sex classes within a population can be compared, and (2) long-dead bears can be compared to living bears to evaluate historical changes in ecosystems. Meat content of current brown bear diets, which varied extensively between individuals and age and sex classes in all populations, averaged 51 +/- 19% ((x) over bar +/- SD) for subadult and adult males and females in the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem and 11 +/- 14% in Glacier National Park and Cabinet-Yaak mountains. Within these ecosystems, adult male brown bears were more carnivorous than any other age or sex class. Brown bears that used easily obtained, abundant meat sources had dietary meat contents generally greater than or equal to 70%. The meat:plant ratios in the diets of historical Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem bears (1,000 YBP) and Glacier National Park bears (1908-18) were similar to ratios in current diets. Sympatric black bears in the Wyoming, Montana, and Idaho ecosystems had dietary meat:plant ratios that were not different from all brown bear age and sex classes, except adult males. Alaskan black bears made extensive use of salmon (Oncorhynchus spp.) when brown bears were rare (53 +/- 28% of the diet), but did not use salmon when sympatric with abundant brown bears. C1 Washington State Univ, Dept Zool, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. Univ Montana, US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Missoula, MT 59812 USA. Alaska Dept Fish & Game, Sokdotna, AK 99669 USA. US Forest Serv, Pacific NW Res Stn, Juneau, AK 99801 USA. Washington State Univ, Dept Nat Resource Sci, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. Boston Univ, Dept Biol, Stable Isotope Lab, Boston, MA 02215 USA. RP Jacoby, ME (reprint author), Washington State Univ, Dept Zool, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. NR 38 TC 103 Z9 106 U1 4 U2 65 PU WILDLIFE SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2197 USA SN 0022-541X J9 J WILDLIFE MANAGE JI J. Wildl. Manage. PD JUL PY 1999 VL 63 IS 3 BP 921 EP 929 DI 10.2307/3802806 PG 9 WC Ecology; Zoology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Zoology GA 216KP UT WOS:000081441500018 ER PT J AU Roffe, TJ Olsen, SC Gidlewski, T Jensen, AE Palmer, MV Huber, R AF Roffe, TJ Olsen, SC Gidlewski, T Jensen, AE Palmer, MV Huber, R TI Biosafety of parenteral Brucella abortus RB51 vaccine in bison calves SO JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE biosafety; bison; Bison bison; Brucella abortus; brucellosis; Fort Niobrara National Wildlife Refuge; RB51; shedding; vaccine; Yellowstone National Park ID STRAIN RB51; SEROLOGIC RESPONSES; MUTANT STRAINS; STANDARD; COWS AB Vaccination is considered among the primary management tools for reducing brucellosis prevalence in Greater Yellowstone Area (GYA) ungulates. Before their use, however, vaccine safety and efficacy must he demonstrated. Twenty-seven female bison (Bison bison) calves (approx 5 months old) were vaccinated with Brucella abortus Strain RB51 (1.5 x 10(10) colony forming units [CFU], subcutaneously) as part of routine management. We assessed the persistence, pathology, shedding, and transmission associated with KB51 by serial necropsy, bacteriology, histopathology, and serology of 20 of these 27 vaccinated calves, and RB51 serology HB51 serology of 10 nonvaccinated. commingling adult females. With the exception of 1 calf, RB51 dot-blot titers at necropsy were <1:80. Strain HB51 was cultured from lymph nodes in 4 of 4 calves at 14 weeks postvaccination (PV), 4 of 4 calves at 18 weeks PV, 1 of 4 calves at 22 weeks PV, 3 of 4 at 22 weeks PV, and 3 of 4 at 26 weeks PV, and 0 of 4, calves at 30 weeks PV. No gross lesions were observed. Mild histologic changes occurred only in a few draining lymph nodes early in sampling. Adverse clinical effects were not observed in vaccinates. Swabs from nasopharynx, conjunctiva, rectum, and vagina were uniformly culture negative for RB51. Strain RB51 dot-blot assays of bison cows were negative at a 1:20 dilution at 26 weeks PV. Our results suggest that KB51 persists longer in bison calves than in domestic cattle and is systemically distributed within lymphatic tissues. However, bison apparently clear the RB51 vaccine strain without shedding, transmission, or significant adverse reactions. C1 US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Cent Reg Off Wildlife Hlth, Bozeman, MT 59717 USA. ARS, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, USDA, Ames, IA 50010 USA. Anim & Plant Hlth Inspect Serv, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, USDA, Ames, IA 50010 USA. RP Roffe, TJ (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Cent Reg Off Wildlife Hlth, 1400 S 19th St, Bozeman, MT 59717 USA. NR 20 TC 17 Z9 18 U1 1 U2 3 PU WILDLIFE SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2197 USA SN 0022-541X J9 J WILDLIFE MANAGE JI J. Wildl. Manage. PD JUL PY 1999 VL 63 IS 3 BP 950 EP 955 DI 10.2307/3802809 PG 6 WC Ecology; Zoology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Zoology GA 216KP UT WOS:000081441500021 ER PT J AU Stolley, DS Bissonette, JA Kadlec, J Coster, D AF Stolley, DS Bissonette, JA Kadlec, J Coster, D TI Effects of saline drinking water on early gosling development SO JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE Branta canadensis; Canada geese; Fish Spring National Wildlife Refuge; gosling mortality; growth; morphological development; salinity; Utah ID BODY-SIZE VARIATION; LESSER SNOW GEESE; MALLARD DUCKLINGS; SURVIVAL; GROWTH AB Relatively high levels of saline drinking water may adversely affect the growth, development, and survival of young waterfowl. Saline drinking water was suspect in the low survival rate of Canada goose (Branta canadensis) goslings at Fish Springs National Wildlife Refuge (FSNWR) in western Utah. Hence, we investigated the effects of saline drinking water on the survival and growth of captive, wild-strain goslings from day 1-28 following hatch. We compared survival and growth (as measured by body mass, wing length, and culmen length) between a control group on tap water with a mean specific conductivity of 650 mu S/cm, and 2 saline water treatments: (1) intermediate level (12,000 mu S/cm), and (2) high level (18,000 mu S/cm). Gosling mortality occurred only in the 18,000 mu S/cm treatment group (33%; n = 9). Slopes of regressions of mean body mass, wing length, and culmen length on age were different from each other (P < 0.05), except for culmen length for the intermediate and high treatment levels. We predict that free-ranging wild goslings will experience mortality at even lower salinity levels than captive goslings because of the combined effects of depressed growth and environmental stresses, including hot desert temperatures and variable food quality over summer. C1 Utah State Univ, Dept Fisheries & Wildlife, Utah Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, US Geol Survey,Biol Resources Div, Logan, UT 84322 USA. Utah State Univ, Dept Math & Stat, Logan, UT 84322 USA. RP Stolley, DS (reprint author), Utah State Univ, Dept Fisheries & Wildlife, Utah Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, US Geol Survey,Biol Resources Div, Logan, UT 84322 USA. NR 26 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 1 U2 6 PU WILDLIFE SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2197 USA SN 0022-541X J9 J WILDLIFE MANAGE JI J. Wildl. Manage. PD JUL PY 1999 VL 63 IS 3 BP 990 EP 996 DI 10.2307/3802813 PG 7 WC Ecology; Zoology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Zoology GA 216KP UT WOS:000081441500025 ER PT J AU Link, WA AF Link, WA TI Modeling pattern in collections of parameters SO JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE estimation; modeling; overdispersion; pattern; quasi-likelihood; random effects; ultrastructural models ID CAPTURE-RECAPTURE; SURVIVAL RATES; POPULATION; VARIANCE AB Wildlife management is increasingly guided by analyses of large and complex datasets. The description of such datasets often requires a large number of parameters, among which certain patterns might be discernible. For example, one may consider a long-term study producing estimates of annual survival rates; of interest is the question whether these rates have declined through time. Several statistical methods exist for examining pattern in collections of parameters. Here, I argue for the superiority of "random effects models" in which parameters are regarded as random variables, with distributions governed by "hyperparameters" describing the patterns of interest. Unfortunately, implementation of random effects models is sometimes difficult. Ultrastructural models, in which the postulated pattern is built into die parameter structure of the original data analysis, are approximations to random effects models. However, this approximation is not completely satisfactory: failure to account for natural variation among parameters can lead to overstatement of the evidence for pattern among parameters. I describe quasi-likelihood methods that can be used to improve the approximation of random effects models by ultrastructural models. C1 US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, Laurel, MD 20708 USA. RP Link, WA (reprint author), US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, 11510 Amer Holly Dr, Laurel, MD 20708 USA. NR 20 TC 34 Z9 34 U1 1 U2 9 PU WILDLIFE SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2197 USA SN 0022-541X J9 J WILDLIFE MANAGE JI J. Wildl. Manage. PD JUL PY 1999 VL 63 IS 3 BP 1017 EP 1027 DI 10.2307/3802817 PG 11 WC Ecology; Zoology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Zoology GA 216KP UT WOS:000081441500029 ER PT J AU Otis, DL White, GC AF Otis, DL White, GC TI Autocorrelation of location estimates and the analysis of radiotracking data SO JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE autocorrelation; habitat selection; habitat use; home range; location estimates; radiotelemetry; resource selection; sample size; sampling statistical independence; telemetry ID HOME-RANGE ESTIMATORS; MONTE-CARLO SIMULATION; RADIO-TRACKING DATA; STATISTICAL TECHNIQUES; RESOURCE SELECTION; AVAILABILITY; SIZE AB The wildlife literature has been contradictory about the importance of autocorrelation in radiotracking data used for home range estimation and hypothesis tests of habitat selection. By definition, tire concept of a home range involves autocorrelated movements, but estimates or hypothesis tests based on sampling designs that predefine a time frame of interest, and that generate representative samples of an animal's movement during this time frame, should not be affected by length of the sampling interval and autocorrelation. Intensive sampling of the individual's home range and habitat use during the time frame of the study leads to improved estimates for the individual,but use of location estimates as the sample unit to compare across animals is pseudoreplication. We therefore recommend against use of habitat selection analysis techniques that use locations instead of individuals as the sample unit. We offer a general outline for sampling designs for radiotracking studies. C1 Clemson Univ, US Geol Survey, Biol Resoures Div, S Carolina Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Clemson, SC 29634 USA. Colorado State Univ, Dept Fishery & Wildlife Biol, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. RP Otis, DL (reprint author), Clemson Univ, US Geol Survey, Biol Resoures Div, S Carolina Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, G27 Lehotsky Hall, Clemson, SC 29634 USA. NR 26 TC 226 Z9 237 U1 6 U2 62 PU WILDLIFE SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2197 USA SN 0022-541X J9 J WILDLIFE MANAGE JI J. Wildl. Manage. PD JUL PY 1999 VL 63 IS 3 BP 1039 EP 1044 DI 10.2307/3802819 PG 6 WC Ecology; Zoology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Zoology GA 216KP UT WOS:000081441500031 ER PT J AU Everett, CR Chin, YP Aiken, GR AF Everett, CR Chin, YP Aiken, GR TI High-pressure size exclusion chromatography analysis of dissolved organic matter isolated by tangential-flow ultrafiltration SO LIMNOLOGY AND OCEANOGRAPHY LA English DT Article ID MOLECULAR-WEIGHT; HUMIC SUBSTANCES; PORE WATERS; FULVIC-ACID; CARBON; FILTRATION; COLLOIDS; FLUORESCENCE; ABUNDANCE; ENVIRONMENTS AB A 1,000-Dalton tangential-how ultrafiltration (TFUF) membrane was used to isolate dissolved organic matter (DOM) from several freshwater environments. The TFUF unit used in this study was able to completely retain a polystyrene sulfonate 1,800-Dalton standard. Unaltered and TFUF-fractionated DOM molecular weights were assayed by high-pressure size exclusion chromatography (HPSEC). The weight-averaged molecular weights of the retentates were larger than those of the raw water samples, whereas the filtrates were all significantly smaller and approximately the same size or smaller than the manufacturer-specified pore size of the membrane. Moreover, at 280 nm the molar absorptivity of the DOM retained by the ultrafilter is significantly larger than the material in the filtrate. This observation suggests that most of the chromophoric components are associated with the higher molecular weight fraction of the DOM pool. Multivalent metals in the aqueous matrix also affected the molecular weights of the DOM molecules. Typically, proton-exchanged DOM retentates were smaller than untreated samples. This TFUF system appears to be an effective means of isolating aquatic DOM by size, but the ultimate size of the retentates may be affected by the presence of metals and by configurational properties unique to the DOM phase. C1 Ohio State Univ, Dept Geol Sci, Columbus, OH 43210 USA. US Geol Survey, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RP Chin, YP (reprint author), Ohio State Univ, Dept Geol Sci, Columbus, OH 43210 USA. NR 37 TC 32 Z9 36 U1 4 U2 16 PU AMER SOC LIMNOLOGY OCEANOGRAPHY PI WACO PA 5400 BOSQUE BLVD, STE 680, WACO, TX 76710-4446 USA SN 0024-3590 J9 LIMNOL OCEANOGR JI Limnol. Oceanogr. PD JUL PY 1999 VL 44 IS 5 BP 1316 EP 1322 PG 7 WC Limnology; Oceanography SC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA 219ZN UT WOS:000081639000012 ER PT J AU Pichler, T Ridley, WI Nelson, E AF Pichler, T Ridley, WI Nelson, E TI Low-temperature alteration of dredged volcanics from the Southern Chile Ridge: additional information about early stages of seafloor weathering SO MARINE GEOLOGY LA English DT Article DE alteration; seafloor; weathering; low temperature; basalt ID RARE-EARTH ELEMENTS; OCEANIC-CRUST; BASALT ALTERATION; DSDP; SEAWATER AB A suite of submarine volcanic rocks from the Southern Chile Ridge has been examined in order to investigate the early stages of low temperature alteration. Alteration in these samples proceeded as follows: (1) Fe-staining on sample surface and along fractures, (2) filling of vesicles with secondary material, (3) breakdown of glassy matrix, (4) breakdown of microcrystalline matrix, and (5) breakdown and replacement of olivine. Plagioclase and pyroxene were sometimes found to be slightly altered along internal fissures. Secondary or alteration phases generally showed high K (3-5 wt.%), Fe (30-70 wt.%) and low Al (<2 wt.%) contents. The most common secondary minerals were Fe-oxyhydroxides, celadonite/Fe-oxyhydroxide (a mixture between celadonite and Fe-oxyhydroxide) and saponite. The formation of secondary minerals is controlled by the oxidation state which is a direct result of seawater to rock ratio. Fe-oxyhydroxides and celadonite/Fe-oxyhydroxide form during oxidative diagenesis, whereas saponite forms during non-oxidative diagenesis. The final alteration products, however, are controlled by external factors, e.g., sedimentation rate or formation of a manganese crust. Ca has been consistently removed, Mg has been added to some rocks and lost from others, and Si has either been removed or remained unaffected. Fe and H2O increases are accompanied by an increase in Fe3+/Fe2+. Wherever increases in K, Rb and Cs were documented, the enrichments are consistently in the order Cs > Rb > K. During initial stages of alteration the behavior of some trace elements such as rare-earth elements (REE), Ba, Zr, Hf, Ta, Nb, and Mo are solely controlled by the precipitation of Mn-rich Fe-oxyhydroxides. The preferred incorporation of Ce into Mn-rich Fe-oxyhydroxides may be a principal factor explaining the Ce depletion in seawater. We conclude that the earliest stages of submarine weathering are controlled by Eh and pH gradients between the rock and seawater. In the absence of a buffer, oxidation of ferrous iron causes a decrease in solution pH. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Ottawa, Ottawa Carleton Geosci Ctr, Dept Geol, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada. US Geol Survey, Branch Geochem, Lakewood, CO 80225 USA. Colorado Sch Mines, Dept Geol & Geol Engn, Golden, CO 80401 USA. RP Pichler, T (reprint author), Univ Ottawa, Ottawa Carleton Geosci Ctr, Dept Geol, POB 450,Stn A, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada. NR 51 TC 28 Z9 29 U1 0 U2 5 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0025-3227 J9 MAR GEOL JI Mar. Geol. PD JUL PY 1999 VL 159 IS 1-4 BP 155 EP 177 DI 10.1016/S0025-3227(99)00008-0 PG 23 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Oceanography SC Geology; Oceanography GA 212ZP UT WOS:000081247800009 ER PT J AU Xu, JP AF Xu, JP TI Local wave climate and long-term bed shear stress characteristics in Monterey Bay, CA SO MARINE GEOLOGY LA English DT Article DE waves; shear stress; long-term statistics; Monterey Bay ID BENEATH RANDOM WAVES; BOUNDARY-LAYER; SEDIMENT; SHELF AB Five and a half years of wave measurements at two stations in Monterey Bay, CA show that the local wave climate at the South (Marina station) is markedly different from that at the North (Santa Cruz Harbor station). Measured significant wave heights at the Marina station are profoundly greater than at the Santa Cruz Harbor station, especially during winter. During summer, southerly or southwesterly Pacific Ocean swells can be dominant, and therefore, the peak wave periods at the Marina station, protected from these swells by the Monterey Peninsula headland, are much shorter than at the Santa Cruz station. This disparity of wave characteristics at the two stations are the direct causes of the difference in the long-term probability of sediment suspension and transport. Sheet-flow conditions, under which significant sand transport events presumably take place, occur about 20 to 40 times more often at the Marina station than at the Santa Cruz Harbor station. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. RP Xu, JP (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 345 Middlefield Rd, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. NR 15 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 1 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0025-3227 J9 MAR GEOL JI Mar. Geol. PD JUL PY 1999 VL 159 IS 1-4 BP 341 EP 353 DI 10.1016/S0025-3227(98)00192-3 PG 13 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Oceanography SC Geology; Oceanography GA 212ZP UT WOS:000081247800019 ER PT J AU Irvine, GV Mann, DH Short, JW AF Irvine, GV Mann, DH Short, JW TI Multi-year persistence of oil mousse on high energy beaches distant from the Exxon Valdez spill origin SO MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN LA English DT Article ID FATE; TRANSPORT; SEDIMENTS AB For at least 5 yr after the Exxon Valdez spill, relatively unweathered oil mousse has persisted on the exposed rocky shores of Shelikof Strait 500 km from Prince William Sound, Alaska. Previously it was thought that oil would be rapidly removed from such geomorphic settings by wave action. Oil mousse persists at sites in Katmai National Park and Preserve (NP&P) where it was stranded high in the intertidal zone under a lag of large boulders, These boulders armor the beach, preventing waves from disturbing the substrate and its included oil. Weathering of this stranded mousse has been slight mousse sampled in 1989, 1992 and 1994 show negligible changes in polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons compared to 11-day old Exxon Valdez crude. The preservation of this oil is due to its transport as mousse bob whose interiors largely escape weathering, followed by its sheltering in the interstices of boulder-armored beaches. The transport of mousse may allow for the long distance dispersal of less weathered, and hence still toxic oil. Our findings suggest that the low ecological sensitivity ratings previously applied to exposed, rocky shorelines need to be modified. The biological threat posed by oil stranded on the Katmai NP&P coast probably is slight because of its small amount and sequestered state. However, it still possesses the ability to be chemically toxic and could be released through disturbance of the armoring boulders by unusually high wave events. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Natl Pk Serv, Alaska Reg Off, Anchorage, AK 99503 USA. Univ Alaska, Inst Arctic Biol, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA. Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NOAA, Auke Bay Fisheries Lab, Juneau, AK 99801 USA. RP US Geol Survey, Alaska Biol Sci Ctr, 1011 E Tudor Rd, Anchorage, AK 99503 USA. NR 41 TC 25 Z9 27 U1 1 U2 9 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0025-326X EI 1879-3363 J9 MAR POLLUT BULL JI Mar. Pollut. Bull. PD JUL PY 1999 VL 38 IS 7 BP 572 EP 584 DI 10.1016/S0025-326X(98)00115-5 PG 13 WC Environmental Sciences; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 229MK UT WOS:000082198200016 ER PT J AU Grossman, JN AF Grossman, JN TI The Meteoritical Bulletin, No. 83, 1999 July SO METEORITICS & PLANETARY SCIENCE LA English DT Article AB Meteoritical Bulletin No. 83 lists information for 898 newly described meteorites. These include 473 from Antarctica, 341 from the Sahara, and 22 from dry lakes in the southwestern United States. Seven of the meteorites are falls: Kunya-Urgench (H5), Lohawat (howardite), Ourique (H4), Portales Valley (H6), San Pedro de Quiles (L6), Talampaya (eucrite), and Zag (H3-6). Also included are a dozen new iron meteorites; several mesosiderites; a pallasite; several HED meteorites; several ureilites; a variety of CM, CO, CV, CR, and R chondrites; and numerous unequilibrated ordinary chondrites. All shock classifications are after Stoffler et al. (1991) and weathering grades are after Wlotzka (1993), except as noted. All italicized abbreviations refer to addresses tabulated at the end of this document. C1 US Geol Survey, Reston, VA 20192 USA. RP Grossman, JN (reprint author), US Geol Survey, MS 954, Reston, VA 20192 USA. NR 13 TC 28 Z9 29 U1 0 U2 1 PU METEORITICAL SOC PI FAYETTEVILLE PA DEPT CHEMISTRY/BIOCHEMISTRY, UNIV ARKANSAS, FAYETTEVILLE, AR 72701 USA SN 0026-1114 J9 METEORIT PLANET SCI JI Meteorit. Planet. Sci. PD JUL PY 1999 VL 34 SU S BP A169 EP A186 PG 18 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 223EA UT WOS:000081826400240 ER PT J AU Shoemaker, CS AF Shoemaker, CS TI The sky is falling. SO METEORITICS & PLANETARY SCIENCE LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US Geol Survey, Flagstaff, AZ 86001 USA. Lowell Observ, Flagstaff, AZ 86001 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU METEORITICAL SOC PI FAYETTEVILLE PA DEPT CHEMISTRY/BIOCHEMISTRY, UNIV ARKANSAS, FAYETTEVILLE, AR 72701 USA SN 0026-1114 J9 METEORIT PLANET SCI JI Meteorit. Planet. Sci. PD JUL PY 1999 VL 34 SU S BP A107 EP A107 PG 1 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 223EA UT WOS:000081826400200 ER PT J AU Pielke, RA Walko, RL Steyaert, LT Vidale, PL Liston, GE Lyons, WA Chase, TN AF Pielke, RA Walko, RL Steyaert, LT Vidale, PL Liston, GE Lyons, WA Chase, TN TI The influence of anthropogenic landscape changes on weather in south Florida SO MONTHLY WEATHER REVIEW LA English DT Article ID MESOSCALE CIRCULATIONS; VEGETATION; PRECIPITATION; CONVECTION; GENERATION; MODELS; FLUXES; CLOUDS; SOIL AB Using identical observed meteorology for lateral boundary conditions, the Regional Atmospheric Modeling System was integrated for July-August 1973 for south Florida. Three experiments were performed-one using the observed 1973 Landscape, another the 1993 landscape, and the third the 1900 landscape, when the region was close to its natural state. Over the 2-month period, there was a 9% decrease in rainfall averaged over south Florida with the 1973 landscape and an 11% decrease with the 1993 landscape, as compared with the model results when the 1900 landscape is used. The limited available observations of trends in summer rainfall over this region are consistent with these trends. C1 Colorado State Univ, Dept Atmospher Sci, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, US Geol Survey, EROS Data Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. FMA Res Inc, Yucca Ridge Field Stn, Ft Collins, CO USA. Colorado State Univ, Grad Degree Program Ecol, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. RP Pielke, RA (reprint author), Colorado State Univ, Dept Atmospher Sci, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. EM dallas@hercules.atmos.colostate.edu RI Pielke, Roger/A-5015-2009; OI Vidale, Pier Luigi/0000-0002-1800-8460 NR 50 TC 111 Z9 118 U1 0 U2 8 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0027-0644 J9 MON WEATHER REV JI Mon. Weather Rev. PD JUL PY 1999 VL 127 IS 7 BP 1663 EP 1673 DI 10.1175/1520-0493(1999)127<1663:TIOALC>2.0.CO;2 PG 11 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 221VZ UT WOS:000081748900017 ER PT J AU Woodward, A Jenkins, KJ Schreiner, EG AF Woodward, A Jenkins, KJ Schreiner, EG TI The role of ecological theory in long-term ecological monitoring: Report on a workshop SO NATURAL AREAS JOURNAL LA English DT Article DE long-term ecological monitoring; Olympic National Park; Northwest Forest Plan ID CONSERVATION; MANAGEMENT AB Long-term ecological monitoring is key to understanding, managing, and preserving natural areas and natural resources. Long-term ecological monitoring is currently under development for Olympic National Park and federal lands within the range of the northern spotted owl (Strix occidentalis caurina) (i.e., lands covered by the Northwest Forest Plan). Design of ecological monitoring programs requires consideration of many theoretical and statistical issues; for instance, terms such as "ecosystem health" need to be defined, and the range of natural variation needs to be understood. We organized a workshop of participants having experience, expertise, or interest in monitoring to discuss how ecological theory can be applied to the design of monitoring programs and the choice of an effective set of ecological indicators. Participants discussed promising tools provided by the fields of ecology and statistics but concluded that currently, the ability of ecological theory to guide monitoring is limited. In addition to ecological considerations, monitoring must reflect agency mandates, management concerns, and political concerns. Continued support for monitoring depends on striking a balance among these factors so that constituencies for each are satisfied while effective monitoring of ecosystem status is also achieved. We conclude that monitoring in national parks and other natural areas requires achieving many goals at once, and that approaches used by other management agencies can be applied to each of those goals. C1 USGS Forest & Rangelands, Ecosyst Sci Ctr, Olymp Field Stn, Port Angeles, WA 98362 USA. RP Woodward, A (reprint author), USGS Forest & Rangelands, Ecosyst Sci Ctr, Olymp Field Stn, 600 E Park Ave, Port Angeles, WA 98362 USA. EM andrea_woodward@usgs.gov NR 48 TC 19 Z9 20 U1 1 U2 8 PU NATURAL AREAS ASSOC PI ROCKFORD PA 320 SOUTH THIRD ST, ROCKFORD, IL 61104 USA SN 0885-8608 EI 2162-4399 J9 NAT AREA J JI Nat. Areas J. PD JUL PY 1999 VL 19 IS 3 BP 223 EP 233 PG 11 WC Ecology; Forestry SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Forestry GA 218QD UT WOS:000081562400004 ER PT J AU Barker, PF Barrett, PJ Cooper, AK Huybrechts, P AF Barker, PF Barrett, PJ Cooper, AK Huybrechts, P TI Antarctic glacial history from numerical models and continental margin sediments SO PALAEOGEOGRAPHY PALAEOCLIMATOLOGY PALAEOECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Antarctic ice sheet; numerical models; glacial sediments; continental margin; stable isotopes ID ICE-SHEET; SEA-LEVEL; TRANSANTARCTIC MOUNTAINS; MIDDLE MIOCENE; STABLE-ISOTOPE; OCEAN MODEL; LONG-TERM; RECORD; CIRCULATION; TRANSITION AB The climate record of glacially transported sediments in prograded wedges around the Antarctic outer continental shelf, and their derivatives in continental rise drifts, may be combined to produce an Antarctic ice sheet history, using numerical models of ice sheet response to temperature and sea-level change. Examination of published models suggests several preliminary conclusions about ice sheet history. The ice sheet's present high sensitivity to sea-level change at short (orbital) periods was developed gradually as its size increased, replacing a declining sensitivity to temperature. Models suggest that the ice sheet grew abruptly to 40% (or possibly more) of its present size at the Eocene-Oligocene boundary, mainly as a result of its own temperature sensitivity. A large but more gradual middle Miocene change was externally driven, probably by development of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current (ACC) and Polar Front, provided that a few million years' delay can be explained. The Oligocene ice sheet varied considerably in size and areal extent, but the late Miocene ice sheet was more stable, though significantly warmer than today's. This difference probably relates to the confining effect of the Antarctic continental margin. Present-day numerical models of ice sheet development are sufficient to guide current sampling plans, but sea-ice formation, polar wander, basal topography and ice streaming can be identified as factors meriting additional modelling effort in the future. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 British Antarctic Survey, Cambridge CB3 0ET, England. Victoria Univ Wellington, Sch Earth Sci, Wellington, New Zealand. US Geol Survey, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. Free Univ Brussels, Inst Geog, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium. RP Barker, PF (reprint author), British Antarctic Survey, Madingley Rd, Cambridge CB3 0ET, England. NR 91 TC 43 Z9 45 U1 1 U2 5 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0031-0182 J9 PALAEOGEOGR PALAEOCL JI Paleogeogr. Paleoclimatol. Paleoecol. PD JUL 1 PY 1999 VL 150 IS 3-4 BP 247 EP 267 DI 10.1016/S0031-0182(98)00224-7 PG 21 WC Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Paleontology SC Physical Geography; Geology; Paleontology GA 210WB UT WOS:000081126700005 ER PT J AU Bakken, GS Reynolds, PS Kenow, KP Korschgen, CE Boysen, AF AF Bakken, GS Reynolds, PS Kenow, KP Korschgen, CE Boysen, AF TI Standardization and calibration of heated mounts illustrated with day-old mallard ducklings SO PHYSIOLOGICAL AND BIOCHEMICAL ZOOLOGY LA English DT Editorial Material ID OPERATIVE TEMPERATURE; TAXIDERMIC MOUNTS; ECOLOGICAL ENERGETICS; THERMAL CONDUCTANCE; ENERGY-EXPENDITURE; TOOLS; DEPENDENCE; APPRAISAL; ANIMALS; BIRDS C1 Indiana State Univ, Dept Life Sci, Terre Haute, IN 47809 USA. US Geol Survey, Upper Midw Environm Sci Ctr, La Crosse, WI 54603 USA. RP Bakken, GS (reprint author), Indiana State Univ, Dept Life Sci, Terre Haute, IN 47809 USA. NR 24 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 2 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 5720 SOUTH WOODLAWN AVE, CHICAGO, IL 60637-1603 USA SN 1522-2152 J9 PHYSIOL BIOCHEM ZOOL JI Physiol. Biochem. Zool. PD JUL-AUG PY 1999 VL 72 IS 4 BP 502 EP 506 DI 10.1086/316679 PG 5 WC Physiology; Zoology SC Physiology; Zoology GA 263MG UT WOS:000084128000013 PM 10438686 ER PT J AU Surian, N Andrews, ED AF Surian, N Andrews, ED TI Estimation of geomorphically significant flows in alpine streams of the Rocky Mountains, Colorado (USA) SO REGULATED RIVERS-RESEARCH & MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE regional streamflow analysis; flow duration; floods; regression equations; alpine streams; ungauged sites; Rocky Mountains; Colorado ID UNGAGED SITES; MASSACHUSETTS; RIVER AB Streamflows recorded at 24 gauging stations in the Rocky Mountains of Colorado were analyzed to derive regional regression equations for estimating the natural flow duration and flood frequency in reaches where the natural flows are unknown or have been altered by diversion or regulation. The principal objective of this analysis is to determine whether the relatively high, infrequent, but geomorphically and ecologically important flows in the Rocky Mountains can be accurately estimated by regional flow duration equations. The region considered in this study is an area of relatively abundant runoff, and, consequently, intense water resources development. The specific streams analyzed here, however, are unaltered and remain nearly pristine. Regional flow duration equations are derived for two situations. When the mean annual discharge is known, flows greater than or equal to 10% Of the time can be estimated with an uncertainty of +/- 9% for the 10% exceedance flow, to +/- 11% for the 1.0% exceedance flow. When the mean annual discharge is unknown, the relatively high, infrequent flow can be estimated using the mean basin precipitation rate (in m(3)/s), and basin relief with an uncertainty of +/- 23% for the 10% exceedance flow to +/- 21% for the 1.0% exeedance flow. The uncertainty in estimated discharges using the equations derived in this analysis is substantially smaller than has been previously reported, especially for the geomorphically significant flows which are relatively large and infrequent. The improvement is due primarily to the quality of streamflow records analyzed and a well-defined hydrologic region. C1 US Geol Survey, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RP Andrews, ED (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 3215 Marine St, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RI Surian, Nicola/A-9603-2010; OI SURIAN, NICOLA/0000-0002-8436-3196 NR 26 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 0 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD PI W SUSSEX PA BAFFINS LANE CHICHESTER, W SUSSEX PO19 1UD, ENGLAND SN 0886-9375 J9 REGUL RIVER JI Regul. Rivers-Res. Manage. PD JUL-AUG PY 1999 VL 15 IS 4 BP 273 EP 288 DI 10.1002/(SICI)1099-1646(199907/08)15:4<273::AID-RRR519>3.0.CO;2-B PG 16 WC Environmental Sciences; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Water Resources GA 221YV UT WOS:000081756200001 ER PT J AU Beyer, WN Spann, J Day, D AF Beyer, WN Spann, J Day, D TI Metal and sediment ingestion by dabbling ducks SO SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article DE waterfowl; lead; aluminum; refuges ID SOIL INGESTION; LEAD-EXPOSURE AB The chemical analysis of intestinal digesta from hunter-killed carcasses or of wildlife seat is a promising means of estimating the exposure of wildlife to those environmental contaminants that, like lead, are poorly absorbed in the digestive tract. When evaluating contaminants at a site, biologists may find the results of this non-destructive approach more straightforward to interpret in terms of exposure to wildlife than would be analyses of soils, sediments, water, or wildlife tissues. To illustrate the approach, we collected digesta from 47 waterfowl shot by hunters at Prime Hook National Wildlife Refuge, in Delaware, USA. The waterfowl digesta contained an average of approximately 2.4% sediment, estimated from the Al concentrations in the digesta, a marker for sediment. Al concentrations were significantly correlated with concentrations of Cr (Spearman's rank correlation coefficient, r = 0.57), V (r = 0.70), Ni (r = 0.31), and Pb (r = 0.55), and we concluded that these metals were ingested mainly with sediment. American widgeon (Anas americana) ingested sediment at a rate of about four times that of three other species of dabbling ducks (Anas crecca, A. acuta, A. rubripes) and had several times the exposure to the sediment-associated metals. The digesta of one American black duck contained a high concentration of lead (70 mg/kg, dry wt.), presumably from lead shot, but none of the other samples had notably elevated metal concentrations. We suggest that seat and digesta be analyzed more widely by biologists and resource managers seeking a simple, inexpensive assessment of contaminants in local wildlife habitat. Published by Elsevier Science B.V. C1 US Geol Survey, Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, Laurel, MD 20708 USA. RP Beyer, WN (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, 12011 Beech Forest Rd, Laurel, MD 20708 USA. NR 16 TC 20 Z9 20 U1 0 U2 7 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0048-9697 J9 SCI TOTAL ENVIRON JI Sci. Total Environ. PD JUL 1 PY 1999 VL 231 IS 2-3 BP 235 EP 239 PG 5 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 221CR UT WOS:000081706900012 PM 10472136 ER PT J AU Czech, B Krausman, PR AF Czech, B Krausman, PR TI Public opinion on endangered species conservation and policy SO SOCIETY & NATURAL RESOURCES LA English DT Article DE conservation policy; democracy; economic growth; Endangered Species Act; environmental policy; property rights; public opinion AB The propriety and viability of the Endangered Species Act (ESA) are functions of its social context, including public opinion. We conducted a nationwide survey on attitudes toward species conservation and other related concepts and institutions. Species conservation is valued by respondents as much as property rights or economic growth. Ecosystem health and democracy are valued more, and the availability of resources for posterity is valued most of all. The public strongly supports (I) ESA and the implementation of ESA on private lands, and (2) the compensation of landowners for losses incurred by the implementation of ESA. Vastly different implications are associated with these conclusions. Collectively, our survey results imply that educators concerned with species conservation should focus on the links among economic growth, natural resources extraction, habitat loss, and species endangerment. C1 US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Div Rufuges, Arlington, VA 22204 USA. Univ Arizona, Sch Renewable Nat Resources, Tucson, AZ USA. RP Czech, B (reprint author), 3102 E 25th St, Tucson, AZ 85713 USA. NR 21 TC 23 Z9 24 U1 8 U2 23 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 325 CHESTNUT ST, SUITE 800, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 0894-1920 J9 SOC NATUR RESOUR JI Soc. Nat. Resour. PD JUL-AUG PY 1999 VL 12 IS 5 BP 469 EP 479 DI 10.1080/089419299279542 PG 11 WC Environmental Studies; Planning & Development; Sociology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public Administration; Sociology GA 233EQ UT WOS:000082412900006 ER PT J AU Farag, AM Woodward, DE Brumbaugh, W Goldstein, JN MacConnell, E Hogstrand, C Barrows, FT AF Farag, AM Woodward, DE Brumbaugh, W Goldstein, JN MacConnell, E Hogstrand, C Barrows, FT TI Dietary effects of metals-contaminated invertebrates from the Coeur d'Alene River, Idaho, on cutthroat trout SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE AMERICAN FISHERIES SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID CLARK-FORK RIVER; RAINBOW-TROUT; BENTHIC INVERTEBRATES; ONCORHYNCHUS-MYKISS; BROWN TROUT; LEAD; MONTANA; ACCUMULATION; FOOD; FISH AB Benthic macroinvertebrates with elevated concentrations of metals were collected from the Coeur d'Alene (CDA) River, Idaho, pasteurized, and fed to cutthroat trout Oncorhynchus clarki in the laboratory from start of feeding until 90 d posthatch. Invertebrates were collected from two sites known to contain elevated concentrations of metals: near Pinehurst in the South Fork of the CDA River and at Cataldo, approximately 5 km below the confluence of the South Fork and the North Fork. Invertebrates collected from a relatively clean site in the North Fork were used as a reference diet. We performed measurements of fish health that indicate reduced fitness of fish fed the South Fork and Cataldo diets. Effects measured were reduced feeding activity, increased number of macrophage aggregates and hyperplasia of cells in the kidney, degeneration of mucosal epithelium in the pyloric caecae, and metallothionein induction. These effects would likely reduce growth and survival of fish in the wild. Vacuolization of glial cells were also observed in fish fed the Cataldo diet. Metals in the water often exacerbated the histological effects observed. Although the invertebrates collected near Cataldo had lower concentrations of arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), copper (Cu), lead (Pb), and zinc (Zn) than the invertebrates from the South Fork, fish fed the Cataldo diet had equally high or higher concentrations of all metals except As by day 44. The Cataldo diet also caused the most deleterious effects on survival and growth. These findings are especially important for early life stage fish, whose diet consists wholly of benthic macroinvertebrates. Therefore, fish feeding on invertebrates in the CDA River below the Bunker Hill smelting complex are at risk of reduced fitness. C1 US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Columbia Environm Res Ctr, Jackson Field Res Stn, Jackson, WY 83001 USA. US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Columbia Environm Res Ctr, Columbia, MO 65201 USA. US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Bozeman Fish Technol Ctr, Bozeman, MT 59715 USA. Univ Kentucky, TH Morgan Sch Biol Sci, Lexington, KY 40506 USA. RP Farag, AM (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Columbia Environm Res Ctr, Jackson Field Res Stn, POB 1089, Jackson, WY 83001 USA. RI Hogstrand, Christer/C-9041-2013 NR 35 TC 93 Z9 95 U1 0 U2 10 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA SN 0002-8487 J9 T AM FISH SOC JI Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. PD JUL PY 1999 VL 128 IS 4 BP 578 EP 592 DI 10.1577/1548-8659(1999)128<0578:DEOMCI>2.0.CO;2 PG 15 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 351XB UT WOS:000089183800003 ER PT J AU Johnson, JE Hines, RT AF Johnson, JE Hines, RT TI Effect of suspended sediment on vulnerability of young razorback suckers to predation SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE AMERICAN FISHERIES SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID BLUEGILL LEPOMIS-MACROCHIRUS; REACTIVE DISTANCE; COLORADO SQUAWFISH; GREEN-RIVER; FISHES; TURBIDITY; REPRODUCTION; DENSITY; SALMON; TROUT AB The decline of native fishes in North America is principally a result of altered habitats. and the impact of mainstream dams has accounted for many of the habitat changes. Diminished turbidity, and introduced nonnative predators were investigated as possible reasons for the decline of endangered razorback suckers Xyrauchen texanus in the Colorado River. In laboratory tests, young razorback suckers selected clear water over two water samples with higher concentrations of suspended sediment. In clear water, however, young razorback suckers were extremely susceptible to predation: native Colorado squawfish Ptychocheilus lucius consumed 90% of test razorback suckers, and nonnative green sunfish Lepomis cyanellus consumed 99.6%. As turbidity increased, razorback sucker predator avoidance improved and differences in predator success disappeared. Winter-spring spawning by razorback suckers in Lake Mohave, along with the extreme susceptibility of larvae to predation in clear water, may account for total recruitment failure in that lake. However, in upper basin rivers, suspended sediments remain high enough to limit predation by fishes tested, suggesting that other impacts, including contaminants and lack of floodplain habitat, may be thwarting recruitment in those rivers. C1 Univ Arkansas, US Geol Survey, Arkansas Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Biol Resources Div, Fayetteville, AR 72701 USA. RP Johnson, JE (reprint author), Univ Arkansas, US Geol Survey, Arkansas Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Biol Resources Div, Fayetteville, AR 72701 USA. NR 71 TC 25 Z9 26 U1 0 U2 7 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA SN 0002-8487 J9 T AM FISH SOC JI Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. PD JUL PY 1999 VL 128 IS 4 BP 648 EP 655 DI 10.1577/1548-8659(1999)128<0648:EOSSOV>2.0.CO;2 PG 8 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 351XB UT WOS:000089183800009 ER PT J AU Dauble, DD Johnson, RL Garcia, AP AF Dauble, DD Johnson, RL Garcia, AP TI Fall chinook salmon spawning in the tailraces of lower Snake River hydroelectric projects SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE AMERICAN FISHERIES SOCIETY LA English DT Article AB We conducted studies from 1993 to 1997 to identify and characterize potential spawning habitat of "endangered" fall chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha in areas downstream of four Snake River dams. This information was needed to provide guidelines for future operation of the lower Snake River hydroelectric system, including assessment of reservoir drawdown, and for site-specific construction planning. We used Geographic information System mapping technology to direct our initial search efforts. Suitable spawning habitat was defined based on physical habitat characteristics of the tailrace areas. Redd surveys were conducted in primary search areas and planned construction sites from mid-November through December with an underwater Video system. The survey path and redd locations were mapped by using a Global Positioning System. During the 4-year study, fall chinook salmon redds were found in the tailrace downstream of Lower Granite (LGR), Little Goose (LGO), and Ice Harbor (TK) dams. The redds were the first verified sightings of salmon spawning at their locations since these dams were constructed in 1970, 1975, and 1972, respectively. The total area used for spawning was about 2,560 m(2) for the LGR site and 580 m(2) for the LGO site. Only one redd was found downstream of the IPI project. Redds were in water from 4.0 to 8.1 m deep and on cobble substrate. All redds were adjacent to the outfall Row from juvenile fish bypass systems and on the powerhouse side of the river. Although temporal use was variable among individual projects, within-site fidelity was high. Tailrace spawning accounted for about 12% of the redds in the main stem of the Snake River during 1993 and 1994 but declined to less than 5% in 1996 and 1997. C1 Pacific NW Natl Lab, Richland, WA 99352 USA. US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Idaho Fishery Resource Off, Ahsahka, ID 83520 USA. RP Dauble, DD (reprint author), Pacific NW Natl Lab, POB 999, Richland, WA 99352 USA. NR 30 TC 20 Z9 20 U1 2 U2 5 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA SN 0002-8487 J9 T AM FISH SOC JI Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. PD JUL PY 1999 VL 128 IS 4 BP 672 EP 679 DI 10.1577/1548-8659(1999)128<0672:FCSSIT>2.0.CO;2 PG 8 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 351XB UT WOS:000089183800012 ER PT J AU Osterkamp, WR AF Osterkamp, WR TI Runoff and sediment yield from proxy records: Upper Animas Creek Basin, New Mexico - Introduction SO USDA FOREST SERVICE ROCKY MOUNTAIN RESEARCH STATION RESEARCH PAPER RMRS LA English DT Article DE runoff; sediment yield; erosion; Animas Creek ID PREDICTION AB Analyses of water- and sediment-yield records from the Walnut Gulch Experimental Watershed, the San Simon Wash Basin, and the Jornada Experimental Range, combined with observations of regional variations in climate, geology and soils, vegetation, topography, fire frequency, and land-use history, allow estimates of present conditions of water and sediment discharges in the upper Animas Creek Basin, New Mexico. Further, the records are used to anticipate fluxes of water and sediment should watershed conditions change. Results, intended principally for hydrologists, geomorphologists, and resource managers, suggest that discharges of water and sediment in the upper Animas Creek Basin approximate those of historic, undisturbed conditions, and that erosion rates may be generally lower than those of comparison watersheds. If conversion of grassland to shrubland occurs, sediment yields, due to accelerated upland gully erosion, may increase by 1 to 3 orders of magnitude. However, much of the released sediment would likely be deposited along Animas Creek, never leaving the upper Animas Creek Basin. C1 US Geol Survey, Div Water Resources, Tucson, AZ USA. RP Osterkamp, WR (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Div Water Resources, Tucson, AZ USA. NR 78 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU ROCKY MT RESEARCH STATION PI OGDEN PA 324 25TH ST, OGDEN, UT 84401 USA J9 USDA FOR SERV RM R S PD JUL PY 1999 IS RP-18 BP 1 EP + PG 51 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 236EQ UT WOS:000082585900001 ER PT J AU Westerhoff, P Aiken, G Amy, G Debroux, J AF Westerhoff, P Aiken, G Amy, G Debroux, J TI Relationships between the structure of natural organic matter and its reactivity towards molecular ozone and hydroxyl radicals SO WATER RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE natural organic matter structure; ozone; hydroxyl radical; fulvic acid; kinetics ID AQUATIC HUMIC SUBSTANCES; RATE CONSTANTS; INORGANIC-COMPOUNDS; OZONATION PROCESSES; HYDROGEN-PEROXIDE; WATER; DECOMPOSITION; OXIDATION; NOM AB Oxidation reaction rate parameters for molecular ozone (O-3) and hydroxyl (HO) radicals with a variety of hydrophobic organic acids (HOAs) isolated from different geographic locations were determined from batch ozonation studies. Rate parameter values, obtained under equivalent dissolved organic carbon concentrations in both the presence and absence of non-NOM HO radical scavengers, varied as a function of NOM structure. First-order rate constants for O-3 consumption (k(O3)) averaged 8.8 x 10(-3) s(-1). ranging from 3.9 x 10(-3) s(-1) for a groundwater HOA to > 16 x 10(-3) s(-1) for river HOAs with large terrestrial carbon inputs. The average second-order rate constant (k(HO.DOC)) between HO radicals and NOM was 3.6 x 10(8) l(mol C)(-1) s(-1); a mass of 12 g C per mole C was used in all calculations. Specific ultraviolet absorbance (SUVA) at 254 or 280 nm of the HOAs correlated well (r > 0.9) with O-3 consumption rate parameters, implying that organic pi-electrons strongly and selectively influence oxidative reactivity. HO radical reactions with NOM were less selective, although correlation between k(HO.DOC) and SUVA existed. other physical-chemical properties of NOM. such as aromatic and aliphatic carbon content from C-13-NMR spectroscopy, proved less sensitive for predicting oxidation reactivity. than SUVA. The implication of this study is that the structural nature of NOM varies temporally and spatially in a water source, and both the nature and amount of NOM will influence oxidation rates. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Arizona State Univ, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Tempe, AZ 85287 USA. US Geol Survey, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. Univ Colorado, Dept Civil Environm & Architectural Engn, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Westerhoff, P (reprint author), Arizona State Univ, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Box 5306, Tempe, AZ 85287 USA. NR 37 TC 216 Z9 228 U1 10 U2 121 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0043-1354 J9 WATER RES JI Water Res. PD JUL PY 1999 VL 33 IS 10 BP 2265 EP 2276 DI 10.1016/S0043-1354(98)00447-3 PG 12 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences; Water Resources SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Water Resources GA 207WV UT WOS:000080959500007 ER PT J AU Rehmann, LLC Welty, C Harvey, RW AF Rehmann, LLC Welty, C Harvey, RW TI Stochastic analysis of virus transport in aquifers SO WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID HETEROGENEOUS POROUS-MEDIA; TRANSIENT UNSATURATED FLOW; NONSTATIONARY SPECTRAL METHOD; CONTAMINATED SANDY AQUIFER; BED FILTRATION; WASTE-WATER; BACTERIOPHAGE TRANSPORT; CHEMICAL PERTURBATIONS; NUMERICAL-SIMULATION; COLLOID TRANSPORT AB A large-scale model of virus transport in aquifers is derived using spectral perturbation analysis. The effects of spatial variability in aquifer hydraulic conductivity and virus transport (attachment, detachment, and inactivation) parameters on large-scale virus transport are evaluated. A stochastic mean model of virus transport is developed by linking a simple system of local-scale free-virus transport and attached-virus conservation equations from the current literature with a random-field representation of aquifer and virus transport properties. The resultant mean equations for free and attached viruses are found to differ considerably from the local-scale equations on which they are based and include effects such as a free-virus effective velocity that is a function of aquifer heterogeneity as well as virus transport parameters. Stochastic mean free-virus breakthrough curves are compared with local model output in order to observe the effects of spatial variability on mean one-dimensional virus transport in three-dimensionally heterogeneous porous media. Significant findings from this theoretical analysis include the following: (1) Stochastic model breakthrough occurs earlier than local model breakthrough, and this effect is most pronounced for the least conductive aquifers studied. (2) A high degree of aquifer heterogeneity can lead to virus breakthrough actually preceding that of a conservative tracer. (3) As the mean hydraulic conductivity is increased, the mean model shows less sensitivity to the variance of the natural-logarithm hydraulic conductivity and mean virus diameter. (4) Incorporation of a heterogeneous colloid filtration term results in higher predicted concentrations than a simple first-order adsorption term for a given mean attachment rate. (5) Incorporation of aquifer heterogeneity leads to a greater range of virus diameters for which significant breakthrough occurs. (6) The mean model is more sensitive to the inactivation rate of viruses associated with solid surfaces than to the inactivation rate of viruses in solution. C1 Drexel Univ, Sch Environm Sci Engn & Policy, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA. US Geol Survey, Div Water Resources, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RP Rehmann, LLC (reprint author), 875 Cent Ave, Hammonton, NJ 08037 USA. RI Harvey, Ronald/C-5783-2013 OI Harvey, Ronald/0000-0002-2791-8503 NR 87 TC 50 Z9 50 U1 1 U2 6 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0043-1397 J9 WATER RESOUR RES JI Water Resour. Res. PD JUL PY 1999 VL 35 IS 7 BP 1987 EP 2006 DI 10.1029/1999WR900059 PG 20 WC Environmental Sciences; Limnology; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Water Resources GA 211DV UT WOS:000081145400004 ER PT J AU Morel-Seytoux, HJ Nimmo, JR AF Morel-Seytoux, HJ Nimmo, JR TI Soil water retention and maximum capillary drive from saturation to oven dryness SO WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID INFILTRATION; EQUATION; LENGTH; FIELD AB This paper provides an alternative method to describe the water retention curve over a range of water contents from saturation to oven dryness. It makes two modifications to the standard Brooks and Corey [1964] (B-C) description, one at each end of the suction range. One expression proposed by Rossi and Nimmo [1994] is used in the high-suction range to a zero residual water content. (This Rossi-Nimmo modification to the Brooks-Corey model provides a more realistic description of the retention curve at low water contents.) Near zero suction the second modification eliminates the region where there is a change in suction with no change in water content. Tests on seven soil data sets, using three distinct analytical expressions for the high-, medium-, and low-suction ranges, show that the experimental water retention curves are well fitted by this composite procedure. The high-suction range of saturation contributes little to the maximum capillary drive, defined with a good approximation for a soil water and air system as H(cM) = integral(0)(infinity) k(rw) dh(c), where k(rw) is relative permeability (or conductivity) to water and h(c) is capillary suction, a positive quantity in unsaturatedsoils. As a result, the modification suggested to describe the high-suction range does not significantly affect the equivalence between Brooks-Corey (B-C) and van Genuchten [1980] parameters presented earlier. However, the shape of the retention curve near "natural saturation" has a significant impact on the value of the capillary drive. The estimate using the Brooks-Corey power law, extended to zero suction, will exceed that obtained with the new procedure by 25 to 30%. It is not possible to tell which procedure is appropriate. Tests on another data set, for which relative conductivity data are available, support the view of the authors that measurements of a retention curve coupled with a speculative curve of relative permeability as from a capillary model are not sufficient to accurately determine the (maximum) capillary drive. The capillary drive is a dynamic scalar, whereas the retention curve is of a static character. Only measurements of infiltration rates with time can determine the capillary drive with precision for a given soil. C1 Hydrol Days Publicat, Atherton, CA 94027 USA. US Geol Survey, Div Water Resources, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. RP Morel-Seytoux, HJ (reprint author), Hydrol Days Publicat, 57 Selby Lane, Atherton, CA 94027 USA. EM Hubert@hydroprose.batnet.com; jrnimmo@usgs.gov NR 19 TC 27 Z9 28 U1 1 U2 12 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0043-1397 J9 WATER RESOUR RES JI Water Resour. Res. PD JUL PY 1999 VL 35 IS 7 BP 2031 EP 2041 DI 10.1029/1999WR900121 PG 11 WC Environmental Sciences; Limnology; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Water Resources GA 211DV UT WOS:000081145400007 ER PT J AU Horowitz, AJ Meybeck, M Idlafkih, Z Biger, E AF Horowitz, AJ Meybeck, M Idlafkih, Z Biger, E TI Variations in trace element geochemistry in the Seine River Basin based on floodplain deposits and bed sediments SO HYDROLOGICAL PROCESSES LA English DT Article DE trace elements; geochemistry; Seine River; bed sediments; floodplain sediments; suspended sediment ID DRAINAGE AB Between 1990 and 1995 a series of bed sediment, suspended sediment and fresh floodplain samples were collected within the Seine River Basin, in France, to evaluate variations in trace element geochemistry. Average background trace element levels for the basin were determined from the collection and subsequent analyses of bed sediment samples from small rural watersheds and from a prehistoric (5000 BP) site in Paris. Concentrations are relatively lon, and similar to those observed for line-grained bed sediments from unaffected areas in the United States and Canada. However, the concentrations are somewhat higher than the reference levels presently adopted by French water authorities for areas north of the Seine Basin, which have similar bedrock lithologies. Downstream trace element variations were monitored in 1994 and 1995 using fresh surficial floodplain samples that were collected either as dried deposits a few days after peak discharge, or immediately after peak discharge (under less than or equal to 30 cm of water). Chemical comparisons between fresh floodplain deposits, and actual suspended sediments collected during flood events, indicate that, with some caveats, the former can be used as surrogates for the latter. The floodplain sediment chemical data indicate that within the Seine Basin, from the relatively unaffected headwaters through heavily affected urban streams, trace element concentrations vary by as much as three orders of magnitude. These trace element changes appear to be the result of both increases in population as well as concomitant increases in industrial activity. This article is a US government work and is in the public domain in the United States. C1 US Geol Survey, Water Resources Div, Peachtree Business Ctr, Atlanta, GA 30360 USA. RP Horowitz, AJ (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Water Resources Div, Peachtree Business Ctr, Suite 130,3039 Amwiler Rd, Atlanta, GA 30360 USA. NR 28 TC 61 Z9 61 U1 1 U2 9 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD PI W SUSSEX PA BAFFINS LANE CHICHESTER, W SUSSEX PO19 1UD, ENGLAND SN 0885-6087 J9 HYDROL PROCESS JI Hydrol. Process. PD JUN 30 PY 1999 VL 13 IS 9 BP 1329 EP 1340 DI 10.1002/(SICI)1099-1085(19990630)13:9<1329::AID-HYP811>3.0.CO;2-H PG 12 WC Water Resources SC Water Resources GA 215GP UT WOS:000081373800003 ER PT J AU Leijnse, A Hill, MC AF Leijnse, A Hill, MC TI Model calibration and reliability evaluation for ground-water systems SO ADVANCES IN WATER RESOURCES LA English DT Editorial Material ID FLOW C1 RIVM, NL-3720 BA Bilthoven, Netherlands. US Geol Survey, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RP Leijnse, A (reprint author), RIVM, POB 1, NL-3720 BA Bilthoven, Netherlands. NR 9 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 4 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0309-1708 J9 ADV WATER RESOUR JI Adv. Water Resour. PD JUN 23 PY 1999 VL 22 IS 8 BP 775 EP 776 PG 2 WC Water Resources SC Water Resources GA 213QE UT WOS:000081284100001 ER PT J AU D'Agnese, FA Faunt, CC Hill, MC Turner, AK AF D'Agnese, FA Faunt, CC Hill, MC Turner, AK TI Death valley regional ground-water flow model calibration using optimal parameter estimation methods and geoscientific information systems SO ADVANCES IN WATER RESOURCES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT ModelCARE 96 Conference - Calibration and Reliability in Groundwater Modelling CY SEP 24-26, 1996 CL GOLDEN, COLORADO SP Int Ground Water Modeling Ctr, Int Assoc Hydrol Sci, Int Commiss Groundwater, Int Assoc Hydrogeologists AB A regional-scale, steady-state, saturated-zone ground-water flow model was constructed to evaluate potential regional ground-water flow in the vicinity of Yucca Mountain, Nevada. The model was limited to three layers in an effort to evaluate the characteristics governing large-scale subsurface flow. Geoscientific information systems (GSIS) were used to characterize the complex surface and subsurface hydrogeologic conditions of the area, and this characterization was used to construct likely conceptual models of the flow system. Subsurface properties in this system vary dramatically, producing high contrasts and abrupt contacts. This characteristic, combined with the large scale of the model, make zonation the logical choice for representing the hydraulic-conductivity distribution. Different conceptual models were evaluated using sensitivity analysis and were tested by using nonlinear regression to determine parameter values that are optimal, in that they provide the best match between the measured and simulated heads and flows. The different conceptual models were judged based both on the fit achieved to measured heads and spring flows, and the plausibility of the optimal parameter values. One of the conceptual models considered appears to represent the system most realistically. Any apparent model error is probably caused by the coarse vertical and horizontal discretization. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 US Geol Survey, Div Water Resources, Lakewood, CO USA. RP D'Agnese, FA (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Suite 221,520 N Park Ave, Tucson, AZ 85719 USA. NR 21 TC 33 Z9 35 U1 0 U2 8 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0309-1708 J9 ADV WATER RESOUR JI Adv. Water Resour. PD JUN 23 PY 1999 VL 22 IS 8 BP 777 EP 790 DI 10.1016/S0309-1708(98)00053-0 PG 14 WC Water Resources SC Water Resources GA 213QE UT WOS:000081284100002 ER PT J AU Christensen, S Cooley, RL AF Christensen, S Cooley, RL TI Evaluation of confidence intervals for a steady-state leaky aquifer model SO ADVANCES IN WATER RESOURCES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT ModelCARE 96 Conference - Calibration and Reliability in Groundwater Modelling CY SEP 24-26, 1996 CL GOLDEN, COLORADO SP Int Ground Water Modeling Ctr, Int Assoc Hydrol Sci, Int Commiss Groundwater, Int Assoc Hydrogeologists DE confidence interval; nonlinearity; groundwater flow; model; regression ID GROUNDWATER-FLOW MODELS; NONLINEAR-REGRESSION; HYDROGEOLOGIC INFORMATION; PREDICTION INTERVALS; CALIBRATION; APPROXIMATE; OUTPUT AB The fact that dependent variables of groundwater models are generally nonlinear functions of model parameters is shown to be a potentially significant factor in calculating accurate confidence intervals for both model parameters and functions of the parameters, such as the values of dependent variables calculated by the model. The Lagrangian method of Vecchia and Cooley [Vecchia, A.V. & Cooley, R.L., Water Resources Research, 1987, 23(7), 1237-1250] was used to calculate nonlinear Scheffe-type confidence intervals for the parameters and the simulated heads of a steady-state groundwater flow model covering 450 km(2) of a leaky aquifer. The nonlinear confidence intervals are compared to corresponding linear intervals. As suggested by the significant nonlinearity of the regression model, linear confidence intervals are often not accurate. The commonly made assumption that widths of linear confidence intervals always underestimate the actual (nonlinear) widths was not correct. Results show that nonlinear effects can cause the nonlinear intervals to be asymmetric and either larger or smaller than the linear approximations. Prior information on transmissivities helps reduce the size of the confidence intervals, with the most notable effects occurring for the parameters on which there is prior information and for head values in parameter zones for which there is prior information on the parameters. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Aarhus Univ, Dept Earth Sci, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark. US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Div Water Resources, Lakewood, CO 80225 USA. RP Christensen, S (reprint author), Aarhus Univ, Dept Earth Sci, Ny Munkegade B 520, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark. RI Christensen, Steen/A-2016-2012 OI Christensen, Steen/0000-0002-9251-2315 NR 23 TC 20 Z9 20 U1 1 U2 3 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0309-1708 J9 ADV WATER RESOUR JI Adv. Water Resour. PD JUN 23 PY 1999 VL 22 IS 8 BP 807 EP 817 DI 10.1016/S0309-1708(98)00055-4 PG 11 WC Water Resources SC Water Resources GA 213QE UT WOS:000081284100004 ER PT J AU Hershberger, PK Kocan, RM Elder, NE Meyers, TR Winton, JR AF Hershberger, PK Kocan, RM Elder, NE Meyers, TR Winton, JR TI Epizootiology of viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus in Pacific herring from the spawn-on-kelp fishery in Prince William Sound, Alaska, USA SO DISEASES OF AQUATIC ORGANISMS LA English DT Article DE VHSV; virus; herring; epizootiology; disease ID VHS AB Both the prevalence and tissue titer of viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (VHSV) increased in Pacific herring Clupea pallasi following their introduction into net pens (pounds) used in the closed pound spawn-on-kelp (SOK) fishery in Prince William Sound, Alaska. VHSV was also found in water samples from inside and outside the SOK pounds after herring had been confined for several days; however, water samples taken near wild free-ranging, spawning herring either failed to test positive or tested weakly positive for virus. Little or no virus was found in tissue samples from free-ranging, spawning herring captured from the vicinity of the pounds, nor did the prevalence of VHSV increase following spawning as it did in impounded herring. The data indicated that increased prevalences of VHSV were correlated with confinement of herring for the closed pound SOK fishery and that infection was spread within the pounds through waterborne exposure to virus particles originating from impounded fish. In addition, pounds containing predominantly young fish had higher prevalences of VHSV, suggesting that older fish may be partially immune, perhaps as a result of previous infection with the virus. Operation of SOK pounds during spawning seasons in which young herring predominate may amplify the disease and possibly exacerbate the population fluctuations observed in wild herring stocks. C1 Univ Washington, Sch Fisheries, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. US Geol Survey, Biol Resource Div, Marrowstone Marine Stn, Nordland, WA 98358 USA. Alaska Dept Fish & Game, Juneau Fish Pathol Lab, Juneau, AK 99802 USA. US Geol Survey, Western Fisheries Res Ctr, Biol Resource Div, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. RP Hershberger, PK (reprint author), Univ Washington, Sch Fisheries, Box 355100, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. NR 26 TC 45 Z9 46 U1 0 U2 6 PU INTER-RESEARCH PI OLDENDORF LUHE PA NORDBUNTE 23, D-21385 OLDENDORF LUHE, GERMANY SN 0177-5103 J9 DIS AQUAT ORGAN JI Dis. Aquat. Org. PD JUN 23 PY 1999 VL 37 IS 1 BP 23 EP 31 DI 10.3354/dao037023 PG 9 WC Fisheries; Veterinary Sciences SC Fisheries; Veterinary Sciences GA 231ZU UT WOS:000082341900003 PM 10439900 ER PT J AU Hostetler, SW Mix, AC AF Hostetler, SW Mix, AC TI Reassessment of ice-age cooling of the tropical ocean and atmosphere SO NATURE LA English DT Article ID LAST GLACIAL MAXIMUM; CLIMATE; MODEL; CIRCULATION; SIMULATION; VARIABILITY; ATLANTIC AB The CLIMAP(1) project's reconstruction of past sea surface temperature inferred limited ice-age cooling in the tropical oceans. This conclusion has been controversial, however, because of the greater cooling indicated by other terrestrial and ocean proxy data(2-6). A new faunal sea surface temperature reconstruction, calibrated using the variation of foraminiferal species through time, better represents ice-age faunal assemblages and so reveals greater cooling than CLIMAP in the equatorial current systems of the eastern Pacific and tropical Atlantic oceans(7). Here we explore the climatic implications of this revised sea surface temperature field for the Last Glacial Maximum using an atmospheric general circulation model. Relative to model results obtained using CLIMAP sea surface temperatures, the cooler equatorial oceans modify seasonal air temperatures by 1-2 degrees C or more across parts of South America, Africa and southeast Asia and cause attendant changes in regional moisture patterns. In our simulation of the Last Glacial Maximum,the Amazon lowlands, for example, are cooler and drier, whereas the Andean highlands are cooler and wetter than:the control simulation. Our results may:help to resolve some of the apparent disagreements between oceanic and continental proxy climate data. Moreover, they suggest a wind-related mechanism for enhancing the export of water vapour from the Atlantic to the Indo-Pacific oceans, which may link variations in deep-water production and high-latitude climate changes to equatorial, sea surface temperatures. C1 US Geol Survey, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. Oregon State Univ, Coll Ocean & Atmospher Sci, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. RP Hostetler, SW (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 200 SW 35th St, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. NR 29 TC 86 Z9 92 U1 3 U2 11 PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD PI LONDON PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND SN 0028-0836 J9 NATURE JI Nature PD JUN 17 PY 1999 VL 399 IS 6737 BP 673 EP 676 DI 10.1038/21401 PG 4 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 207JB UT WOS:000080932800055 ER PT J AU Kile, DE Wershaw, RL Chiou, CT AF Kile, DE Wershaw, RL Chiou, CT TI Correlation of soil and sediment organic matter polarity to aqueous sorption of nonionic compounds SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID HUMIC SUBSTANCES; WHOLE SOILS; NMR; PARTITION; WATER AB Polarities of the soil/sediment organic matter (SOM) in 19 soil and 9 freshwater sediment samples were determined from solid-state C-13-CP/MAS NMR spectra and compared with published partition coefficients (K-oc) of carbon tetrachloride (CT) from aqueous solution. Nondestructive analysis of whole samples by solid-state NMR permits a direct assessment of the polarity of SOM that is not possible by elemental analysis. The percent of organic carbon associated with polar functional groups was estimated from the combined fraction of carbohydrate and carboxyl-amide-ester carbons. A plot of the measured partition coefficients (K-oc) of carbon tetrachloride (CT) vs. percent polar organic carbon (POC) shows distinctly different populations of soils and sediments as well as a roughly inverse trend among the soil/sediment populations. Plots of K-oc values for CT against other structural group carbon fractions did not yield distinct populations. The results indicate that the polarity of SOM is a significant factor in accounting for differences in K-oc between the organic matter in soils and sediments. The alternate direct correlation of the sum of aliphatic and aromatic structural carbons with K-oc illustrates the influence of nonpolar hydrocarbon on solute partition interaction. Additional elemental analysis data of selected samples further substantiate the effect of the organic matter polarity on the partition efficiency of nonpolar solutes. The separation between soil and sediment samples based on percent POC reflects definite differences of the properties of soil and sediment organic matters that are attributable to diagenesis. C1 US Geol Survey, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Denver, CO 80225 USA. RP Kile, DE (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 3215 Marine St, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RI Chiou, Cary/C-3203-2013 NR 23 TC 97 Z9 103 U1 3 U2 24 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0013-936X J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD JUN 15 PY 1999 VL 33 IS 12 BP 2053 EP 2056 DI 10.1021/es980816o PG 4 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 207ZN UT WOS:000080965800016 ER PT J AU Ewe, SML Sternberg, LDL Busch, DE AF Ewe, SML Sternberg, LDL Busch, DE TI Water-use patterns of woody species in pineland and hammock communities of South Florida SO FOREST ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE water potential; water uptake; everglades; groundwater; soils; delta D; delta O-18 AB Rockland pine forests of south Florida dominated by Pinus elliottii var. densa characteristically have poor soil development in relation to neighboring hardwood hammocks. This has led to the hypothesis that Everglades hammock trees are more reliant on soil moisture derived from local precipitation whereas pineland plants must depend more on groundwater linked to broader regional hydrologic patterns. Because soil moisture sources are likely to vary more than groundwater sources, we hypothesized that hammock plants would exhibit correspondingly higher levels of dry season water stress. This was examined by measuring predawn water potentials, and by analyzing water uptake in representative hammock and pineland woody species using stable isotopes of plant water and that of potential sources during wet and dry seasons. Two species typical of each of the two communities were selected; a fifth species which was found in both communities, Lysiloma latisiliqua Benth., was also analyzed. Water content of soils in both communities decreased from wet to dry season. Consistent with our hypothesis, the change in predawn water potentials between the wet and dry season was less in pineland species than that of hammock species. Water potential changes in L. latisiliqua in both communities resembled that of hammock species more than pineland plants. Isotopic data showed that pineland species rely proportionately more on groundwater than hammock species. Nevertheless, unlike hammock species in the Florida Keys, mainland hammock species utilized a substantial amount of groundwater during the dry season. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Miami, Dept Biol, Coral Gables, FL 33124 USA. USGS, Biol Resources Div, Reg Ecosyst Off, Portland, OR 97208 USA. RP Sternberg, LDL (reprint author), Univ Miami, Dept Biol, Coral Gables, FL 33124 USA. EM lsternberg@umiami.ir.miami.edu NR 21 TC 28 Z9 39 U1 4 U2 12 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0378-1127 J9 FOREST ECOL MANAG JI For. Ecol. Manage. PD JUN 14 PY 1999 VL 118 IS 1-3 BP 139 EP 148 DI 10.1016/S0378-1127(98)00493-9 PG 10 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 183PK UT WOS:000079561800013 ER PT J AU Keeley, JE Fotheringham, CJ Morais, M AF Keeley, JE Fotheringham, CJ Morais, M TI Reexamining fire suppression impacts on brushland fire regimes SO SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID FOREST AB California shrubland wildfires are increasingly destructive, and it is widely held that the problem has been intensified by fire suppression, leading to larger, more intense wildfires. However, analysis of the California Statewide Fire History Database shows that, since 1910, fire frequency and area burned have not declined, and fire size has not increased. Fire rotation intervals have declined, and fire season has not changed, implying that fire intensity has not increased. Fire frequency and population density were correlated, and it is suggested that fire suppression plays a critical role in offsetting potential impacts of increased ignitions. Large fires were not dependent on old age classes of fuels, and it is thus unlikely that age class manipulation of fuels can prevent large fires. Expansion of the urban-wildland interface is a key factor in wildland fire destruction. C1 US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Western Ecol Res Ctr, Sequoia Kings Canyon Field Stn, Three Rivers, CA 93721 USA. Calif State Univ Los Angeles, Ctr Environm Anal, Ctr Res Excellence Sci & Technol, Dept Biol & Microbiol, Los Angeles, CA 90032 USA. Natl Pk Serv, Santa Monica Mt Natl Recreat Area, Thousand Oaks, CA 91360 USA. RP Keeley, JE (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Western Ecol Res Ctr, Sequoia Kings Canyon Field Stn, 47050 Gen Highway, Three Rivers, CA 93721 USA. NR 23 TC 249 Z9 258 U1 6 U2 37 PU AMER ASSOC ADVANCEMENT SCIENCE PI WASHINGTON PA 1200 NEW YORK AVE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 USA SN 0036-8075 J9 SCIENCE JI Science PD JUN 11 PY 1999 VL 284 IS 5421 BP 1829 EP 1832 DI 10.1126/science.284.5421.1829 PG 4 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 205EU UT WOS:000080809000048 ER PT J AU Hagstrum, JT Swanson, DA Evarts, RC AF Hagstrum, JT Swanson, DA Evarts, RC TI Paleomagnetism of an east-west transect across the Cascade arc in southern Washington: Implications for regional tectonism SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SOLID EARTH LA English DT Article ID PACIFIC-NORTHWEST; ROTATION; OREGON; MARGIN; RANGE; DEFORMATION; CALIFORNIA; PROVINCE; GEOLOGY; RECORD AB Paleomagnetic data from a transect across the Cascade are in southern Washington were collected to test models of vertical axis rotations for this part of the Pacific Northwest and to provide information on the tectonic history of the St. Helens seismic zone. The 75 site-mean directions are divided into three groups based on isotopic, fission track, and stratigraphic ages. Group 1 consists of samples from rocks deposited between 39 and 30 Ma and shows a mean clockwise vertical axis rotation of 34 degrees +/- 13 degrees, group 2 consists of samples from rocks deposited between 30 and 24 Ma and shows a mean clockwise rotation of 17 degrees +/- 11 degrees, a,nd group 3 consists of samples from rocks between 24 and 16 Ma and shows a mean clockwise rotation of 20 degrees +/- 12 degrees. Although these three values of rotation are statistically indistinguishable at the 95% confidence level, we interpret them in combination with other data to indicate differential rotation across the St. Helens seismic zone (SHZ). The available paleomagnetic data for Eocene-Oligocene rocks west of the seismic zone show clockwise vertical axis rotations of 30 degrees +/- 8 degrees and 35 degrees +/- 9 degrees consistent with the value for group I. The rotational values for groups 2 and 3 and the intrusive suite of Kidd Creek (13 Ma), despite their different ages, have similar values east of the SHZ. Comparing these groups of data east and west of the seismic zone indicates a differential rotation of 10 degrees +/- 3 degrees across it. In addition, the rates of rotation in southern. Washington are similar to those for rocks in the western Cascades of Oregon and indicate that rotational deformation of Miocene age extends northward into southern Washington and eastward into the axis of the arc. C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. US Geol Survey, Hawaiian Volcano Observ, Hawaii Natl Pk, HI 96718 USA. RP Hagstrum, JT (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 345 Middlefield Rd,MS 937, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. EM jhag@usgs.gov; donswan@usgs.gov; revarts@usgs.gov NR 46 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-9313 EI 2169-9356 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-SOL EA JI J. Geophys. Res.-Solid Earth PD JUN 10 PY 1999 VL 104 IS B6 BP 12853 EP 12863 DI 10.1029/1999JB900077 PG 11 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 205GM UT WOS:000080813000009 ER PT J AU Goff, JA Holliger, K AF Goff, JA Holliger, K TI Nature and origin of upper crustal seismic velocity fluctuations and associated scaling properties: Combined stochastic analyses of KTB velocity and lithology logs SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SOLID EARTH LA English DT Article ID LEWISIAN GNEISS COMPLEX; SEAFLOOR MORPHOLOGY; CRYSTALLINE CRUST; SONIC LOGS; 1/F NOISE; HETEROGENEITY; BOREHOLE; ZONE; SCOTLAND; MODEL AB The main borehole of the German Continental Deep Drilling Program (KTB) extends over 9000 m into a crystalline upper crust consisting primarily of interlayered gneiss and metabasite. We present a joint analysis of the velocity and lithology logs in an effort to extract the lithology component of the velocity log. Covariance analysis of lithology log, approximated as a binary series, indicates that it may originate from the superposition of two Brownian stochastic processes (fractal dimension 1.5) with characteristic scales of similar to 2800 m and similar to 150 m, respectively. Covariance analysis of the velocity fluctuations provides evidence for the superposition of four stochastic process with distinct characteristic scales. The largest two scales are identical to those derived from the lithology, confirming that these scales of:velocity heterogeneity are caused by lithology variations. The third characteristic scale, similar to 20 m, also a Brownian process, is probably related to fracturing based on correlation with the resistivity log. The superposition of these three Brownian processes closely mimics the commonly observed 1/k decay (fractal dimension 2.0) of the velocity power spectrum. The smallest scale process (characteristic scale similar to 1.7 m) requires a low fractal dimension, similar to 1.0, and accounts for similar to 60% of the total rms velocity variation. A comparison of successive logs from 6900-7140 m depth indicates that such variations are not repeatable and thus probably do not represent true velocity variations in the crust. The results of this study resolve disparity between the differing published estimates of seismic heterogeneity based on the KTB sonic logs, and bridge the gap between estimates of crustal heterogeneity from geologic maps and borehole logs. C1 Univ Texas, Inst Geophys, Austin, TX 78759 USA. US Geol Survey, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. ETH Honggerberg, Swiss Fed Inst Technol, Inst Geophys, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland. RP Goff, JA (reprint author), Univ Texas, Inst Geophys, 4412 Spicewood Springs Rd,Bldg 600, Austin, TX 78759 USA. EM goff@utig.ig.utexas.edu; holliger@gco.phys.ethz.ch RI Goff, John/B-9972-2008 OI Goff, John/0000-0001-9246-5048 NR 28 TC 42 Z9 42 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-9313 EI 2169-9356 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-SOL EA JI J. Geophys. Res.-Solid Earth PD JUN 10 PY 1999 VL 104 IS B6 BP 13169 EP 13182 DI 10.1029/1999JB900129 PG 14 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 205GM UT WOS:000080813000030 ER PT J AU Tian, HQ Melillo, JM Kicklighter, DW McGuire, AD Moore, B Vorosmarty, CJ AF Tian, HQ Melillo, JM Kicklighter, DW McGuire, AD Moore, B Vorosmarty, CJ TI Parameters for global ecosystem models - Reply SO NATURE LA English DT Letter C1 Marine Biol Lab, Ctr Ecosyst, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. Univ Alaska, US Geol Survey, Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA. Univ New Hampshire, Inst Study Earth Oceans & Space, Durham, NH 03824 USA. RP Tian, HQ (reprint author), Marine Biol Lab, Ctr Ecosyst, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. RI Tian, Hanqin/A-6484-2012 OI Tian, Hanqin/0000-0002-1806-4091 NR 5 TC 6 Z9 7 U1 3 U2 7 PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD PI LONDON PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND SN 0028-0836 J9 NATURE JI Nature PD JUN 10 PY 1999 VL 399 IS 6736 BP 536 EP 536 DI 10.1038/21102 PG 1 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 204RR UT WOS:000080778400040 ER PT J AU Jiang, SY Palmer, MR Slack, JF Shaw, DR AF Jiang, SY Palmer, MR Slack, JF Shaw, DR TI Boron isotope systematics of tourmaline formation in the Sullivan Pb-Zn-Ag deposit, British Columbia, Canada SO CHEMICAL GEOLOGY LA English DT Article DE boron isotopes; tourmaline formation; Sullivan Pb-Zn-Ag deposit; British Columbia ID MASSIVE SULFIDE DEPOSITS; PURCELL SUPERGROUP; ORE-DEPOSITS; MOYIE SILLS; SEDIMENTS; CHEMISTRY; BELT; MINERALIZATION; FRACTIONATION; METAMORPHISM AB We report here the results of 54 boron isotope analyses of tourmaline associated with the giant Sullivan Pb-Zn-Ag deposit in southeastern British Columbia, Canada. The delta(11)B values range from - 11.1 to - 2.9 parts per thousand, which is almost as great as the range found worldwide in tourmalines from 33 massive sulfide deposits and tourmalinites in dominantly elastic metasedimentary terranes. The major control on the overall delta(11)B values of the Sullivan tourmalinites is the boron source. Potential controls over the large range of the data also include: (1) differences in formation temperatures of the tourmalinites, (2) different stages of tourmaline formation, (3) variations in the proportions of dissolved boron incorporated into the tourmaline (Rayleigh fractionation), (4) seawater entrainment, and (5) post-depositional metamorphism. The boron isotope data at Sullivan are consistent with boron derivation from leaching of footwall elastic sediments. However, the great abundance of tourmaline in the Sullivan deposit suggests that the local elastic sediments were not the sole source of boron, and we argue that non-marine evaporites, buried deep below the orebody, are the most viable source of this additional boron. It is likely that some of the variation in tourmaline delta(11)B values reflect mixing of boron from these two sources. Comparison of the potential effects of these controls with geologic and other geochemical evidence suggests that major causes for the wide range of delta(11)B values measured at Sullivan are seawater entrainment and Rayleigh fractionation, although in places, post-depositional alteration and thermal metamorphism were important in determining delta(11)B values of some of the recrystallized tourmalinites. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Bristol, Dept Earth Sci, Bristol BS8 1RJ, Avon, England. Max Planck Inst Chem, Otto Hahn Inst, Abt Geochem, D-55020 Mainz, Germany. US Geol Survey, Natl Ctr, Reston, VA 20192 USA. Hycal Energy Res Labs, Calgary, AB T2E 6T6, Canada. RP Jiang, SY (reprint author), Univ Bristol, Dept Earth Sci, Bristol BS8 1RJ, Avon, England. RI Palmer, Martin/I-6765-2012 OI Palmer, Martin/0000-0003-1660-3714 NR 56 TC 29 Z9 35 U1 0 U2 8 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0009-2541 J9 CHEM GEOL JI Chem. Geol. PD JUN 3 PY 1999 VL 158 IS 1-2 BP 131 EP 144 DI 10.1016/S0009-2541(99)00023-6 PG 14 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 195MF UT WOS:000080254200008 ER PT J AU Howard, RJ Mendelssohn, IA AF Howard, RJ Mendelssohn, IA TI Salinity as a constraint on growth of oligohaline marsh macrophytes. I. Species variation in stress tolerance SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY LA English DT Article DE coastal marsh; Louisiana; plant growth; salinity stress; stress tolerance; wetlands ID SEA-LEVEL RISE; FRESH-WATER; INTRASPECIFIC VARIATION; SPARTINA-ALTERNIFLORA; PANICUM-HEMITOMON; PLANT COMMUNITY; SALT TOLERANCE; RESPONSES; VEGETATION; MORPHOLOGY AB The effects of increased salinity on plant growth were examined in a greenhouse experiment with four species common to oligohaline marshes of the northern Gulf of Mexico: Eleocharis palustris, Panicum hemitomon, Sagittaria lancifolia, and Scirpus americanus. Effects of final salinity reached (6 or 12 g/L), salinity influx rate (3 d or 3 wk), and duration of exposure (1, 2, or 3 mo) were investigated. Sagittaria lancifolia was the first species to show visible signs of stress, with browning and curling of older leaf edges. The salt effect was delayed for 6-8 wk in P. hemitomon, but this species had the highest aboveground tissue mortality rate at 12 g/L as exposure continued. Final salt concentration affected all species to a greater degree than did salinity influx tate. No aboveground mortality occurred at 6 g/L. but growth suppression was apparent and varied with species. The magnitude of growth suppression in response to salinity increased for all species as the duration of exposure increased. Overall, we ranked the species as follows. in order from least to most salt tolerant. Panicum hemitomon < Sagittaria lancifolia < Eleocharis palustris < Scirpus americanus. This ranking reflects the field occurrence of these species along a gradient of increasing salinity in northern Gulf of Mexico coastal habitats from freshwater wetlands through oligohaline areas to mesohaline wetlands. C1 US Geol Survey, Natl Wetlands Res Ctr, Lafayette, LA 70506 USA. Louisiana State Univ, Wetlands Biogeochem Inst, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA. RP Howard, RJ (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Natl Wetlands Res Ctr, 700 Cajundome Blvd, Lafayette, LA 70506 USA. NR 36 TC 51 Z9 52 U1 4 U2 24 PU BOTANICAL SOC AMER INC PI COLUMBUS PA OHIO STATE UNIV-DEPT BOTANY 1735 NEIL AVE, COLUMBUS, OH 43210 USA SN 0002-9122 J9 AM J BOT JI Am. J. Bot. PD JUN PY 1999 VL 86 IS 6 BP 785 EP 794 DI 10.2307/2656700 PG 10 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 208WW UT WOS:000081015700005 PM 10371721 ER PT J AU Howard, RJ Mendelssohn, IA AF Howard, RJ Mendelssohn, IA TI Salinity as a constraint on growth of oligohaline marsh macrophytes. II. Salt pulses and recovery potential SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY LA English DT Article DE coastal marsh; Louisiana; plant growth recovery; resiliency; salinity stress; wetlands ID VIRGINICUS L KUNTH; FRESH-WATER; SAGITTARIA-LANCIFOLIA; SALTWATER INTRUSION; COASTAL MARSHES; VEGETATION; RESPONSES; TOLERANCE; PLANTS AB The ability of common oligohaline marsh macrophytes of the northern Gulf of Mexico coast to recover from pulses of increased salinity was investigated in a greenhouse: experiment with Eleocharis palustris, Panicum hemitomon, Sagittaria lancifolia, and Scirpus americanus monocultures. Components of salinity pulses applied were final salinity reached (6 or 12 g/L), salinity influx rate (3 d or 3 wk), and duration of exposure (1, 3, or 3 mo). After each exposure period, we placed plants into freshwater until the end of the 120-d experiment to determine recovery potential. The four species varied in their ability to recover from the salinity pulses. Within a species, recovery varied with final salinity level and duration of exposure, and to a lesser extent with salinity influx rate. Scirpus americanus, growth of which was stimulated by <3 mo of exposure to 6 g/L, was able to recover even under the most extreme conditions of exposure to 12 g/L salinity for 3 mo. Ability to recover decreased with increased salinity and increased duration of exposure for the remaining three species. Recovery of specific aspects of growth was also suppressed in these species by a rapid salinity influx rate compared to a slow influx rate. The complex variations in recovery patterns displayed by the different species may lead to changes in species dominance following the short-term salinity pulses that can occur during storm events, which in turn may affect marsh plant community composition and structure. C1 US Geol Survey, Natl Wetlands Res Ctr, Lafayette, LA 70506 USA. Louisiana State Univ, Wetlands Biogeochem Inst, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA. RP Howard, RJ (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Natl Wetlands Res Ctr, 700 Cajundome Blvd, Lafayette, LA 70506 USA. NR 42 TC 23 Z9 25 U1 4 U2 10 PU BOTANICAL SOC AMER INC PI COLUMBUS PA OHIO STATE UNIV-DEPT BOTANY 1735 NEIL AVE, COLUMBUS, OH 43210 USA SN 0002-9122 J9 AM J BOT JI Am. J. Bot. PD JUN PY 1999 VL 86 IS 6 BP 795 EP 806 DI 10.2307/2656701 PG 12 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 208WW UT WOS:000081015700006 PM 10371722 ER PT J AU Karabinos, P Aleinikoff, JN Fanning, CM AF Karabinos, P Aleinikoff, JN Fanning, CM TI Distinguishing Grenvillian basement from pre-Taconian cover rocks in the northern Appalachians SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID GASSETTS SCHIST; NEW-ENGLAND; VERMONT; GARNET; EVAPORATION; METAMORPHISM; COMPLEX; GRAIN; EVENT; PB AB Distinguishing Grenvillian basement rocks from pre-Taconian cover sequences in the Appalachians is a first-order problem essential for accurate structural interpretations. The Cavendish Formation in southeastern Vermont presents a classic example of this problem. Doll and others (1961) showed the Cavendish Formation as younger than the Middle Proterozoic Mount Holly Complex but older than the lithologically similar Cambrian Tyson and Hoosac Formations. More recently, the name Cavendish Formation has been informally abandoned, and its metasedimentary units have been mapped as the Tyson and Hoosac Formations of Late Proterozoic to Cambrian age. In a radical departure from these interpretations, Ratcliffe and others (1997) reassigned metasedimentary rocks of the Cavendish Formation to the Mount Holly Complex based on an inferred intrusive relationship between them and a 1.42 Ga tonalite. This new age assignment, if correct, requires a completely new structural interpretation of the region. SHRIMP and Pb evaporation ages of detrital zircons extracted from a quartzite layer from Cavendish Gorge near the proposed intrusive contact with the tonalite constrain the time of deposition of the Cavendish Formation. Grain shapes of the zircons vary from euhedral to nearly spherical. Virtually all the grains have pitted surfaces and show at least some rounding of edges and terminations; grains exhibit oscillatory zoning typical of zircons that crystallized from a magma. Single-grain Pb evaporation analyses of ten zircons and SHRIMP analyses of 15 zircons all yield ages less than 1.42 Ga Seven of the grains are consistent with derivation from the Bull Hill Gneiss that postdates the Grenville orogenic cycle and predates deposition of the Cavendish Formation. Thus, the metasedimentary units of the Cavendish Formation should not be assigned to the Mount Holly Complex. C1 Williams Coll, Dept Geol, Williamstown, MA 01267 USA. US Geol Survey, Denver, CO 80225 USA. Australian Natl Univ, Res Sch Earth Sci, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia. RP Karabinos, P (reprint author), Williams Coll, Dept Geol, Williamstown, MA 01267 USA. RI Fanning, C. Mark/I-6449-2016 OI Fanning, C. Mark/0000-0003-3331-3145 NR 35 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 0 PU KLINE GEOLOGY LABORATORY PI NEW HAVEN PA YALE UNIV, NEW HAVEN, CT 06520-8109 USA SN 0002-9599 J9 AM J SCI JI Am. J. Sci. PD JUN PY 1999 VL 299 IS 6 BP 502 EP 515 DI 10.2475/ajs.299.6.502 PG 14 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 261RH UT WOS:000084022400003 ER PT J AU West, AE Brooks, PD Fisk, MC Smith, LK Holland, EA Jaeger, CH Babcock, S Lai, RS Schmidt, SK AF West, AE Brooks, PD Fisk, MC Smith, LK Holland, EA Jaeger, CH Babcock, S Lai, RS Schmidt, SK TI Landscape patterns of CH4 fluxes in an alpine tundra ecosystem SO BIOGEOCHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE alpine tundra; methane; trace gas ID NITROUS-OXIDE FLUX; ATMOSPHERIC METHANE; SPATIAL VARIATION; FOREST SOILS; CONSUMPTION; TEMPERATURE; RESPONSES; OXIDATION; EMISSION; WATER AB We measured CH4 fluxes from three major plant communities characteristic of alpine tundra in the Colorado Front Range. Plant communities in this ecosystem are determined by soil moisture regimes induced by winter snowpack distribution. Spatial patterns of CH4 flux during the snow-free season corresponded roughly with these plant communities. In Carex-dominated meadows, which receive the most moisture from snowmelt, net CH4 production occurred. However, CH4 production in one Carex site (seasonal mean = +8.45 mg CH4 m(-2) d(-1)) was significantly larger than in the other Carex sites (seasonal means = -0.06 and +0.05 mg CH4 m(-2) d(-1)). This high CH4 flux may have resulted from shallower snowpack during the winter. In Acomastylis meadows, which have an intermediate moisture regime, CH4 oxidation dominated (seasonal mean = -0.43 mg CH4 m(-2) d(-1)). In the windswept Kobresia meadow plant community, which receive the least amount of moisture from snowmelt, only CH4 oxidation was observed (seasonal mean = -0.77 mg CH4 m(-2) d(-1)). Methane fluxes correlated with a different set of environmental factors within each plant community. In the Carex plant community, CH4 emission was limited by soil temperature. In the Acomastylis meadows, CH4 oxidation rates correlated positively with soil temperature and negatively with soil moisture. In the Kobresia community, CH4 oxidation was stimulated by precipitation. Thus, both snow-free season CH4 fluxes and the controls on those CH4 fluxes were related to the plant communities determined by winter snowpack.We measured CH4 fluxes from three major plant communities characteristic of alpine tundra in the Colorado Front Range. Plant communities in this ecosystem are determined by soil moisture regimes induced by winter snowpack distribution. Spatial patterns of CH4 flux during the snow-free season corresponded roughly with these plant communities. In Carex-dominated meadows, which receive the most moisture from snowmelt, net CH4 production occurred. However, CH4 production in one Carex site (seasonal mean = +8.45 mg CH4 m(-2) d(-1)) was significantly larger than in the other Carex sites (seasonal means = -0.06 and +0.05 mg CH4 m(-2) d(-1)). This high CH4 flux may have resulted from shallower snowpack during the winter. In Acomastylis meadows, which have an intermediate moisture regime, CH4 oxidation dominated (seasonal mean = -0.43 mg CH4 m(-2) d(-1)). In the windswept Kobresia meadow plant community, which receive the least amount of moisture from snowmelt, only CH4 oxidation was observed (seasonal mean = -0.77 mg CH4 m(-2) d(-1)). Methane fluxes correlated with a different set of environmental factors within each plant community. In the Carex plant community, CH4 emission was limited by soil temperature. In the Acomastylis meadows, CH4 oxidation rates correlated positively with soil temperature and negatively with soil moisture. In the Kobresia community, CH4 oxidation was stimulated by precipitation. Thus, both snow-free season CH4 fluxes and the controls on those CH4 fluxes were related to the plant communities determined by winter snowpack. C1 Univ Colorado, EPO Biol, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. USGS, WRD, Boulder, CO 80803 USA. Cornell Univ, Dept Nat Resources, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. Univ Colorado, CIRES, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Boulder, CO 80307 USA. Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Ecosyst Sci Policy & Management, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. RP West, AE (reprint author), Univ Colorado, EPO Biol, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RI Schmidt, Steven/G-2771-2010 OI Schmidt, Steven/0000-0002-9175-2085 NR 49 TC 36 Z9 44 U1 1 U2 6 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0168-2563 J9 BIOGEOCHEMISTRY JI Biogeochemistry PD JUN PY 1999 VL 45 IS 3 BP 243 EP 264 DI 10.1023/A:1006130911046 PG 22 WC Environmental Sciences; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Geology GA 195GF UT WOS:000080241700002 ER PT J AU Stanley, TR Burnham, KP AF Stanley, TR Burnham, KP TI A goodness-of-fit test for capture-recapture model M-t under closure SO BIOMETRICS LA English DT Article DE capture-recapture; Darroch's model; goodness-of-fit; Jolly-Seber model; population estimation; time-specific model ID ESTIMATING ANIMAL ABUNDANCE; JOLLY-SEBER MODEL; SURVIVAL AB A new, fully efficient goodness-of-fit test for the time-specific closed-population capture-recapture model M-t is presented. This test is based on the residual distribution of the capture history data given the maximum likelihood parameter estimates under model M-t, is partitioned into informative components, and is based on chi-square statistics. Comparison of this test with Leslie's test (Leslie, 1958, Journal of Animal Ecology 27, 84-86) for model M-t, using Monte Carlo simulations, shows the new test generally outperforms Leslie's test. The new test is frequently computable when Leslie's test is not, has Type I error rates that are closer to nominal error rates than Leslie's test, and is sensitive to behavioral variation and heterogeneity in capture probabilities. Leslie's test is not sensitive to behavioral variation in capture probabilities but, when computable, has greater power to detect heterogeneity than the new test. C1 US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Midcontinent Ecol Sci Ctr, Ft Collins, CO 80525 USA. Colorado State Univ, Colorado Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. RP Stanley, TR (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Midcontinent Ecol Sci Ctr, 4512 McMurry Ave, Ft Collins, CO 80525 USA. EM tom_stanley@usgs.gov NR 23 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 1 U2 7 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ USA SN 0006-341X EI 1541-0420 J9 BIOMETRICS JI Biometrics PD JUN PY 1999 VL 55 IS 2 BP 366 EP 375 DI 10.1111/j.0006-341X.1999.00366.x PG 10 WC Biology; Mathematical & Computational Biology; Statistics & Probability SC Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics; Mathematical & Computational Biology; Mathematics GA 214GT UT WOS:000081320800006 PM 11318189 ER PT J AU Hess, SC Banko, PC Brenner, GJ Jacobi, JD AF Hess, SC Banko, PC Brenner, GJ Jacobi, JD TI Factors related to the recovery of subalpine woodland on Mauna Kea, Hawaii SO BIOTROPICA LA English DT Article DE browse damage; Hawaii; invasive grasses; Loxioides; mamane; palila; recovery; Sophora; subalpine woodland ID FOREST; PALILA; BAILLEUI; FIRE AB We measured mature tree and sapling density, tree associations, crown size, age structure, recovery from ungulate browsing, and grass cover at four study sites in two types of subalpine woodland on Mauna Kea volcano, island of Hawaii. Beginning in 1981, introduced ungulates were reduced in number to allow regeneration of Sophora chrysophylla (mamane) in habitat supporting the endangered Hawaiian finch, Loxioides bailleui (palila). We found Sophora regeneration at all four study sites, but regeneration was higher in mixed species woodland with codominant Myoporum sandwicense (naio) than in areas where Sophora dominated. Regeneration of Myoporum was uniformly very low in comparison. Invasive grass cover, which suppresses Sophora germination, was highest in mid-elevation woodland where Sophora dominated. The distribution of mature and sapling Sophora were both related to study site, reflecting previous ungulate browsing and uneven recovery due to grasses. Densities of Sophora snags were not different among any of the sites, suggesting a more even distribution in the past. Selective browsing before ungulate reduction may have favored Myoporum over Sophora, leading to high densities of mature Myoporum in codominant woodland. After ungulate reduction, however, we found no pattern of competitive inhibition by Myoporum on regeneration of Sophora. Reduction of Myoporum is not likely to enhance habitat for Laxioides as much as supplemental plantings of Sophora, grass control, and continued ungulate eradication. Mid-elevation Sophora woodland areas, where Loxioides forage and nest in high densities, would benefit the most from these management actions. C1 Pacific Isl Ecosyst Res Ctr, USGS Biol Resources Div, Hawaii National Park, HI 96718 USA. RP Hess, SC (reprint author), Montana State Univ, Fish & Management Progra, POB 173460,301 D Lewis Hall, Bozeman, MT 59717 USA. NR 35 TC 14 Z9 16 U1 4 U2 15 PU ASSOC TROPICAL BIOLOGY INC PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH ST, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0006-3606 J9 BIOTROPICA JI Biotropica PD JUN PY 1999 VL 31 IS 2 BP 212 EP 219 DI 10.1111/j.1744-7429.1999.tb00133.x PG 8 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 217VZ UT WOS:000081520800002 ER PT J AU Aguilera, XG Alvarez, VB Wiley, JW Rosales, JR AF Aguilera, XG Alvarez, VB Wiley, JW Rosales, JR TI Population size of Cuban Parrots Amazona leucocephala and Sandhill Cranes Grus canadensis and community involvement in their conservation in northern Isla de la Juventud, Cuba SO BIRD CONSERVATION INTERNATIONAL LA English DT Article AB The Cuban Sandhill Crane Grus canadensis nesiotes and Cuban Parrot Amazona leucocephala palmarum are considered endangered species in Cuba and the Isla de la Juventud (formerly Isla de Pines). Coincident with a public education campaign, a population survey for these species was conducted in the northern part of the Isla de la Juventud on 17 December 1995, from 06h00 to 10h00. Residents from throughout the island participated, manning 98 stations, with 1-4 observers per station. Parrots were observed at 60 (61.2%) Of the stations with a total of 1320, maximum (without correction for duplicate observations), and 1100, minimum (corrected), individuals counted. Sandhill cranes were sighted at 38 (38.8%) of the stations, with a total of 115 individuals. Cranes and parrots co-occurred at 20 (20.4%) of the stations. C1 Minist Agr, Empresa Nacl Conservac Flora & Fauna, La Habana, Cuba. Univ La Habana, Fac Biol, La Habana, Cuba. US Geol Survey, Div Biol Resources, Reston, VA 22092 USA. Minist Agr, Empresa Nacl Conservac Flora & Fauna, Nueva Gerona, Isla De La Juve, Cuba. RP Aguilera, XG (reprint author), Minist Agr, Empresa Nacl Conservac Flora & Fauna, La Habana, Cuba. NR 34 TC 1 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 1 PU CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS PI NEW YORK PA 40 WEST 20TH STREET, NEW YORK, NY 10011-4211 USA SN 0959-2709 J9 BIRD CONSERV INT JI Bird Conserv. Int. PD JUN PY 1999 VL 9 IS 2 BP 97 EP 112 PG 16 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA 229JC UT WOS:000082189800001 ER PT J AU Bakun, WH AF Bakun, WH TI Seismic activity of the San Francisco Bay region SO BULLETIN OF THE SEISMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA LA English DT Article ID LOMA-PRIETA EARTHQUAKE; 1984 MORGAN-HILL; ANDREAS FAULT; CRUZ MOUNTAINS; STRAIN ACCUMULATION; CALIFORNIA; MAGNITUDE; RUPTURE; REEVALUATION; SLIP AB Moment magnitude M with objective confidence-level uncertainties are estimated for felt San Francisco Bay region earthquakes using Bakun and Wentworth's (1997) analysis strategy for seismic intensity observations. The frequency-magnitude distribution is well described for M greater than or equal to 5.5 events since 1850 by a Gutenberg-Richter relation with a b-value of 0.90. The seismic moment rate Sigma M-0/yr since 1836 is 2.68 X 10(18) N-m/yr (95% confidence range = 1.29 X 10(18) N-m/yr to 4.07 x 10(18) N-m/yr); the seismic moment rate since 1850 is nearly the same. Sigma M-0/yr in the 56 years before 1906 is about 10 times that in the 70 years after 1906. In contrast, Sigma M-0/yr since 1977 is about equal that in the 56 years before 1906. 80% (1 sigma = 14%) of the plate-motion moment accumulation rate is available for release in earthquakes. The historical Sigma M-0/yr and the portion of the plate-motion moment accumulation rate available for release in earthquakes are used in a seismic cycle model to estimate the rate of seismic activity in the twenty-first century. High and low rates of future seismic activity are both permissible given the range of possible seismic-cycle recurrence times T and the uncertainties in the historical Sigma M-0 and in the percentage of plate motion available for release in earthquakes. If the historical seismic moment rate is not greater than the estimated 2.68 X 10(18) N-m/yr and the percentage of the plate-motion moment accumulation available for release in earthquakes is not less than the estimated 80%, then for all T, the rate of seismic moment release from now until the next 1906-sized shock will be comparable to the rate from 1836 to 1905 when M 61/2 shocks occurred every 15 to 20 years. C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. RP US Geol Survey, 345 Middlefield Rd,MS977, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. NR 86 TC 89 Z9 91 U1 1 U2 6 PU SEISMOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI ALBANY PA 400 EVELYN AVE, SUITE 201, ALBANY, CA 94706-1375 USA SN 0037-1106 EI 1943-3573 J9 B SEISMOL SOC AM JI Bull. Seismol. Soc. Amer. PD JUN PY 1999 VL 89 IS 3 BP 764 EP 784 PG 21 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 208WV UT WOS:000081015600016 ER PT J AU Greenberg, R Droege, S AF Greenberg, R Droege, S TI On the decline of the rusty blackbird and the use of ornithological literature to document long-term population trends SO CONSERVATION BIOLOGY LA English DT Article AB Unlike most American blackbirds, Rusty Blackbirds (Euphagus carolensis) have shown steep population declines. Declines of approximately 90% are indicated for three recent decades from the Breeding Bird Survey, Christmas Bird Counts, and Quebec Checklist Program. Analyses of abundance classifications in bird distribution books and annotated checklists reveal an overlooked but long-term decline dating back to at least the early part of this century. Rusty Blackbirds were described ns very common to abundant in 56% of the pre-1920 published accounts, 19% of the 1921-1950 accounts, and only 7% of the post-1950 accounts. Rusty, Blackbirds were described ns uncommon in none of the pre-1950 accounts, 18% of the 1951-1980 accounts, and 43% of the post-1980 accounts. A similar pattern was found for analyses based on local checklists. Destruction of wooded wetlands on wintering grounds, acid precipitation, and the conversion of boreal forest wetlands could have contributed to these declines. Systematic analysis of regional guides and checklists provides a valuable tool for examining large-scale and long-term population changes in birds. C1 Smithsonian Migratory Bird Ctr, Natl Zool Pk, Washington, DC 20008 USA. US Geol Survey, Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, Biol Resources Div, Laurel, MD 20708 USA. RP Greenberg, R (reprint author), Smithsonian Migratory Bird Ctr, Natl Zool Pk, Washington, DC 20008 USA. NR 31 TC 34 Z9 36 U1 0 U2 17 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE INC PI MALDEN PA 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN, MA 02148 USA SN 0888-8892 J9 CONSERV BIOL JI Conserv. Biol. PD JUN PY 1999 VL 13 IS 3 BP 553 EP 559 DI 10.1046/j.1523-1739.1999.97478.x PG 7 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 203RJ UT WOS:000080720400012 ER PT J AU Clark, JR AF Clark, JR TI The ecosystem approach from a practical point of view SO CONSERVATION BIOLOGY LA English DT Editorial Material C1 US Dept Interior, US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Washington, DC 20249 USA. RP Clark, JR (reprint author), US Dept Interior, US Fish & Wildlife Serv, 1849 C St NW, Washington, DC 20249 USA. NR 5 TC 25 Z9 27 U1 0 U2 0 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE INC PI MALDEN PA 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN, MA 02148 USA SN 0888-8892 J9 CONSERV BIOL JI Conserv. Biol. PD JUN PY 1999 VL 13 IS 3 BP 679 EP 681 DI 10.1046/j.1523-1739.1999.99054.x PG 3 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 203RJ UT WOS:000080720400028 ER PT J AU Larsen, MC Torres-Sanchez, AJ Concepcion, IM AF Larsen, MC Torres-Sanchez, AJ Concepcion, IM TI Slopewash, surface runoff and fine-litter transport in forest and landslide scars in humid-tropical steeplands, Luquillo Experimental Forest, Puerto Rico SO EARTH SURFACE PROCESSES AND LANDFORMS LA English DT Article DE slopewash; fine-litter transport; surface runoff; rainfall; steeplands; landslides; Luquillo Experimental Forest; Puerto Rico; humid tropics ID HURRICANE HUGO; SUBTROPICAL WET; ENVIRONMENT; DISTURBANCE; WATERSHEDS; SUCCESSION; SINGAPORE; RATES; SOIL AB Rainfall, slopewash (the erosion of soil particles), surface runoff and fine-litter transport at humid-tropical steepland sites in the Luquillo Experimental Forest, Puerto Rico (18 degrees 20' N, 65 degrees 45' W) were measured from 1991 to 1995. Hillslopes underlain by (1) Cretaceous tuffaceous sandstone and siltstone in subtropical rain (tabonuco) forest with vegetation recovering from Hurricane Hugo (1989), and (2) Tertiary quartz diorite in subtropical lower montane wet (colorado and dwarf) forest with undisturbed forest canopy were compared to recent landslide scars. Monthly surface runoff on these very steep hillslopes (24 degrees to 43 degrees) was only 0.2 to 0.5 per cent of monthly rainfall. Slopewash was higher in sandy loam soils whose parent material is quartz diorite (averaging 46 g m(-2) a(-1)) than in silty clay loam soils derived from tuffaceous sandstone and siltstone where the average was 9 g m(-2) a(-1). Annual slopewash of 100 to 349 g m(-2) on the surfaces of two recent, small landslide scars was measured initially but slopewash decreased to only 3 to 4 g m(-2) a(-1) by the end of the study. The mean annual mass of fine litter (mainly leaves and twigs) transported downslope at the forested sites ranged from 5 to 8 g m(-2) and was lower at the tabonuco forest site, where post-Hurricane Hugo recovery is still in progress. Mean annual fine-litter transport was 2.5 g m(-2) on the two landslide scars. Copyright (C) 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. C1 US Geol Survey, GSA Ctr, Guaynabo, PR 00965 USA. RP Larsen, MC (reprint author), US Geol Survey, GSA Ctr, 651 Fed Dr, Guaynabo, PR 00965 USA. NR 77 TC 43 Z9 45 U1 2 U2 17 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD PI W SUSSEX PA BAFFINS LANE CHICHESTER, W SUSSEX PO19 1UD, ENGLAND SN 0197-9337 J9 EARTH SURF PROC LAND JI Earth Surf. Process. Landf. PD JUN PY 1999 VL 24 IS 6 BP 481 EP 502 DI 10.1002/(SICI)1096-9837(199906)24:6<481::AID-ESP967>3.0.CO;2-G PG 22 WC Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Physical Geography; Geology GA 209HD UT WOS:000081041400001 ER PT J AU Petit, LJ Petit, DR Christian, DG Powell, HDW AF Petit, LJ Petit, DR Christian, DG Powell, HDW TI Bird communities of natural and modified habitats in Panama SO ECOGRAPHY LA English DT Article ID OVERWINTERING NEARCTIC MIGRANTS; RAIN-FOREST FRAGMENTS; ELEVATIONAL GRADIENT; POPULATION DECLINES; COFFEE PLANTATIONS; SPECIES RICHNESS; TROPICAL FORESTS; MIGRATORY BIRDS; SHADE COFFEE; LOS-TUXTLAS AB Only a small proportion of land can realistically be protected as nature reserves and thus conservation efforts also must focus on the ecological value of agroecosystems and developed areas surrounding nature reserves. In this study, avian communities were surveyed in 11 habitat types in central Panama, across a gradient from extensive forest to intensive agricultural land uses, to examine patterns of species richness and abundance and community composition. Wooded habitats, including extensive and fragmented forests, shade coffer plantations, and residential areas supported the most species and individuals. Nearctic-Neotropical migratory species were most numerous in lowland forest fragments, shade coffee, and residential areas. Introduced Pinus caribbea and sugar cane plantations supported the fewest species compared to all other habitats. Cattle pastures left fallow for less than two years supported more than twice as many total species as actively grazed pastures, such that species richness in fallow pastures was similar to that found in wooded habitats. Community similarities were relatively low among all habitat types (none exceeding the observed 65% similarity between extensive and fragmented lowland forests), bur communities in shade coffee and residential areas were 43% and 54% similar to lowland forest fragments, respectively. Fallow pastures and residential areas shared 60% of their species. Bird communities in shade coffee and residential areas were characterized by higher proportions of frugivorous and nectarivorous species than in native forests. These same guilds also were better represented in fallow than in grazed pastures. Raptors and piscivorous species were most prevalent in cattle pastures and rice fields. These results, though based upon only species richness and abundance, demonstrate that many human-altered habitats have potential ecological value for birds, and conservation efforts in tropical areas should focus greater attention on enhancement of agricultural and developed lands as wildlife habitat. To understand the true conservation value of these modified lands will require examination not only of numbers but also of the types of species supported by these habitats, their reproductive output and survival rates. C1 Smithsonian Inst, Natl Zool Pk, Smithsonian Migratory Bird Ctr, Washington, DC 20008 USA. US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Reston, VA 20192 USA. Louisiana State Univ, Museum Nat Sci, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA. Univ Montana, Dept Organismal Biol & Ecol, Missoula, MT 59812 USA. RP Petit, LJ (reprint author), Smithsonian Inst, Natl Zool Pk, Smithsonian Migratory Bird Ctr, Washington, DC 20008 USA. NR 77 TC 83 Z9 90 U1 7 U2 45 PU MUNKSGAARD INT PUBL LTD PI COPENHAGEN PA 35 NORRE SOGADE, PO BOX 2148, DK-1016 COPENHAGEN, DENMARK SN 0906-7590 J9 ECOGRAPHY JI Ecography PD JUN PY 1999 VL 22 IS 3 BP 292 EP 304 DI 10.1111/j.1600-0587.1999.tb00505.x PG 13 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 203QY UT WOS:000080719400010 ER PT J AU Stanley, TR Burnham, KP AF Stanley, TR Burnham, KP TI A closure test for time-specific capture-recapture data SO ENVIRONMENTAL AND ECOLOGICAL STATISTICS LA English DT Article DE Darroch's model; Jolly-Seber model; model M-t; population estimation AB The assumption of demographic closure in the analysis of capture-recapture data under closed-population models is of fundamental importance. Yet, little progress has been made in the development of omnibus tests of the closure assumption. We present a closure test for time-specific data that, in principle, tests the null hypothesis of closed-population model M-t against the open-population Jolly-Seber model as a specific alternative. This test is chi-square, and can be decomposed into informative components that can be interpreted to determine the nature of closure violations. The test is most sensitive to permanent emigration and least sensitive to temporary emigration, and is of intermediate sensitivity to permanent or temporary immigration. This test is a versatile tool for testing the assumption of demographic closure in the analysis of capture-recapture data. C1 US Geol Survey, Midcontinent Ecol Sci Ctr, Ft Collins, CO 80525 USA. Colorado State Univ, Colorado Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. RP Stanley, TR (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Midcontinent Ecol Sci Ctr, 4512 McMurry Ave, Ft Collins, CO 80525 USA. NR 16 TC 97 Z9 102 U1 2 U2 13 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 1352-8505 EI 1573-3009 J9 ENVIRON ECOL STAT JI Environ. Ecol. Stat. PD JUN PY 1999 VL 6 IS 2 BP 197 EP 209 DI 10.1023/A:1009674322348 PG 13 WC Environmental Sciences; Mathematics, Interdisciplinary Applications; Statistics & Probability SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Mathematics GA 213DC UT WOS:000081255900009 ER PT J AU Wolff, N Grober-Dunsmore, R Rogers, CS Beets, J AF Wolff, N Grober-Dunsmore, R Rogers, CS Beets, J TI Management implications of fish trap effectiveness in adjacent coral reef and gorgonian habitats SO ENVIRONMENTAL BIOLOGY OF FISHES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Annual Meeting of the Society-for-Conservation-Biology CY JUN 07, 1997 CL VICTORIA, CANADA SP Soc Conservat Biol DE visual census; effective area fished; topographic complexity; diel fish migration; reef fish management ID MARINE RESERVES; BIOMASS AB A combination of visual census and trap sampling in St. John, USVI indicated that traps performed better in gorgonian habitat than in adjacent coral reef habitat. Although most families were seen more commonly in coral habitat, they were caught more often in gorgonian areas. Traps probably fished more effectively in gorgonian habitats, especially for migrating species, because traps provided shelter in the relatively topographically uniform environment of gorgonian dominated habitats. Recently, trap fishermen on St. John have been moving effort away from traditionally fished nearshore coral reefs and into a variety of more homogeneous habitats such as gorgonian habitat. Consequently, exploitation rates of the already over-harvested reef fish resources may be increasing. Reef fish managers and marine reserve designers should consider limiting trap fishing in gorgonian habitats to slow the decline of reef fisheries. C1 Univ Rhode Isl, Grad Sch Oceanog, Narragansett, RI 02882 USA. US Geol Survey, Caribbean Field Stn, Biol Resources Div, St Johns, VI 00831 USA. Jacksonville Univ, Dept Biol & Marine Sci, Jacksonville, FL 32211 USA. RP Wolff, N (reprint author), Bigelow Lab Ocean Sci, POB 475,McKown Point, W Boothbay Harbor, ME 04575 USA. NR 33 TC 24 Z9 24 U1 1 U2 5 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0378-1909 J9 ENVIRON BIOL FISH JI Environ. Biol. Fishes PD JUN PY 1999 VL 55 IS 1-2 BP 81 EP 90 DI 10.1023/A:1007430407540 PG 10 WC Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 217MQ UT WOS:000081503900008 ER PT J AU Gorman, OT Stone, DM AF Gorman, OT Stone, DM TI Ecology of spawning humpback chub, Gila cypha, in the Little Colorado River near Grand Canyon, Arizona SO ENVIRONMENTAL BIOLOGY OF FISHES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Annual Meeting of the Society-for-Conservation-Biology CY JUN 07, 1997 CL VICTORIA, CANADA SP Soc Conservat Biol DE Cyprinidae; stream fishes; reproduction; habitat; endangered species ID ROUNDTAIL CHUB; FISHES AB The morphologically unique and endangered humpback chub, Gila cypha, is found in canyon-bound reaches of the Colorado River and its tributaries. Now limited to six isolated reproducing populations, this species is believed to have been once distributed over a large portion of the mainstem river. Because the species inhabits remote canyon areas, little is known about its spawning ecology. The largest remaining population occurs in the lower Little Colorado River (LCR) near Grand Canyon, where we conducted a three-year study of spawning ecology during spring (March-June) 1993-1995. We analyzed seasonal patterns of movement, population density, relative condition, spawning scores, and frequency of ripe condition and fin abrasions and compared these data with seasonal discharge and water temperature to determine spawning phenology and ecology. Spawning commenced in late March, peaked in mid-April, and waned in mid-May. A high proportion of males remained ripe over this period, whereas ripe females were relatively abundant only in April. Increased densities of adult fish in March-April and rapid declines in May-June coupled with recaptures of 18.4% of these adults in the Colorado River suggest that a portion of the population migrated from the Colorado River into the LCR to spawn and then returned. Ripe males aggregated in areas of complex habitat structure with high angular variation in bottom profiles (matrix of large boulders, travertine masses combined with chutes, runs and eddies, 0.5-2.0 m deep) and were associated with deposits of clean gravel. Ripe females appeared to move to these male aggregations to spawn. Near-spawning (including gravid) females and non-spawning fish used similar habitats and were segregated but close (<50 m) to habitats occupied by aggregations of ripe males. Abrasions on anal and lower caudal fins of males and females suggest that spawning involves contact with gravel substrates, where semi-adhesive eggs are deposited and fertilized. The findings of this study should aid recovery efforts for humpback chub by identifying spawning habitat within the historic distributional range where additional spawning stocks could be established. C1 US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Flagstaff, AZ 86002 USA. RP Gorman, OT (reprint author), US Fish & Wildlife Serv, POB 338, Flagstaff, AZ 86002 USA. NR 19 TC 27 Z9 26 U1 2 U2 12 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0378-1909 J9 ENVIRON BIOL FISH JI Environ. Biol. Fishes PD JUN PY 1999 VL 55 IS 1-2 BP 115 EP 133 DI 10.1023/A:1007450826743 PG 19 WC Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 217MQ UT WOS:000081503900011 ER PT J AU McNulty, WE Obermeier, SF AF McNulty, WE Obermeier, SF TI Liquefaction evidence for at least two strong Holocene paleo-earthquakes in central and southwestern Illinois, USA SO ENVIRONMENTAL & ENGINEERING GEOSCIENCE LA English DT Article DE liquefaction; paleo-earthquakes ID FEATURES AB Two strong mid-Holocene earthquakes in Illinois have been documented by paleoliquefaction features such as elastic dikes, sills, and detachments of fine-grained sediment that sunk into liquefied sand. At least one paleo-earthquake occurred in central Illinois about 35 km NE of Springfield, probably sometime between 5,900 and 7,400 yr BP, Dike widths are as much as 0.4 m near the energy center of the earthquake, Outward from this center, dike widths attenuate and ultimately disappear at about 35 km, More than one paleo-earthquake is probably represented by liquefaction features near Springfield, Another paleo-earthquake that appears to have been centered about 65 km ESE of St. Louis, Missouri, occurred near 5,700 yr BP, The energy center is inferred as being in Illinois, and most likely near lowermost Shoal Creek where the meizoseismal region is defined by dikes as wide as 0.5 m and by a regional abundance of dikes. Dikes from this earthquake probably extend at least as far as 35 km from its inferred energy center. The earthquake near Shoal Creek and one earthquake near Springfield almost certainly exceeded M 6, The paleomagnitudes can be more closely bracketed by geotechnical testing and analysis, when used in conjunction with existing data. C1 US Geol Survey, Reston, VA 20192 USA. RP McNulty, WE (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Reston, VA 20192 USA. NR 17 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 1 PU ASSOC ENGINEERING GEOLOGISTS GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY AMER PI COLLEGE STN PA TEXAS A & M UNIV, DEPT GEOLOGY & GEOPHYSICS, COLLEGE STN, TX 77843-3115 USA SN 1078-7275 J9 ENVIRON ENG GEOSCI JI Environ. Eng. Geosci. PD SUM PY 1999 VL 5 IS 2 BP 133 EP 146 PG 14 WC Engineering, Environmental; Engineering, Geological; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Engineering; Geology GA 232JE UT WOS:000082366900001 ER PT J AU Bradley, PM Landmeyer, JE Chapelle, FH AF Bradley, PM Landmeyer, JE Chapelle, FH TI Aerobic mineralization of MTBE and tert-butyl alcohol by stream-bed sediment microorganisms SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID ANAEROBIC BIODEGRADATION; SUBSURFACE; ETHER; GROUNDWATER; DCE; VC AB Microorganisms indigenous to the stream-bed sediments at two gasoline-contaminated groundwater sites demonstrated significant mineralization of the fuel oxygenates, methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE) and tert-butyl alcohol (TBA). Up to 73% of [U-C-14]-MTBE and 84% of [U-C-14]-TBA were degraded to (CO2)-C-14 under mixed aerobic/anaerobic conditions. No significant mineralization was observed under strictly anaerobic conditions. The results indicate that, under the mixed aerobic/anaerobic conditions characteristic of stream-bed sediments, microbial processes may provide a significant environmental sink for MTBE and TBA delivered to surface water bodies by contaminated groundwater or by other sources. C1 US Geol Survey, Columbia, SC 29210 USA. RP Bradley, PM (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 720 Gracern Rd,Suite 129, Columbia, SC 29210 USA. NR 22 TC 95 Z9 101 U1 2 U2 11 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0013-936X J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD JUN 1 PY 1999 VL 33 IS 11 BP 1877 EP 1879 DI 10.1021/es990062t PG 3 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 202MC UT WOS:000080655400037 ER PT J AU MacRae, RK Smith, DE Swoboda-Colberg, N Meyer, JS Bergman, HL AF MacRae, RK Smith, DE Swoboda-Colberg, N Meyer, JS Bergman, HL TI Copper binding affinity of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) gills: Implications for assessing bioavailable metal SO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE copper; bioavailability; trout; gill; toxicity ID CONDITIONAL STABILITY-CONSTANTS; DISSOLVED ORGANIC-CARBON; SALMO-GAIRDNERI; WATER HARDNESS; FATHEAD MINNOWS; CADMIUM-BINDING; NATURAL-WATERS; FISH GILLS; TOXICITY; PH AB In this study, we determined the conditional stability constant (log K') of copper for the gills of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss; RBT) and brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis; BT). Using toxicity-based complexation bioassays, which measure the effect of competing organic ligands on copper toxicity, the RBT gill copper log K' range was 6.4 to 7.2. Using a Scatchard analysis of gill Cu accumulation, the RBT log K' was 7.50 and the BT log K' was 7.25. The close agreement in RBT log K' values between these two methods suggests that measurement of gill copper accumulation is an acceptable alternative for determining a toxicity-based gill copper binding affinity. Our results also suggest that there is either a single gill copper binding component or, more realistically, multiple components with similar binding properties that function collectively to define a single toxicologically relevant copper conditional stability constant. These results suggest analytical approaches to measuring bioavailable metal concentrations, such as geochemical modeling where biological ligands are included in speciation calculations, may adequately simulate complex biological ligands. A method to convert gill copper accumulation to a bioavailable water criterion is also discussed. C1 Univ Wyoming, Dept Zool & Physiol, Laramie, WY 82071 USA. RP MacRae, RK (reprint author), US Fish & Wildlife Serv, New Mexico Ecol Serv, Field Off, 2105 Osuna NE, Albuquerque, NM 87113 USA. NR 45 TC 101 Z9 104 U1 2 U2 7 PU SETAC PRESS PI PENSACOLA PA 1010 NORTH 12TH AVE, PENSACOLA, FL 32501-3370 USA SN 0730-7268 J9 ENVIRON TOXICOL CHEM JI Environ. Toxicol. Chem. PD JUN PY 1999 VL 18 IS 6 BP 1180 EP 1189 DI 10.1897/1551-5028(1999)018<1180:CBAORT>2.3.CO;2 PG 10 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA 197YG UT WOS:000080393500016 ER PT J AU Johnson, GD Audet, DJ Kern, JW LeCaptain, LJ Strickland, MD Hoffman, DJ McDonald, LL AF Johnson, GD Audet, DJ Kern, JW LeCaptain, LJ Strickland, MD Hoffman, DJ McDonald, LL TI Lead exposure in passerines inhabiting lead-contaminated floodplains in the Coeur d'Alene River Basin, Idaho, USA SO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE lead; Coeur d'Alene River; American robin; song sparrow; damage assessment ID NORTHERN IDAHO; MINING SITE; ACCUMULATION; WATERFOWL; METALS; BIRDS AB Blood collected from song sparrows (Melospiza melodia) and American robins (Turdus migratorius) captured with mist nets in a lead-contaminated (assessment) area and nearby uncontaminated (reference) areas within the Coeur d'Alene Basin in northern Idaho was analyzed for delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase activity (ALAD) and hematocrit levels, and livers were analyzed for lead. Mean ALAD inhibition in the assessment area was 51% in song sparrows and 75% in American robins, The proportion of the sampled population with ALAD inhibition >50% was calculated to be 43% for song sparrows and 83% for American robins. Assessment area hematocrit values for song sparrows ((x) over bar = 39.9) and American robins ((x) over bar = 39.5) were lower than in reference areas ((x) over bar = 42.4 for song sparrows and 40.2 for American robins); however, differences were not statistically significant (p > 0.05). Significantly higher levels of lead (wet weight) were found in livers from song sparrows captured on the assessment area ((x) over bar = 1.93 ppm) than on reference areas ((x) over bar = 0.10 ppm) (p = 0.0079). Study results indicate that 43% (95% confidence interval [CI] = 12.9-77.5%) of the song sparrows and 83% (95% CI = 41.8-99.2%) of the American robins inhabiting the floodplain along the Coeur d'Alene River in-the assessment area are being exposed to lead at levels sufficient to inhibit ALAD by > 50%. Variability in lead exposure indicators was attributed to high variability in environmental lead concentrations in the Coeur d'Alene River Basin. C1 Western Ecosyst Technol Inc, Cheyenne, WY 82001 USA. US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Spokane, WA 99206 USA. US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Patuxent Environm Sci Ctr, Laurel, MD 20708 USA. RP Johnson, GD (reprint author), Western Ecosyst Technol Inc, 2003 Cent Ave, Cheyenne, WY 82001 USA. NR 24 TC 18 Z9 21 U1 0 U2 4 PU SETAC PRESS PI PENSACOLA PA 1010 NORTH 12TH AVE, PENSACOLA, FL 32501-3370 USA SN 0730-7268 J9 ENVIRON TOXICOL CHEM JI Environ. Toxicol. Chem. PD JUN PY 1999 VL 18 IS 6 BP 1190 EP 1194 DI 10.1897/1551-5028(1999)018<1190:LEIPIL>2.3.CO;2 PG 5 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA 197YG UT WOS:000080393500017 ER PT J AU Custer, TW Custer, CM Hines, RK Gutreuter, S Stromborg, KL Allen, PD Melancon, MJ AF Custer, TW Custer, CM Hines, RK Gutreuter, S Stromborg, KL Allen, PD Melancon, MJ TI Organochlorine contaminants and reproductive success of double-crested cormorants from Green Bay, Wisconsin, USA SO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE organochlorines; double-crested cormorant; polychlorinated biphenyls; reproduction; DDT ID POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYL RESIDUES; TERNS HYDROPROGNE-CASPIA; CROWNED NIGHT-HERONS; DIBENZO-P-DIOXINS; UPPER GREAT-LAKES; PHALACROCORAX-AURITUS; FOX RIVER; EGGS; BIRDS; CHICKS AB In 1994 and 1995, nesting success of double-crested cormorants (Phalacrocorax auritus) was measured at Cat Island, in southern Green Bay, Lake Michigan, Wisconsin, USA. Sample eggs at pipping and unhatched eggs were collected and analyzed for organochlorines (including total polychlorinated biphenyls [PCBs] and DDE), hepatic microsomal ethoxyresorufin-O-dealkylase (EROD) activity in embryos, and eggshell thickness. Of 1,570 eggs laid, 32% did not hatch and 0.4% had deformed embryos. Of 632 chicks monitored from hatching to 12 d of age, 9% were missing or found dead; no deformities were observed. The PCB concentrations in sample eggs from clutches with deformed embryos (mean = 10.2 mu g/g wet weight) and dead embryos (11.4 mu g/g) were not significantly higher than concentrations in sample eggs from nests where all eggs hatched (12.1 mu g/g). A logistic regression of hatching success versus DDE, dieldrin, and PCB concentrations in sibling eggs identified DDE and nor dieldrin or PCBs as a significant risk factor. A logistic regression of hatching success versus DDE and eggshell thickness implicated DDE and nor eggshell thickness as a significant risk factor. Even though the insecticide DDT was banned in the early 1970s, we suggest that DDE concentrations in double-crested cormorant eggs in Green Bay are still having an effect on reproduction in this species. C1 US Geol Survey, Upper Midwest Environm Sci Ctr, La Crosse, WI 54603 USA. US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Green Bay, WI 54311 USA. US Geol Survey, Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, Laurel, MD 20708 USA. RP Custer, TW (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Upper Midwest Environm Sci Ctr, 2630 Fanta Reed Rd, La Crosse, WI 54603 USA. RI Custer, Christine/H-4871-2014; OI Custer, Thomas/0000-0003-3170-6519 NR 48 TC 69 Z9 72 U1 2 U2 12 PU SETAC PRESS PI PENSACOLA PA 1010 NORTH 12TH AVE, PENSACOLA, FL 32501-3370 USA SN 0730-7268 J9 ENVIRON TOXICOL CHEM JI Environ. Toxicol. Chem. PD JUN PY 1999 VL 18 IS 6 BP 1209 EP 1217 DI 10.1897/1551-5028(1999)018<1209:OCARSO>2.3.CO;2 PG 9 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA 197YG UT WOS:000080393500020 ER EF