FN Thomson Reuters Web of Science™ VR 1.0 PT J AU Cole, RA AF Cole, RA TI What are parasitologists doing in the United States geological survey? SO COMPARATIVE PARASITOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 676th Meeting of the Helminthological-Society-of-Washington CY 2001 CL WASHINGTON, D.C. SP Helminthol Soc Washington C1 US Dept Interior, US Geol Survey, Natl Wildlife Hlth Ctr, Madison, WI 53711 USA. RP Cole, RA (reprint author), US Dept Interior, US Geol Survey, Natl Wildlife Hlth Ctr, 6006 Schroeder Rd, Madison, WI 53711 USA. NR 3 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU HELMINTHOLOGICAL SOC WASHINGTON PI LAWRENCE PA C/O ALLEN PRESS INC, 1041 NEW HAMPSHIRE ST, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 1525-2647 J9 COMP PARASITOL JI Comp. Parasitol. PD JUL PY 2002 VL 69 IS 2 BP 132 EP 134 DI 10.1654/1525-2647(2002)069[0132:WAPDIT]2.0.CO;2 PG 3 WC Parasitology; Zoology SC Parasitology; Zoology GA 579RQ UT WOS:000177192000005 ER PT J AU Muzzall, PM Bowen, CA AF Muzzall, PM Bowen, CA TI Parasites of the slimy sculpin, Cottus cognatus Richardson, 1836, from Lake Huron, USA SO COMPARATIVE PARASITOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Cotters cognates; slimy sculpin; parasites; Lake Huron; Michigan; USA ID MICHIGAN; TROUT; COTTIDAE AB One hundred slimy sculpins. Cottus cognates (Cottidae), collected from Six Fathom Bank Lake Trout Refuge in Lake Huron in June 1995 were examined for parasites. A total of 17 parasite species (3 Digenea, 2 Monogenea, 3 Cestoda, 3 Nematoda, 2 Acanthocephala, 2 Ciliophora, 1 Microspora. and 1 Myxosporea) were found to infect sculpins. Tetracotyle sp. had the highest prevalence, mean intensity. and mean abundance, followed by Diplostomum sp. The most common gastrointestinal helminth species was Echinorhynchus salmonis. Epistylis sp. occurred on the gills of 79 sculpins. The mean parasite species richness +/- SD and mean helminth abundance +/- SD were 5.4 +/- 1.6 and 242.6 +/- 264.5, respectively. The mean Brillouin's diversity and evenness values were 0.5773 +/- 0.1915 and 0.5248 +/- 0.1892. respectively. Although the helminth community of slimy sculpins is dominated by larval trematodes that mature in piscivorous birds. it is believed that few slimy sculpins are eaten by birds at this location. C1 Michigan State Univ, Dept Zool, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA. US Geol Survey, Great Lakes Sci Ctr, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA. RP Muzzall, PM (reprint author), Michigan State Univ, Dept Zool, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA. NR 23 TC 9 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 2 PU HELMINTHOLOGICAL SOC WASHINGTON PI LAWRENCE PA C/O ALLEN PRESS INC, 1041 NEW HAMPSHIRE ST, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 1525-2647 J9 COMP PARASITOL JI Comp. Parasitol. PD JUL PY 2002 VL 69 IS 2 BP 196 EP 201 DI 10.1654/1525-2647(2002)069[0196:POTSSC]2.0.CO;2 PG 6 WC Parasitology; Zoology SC Parasitology; Zoology GA 579RQ UT WOS:000177192000014 ER PT J AU Warner, J Schoellhamer, D Burau, J Schladow, G AF Warner, J Schoellhamer, D Burau, J Schladow, G TI Effects of tidal current phase at the junction of two straits SO CONTINENTAL SHELF RESEARCH LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 10th Biennial Conference on the Physics of Estuaries and Coastal Seas (PECS) CY OCT 07-11, 2000 CL NORFOLK, VIRGINIA DE salinity minimum; convergence; current shear; baroclinic gradients; USA; California; San Francisco Bay ID SAN-FRANCISCO BAY AB Estuaries typically have a monotonic increase in salinity from freshwater at the head of the estuary to ocean water at the mouth, creating a consistent direction for the longitudinal baroclinic pressure gradient. However, Mare Island Strait in San Francisco Bay has a local salinity minimum created by the phasing of the currents at the junction of Mare Island and Carquinez Straits. The salinity minimum creates converging baroclinic pressure gradients in Mare Island Strait. Equipment was deployed at four stations in the straits for 6 months from September 1997 to March 1998 to measure tidal variability of velocity, conductivity, temperature, depth, and suspended sediment concentration. Analysis of the measured time series shows that on a tidal time scale in Mare Island Strait, the landward and seaward baroclinic pressure gradients in the local salinity minimum interact with the barotropic gradient, creating regions of enhanced shear in the water column during the flood and reduced shear during the ebb. On a tidally averaged time scale, baroclinic pressure gradients converge on the tidally averaged salinity minimum and drive a converging near-bed and diverging surface current circulation pattern, forming a "baroclinic convergence zone" in Mare Island Strait. Historically large sedimentation rates in this area are attributed to the convergence zone. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 US Geol Survey, Sacramento, CA 95819 USA. Univ Calif Davis, Davis, CA 95616 USA. RP Warner, J (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Placer Hall,6000 J St, Sacramento, CA 95819 USA. NR 17 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 0 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0278-4343 J9 CONT SHELF RES JI Cont. Shelf Res. PD JUL-AUG PY 2002 VL 22 IS 11-13 BP 1629 EP 1642 AR PII S0278-4343(02)00026-2 DI 10.1016/S0278-4343(02)00026-2 PG 14 WC Oceanography SC Oceanography GA 592GW UT WOS:000177929600007 ER PT J AU Uncles, RJ Stephens, JA Smith, RE AF Uncles, RJ Stephens, JA Smith, RE TI The dependence of estuarine turbidity on tidal intrusion length, tidal range and residence time SO CONTINENTAL SHELF RESEARCH LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 10th Biennial Conference on the Physics of Estuaries and Coastal Seas (PECS) CY OCT 07-11, 2000 CL NORFOLK, VIRGINIA DE estuarine turbidity; suspended sediment concentrations; suspended particulate matter; turbidity maximum; estuarine sedimentation; sediment movement; estuarine dynamics; estuarine modelling; estuarine classification ID SUSPENDED SEDIMENT TRANSPORT; PHYTOPLANKTON BIOMASS; TWEED ESTUARY; DYNAMICS; RIVER; ZONE; CHANNELS; MAXIMA; SHELF; WATER AB It is shown that there is a marked tendency for long, strongly tidal estuaries to have greater suspended particulate matter (SPM) concentrations within their hi-h-turbidity regions than shorter estuaries with comparable tidal ranges at their mouths, or weakly tidal estuaries. Using consistently derived data from 44 estuaries in Europe and the Americas, contours of the logarithm of maximum estuarine SPM concentration are shown to be reasonably smooth when plotted against the logarithm of mean spring tidal range (at the estuary mouth) and the logarithm of estuarine tidal length. Predictions from the plot are compared with published observations made in the Delaware, Scheldt, Rio de la Plata, Gironde, Bay of Fundy, Cliangjiang (Yangtze), Amazon, Patos Lagoon and the Hawkesbury Estuary and it is shown that, qualitatively, there are no serious discrepancies., Short, weakly tidal estuaries are predicted to have very low 'intrinsic' SPM concentrations. High SPM concentrations in these estuaries would most likely be the result of either locally generated wave resuspension, high freshwater sediment loads due to freshets, or intruding seawater carrying suspended sediments derived from wave activity in the coastal zone. Application of a generic tidal model demonstrates that longer estuaries possess faster tidal currents for a given tidal range at their mouth and, in the presence of a supply of erodable fine sediment, therefore (by implication) produce greater concentrations of SPM that can be accumulated within a turbidity maximum. The same is true if the tidal range is increased for estuaries of a given length. These features are illustrated by comparing surveys of SPM data from two large estuaries possessing greatly different tidal ranges (the microtidal, medium turbidity Potomac and the macrotidal, highly turbid Humber-Ouse) and a third, much smaller but strongly tidal estuary (the low-turbidity Tweed). It is demonstrated that longer estuaries tend to have longer flushing times for solutes than shorter systems and that larger tides tend to reduce flushing times, although the tidal influence is secondary. Short, rapidly flushed estuaries quickly lose their erodable fine sediment to the coastal zone during freshets and during the ebbing currents of spring tides. Turbidity is therefore small during low runoff, low wave activity conditions. Very long, very slowly flushed estuaries are unlikely to lose a significant fraction of their resuspended sediments during freshets or individual ebb tides and are therefore able to accumulate large and increasing amounts of fine sediment in the long-term. Turbidity within them is therefore high during the fast currents of large spring tides. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Plymouth Marine Lab, Plymouth PL1 3DH, Devon, England. US Geol Survey, Water Resources Dept, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. RP Uncles, RJ (reprint author), Plymouth Marine Lab, Prospect Pl, Plymouth PL1 3DH, Devon, England. NR 65 TC 100 Z9 104 U1 2 U2 43 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0278-4343 J9 CONT SHELF RES JI Cont. Shelf Res. PD JUL-AUG PY 2002 VL 22 IS 11-13 BP 1835 EP 1856 AR PII S0278-4343(02)00041-9 DI 10.1016/S0278-4343(02)00041-9 PG 22 WC Oceanography SC Oceanography GA 592GW UT WOS:000177929600020 ER PT J AU Schoellhamer, DH AF Schoellhamer, DH TI Variability of suspended-sediment concentration at tidal to annual time scales in San Francisco Bay, USA SO CONTINENTAL SHELF RESEARCH LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 10th Biennial Conference on the Physics of Estuaries and Coastal Seas (PECS) CY OCT 07-11, 2000 CL NORFOLK, VIRGINIA DE estuarine sedimentation; river discharge; singular spectrum analysis; suspended sediment; tides; wind waves ID SINGULAR-SPECTRUM ANALYSIS; TURBIDITY MAXIMUM; PARTICULATE MATTER; ESTUARY; DYNAMICS AB Singular spectrum analysis for time series with missing data (SSAM) was used to reconstruct components of a 6-yr time series of suspended-sediment concentration (SSC) from San Francisco Bay. Data were collected every 15 min and the time series contained missing values that primarily were due to sensor fouling. SSAM was applied in a sequential manner to calculate reconstructed components with time scales of variability that ranged from tidal to annual. Physical processes that controlled SSC and their contribution to the total variance of SSC were (1) diurnal, semidiurnal, and other higher frequency tidal constituents (24%), (2) semimonthly tidal cycles (21%), (3) monthly tidal cycles (10%), (4) semiannual tidal cycles (12%), and (5) annual pulses of sediment caused by freshwater inflow, deposition, and subsequent wind-wave resuspension (13%). Of the total variance 89% was explained and subtidal variability (65%) was greater than tidal variability (24%). Processes at subtidal time scales accounted for more variance of SSC than processes at tidal time scales because sediment accumulated in the water column and the supply of easily erodible bed sediment increased during periods of increased subtidal energy. This large range of time scales that each contained significant variability of SSC and associated contaminants can confound design of sampling programs and interpretation of resulting data. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 US Geol Survey, Sacramento, CA 95819 USA. RP Schoellhamer, DH (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Placer Hall,6000 J St, Sacramento, CA 95819 USA. NR 27 TC 45 Z9 47 U1 2 U2 7 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0278-4343 J9 CONT SHELF RES JI Cont. Shelf Res. PD JUL-AUG PY 2002 VL 22 IS 11-13 BP 1857 EP 1866 AR PII S0278-4343(02)00042-0 DI 10.1016/S0278-4343(02)00042-0 PG 10 WC Oceanography SC Oceanography GA 592GW UT WOS:000177929600021 ER PT J AU Ramo, OT Calzia, JP Kosunen, PJ AF Ramo, OT Calzia, JP Kosunen, PJ TI Geochemistry of Mesozoic plutons, southern Death Valley region, California: Insights into the origin of Cordilleran interior magmatism SO CONTRIBUTIONS TO MINERALOGY AND PETROLOGY LA English DT Article ID WESTERN UNITED-STATES; SIERRA-NEVADA BATHOLITH; EASTERN MOJAVE DESERT; SOUTHEASTERN CALIFORNIA; CRUSTAL EVOLUTION; ISOTOPIC EVIDENCE; TERTIARY GRANITE; MOUNTAINS; ROCKS; ND AB Mesozoic granitoid plutons in the southern Death Valley region of southeastern California reveal substantial compositional and isotopic diversity for Mesozoic magmatism in the southwestern US Cordillera. Jurassic plutons of the region are mainly calc-alkaline mafic granodiorites with epsilon(Ndi) of -5 to -16, Sr-87/Sr-86(i) of 0.707-0.726, and Pb-206/Pb-204(i) of 17.5-20.0. Cretaceous granitoids of the region are mainly monzogranites with epsilon(Ndi) of -6 to -19, Sr-87/Sr-86(i) of 0.707-0.723, and Pb-206/Pb-204(i) of 17.4-18.6. The granitoids were generated by mixing of mantle-derived mafic melts and pre-existing crust - some of the Cretaceous plutons represent melting of Paleoproterozoic crust that. in the southern Death Valley region, is exceptionally heterogeneous. A Cretaceous gabbro on the southern flank of the region has an unusually juvenile composition (epsilon(Ndi) -3.2. Sr-87/Sr-86(i) 0.7060). Geographic position of the Mesozoic plutons and comparison with Cordilleran plutonism in the Mojave Desert show that the Precambrian lithosphere (craton margin) in the eastern Mojave Desert region may consists of two crustal blocks separated by a more juvenile terrane. C1 Univ Helsinki, Dept Geol, FIN-00014 Helsinki, Finland. US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. RP Ramo, OT (reprint author), Univ Helsinki, Dept Geol, POB 64, FIN-00014 Helsinki, Finland. NR 55 TC 9 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 5 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0010-7999 J9 CONTRIB MINERAL PETR JI Contrib. Mineral. Petrol. PD JUL PY 2002 VL 143 IS 4 BP 416 EP 437 DI 10.1007/s00410-002-0354-9 PG 22 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Mineralogy SC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Mineralogy GA 579JP UT WOS:000177175100002 ER PT J AU Hengesh, JV Lettis, WR Saikia, CK Thio, HK Ichinose, GA Bodin, P Polet, J Somerville, PG Narula, PL Chaubey, SK Sinha, S Chandra, B Thakkar, SK Basu, S Kumar, A Shrikhande, M Das, J Agarwal, P Bansal, MK Stewart, JP Hough, SE Vandhana, SV Martin, S Tuttle, MP Hengesh, JV Tucker, KB Lettis, WR Deaton, SL Frost, JD Bardet, JP Rathje, EM Stewart, J Dayal, U Hu, JP Norris, G Patil, U Singh, JP Seed, RB Dayal, U Narula, PL Moss, RES Harder, LF Patil, U Bardet, JP Rathje, EM Stewart, J Singh, JP Chaubey, SK Sinha, S Murty, CVR Goel, RK Goyal, A Jain, SK Sinha, R Rai, DC Arlekar, JN Metzger, R Murty, CVR Arlekar, JN Rai, DC Udasi, HB Nayak, D Gupta, D Miranda, E Murty, CVR Goel, RK Aschheim, M Malhotra, PK Rajaram, SK Namjoshi, R Srinivasan, S Rao, DS Gupta, A Ballantyne, D Rai, DC Prasad, AM Jain, SK Rao, GS Patel, P Rai, DC Jain, SK Murty, CVR Jaiswal, A Shah, D Mehta, VV Shah, RJ Jain, SK Ballantyne, D Eidinger, J Singh, MP Khaleghi, B Saraf, VK Jain, SK Norris, G Goel, R Murty, CVR Vatsa, KS AF Hengesh, JV Lettis, WR Saikia, CK Thio, HK Ichinose, GA Bodin, P Polet, J Somerville, PG Narula, PL Chaubey, SK Sinha, S Chandra, B Thakkar, SK Basu, S Kumar, A Shrikhande, M Das, J Agarwal, P Bansal, MK Stewart, JP Hough, SE Vandhana, SV Martin, S Tuttle, MP Hengesh, JV Tucker, KB Lettis, WR Deaton, SL Frost, JD Bardet, JP Rathje, EM Stewart, J Dayal, U Hu, JP Norris, G Patil, U Singh, JP Seed, RB Dayal, U Narula, PL Moss, RES Harder, LF Patil, U Bardet, JP Rathje, EM Stewart, J Singh, JP Chaubey, SK Sinha, S Murty, CVR Goel, RK Goyal, A Jain, SK Sinha, R Rai, DC Arlekar, JN Metzger, R Murty, CVR Arlekar, JN Rai, DC Udasi, HB Nayak, D Gupta, D Miranda, E Murty, CVR Goel, RK Aschheim, M Malhotra, PK Rajaram, SK Namjoshi, R Srinivasan, S Rao, DS Gupta, A Ballantyne, D Rai, DC Prasad, AM Jain, SK Rao, GS Patel, P Rai, DC Jain, SK Murty, CVR Jaiswal, A Shah, D Mehta, VV Shah, RJ Jain, SK Ballantyne, D Eidinger, J Singh, MP Khaleghi, B Saraf, VK Jain, SK Norris, G Goel, R Murty, CVR Vatsa, KS TI Bhuj, India earthquake of January 26, 2001 - Reconnaissance report SO EARTHQUAKE SPECTRA LA English DT Review ID EASTERN NORTH-AMERICA; GROUND-MOTION; DEFORMATION; CALIFORNIA; VALLEY; SHEAR C1 William Lettis & Associates Inc, San Rafael, CA USA. William Lettis & Associates Inc, Walnut Creek, CA USA. URS Corp, Pasadena, CA USA. Univ Memphis, CERI, Memphis, TN 38152 USA. CALTECH, Seismol Lab, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. Gujarat State Petr Corp, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh, India. Indian Inst Technol, Dept Earthquake Engn, Roorkee, Uttar Pradesh, India. Univ Calif Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA USA. US Geol Survey, Pasadena, CA 91106 USA. M Tuttle & Associates, Georgetown, MD USA. Georgia Inst Technol, Atlanta, GA 30332 USA. Univ So Calif, Los Angeles, CA USA. Univ Texas, Austin, TX 78712 USA. Indian Inst Technol, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh, India. Univ Nevada, Reno, NV 89557 USA. Globus Engn, San Pedro, CA USA. JP Singh & Associates, El Sobrante, CA USA. Univ Calif Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. Calif Dept Water Resources, Sacramento, CA USA. Calif Polytech State Univ San Luis Obispo, San Luis Obispo, CA 93407 USA. Indian Inst Technol, Bombay 400076, Maharashtra, India. PSM Consulting, Seattle, WA USA. George Washington Univ, Washington, DC USA. RP Hengesh, JV (reprint author), William Lettis & Associates Inc, San Rafael, CA USA. RI Shrikhande, Manish/K-4980-2013; Ichinose, Gene/I-4420-2016 OI Ichinose, Gene/0000-0003-2081-9825 NR 208 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING RESEARCH INSTITUTE PI OAKLAND PA 499 14TH ST, STE 320, OAKLAND, CA 94612-1934 USA SN 8755-2930 J9 EARTHQ SPECTRA JI Earthq. Spectra PD JUL PY 2002 VL 18 SU A BP XVII EP + PG 383 WC Engineering, Civil; Engineering, Geological SC Engineering GA 645KZ UT WOS:000180975900001 ER PT J AU Lamouroux, N Poff, NL Angermeier, PL AF Lamouroux, N Poff, NL Angermeier, PL TI Intercontinental convergence of stream fish community traits along geomorphic and hydraulic gradients SO ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE ANCOVA; community convergence; geomorphology; habitat template; hydraulics; instream habitat models; pool; riffle; stream-fish community ID THEORETICAL HABITAT TEMPLETS; UPPER RHONE RIVER; SPECIES TRAITS; TEMPORAL VARIABILITY; GRAYLING ONTOGENY; PHYSICAL HABITAT; HEADWATER STREAM; VIRGINIA; PATTERNS; BEHAVIOR AB Community convergence across biogeographic ally distinct regions suggests the existence of key, repeated, evolutionary mechanisms relating community characteristics to the environment. However, convergence studies at the community level often involve only qualitative comparisons of the environment and may fail to identify which environmental variables drive community structure. We tested the hypothesis that the biological traits of fish communities on two continents (Europe and North America) are similarly related to environmental conditions. Specifically, from observations of individual fish made at the microhabitat scale (a few square meters) within French streams, we generated habitat preference models linking traits of fish species to local scale hydraulic conditions (Froude number). Using this information, we then predicted how hydraulics and geomorphology at the larger scale of stream reaches (several pool-riffle sequences) should quantitatively influence the trait composition of fish communities. Trait composition for fishes in stream reaches with low Froude number at low flow or high proportion of pools was predicted as nonbenthic, large, fecund, long-lived, nonstreamlined, and weak swimmers, We tested our predictions in contrasting stream reaches in France (n = 11) and Virginia, USA (11 = 76), using analyses of covariance to quantify the relative influence of continent vs. physical habitat variables on fish traits. The reach-scale convergence analysis indicated that trait proportions in the communities differed between continents (up to 55% of the variance in each trait was explained by "continent"), partly due to distinct evolutionary histories. However, within continents, trait proportions were comparably related to the hydraulic and geomorphic variables (up to 54% of the variance within continents explained). In particular, a synthetic measure of fish traits in reaches was well explained (50% of its variance) by the Froude number independently of the continent. The effect of physical variables did not differ across continents for most traits, confirming our predictions qualitatively and quantitatively, Therefore, despite phylogenetic and historical differences between continents, fish communities of France and Virginia exhibit convergence in biological traits related to hydraulics and geomorphology. This convergence reflects morphological and behavioral adaptations to physical stress in streams. This study supports the existence of a habitat template for ecological strategies. Some key quantitative variables that define this habitat template can be identified by characterizing how individual organisms use their physical environment, and by using dimensionless physical variables that reveal common energetic properties in different systems. Overall, quantitative tests of community convergence are efficient tools to demonstrate that some community traits are predictable from environmental features. C1 Cemagref, Div Biol Ecosyst Aquat, F-69336 Lyon 09, France. Colorado State Univ, Dept Biol, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. Virginia Polytech Inst & State Univ, Virginia Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, US Geol Survey, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA. RP Lamouroux, N (reprint author), Cemagref, Div Biol Ecosyst Aquat, 3 Bis Quai Chauveau,CP 220, F-69336 Lyon 09, France. RI Poff, Nathan/C-1239-2009 NR 70 TC 150 Z9 151 U1 7 U2 60 PU ECOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 1707 H ST NW, STE 400, WASHINGTON, DC 20006-3915 USA SN 0012-9658 J9 ECOLOGY JI Ecology PD JUL PY 2002 VL 83 IS 7 BP 1792 EP 1807 DI 10.2307/3071765 PG 16 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 571LD UT WOS:000176718100002 ER PT J AU Finlay, JC Khandwala, S Power, ME AF Finlay, JC Khandwala, S Power, ME TI Spatial scales of carbon flow in a river food web SO ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE cannibalism; carbon and nitrogen stable-isotope ratios; carbon flow; Oncorhynchus mykiss; river food webs; scraper and collector-gatherer (SCG) taxa; spatial scale; steelhead trout; terrestrial detritus; trophic structure ID STABLE-ISOTOPE ANALYSIS; BLUE-GREEN-ALGAE; TROPHIC POSITION; ENERGY-SOURCES; SMALL STREAMS; NITROGEN; FISH; PREDATORS; HABITAT; RATIOS AB Spatial extents of food webs that support stream and river consumers are largely unknown, but such information is essential for basic understanding and management of lotic ecosystems. We used predictable variation in algal delta(13)C with water velocity, and measurements of consumer delta(13)C and delta(15)N to examine carbon flow and trophic structure in food webs of the South Fork Eel River in Northern California. Analyses of delta(13)C showed that the most abundant macroinvertebrate groups (collector-gatherers and scrapers) relied oil algae from local sources within their riffle or shallow pool habitats. In contrast, filter-feeding invertebrates in riffles relied in part on algal production derived from upstream shallow pools. Riffle invertebrate predators also relied in part on consumers of pool-derived algal carbon. One abundant taxon drifting from shallow pools and riffles (baetid mayflies) relied on algal production derived from the habitats from which they dispersed. The trophic linkage from pool algae to riffle invertebrate predators was thus mediated through either predation on pool herbivores dispersing into riffles, or oil filter feeders. Algal production in shallow pool habitats dominated the resource base of vertebrate predators in all habitats at the end of the summer. We could not distinguish between the trophic roles of riffle algae and terrestrial detritus, but both carbon sources appeared to play minor roles for vertebrate consumers. In shallow pools, small vertebrates, including three-spined stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus), roach (Hesperoleucas symmetricus), and rough-skinned newts (Taricha granulosa), relied on invertebrate prey derived from local pool habitats. During the most productive summer period, growth of all size classes of steelhead and resident rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) in all habitats (shallow pools, riffles, and deep unproductive pools) was largely derived from algal production in shallow pools. Preliminary data suggest that the strong role of shallow pool algae in riffle steelhead growth during summer periods was due to drift of pool invertebrates to riffles, rather than movement of riffle trout. Data for delta(15)N showed that resident rainbow trout (25-33 cm standard length) in deep pools preyed upon small size classes of juvenile steelhead that were most often found in riffles or shallow pools. While many invertebrate consumers relied primarily on algal production derived from local habitats, our study shows that growth of top predators in the river is strongly linked to food webs in adjacent habitats. These results suggest a key role for emigration of aquatic prey in determining carbon flow to top predators. C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Integrat Biol, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. RP Finlay, JC (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 3215 Marine St,Suite E127, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RI Finlay, Jacques/B-6081-2011 OI Finlay, Jacques/0000-0002-7968-7030 NR 66 TC 123 Z9 127 U1 9 U2 72 PU ECOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 1707 H ST NW, STE 400, WASHINGTON, DC 20006-3915 USA SN 0012-9658 J9 ECOLOGY JI Ecology PD JUL PY 2002 VL 83 IS 7 BP 1845 EP 1859 DI 10.2307/3071769 PG 15 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 571LD UT WOS:000176718100006 ER PT J AU Coolbaugh, MF Gustin, MS Rytuba, JJ AF Coolbaugh, MF Gustin, MS Rytuba, JJ TI Annual emissions of mercury to the atmosphere from natural sources in Nevada and California SO ENVIRONMENTAL GEOLOGY LA English DT Article DE atmospheric mercury; geographic information system; natural sources; scaling ID VAPOR; EXCHANGE; TESTS; SOILS; USA AB The impact of natural source emissions on atmospheric mercury concentrations and the bio-geochemical cycle of mercury is not known. To begin to assess this impact, mercury emissions to the atmosphere were scaled up for three areas naturally enriched in mercury: the Steamboat Springs geo-thermal area, Nevada, the New Idria mercury mining district, California, and the Medicine Lake volcano, California. Data used to scale up area emissions included mercury fluxes, measured in-situ using field flux chambers, from undisturbed and disturbed geologic substrates, and relationships between mercury emissions and geologic rock types, soil mercury concentrations, and surface heat flux. At select locations mercury fluxes were measured for 24 h and the data were used to adjust fluxes measured at different times of the day to give an average daily flux. This adjustment minimized daily temporal variability, which is observed for mercury flux because of light and temperature effects. Area emissions were scaled spatially and temporally with GIS software. Measured fluxes ranged from 0.3 to approximately 50 ng m(-2) h(-1) at undisturbed sites devoid of mercury mineralization, and to greater than 10,000 ng m(-2) h(-1) from substrates that were in areas of mercury mining. Area-averaged fluxes calculated for bare soil at Steamboat Springs, New Idria, and Medicine Lake of 181, 9.2, and 2 ng m(-2) h(-1), respectively, are greater than fluxes previously ascribed to natural non-point sources, indicating that these sources may be more significant contributors of mercury to the atmosphere than previously realized. C1 Univ Nevada, Dept Environm & Resources Sci, Reno, NV 89557 USA. Univ Nevada, Dept Geol Sci, Reno, NV 89557 USA. US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. RP Gustin, MS (reprint author), Univ Nevada, Dept Environm & Resources Sci, Mail Stop 370, Reno, NV 89557 USA. RI Mason, Robert/A-6829-2011 NR 30 TC 51 Z9 63 U1 2 U2 26 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0943-0105 J9 ENVIRON GEOL JI Environ. Geol. PD JUL PY 2002 VL 42 IS 4 BP 338 EP 349 DI 10.1007/s00254-002-0557-4 PG 12 WC Environmental Sciences; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Geology; Water Resources GA 579YX UT WOS:000177207700003 ER PT J AU Schmitt, CJ Caldwell, CA Olsen, B Serdar, D Coffey, M AF Schmitt, CJ Caldwell, CA Olsen, B Serdar, D Coffey, M TI Inhibition of erythrocyte delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase (ALAD) activity in fish from waters affected by lead smelters SO ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT LA English DT Article DE ALAD; Columbia River; fish; hemoglobin; lead; metals; Mississippi River; smelters; zinc ID CONTAMINANT-BIOMONITORING-PROGRAM; BIOCHEMICAL BLOOD COMPOSITION; COEUR-DALENE RIVER; RAINBOW-TROUT; INORGANIC LEAD; SALMO-GAIRDNERI; COLUMBIA RIVER; MINE TAILINGS; HEAVY-METALS; POLLUTION AB We assessed the effects on fish of lead (Pb) released to streams by smelters located in Trail, BC (Canada), E. Helena, MT, Herculaneum, MO, and Glover, MO. Fish were collected by electrofishing from sites located downstream of smelters and from reference sites. Blood from each fish was analyzed for delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase (ALAD) activity and hemoglobin (Hb), and samples of blood, liver, or carcass were analyzed for Pb, zinc (Zn), or both. Fish collected downstream of all four smelters sites had elevated Pb concentrations, decreased ALAD activity, or both relative to their respective reference sites. At E. Helena, fish from the downstream site also had lower Hb concentrations than fish from upstream. Differences among taxa were also apparent. Consistent with previous studies, ALAD activity in catostomids (Pisces: Catostomidae-northern hog sucker, Hypentelium nigricans; river carpsucker, Carpiodes carpio; largescale sucker, Catostomus macrocheilus; and mountain sucker, C. platyrhynchus) seemed more sensitive to Pb-induced ALAD inhibition than the salmonids (Pisces: Salmonidae-rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss; brook trout, Salvelinus fontinalis) or common carp (Cyprinus carpio). Some of these differences may have resulted from differential accumulation of Zn, which was not measured at all sites. We detected no ALAD activity in channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) from either site on the Mississippi River at Herculaneum, MO. Our findings confirmed that Pb is released to aquatic ecosystems by smelters and accumulated by fish, and we documented potentially adverse effects of Pb in fish. We recommend that Zn be measured along with Pb when ALAD activity is used as a biomarker and the collection of at least 10 fish of a species at each site to facilitate statistical analysis. C1 US Geol Survey, Columbia Environm Res Ctr, Columbia, MO 65201 USA. RP Schmitt, CJ (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Columbia Environm Res Ctr, Columbia, MO 65201 USA. NR 68 TC 23 Z9 23 U1 1 U2 10 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0167-6369 J9 ENVIRON MONIT ASSESS JI Environ. Monit. Assess. PD JUL PY 2002 VL 77 IS 1 BP 99 EP 119 DI 10.1023/A:1015767503629 PG 21 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 557RL UT WOS:000175921800007 PM 12139078 ER PT J AU Schmitt, D Taylor, HE Aiken, GR Roth, DA Frimmel, FH AF Schmitt, D Taylor, HE Aiken, GR Roth, DA Frimmel, FH TI Influence of natural organic matter on the adsorption of metal ions onto clay minerals SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID FIELD-FLOW FRACTIONATION; PLASMA-MASS-SPECTROMETRY; COLLOIDS; MOBILITY; WATER; SOIL AB The influence of natural organic matter (NOM) on the adsorption of Al, Fe, Zn, and Pb onto clay minerals was investigated. Adsorption experiments were carried out at pH = 5 and pH = 7 in the presence and absence of NOM. In general, the presence of NOM decreased the adsorption of metal ions onto the clay particles. Al and Fe were strongly influenced by NOM, whereas Zn and Ph adsorption was only slightly altered. The interaction of the metal ions with the minerals and the influence of NOM on this interaction was investigated by coupling SdFFF with an inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer (ICPMS) or an inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometer (ICPAES). Quantitative atomization of the clay particles in the ICP was confirmed by comparing elemental content determined by direct injection of the clay into the ICPMS with values from acid digestion. Particle sizes of the clays were found to be between 0.1 and 1 mum by sedimentation field-flow fractionation (SdFFF) with UV detection. Aggregation of particles due to metal adsorption was observed using SdFFF-ICPMS measurements. This aggregation was dependent on the specific metal ion and decreased in the presence of NOM and at higher pH value. C1 Univ Karlsruhe, Engler Bunte Inst, D-76128 Karlsruhe, Germany. US Geol Survey, Boulder, CO USA. RP Frimmel, FH (reprint author), Univ Karlsruhe, Engler Bunte Inst, Kaiserstr 12, D-76128 Karlsruhe, Germany. NR 24 TC 45 Z9 48 U1 4 U2 33 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0013-936X J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD JUL 1 PY 2002 VL 36 IS 13 BP 2932 EP 2938 DI 10.1021/es010271p PG 7 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 569GA UT WOS:000176591600038 PM 12144270 ER PT J AU Quinn, MJ French, JB McNabb, FMA Ottinger, MA AF Quinn, MJ French, JB McNabb, FMA Ottinger, MA TI The effects of polychlorinated biphenyls (Aroclor 1242) on thyroxine, estradiol, molt, and plumage characteristics in the American kestrel (Falco sparverius) SO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE polychlorinated biophenyls; plumage; endocrine disruption; thyroxine; estradiol ID SEXUAL SELECTION; THYROID-HORMONES; REPRODUCTIVE SUCCESS; BIRDS; CONTAMINANTS; PARASITES; CHOICE; QUAIL; COLOR; UV AB The purpose of this experiment was to determine the effects of Aroclor 1242, a mixture of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), on plumage characteristics and molt in the American kestrel, Falco sparverills. Several characteristics of plumage. including color and molt schedule, are modulated by hormonal signals and hence may be modified by endocrine-active contaminants. If so, the functions of plumage (e.g.. communication for mating or territorial defense) may be compromised by exposure to such compounds. Captive American kestrels were fed Aroclor 1242 at 0. 6.0. and 60.0 ppm (n = 6 males and 6 females per treatment) mixed in their normal diet. Concentrations of plasma estradiol and thyroxine were measured weekly from the beginning of treatment. Measured plumage characteristics included width of the black subterminal band on the tail, color (a composite index of hue and saturation), reflectance from 230 to 800 min. pattern of feather loss and regrowth on the tail and wing. and timing of onset and duration of molt. Aroclor 1242 depressed plasma thyroxine. Plasma estradiol levels remained low due to the phase of the breeding cycle. Treatments did not disrupt the measured plumage characteristics. This may be due to timing or dose of exposure or to genetic factors. C1 Univ Maryland, Dept Anim & Avian Sci, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. US Geol Survey, Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, Laurel, MD 20708 USA. Virginia Tech, Dept Biol, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA. RP Quinn, MJ (reprint author), Univ Maryland, Dept Anim & Avian Sci, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. EM mq15@umail.umd.edu NR 41 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 2 U2 15 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 0730-7268 J9 ENVIRON TOXICOL CHEM JI Environ. Toxicol. Chem. PD JUL PY 2002 VL 21 IS 7 BP 1417 EP 1422 DI 10.1897/1551-5028(2002)021<1417:TEOPBA>2.0.CO;2 PG 6 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA 569AJ UT WOS:000176576900013 PM 12109742 ER PT J AU Bunnell, JE Orem, WH Tatu, CA Finkelman, RB AF Bunnell, JE Orem, WH Tatu, CA Finkelman, RB TI Is Balkan endemic nephropathy restricted to the Balkans SO EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Forslys Grp, Timisoara, Romania. US Geol Survey, Reston, VA 22092 USA. NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 1044-3983 J9 EPIDEMIOLOGY JI Epidemiology PD JUL PY 2002 VL 13 IS 4 MA 612 BP S189 EP S189 PG 1 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 565PL UT WOS:000176378600570 ER PT J AU Herbel, MJ Blum, JS Hoeft, SE Cohen, SM Arnold, LL Lisak, J Stolz, JF Oremland, RS AF Herbel, MJ Blum, JS Hoeft, SE Cohen, SM Arnold, LL Lisak, J Stolz, JF Oremland, RS TI Dissimilatory arsenate reductase activity and arsenate-respiring bacteria in bovine rumen fluid, hamster feces, and the termite hindgut SO FEMS MICROBIOLOGY ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE arsenic; GI tract; anaerobe ID HUMAN LARGE-INTESTINE; WATER LAKE-SEDIMENTS; SP-NOV; CHRYSIOGENES-ARSENATIS; SULFATE REDUCTION; STRAIN SES-3; MONO LAKE; RESPIRATION; ARSENIC(III); MOBILIZATION AB Bovine rumen fluid and slurried hamster feces completely reduced millimolar levels of arsenate to arsenite upon incubation under anoxic conditions. This activity was strongly inhibited by autoclaving or aerobic conditions, and partially inhibited by tungstate or chloramphenicol. The rate of arsenate reduction was faster in feces from a population of arsenate-watered (100 ppm) hamsters compared to a control group watered without arsenate. Using radioisotope methods, arsenate reductase activity in hamster feces was also detected at very low concentrations of added arsenate (similar to 10 muM). Bacterial cultures were isolated from these materials, as well as from the termite hindgut, that grow using H-2 as their electron donor, acetate as their carbon source, and arsenate as their respiratory electron acceptor. The three cultures aligned phylogenetically either with well-established enteric bacteria, or with an organism associated with feedlot fecal wastes. Because arsenite is transported across the gut epithelium more readily than arsenate, microbial dissimilatory reduction of arsenate in the gut may promote the body's absorption of arsenic and hence potentiate its toxicity. (C) 2002 Federation of European Microbiological Societies. Published by Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. Univ Nebraska, Med Ctr, Dept Pathol & Microbiol, Omaha, NE 68198 USA. Duquesne Univ, Dept Biol Sci, Pittsburgh, PA 15282 USA. RP Oremland, RS (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 345 Middlefield Rd, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. NR 47 TC 41 Z9 43 U1 0 U2 18 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0168-6496 J9 FEMS MICROBIOL ECOL JI FEMS Microbiol. Ecol. PD JUL PY 2002 VL 41 IS 1 BP 59 EP 67 AR PII S0168-6496(02)00266-0 DI 10.1111/j.1574-6941.2002.tb00966.x PG 9 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA 571ZR UT WOS:000176749500007 PM 19709239 ER PT J AU Miller, GG Sweet, LI Adams, JV Omann, GM Passino-Reader, DR Meier, PG AF Miller, GG Sweet, LI Adams, JV Omann, GM Passino-Reader, DR Meier, PG TI In vitro toxicity and interactions of environmental contaminants (Arochlor 1254 and mercury) and immunomodulatory agents (lipopolysaccharide and cortisol) on thymocytes from lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush) SO FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Aroclor 1254; PCB; mercury; lipopolysaccharide; cortisol; thymocyte; Salvelinus namaycush; fish ID ORGANOCHLORINE CONTAMINANTS; APOPTOSIS; LYMPHOCYTES; CARP; ACTIVATION; PROLIFERATION; TEMPERATURE; SELECTION; CATFISH; BINDING AB The immunotoxicity of chemical combinations commonly encountered by the lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush) immune system was the focus of this study. It was hypothesised that combinations of an environmental contaminant (mercuric chloride or Aroclor 1254) and an immunomodulatory agent (bacterial endotoxin or cortisol) might interact to produce a greater toxicity than that of the environmental contaminant alone at concentrations typically encountered in piscine blood and other tissues. Thus lake trout thymocytes were isolated and treated with mercuric chloride or Aroclor 1254 in the presence and absence of cortisol or lipopolysaccharide. Incubations were performed for 6 or 20 h at 4 degreesC or 10 degreesC. Lipopolysaccharide did not affect the toxicity of either contaminant. In contrast, cortisol enhanced the toxicity of both environmental contaminants. Hence, stressors that lead to increased cortisol production, but not lipopolysaccharide directly, may increase the toxicity of mercury and Aroclor 1254 to lake trout thymocytes. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 Univ Michigan, Sch Med, Dept Surg, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA. Univ Michigan, Sch Med, Dept Biol Chem, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA. VA Med Ctr, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA. Univ Michigan, Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Environm Hlth Sci, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. US Geol Survey, Great Lakes Sci Ctr, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA. RP Omann, GM (reprint author), Univ Michigan, Sch Med, Dept Surg, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA. NR 38 TC 32 Z9 32 U1 0 U2 7 PU ACADEMIC PRESS LTD ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI LONDON PA 24-28 OVAL RD, LONDON NW1 7DX, ENGLAND SN 1050-4648 J9 FISH SHELLFISH IMMUN JI Fish Shellfish Immunol. PD JUL PY 2002 VL 13 IS 1 BP 11 EP 26 DI 10.1006/fsim.2001.0381 PG 16 WC Fisheries; Immunology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Veterinary Sciences SC Fisheries; Immunology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Veterinary Sciences GA 580YK UT WOS:000177264200002 PM 12201650 ER PT J AU Buklis, LS AF Buklis, LS TI Subsistence fisheries management on federal public lands in Alaska SO FISHERIES LA English DT Article AB On 1 October 1999, the federal government assumed responsibility for subsistence fisheries management in inland navigable waters on federal public lands in Alaska, which comprise 60% of the state. Such responsibility in non-navigable waters on federal public lands was established in 1990. Often described as a "federal takeover" in the media, confusion continues as to authorities and jurisdictions in the resulting dual management system. Historical considerations leading up to federal management are briefly highlighted, and the current federal regulatory and management system is described. The federal program has contributed to the development of improved approaches for subsistence fisheries management in Alaska, and these developments should continue, regardless of how the legal and political aspects of the current situation are resolved. C1 US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Off Subsistence Management, Anchorage, AK 99503 USA. RP Buklis, LS (reprint author), US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Off Subsistence Management, Anchorage, AK 99503 USA. NR 14 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA SN 0363-2415 J9 FISHERIES JI Fisheries PD JUL PY 2002 VL 27 IS 7 BP 10 EP 18 DI 10.1577/1548-8446(2002)027<0010:SFMOFP>2.0.CO;2 PG 9 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 571KD UT WOS:000176715800011 ER PT J AU Glen, JMG Ponce, DA AF Glen, JMG Ponce, DA TI Large-scale fractures related to inception of the Yellowstone hotspot SO GEOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Yellowstone hotspot; Northern Nevada rifts; Snake River Plain; dike swarm; flood basalts; Columbia River Plateau ID SNAKE RIVER PLAIN; FLOOD BASALTS; MANTLE PLUMES; NEVADA RIFT; TRACKS; REGION; BASIN AB During middle Miocene time, western North America was subject to flood-basalt volcanism, dike-swarm injection, and broad-scale fracturing and folding of the crust. We propose a simple model to account for these events and for a regional pattern of geologic and geophysical features. Aeromagnetic maps reveal some of the most important elements of this pattern, which are several narrow, arcuate anomalies, here referred to as the Northern Nevada rifts. These rifts extend hundreds of kilometers across Nevada and are likely caused by highly magnetic, middle Miocene mafic dikes. With the aid of filtering techniques, the anomalies can be traced into Oregon. Together with other geologic features, such as fold axes, dike swarms, and faults, they produce a spoke-like pattern fanning over 220degrees of arc that converges toward a point near the Oregon-Idaho border (lat similar to44degreesN). A possible cause for this pattern is a point source of stress at the base of the crust related to the formation of the Yellowstone hotspot. The spoke-like pattern, however, does not persist at large distances from the emerging hotspot; several hundred kilometers to the south, the Northern Nevada rifts deviate significantly (>30degrees) from a radial trend. We show that a simple model-imposing a point source of stress at the base of the crust and a regional stress field aligned with the presumed middle Miocene stress direction-fits the observed fracture pattern. It thus accounts for both the radial pattern present near the nascent hotspot and the far-field pattern due to regional stresses. C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. Berkeley Goechronol Ctr, Berkeley, CA 94709 USA. RP Glen, JMG (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 345 Middlefield Rd, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. NR 38 TC 51 Z9 51 U1 2 U2 10 PU GEOLOGICAL SOC AMERICA, INC PI BOULDER PA PO BOX 9140, BOULDER, CO 80301-9140 USA SN 0091-7613 J9 GEOLOGY JI Geology PD JUL PY 2002 VL 30 IS 7 BP 647 EP 650 DI 10.1130/0091-7613(2002)030<0647:LSFRTI>2.0.CO;2 PG 4 WC Geology SC Geology GA 569NB UT WOS:000176607500017 ER PT J AU Chapelle, FH Bradley, PM Lovley, DR O'Neill, K Landmeyer, JE AF Chapelle, FH Bradley, PM Lovley, DR O'Neill, K Landmeyer, JE TI Rapid evolution of redox processes in a petroleum hydrocarbon-contaminated aquifer SO GROUND WATER LA English DT Article ID ELECTRON-ACCEPTING PROCESSES; ANOXIC GROUNDWATER; BIODEGRADATION; SEDIMENTS; REDUCTION; BIOREMEDIATION; INDICATORS; BENZENE; IRON AB Ground water chemistry data collected over a six-year period show that the distribution of contaminants and redox processes in a shallow petroleum hydrocarbon-contaminated aquifer has changed rapidly over time. Shortly after a gasoline release occurred in 1990, high concentrations of benzene were present near the contaminant source area. In this contaminated zone, dissolved oxygen in ground water was depleted, and by 1994 Fe(III) reduction and sulfate reduction were the predominant terminal electron accepting processes. Significantly, dissolved methane was below measurable levels in 1994, indicating the absence of significant methanogenesis. By 1996, however, depletion of solid-phase Fe(III)-oxyhydroxides in aquifer sediments and depletion of dissolved sulfate in ground water resulted in the onset of methanogenesis. Between 1996 and 2000, water-chemistry data indicated that methanogenic metabolism became increasingly prevalent. Molecular analysis of 1 6S-rDNA extracted from sediments shows the presence of a more diverse methanogenic community inside as opposed to outside the plume core, and is consistent with water-chemistry data indicating a shift toward methanogenesis over time. This rapid evolution of redox processes reflects several factors including the large amounts of contaminants, relatively rapid ground water flow (similar to0.3 m/day [similar to1 foot/day]), and low concentrations of microbially reducible Fe(III) oxyhydroxides (similar to 1 mumol/g) initially present in aquifer sediments. These results illustrate that, under certain hydrologic conditions, redox conditions in petroleum hydrocarbon-contaminated aquifers can change rapidly in time and space, and that the availability of solid-phase Fe(III)-oxyhydroxides affects this rate of change. C1 US Geol Survey, Columbia, SC 29210 USA. Univ Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003 USA. RP Chapelle, FH (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 720 Gracern Rd,Ste 129, Columbia, SC 29210 USA. NR 25 TC 39 Z9 40 U1 1 U2 18 PU GROUND WATER PUBLISHING CO PI WESTERVILLE PA 601 DEMPSEY RD, WESTERVILLE, OH 43081 USA SN 0017-467X J9 GROUND WATER JI Ground Water PD JUL-AUG PY 2002 VL 40 IS 4 BP 353 EP 360 DI 10.1111/j.1745-6584.2002.tb02513.x PG 8 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Geology; Water Resources GA 573JY UT WOS:000176827400008 PM 12113353 ER PT J AU Hoaglund, JR Huffman, GC Grannemann, NG AF Hoaglund, JR Huffman, GC Grannemann, NG TI Michigan basin regional ground water flow discharge to three Great Lakes SO GROUND WATER LA English DT Article AB Ground water discharge to the Great Lakes around the Lower Peninsula of Michigan is primarily from recharge in riparian basins and proximal upland areas that are especially important to the northern half of the Lake Michigan shoreline. A steady-state finite-difference model was developed to simulate ground water flow in four regional aquifers in Michigan's Lower Peninsula: the Glaciofluvial, Saginaw, Parma-Bayport, and Marshall aquifers interlayered with the Till/"red beds," Saginaw, and Michigan confining units, respectively. The model domain was laterally bound by a continuous specified-head boundary, formed from lakes Michigan, Huron, St. Clair, and Erie, with the St. Clair and Detroit River connecting channels. The model was developed to quantify regional ground water flow in the aquifer systems using independently determined recharge estimates. According to the flow model, local stream stages and discharges account for 95% of the overall model water budget, only 5% enters the lakes directly from the ground water system. Direct ground water discharge to the Great Lakes' shorelines was calculated at 36 m(3)/sec, accounting for 5% of the overall model water budget. Lowland areas contribute far less ground water discharge to the Great Lakes than upland areas. The model indicates that Saginaw Bay receives only similar to1.13 m(3)/sec ground water; the southern half of the Lake Michigan shoreline receives only similar to2.83 m(3)/sec. In contrast, the northern half of the Lake Michigan shoreline receives more than 17 m(3)/sec from upland areas. C1 Penn State Univ, Earth & Mineral Sci Environm Inst, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. US Geol Survey, WRD, Lansing, MI USA. US Geol Survey, WRD, Lansing, MI 48911 USA. RP Hoaglund, JR (reprint author), Penn State Univ, Earth & Mineral Sci Environm Inst, 2217 Earth Engn Sci, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. NR 39 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 4 PU GROUND WATER PUBLISHING CO PI WESTERVILLE PA 601 DEMPSEY RD, WESTERVILLE, OH 43081 USA SN 0017-467X J9 GROUND WATER JI Ground Water PD JUL-AUG PY 2002 VL 40 IS 4 BP 390 EP 405 DI 10.1111/j.1745-6584.2002.tb02518.x PG 16 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Geology; Water Resources GA 573JY UT WOS:000176827400013 PM 12113358 ER PT J AU Wood, WW AF Wood, WW TI Role of ground water in geomorphology, geology, and paleoclimate of the Southern High Plains, USA SO GROUND WATER LA English DT Review ID PLAYA-LAKE BASINS; NEW-MEXICO; SALT DISSOLUTION; TEXAS; DEPOSITION; RECHARGE; ORIGIN; BRINE AB Study of ground water in the Southern High Plains is central to an understanding of the geomorphology, deposition of economic minerals, and climate change record in the area. Ground water has controlled the course of the Canadian and Pecos rivers that isolated the Southern High Plains from the Great Plains and has contributed significantly to the continuing retreat of the westward escarpment. Evaporative and dissolution processes are responsible for current plateau topography and the development of the signature 20,000 small playa basins and 40 to 50 large saline lake basins in the area. In conjunction with eolian processes, ground water transport controls the mineralogy of commercially valuable mineral deposits and sets up the distribution of fine efflorescent salts that adversely affect water quality. As the water table rises and retreats, lunette and tufa formation provides valuable paleoclimate data for the Southern High Plains. In all these cases, an understanding of ground water processes contributes valuable information to a broad range of geological topics, well beyond traditional interest in water supply and environmental issues. C1 US Geol Survey, Natl Ctr, Reston, VA 20192 USA. RP Wood, WW (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Natl Ctr, MS 430, Reston, VA 20192 USA. NR 59 TC 12 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 7 PU GROUND WATER PUBLISHING CO PI WESTERVILLE PA 601 DEMPSEY RD, WESTERVILLE, OH 43081 USA SN 0017-467X J9 GROUND WATER JI Ground Water PD JUL-AUG PY 2002 VL 40 IS 4 BP 438 EP 447 DI 10.1111/j.1745-6584.2002.tb02522.x PG 10 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Geology; Water Resources GA 573JY UT WOS:000176827400017 PM 12113362 ER PT J AU Moring, JR Mink, LH AF Moring, JR Mink, LH TI Anadromous alewives, Alosa pseudoharengus, as prey for white perch, Morone americana SO HYDROBIOLOGIA LA English DT Article DE white perch; alewife; feeding; Maine; USA ID LAKE-MICHIGAN; POPULATION; ONTARIO; QUINTE; ERIE; BAY AB The reintroduction of anadromous alewives, Alosa pseudoharengus, to their historic habitats in the inland waters of the United States and Canada, has prompted concerns about possible interactions with a popular sport fish, white perch, Morone americana. Both species are now widely distributed in northeastern North America. Diets of white perch in Lake George, Maine, U. S. A., where alewives were absent, were monitored and compared with those of white perch populations that were sympatric with anadromous alewives in two coastal Maine lakes, Biscay Pond and North Pond. In the presence of introduced alewives, the diet of adult white perch became almost exclusively juvenile alewives by late summer in ponds where both species were present. White perch that were sympatric with alewives were more piscivorus than were Lake George white perch, which primarily consumed Cladocera. Not only were alewives the principal prey item in the diet of white perch in Biscay and North ponds, but adult alewives were largely cannibalistic by August. Thus, success of reintroducing anadromous alewives in waters containing white perch may be negatively impacted by predation as well as cannibalism. C1 Plumas Corp, Quincy, CA 95971 USA. Univ Maine, US Geol Survey, Maine Cooperat Fish & Wildllife Res Unit, Orono, ME 04469 USA. RP Moring, JR (reprint author), Plumas Corp, POB 3880, Quincy, CA 95971 USA. NR 23 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 1 U2 10 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0018-8158 J9 HYDROBIOLOGIA JI Hydrobiologia PD JUL PY 2002 VL 479 IS 1 BP 125 EP 130 DI 10.1023/A:1021078803198 PG 6 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 614BT UT WOS:000179168700013 ER PT J AU Pegg, MA Pierce, CL AF Pegg, MA Pierce, CL TI Fish community structure in the Missouri and lower Yellowstone rivers in relation to flow characteristics SO HYDROBIOLOGIA LA English DT Article DE fish community ecology; hydrology; functional guilds ID STREAM FISHES; GREAT RIVERS; PATTERNS; ASSEMBLAGES; HABITAT; ORGANIZATION; PERSPECTIVE; VARIABILITY; DISTURBANCE; INTEGRITY AB Human alteration is commonplace among large rivers and often results in changes in the flow regime which can lead to changes in fish community structure. We explored the features of fish community structure, morphological characteristics, functional composition, and life-history attributes in relation to six unique flow regimes in the Missouri and lower Yellowstone rivers where we found significant differences in community composition and abundance. The clearest pattern was the distinction between the channelized portion of the river below the mainstem reservoirs and all other parts of the Missouri and lower Yellowstone rivers due to a marked reduction of species richness above the reservoirs. We also found morphological, functional, and life-history differences among the flow units, with the inter-reservoir communities consisting of slightly more generalist characteristics. Our results suggest some relation between flow and fish community structure, but that human alteration may have the strongest influence in distinguishing community differences in the Missouri and lower Yellowstone rivers. C1 Iowa State Univ, US Geol Survey, Dept Anim Ecol,Biol Resources Div, Iowa Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Ames, IA 50011 USA. RP Pegg, MA (reprint author), Illinois Nat Hist Survey, Illinois River Biol Stn, 704 N Schrader, Havana 62644, Cuba. NR 35 TC 25 Z9 29 U1 0 U2 6 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0018-8158 J9 HYDROBIOLOGIA JI Hydrobiologia PD JUL PY 2002 VL 479 IS 1 BP 155 EP 167 DI 10.1023/A:1021038207741 PG 13 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 614BT UT WOS:000179168700016 ER PT J AU Bell, JF Farrand, WH Johnson, JR Morris, RV AF Bell, JF Farrand, WH Johnson, JR Morris, RV TI Low abundance materials at the Mars Pathfinder landing site: An investigation using spectral mixture analysis and related techniques SO ICARUS LA English DT Article DE Mars, surface; surfaces, planets; mineralogy; image processing ID MARTIAN SURFACE; IMAGER; IDENTIFICATION; MINERALS; PYROXENE; CAMERA AB Recalibrated and geometrically registered multispectral images from the Imager for Mars Pathfinder (IMP) were analyzed using Spectral Mixture Analysis (SMA) and related techniques. SMA models a multispectral image scene as a linear combination of endmember spectra, and anomalous materials which do not fit the model are detected as model residuals. While most of the IMP data studied here are modeled generally well using "Bright Dust," "Gray Rock," and "Shade" image endmembers, additional anomalous materials were detected through careful analysis of root mean square (RMS) error images resulting from SMA. For example, analysis of SMA fraction and RMS images indicates spectral differences within a previously monolithologic Dark Soil class. A type of Dark Soil that has high fractional abundances in rock fraction images (Gray Rock Soil) was identified. Other anomalous materials identified included a previously noted "Black Rock" lithology, a class of possibly indurated, compacted, or partially cemented soils ("Intermediate Soil"), and a unit referred to as "Anomalous Patches" on at least one rock. The Black Rock lithology has a strong 900-1000-nm absorption, and modeling of the derived image endmembers using a laboratory reference endmember modeling (REM) approach produced best-fit model spectra that are most consistent with the presence of high-Ca pyroxenes and/or olivine, crystalline ferric oxide minerals, or mixtures of these materials as important components of the Black Rock endmember. More unique mineralogic identifications could not be obtained using our initial REM analyses. Both Intermediate Soil and Anomalous Patches units exhibit a relatively narrow 860-950-nm absorption that is consistent with the presence of either low-Ca pyroxenes or a cementing crystalline ferric oxide mineral. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science (USA). C1 Cornell Univ, Dept Astron, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. Space Sci Inst, Boulder, CO USA. US Geol Survey, Astrogeol Team, Flagstaff, AZ 86001 USA. NASA, Lyndon B Johnson Space Ctr, Houston, TX 77058 USA. RP Bell, JF (reprint author), Cornell Univ, Dept Astron, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. RI Johnson, Jeffrey/F-3972-2015 NR 41 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 0 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0019-1035 J9 ICARUS JI Icarus PD JUL PY 2002 VL 158 IS 1 BP 56 EP 71 DI 10.1006/icar.2002.6865 PG 16 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 574WM UT WOS:000176912600005 ER PT J AU Reed, AH Briggs, KB Lavoie, DL AF Reed, AH Briggs, KB Lavoie, DL TI Porometric properties of siliciclastic marine sand: A comparison of traditional laboratory measurements with image analysis and effective medium modeling SO IEEE JOURNAL OF OCEANIC ENGINEERING LA English DT Article DE permeability; porometry; porosity; porous media ID CONTINENTAL-SHELF; RESERVOIR PHYSICS; PORE; PERMEABILITY; POROSITY; SYSTEMS; CONDUCTIVITY; PETROGRAPHY; SEDIMENTS; TRANSPORT AB During the 1999 sediment acoustics experiment (SAX99), porometric properties were measured and predicted for a well sorted, medium sand using standard laboratory geotechnical methods and image analysis of resin-impregnated sediments. Sediment porosity measured by laboratory water-weight-loss methods (0.372 +/- 0.0073 for mean +/-1 standard deviation) is 0.026 lower than determined by microscopic image analysis of resin-impregnated sediments (0.398 +/- 0.029). Values of intrinsic permeability (m(2)) determined from constant-head permeameter measurements (3.29 x 10(-11) +/- 0.60 x 10(-11)) and by microscopic image analysis coupled with effective medium theory modeling (1.78 x 10(-11) +/- 1.01 x 10(-11)) are nearly identical within measurement error. The mean value of tortuosity factor measured from images is 1.49 +/- 0.09, which is in agreement with tortuosity factor-determined from electrical resistivity measurements. Slight heterogeneity and anisotropy are apparent in the top three centimeters of sediment as determined by image-based porometric property measurements. However, the overall similarity for both measured and predicted values of porosity and permeability among and within SAX99 sites indicates sediments are primarily homogeneous and isotropic and pore size distributions are fairly uniform. The results indicate that an effective medium theory technique and two-dimensional image analysis accurately predicts bulk permeability in resin-impregnated sands. C1 USN, Res Lab, Seafloor Sci Branch, Stennis Space Ctr, MS 39529 USA. US Geol Survey, USGS, Dept Coastal & Maine Geol, Arlington, VA 22217 USA. RP Reed, AH (reprint author), USN, Res Lab, Seafloor Sci Branch, Stennis Space Ctr, MS 39529 USA. NR 56 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 4 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017-2394 USA SN 0364-9059 J9 IEEE J OCEANIC ENG JI IEEE J. Ocean. Eng. PD JUL PY 2002 VL 27 IS 3 BP 581 EP 592 AR PII S0364-9059(02)06421-X DI 10.1109/JOE.2002.1040940 PG 12 WC Engineering, Civil; Engineering, Ocean; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Oceanography SC Engineering; Oceanography GA 606WT UT WOS:000178758200019 ER PT J AU Fairchild, JF Allert, AL Riddle, JS Gladwin, DR AF Fairchild, JF Allert, AL Riddle, JS Gladwin, DR TI Efficacy of glyphosate and five surfactants for controlling giant Salvinia SO JOURNAL OF AQUATIC PLANT MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE herbicides; aquatic; weeds; control; invasive species; Salvinia molesta ID ACUTE TOXICITY; MOLESTA; HERBICIDE; RODEO(R) AB Giant salvinia (Salvinia molesta Mitchell) is a non-native' invasive aquatic fern that was recently introduced to the southern United States. The aggressive nature of the species has led to concerns over its potential adverse impacts to native plants, fish, and invertebrates. We conducted a study to determine the efficacy of glyphosate [isopropylamine salt of N-(phosphono-methyl)glycine] and several surfactants for control of giant salvinia. Studies were conducted over a 42-day period using static renewals (twice weekly) with 4% Hoagland's medium (10 mg/L N equivalent) in replicated 2-L containers. Five concentrations of glyphosate (0, 0.45, 0.91, 1.82, and 3.60% v:v) and five surfactants (0.25% concentration, v:v; Optima(TM), Kinetic(TM), Mon 0818(TM), Cygnet Plus(TM), and LI-700(TM)) were applied with a pressurized sprayer as a single surface application in a fully nested experimental design. Untreated giant salvinia grew rapidly and exhibited an increase of 800% wet weight biomass over the 42-day test duration. Glyphosate, with and without surfactants, exhibited efficacy at concentrations as low as 0.45% of the commercial formulation. Glyphosate with Optima was the only mixture that resulted in complete mortality of plants with no regrowth. C1 US Geol Survey, Columbia Environm Res Ctr, Columbia, MO 65201 USA. US Geol Survey, MidContinent Ecol Serv Ctr, Ft Collins, CO 80524 USA. RP Fairchild, JF (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Columbia Environm Res Ctr, 4200 New Haven Rd, Columbia, MO 65201 USA. NR 18 TC 11 Z9 12 U1 2 U2 4 PU AQUATIC PLANT MANAGEMENT SOC, INC PI LEHIGH ACRES PA PO BOX 1477, LEHIGH ACRES, FL 33970 USA SN 0146-6623 J9 J AQUAT PLANT MANAGE JI J. Aquat. Plant Manage. PD JUL PY 2002 VL 40 BP 53 EP 58 PG 6 WC Plant Sciences; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Plant Sciences; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 611LW UT WOS:000179019800002 ER PT J AU Rybicki, NB Carter, V AF Rybicki, NB Carter, V TI Light and temperature effects on the growth of wild celery and Hydrilla SO JOURNAL OF AQUATIC PLANT MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE submerged aquatic vegetation; tubers; competition; Hydrilla verticillata; Vallisneria americana ID TIDAL POTOMAC RIVER; SUBMERSED MACROPHYTES; PHOTOSYNTHETIC CHARACTERISTICS; MYRIOPHYLLUM-SPICATUM; VALLISNERIA-AMERICANA; AQUATIC PLANTS; VERTICILLATA AB Wild celery (Vallisneria americana L.) has coexisted with the dominant species hydrilla (Hydrilla verticillata (L.f.) Royle) since the resurgence of submersed aquatic vegetation in the tidal Potomac River in 1983. In 1989, particularly turbid, cool, and cloudy spring conditions were associated with a substantial decrease in hydrilla coverage. We measured growth and elongation potential of wild celery and hydrilla propagules under various temperature and irradiance conditions to compare these two species and in part explain the stable persistence of wild celery and the variability in hydrilla coverage. A plant growth experiment was conducted to simulate actual temperatures in the Potomac River during spring of 1986 (plant coverage increased) and 1989 (plant coverage decreased). In the 1989 temperature treatment, final heights of hydrilla and wild celery were unaffected by a 6-C decrease in temperature 2 weeks following tuber germination. Heights of wild celery, however, were more than twice that of hydrilla, and elongation rates of wild celery were greater than those of hydrilla when temperatures reached 17 to 22C. Laboratory studies conducted in complete darkness showed that wild celery tubers germinate at 13C, whereas hydrilla tubers germinate at 15C, and that wild celery elongated to heights twice those of hydrilla. Heights were positively correlated to tuber length. If irradiance is diminished at incipience, differences in tuber reserves and elongation potential may be sufficient to ensure that wild celery can survive when hydrilla is not successful. C1 US Geol Survey, Reston, VA 20192 USA. RP Rybicki, NB (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 430 Natl Ctr, Reston, VA 20192 USA. NR 25 TC 13 Z9 15 U1 1 U2 6 PU AQUATIC PLANT MANAGEMENT SOC, INC PI LEHIGH ACRES PA PO BOX 1477, LEHIGH ACRES, FL 33970 USA SN 0146-6623 J9 J AQUAT PLANT MANAGE JI J. Aquat. Plant Manage. PD JUL PY 2002 VL 40 BP 92 EP 99 PG 8 WC Plant Sciences; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Plant Sciences; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 611LW UT WOS:000179019800010 ER PT J AU Boyce, MS Kirsch, EM Servheen, C AF Boyce, MS Kirsch, EM Servheen, C TI Bet-hedging applications for conservation SO JOURNAL OF BIOSCIENCES LA English DT Article DE bet hedging; Bitterroot wilderness; environmental correlation; grizzly bear; least tern; Sterna antillarum; Ursus arctos horribilis ID LEAST TERN; EVOLUTIONARY BETS; POPULATION; EXTINCTION; DISPERSAL; TIMES AB One of the early tenets of conservation biology is that population viability is enhanced by maintaining multiple populations of a species. The strength of this tenet is justified by principles of bet-hedging. Management strategies that reduce variance in population size will also reduce risk of extinction. Asynchrony in population fluctuations in independent populations reduces variance in the aggregate of populations whereas environmental correlation among areas increases the risk that all populations will go extinct. We review the theoretical rationale of bet-hedging and suggest applications for conservation management of least terns in Nebraska and grizzly bears in the northern Rocky Mountains of the United States. The risk of extinction for least terns will be reduced if we can sustain the small central Platte River population in addition to the larger population on the lower Platte. Similarly, by restoring grizzly bears to the Bitterroot wilderness of Idaho and Montana can reduce the probability of extinction for grizzly bears in the Rocky Mountains of the United States by as much as 69-93%. C1 Univ Alberta, Dept Biol Sci, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E9, Canada. US Geol Survey, Div Biol Resources, Upper Midwest Environm Sci Ctr, La Crosse, WI 54603 USA. Univ Montana, US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Missoula, MT 59812 USA. RP Boyce, MS (reprint author), Univ Alberta, Dept Biol Sci, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E9, Canada. RI Boyce, Mark/A-2620-2014 OI Boyce, Mark/0000-0001-5811-325X NR 43 TC 10 Z9 12 U1 3 U2 16 PU INDIAN ACADEMY SCIENCES PI BANGALORE PA P B 8005 C V RAMAN AVENUE, BANGALORE 560 080, INDIA SN 0250-5991 J9 J BIOSCIENCES JI J. Biosci. PD JUL PY 2002 VL 27 IS 4 SU 2 BP 385 EP 392 DI 10.1007/BF02704967 PG 8 WC Biology SC Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics GA 575KF UT WOS:000176944900008 PM 12177536 ER PT J AU Banko, PC Cipollini, ML Breton, GW Paulk, E Wink, M Izhaki, I AF Banko, PC Cipollini, ML Breton, GW Paulk, E Wink, M Izhaki, I TI Seed chemistry of Sophora chrysophylla (mamane) in relation to diet of specialist avian seed predator Loxioides bailleui (palila) in Hawaii SO JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE coadaptation; Cydia; Hawaii; Loxioides bailleui; mamane; nutrition; palila; quinolizidine alkaloids; seed predation; secondary metabolites; Sophora chrysophylla; toxins ID QUINOLIZIDINE ALKALOIDS; LUPINE ALKALOIDS; CHEMICAL DEFENSE; SPRUCE BUDWORM; MAUNA-KEA; LEPIDOPTERA; TORTRICIDAE; PROTEIN; PLANT AB This study describes the chemical ecology of a tritrophic interaction among species endemic to the island of Hawaii, USA: a tree (Sophora chrysophylla: mamane), an endangered bird (Loxioides bailleui; palila), and moth larvae (Cydia spp.). Palila and Cydia both specialize on the seed embryos of mamane but avoid eating the seed coats. Palila actively seek out and feed mamane embryos and Cydia larvae to their nestlings. Because mamane embryos contain potentially toxic levels of alkaloids, including broadly toxic quinolizidine alkaloids, and because insects often sequester alkaloids from their food plants, we focus on the questions of why palila forage upon mamane embryos and why they supplement their diet with Cydia larvae. Our data show that mamane embryos contain high amounts of potentially toxic alkaloids, but are well balanced nutritionally and contain lipids, carbohydrates, proteins, amino acids, and minerals at levels that are likely to be sufficient for maintenance and breeding. Mamane seed coats contain lower levels of alkaloids and nutrients, somewhat higher levels of phenolics, and much higher levels of nondigestible fiber. Taken together, these results suggest that palila have evolved tolerance to high levels of alkaloids and that they forage upon embryos primarily because of their availability in the habitat and high nutritional reward. Our data also suggest that Cydia are used by palila because they are readily accessible, nontoxic, and nutritious; the larvae apparently do not sequester alkaloids while feeding upon mamane seeds. Our results are interpreted with respect to the likelihood of current and historical coadaptive responses in this ecologically isolated and simplified island setting. C1 US Geol Survey, Pacific Isl Ecosyst Res Ctr, Hawaii Natl Pk, HI 96718 USA. Berry Coll, Dept Biol, Mt Berry, GA 30149 USA. Berry Coll, Dept Chem, Mt Berry, GA 30149 USA. Univ Heidelberg, Inst Pharmazeut Biol, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany. Univ Haifa, Dept Biol, IL-36006 Tivon, Israel. RP Banko, PC (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Pacific Isl Ecosyst Res Ctr, Kilauea Field Stn,POB 44, Hawaii Natl Pk, HI 96718 USA. RI Izhaki, Ido/D-5586-2011; Wink, Michael/E-3803-2012 OI Wink, Michael/0000-0002-7875-4510 NR 59 TC 17 Z9 19 U1 2 U2 17 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC/PLENUM PUBL PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0098-0331 J9 J CHEM ECOL JI J. Chem. Ecol. PD JUL PY 2002 VL 28 IS 7 BP 1393 EP 1410 AR UNSP pp516-joec-374132 DI 10.1023/A:1016248502927 PG 18 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Ecology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 572YY UT WOS:000176803600007 PM 12199503 ER PT J AU Barboza, PS Jorde, DG AF Barboza, PS Jorde, DG TI Intermittent fasting during winter and spring affects body composition and reproduction of a migratory duck SO JOURNAL OF COMPARATIVE PHYSIOLOGY B-BIOCHEMICAL SYSTEMIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL PHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE eggs; fasting; fat; intestine; liver ID AMERICAN BLACK DUCKS; TIT FAT RESERVES; NUTRIENT RESERVES; CLUTCH-SIZE; OPPORTUNISTIC BREEDER; LOXIA-CURVIROSTRA; CAPTIVE MALLARDS; DIGESTIVE-TRACT; GARDEN WARBLER; RED CROSSBILL AB We compared food intake, body mass and body composition of male and female black ducks (Anas rubripes) during winter (January-March). Birds were fed the same complete diet ad libitum on consecutive days each week without fasting (control; nine male; nine female) or with either short fasts (2 day.week(-1); nine male; nine female), or long fasts (4 day.week(-1); eleven male; twelve female). We continued treatments through spring (March-May) to measure the effect of intermittent fasts on body mass and egg production. Daily food intake of fasted birds was up to four times that of unfasted birds. Weekly food intake of males was similar among treatments (364 g.kg(-1).week(-1)) but fasted females consumed more than unfasted females in January (363 g.kg(-1). week(-1) vs. 225 g.kg(-1).week(-1)). Although both sexes lost 10-14% body mass, fasted females lost less mass and lipid than unfasted females during winter. Total body nitrogen was conserved over winter in both sexes even though the heart and spleen lost mass while the reproductive tract and liver gained mass. Intermittent fasting increased liver, intestinal tissue and digesta mass of females but not of males. Fasting delayed egg production in spring but did not affect size, fertility or hatching of the clutch. Females on long fasts were still heavier than controls after laying eggs. Thus black ducks combine flexibility of food intake with plasticity of digestive tract, liver and adipose tissue when food supply is interrupted during winter. Females modulate body mass for survival and defer reproduction when food supply is interrupted in spring. C1 Univ Alaska Fairbanks, Inst Arctic Biol, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA. Univ Alaska Fairbanks, Dept Biol & Wildlife, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA. US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, Laurel, MD 20708 USA. RP Barboza, PS (reprint author), Univ Alaska Fairbanks, Inst Arctic Biol, POB 757000,Room 311 Irving 1, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA. NR 81 TC 22 Z9 25 U1 2 U2 19 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0174-1578 J9 J COMP PHYSIOL B JI J. Comp. Physiol. B-Biochem. Syst. Environ. Physiol. PD JUL PY 2002 VL 172 IS 5 BP 419 EP 434 DI 10.1007/s00360-002-0267-y PG 16 WC Physiology; Zoology SC Physiology; Zoology GA 579WQ UT WOS:000177201800008 PM 12122458 ER PT J AU Witt, ME Klecka, GM Lutz, EJ Ei, TA Grosso, NR Chapelle, FH AF Witt, ME Klecka, GM Lutz, EJ Ei, TA Grosso, NR Chapelle, FH TI Natural attenuation of chlorinated solvents at Area 6, Dover Air Force Base: groundwater biogeochemistry SO JOURNAL OF CONTAMINANT HYDROLOGY LA English DT Article DE natural attenuation; groundwater contamination; bioremediation; biodegradation; chlorinated solvents ID AEROBIC MICROBIAL MINERALIZATION; METHYLOSINUS-TRICHOSPORIUM OB3B; SOLUBLE METHANE MONOOXYGENASE; REDUCTIVE DECHLORINATION; ENRICHMENT CULTURE; TETRACHLOROETHENE; TRICHLOROETHYLENE; DEGRADATION; TOLUENE; BIODEGRADATION AB Monitored natural attenuation (MNA) has recently emerged as a viable groundwater remediation technology in the United States. Area 6 at Dover Air Force Base (Dover, DE) was chosen as a test site to examine the potential for MNA of tetrachloroethene (PCE) and trichloroethene (TCE) in groundwater and aquifer sediments. A "lines of evidence" approach was used to document the occurrence of natural attenuation. Chlorinated hydrocarbon and biogeochemical data were used to develop a site-specific conceptual model where both anaerobic and aerobic biological processes are responsible for the destruction of PCE, TCE, and daughter metabolites. An examination of groundwater biogeochemical data showed a region of depleted dissolved oxygen with elevated dissolved methane and hydrogen concentrations. Reductive dechlorination likely dominated in the anaerobic portion of the aquifer where PCE and TCE levels were observed to decrease with a simultaneous increase in cis-1,2-dichloroethene (cis-DCE), vinyl chloride (VC), ethene, and dissolved chloride. Near the anaerobic/aerobic interface, concentrations of cis-DCE and VC decreased to below detection limits, presumably due to aerobic biotransformation processes. Therefore, the contaminant and daughter product plumes present at the site appear to have been naturally attenuated by a combination of active anaerobic and aerobic biotransformation processes. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Dow Chem Co USA, Midland, MI 48674 USA. EI Du Pont Nemours & Co, Engn Corp Remediat Grp, Wilmington, DE 19880 USA. US Geol Survey, Columbia, SC 29210 USA. RP Witt, ME (reprint author), Dow Chem Co USA, 1803 Bldg, Midland, MI 48674 USA. NR 43 TC 30 Z9 32 U1 4 U2 13 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0169-7722 J9 J CONTAM HYDROL JI J. Contam. Hydrol. PD JUL PY 2002 VL 57 IS 1-2 BP 61 EP 80 AR PII S0169-7722(01)00218-2 DI 10.1016/S0169-7722(01)00218-2 PG 20 WC Environmental Sciences; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Geology; Water Resources GA 569XH UT WOS:000176627600004 PM 12143993 ER PT J AU Herbel, MJ Johnson, TM Tanji, KK Gao, SD Bullen, TD AF Herbel, MJ Johnson, TM Tanji, KK Gao, SD Bullen, TD TI Selenium stable isotope ratios in California agricultural drainage water management systems SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY LA English DT Article ID EVAPORATION POND SEDIMENTS; MICROBIAL OXIDATION; ELEMENTAL SELENIUM; WETLAND SYSTEM; FRACTIONATION; SPECIATION; SPECTROMETRY; REDUCTION; SULFUR; SOILS AB Selenium stable isotope ratios are known to shift in predictable ways during various microbial, chemical, and biological processes, and can be used to better understand Se cycling in contaminated environments. In this study we used Se stable isotopes to discern the mechanisms controlling the transformation of oxidized, aqueous forms of Se to reduced, insoluble forms in sediments of Se-affected environments. We measured Se-80/Se-76 in surface waters, shallow ground waters, evaporites, digested plants and sediments, and sequential extracts from several sites where agricultural drainage water is processed in the San Joaquin Valley of California. Selenium isotope analyses of samples obtained from the Tulare Lake Drainage District flow-through wetland reveal small isotopic contrasts (mean difference 0.7%.) between surface water and reduced Se species in the underlying sediments. Selenium in aquatic macrophytes was very similar isotopically to the NaOH and Na2SO3 sediment extracts designed to recover soluble organic Se and Se(0), respectively. For the integrated on-farm drainage management sites, evaporite salts were slightly (approximately 0.6%) enriched in the heavier isotope relative to the inferred parent waters, whereas surface soils were slightly (approximately 1.4%) depleted. Bacterial or chemical reduction of Se(VI) or Se(IV) may be occurring at these sites, but the small isotopic contrasts suggest that other, less isotopically fractionating mechanisms are responsible for accumulation of reduced forms in the sediments. These findings provide evidence that Se assimilation by plants and algae followed by deposition and mineralization is the dominant transformation pathway responsible for accumulation of reduced forms of Se in the wetland sediments. C1 US Geol Survey, Div Water Resources, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. Univ Illinois, Dept Geol, Urbana, IL 61301 USA. Univ Calif Davis, Dept LAWR, Davis, CA 95616 USA. RP Herbel, MJ (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Div Water Resources, 345 Middlefield Rd,Mail Stop 480, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. RI Johnson, Thomas/A-2740-2008 OI Johnson, Thomas/0000-0003-1620-1408 NR 49 TC 34 Z9 40 U1 1 U2 19 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0047-2425 J9 J ENVIRON QUAL JI J. Environ. Qual. PD JUL-AUG PY 2002 VL 31 IS 4 BP 1146 EP 1156 PG 11 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 574YL UT WOS:000176918200010 PM 12175032 ER PT J AU Cassingham, KM Sills, EO Pattanayak, SK Mansfield, CA AF Cassingham, KM Sills, EO Pattanayak, SK Mansfield, CA TI North Carolina's natural heritage program: A case for public-private cooperation SO JOURNAL OF FORESTRY LA English DT Article DE biodiversity; conservation; nonindustrial private forestland AB Voluntary conservation programs are an effective tool for recognizing and preserving the value of special places on private forestlands. We evaluate private landowner participation in the Natural Heritage Program of North Carolina, finding that landowners are more likely to enroll land with high ecological significance in this voluntary program. Voluntary conservation is less likely on lands that are remote from threats such as roads, that have higher value in other uses, and that are near lands already conserved by the public. C1 US Geol Survey, Raleigh, NC 27607 USA. N Carolina State Univ, Dept Forestry, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. Res Triangle Inst, Environm & Nat Resource Econ Program, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. RP Cassingham, KM (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 3916 Sunset Ridge Rd, Raleigh, NC 27607 USA. NR 15 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU SOC AMER FORESTERS PI BETHESDA PA 5400 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 0022-1201 J9 J FOREST JI J. For. PD JUL-AUG PY 2002 VL 100 IS 5 BP 16 EP 23 PG 8 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 574EM UT WOS:000176875500007 ER PT J AU Bradley, D Tucker, R AF Bradley, D Tucker, R TI Emsian synorogenic paleogeography of the Maine Appalachians SO JOURNAL OF GEOLOGY LA English DT Article ID PB ZIRCON AGES; NORTHERN NEW-HAMPSHIRE; ACADIAN OROGENY; NEW-ENGLAND; ROCKS; METAMORPHISM; GRANITE; GEOLOGY; QUEBEC; MODEL AB The Acadian deformation front in the northern Appalachians of Maine and New Hampshire can now be closely located during the early Emsian (Early Devonian; 408-406 Ma). Tight correlations between paleontologically and isotopically dated rocks are possible only because of a new 408-Ma time scale tie point for the early Emsian. The deformation front lay between a belt of Lower Devonian flysch and molasse that were deposited in an Acadian foreland basin and had not yet been folded and a belt of early Emsian plutons that intruded folded Lower Devonian rocks. This plutonic belt includes the newly dated Ore Mountain gabbro (U/Pb; 406 Ma), which hosts magmatic-sulfide mineralization. Along the deformation front, a 407-Ma pluton that locally truncates Acadian folds (Katahdin) was the feeder to volcanic rocks (Traveler Rhyolite; 406-407 Ma) that are part of the foreland-basin succession involved in these same folds. The Emsian igneous rocks thus define a syncollisional magmatic province that straddled the deformation front. These findings bear on three alternative subduction geometries for the Acadian collision. C1 US Geol Survey, Anchorage, AK 99508 USA. Washington Univ, Dept Earth & Planetary Sci, St Louis, MO 63130 USA. RP Bradley, D (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 4200 Univ Dr, Anchorage, AK 99508 USA. NR 53 TC 28 Z9 28 U1 0 U2 1 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 1427 E 60TH ST, CHICAGO, IL 60637-2954 USA SN 0022-1376 J9 J GEOL JI J. Geol. PD JUL PY 2002 VL 110 IS 4 BP 483 EP 492 DI 10.1086/340634 PG 10 WC Geology SC Geology GA 558AE UT WOS:000175941200008 ER PT J AU Naftz, DL Susong, DD Schuster, PF Cecil, LD Dettinger, MD Michel, RL Kendall, C AF Naftz, DL Susong, DD Schuster, PF Cecil, LD Dettinger, MD Michel, RL Kendall, C TI Ice core evidence of rapid air temperature increases since 1960 in alpine areas of the Wind River Range, Wyoming, United States SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article DE climate change; glaciology; Wind River Range; Wyoming; stable isotopes ID CENTRAL NORTH-AMERICA; UPPER FREMONT GLACIER; CLIMATE-CHANGE; RECORD; PRECIPITATION; GREENLAND; DELTA-O-18; MOUNTAINS; USA AB [1] Site-specific transfer functions relating delta oxygen 18 (delta(18)O) values in snow to the average air temperature (T(A)) during storms on Upper Fremont Glacier (UFG) were used in conjunction with delta(18)O records from UFG ice cores to reconstruct long-term trends in air temperature from alpine areas in the Wind River Range, Wyoming. Transfer functions were determined by using data collected from four seasonal snowpacks (1989-1990, 19971998, 1998-1999, and 1999-2000). The timing and amount of each storm was determined from an automated snowpack telemetry (SNOTEL) site, 22 km northeast of UFG, and similar to 1060 m in elevation below UFG. Statistically significant and positive correlations between delta(18)O values in the snow and T(A) were consistently found in three of the four seasonal snowpacks. The snowpack with the poor correlation was deposited in 1997-1998 during the 1997-1998 El Nino Southern Oscillation (ENSO). An ultrasonic snow-depth sensor installed on UFG provided valuable insights into site-specific storms and postdepositional processes that occur on UFG. The timing of storms recorded at the UFG and Cold Springs SNOTEL sites were similar; however, selected storms did not correlate. Snow from storms occurring after mid-October and followed by high winds was most susceptible to redeposition of snow. This removal of lower temperature snowfall could potentially bias the delta(18)O values preserved in ice core records to environmental conditions reflecting higher air temperatures and lower wind speeds. Transfer functions derived from seasonal snow cover on UFG were used to reconstruct T(A) values from delta(18)O values determined from two ice cores collected from UFG. Reconstructed air temperatures from the ice core data indicate an increase in T(A) of similar to3.5degreesC from the mid-1960s to the early 1990s in the alpine areas of northwestern Wyoming. Reconstructed T(A) from the ice core records between the end of the Little Ice Age (LIA), mid-1800s, and the early 1990s indicate a T(A) increase of similar to5degreesC. The historically reconstructed T(A) values from the UFG were significantly higher than the global average observed during the 20th Century but were in agreement with T(A) increases observed at selected, high-altitude and high-latitude sites in other parts of the world. Additional research is required to determine if part of the observed trend toward heavier delta(18)O values in ice from the UFG since the LIA (and increased TA) is due to an increased proportion of snowfall from southerly storm tracks and moisture sources, as seems to have been the situation in 1997-1998. C1 US Geol Survey, Salt Lake City, UT 84119 USA. US Geol Survey, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. US Geol Survey, Idaho Falls, ID 83402 USA. US Geol Survey, San Diego, CA 92123 USA. US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. RP Naftz, DL (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 2329 Orton Circle, Salt Lake City, UT 84119 USA. NR 33 TC 18 Z9 19 U1 1 U2 15 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0148-0227 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD JUL PY 2002 VL 107 IS D13 AR 4171 DI 10.1029/2001JD000621 PG 16 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 610TN UT WOS:000178977100014 ER PT J AU Cervelli, P Segall, P Amelung, F Garbeil, H Meertens, C Owen, S Miklius, A Lisowski, M AF Cervelli, P Segall, P Amelung, F Garbeil, H Meertens, C Owen, S Miklius, A Lisowski, M TI The 12 September 1999 Upper East Rift Zone dike intrusion at Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SOLID EARTH LA English DT Article DE Kilauea; deformation; dike; intrusion; GPS; InSAR ID TENSILE FAULTS; HALF-SPACE; DEFORMATION; EARTHQUAKE; SHEAR AB [1] Deformation associated with an earthquake swarm on 12 September 1999 in the Upper East Rift Zone of Kilauea Volcano was recorded by continuous GPS receivers and by borehole tiltmeters. Analyses of campaign GPS, leveling data, and interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR) data from the ERS-2 satellite also reveal significant deformation from the swarm. We interpret the swarm as resulting from a dike intrusion and model the deformation field using a constant pressure dike source. Nonlinear inversion was used to find the model that best fits the data. The optimal dike is located beneath and slightly to the west of Mauna Ulu, dips steeply toward the south, and strikes nearly east-west. It is approximately 3 by 2 km across and was driven by a pressure of similar to15 MPa. The total volume of the dike was 3.3 x 10(6) m(3). Tilt data indicate a west to east propagation direction. Lack of premonitory inflation of Kilauea's summit suggests a passive intrusion; that is, the immediate cause of the intrusion was probably tensile failure in the shallow crust of the Upper East Rift Zone brought about by persistent deep rifting and by continued seaward sliding of Kilauea's south flank. C1 Stanford Univ, Dept Geophys, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. Univ Hawaii Manoa, Dept Geol & Geophys, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. Univ NAVSTAR Consortium, Boulder, CO 80301 USA. Univ So Calif, Dept Earth Sci, Los Angeles, CA 90089 USA. US Geol Survey, Cascades Volcano Observ, Vancouver, WA 98683 USA. US Geol Survey, Hawaiian Volcano Observ, Hawaii Natl Pk, HI 96718 USA. RP Cervelli, P (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Hawaiian Volcano Observ, POB 51, Hawaii Natl Pk, HI 96718 USA. EM pcervelli@usgs.gov; segall@stanford.edu; amelung@hawaii.edu; chuckm@unavco.ucar.edu; owen@earth.usc.edu; asta@usgs.gov; mlisowski@usgs.gov RI Amelung, Falk/J-9042-2012 NR 15 TC 52 Z9 52 U1 1 U2 6 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-9313 EI 2169-9356 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-SOL EA JI J. Geophys. Res.-Solid Earth PD JUL PY 2002 VL 107 IS B7 AR 2150 DI 10.1029/2001JB000602 PG 13 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 610ZL UT WOS:000178991900001 ER PT J AU Godfrey, NJ Fuis, GS Langenheim, V Okaya, DA Brocher, TM AF Godfrey, NJ Fuis, GS Langenheim, V Okaya, DA Brocher, TM TI Lower crustal deformation beneath the central Transverse Ranges, southern California: Results from the Los Angeles Region Seismic Experiment SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SOLID EARTH LA English DT Article DE Crustal root; P wave velocity; density; flexure; thermal ID SAN-GABRIEL-MOUNTAINS; MANTLE STRUCTURE; TRAVEL-TIMES; GEODETIC MEASUREMENT; CONTINENTAL-MARGIN; TOMOGRAPHIC IMAGE; KINEMATIC MODEL; PLATE BOUNDARY; PACIFIC PLATE; NORTH-AMERICA AB [1] We present a P wave velocity model derived from active source seismic data collected during the 1994 Los Angeles Region Seismic Experiment. Our model extends previously published upper crustal velocity models to mantle depths. Our model was developed by both ray tracing through a layered model and calculating travel times through a gridded model. It includes an 8-km-thick crustal root centered beneath the surface trace of the San Andreas fault, north of the highest topography in the San Gabriel Mountains. A simple mass balance calculation suggests that similar to 36 km of north-south shortening across the San Andreas fault in the central Transverse Ranges could have formed this root. If north-south compression began when the "Big Bend'' in the San Andreas fault formed at 5 Ma, 36 km of shortening implies a north-south contraction rate of similar to7.1 mm/yr across the central Transverse Ranges. If, instead, north-south compression began when the Transverse Ranges formed at 3.4-3.9 Ma, 36 km of shortening implies a contraction rate of 9.2-10.6 mm/yr. North of the San Andreas fault, the Mojave Desert crust has a low-velocity (6.3 km/s) mid and lower crust and a 28-km-deep Moho. South of the San Andreas fault, beneath the Los Angeles and San Gabriel Valley basins, there is a fast (6.6-6.8 km/s), thick (10-12 km) lower crust with a 27-km-deep Moho. Farther south still, the lower crust of the Continental Borderland is fast (6.6-6.8 km/s) and thin (5 km) with a shallow (22 km deep) Moho. C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. Univ So Calif, Dept Earth Sci, Los Angeles, CA USA. RP Godfrey, NJ (reprint author), Landmark EAME, Hill Pk S,Springfield Dr, Leatherhead, Surrey, England. EM nfaulkner@lgc.com; fuis@usgs.gov; zulanger@usgs.gov; okaya@coda.usc.edu; brocher@usgs.gov NR 88 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 1 U2 5 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-9313 EI 2169-9356 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-SOL EA JI J. Geophys. Res.-Solid Earth PD JUL PY 2002 VL 107 IS B7 AR 2144 DI 10.1029/2001JB000354 PG 19 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 610ZL UT WOS:000178991900007 ER PT J AU Lu, Z Wicks, C Dzurisin, D Power, JA Moran, SC Thatcher, W AF Lu, Z Wicks, C Dzurisin, D Power, JA Moran, SC Thatcher, W TI Magmatic inflation at a dormant stratovolcano: 1996-1998 activity at Mount Peulik volcano, Alaska, revealed by satellite radar interferometry SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SOLID EARTH LA English DT Article DE interferometry; synthetic aperture radar (SAR); volcano deformation; earthquake swarm; Peulik; volcano monitoring ID ST-HELENS; CRUSTAL DEFORMATION; EARTHQUAKE SWARM; KILAUEA-VOLCANO; SURFACE UPLIFT; 1960 COLLAPSE; UKINREK MAARS; CALIFORNIA; ERUPTION; ETNA AB [1] A series of ERS radar interferograms that collectively span the time interval from July 1992 to August 2000 reveal that a presumed magma body located 6.6 +/- 0.5 km beneath the southwest flank of the Mount Peulik volcano inflated 0.051 +/- 0.005 km(3) between October 1996 and September 1998. Peulik has been active only twice during historical time, in 1814 and 1852, and the volcano was otherwise quiescent during the 1990s. The inflation episode spanned at least several months because separate interferograms show that the associated ground deformation was progressive. The average inflation rate of the magma body was similar to 0.003 km(3)/month from October 1996 to September 1997, peaked at 0.005 km(3)/month from 26 June to 9 October 1997, and dropped to similar to 0.001 km(3)/month from October 1997 to September 1998. An intense earthquake swarm, including three M-L 4.8-5.2 events, began on 8 May 1998 near Becharof Lake, similar to 30 km northwest of Peulik. More than 400 earthquakes with a cumulative moment of 7.15 x 10(17) N m were recorded in the area through 19 October 1998. Although the inflation and earthquake swarm occurred at about the same time, the static stress changes that we calculated in the epicentral area due to inflation beneath Peulik appear too small to provide a causal link. The 1996-1998 inflation episode at Peulik confirms that satellite radar interferometry can be used to detect magma accumulation beneath dormant volcanoes at least several months before other signs of unrest are apparent. This application represents a first step toward understanding the eruption cycle at Peulik and other stratovolcanoes with characteristically long repose periods. C1 US Geol Survey, EROS Data Ctr, Raytheon ITSS, Sioux Falls, SD 57198 USA. US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. US Geol Survey, David A Johnston Cascdes Volcano Observ, Vancouver, WA 98683 USA. US Geol Survey, Alaska Volcano Observ, Anchorage, AK 99508 USA. RP Lu, Z (reprint author), US Geol Survey, EROS Data Ctr, Raytheon ITSS, 47914 252nd St, Sioux Falls, SD 57198 USA. EM lu@usgs.gov; cwicks@usgs.gov; dzurisin@usgs.gov; jpower@usgs.gov; smoran@usgs.gov NR 46 TC 26 Z9 28 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-9313 EI 2169-9356 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-SOL EA JI J. Geophys. Res.-Solid Earth PD JUL PY 2002 VL 107 IS B7 AR 2134 DI 10.1029/2001JB000471 PG 13 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 610ZL UT WOS:000178991900017 ER PT J AU ten Brink, US Taylor, MH AF ten Brink, US Taylor, MH TI Crustal structure of central Lake Baikal: Insights into intracontinental rifting SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SOLID EARTH LA English DT Article DE Lake Baikal; continental rifts; Newark basin; crustal extension; plate driving forces; seismic velocity structure ID EASTERN NORTH-AMERICA; CONTINENTAL LITHOSPHERE; VELOCITY STRUCTURE; GPS MEASUREMENTS; UNITED-STATES; CENTRAL-ASIA; SEISMIC DATA; ZONE; BASIN; SIBERIA AB [1] The Cenozoic rift system of Baikal, located in the interior of the largest continental mass on Earth, is thought to represent a potential analog of the early stage of breakup of supercontinents. We present a detailed P wave velocity structure of the crust and sediments beneath the Central Basin, the deepest basin in the Baikal rift system. The structure is characterized by a Moho depth of 39-42.5 km; an 8-km-thick, laterally continuous high-velocity (7.05-7.4 km/s) lower crust, normal upper mantle velocity (8 km/s), a sedimentary section reaching maximum depths of 9 km, and a gradual increase of sediment velocity with depth. We interpret the high-velocity lower crust to be part of the Siberian Platform that was not thinned or altered significantly during rifting. In comparison to published results from the Siberian Platform, Moho under the basin is elevated by <3 km. On the basis of these results we propose that the basin was formed by upper crustal extension, possibly reactivating structures in an ancient fold-and-thrust belt. The extent and location of upper mantle extension are not revealed by our data, and it may be offset from the rift. We believe that the Baikal rift structure is similar in many respects to the Mesozoic Atlantic rift system, the precursor to the formation of the North Atlantic Ocean. We also propose that the Central Baikal rift evolved by episodic fault propagation and basin enlargement, rather than by two-stage rift evolution as is commonly assumed. C1 US Geol Survey, Woods Hole Field Ctr, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. RP ten Brink, US (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Woods Hole Field Ctr, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. EM utenbrink@usgs.gov; mtaylor@ess.ucla.edu RI Taylor, Michael/D-9939-2011; ten Brink, Uri/A-1258-2008 OI ten Brink, Uri/0000-0001-6858-3001 NR 70 TC 23 Z9 24 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-9313 EI 2169-9356 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-SOL EA JI J. Geophys. Res.-Solid Earth PD JUL PY 2002 VL 107 IS B7 AR 2132 DI 10.1029/2001JB000300 PG 15 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 610ZL UT WOS:000178991900019 ER PT J AU Guinand, B Topchy, A Page, KS Burnham-Curtis, MK Punch, WF Scribner, KT AF Guinand, B Topchy, A Page, KS Burnham-Curtis, MK Punch, WF Scribner, KT TI Comparisons of likelihood and machine learning methods of individual classification SO JOURNAL OF HEREDITY LA English DT Article ID TROUT SALMO-TRUTTA; MICROSATELLITE DNA VARIATION; ARTIFICIAL NEURAL NETWORKS; POPULATION-STRUCTURE; BROWN TROUT; MULTILOCUS GENOTYPES; CLUSTERING METHODS; GENETIC-STRUCTURE; ASSIGNMENT; IDENTIFICATION AB Classification methods used in machine learning (e.g., artificial neural networks, decision trees, and k-nearest neighbor clustering) are rarely used with population genetic data. We compare different nonparametric machine learning techniques with parametric likelihood estimations commonly employed in population genetics for purposes of assigning individuals to their population of origin ("assignment tests"). Classifier accuracy was compared across simulated data sets representing different levels of population differentiation (low and high F-ST), number of loci surveyed (5 and 10), and allelic diversity (average of three or eight alleles per locus). Empirical data for the lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush) exhibiting levels of population differentiation comparable to those used in simulations were examined to further evaluate and compare classification methods. Classification error rates associated with artificial neural networks and likelihood estimators were lower for simulated data sets compared to k-nearest neighbor and decision tree classifiers over the entire range of parameters considered. Artificial neural networks only marginally outperformed the likelihood method for simulated data (0-2.8% lower error rates). The relative performance of each machine learning classifier improved relative likelihood estimators for empirical data sets, suggesting an ability to "learn" and utilize properties of empirical genotypic arrays intrinsic to each population. Likelihood-based estimation methods provide a more accessible option for reliable assignment of individuals to the population of origin due to the intricacies in development and evaluation of artificial neural networks. C1 Michigan State Univ, Dept Wildlife & Fisheries, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA. Michigan State Univ, Dept Comp Sci & Engn, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA. USGS Great Lakes Sci Ctr, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA. Natl Fish & Wildlife Forens Lab, US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Ashland, OR 97520 USA. RP Scribner, KT (reprint author), Michigan State Univ, Dept Wildlife & Fisheries, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA. EM scribne3@pilot.msu.edu NR 99 TC 22 Z9 23 U1 0 U2 3 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS INC PI CARY PA JOURNALS DEPT, 2001 EVANS RD, CARY, NC 27513 USA SN 0022-1503 EI 1465-7333 J9 J HERED JI J. Hered. PD JUL-AUG PY 2002 VL 93 IS 4 BP 260 EP 269 DI 10.1093/jhered/93.4.260 PG 10 WC Evolutionary Biology; Genetics & Heredity SC Evolutionary Biology; Genetics & Heredity GA 610JR UT WOS:000178957400005 PM 12407212 ER PT J AU Larsen, RS Nutter, FB Augspurger, T Rocke, TE Tomlinson, L Thomas, NJ Stoskopf, MK AF Larsen, RS Nutter, FB Augspurger, T Rocke, TE Tomlinson, L Thomas, NJ Stoskopf, MK TI Clinical features of avian vacuolar myelinopathy in American coots SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article ID FULICA-AMERICANA; DEGENERATION; HEALTH; BLOOD AB Objective-To characterize clinical features of avian vacuolar myelinopathy (AVM) in American coots. Design-Case-control study. Animals-26 AVM-affected American coots and 12 unaffected coots. Procedures-Complete physical, neurologic, hematologic, and plasma biochemical evaluations were performed. Affected coots received supportive care. All coots died or were euthanatized, and AVM status was confirmed via histopathologic findings. Results-3 severely affected coots were euthanatized immediately after examination. Seventeen affected coots were found dead within 7 days of admission, but 5 affected coots survived > 21 days and had signs of clinical recovery. Abnormal physical examination findings appeared to be related to general debilitation. Ataxia (88%), decreased withdrawal reflexes (88%), proprioceptive deficits (81%), decreased vent responses (69%), beak or tongue weakness (42%), and head tremors (31%), as well as absent pupillary light responses (46%), anisocoria (15%), apparent blindness (4%), nystagmus (4%), and strabismus (4%) were detected. Few gross abnormalities were detected at necropsy, but histologically, all AVM-affected coots had severe vacuolation of white matter of the brain. None of the control coots had vacuolation. Conclusions and Clinical Relevance-Although there was considerable variability in form and severity of clinical neurologic abnormalities, clinical signs common in AVM-affected birds were identified. Clinical recovery of some AVM-affected coots can occur when supportive care is administered. Until the etiology is identified, caution should be exercised when rehabilitating and releasing coots thought to be affected by AVM. C1 N Carolina State Univ, Coll Vet Med, Environm Med Consortium, Dept Clin Sci, Raleigh, NC 27606 USA. N Carolina State Univ, Coll Vet Med, Dept Microbiol, Raleigh, NC 27606 USA. N Carolina State Univ, Coll Vet Med, Dept Pathol, Raleigh, NC 27606 USA. N Carolina State Univ, Coll Vet Med, Dept Parasitol, Raleigh, NC 27606 USA. N Carolina Zool Pk, Asheboro, NC 27203 USA. US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Raleigh Field Off, Raleigh, NC 27636 USA. US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Natl Wildlife Res Ctr, Madison, WI 53711 USA. N Carolina State Univ, Vet Teaching Hosp, Raleigh, NC 27606 USA. N Carolina State Univ, Fish Wildlife Educ Unit, Raleigh, NC 27606 USA. RP Larsen, RS (reprint author), N Carolina State Univ, Coll Vet Med, Environm Med Consortium, Dept Clin Sci, 4700 Hillsborough St, Raleigh, NC 27606 USA. OI Rocke, Tonie/0000-0003-3933-1563 NR 20 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 2 U2 8 PU AMER VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOC PI SCHAUMBURG PA 1931 N MEACHAM RD SUITE 100, SCHAUMBURG, IL 60173-4360 USA SN 0003-1488 J9 J AM VET MED ASSOC JI J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. PD JUL 1 PY 2002 VL 221 IS 1 BP 80 EP 85 DI 10.2460/javma.2002.221.80 PG 6 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA 567NK UT WOS:000176490700032 PM 12420829 ER PT J AU Stout, JH Trust, KA AF Stout, JH Trust, KA TI Elemental and organochlorine residues in bald eagles from Adak Island, Alaska SO JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE DISEASES LA English DT Article DE Adak Island; Alaska; Aleutian Islands; bald eagles; contaminants; Haliaeetus lettcocephalus ID ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINANTS; ALEUTIAN ARCHIPELAGO; PESTICIDE; DIETS AB Adak island is a remote island in the Aleutian island archipelago of Alaska (USA) and home to various military activities since World War II. To assess the contaminant burden of one of Adak Island's top predators, livers and kidneys were collected from 26 bald eagle (Haliaeetus leucocephalus) carcasses between 1993 and 1998 for elemental and organochlorine analyses. Mean cadmium, chromium, mercury, and selenium concentrations were consistent with levels observed in other avian studies and were below toxic thresholds. However, elevated concentrations of chromium and mercury in some individuals may warrant concern. Furthermore, although mean polychlorinated biphenyl and pp'-dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene concentrations were below acute toxic thresholds, they were surprisingly high given Adak island's remote location. C1 US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Ecol Serv, Anchorage Field Off, Anchorage, AK 99501 USA. RP Stout, JH (reprint author), US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Ecol Serv, Anchorage Field Off, 605 W 4th Ave,Room G-61, Anchorage, AK 99501 USA. NR 36 TC 18 Z9 19 U1 2 U2 2 PU WILDLIFE DISEASE ASSN, INC PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH ST, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 USA SN 0090-3558 J9 J WILDLIFE DIS JI J. Wildl. Dis. PD JUL PY 2002 VL 38 IS 3 BP 511 EP 517 PG 7 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA 593UX UT WOS:000178013100004 PM 12238368 ER PT J AU Roby, DD Collis, K Lyons, DE Craig, DP Adkins, JY Myers, AM Suryan, RM AF Roby, DD Collis, K Lyons, DE Craig, DP Adkins, JY Myers, AM Suryan, RM TI Effects of colony relocation on diet and productivity of Caspian terns SO JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE Caspian tern; colony restoration; Columbia River estuary; diet; Oregon; productivity; salmonids; Sterna caspia; Washington ID STERNA-CASPIA; GULL EGGS; SALMONIDS; HATCHERY; SURVIVAL; ISLANDS AB We investigated the efficacy of management to reduce the impact of Caspian tern (Sterna caspia) predation on survival of juvenile salmonids (Oncorhynchus spp.) in the Columbia River estuary. Resource managers sought to relocate approximately 9,000 pairs of terns nesting oil Rice Island (river km 34) to East Sand Island (river km 8), where terns were expected to prey oil fewer juvenile salmonids. Efforts to attract terns to nest oil East Sand Island included creation of nesting habitat, use of social attraction techniques, and predator control, with concurrent efforts to discourage terns from nesting oil Rice Island. This approach was successful in completely relocating the tern colony from Rice Island to East Sand Island by the third breeding season. Juvenile salmonids decreased and marine forage fishes (i.e., herring, sardine, anchovy, smelt, surfperch, Pacific sand lance) increased in the diet of Caspian terns nesting on East Sand Island, compared with terns nesting oil Rice Island. During 1999 and 2000, the diet of terns nesting on Rice Island consisted of 77%, and 90% juvenile salmonids, respectively, while during 1999, 2000, and 2001, the diet of terns nesting oil East Sand Island consisted of 46%, 47%, and 33% juvenile salmonids, respectively. Nesting success of Caspian terns was consistently and substantially higher oil East Sand Island than on Rice Island. These results indicate that relocating the Caspian tern colony was all effective management action for reducing predation oil juvenile salmonids without harm to the Population of breeding terns, at least in the short term. The success of this management approach largely was it consequence of the nesting and foraging ecology of Caspian terns: the species shifts breeding colony sites frequently in response to changing habitats, and the species is a generalist forager, preying on the most available forage fish near the colony. C1 Oregon State Univ, Dept Fisheries & Wildlife, USGS Oregon Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. Real Time Res, Bend, OR 97701 USA. Columbia River Inter Tribal Fish Commiss, Portland, OR 97232 USA. RP Roby, DD (reprint author), Oregon State Univ, Dept Fisheries & Wildlife, USGS Oregon Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, 104 Nash Hall, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. NR 40 TC 41 Z9 44 U1 0 U2 11 PU WILDLIFE SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2197 USA SN 0022-541X J9 J WILDLIFE MANAGE JI J. Wildl. Manage. PD JUL PY 2002 VL 66 IS 3 BP 662 EP 673 DI 10.2307/3803132 PG 12 WC Ecology; Zoology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Zoology GA 584PG UT WOS:000177475600010 ER PT J AU Bertram, MR Vivion, MT AF Bertram, MR Vivion, MT TI Moose mortality in eastern interior Alaska SO JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE Alces alces gigas; bear predation; birth mass; cow moose mortality; fecundity; interior Alaska; limiting factors; moose calf mortality; northern boreal forest; pregnancy rates; survival rates; twinning rates; Ursus ID CALF MORTALITY; FEMALE MOOSE; BROWN BEARS; POPULATION; SURVIVAL AB We investigated causes of mortality and the physical condition of moose (Alces alces gigas) in a multiple-predator system in eastern interior Alaska, USA, from 1998 to 2000. We identified the sources of mortality of calf and cow moose and collected fecundity and Fitness data to obtain information on range quality and carrying capacity. Radiocollars were placed on 30 cow moose in 1998 and on 62 moose calves in 1998 (n = 29) and 1999 (n = 33). Estimates of fecundity and fitness parameters indicated that reproductive potential for moose was high, with a twinning rate of 63%, a pregnancy rate of 89%, and above-average body sizes of female and neonate moose. We inferred that range quality may not be a significant limiting factor for this Population. We documented low neonate survival through the first 14 weeks of life (28%). Predation was responsible for 92% of known calf mortality; black bears (Ursus americanus; 45%) and grizzly bears (Ursus arctos; 39%) were the major causes of mortality. Despite low population densities in this region, grizzly bears were an important predator on neonates as well as adult female moose. Mean annual calf and adult female moose survival (20% and 88%, respectively) were similar to rates reported in other low-density moose populations in North America. We also estimated from 7 to 12% of the population was harvested annually by humans, and of that, illegal cow harvest constituted at least 33%. Our data suggest that low calf survival, adult mortality from wolf (Canis lupus) and grizzly bear predation, illegal cow harvest, and low predator harvest, all act in concert to maintain this moose population at a low density. C1 US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Yukon Flats Natl Wildlife Refuge, Fairbanks, AK 99701 USA. RP Bertram, MR (reprint author), US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Yukon Flats Natl Wildlife Refuge, 101 12th Ave, Fairbanks, AK 99701 USA. NR 44 TC 35 Z9 40 U1 0 U2 17 PU WILDLIFE SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2197 USA SN 0022-541X J9 J WILDLIFE MANAGE JI J. Wildl. Manage. PD JUL PY 2002 VL 66 IS 3 BP 747 EP 756 DI 10.2307/3803140 PG 10 WC Ecology; Zoology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Zoology GA 584PG UT WOS:000177475600018 ER PT J AU Lubow, BC Singer, FJ Johnson, TL Bowden, DC AF Lubow, BC Singer, FJ Johnson, TL Bowden, DC TI Dynamics of interacting elk populations within and adjacent to Rocky Mountain National Park SO JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE Cervus elaphus; Colorado; density dependence; elk; national parks; natural regulation; parameter estimation; population dynamics; population models; Rocky Mountain National Park; ungulates ID DENSITY-DEPENDENCE; NATURAL REGULATION; AERIAL SURVEYS; WINTER-RANGE; ISLE ROYALE; WATER-USE; MOOSE; DEMOGRAPHY; MANAGEMENT; PREDATION AB We studied population subdivision and density-dependent and independent factors influencing population processes between 1965 and 2001 for elk (Cervus elaphus) inhabiting Rocky Mountain National Park (park) and the adjacent Estes Valley (town), Colorado, USA. Elk numbers within the park were field relatively constant by management controls until 1967, after which time they were allowed to increase Without human interference. Radiotelemetry of 73 elk indicated limited exchange between the subpopulations; combined with clear distinctions in population dynamics, this suggests that these subpopulations are relatively independent despite the absence of physical barriers between them. The elk subpopulation within the park initially increased at 6.5%/year between 1968 and 1970, then growth gradually slowed-exhibiting density-dependent reductions both in calf survival and recruitment with increasing population size-and approached an estimated carrying capacity of 1,069 55 (x SE). Since 1991, this subpopulation has remained within +/-5% of this equilibrium. The adjacent Estes Valley subpopulation grew at an estimated maximum 5-year average rate of 11.0% from 1979 to 1983 and is still increasing at 5.2%/year (1991-2001 average). Estimated town population currently is about 70% of our projected carrying capacity of 2,869 +/- 415 elk based on projection of observed calf recruitment decline with increasing population. Both carrying-capacity estimates are consistent with independent estimates based on forage biomass and energy considerations. Adult cow survival rate was not found to differ between park and town, and we estimated a constant rate of 0.913 [95% CI - 0.911, 0.915]. Bull survival rates increased in the park from 0.52 to 0.79 between 1965 and 2001, but remained constant at 0.42 [0.35, 0.47] in the Estes Valley. Colder winter temperatures were correlated with reduced calf recruitment (calves:cow at age 0.5 yr) and with reduced calf survival (between age 0.5 and 1.5 yr) in town. Recruitment of town elk also increased with warmer summer temperatures and greater summer precipitation. No weather covariates were significantly correlated with calf recruitment or survival in the park. Declining calf recruitment has been nearly linear and similar in both the park and town. In the park, calf survival responded little to density when the Population was well below carrying capacity, but responded at an increasing rate as the population neared carrying capacity. This pattern may explain why calf survival response to density has not yet been detected in town. We estimated. current combined population size of 3,049 [2759, 3369] elk in 2001. Elk in the town sector currently Outnumber elk in the adjacent national park by almost 2:1 and are projected to increase by 46% before being nutritionally limited, suggesting that human-elk conflicts likely will increase in the absence of active management intervention. C1 Colorado State Univ, Dept Fishery & Wildlife Biol, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. Colorado State Univ, US Geol Survey, Midcontinent Ecol Sci Ctr, Nat Resources Ecol Lab, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. Rocky Mt Natl Pk, Estes Pk, CO 80517 USA. Colorado State Univ, Dept Stat, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. RP Lubow, BC (reprint author), Colorado State Univ, Dept Fishery & Wildlife Biol, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. NR 62 TC 39 Z9 40 U1 1 U2 23 PU WILDLIFE SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2197 USA SN 0022-541X J9 J WILDLIFE MANAGE JI J. Wildl. Manage. PD JUL PY 2002 VL 66 IS 3 BP 757 EP 775 DI 10.2307/3803141 PG 19 WC Ecology; Zoology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Zoology GA 584PG UT WOS:000177475600019 ER PT J AU Svancara, LK Garton, EO Chang, KT Scott, JM Zager, P Gratson, M AF Svancara, LK Garton, EO Chang, KT Scott, JM Zager, P Gratson, M TI The inherent aggravation of aggregation: An example with elk aerial survey data SO JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE aerial survey; aggregation; Cervus elaphus; elk; Idaho; Modifiable Areal Unit Problem; scale; spatial analysis ID AREAL UNIT PROBLEM; STATISTICAL-ANALYSIS; CENSUS-DATA; SCALE; MODEL; ENVIRONMENT; POPULATION; ECOSYSTEMS; DYNAMICS; ECOLOGY AB One of the primary challenges in spatial analysis is the sensitivity of statistical results to the definition of spatial units over which data are collected. It) the geographical literature, this sensitivity is known as the modifiable areal unit problem (MAUP), and results have been shown to vary with both the level and the configuration of aggregation. We explored the effect of the MAUP on statistical relationships between elk (Cervus elaphus) recruitment and 3 independent variables when game management units were aggregated to 3 different levels in 3 configurations. Changes in variances, correlation coefficients, regression parameters, and model fit were inconsistent across aggregations and as dependent on the particular variable of interest as on the level or configuration of aggregation. While this appears to be 1 of the first research efforts; demonstrating effects of the MAUP in wildlife survey data, more studies are likely to be challenged by the MAUP due to the significant increase in broad-scale research and regional management. We pose fundamental questions that must be considered before conducting spatial analyses of aggregated data. C1 Univ Idaho, Landscape Dynam Lab, Idaho Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Moscow, ID 83844 USA. Univ Idaho, Dept Fish & Wildlife, Moscow, ID 83844 USA. Univ Idaho, US Geol Survey, Idaho Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Moscow, ID 83844 USA. Idaho Dept Fish & Game, Lewiston, ID 83501 USA. Idaho Dept Fish & Game, Lewiston, ID 83501 USA. RP Svancara, LK (reprint author), Univ Idaho, Landscape Dynam Lab, Idaho Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Moscow, ID 83844 USA. NR 61 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 2 U2 11 PU WILDLIFE SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2197 USA SN 0022-541X J9 J WILDLIFE MANAGE JI J. Wildl. Manage. PD JUL PY 2002 VL 66 IS 3 BP 776 EP 787 DI 10.2307/3803142 PG 12 WC Ecology; Zoology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Zoology GA 584PG UT WOS:000177475600020 ER PT J AU Zeigenfuss, LC Singer, FJ Williams, SA Johnson, TL AF Zeigenfuss, LC Singer, FJ Williams, SA Johnson, TL TI Influences of herbivory and water on willow in elk winter range SO JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE Cervus elaphus; Colorado; elk; grazing; herbivory; hydrology; Rocky Mountain National Park; Salix; willow ID NATIONAL-PARKS; OPTIMIZATION THEORY; ECOSYSTEMS; SELECTION; CARBON; GROWTH AB Elimination of large predators and reduced hunter harvest have led to concerns that all increasing elk (Cervus elaphus) population may be adversely affecting vegetation oil the low-elevation elk winter range of Rockey Mountain National Park, Colorado, USA. Beaver (Castor canadensis) and their impoundments also have declined dramatically (94%) in the same area over the past 50 years coincident with a 20% decline in willow (Salix spp.) cover. From 1994 to 1998. we studied vegetation production responses of willow communities to elk herbivory and water availability. We estimated willow production by measuring current annual growth of shrubs in 9.3-m(2) circular plots, and we, measured herbaceous production by clipping vegetation within 0.25-m(2) circular plots. Elk herbivory suppressed willow heights, leader lengths, annual production, and herbaceous productivity of willow communities. Water impoundment had a positive effect oil herbaceous plant production, but little effect oil shrubs, possibly because water tables were naturally high on the study sites even without beaver dams. Nevertheless, the, winter range environment previously included more riparian willow habitat because of more stream area (47-69%) due to larger beaver Populations. Elk herbivory appears to be the dominant force determining vegetation productivity in willow sites, but the effects may be exacerbated by lowered water tables. Fewer elk or protection front browsing, and water enhancement for <10 years along with management to encourage elk movement away from willow communities, could possibly work as strategies to reestablish sustainable willow communities. C1 US Geol Survey, Midcontinent Ecol Sci Ctr, Ft Collins, CO 80525 USA. Colorado State Univ, US Geol Survey, Midcontinent Ecol Sci Ctr, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. Colorado State Univ, Nat Resources Ecol Lab, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. Rocky Mt Natl Pk, Natl Pk Serv, Estes Pk, CO 80517 USA. RP Zeigenfuss, LC (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Midcontinent Ecol Sci Ctr, 4512 McMurry Ave, Ft Collins, CO 80525 USA. NR 30 TC 22 Z9 22 U1 0 U2 19 PU WILDLIFE SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2197 USA SN 0022-541X J9 J WILDLIFE MANAGE JI J. Wildl. Manage. PD JUL PY 2002 VL 66 IS 3 BP 788 EP 795 DI 10.2307/3803143 PG 8 WC Ecology; Zoology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Zoology GA 584PG UT WOS:000177475600021 ER PT J AU Janis, MW Clark, JD AF Janis, MW Clark, JD TI Responses of Florida panthers to recreational deer and hog hunting SO JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE activity; behavior; cougar; disturbance; Felis concolor; Florida; Florida panther; hunting; mountain lion; off-road vehicles; public use; puma; Puma concolor; recreation ID FERAL HOGS; COLLARED PECCARIES; SOUTHERN TEXAS; MOUNTAIN LIONS; HABITAT USE; BEHAVIOR; CAROLINA AB Big Cypress National Preserve constitutes approximately one-third of the range of the endangered Florida panther (Puma concolor coryi). Because recreational hunting is allowed in Big Cypress National Preserve, we examined 8 response variables (activity rates, movement rates, predation success, home-range size, home-range shifts, proximity to off-road vehicle trails, use of areas with concentrated human activity, and habitat selection) to evaluate how Florida panthers respond to human activity associated with deer and hog hunting. Data consisted of panther radiolocations collected since 1981 by the Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission and the National Park Service, which we augmented with radiolocations and activity monitoring from 1994 to 1998. A split-plot (treatment and control) study design with repeated measures of the variables for each panther taken before, during, and after the hunting season was used. We did not. detect responses to hunting for variables most directly related to panther energy intake or expenditure (i.e., activity rates, movement rates, predation success of females; P> 0.10). However, panthers reduced their use of Bear Island (P = 0.021), an area of concentrated human activity, and were found farther from off-road vehicle trails (P less than or equal to 0.001) during the hunting season, which was indicative of a reaction to human disturbance. Whereas the reaction to human activity on off-road vehicle trails Probably has minor biological implications and may be linked to prey behavior, the decreased use of Bear Island is most likely a direct reaction to human activity and resulted in increased rise of adjacent private lands. Future habitat loss oil those private lands could exacerbate the negative consequences of this response by panthers. C1 Univ Tennessee, Dept Forestry Wildlife & Fisheries, Knoxville, TN 37996 USA. Univ Tennessee, US Geol Survey, So Appalachian Field Lab, Knoxville, TN 37996 USA. RP Janis, MW (reprint author), Texas Parks & Wildlife Dept, 13198 US Highway 87 N, Wethoff, TX 77994 USA. NR 43 TC 25 Z9 27 U1 6 U2 36 PU WILDLIFE SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2197 USA SN 0022-541X J9 J WILDLIFE MANAGE JI J. Wildl. Manage. PD JUL PY 2002 VL 66 IS 3 BP 839 EP 848 DI 10.2307/3803148 PG 10 WC Ecology; Zoology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Zoology GA 584PG UT WOS:000177475600026 ER PT J AU Austin, JE Granfors, DA Johnson, MA Kohn, SC AF Austin, JE Granfors, DA Johnson, MA Kohn, SC TI Scaup migration patterns in North Dakota relative to temperatures and water conditions SO JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE ambient temperature; Aythya affinis; Aythya marila; North Dakota; scaup; spring migration; surveys; water conditions ID POPULATIONS AB Greater (Aythya marila) and lesser scaup (A. affinis) have protracted spring migrations. Migrants may still be present on Southern breeding areas when the annual Waterfowl Breeding Population and Habitat Surveys (WBPHS) are being conducted. Understanding factors affecting the chronology and rate of spring migration is important for the interpretation of data front annual population surveys. We describe the general temporal pattern of scaup numbers in south-central North Dakota in spring, examine die relationships between scaup numbers and measures of local water conditions and spring temperatures, and assess timing of the WBPHS relative to numbers of scaup occurring in the study area in late May. Scaup were counted weekly oil a 95-km, 400-m-wide transect from late March through May, 1957-1999. Average numbers of scaup per count were positively associated with numbers of seasonal, semipermanent, and total ponds. Average minimum daily ambient temperatures showed a trend of increasing temperatures over the 43 years, and dates of peak scaup counts became progressively earlier. Weeks of early migration usually had higher temperatures than weeks of delayed migration. The relationship between temperature and timing of migration was strongest during the second and third weeks of April, which is less than or equal to1 week before numbers peak (median date = 19 Apr). Trends in sex and pair ratios were not consistent among years. Counts in late May-early June indicated considerable annual variability in the magnitude of late migrants. Scaup numbers (hiring this period seemed to stabilize in only 5 of the 19 years when 2 or more surveys were conducted after the WBPHS. These findings corroborate concerns regarding the accuracy of the WBPHS for representing breeding populations of scaup and the possibility of double-counting scaup ill some years. C1 US Geol Survey, No Prairie Wildlife Res Ctr, Jamestown, ND 58401 USA. N Dakota Game & Fish Dept, Bismarck, ND 58501 USA. RP Austin, JE (reprint author), US Geol Survey, No Prairie Wildlife Res Ctr, 8711 37th St SE, Jamestown, ND 58401 USA. OI Austin, Jane/0000-0001-8775-2210 NR 23 TC 9 Z9 10 U1 2 U2 7 PU WILDLIFE SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2197 USA SN 0022-541X J9 J WILDLIFE MANAGE JI J. Wildl. Manage. PD JUL PY 2002 VL 66 IS 3 BP 874 EP 882 DI 10.2307/3803152 PG 9 WC Ecology; Zoology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Zoology GA 584PG UT WOS:000177475600030 ER PT J AU Hoekman, ST Mills, LS Howerter, DW Devries, JH Ball, IJ AF Hoekman, ST Mills, LS Howerter, DW Devries, JH Ball, IJ TI Sensitivity analyses of the life cycle of midcontinent mallards SO JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT LA English DT Review DE Anas platyrhynchos; demographics; elasticity; mallard; midcontinent population; population dynamics; population growth; Prairie Pothole Region; process variation; sensitivity; variance decomposition; vital rates ID DUCK NEST SUCCESS; PRAIRIE POTHOLE REGION; NORTH-AMERICAN-WATERFOWL; POPULATION-DYNAMICS; WILD MALLARDS; RADIO TRANSMITTERS; TEMPORAL VARIATION; BROOD SURVIVAL; MATRIX MODELS; CONSERVATION AB Relationships between vital rates and population growth rate (lambda) are critical to understanding and managing population dynamics. Considerable study of the midcontinent mallard (Anas platyrhynchos) population has been directed to understanding how vital rates respond to environmental fluctuations and management, but. inference to the relative importance of specific vital rates to gamma remains weak. We used analytic and simulation-based sensitivity analyses of a stage-based matrix model of female midcontinent mallards to compare the relative importance of vital rates to lambda. For each vital rate, we estimated mean values and process variation (biological variation across space and time) for females breeding on sites of approximately 70 km(2) in the Prairie Pothole Region (PPR) of the United States (Montana, North Dakota, South Dakota, Minnesota) and Canada (Saskatchewan, Manitoba, Alberta). We conducted perturbation analyses (i.e., analytic sensitivities and elasticities) to predict the relative influence of changes in vital rates on lambda. We conducted variance decomposition analyses to assess the proportion of spatial and temporal variation in lambda explained by process variation in each vital rate. At mean Values of vital rates, analytic sensitivity of lambda was highest to nest success and survival of adult females during the breeding season and nonbreeding season; hence, equal absolute changes in these vital rates would be predicted to result in the largest Deltalambda relative to other vital rates. Variation in sensitivities and elasticities across process variation in vital rates was primarily explained by variation in nest success and Survival of ducklings. Process variation in breeding parameters was driving variation in lambda: vital rates explaining the most variation were nest Success (43%), survival of adult females during the breeding season (19%), and survival of ducklings (14%). Survival of adult females outside the breeding season accounted for only 9% of variation in lambda. Our analyses suggested that predation processes on the breeding grounds were the primary proximate factors limiting population growth. C1 Univ Montana, US Geol Survey, Montana Cooperat Wildlife Res Unit, Missoula, MT 59812 USA. Univ Montana, Sch Forestry, Wildlife Biol Program, Missoula, MT 59812 USA. Ducks Unlimited Canada, Inst Wetland & Waterfowl Res, Stonewall, MB R0Z 2Z0, Canada. RP Hoekman, ST (reprint author), Univ Alaska Fairbanks, Inst Arctic Biol, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA. EM fnsth1@aurora.uaf.edu RI Mills, L. Scott/K-2458-2012 OI Mills, L. Scott/0000-0001-8771-509X NR 106 TC 115 Z9 125 U1 4 U2 40 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ USA SN 0022-541X EI 1937-2817 J9 J WILDLIFE MANAGE JI J. Wildl. Manage. PD JUL PY 2002 VL 66 IS 3 BP 883 EP 900 DI 10.2307/3803153 PG 18 WC Ecology; Zoology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Zoology GA 584PG UT WOS:000177475600031 ER PT J AU Fleskes, JP Jarvis, RL Gilmer, DS AF Fleskes, JP Jarvis, RL Gilmer, DS TI September-March survival of female northern pintails radiotagged in San Joaquin Valley, California SO JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE Anas acuta; California; Central Valley; northern pintail; radiotelemetry; San Joaquin Valley; survival ID SACRAMENTO-VALLEY; WINTER SURVIVAL; SUMMER SURVIVAL; SHOT MALLARDS; AMERICA; DUCKS; VULNERABILITY; POPULATION AB To improve understanding of pintail ecology, we radiotagged 191 hatch-year (HY) and 228 after-hatch-year (AHY) female northern pintails (Anas acuta) in the San Joaquin Valley (SJV), and studied their survival throughout central California, USA, during September-March, 1991-1994. We used adjusted Akaike Information Criterion (AIC(c)) values to contrast known-fate models and examine variation in survival rates relative to year, interval, wintering region (SJV, other central California), pintail age, body mass at capture, capture date, capture area, and radio type. The best-fitting model included only interval x year and age x body mass; the next 2 best-fitting models also included wintering region and capture date. Hunting caused 83% of the mortalities we observed, and survival was consistently lower during hunting than nonhunting intervals. Nonhunting and hunting mortality during earl), winter was highest during the 1991-1992 drought year.. Early-winter survival improved during the study along with habitat conditions in the Grassland Ecological Area (EA), where most radiotagged pintails spent early winter. Survival was more closely related to body mass at capture for HY than AHY pintails, even after accounting for the later arrival (based on capture date) of HY pintails, suggesting HY pintails are less adept at improving their condition. Thus, productivity estimates based on harvest age ratios may be biased if relative Vulnerability of HY and AHY Pintails is assumed to be constant because fall body condition of pintails may vary greatly among years. Cumulative winter survival was 75.6% (95% Cl = 68.3% to 81.7%) for AHY and 65.4% (56.7% to 73.1%) for HY female pintails. Daily odds of survival in the cotton-agriculture landscape of the SJV were -21.3% (-40.3% to +3.7%) lower than in the rice-agriculture landscape of the Sacramento Valley (SACV) and other central California areas. Higher hunting mortality may be ` reason pintails have declined more in SJV than in SACV. C1 US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Western Ecol Res Ctr, Dixon, CA 95620 USA. Oregon State Univ, Dept Fish & Wildlife, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. RP Fleskes, JP (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Western Ecol Res Ctr, 6924 Tremont Rd, Dixon, CA 95620 USA. NR 64 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 2 U2 6 PU WILDLIFE SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2197 USA SN 0022-541X J9 J WILDLIFE MANAGE JI J. Wildl. Manage. PD JUL PY 2002 VL 66 IS 3 BP 901 EP 911 DI 10.2307/3803154 PG 11 WC Ecology; Zoology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Zoology GA 584PG UT WOS:000177475600032 ER PT J AU Anderson, DR Burnham, KP AF Anderson, DR Burnham, KP TI Avoiding pitfalls when using information-theoretic methods SO JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE Akaike's Information Criterion; analysis guidelines; information-theoretic methods; Kullback-Leibler information; model selection uncertainty; modeling; P-values ID NULL HYPOTHESIS; WILDLIFE; REGRESSION; MODELS AB We offer suggestions to avoid misuse of information-theoretic methods in wildlife laboratory and field studies. Our suggestions relate to basic science issues and the need to ask deeper questions (4 problems are noted), errors in the way that analytical methods are used (7 problems), and outright mistakes seen commonly in the published literature (5 problems). We assume that readers are familiar with the information-theoretic approaches and provide several examples of misuse. Any method can be misused-our purpose here is to suggest constructive ways to avoid misuse. C1 Colorado State Univ, Colorado Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. RP Anderson, DR (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Reston, VA 20192 USA. EM anderson@cnr.colostate.edu NR 37 TC 326 Z9 330 U1 22 U2 248 PU WILDLIFE SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2197 USA SN 0022-541X J9 J WILDLIFE MANAGE JI J. Wildl. Manage. PD JUL PY 2002 VL 66 IS 3 BP 912 EP 918 DI 10.2307/3803155 PG 7 WC Ecology; Zoology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Zoology GA 584PG UT WOS:000177475600033 ER PT J AU Goswami, JN Deomurari, MP Marhas, KK Grossman, JN AF Goswami, JN Deomurari, MP Marhas, KK Grossman, JN TI Al-Mg isotopic systematics in semarkona chondrules. SO METEORITICS & PLANETARY SCIENCE LA English DT Meeting Abstract ID ALUMINUM-RICH INCLUSIONS; SOLAR NEBULA; AL-26 C1 Phys Res Lab, Ahmedabad 380009, Gujarat, India. US Geol Survey, Natl Ctr 954, Reston, VA 20192 USA. NR 7 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU METEORITICAL SOC PI FAYETTEVILLE PA DEPT CHEMISTRY/BIOCHEMISTRY, UNIV ARKANSAS, FAYETTEVILLE, AR 72701 USA SN 1086-9379 J9 METEORIT PLANET SCI JI Meteorit. Planet. Sci. PD JUL PY 2002 VL 37 IS 7 SU S BP A55 EP A55 PG 1 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 581CZ UT WOS:000177274700094 ER PT J AU Grossman, JN AF Grossman, JN TI The redistribution of sulfides during metamorphism and alteration of primitive chondrites. SO METEORITICS & PLANETARY SCIENCE LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US Geol Survey, Natl Ctr 954, Reston, VA 20192 USA. NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 1 U2 2 PU METEORITICAL SOC PI FAYETTEVILLE PA DEPT CHEMISTRY/BIOCHEMISTRY, UNIV ARKANSAS, FAYETTEVILLE, AR 72701 USA SN 1086-9379 J9 METEORIT PLANET SCI JI Meteorit. Planet. Sci. PD JUL PY 2002 VL 37 IS 7 SU S BP A57 EP A57 PG 1 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 581CZ UT WOS:000177274700099 ER PT J AU Maruoka, T Koeberl, C Bohor, BF AF Maruoka, T Koeberl, C Bohor, BF TI Carbon isotopic composition of organic matter in continental cretaceous-tertiary boundary sediments. SO METEORITICS & PLANETARY SCIENCE LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US Geol Survey, Denver, CO 80225 USA. Univ Vienna, Inst Geochem, A-1090 Vienna, Austria. Washington Univ, Space Sci Lab, St Louis, MO 63130 USA. RI Maruoka, Teruyuki/B-3165-2014 OI Maruoka, Teruyuki/0000-0001-5142-4151 NR 6 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU METEORITICAL SOC PI FAYETTEVILLE PA DEPT CHEMISTRY/BIOCHEMISTRY, UNIV ARKANSAS, FAYETTEVILLE, AR 72701 USA SN 1086-9379 J9 METEORIT PLANET SCI JI Meteorit. Planet. Sci. PD JUL PY 2002 VL 37 IS 7 SU S BP A95 EP A95 PG 1 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 581CZ UT WOS:000177274700172 ER PT J AU McHone, JF Killgore, M Roddy, DJ AF McHone, JF Killgore, M Roddy, DJ TI Active sinkholes at Meteor Crater, Arizona. SO METEORITICS & PLANETARY SCIENCE LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US Geol Survey, Flagstaff, AZ 86002 USA. SW Meteorite Lab, Payson, AZ 85545 USA. Arizona State Univ, Dept Geol, Tempe, AZ 85287 USA. NR 2 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU METEORITICAL SOC PI FAYETTEVILLE PA DEPT CHEMISTRY/BIOCHEMISTRY, UNIV ARKANSAS, FAYETTEVILLE, AR 72701 USA SN 1086-9379 J9 METEORIT PLANET SCI JI Meteorit. Planet. Sci. PD JUL PY 2002 VL 37 IS 7 SU S BP A97 EP A97 PG 1 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 581CZ UT WOS:000177274700177 ER PT J AU Russell, SS Zipfel, J Grossman, JN Grady, MM AF Russell, SS Zipfel, J Grossman, JN Grady, MM TI The Meteoritical Bulletin, No. 86, 2002 July SO METEORITICS & PLANETARY SCIENCE LA English DT Article AB Meteoritical Bulletin No. 86 lists information for 1154 newly classified meteorites, comprising 661 from Antarctica, 218 from Africa, 207 from Asia (203 of which are from Oman), 62 from North America, 3 from South America, and 3 from Europe. Information is provided for 5 falls (El Idrissia, Undulung, Dashoguz, El Tigre, and Yafa). Noteworthy specimens include 7 martian meteorites (Dhofar 378, Grove Mountains 99027, Northwest Africa 856, 1068, and 1110, and Sayh al Uhaymir 060 and 090); 4 lunar meteorites (Dhofar 301, 302, 303, and 489); 9 new iron meteorites; a mesosiderite (Northwest Africa 1242); an ungrouped stony-iron meteorite (Dar al Gani 962); and a wide variety of other interesting stony meteorites, including CH, CK, CM, CR, CV, R, enstatite, unequilibrated ordinary, and ungrouped chondrites, primitive achondrites, howardite-eucrite-diogenite (HED) achondrites, and ureilites. C1 Nat Hist Museum, Dept Mineral, London SW7 5BD, England. Max Planck Inst Chem, D-55020 Mainz, Germany. US Geol Survey, Reston, VA 20192 USA. RP Russell, SS (reprint author), Nat Hist Museum, Dept Mineral, Cromwell Rd, London SW7 5BD, England. NR 10 TC 50 Z9 54 U1 1 U2 2 PU METEORITICAL SOC PI FAYETTEVILLE PA DEPT CHEMISTRY/BIOCHEMISTRY, UNIV ARKANSAS, FAYETTEVILLE, AR 72701 USA SN 1086-9379 J9 METEORIT PLANET SCI JI Meteorit. Planet. Sci. PD JUL PY 2002 VL 37 IS 7 SU S BP A157 EP A184 PG 28 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 581CZ UT WOS:000177274700295 ER PT J AU Bouchard, HJ Aloisi, DB AF Bouchard, HJ Aloisi, DB TI Investigations in concurrent disinfection and de-adhesion of lake sturgeon eggs SO NORTH AMERICAN JOURNAL OF AQUACULTURE LA English DT Article ID FALL CHINOOK SALMON; ACIPENSER-TRANSMONTANUS; WHITE STURGEON; RAINBOW-TROUT; IODOPHOR AB Recent interest in the restoration of lake sturgeon Acipenser fulvescens and in the development of new culture techniques has led to many new management programs designed to stabilize and enhance existing wild populations. The spread of pathogens affecting both wild and propagated sturgeon is a major concern for restoration programs. In 1999, two methods of egg de-adhesion were used on two separate groups of lake sturgeon eggs prior to disinfection with 100 mg/L of iodine for 10 min. The de-adhesion of eggs with urea-NaCl-tannic acid solutions produced hatch and 14-d-posthatch survival rates of 77.2% and 71.0%, respectively. These results were compared with those for eggs treated with Fuller's Earth (control), which had survival rates of 88.0% and 86.0%, respectively, at hatch and 14 d. In 2000, we compared three methods of deadhesion: (1) a solution of distilled water (jelly inhibitor) and iodine, (2) a solution of urea, NaCl, and tannic acid, and (3) a solution of Fuller's Earth and iodine. With all three methods, eggs were disinfected with a 50-mg/L buffered iodine solution for 30 min during or immediately following de-adhesion. Survival to hatchout for the distilled water, urea-NaCl-tannic acid, and Fuller's Earth methods was 95.3, 99.6, and 97.7%, respectively. Survival to 14 d posthatch was 76.8, 84.2, and 85.6%, respectively, for the three methods. Iodine disinfection during the de-adhesion and water absorption processes does not appear to be toxic to lake sturgeon eggs. Topical iodine disinfection of lake sturgeon eggs immediately (< 10 min) following fertilization increased the exposure of both the internal and external portions of the egg to the iodine during the hydration of the egg envelope. C1 US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Pittsford Natl Fish Hatchery, N Chittenden, VT 05763 USA. RP Bouchard, HJ (reprint author), US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Pittsford Natl Fish Hatchery, 4 Holden Rd, N Chittenden, VT 05763 USA. EM henry_bouchard@fws.gov NR 15 TC 12 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 5 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 520 CHESTNUT STREET, STE 850, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 1522-2055 EI 1548-8454 J9 N AM J AQUACULT JI N. Am. J. Aqualcult. PD JUL PY 2002 VL 64 IS 3 BP 212 EP 216 DI 10.1577/1548-8454(2002)064<0212:IICDAD>2.0.CO;2 PG 5 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 573KA UT WOS:000176827600008 ER PT J AU Ward, DL Maughan, OE Bonar, SA AF Ward, DL Maughan, OE Bonar, SA TI A variable-speed swim tunnel for testing the swimming ability of age-0 fish SO NORTH AMERICAN JOURNAL OF AQUACULTURE LA English DT Article ID PERFORMANCE; TEMPERATURE AB Laboratory swim tunnels are a valuable tool for studying fish physiology and the responses of fish to controlled environmental conditions. We combined aspects of large and small swim tunnels to construct an apparatus that can confine age-0 fish to a specific area while producing a wide range of velocities. We used low-cost plumbing supplies and a centrifugal pump to create a swim tunnel capable of producing velocities from 1 to 66 cm/s. A DC electric barrier and screened knife gate valves prevented fish from leaving the test section. A flowmeter incorporated into the swim tunnel measured water velocity within the apparatus. C1 Arizona Game & Fish Dept, Res Branch, Phoenix, AZ 85023 USA. Univ Arizona, US Geol Survey, Arizona Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. RP Ward, DL (reprint author), Arizona Game & Fish Dept, Res Branch, 2221 W Greenway Rd, Phoenix, AZ 85023 USA. NR 14 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 2 U2 4 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA SN 1522-2055 J9 N AM J AQUACULT JI N. Am. J. Aqualcult. PD JUL PY 2002 VL 64 IS 3 BP 228 EP 231 DI 10.1577/1548-8454(2002)064<0228:AVSSTF>2.0.CO;2 PG 4 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 573KA UT WOS:000176827600012 ER PT J AU Litzow, MA Piatt, JF Prichard, AK Roby, DD AF Litzow, MA Piatt, JF Prichard, AK Roby, DD TI Response of pigeon guillemots to variable abundance of high-lipid and low-lipid prey SO OECOLOGIA LA English DT Article DE climate; Exxon Valdez; food limitation; junk food hypothesis; seabird ID VALDEZ OIL-SPILL; MARINE BIRD POPULATIONS; PRINCE-WILLIAM-SOUND; STELLER SEA LIONS; BLACK GUILLEMOTS; CHICK GROWTH; PROXIMATE COMPOSITION; REPRODUCTIVE SUCCESS; ENERGY DENSITY; CEPPHUS-GRYLLE AB Populations of the pigeon guillemot (Cepphus columba) and other piscivores have been in decline for several decades in the Gulf of Alaska and Bering Sea, and a decline in abundance of lipid-rich schooling fishes is hypothesized as the major cause. We tested this hypothesis by studying the breeding biology of pigeon guillemots during 1995-1999 while simultaneously measuring prey abundance with beach seines and bottom trawls. Our study area (Kachemak Bay, Alaska) comprises two oceanographically distinct areas. Populations of a lipid-rich schooling fish, Pacific sand lance (Ammodytes hexapterus), were higher in the warmer Inner Bay than in the colder Outer Bay, and sand lance abundance was higher during warm years. Populations of low-lipid content demersal fishes were similar between areas. Chick survival to age 15 days was 47% higher in the Inner Bay (high-lipid diet) than in the Outer Bay (low-lipid diet), and estimated reproductive success (chicks fledged nest(-1)) was 62% higher in the Inner Bay than in the Outer Bay. Chick provisioning rate (kJ chick(-1) h(-1)) increased with the proportion of sand lance in the diet (r(2)=0.21), as did growth rate (g day(-1)) of younger (beta) chicks in two-chick broods (r(2)=0.14). Pigeon guillemots in the Inner Bay switched to demersal prey during years of below-average sand lance abundance, and these birds reacted to 38-fold interannual changes in sand lance abundance with reductions in beta chick growth rates, with no decline in beta chick survival. In contrast, the proportion of nests experiencing brood reduction in the Outer Bay (demersal diet) increased >300% during years of below-average demersal abundance, although demersal fish abundance varied only 4-fold among years. Our results support the hypothesis that recovery of pigeon guillemot populations from the effects of the Exxon Valdez oil spill is limited by availability of lipid-rich prey. C1 Univ Calif Santa Cruz, Inst Marine Sci, Santa Cruz, CA 95064 USA. US Geol Survey, Alaska Sci Ctr, Anchorage, AK 99503 USA. Univ Alaska, Inst Arctic Biol, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA. US Geol Survey, Oregon Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. Oregon State Univ, Dept Fisheries & Wildlife, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. RP Litzow, MA (reprint author), Univ Calif Santa Cruz, Inst Marine Sci, Santa Cruz, CA 95064 USA. EM Mike_litzow@vsgs.gov OI Prichard, Alexander/0000-0002-1172-7059 NR 58 TC 52 Z9 57 U1 3 U2 25 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0029-8549 J9 OECOLOGIA JI Oecologia PD JUL PY 2002 VL 132 IS 2 BP 286 EP 295 DI 10.1007/s00442-002-0945-1 PG 10 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 580PL UT WOS:000177242900018 ER PT J AU Ruetz, CR Newman, RM Vondracek, B AF Ruetz, CR Newman, RM Vondracek, B TI Top-down control in a detritus-based food web: fish, shredders, and leaf breakdown SO OECOLOGIA LA English DT Article DE detritivores; invertebrates; litter processing; streams; trophic cascade ID STREAM BENTHIC PREY; FORAGING MODE SHIFT; TROPHIC CASCADES; PREDATORY FISH; VALLEY-CREEK; GAMMARUS-PSEUDOLIMNAEUS; LITTER DECOMPOSITION; WOODLAND STREAM; CADDIS LARVAE; BROWN TROUT AB We tested the hypothesis that fish decrease shredder abundance in leaf packs, thereby reducing leaf breakdown rates. Our goal was to test for the occurrence of a trophic cascade in a detritus-based food web. Willow leaves (Salix spp.) were fastened into leaf packs and placed into cages (13x13x13 cm) in Valley Creek, Minnesota, USA. Fish were excluded from leaf packs that were placed in cages with mesh on all sides, whereas open control cages allowed fish access to leaf packs. We collected leaf packs from two replicate cages 0, 14, 3 1, 55, and 112 days after placement in each of three riffles (n=6 per collection). Total abundance of invertebrates and shredders inhabiting leaf packs was significantly higher in exclosures than controls (P<0.01) and increased with exposure time in the stream (P<0.01). Three of the four common shredder taxa had significantly higher biomass in exclosures than controls (P<0.015). Biomass of Hesperophylax (Trichoptera) larvae was significantly higher in controls during the final collections (P<0.03), probably because these large, case-building larvae were less vulnerable to fish predation. Leaf breakdown rates differed significantly between exclosures and controls (P=0.003), but the direction of effects varied among riffles. When shredder density was analyzed separately for each riffle, we found that shredder density may explain differences in leaf breakdown rates between exclosures and controls. The differential responses of shredder taxa to predators may explain variability in fish effects on leaf breakdown. In conclusion, leaf packs did not provide invertebrates refuge from fish predation and fish reduced the densities of most shredders. Fish can indirectly affect leaf breakdown rates, but different responses to predation among taxa within the shredder guild can cause interactions that contradict trophic cascade predictions. C1 Univ Minnesota, Minnesota Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Dept Fisheries Wildlife & Conservat Biol, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. Univ Minnesota, US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Minnesota Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. RP Ruetz, CR (reprint author), Florida Int Univ, Dept Biol Sci, Univ Pk, Miami, FL 33199 USA. NR 73 TC 65 Z9 66 U1 7 U2 46 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0029-8549 J9 OECOLOGIA JI Oecologia PD JUL PY 2002 VL 132 IS 2 BP 307 EP 315 DI 10.1007/s00442-002-0953-1 PG 9 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 580PL UT WOS:000177242900020 ER PT J AU Wilson, GS Barron, JA Ashworth, AC Askin, RA Carter, JA Curren, MG Dalhuisen, DH Friedmann, EI Fyodorov-Davidov, DG Gilichinsky, DA Harper, MA Harwood, DM Hiemstra, JF Janecek, TR Licht, KJ Ostroumov, VE Powell, RD Rivkina, EM Rose, SA Stroeven, AP Stroeven, P van der Meer, JJM Wizevich, MC AF Wilson, GS Barron, JA Ashworth, AC Askin, RA Carter, JA Curren, MG Dalhuisen, DH Friedmann, EI Fyodorov-Davidov, DG Gilichinsky, DA Harper, MA Harwood, DM Hiemstra, JF Janecek, TR Licht, KJ Ostroumov, VE Powell, RD Rivkina, EM Rose, SA Stroeven, AP Stroeven, P van der Meer, JJM Wizevich, MC TI The Mount Feather Diamicton of the Sirius Group: an accumulation of indicators of Neogene Antarctic glacial and climatic history SO PALAEOGEOGRAPHY PALAEOCLIMATOLOGY PALAEOECOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Palaeoclimate Reconstructions Using Fossils CY APR, 2000 CL UNIV MANCHESTER, MANCHESTER, ENGLAND SP Palaeontol Assoc, Geol Soc London HO UNIV MANCHESTER DE Antarctica; ice sheet; Sirius Group; climate; coring; microfossils ID SOUTHERN VICTORIA-LAND; ICE-SHEET; DRY-VALLEYS; TRANSANTARCTIC MOUNTAINS; MARINE; SEDIMENTATION; PALEOCLIMATE; REDUCTION; DEPOSITS; DIATOMS AB A paucity of data from the Antarctic continent has resulted in conflicting interpretations of Neogene Antarctic glacial history. Much of the debate centres on interpretations of the glacigene Sirius Group strata that crop out as discrete deposits along the length of the Transantarctic Mountains and in particular on its age and the origin of the siliceous microfossils it encloses. Pliocene marine diatoms enclosed within Sirius Group strata are inferred to indicate a dynamic East Antarctic ice sheet that was much reduced, compared with today, in the early-middle Pliocene and then expanded again in the late Pliocene. However, the geomorphology of the Dry Valleys region is interpreted to represent a relatively long-lived (middle Miocene-recent) and stable polar climatic regime similar to that of today. The Mount Feather Diamicton infills a palaeovalley at ca. 2500 m on the NE flank of Mount Feather in the Dry Valleys region and has been included within the Sirius Group. We obtained four shallow cores (COMRAC 8, 9, 10 and 11) from beneath the permafrost boundary in the Mount Feather Diamicton in order to understand its origin and relationship with the surrounding landscape. Detailed studies of these cores (stratigraphy, sedimentology, palaeontology, micromorphology, petrography and fabric) have yielded new data that demonstrate a much more complex climatic and glacial history for the Mount Feather Diamicton than in previous interpretations. The data indicate that the Mount Feather Diamicton was deposited beneath a wet based glacier fed from a larger ice sheet behind the Transantarctic Mountains. It is, however, unlikely that this ice sheet overtopped Mount Feather (2985 m). A near-in situ non-marine diatom assemblage was recovered from 90 cm depth in COMRAC 10 and indicates a maximum depositional age of Late Miocene for the Mount Feather Diamicton. A Subsequent glacial episode has distributed a boulder blanket across the surface of the diamicton. Other post-depositional processes include drying, infilling of surface layers with aeolian sediment, and the development of melt-water runnels. We interpret these combined data to indicate the persistence of more temperate climatic and glacial conditions in the vicinity of Mount Feather until at least the Late Miocene. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Oxford, Dept Earth Sci, Oxford OX1 3PR, England. US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. N Dakota State Univ, Dept Geosci, Fargo, ND 58105 USA. Ohio State Univ, Byrd Polar Res Ctr, Columbus, OH 43210 USA. Victoria Univ Wellington, Sch Earth Sci, Wellington, New Zealand. Florida State Univ, Dept Geol, Antarctic Marine Geol Res Facil, Tallahassee, FL 32306 USA. Delft Univ Technol, Fac Civil Engn, NL-2628 CN Delft, Netherlands. NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Div Space Sci, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. Russian Acad Sci, Inst Soil Sci & Cryol, Pushchino 142292, Moscow Region, Russia. Univ Nebraska, Dept Geosci, Lincoln, NE 68588 USA. Univ Glasgow, Dept Geog & Topog Sci, Glasgow G12 8QQ, Lanark, Scotland. Indiana Univ Purdue Univ, Dept Geol, Indianapolis, IN 46202 USA. No Illinois Univ, Dept Geol & Environm Geosci, De Kalb, IL 60115 USA. Stockholm Univ, Dept Quaternary Res, S-10691 Stockholm, Sweden. Univ London Queen Mary & Westfield Coll, Dept Geog, London E1 4NS, England. Cornell Univ, Dept Geol Sci, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. RP Wilson, GS (reprint author), Univ Otago, Dept Geol, POB 56, Dunedin, New Zealand. RI Wilson, Gary/B-3803-2010; Hiemstra, John/E-4192-2013; Stroeven, Arjen/I-7330-2013; OI Stroeven, Arjen/0000-0001-8812-2253; Rivkina, Elizaveta/0000-0001-7949-8056 NR 63 TC 30 Z9 31 U1 1 U2 7 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0031-0182 J9 PALAEOGEOGR PALAEOCL JI Paleogeogr. Paleoclimatol. Paleoecol. PD JUL 1 PY 2002 VL 182 IS 1-2 SI SI BP 117 EP 131 AR PII S0031-0182(01)00455-2 DI 10.1016/S0031-0182(01)00455-2 PG 15 WC Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Paleontology SC Physical Geography; Geology; Paleontology GA 569PN UT WOS:000176611200008 ER PT J AU Kukla, GJ Bender, ML de Beaulieu, JL Bond, G Broecker, WS Cleveringa, P Gavin, JE Herbert, TD Imbrie, J Jouzel, J Keigwin, LD Knudsen, KL McManus, JF Merkt, J Muhs, DR Muller, H Poore, RZ Porter, SC Seret, G Shackleton, NJ Turner, C Tzedakis, PC Winograd, IJ AF Kukla, GJ Bender, ML de Beaulieu, JL Bond, G Broecker, WS Cleveringa, P Gavin, JE Herbert, TD Imbrie, J Jouzel, J Keigwin, LD Knudsen, KL McManus, JF Merkt, J Muhs, DR Muller, H Poore, RZ Porter, SC Seret, G Shackleton, NJ Turner, C Tzedakis, PC Winograd, IJ TI Last interglacial climates SO QUATERNARY RESEARCH LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 1999 EEMFEST Symposium CY OCT, 1999 CL COLUMBIA UNIV, LAMONT-DEHRTY EARTH OBSERVAT, NEW YORK, NEW YORK HO COLUMBIA UNIV, LAMONT-DEHRTY EARTH OBSERVAT DE last interglacial; Eemian; early glacial climate; MIS 5e; MIS 5d ID GRANDE PILE VOSGES; NORTH-ATLANTIC; EEMIAN CLIMATE; TERMINATION-II; ISOTOPE STAGE-5; POLLEN RECORD; ICE-SHEET; FLUCTUATIONS; FRANCE; CYCLE AB The last interglacial, commonly understood as an interval with climate as warm or warmer than today, is represented by marine isotope stage (MIS) 5e, which is a proxy record of low global ice volume and high sea level. It is arbitrarily dated to begin at approximately 130,000 yr B.P. and end at 116,000 yr B.P. with the onset of the early glacial unit MIS 5d. The age of the stage is determined by correlation to uranium-thorium dates of raised coral reefs. The most detailed proxy record of interglacial climate is found in the Vostok ice core where the temperature reached current levels 132,000 yr ago and continued rising for another two millennia. Approximately 127,000 yr ago the Eemian mixed forests were established in Europe. They developed through a characteristic succession of tree species, probably surviving well into the early glacial stage in southern parts of Europe. After ca. 115,000 yr ago, open vegetation replaced forests in northwestern Europe and the proportion of conifers increased significantly farther south. Air temperature at Vostok dropped sharply. Pulses of cold water affected the northern North Atlantic already in late MIS 5e, but the central North Atlantic remained warm throughout most of MIS 5d. Model results show that the sea surface in the eastern tropical Pacific warmed when the ice grew and sea level dropped. The essentially interglacial conditions in southwestern Europe remained unaffected by ice buildup until late MIS 5d when the forests disappeared abruptly and cold water invaded the central North Atlantic ca. 107,000 yr ago. (C) 2002 University of Washington. C1 Lamont Doherty Earth Observ, Palisades, NY 10964 USA. Princeton Univ, Dept Geosci, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA. Fac Sci & Tech St Jerome, Lab Bot Hist & Palynol, CNRS, URA D1152, F-13397 Marseille, France. Netherlands Inst Appl Geosci TNO, Natl Geol Survey, NL-3508 TA Utrecht, Netherlands. Brown Univ, Dept Geol Sci, Providence, RI 02912 USA. CEA Saclay, Lab Sci Climat & Environm, F-91191 Gif Sur Yvette, France. Woods Hole Oceanog Inst, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. Aarhus Univ, Dept Earth Sci, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark. Niedersachs Landesamt Bodenforsch, D-30655 Hannover, Germany. US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Denver, CO 80225 USA. US Geol Survey, Natl Ctr MS 955, Reston, VA 20192 USA. Univ Washington, Quaternary Res Ctr, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. Museum Cent Africa, Dept Geol, B-3080 Tervuren, Belgium. Univ Cambridge, Godwin Lab, Dept Earth Sci, Cambridge CB2 3SA, England. Open Univ, Dept Earth Sci, Milton Keynes MK7 6AA, Bucks, England. Univ Leeds, Sch Geog, Leeds LS2 9JT, W Yorkshire, England. US Geol Survey, Natl Ctr MS 432, Reston, VA 20192 USA. RP Kukla, GJ (reprint author), Lamont Doherty Earth Observ, Palisades, NY 10964 USA. RI Knudsen, Karen Luise /A-4849-2012; Tzedakis, Polychronis/J-1894-2012; OI Tzedakis, Polychronis/0000-0001-6072-1166 NR 89 TC 166 Z9 173 U1 7 U2 61 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0033-5894 J9 QUATERNARY RES JI Quat. Res. PD JUL PY 2002 VL 58 IS 1 BP 2 EP 13 DI 10.1006/qres.2002.2316 PG 12 WC Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Physical Geography; Geology GA 587BP UT WOS:000177620900002 ER PT J AU Muhs, DR AF Muhs, DR TI Evidence for the timing and duration of the last interglacial period from high-precision uranium-series ages of corals on tectonically stable coastlines SO QUATERNARY RESEARCH LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 1999 EEMFEST Symposium CY OCT, 1999 CL COLUMBIA UNIV, LAMONT-DEHRTY EARTH OBSERVAT, NEW YORK, NEW YORK HO COLUMBIA UNIV, LAMONT-DEHRTY EARTH OBSERVAT DE last interglacial; sea level; U-series dating; corals ID SEA-LEVEL; MASS-SPECTROMETRY; WESTERN-AUSTRALIA; CLIMATE; HAWAII; OAHU AB The last interglacial period has a timing and duration that can be estimated from U-series dating of emergent, coral-bearing deposits on tectonically stable coastlines. High-precision dating from Bermuda, the Bahamas, Hawaii, and Australia suggests that the last interglacial period had a sea level at least as high as present from similar to128,000 to 116,000 yr B.P. Sea level reached a near-present level more quickly after the close of the penultimate glacial period than at the close of the last glacial period and the duration of high sea level is longer than that implied by the deep-sea record. (C) 2002 University of Washington. C1 US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Denver, CO 80225 USA. RP Muhs, DR (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, MS 980,Box 25046, Denver, CO 80225 USA. NR 20 TC 55 Z9 56 U1 1 U2 4 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0033-5894 J9 QUATERNARY RES JI Quat. Res. PD JUL PY 2002 VL 58 IS 1 BP 36 EP 40 DI 10.1006/qres.2002.2339 PG 5 WC Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Physical Geography; Geology GA 587BP UT WOS:000177620900008 ER PT J AU Winograd, IJ AF Winograd, IJ TI Evidence from uranium-series-dated speleothems for the timing of the penultimate deglaciation of northwestern Europe SO QUATERNARY RESEARCH LA English DT Letter ID GROWTH FREQUENCY; CALCITE DEPOSITS; PALEOCLIMATE; RECORD; CAVE C1 US Geol Survey, Natl Ctr 432, Reston, VA 20192 USA. RP Winograd, IJ (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Natl Ctr 432, Reston, VA 20192 USA. NR 15 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 1 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0033-5894 J9 QUATERNARY RES JI Quat. Res. PD JUL PY 2002 VL 58 IS 1 BP 60 EP 61 DI 10.1006/qres.2002.2350 PG 2 WC Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Physical Geography; Geology GA 587BP UT WOS:000177620900014 ER PT J AU Muhs, DR Simmons, KR Steinke, B AF Muhs, DR Simmons, KR Steinke, B TI Timing and warmth of the Last Interglacial period: new U-series evidence from Hawaii and Bermuda and a new fossil compilation for North America SO QUATERNARY SCIENCE REVIEWS LA English DT Review ID QUATERNARY SEA-LEVEL; BAJA-CALIFORNIA-SUR; MARINE INVERTEBRATE FAUNAS; CORAL-REEF GROWTH; LATE PLEISTOCENE; EAST GREENLAND; BAFFIN-ISLAND; MASS-SPECTROMETRY; ARCTIC CANADA; JAMESON LAND AB The timing and duration of the Last Interglacial period have been controversial, with some studies suggesting a relatively short duration that is orbitally forced and others suggesting a long duration that is at most only partly related to orbital forcing. New, high-precison thermal ionization mass spectrometric (TIMS) U-series ages of Last Interglacial corals from Hawaii and Bermuda test these competing hypotheses. Waimanalo Formation corals from slowly uplifting Oahu, Hawaii range in age from similar to 134 to similar to 113 ka, with most ages between similar to 125 and similar to 115 ka. Combined with published U-series ages from nearby Lanai, the data suggest a long Last Interglacial period that may have occurred from similar to 136 to at least 115 ka. The results indicate that orbital forcing may not have been the only control on ice sheet growth and decay, because sea level would have been high at times of relatively low Northern Hemisphere summer insolation. On tectonically stable Bermuda, deposits from the similar to200 ka (penultimate interglacial period), similar to 120 ka (peak Last Interglacial period) and similar to 80 ka (late Last Interglacial period) high sea stands have been newly dated. Fossil corals on Bermuda are derived from patch reefs that likely were "catch-up" responses to sea level rise. It is expected that U-series ages of Last- Interglacial corals on Bermuda should overlap with, but not be as old as the range of corals on Oahu. Last-Interglacial corals on Bermuda give a range of similar to 125-113 ka, which supports this hypothesis. A large number of emergent marine deposits on Hawaii, Bermuda and along coastal North America have now been dated to the Last Interglacial period. Both Oahu and Bermuda have marine invertebrate faunas with a number of extralimital southern species of mollusks, suggesting warmer-than-p resent waters during the Last Interglacial period. Warmer waters are also suggested for Last-Interglacial localities around most of North America, from Florida to Canada and Greenland and Baja California to Alaska. These observations are consistent with similar warm-water faunas of Last-Interglacial age reported from Japan, the Mediterranean basin and Western Australia. It is likely that significant changes in ocean currents took place during the Last Interglacial period, with a movement of relatively warm waters to higher latitudes than is the case today. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Denver, CO 80225 USA. RP Muhs, DR (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, MS 980,Box 25046, Denver, CO 80225 USA. EM dmuhs@usgs.gov NR 166 TC 111 Z9 114 U1 0 U2 17 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0277-3791 J9 QUATERNARY SCI REV JI Quat. Sci. Rev. PD JUL PY 2002 VL 21 IS 12-13 BP 1355 EP 1383 AR PII S0277-3791(01)00114-7 DI 10.1016/S0277-3791(01)00114-7 PG 29 WC Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Physical Geography; Geology GA 571PC UT WOS:000176724900002 ER PT J AU Benson, L Paillet, F AF Benson, L Paillet, F TI HIBAL: a hydrologic-isotopic-balance model for application to paleolake systems SO QUATERNARY SCIENCE REVIEWS LA English DT Article ID SURFACE-WATER SYSTEM; CLOSED-BASIN LAKES; STABLE ISOTOPES; PYRAMID LAKE; CLIMATE-CHANGE; OXYGEN; HYDROGEN; CARBONATES AB A simple hydrologic-isotopic-balance (HIBAL) model for application to paleolake delta(18)O records is presented. Inputs to the model include discharge, on-lake precipitation, evaporation, and the delta(18)O values of these fluid fluxes. Monthly values of climatic parameters that govern the fractionation of O-18 and O-16 during evaporation have been extracted from historical data sets and held constant in the model. The ability of the model to simulate changes in the hydrologic balance and the delta(18)O evolution of the mixed layer has been demonstrated using measured data from Pyramid Lake, Nevada. Simulations of the response in delta(18)O to step- and periodic-function changes in fluid inputs indicate that the hydrologic balance and delta(18)O values lag climate change. Input of reconstructed river discharges and their delta(18)O values to Pyramid and Walker takes indicates that minima and maxima in simulated delta(18)O records correspond to minima and maxima in the reconstructed volume records and that the overall shape of the volume and delta(18)O records is similar. The model was also used in a simulation of abrupt oscillations in the delta(18)O values of paleo-Owens Lake, California. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 US Geol Survey, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Lakewood, CO 80225 USA. RP Benson, L (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 3215 Marine St, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. NR 35 TC 39 Z9 40 U1 0 U2 11 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0277-3791 J9 QUATERNARY SCI REV JI Quat. Sci. Rev. PD JUL PY 2002 VL 21 IS 12-13 BP 1521 EP 1539 AR PII S0277-3791(01)00094-4 DI 10.1016/S0277-3791(01)00094-4 PG 19 WC Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Physical Geography; Geology GA 571PC UT WOS:000176724900009 ER PT J AU Schwalb, A Dean, WE AF Schwalb, A Dean, WE TI Reconstruction of hydrological changes and response to effective moisture variations from North-Central USA lake sediments SO QUATERNARY SCIENCE REVIEWS LA English DT Article ID AMERICAN GREAT-PLAINS; CLOSED-BASIN LAKE; HOLOCENE CLIMATE; SOUTH-DAKOTA; ENVIRONMENTAL-CHANGES; OSTRACODE CALCITE; CENTRAL MINNESOTA; STABLE ISOTOPES; PICKEREL LAKE; SALINE LAKES AB Ratios of the stable isotopes of oxygen and carbon in benthic ostracodes and marl from cores taken from two lakes in north-central Minnesota reflect Holocene hydrological and vegetation changes. Oxygen isotopes show that Williams and Shingobee Lakes, located in the same watershed but with different positions along a hydrologic gradient, were connected before 9.8 ka as part of a larger lake, Lake Willobee. From 9.8-7.7 ka, the level of Lake Willobee fell as a result of glacial retreat and increasing evaporation, leaving small separated basins. Further decreases in lake level after 7.7 ka due to increasing aridity triggered the inflow of ground water in Williams Lake at about 7 ka, and in Shingobee Lake at about 5 ka. After 4 ka effective moisture increased. The carbon-isotope record reflects changes in vegetation with higher delta(13)C values during the prairie period (7.7-4 ka) and lower values during preceding and succeeding forest periods. The differences in timing of hydrological events show that the biotic and geochemical response of the lakes to climate variations is mediated by their hydrologic systems. The response may be strongly spatially heterogeneous and can result in contrasting information from geochemical and biotic proxies from the same paleorecord. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Geoforschungszentrum Potsdam, D-14473 Potsdam, Germany. US Geol Survey, Denver, CO 80225 USA. RP Schwalb, A (reprint author), Univ Heidelberg, Inst Umwelt Geochem, Neuenheimer Feld 236, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany. NR 72 TC 27 Z9 27 U1 0 U2 9 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0277-3791 J9 QUATERNARY SCI REV JI Quat. Sci. Rev. PD JUL PY 2002 VL 21 IS 12-13 BP 1541 EP 1554 AR PII S0277-3791(01)00121-4 DI 10.1016/S0277-3791(01)00121-4 PG 14 WC Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Physical Geography; Geology GA 571PC UT WOS:000176724900010 ER PT J AU Belchansky, GI Douglas, DC AF Belchansky, GI Douglas, DC TI Seasonal comparisons of sea ice concentration estimates derived from SSM/I, OKEAN, and RADARSAT data SO REMOTE SENSING OF ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article DE SSM/I; OKEAN; RADARSAT; ScanSAR; standard beam; SAR; radar; passive microwave; brightness temperature; backscattering cross section; sea ice concentration; seasonal comparison ID HIGH-RESOLUTION RADIOMETER; LANDSAT SATELLITE IMAGERY; SENSOR MICROWAVE IMAGER; PASSIVE MICROWAVE; BEAUFORT SEA; CLASSIFICATION; COVER; SURFACE; PARAMETERS; RETRIEVAL AB The Special Sensor Microwave Imager (SSM/I) microwave satellite radiometer and its predecessor SMMR are primary sources of information for global sea ice and climate studies. However, comparisons of SSM/I, Landsat, AVHRR, and ERS-1 synthetic aperture radar (SAR) have shown substantial seasonal and regional differences in their estimates of sea ice concentration. To evaluate these differences, we compared SSM/I estimates of sea ice coverage derived with the NASA Team and Bootstrap algorithms to estimates made using RADARSAT, and OKEAN-01 satellite sensor data. The study area included the Barents Sea, Kara Sea, Laptev Sea, and adjacent parts of the Arctic Ocean, during October 1995 through October 1999. Ice concentration estimates from spatially and temporally near-coincident imagery were calculated using independent algorithms for each sensor type. The OKEAN algorithm implemented the satellite's two-channel active (radar) and passive microwave data in a linear mixture model based on the measured values of brightness temperature and radar backscatter. The RADARSAT algorithm utilized a segmentation approach of the measured radar backscatter, and the SSM/I ice concentrations were derived at National Snow and Ice Data Center (NSIDC) using the NASA Team and Bootstrap algorithms. Seasonal and monthly differences between SSM/I, OKEAN, and RADARSAT ice concentrations were calculated and compared. Overall, total sea ice concentration estimates derived independently from near-coincident RADARSAT, OKEAN-01, and SSM/I satellite imagery demonstrated mean differences of less than 5.5% (S.D. < 9.5%) during the winter period. Differences between the SSM/I NASA Team and the SSM/I Bootstrap concentrations were no more than 3.1% (S.D. < 5.4%) during this period. RADARSAT and OKEAN-01 data both yielded higher total ice concentrations than the NASA Team and the Bootstrap algorithms. The Bootstrap algorithm yielded higher total ice concentrations than the NASA Team algorithm. Total ice concentrations derived from OKEAN-01 and SSM/I satellite imagery were highly correlated during winter, spring, and fall, with mean differences of less than 8.1% (S.D. < 15%) for the NASA Team algorithm, and less than 2.8% (S.D. < 13.8%) for the Bootstrap algorithm. Respective differences between SSM/I NASA Team and SSM/I Bootstrap total concentrations were less than 5.3% (S.D. < 6.9%). Monthly mean differences between SSM/I and OKEAN differed annually by less than 6%, with smaller differences primarily in winter. The NASA Team and Bootstrap algorithms underestimated the total sea ice concentrations relative to the RADARSAT ScanSAR no more than 3.0% (S.D. < 9%) and 1.2% (S.D. < 7.5%) during cold months, and no more than 12% and 7% during summer, respectively. ScanSAR tended to estimate higher ice concentrations for ice concentrations greater than 50%, when compared to SSM/I during all months. ScanSAR underestimated total sea ice concentration by 2% compared to the OKEAN-01 algorithm during cold months, and gave an overestimation by 2% during spring and summer months. Total NASA Team and Bootstrap sea ice concentration estimates derived from coincident SSM/I and OKEAN-01 data demonstrated mean differences of no more than 5.3% (S.D. < 7%), 3.1% (S.D. < 5.5%), 2.0% (S.D. < 5.5%), and 7.3% (S.D. < 10%) for fall, winter, spring, and summer periods, respectively. Large disagreements were observed between the OKEAN and NASA Team results in spring and summer for estimates of the first-year (FY) and multiyear (MY) age classes. The OKEAN-01 algorithm and data tended to estimate, on average, lower concentrations of young or FY ice and h Our results contribute to the growing body of documentation about the levels of disparity obtained when seasonal sea ice concentrations are estimated using various types of satellite data and algorithms. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science Inc. All rights reserved. C1 US Geol Survey, Alaska Biol Sci Ctr, Douglas, AK 99824 USA. Russian Acad Sci, Inst Ecol, Space Monitoring & Ecoinformat Syst Sector, Moscow 117071, Russia. RP Belchansky, GI (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Alaska Biol Sci Ctr, POB 2400009, Douglas, AK 99824 USA. NR 34 TC 18 Z9 25 U1 2 U2 8 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 360 PARK AVE SOUTH, NEW YORK, NY 10010-1710 USA SN 0034-4257 J9 REMOTE SENS ENVIRON JI Remote Sens. Environ. PD JUL PY 2002 VL 81 IS 1 BP 67 EP 81 AR PII S0034-4257(01)00333-9 DI 10.1016/S0034-4257(01)00333-9 PG 15 WC Environmental Sciences; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA 673QK UT WOS:000182591500006 ER PT J AU Enkin, RJ Mahoney, JB Baker, J Kiessling, M Haugerud, RA AF Enkin, RJ Mahoney, JB Baker, J Kiessling, M Haugerud, RA TI Syntectonic remagnetization in the southern Methow block: Resolving large displacements in the southern Canadian Cordillera SO TECTONICS LA English DT Article DE paleomagnetism; orogenic belts; North America; Mesozoic; remagnetization ID SOUTHWESTERN BRITISH-COLUMBIA; UPPER CRETACEOUS STRATA; SPENCES BRIDGE GROUP; EASTERN COAST BELT; NORTH-AMERICA; FOLD TEST; INTERMONTANE SUPERTERRANE; PALEOMAGNETIC DATA; BAJA-CALIFORNIA; THRUST SYSTEM AB [1] The Upper Cretaceous Ventura Member of the Goat Wall unit in the southern Methow block of southern British Columbia and northern Washington State holds a syntectonic magnetization. Eight new sites from Manning Park in British Columbia give a mean direction of D = 27.5degrees, I = 60.1degrees, k = 304.7, alpha(95) = 3.2degrees after optimal partial tilt correction. Of five groups of bedded sites from farther south in the basin reported by Bazard et al. [1990], four have a syntectonic remanence with a direction similar to what we observe. The exception is one group which has optimal concentration of remanence directions on >100% untilting and an abherent direction which must be rejected. Combining the accepted sites, the optimal differential syntilting direction is D = 11.8degrees, I = 61.5degrees, k = 39.3, alpha(95) = 3.4degrees (N = 47), giving a mean pole of 79.8degreesN, 359.2degreesE, K = 19.5, and A(95) = 4.8degrees. The age of the remagnetization is constrained to be between 88 and 80 Ma. Compared to cratonic North America, this result indicates that the southern Methow block was displaced from the south by 1800 +/- 500 km, meaning it lay south of the Sierra Nevada subduction zone but well north of other paleomagnetically constrained Cretaceous rock units from the Insular superterrane, including correlative strata of the Mount Tatlow area in the northern Methow block. Among several possibilities to reconcile this discrepancy, the most plausible has the whole Methow block translated coherently but with the southern Methow block strata remagnetized during transit. C1 Geol Survey Canada Pacific, Sidney, BC V8L 4B2, Canada. Univ Wisconsin, Dept Geol, Eau Claire, WI 54701 USA. Idaho State Univ, Pocatello, ID 83209 USA. Univ Washington, US Geol Survey, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. RP Enkin, RJ (reprint author), Geol Survey Canada Pacific, Sidney, BC V8L 4B2, Canada. NR 82 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0278-7407 J9 TECTONICS JI Tectonics PD JUL-AUG PY 2002 VL 21 IS 4 AR 1036 DI 10.1029/2001TC001294 PG 18 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 611LM UT WOS:000179018800001 ER PT J AU Kelsey, DA Schreck, CB Congleton, JL Davis, LE AF Kelsey, DA Schreck, CB Congleton, JL Davis, LE TI Effects of juvenile steelhead on juvenile chinook salmon behavior and physiology SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE AMERICAN FISHERIES SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID YEARLING COHO SALMON; ONCORHYNCHUS-KISUTCH; RAINBOW-TROUT; HABITAT SELECTION; STRESS RESPONSES; WILD; GAIRDNERI; HATCHERY; CORTISOL; RIVER AB Experiments were designed to determine whether and how steelhead Oncorhynchus mykiss affect chinook salmon O. tshawytscha when the two species are confined together. In a behavioral experiment, we observed groups of juvenile chinook salmon and steelhead together and groups of chinook salmon alone to determine whether the steelhead were aggressive and their presence changed the behavior of chinook salmon. We also performed two runs of a physiological experiment to determine whether the addition of steelhead to tanks containing chinook salmon would stress the chinook salmon, as determined by a change in their plasma cortisol levels. Behavioral chances were observed in the chinook salmon when they were held with steelhead; they reduced their movements, darted less, were attacked up to 16 times as often, and were found less frequently in the shade than chinook salmon held without steelhead. Steelhead were found to establish territories and defend them with chases, charges, and nips. In their attempts to establish and defend territories, the steelhead attacked the chinook salmon as often as they attacked other steelhead, but the chinook salmon showed little aggression toward the steelhead. Cortisol concentrations were significantly higher for chinook salmon in tanks receiving steelhead than in tanks receiving additional chinook salmon or no additional fish after 2 h (in one of the two experimental runs) and after 32 h (in both experimental runs; combined data). These results suggest that confining steelhead and chinook salmon together, such as in raceways and barges in the Columbia River system and in other situations, is stressful to the chinook salmon. C1 Oregon State Univ, Dept Fisheries & Wildlife, Oregon Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, US Geol Survey, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. Univ Idaho, Dept Fish & Wildlife Resources, Idaho Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Moscow, ID 83844 USA. RP Kelsey, DA (reprint author), Columbia River Inter Tribal Fish Commiss, 729 NE Oregon,Suite 200, Portland, OR 97232 USA. NR 44 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 1 U2 5 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA SN 0002-8487 J9 T AM FISH SOC JI Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. PD JUL PY 2002 VL 131 IS 4 BP 676 EP 689 DI 10.1577/1548-8659(2002)131<0676:EOJSOJ>2.0.CO;2 PG 14 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 568JF UT WOS:000176538100009 ER PT J AU Pender, DR Kwak, TJ AF Pender, DR Kwak, TJ TI Factors influencing brown trout reproductive success in Ozark tailwater rivers SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE AMERICAN FISHERIES SOCIETY LA English DT Review ID SALMO-TRUTTA L; STREAM-MARGIN HABITAT; JUVENILE SEA-TROUT; CUTTHROAT TROUT; SALVELINUS-FONTINALIS; POPULATION REGULATION; BROOK TROUT; EGG SIZE; FOOD; SELECTION AB The reproductive success of brown trout Salmo trutta in White River, Arkansas, tailwater reaches is highly variable, resulting in the need for supplemental stocking. A better understanding of the physical and biotic factors affecting reproduction and survival would enhance the contribution of wild fish. We compared fecundity, reproductive chronology, physical habitat, water quality, trout density, food availability, diet, predation, and competitive interactions among four tailwater reaches to identify factors influencing brown trout reproductive success. The fecundity and condition factor of prespawning brown trout were significantly lower at Beaver Tail-water, a reach known for reproductive failure, than at other sites, among which no differences were found. Brown trout spawning was observed from 11 October to 23 November 1996, and juvenile emergence began on 28 February 1997. Significant among-site differences were detected for spawning and juvenile microhabitat variables, but the variables fell within or near suitable or optimal ranges reported in the literature for this species. Age-0 brown trout density differed significantly among sites, but growth and condition did not. Predation by Ozark sculpin Cottus hypselurus on trout eggs or age-0 trout of any species was not observed among the 418 stomachs examined. Ozark sculpin density and diet overlap with age-0 brown trout were highest and invertebrate food availability and water fertility were lowest at Beaver Tailwater relative to the other reaches. Our findings indicate that differences in trophic conditions occur among tailwater reaches, and a lower system productive capacity was identified at Beaver Tailwater. We suggest that management efforts include refining the multispecies trout stocking regime to improve production efficiency, enhancing flow regulation, and increasing habitat complexity to increase invertebrate and fish productivity. Such efforts may lead to improved natural reproduction and the increased abundance and quality of wild trout in this system and other regulated rivers. C1 Univ Arkansas, Dept Biol Sci, US Geol Survey, Arkansas Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Fayetteville, AR 72701 USA. RP Kwak, TJ (reprint author), N Carolina State Univ, US Geol Survey, N Carolina Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Box 7617, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. NR 116 TC 17 Z9 18 U1 3 U2 11 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA SN 0002-8487 J9 T AM FISH SOC JI Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. PD JUL PY 2002 VL 131 IS 4 BP 698 EP 717 DI 10.1577/1548-8659(2002)131<0698:FIBTRS>2.0.CO;2 PG 20 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 568JF UT WOS:000176538100011 ER PT J AU Larson, GL Hoffman, RL Moore, SE AF Larson, GL Hoffman, RL Moore, SE TI Observations of the distributions of five fish species in a small appalachian stream SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE AMERICAN FISHERIES SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID RESTRICTED MOVEMENT; TROUT; PATTERNS; HABITAT; ASSEMBLAGES; PARADIGM; SALMON AB The notion has been growing that resident stream fishes exhibit a greater capacity for movement than was previously thought. In this study, we recorded the distributions of four resident fish species (longnose dace Rhinichthys cataractae, blacknose dace R. atratulus, mottled sculpin Cottus bairdi, and rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss) and one nonresident species (central stoneroller Campostoma anomalum) in Rock Creek, a small tributary of Cosby Creek in Great Smoky Mountains National Park, over the period 1979-1995. During this study, 1,998 individuals of resident species were collected from stream sections considered to be within a common area of distribution for each species. Forty-five individuals of resident and nonresident species were captured upstream of these areas, and eight of these fish were considered to be larger than individuals considered typical for each species. Small mammal dispersal theory concepts were used to classify and describe fish movements outside of common areas of distribution. These movements were identified as important in maintaining population connectivity within stream drainages, contributing to reducing the potential for local extinctions of populations and to the recolonization of unoccupied habitats. This study highlights the need for continued study of fish movements in stream drainages and for development of appropriate resource management strategies based partly on the spatial dynamics of fish populations and communities. C1 Oregon State Univ, Coll Ocean & Atmospher Sci, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. US Geol Survey, Forest & Rangeland Ecosyst Sci Ctr, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. Natl Pk Serv, Great Smoky Mt Natl Pk, Gatlinburg, TN 37738 USA. RP Hoffman, RL (reprint author), Oregon State Univ, Coll Ocean & Atmospher Sci, 104 Ocean Admin, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. NR 24 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 8 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA SN 0002-8487 J9 T AM FISH SOC JI Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. PD JUL PY 2002 VL 131 IS 4 BP 791 EP 796 DI 10.1577/1548-8659(2002)131<0791:OOTDOF>2.0.CO;2 PG 6 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 568JF UT WOS:000176538100018 ER PT J AU Brigham, ME Krabbenhoft, DP Olson, ML DeWild, JF AF Brigham, ME Krabbenhoft, DP Olson, ML DeWild, JF TI Methylmercury in flood-control impoundments and natural waters of northwestern minnesota, 1997-99 SO WATER AIR AND SOIL POLLUTION LA English DT Article DE dams; flood control; impoundment; mercury; methylmercury ID FISH MERCURY LEVELS; METHYL MERCURY; RESERVOIRS; ACCUMULATION; INCREASES; AREAS; RIVER; USA AB We studied methylmercury (MeHg) and total mercury (Hg(T)) in impounded and natural surface waters in northwestern Minnesota, in settings ranging from agricultural to undeveloped. In a recently constructed (1995) permanent-pool impoundment, MeHg levels typically increased from inflow to outflow during 1997; this trend broke down from late 1998 to early 1999. MeHg levels in the outflow reached seasonal maxima in mid-summer (maximum of 1.0 ng L(-1) in July 1997) and late-winter (maximum of 6.6 ng L(-1) in February 1999), and are comparable to high levels observed in new hydroelectric reservoirs in Canada. Spring and autumn MeHg levels were typically about 0.1-0.2 ng L(-1). Overall, MeHg levels in both the inflow (a ditch that drains peatlands) and outflow were significantly higher than in three nearby reference natural lakes. Eleven older permanent-pool impoundments and six natural lakes in northwestern Minnesota were sampled five times. The impoundments typically had higher MeHg levels (0.071-8.36 ng L(-1)) than natural lakes. Five of six lakes MeHg levels typical of uncontaminated lakes (0.014-1.04 ng L(-1)) with highest levels in late winter, whereas a hypereutrophic lake had high levels (0.37-3.67 ng L(-1)) with highest levels in mid-summer. Seven temporary-pool impoundments were sampled during summer high-flow events. Temporary-pool impoundments that retained water for about 10-15 days after innundation yielded pronounced increases in MeHg from inflow to outflow, in one case reaching 4.6 ng L(-1), which was about 2 ng L(-1) greater than the mean inflow concentration during the runoff event. C1 US Geol Survey, Mounds View, MN 55112 USA. US Geol Survey, Middleton, WI 53562 USA. RP Brigham, ME (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 2280 Woodale Dr, Mounds View, MN 55112 USA. EM mbrigham@usgs.gov OI Brigham, Mark/0000-0001-7412-6800 NR 29 TC 17 Z9 23 U1 1 U2 10 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0049-6979 J9 WATER AIR SOIL POLL JI Water Air Soil Pollut. PD JUL PY 2002 VL 138 IS 1-4 BP 61 EP 78 DI 10.1023/A:1015573621474 PG 18 WC Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Water Resources GA 554XX UT WOS:000175763400006 ER PT J AU Griffith, JA AF Griffith, JA TI Geographic techniques and recent applications of remote sensing to landscape-water quality studies SO WATER AIR AND SOIL POLLUTION LA English DT Review DE ecological monitoring; landscape ecology; landscape-water quality studies; NDVI; remote sensing/GIS; stream water quality ID NONPOINT-SOURCE POLLUTION; MULTIPLE SPATIAL SCALES; MID-ATLANTIC REGION; RIVER HEALTH; LAND-COVER; SURFACE WATERS; UNITED-STATES; VEGETATION INDEX; BIOTIC INTEGRITY; CHESAPEAKE BAY AB This article overviews recent advances in studies of landscape-water quality relationships using remote sensing techniques. With the increasing feasibility of using remotely-sensed data, landscape-water quality studies can now be more easily performed on regional, multi-state scales. The traditional method of relating land use and land cover to water quality has been extended to include landscape pattern and other landscape information derived from satellite data. Three items are focused on in this article: 1) the increasing recognition of the importance of larger-scale studies of regional water quality that require a landscape perspective; 2) the increasing importance of remotely sensed data, such as the imagery-derived normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) and vegetation phenological metrics derived from time-series NDVI data; and 3) landscape pattern. In some studies, using landscape pattern metrics explained some of the variation in water quality not explained by land use/cover. However, in some other studies, the NDVI metrics were even more highly correlated to certain water quality parameters than either landscape pattern metrics or land use/cover proportions. Although studies relating landscape pattern metrics to water quality have had mixed results, this recent body of work applying these landscape measures and satellite-derived metrics to water quality analysis has demonstrated their potential usefulness in monitoring watershed conditions across large regions. C1 Univ So Mississippi, Dept Geog, Hattiesburg, MS 39406 USA. RP Griffith, JA (reprint author), US Geol Survey, EROS Data Ctr, Sioux Falls, SD 57198 USA. RI Griffith, Jerry/C-1119-2009 NR 109 TC 42 Z9 52 U1 7 U2 40 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0049-6979 J9 WATER AIR SOIL POLL JI Water Air Soil Pollut. PD JUL PY 2002 VL 138 IS 1-4 BP 181 EP 197 DI 10.1023/A:1015546915924 PG 17 WC Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Water Resources GA 554XX UT WOS:000175763400012 ER PT J AU Bohlke, JK Wanty, R Tuttle, M Delin, G Landon, M AF Bohlke, JK Wanty, R Tuttle, M Delin, G Landon, M TI Denitrification in the recharge area and discharge area of a transient agricultural nitrate plume in a glacial outwash sand aquifer, Minnesota SO WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE nitrate; denitrification; N isotopes; S isotopes; groundwater dating; agriculture ID ATLANTIC COASTAL-PLAIN; CHLOROFLUOROCARBONS CCL3F; NATURAL DENITRIFICATION; SHALLOW GROUNDWATER; HYDROLOGIC TRACERS; ISOTOPIC ANALYSIS; SOUTHERN ONTARIO; STABLE ISOTOPES; SULFUR-DIOXIDE; HYPORHEIC ZONE AB [1] Recharge rates of nitrate (NO3-) to groundwater beneath agricultural land commonly are greater than discharge rates of NO3- in nearby streams, but local controls of NO3- distribution in the subsurface generally are poorly known. Groundwater dating (CFC, H-3) was combined with chemical (ions and gases) and stable isotope (N, S, and C) analyses to resolve the effects of land use changes, flow patterns, and water-aquifer reactions on the distributions of O-2, NO3-, SO4=, and other constituents in a two-dimensional vertical section leading from upland cultivated fields to a riparian wetland and stream in a glacial outwash sand aquifer near Princeton, Minnesota. Within this section a "plume'' of oxic NO3--rich groundwater was present at shallow depths beneath the fields and part of the wetland but terminated before reaching the stream or the wetland surface. Groundwater dating and hydraulic measurements indicate travel times in the local flow system of 0 to >40 years, with stratified recharge beneath the fields, downward diversion of the shallow NO3--bearing plume by semiconfining organic-rich valley-filling sediments under the wetland and upward discharge across the valley and stream bottom. The concentrations and delta(15)N values of NO3- and N-2 indicate that the NO3- plume section was bounded in three directions by a curvilinear zone of active denitrification that limited its progress; however, when recalculated to remove the effects of denitrification, the data also indicate changes in both the concentrations and delta(15)N values of NO3- that was recharged in the past. Isotope data and mass balance calculations indicate that FeS2 and other ferrous Fe phases were the major electron donors for denitrification in at least two settings: (1) within the glacial-fluvial aquifer sediments beneath the recharge and discharge areas and (2) along the bottom of the valley-filling sediments in the discharge area. Combined results indicate that the shape and progress of the oxic NO3- plume termination were controlled by a combination of (1) historical and spatial variations in land use practices, (2) contrast in groundwater flow patterns between the agricultural recharge area and riparian wetland discharge area, and (3) distribution and abundance of electron donors in both the sand aquifer and valley-filling sediments. The data are consistent with slow migration of redox zones through the aquifer in response to recharging oxic groundwater during Holocene time, then an order-of-magnitude increase in the flux of electron acceptors as a result of agricultural NO3- contamination in the late twentieth century, to which the redox zone configuration still may be adjusting. The importance of denitrification for NO3- movement through formerly glaciated terrains should depend on the source areas and depositional environments of the glacial sediments, as well as geomorphology and recent stream-valley sediment history. C1 US Geol Survey, Natl Ctr 431, Reston, VA 20192 USA. US Geol Survey, Denver, CO 80225 USA. US Geol Survey, Mounds View, MN 55112 USA. US Geol Survey, Lincoln, NE 68508 USA. RP Bohlke, JK (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Natl Ctr 431, Reston, VA 20192 USA. NR 91 TC 113 Z9 114 U1 9 U2 45 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0043-1397 J9 WATER RESOUR RES JI Water Resour. Res. PD JUL PY 2002 VL 38 IS 7 AR 1105 DI 10.1029/2001WR000663 PG 26 WC Environmental Sciences; Limnology; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Water Resources GA 610AD UT WOS:000178937800021 ER PT J AU Konrad, CP Booth, DB Burges, SJ Montgomery, DR AF Konrad, CP Booth, DB Burges, SJ Montgomery, DR TI Partial entrainment of gravel bars during floods SO WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE sediment transport; bed material entrainment; disturbance; gravel bars; stochastic model ID BED-LOAD TRANSPORT; BOUNDARY SHEAR-STRESS; SEDIMENT TRANSPORT; SELECTIVE ENTRAINMENT; TEMPORAL VARIATIONS; SIZE DISTRIBUTION; STREAMS; CHANNEL; FLOW; ROUGHNESS AB [1] Spatial patterns of bed material entrainment by floods were documented at seven gravel bars using arrays of metal washers (bed tags) placed in the streambed. The observed patterns were used to test a general stochastic model that bed material entrainment is a spatially independent, random process where the probability of entrainment is uniform over a gravel bar and a function of the peak dimensionless shear stress tau(0)* of the flood. The fraction of tags missing from a gravel bar during a flood, or partial entrainment, had an approximately normal distribution with respect to tau(0)* with a mean value (50% of the tags entrained) of 0.085 and standard deviation of 0.022 (root-mean-square error of 0.09). Variation in partial entrainment for a given tau(0)* demonstrated the effects of flow conditioning on bed strength, with lower values of partial entrainment after intermediate magnitude floods (0.065 < τ(0)* < 0.08) than after higher magnitude floods. Although the probability of bed material entrainment was approximately uniform over a gravel bar during individual floods and independent from flood to flood, regions of preferential stability and instability emerged at some bars over the course of a wet season. Deviations from spatially uniform and independent bed material entrainment were most pronounced for reaches with varied flow and in consecutive floods with small to intermediate magnitudes. C1 US Geol Survey, Tacoma, WA 98402 USA. Univ Washington, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Seattle, WA 98105 USA. Univ Washington, Dept Earth & Space Sci, Seattle, WA 98105 USA. RP Konrad, CP (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Tacoma, WA 98402 USA. OI Konrad, Christopher/0000-0002-7354-547X NR 57 TC 18 Z9 18 U1 2 U2 7 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0043-1397 J9 WATER RESOUR RES JI Water Resour. Res. PD JUL PY 2002 VL 38 IS 7 AR 1104 DI 10.1029/2001WR000828 PG 16 WC Environmental Sciences; Limnology; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Water Resources GA 610AD UT WOS:000178937800022 ER PT J AU York, MM Rosenberg, DK Sturm, KK AF York, MM Rosenberg, DK Sturm, KK TI Diet and food-niche breadth of Burrowing Owls (Athene cunicularia) in the Imperial Valley, California SO WESTERN NORTH AMERICAN NATURALIST LA English DT Article DE diet; food-niche breadth; Athene cunicularia; Burrowing Owl; California; Imperial Valley ID SIZE DIMORPHISM; BODY SIZE; PREY; PREDATORS; BEHAVIOR; ECOLOGY; VERTEBRATES; SUPPLEMENTS; COMMUNITY; ABUNDANCE AB Burrowing Owls (Athene cunicularia) occupy intensively managed agricultural areas Within the Imperial Valley of California, where they occur at high densities relative to other areas in the state, and yet reproductive rates are often low. Understanding diet and food-niche breadth may lead to insights into factors contributing to their poor reproductive performance. We tested the relative contribution of sex, year, and season on diet composition and food-niche breadth from analyses of stomach contents of adult Burrowing Owls (n = 53). Orthoptera dominated the diet; it accounted for 58.9% of the total number of prey items in all stomachs and was found in 98.2% of all samples. Rodents, a source of potentially limiting dietary calcium, were found in only 2 stomachs. We detected yearly and seasonal effects on estimated food-niche breadth. Mean food niche for the breeding season was broader (antilog of Shannor's index: 2.38 +/- 0.15) and more even (Pielou's index: 0.67 +/- 0.06) than for the nonbreeding season (1.83 +/- 0.13, 0.49 +/- 0.07, respectively) partially because of a greater frequency of Araneida, Isopoda, Lepidoptera, and Solpugida in the diet during the breeding season. Mean food-niche breadth for 1997 (2.25 +/- 0.23) was broader than during 1994, 1995, and 1996 (2.07 +/- 0.23, 1.98 +/- 0.20, and 1.82 +/- 0.40, respectively) because of a greater frequency of Araneida, Dermaptera, Isopoda, Lepidoptera, and Solpugida. These results, and auxiliary diet information, suggest rodents were infrequent in the diet of Burrowing Owls in the Imperial Valley and may help explain their lower reproductive success relative to other areas of California. C1 Oregon State Univ, Dept Fisheries & Wildlife, Oregon Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Sonny Bono Saltoon Sea Natl Wildlife Range, Calipatria, CA 92233 USA. RP Oregon State Univ, Dept Fisheries & Wildlife, Oregon Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, 104 Nash Hall, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. NR 47 TC 26 Z9 29 U1 3 U2 9 PU BRIGHAM YOUNG UNIV PI PROVO PA 290 LIFE SCIENCE MUSEUM, PROVO, UT 84602 USA SN 1527-0904 EI 1944-8341 J9 WEST N AM NATURALIST JI West. North Am. Naturalist PD JUL PY 2002 VL 62 IS 3 BP 280 EP 287 PG 8 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 584LN UT WOS:000177468200003 ER PT J AU Rich, TD AF Rich, TD TI The short song of Brewer's Sparrow individual and geographic variation in southern Idaho SO WESTERN NORTH AMERICAN NATURALIST LA English DT Article DE Brewer's Sparrow; Spizella breweri; song dialects; geographic variation; Idaho; individual variation; sagebrush; Snake River Plain ID WHITE-CROWNED SPARROWS; INDIGO BUNTINGS; DIALECTS; ACROCEPHALUS; PASSERINA; SELECTION; EVOLUTION; MIMICRY AB Brewer's Sparrows (Spizella breweri) have two song types-a "short" song that has 1 to 3 trill types and a "long" song that has 5 to 10 or more trill types. 1 describe the short song and examine patterns of individual and geographic song variation from 15 sites on the Snake River Plain in southern Idaho. Territorial males sang the short song regularly during the breeding season. Two-trill song types comprised 72.9% of all song types, With 3-trill types (18.8%) and 1-trill types (8.2%) less frequent. Over 90% of the males sang their song type(s) essentially Without variation. Many trill types appeared most often in only 1 of 3 possible song positions, i.e., 1st, 2nd, or 3rd trill. Trill types that occurred in different song positions differed in syllables per second, trill and syllable duration, and frequency variables. First trill types were more variable than 2nd or 3rd trill types. There was no evidence that birds at sites closer together shared more trill types or pairs of trill types than those farther apart. There was no tendency for territorial neighbors to sing similar song types. Brewer's Sparrows' small territories, dense populations, and apparently high rate of annual turnover may mediate against the evolution of song sharing or vocal dialects. C1 US Bur Land Management, Shoshone, ID 83352 USA. RP Rich, TD (reprint author), US Fish & Wildlife Serv, 1387 S Vinnell Way, Boise, ID 83709 USA. NR 52 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 3 PU BRIGHAM YOUNG UNIV PI PROVO PA 290 LIFE SCIENCE MUSEUM, PROVO, UT 84602 USA SN 1527-0904 J9 WEST N AM NATURALIST JI West. North Am. Naturalist PD JUL PY 2002 VL 62 IS 3 BP 288 EP 299 PG 12 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 584LN UT WOS:000177468200004 ER PT J AU Dunbar, MR Giordano, MR AF Dunbar, MR Giordano, MR TI Abundance and condition indices of coyotes on Hart Mountain National Antelope Refuge, Oregon SO WESTERN NORTH AMERICAN NATURALIST LA English DT Article DE Canis latrans; coyote; health; hematology; howling survey; Oregon; physiology ID POPULATION-DYNAMICS; CANINE PARVOVIRUS; WILD COYOTES; GRAY WOLVES; LATRANS; PARK AB U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service staff at Hart Mountain National Antelope Refuge (HMNAR), southeastern Oregon, documented high pronghorn (Antilocapra americana) fawn mortality, subsequent low fawn recruitment, and declining pronghorn numbers from 1996 to 1999. Coyote (Canis latrans) predation was the primary cause, accounting for 60-85% of fawn mortalities each year, and fawns were not physiologically predisposed to predation. Therefore, we investigated certain coyote population parameters (age structure, survival, density, physiology) to evaluate how or if these factors influence coyote predation rates on pronghorn fawns. We captured 11 coyotes (5 male and 6 female) in December 1998. Age of captured animals ranged from 1.7 to 10.7 yrs ((x) over bar = 5.0 years), and all coyotes appeared healthy upon capture. There were no known mortalities through December 1999. We estimated pre-whelping (December through February 1997-1999) density from howling surveys conducted within HMNAR to be 0.40-0.53 km(-2). Compared to other published studies, we found significant (P less than or equal to 0.05) differences in selected blood parameters (e.g., blood urea nitrogen, total protein, white blood cell counts), indicating coyote nutrition may be marginal to deficient during winter at HMNAR. A high percentage of coyotes (91%) tested positive for serum-neutralizing antibodies to canine parvovirus. We judged that parasite (Toxascaris spp., Alaria spp., Sarcocystis spp., and Isospora spp.) prevalence and intensity were not high enough to influence coyote condition. Based on our data, the coyote population at HMNAR is old aged, at a relatively high density; and stable, but their nutrition may be marginal to deficient during winter. Presently, we are unable to draw direct conclusions relating the parameters we sampled with predation rates by this unexploited coyote population. C1 US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Biol Invest Unit, Lakeview, OR 97630 USA. RP Dunbar, MR (reprint author), US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Biol Invest Unit, Sheldon Hart Mt Natl Wildlife Refuge Complex,Box, Lakeview, OR 97630 USA. NR 31 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 1 U2 8 PU BRIGHAM YOUNG UNIV PI PROVO PA 290 LIFE SCIENCE MUSEUM, PROVO, UT 84602 USA SN 1527-0904 J9 WEST N AM NATURALIST JI West. North Am. Naturalist PD JUL PY 2002 VL 62 IS 3 BP 341 EP 347 PG 7 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 584LN UT WOS:000177468200010 ER PT J AU Pedicino, LC Leavitt, SW Betancourt, JL Van de Water, PK AF Pedicino, LC Leavitt, SW Betancourt, JL Van de Water, PK TI Historical variations in delta C-13(leaf) of herbarium specimens in the southwestern US SO WESTERN NORTH AMERICAN NATURALIST LA English DT Article DE carbon isotopes; herbarium specimens; leaves; southwestern USA; northern Arizona; atmospheric carbon dioxide; isotopic discrimination; ecophysiology ID CARBON-ISOTOPE DISCRIMINATION; WATER-USE EFFICIENCY; ATMOSPHERIC CO2 CONCENTRATION; LAST 3 CENTURIES; STOMATAL DENSITY; PLANTS; C-13/C-12; LEAVES; CELLULOSE; INCREASE AB The uncontrolled, global increase in atmospheric CO2 concentration (ca 80 ppmv) and decline in delta(13)C(air) (ca 1.5parts per thousand) since industrialization provide experimental boundary conditions by which to assess physiological response of vegetation. To examine consequences of these global atmospheric changes in the southwestern U.S., 350 specimens of Atriplex confertifolia, A. canescens, Ephedra viridis, Pinus edulis, P. flexilis, Juniperus scopulorum, and Quercus turbinella of precisely known age spanning the last 150 years were acquired from 9 herbaria. Cellulose analysis of delta(13)C(plant) and estimation of isotopic discrimination (Delta) permitted calculation of water-use efficiency (A/g). The delta(13)C(plant) chronologies of C-4 Atriplex spp. show some promise as a reliable proxy for delta(13)C(air) because their mean trends approximate the known delta(13)C(air) chronology. However, the high variability would necessitate multiple samples at any time period to accurately represent the mean. The generally increasing A/g trends of the 5 C-3 species are particularly pronounced for P. edulis and, after the 1950s, for J. scopulorum, but less evident for P flexilis, E. viridis, and Q. turbinella, evidencing possible differences in species response to rising CO2 Concentrations. The trends are statistically noisy, however, possibly due to complex microclimates, extreme seasonality, and great interannual variability typical of the southwestern U.S. Herbarium specimens, at least in the Southwest, may be less useful for precise detection of direct CO2 effects on plant physiology than tree rings, where the variability can be constrained to a single individual over time. C1 Univ Arizona, Lab Tree Ring Res, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. US Geol Survey, Desert Lab, Tucson, AZ 85745 USA. RP Pedicino, LC (reprint author), Coll Redwoods, 7351 Tompkins Hill, Eureka, CA 95501 USA. NR 54 TC 10 Z9 12 U1 4 U2 10 PU BRIGHAM YOUNG UNIV PI PROVO PA 290 LIFE SCIENCE MUSEUM, PROVO, UT 84602 USA SN 1527-0904 EI 1944-8341 J9 WEST N AM NATURALIST JI West. North Am. Naturalist PD JUL PY 2002 VL 62 IS 3 BP 348 EP 359 PG 12 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 584LN UT WOS:000177468200011 ER PT J AU Vitvar, T Burns, DA Lawrence, GB McDonnell, JJ Wolock, DM AF Vitvar, T Burns, DA Lawrence, GB McDonnell, JJ Wolock, DM TI Estimation of baseflow residence times in watersheds from the runoff hydrograph recession: method and application in the Neversink watershed, Catskill Mountains, New York SO HYDROLOGICAL PROCESSES LA English DT Article ID AQUIFERS; SPRINGS; SUMMER; KARST; SIZE AB A method for estimation of mean baseflow residence time in watersheds from hydrograph runoff recession characteristics was developed. Runoff recession characteristics were computed for the period 1993-96 in the 2 km(2) Winnisook watershed, Catskill Mountains, southeastern New York, and were used to derive mean values of subsurface hydraulic conductivity and the storage coefficient. These values were then used to estimate the mean baseflow residence time from an expression of the soil contact time, based on watershed soil and topographic characteristics. For comparison, mean baseflow residence times were calculated for the same period of time through the traditional convolution integral approach, which relates rainfall delta(18)O to delta(18)O values in streamflow. Our computed mean baseflow residence time was 9 months by both methods. These results indicate that baseflow residence time can be calculated accurately using recession analysis, and the method is less expensive than using environmental and/or artificial tracers. Published in (C) 2002 by John Wiley Sons, Ltd. C1 SUNY Coll Environm Sci & Forestry, Syracuse, NY 13210 USA. US Geol Survey, Troy, NY USA. US Geol Survey, Lawrence, KS USA. Oregon State Univ, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. RP Vitvar, T (reprint author), SUNY Coll Environm Sci & Forestry, Marshall Hall,1 Forestry Dr, Syracuse, NY 13210 USA. RI Burns, Douglas/A-7507-2009 NR 23 TC 31 Z9 34 U1 1 U2 19 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD PI W SUSSEX PA BAFFINS LANE CHICHESTER, W SUSSEX PO19 1UD, ENGLAND SN 0885-6087 J9 HYDROL PROCESS JI Hydrol. Process. PD JUN 30 PY 2002 VL 16 IS 9 BP 1871 EP 1877 DI 10.1002/hyp.5027 PG 7 WC Water Resources SC Water Resources GA 569MP UT WOS:000176606400011 ER PT J AU Urgeles, R Locat, J Lee, HJ Martin, F AF Urgeles, R Locat, J Lee, HJ Martin, F TI The Saguenay Fjord, Quebec, Canada: integrating marine geotechnical and geophysical data for spatial seismic slope stability and hazard assessment SO MARINE GEOLOGY LA English DT Article DE slope stability; seismic loading; Newmark analysis; contaminated sediments; Saguenay Fjord ID GROUND-MOTION; 1988 SAGUENAY; EARTHQUAKE; SEDIMENTS; FAILURE; EVENTS; CALIFORNIA; LANDSLIDE; MERCURY; MARGIN AB In 1996 a major flood occurred in the Saguenay region, Quebec, Canada, delivering several km(3) of sediment to the Saguenay Fjord. Such sediments covered large areas of the, until then, largely contaminated fjord bottom, thus providing a natural capping layer. Recent swath bathymetry data have also shown that sediment landslides are widely present in the upper section of the Saguenay Fjord, and therefore, should a new event occur, it would probably expose the old contaminated sediments. Landslides in the Upper Saguenay Fjord are most probably due to earthquakes given its proximity to the Charlevoix seismic region and to that of the 1988 Saguenay earthquake. In consequence, this study tries to characterize the permanent ground deformations induced by different earthquake scenarios from which shallow sediment landslides could be triggered. The study follows a Newmark analysis in which, firstly, the seismic slope performance is assessed, secondly, the seismic hazard analyzed, and finally an evaluation of the seismic landslide hazard is made, The study is based on slope gradients obtained from EM1000 multibeam bathymetry data as well as water content and undrained shear strength measurements made in box and gravity cores. Ground motions integrating local site conditions were simulated using synthetic time histories. The study assumes the region of the 1988 Saguenay earthquake as the most likely source area for earthquakes capable of inducing large ground motions in the Upper Saguenay region. Accordingly. we have analyzed several shaking intensities to deduce that generalized sediment displacements will begin to occur when moment magnitudes exceed 6. Major displacements, failure, and subsequent landslides could occur only from earthquake moment magnitudes exceeding 6.75. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Laval, Dept Geol & Genie Geol, St Foy, PQ G1K 7P4, Canada. Univ Barcelona, GRC Geociencies Marines, Dept Estrati Paleontol, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain. US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. RP Urgeles, R (reprint author), Univ Laval, Dept Geol & Genie Geol, Pavillon Pouliot, St Foy, PQ G1K 7P4, Canada. RI Urgeles, Roger/A-9231-2010 OI Urgeles, Roger/0000-0001-9438-1753 NR 65 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 6 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0025-3227 J9 MAR GEOL JI Mar. Geol. PD JUN 30 PY 2002 VL 185 IS 3-4 BP 319 EP 340 AR PII S0025-3227(02)00185-8 DI 10.1016/S0025-3227(02)00185-8 PG 22 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Oceanography SC Geology; Oceanography GA 572AX UT WOS:000176752300009 ER PT J AU Nordstrom, DK AF Nordstrom, DK TI Public health - Worldwide occurrences of arsenic in ground water SO SCIENCE LA English DT Editorial Material C1 US Geol Survey, Div Water Resources, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RP Nordstrom, DK (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Div Water Resources, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RI 张, 楠/B-1010-2010 NR 17 TC 719 Z9 769 U1 29 U2 194 PU AMER ASSOC ADVANCEMENT SCIENCE PI WASHINGTON PA 1200 NEW YORK AVE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 USA SN 0036-8075 J9 SCIENCE JI Science PD JUN 21 PY 2002 VL 296 IS 5576 BP 2143 EP 2145 DI 10.1126/science.1072375 PG 2 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 565PQ UT WOS:000176379000026 PM 12077387 ER PT J AU Harvell, CD Mitchell, CE Ward, JR Altizer, S Dobson, AP Ostfeld, RS Samuel, MD AF Harvell, CD Mitchell, CE Ward, JR Altizer, S Dobson, AP Ostfeld, RS Samuel, MD TI Ecology - Climate warming and disease risks for terrestrial and marine biota SO SCIENCE LA English DT Review ID AMPHIBIAN POPULATION DECLINES; EMERGING INFECTIOUS-DISEASES; VECTOR-BORNE DISEASES; PHYTOPHTHORA-CINNAMOMI; PERKINSUS-MARINUS; MASS-MORTALITY; CULEX-QUINQUEFASCIATUS; HAEMONCHUS-CONTORTUS; GLOBAL CLIMATE; UNITED-STATES AB Infectious diseases can cause rapid population declines or species extinctions. Many pathogens of terrestrial and marine taxa are sensitive to temperature, rainfall, and humidity, creating synergisms that could affect biodiversity. Climate warming can increase pathogen development and survival rates, disease transmission, and host susceptibility. Although most host-parasite systems are predicted to experience more frequent or severe disease impacts with warming, a subset of pathogens might decline with warming, releasing hosts from disease. Recently, changes in El Nino Southern Oscillation events have had a detectable influence on marine and terrestrial pathogens, including coral diseases, oyster pathogens, crop pathogens, Rift Valley fever, and human cholera. To improve our ability to predict epidemics in wild populations, it will be necessary to separate the independent and interactive effects of multiple climate drivers on disease impact. C1 Cornell Univ, Dept Ecol & Evolutionary Biol, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. Univ Minnesota, Dept Ecol Evolut & Behav, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. Emory Univ, Dept Environm Studies, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA. Cornell Lab Ornithol, Ithaca, NY 14850 USA. Princeton Univ, Dept Ecol & Evolutionary Biol, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA. Inst Ecosyst Studies, Millbrook, NY 12545 USA. US Geol Survey, Natl Wildlife Res Ctr, Madison, WI 53711 USA. RP Harvell, CD (reprint author), Cornell Univ, Dept Ecol & Evolutionary Biol, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. RI Mitchell, Charles/I-3709-2014 OI Mitchell, Charles/0000-0002-1633-1993 NR 122 TC 1118 Z9 1167 U1 97 U2 761 PU AMER ASSOC ADVANCEMENT SCIENCE PI WASHINGTON PA 1200 NEW YORK AVE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 USA SN 0036-8075 J9 SCIENCE JI Science PD JUN 21 PY 2002 VL 296 IS 5576 BP 2158 EP 2162 DI 10.1126/science.1063699 PG 5 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 565PQ UT WOS:000176379000035 PM 12077394 ER PT J AU Anderson, RC Gardner, DE Daehler, CC Meinzer, FC AF Anderson, RC Gardner, DE Daehler, CC Meinzer, FC TI Dieback of Acacia koa in Hawaii: ecological and pathological characteristics of affected stands SO FOREST ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE Acacia koa; Fusarium oxysporum; disease ecology; forest dieback; fungal pathogens ID DYNAMICS; FORESTS AB Koa (Acacia koa) is an endemic Hawaiian tree that serves as a keystone species in the upper elevation forests of all the main islands. In the Mauna Loa Strip area of Hawaii Volcanoes National Park, mature koa stands are suffering from an unexplained dieback that has increased in severity since it was first noticed approximately 25 years ago. The dieback is often evident in patches, and generally spreads within stands in a radial fashion from a localized infection center. Entire crowns of affected trees become wilted, with foliage gradually progressing from an apparent healthy to a completely chlorotic condition. Although most trees die soon after the onset of symptoms, some trees are able to survive crown death by producing epicormic shoots on the lower portions of the trunk. Previously published studies reported that a vascular wilt fungus (Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. koae) was associated with koa seeds and the rhizosphere of healthy and dieback-affected koa stands. The purpose of this study was to characterize the stand structure, soil conditions, and physiological condition of dieback-affected trees, and to assess the possible role of F oxysporum f. sp. koae in the current dieback stands. This fungus was isolated from branches of symptomatic koa in dieback-affected stands and roots from healthy and dieback-affected stands. Possible differences in the pathogenicity and virulence of F oxysporum f. sp. koae isolates obtained from the roots of healthy koa in unaffected stands and those from branches of dieback-affected koa were determined by greenhouse inoculations of koa seedlings. Healthy koa saplings in stands unaffected by dieback were also inoculated to determine if disease symptoms could be induced by inoculation of injured roots in the field. Both branch and root isolates were pathogenic; with the percent mortality of inoculated seedlings ranging from 30 to 60% for all isolates. Disease severity between branch and root isolates was not significantly different. Wilt symptoms were not observed in field inoculations of koa saplings after 8 months. Investigation of the dieback stand structure determined that the larger size classes (i.e., DBH > 3 cm) were all affected equally, with the smallest size class (i.e., 0-3 cm DBH) having the lowest percentage of dieback at each site. Soil from dieback stands had higher water content and was more acidic than that from neighboring unaffected stands. Phyllodes on epicormic shoots of dieback trees had a reduced area, mass, and mass to area ratio. Phyllodes on dieback trees also had reduced stomatal conductance and higher (less negative) leaf water potential. Results from the greenhouse inoculations demonstrated that F oxysporum f. sp. koae is pathogenic to koa, but the pathogen's activity in the field may be influenced by predisposing factors such as temperature fluctuations, water availability, soil type, and interactions with other soil organisms. F oxysporum f. sp. koae appears to play an important role in regulating koa stand dynamics, growth, and physiology under environmental and edaphic conditions favorable for disease development. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 USGS, Biol Resources Div, Pacific Island Ecosyst Res Ctr, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. Univ Hawaii Manoa, Dept Bot, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. USDA, Forest Serv, Forestry Sci Lab, Pacific NW Res Stn, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. RP Anderson, RC (reprint author), USGS, Biol Resources Div, Pacific Island Ecosyst Res Ctr, 3190 Maile Way,St John Room 408, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. RI Meinzer, Frederick/C-3496-2012 NR 36 TC 14 Z9 16 U1 3 U2 8 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0378-1127 J9 FOREST ECOL MANAG JI For. Ecol. Manage. PD JUN 15 PY 2002 VL 162 IS 2-3 BP 273 EP 286 AR PII S0378-1127(01)00522-9 DI 10.1016/S0378-1127(01)00522-9 PG 14 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 569LW UT WOS:000176604700011 ER PT J AU Twedt, DJ Wilson, RR AF Twedt, DJ Wilson, RR TI Development of oak plantations established for wildlife SO FOREST ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE afforestation; bareroot seedling; direct seeding; Mississippi; National Wildlife Refuge; oak plantation; Quercus; reforestation; tree invasion; wildlife habitat ID NATIVE FOREST REGENERATION; REFORESTATION; DIVERSITY AB Extensive areas that are currently in agricultural production within the Mississippi Alluvial Valley are being restored to bottomland hardwood forests. Oaks (Quercus sp.), sown as seeds (acorns) or planted as seedlings, are the predominant trees established on most afforested sites. To compare stand development and natural invasion on sites afforested by planting seedlings or by sowing acorns, we sampled woody vegetation on ten 14- to 18-year-old oak plantations established to provide wildlife habitat. Stem densities of about 900 oaks/ha were comparable between stands established by sowing 4000 acoms/ha and stands established by planting 900 seedlings/ha. Densities of oaks in stands established from seedlings increased 38% from densities detected when these stands were 4- to 8-year-old. Densities of oaks established from field-sown acorns increased >100% during this same 10-year span. Oaks that were planted as seedlings were larger than those established from acorns, but trees resulting from either afforestation method were larger than trees naturally colonizing these sites. Natural invasion of woody species varied greatly among afforested sites, but was greater and more diverse on sites sown with acorns. Afforested stands were dominated by planted species, whereas naturally invading species were rare among dominant canopy trees. When afforestation objectives are primarily to provide wildlife habitat, we recommend, sowing acorns rather than planting seedlings. Additionally, planting fewer seeds or seedlings, diversifying the species planted, and leaving non-planted gaps will increase diversity of woody species and promote a more complex forest structure that enhances the suitability of afforested sites for wildlife. Published by Elsevier Science B.V. C1 USGS, Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, Vicksburg, MS 39180 USA. RP Twedt, DJ (reprint author), USGS, Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, 2524 Frontage Rd, Vicksburg, MS 39180 USA. OI Twedt, Daniel/0000-0003-1223-5045 NR 26 TC 19 Z9 20 U1 1 U2 7 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0378-1127 J9 FOREST ECOL MANAG JI For. Ecol. Manage. PD JUN 15 PY 2002 VL 162 IS 2-3 BP 287 EP 298 AR PII S0378-1127(01)00523-0 DI 10.1016/S0378-1127(01)00523-0 PG 12 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 569LW UT WOS:000176604700012 ER PT J AU Hayes, SK Montgomery, DR Newhall, CG AF Hayes, SK Montgomery, DR Newhall, CG TI Fluvial sediment transport and deposition following the 1991 eruption of Mount Pinatubo SO GEOMORPHOLOGY LA English DT Article DE bedload; Mount Pinatubo; sediment transport; volcano; watershed disturbance ID GRAVEL TRANSPORT; EPHEMERAL STREAM; RUAPEHU VOLCANO; NEW-ZEALAND; RIVERS; FLOW; CHANNEL; HYDRAULICS; EVOLUTION; HELENS AB The 1991 eruption of Mount Pinatubo generated extreme sediment yields from watersheds heavily impacted by pyroclastic flows. Bedload sampling in the Pasig-Potrero, River, one of the most heavily impacted rivers, revealed negligible critical shear stress and very high transport rates that reflected an essentially unlimited sediment supply and the enhanced mobility of particles moving over a smooth, fine-grained bed. Dimensionless bedload transport rates in the Pasig-Potrero River differed substantially from those previously reported for rivers in temperate regions for the same dimensionless shear stress, but were similar to rates identified in rivers on other volcanoes and ephemeral streams in and environments. The similarity between volcanically disturbed and and rivers appears to arise from the lack of an armored bed surface due to very high relative sediment supply; in and rivers, this is attributed to a flashy hydrograph, whereas volcanically disturbed rivers lack armoring due to sustained high rates of sediment delivery. This work suggests that the increases in sediment supply accompanying massive disturbance induce morphologic and hydrologic changes that temporarily enhance transport efficiency until the watershed recovers and sediment supply is reduced. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V All rights reserved. C1 Univ Washington, Dept Geol Sci, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. Univ Washington, US Geol Survey, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. RP Hayes, SK (reprint author), Forestry Sci Lab, 3200 SW Jefferson Way, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. NR 63 TC 65 Z9 65 U1 0 U2 6 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0169-555X J9 GEOMORPHOLOGY JI Geomorphology PD JUN 15 PY 2002 VL 45 IS 3-4 BP 211 EP 224 AR PII S0169-555X(01)00155-6 DI 10.1016/S0169-555X(01)00155-6 PG 14 WC Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Physical Geography; Geology GA 567QV UT WOS:000176496600004 ER PT J AU Josberger, EG Mognard, NM AF Josberger, EG Mognard, NM TI A passive microwave snow depth algorithm with a proxy for snow metamorphism SO HYDROLOGICAL PROCESSES LA English DT Article DE snowpack; remote sensing; snow metamorphism; passive microwave AB Passive microwave brightness temperatures of snowpacks depend not only on the snow depth, but also on the internal snowpack properties, particularly the grain size, which changes through the winter. Algorithms that assume a constant grain size can yield erroneous estimates of snow depth or water equivalent. For snowpacks that are subject to temperatures well below freezing, the bulk temperature gradient through the snowpack controls the metamorphosis of the snow grains. This study used National Weather Service (NWS) station measurements of snow depth and air temperature from the Northern US Great Plains to determine temporal and spatial variability of the snow depth and bulk snowpack temperature gradient. This region is well suited for this study because it consists primarily of open farmland or prairie, has little relief, is subject to very cold temperatures, and has more than 280 reporting stations. A geostatistical technique called Kriging was used to grid the randomly spaced snow depth measurements. The resulting snow depth maps were then compared with the passive microwave observations from the Special Sensor Microwave Imager (SSM/I). Two snow seasons were examined: 1988-89, a typical snow year, and 1996-97, a record year for snow that was responsible for extensive flooding in the Red River Basin. Inspection of the time series of snow depth and microwave spectral gradient (the difference between the 19 and 37 GHz bands) showed that while the snowpack was constant, the spectral gradient continued to increase. However, there was a strong correlation (0.6 < R-2 < 0.9) between the spectral gradient and the cumulative bulk temperature gradient through the snowpack (TGI). Hence, TGI is an index of grain size metamorphism that has occurred within the snowpack. TGI time series from 21 representative sites across the region and the corresponding SSM/I observations were used to develop an algorithm for snow depth that requires daily air temperatures. Copyright (C) 2002 John Wiley Sons, Ltd. C1 US Geol Survey, Tacoma, WA 98402 USA. CNES, CESBIO, F-31401 Toulouse 4, France. RP Josberger, EG (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 1201 Pacific Ave, Tacoma, WA 98402 USA. NR 15 TC 44 Z9 54 U1 3 U2 12 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD PI W SUSSEX PA BAFFINS LANE CHICHESTER, W SUSSEX PO19 1UD, ENGLAND SN 0885-6087 J9 HYDROL PROCESS JI Hydrol. Process. PD JUN 15 PY 2002 VL 16 IS 8 SI SI BP 1557 EP 1568 DI 10.1002/hyp.1020 PG 12 WC Water Resources SC Water Resources GA 564VM UT WOS:000176334300003 ER PT J AU Verdin, J Klaver, R AF Verdin, J Klaver, R TI Grid-cell-based crop water accounting for the famine early warning system SO HYDROLOGICAL PROCESSES LA English DT Article DE crop water; rainfall; remote sensing; Africa; grid AB Rainfall monitoring is a regular activity of food security analysts for sub-Saharan Africa due to the potentially disastrous impact of drought. Crop water accounting schemes are used to track rainfall timing and amounts relative to phenological requirements, to infer water limitation impacts on yield. Unfortunately, many rain gauge reports are available only after significant delays, and the gauge locations leave large gaps in coverage. As an alternative, a grid-cell-based formulation for the water requirement satisfaction index (WRSI) was tested for maize in Southern Africa. Grids of input variables were obtained from remote sensing estimates of rainfall, meteorological models, and digital soil maps. The spatial WRSI was computed for the 1996-97 and 1997-98 growing seasons. Maize yields were estimated by regression and compared with a limited number of reports from the field for the 1996-97 season in Zimbabwe. Agreement at a useful level (r = 0.80) was observed. This is comparable to results from traditional analysis with station data. The findings demonstrate the complementary role that remote sensing, modelling, and geospatial analysis can play in an era when field data collection in sub-Saharan Africa is suffering an unfortunate decline. Published in 2002 by John Wiley Sons, Ltd. C1 US Geol Survey, EROS, Ctr Data, Sioux Falls, SD 57198 USA. RP Verdin, J (reprint author), US Geol Survey, EROS, Ctr Data, Sioux Falls, SD 57198 USA. NR 22 TC 48 Z9 50 U1 1 U2 14 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD PI W SUSSEX PA BAFFINS LANE CHICHESTER, W SUSSEX PO19 1UD, ENGLAND SN 0885-6087 J9 HYDROL PROCESS JI Hydrol. Process. PD JUN 15 PY 2002 VL 16 IS 8 SI SI BP 1617 EP 1630 DI 10.1002/hyp.1025 PG 14 WC Water Resources SC Water Resources GA 564VM UT WOS:000176334300008 ER PT J AU Hodge, DL Schill, WB Wang, JM Blanca, I Reynolds, DA Ortaldo, JR Young, HA AF Hodge, DL Schill, WB Wang, JM Blanca, I Reynolds, DA Ortaldo, JR Young, HA TI IL-2 and IL-12 alter NK cell responsiveness to IFN-gamma-inducible protein 10 by down-regulating CXCR3 expression SO JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID NATURAL-KILLER-CELLS; INTERFERON-GAMMA; GENE-EXPRESSION; CHEMOKINE RECEPTORS; CYTOKINE PRODUCTION; STIMULATORY FACTOR; LYMPHOCYTES; ACTIVATION; VIRUS; REPLICATION AB Cytokine treatment of NK cells results in alterations in multiple cellular responses that include cytotoxicity, cytokine production, proliferation, and chemotaxis. To understand the molecular mechanisms underlying these responses, microarray analysis was performed and the resulting gene expression patterns were compared between unstimulated, IL-2, IL-2 plus IL-12, and IL-2 plus IL-18-stimulated NK92 cells. RNase protection assays and RT-PCR confirmed microarray predictions for changes in mRNA expression for nine genes involved in cell cycle progression, signal transduction, transcriptional activation, and chemotaxis. Multiprobe RNase protection assay also detected changes in the expression of CCR2 mRNA, a gene that was not imprinted on the microarray. We subsequently expanded our search for other chemokine receptor genes absent from the microarray and found an IL-2- and IL-12-dependent decrease in CXCR3 receptor mRNA expression in NK92 cells. A detailed analysis of CXCR3 expression in primary NK cells revealed that an IL-2 and an IL-12 together significantly decreased the CXCR3 receptor mRNA and receptor surface expression by 6 and 24 h of treatment, respectively. This decrease in receptor expression was associated with a significant reduction in chemotaxis in the presence of IFN-gamma-inducible protein-10. The decline in CXCR3 mRNA was due to transcriptional and posttranscriptional mechanisms as the addition of actinomycin D to IL-2- and IL-12-treated NK92 slightly altered the half-life of the CXCR3 mRNA. Collectively, these data suggest that IL-2 and IL-12 directly affect NK cell migratory ability by rapid and direct down-regulation of chemokine receptor mRNA expression. C1 NCI, Expt Immunol Lab, Ctr Canc Res, Frederick, MD 21702 USA. NCI, Mol Immunoregulat Lab, Ctr Canc Res, Frederick, MD 21702 USA. US Geol Survey, Natl Fish Hlth Res Lab, Leetown Sci Ctr, Kearneysville, WV 25430 USA. RP Young, HA (reprint author), NCI, Expt Immunol Lab, Ctr Canc Res, Bldg 560,Room 31-23, Frederick, MD 21702 USA. RI Young, Howard/A-6350-2008 OI Young, Howard/0000-0002-3118-5111 FU NCI NIH HHS [N01-CO-12400] NR 37 TC 42 Z9 44 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER ASSOC IMMUNOLOGISTS PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 0022-1767 J9 J IMMUNOL JI J. Immunol. PD JUN 15 PY 2002 VL 168 IS 12 BP 6090 EP 6098 PG 9 WC Immunology SC Immunology GA 561MT UT WOS:000176145300018 PM 12055219 ER PT J AU Finn, CA Morgan, LA AF Finn, CA Morgan, LA TI High-resolution aeromagnetic mapping of volcanic terrain, yellowstone National Park SO JOURNAL OF VOLCANOLOGY AND GEOTHERMAL RESEARCH LA English DT Review DE Yellowstone National Park; aeromagnetic data; geophysical data; geologic mapping; hydrothermal alteration; United States ID SNAKE RIVER PLAIN; AR-40/AR-39 GEOCHRONOLOGY; CONTEMPORARY TECTONICS; UNITED-STATES; HEAT-FLOW; CALDERA; PALEOMAGNETISM; CONTAMINATION; SEISMICITY; SUBSIDENCE AB High-resolution aeromagnetic data acquired over Yellowstone National Park (YNP) show contrasting patterns reflecting differences in rock composition, types and degree of alteration, and crustal structures that mirror the variable geology of the Yellowstone Plateau. The older, Eocene, Absaroka Volcanic Supergroup, a series of mostly altered, andesitic volcanic and volcaniclastic rocks partially exposed in mountains on the eastern margin of YNP, produces high-amplitude, positive magnetic anomalies, strongly contrasting with the less magnetic, younger, latest Cenozoic, Yellowstone Plateau Group, primarily a series of fresh and variably altered rhyolitic rocks covering most of YNP. The Yellowstone caldera is the centerpiece of the Yellowstone Plateau; part of its boundary can be identified on the aeromagnetic map as a series of discontinuous, negative magnetic anomalies that reflect faults or zones along which extensive hydrothermal alteration is localized. The large-volume rhyolitic ignimbrite deposits of the 0.63-Ma Lava Creek Tuff and the 2.1-Ma Huckleberry Ridge Tuff, which are prominent lithologies peripheral to the Yellowstone caldera, produce insignificant magnetic signatures. A zone of moderate amplitude positive anomalies coincides with the mapped extent of several post-caldera rhyolitic lavas. Linear magnetic anomalies reflect the rectilinear fault systems characteristic of resurgent domes in the center of the caldera. Peripheral to the caldera, the high-resolution aeromagnetic map clearly delineates flow unit boundaries of pre- and post-caldera basalt flows, which occur stratigraphically below the post-caldera rhyolitic lavas and are not exposed extensively at the surface. All of the hot spring and geyser basins, such as Norris, Upper and Lower Geyser Basins, West Thumb, and Gibbon, are associated with negative magnetic anomalies, reflecting hydrothermal alteration that has destroyed the magnetic susceptibility of minerals in the volcanic rocks. Within Yellowstone Lake, which is mostly within the Yellowstone caldera, aeromagnetic lows also are associated with known hydrothermal activity in the lake. Many of the magnetic lows extend beyond the areas of alteration and hot springs, suggesting a more extensive currently active or fossil hydrothermal system than is currently mapped. Steep magnetic gradients, suggesting faults or fractures, bound the magnetic lows. This implies that fractures localize the hot springs. Magnetic gradient trends reflect the mapped Basin and Range structural trends of north and northwest, as well as northeasterly trends that parallel the regional trend of the Snake River Plain and the track of the Yellowstone hot spot which follow the Precambrian structural grain. These trends are found both at small scales such as in hydrothermal basins and at more regional fault scales, which suggests that the regional stress field and reactivated older structures may exert some control on localization of hydrothermal activity. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 US Geol Survey, Denver, CO 80225 USA. RP Finn, CA (reprint author), US Geol Survey, MS 964, Denver, CO 80225 USA. NR 73 TC 29 Z9 29 U1 2 U2 13 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0377-0273 J9 J VOLCANOL GEOTH RES JI J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res. PD JUN 15 PY 2002 VL 115 IS 1-2 BP 207 EP 231 AR PII S0377-0273(01)00317-1 DI 10.1016/S0377-0273(01)00317-1 PG 25 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 569NJ UT WOS:000176608200011 ER PT J AU Calhoun, RS Fletcher, CH Harney, JN AF Calhoun, RS Fletcher, CH Harney, JN TI A budget of marine and terrigenous sediments, Hanalei Bay, Kauai, Hawaiian Islands SO SEDIMENTARY GEOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Inaugural Meeting of the IGCP on Coastal Environmental Change During Sea-Level Highstands CY NOV 09-12, 1999 CL UNIV HAWAII, HONOLULU, HAWAII HO UNIV HAWAII DE sediment budget; carbonate production; longshore transport; reefs; Hawaii ID CALCIUM-CARBONATE; AGE CALIBRATION; BARBADOS; COAST; OAHU; REEF AB The sediment budget of Hanalei Bay on the north shore of Kauai was calculated using sedimentological and geophysical methods. The calculations of the budget subsequently allowed an interpretation of the Holocene history of the bay, The bay sediments are easily separated into marine (carbonate) and terrigetious (siliciclastic) grains. Surficial sediments are dominated by carbonate grains (similar to 70%) of coralline algae, coral, and mollusc fragments as well as foraminifera, Halimeda, bryozoa, and echinoderm tests. However, siliciclastic grains (e.g. olivine, plagioclase, volcanic lithics) from the Hanalei River watershed draining shield volcanic highlands are the most common individual grain type (similar to 27%) and form a zone of high concentration from the mouth of the Hanalei River into the center of the bay. Flooding in the bay by the post-glacial sea-level rise began soon after 11.7 kyears. The resulting marine environment caused the net deposition of 45.5 +/- 1.5 x 10(6) m(3) of sediment in the bay and approximately 33.7 +/- 11.2 x 10(6) m(3) of sediment on the Hanalei coastal plain. The total volume of carbonate sediment stored in the bay and coastal plain is greater than the volume likely to have been produced exclusively within the bay during the same time, Calculations indicate that approximately 2490 m 3 year(-1) have been imported into the bay or coastal plain and deposited since 11,700 years ago. The majority of this sediment influx is likely delivered from the east by the strong tradewind-driven littoral currents that characterize Kauai's north shore. Net carbonate sediment deposition in Hanalei Bay peaked at a rate of 15,500 m(3) year(-1) between 5000 and 3000 years ago (when sea level may have been 2 m above present) diminishing to 3890 m(3) year(-1) from 1000 years ago to the present. This influx is likely to have played a significant role in the mid to late Holocene progradation of the Hanalei shoreline. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V All rights reserved. C1 US Geol Survey, Pacific Sci Ctr, Santa Cruz, CA 95064 USA. Univ Hawaii, Dept Geol & Geophys, Sch Ocean & Earth Sci & Technol, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. RP Calhoun, RS (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Pacific Sci Ctr, 1156 High St, Santa Cruz, CA 95064 USA. NR 43 TC 21 Z9 21 U1 0 U2 4 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0037-0738 J9 SEDIMENT GEOL JI Sediment. Geol. PD JUN 15 PY 2002 VL 150 IS 1-2 SI SI BP 61 EP 87 AR PII S0037-0738(01)00268-8 DI 10.1016/S0037-0738(01)00268-8 PG 27 WC Geology SC Geology GA 564JA UT WOS:000176310200006 ER PT J AU Alley, WM Healy, RW LaBaugh, JW Reilly, TE AF Alley, WM Healy, RW LaBaugh, JW Reilly, TE TI Hydrology - Flow and storage in groundwater systems SO SCIENCE LA English DT Review ID SYNTHETIC-APERTURE RADAR; ENVIRONMENTAL TRACERS; GEOLOGIC PROCESSES; LAND SUBSIDENCE; LAS-VEGAS; SEA-WATER; AQUIFER; RECHARGE; MODELS; KANSAS AB The dynamic nature of groundwater is not readily apparent, except where discharge is focused at springs or where recharge enters sinkholes. Yet groundwater flow and storage are continually changing in response to human and climatic stresses. Wise development of groundwater resources requires a more complete understanding of these changes in flow and storage and of their effects on the terrestrial environment and on numerous surface-water features and their biota. C1 US Geol Survey, Natl Ctr 411, Reston, VA 20192 USA. US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Lakewood, CO 80225 USA. RP Alley, WM (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Natl Ctr 411, Reston, VA 20192 USA. EM walley@usgs.gov OI Reilly, Thomas/0000-0002-2988-9881 NR 78 TC 183 Z9 193 U1 29 U2 145 PU AMER ASSOC ADVANCEMENT SCIENCE PI WASHINGTON PA 1200 NEW YORK AVE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 USA SN 0036-8075 J9 SCIENCE JI Science PD JUN 14 PY 2002 VL 296 IS 5575 BP 1985 EP 1990 DI 10.1126/science.1067123 PG 6 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 563UD UT WOS:000176273300041 PM 12065826 ER PT J AU Sobczak, WV Cloern, JE Jassby, AD Muller-Solger, AB AF Sobczak, WV Cloern, JE Jassby, AD Muller-Solger, AB TI Bioavailability of organic matter in a highly disturbed estuary: The role of detrital and algal resources SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA LA English DT Article ID ECOSYSTEM METABOLISM; AQUATIC SYSTEMS; HUDSON RIVER; FOOD WEBS; CARBON; PHYTOPLANKTON; BACTERIOPLANKTON; VARIABILITY; MODEL; FRESH AB The importance of algal and detrital food supplies to the planktonic food web of a highly disturbed, estuarine ecosystem was evaluated in response to declining zooplankton and fish populations. We assessed organic matter bioavailability among a diversity of habitats and hydrologic inputs over 2 years in San Francisco Estuary's Sacramento-San Joaquin River Delta. Results show that bioavailable dissolved organic carbon from external riverine sources supports a large component of ecosystem metabolism. However, bioavailable particulate organic carbon derived primarily from internal phytoplankton production is the dominant food supply to the planktonic food web. The relative importance of phytoplankton as a food source is surprising because phytoplankton production is a small component of the ecosystem's organic-matter mass balance. Our results indicate that management plans aimed at modifying the supply of organic matter to riverine, estuarine, and coastal food webs need to incorporate the potentially wide nutritional range represented by different organic matter sources. C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. Univ Calif Davis, Dept Environm Sci & Policy, Davis, CA 95616 USA. RP Sobczak, WV (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 345 Middlefield Rd MS-496, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. RI Cloern, James/C-1499-2011; Ross, Donald/F-7607-2012; OI Ross, Donald/0000-0002-8659-3833; Cloern, James/0000-0002-5880-6862 NR 40 TC 75 Z9 78 U1 2 U2 32 PU NATL ACAD SCIENCES PI WASHINGTON PA 2101 CONSTITUTION AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20418 USA SN 0027-8424 J9 P NATL ACAD SCI USA JI Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. PD JUN 11 PY 2002 VL 99 IS 12 BP 8101 EP 8105 DI 10.1073/pnas.122614399 PG 5 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 562UQ UT WOS:000176217700055 PM 12060756 ER PT J AU Hart, GL Johnson, CM Shirey, SB Clynne, MA AF Hart, GL Johnson, CM Shirey, SB Clynne, MA TI Osmium isotope constraints on lower crustal recycling and pluton preservation at Lassen Volcanic Center, CA SO EARTH AND PLANETARY SCIENCE LETTERS LA English DT Article DE osmium; rhenium; felsic; composition; subduction zones; crust ID SOUTHWESTERN UNITED-STATES; MAGMATIC EVOLUTION; SOUTHERNMOST CASCADES; TECTONIC IMPLICATIONS; KLAMATH MOUNTAINS; CONTINENTAL-CRUST; GRANITIC-ROCKS; TRACE-ELEMENT; RIDGE BASALT; ISLAND-ARC AB Osmium isotope compositions of intermediate- to silicic-composition calc-alkaline volcanic rocks from the Lassen volcanic region of the Cascade arc are significantly more radiogenic (gamma(Os) = +23 to +224) than typical mantle. These evolved arc rocks in the Lassen region have unradiogenic Sr, Nd, and Pb isotope compositions which overlap with those of contemporaneous mafic lavas. Crystal fractionation of mafic- to intermediate-composition magmas produces Re/Os ratios that are high enough to evolve to very radiogenic Os isotope compositions in only a few million years, providing a potential fingerprint for detecting the involvement of such young, relatively mafic crust in magmatic systems. However, the Sr, Nd, and Pb isotope compositions will remain constant over such short time intervals due to relatively low parent/daughter enrichment during magmatic evolution. The radiogenic Os isotope compositions in typically evolved Lassen rocks are interpreted to reflect significant interaction with lower crustal material that has radiogenic Os isotope compositions. Beneath this section of the Cascade arc, large amounts of such high-gamma(Os) lower crust may have formed and been isolated from MASH zone mixing and homogenization processes during the Pliocene or Late Miocene. The results from this study indicate that Os isotopes may provide a unique glimpse into lower crustal processes, such as recycling, in primitive orogenic arcs. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Wisconsin, Dept Geol & Geophys, Madison, WI 53706 USA. Carnegie Inst Washington, Dept Terr Magnetism, Washington, DC 20015 USA. US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. RP Hart, GL (reprint author), Univ Wisconsin, Dept Geol & Geophys, 1215 W Dayton St, Madison, WI 53706 USA. NR 61 TC 20 Z9 21 U1 2 U2 8 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0012-821X J9 EARTH PLANET SC LETT JI Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. PD JUN 10 PY 2002 VL 199 IS 3-4 BP 269 EP 285 AR PII S0012-821X(02)00564-2 DI 10.1016/S0012-821X(02)00564-2 PG 17 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 564BC UT WOS:000176293300003 ER PT J AU Neal, EG Walter, MT Coffeen, C AF Neal, EG Walter, MT Coffeen, C TI Linking the pacific decadal oscillation to seasonal stream discharge patterns in Southeast Alaska SO JOURNAL OF HYDROLOGY LA English DT Article DE Pacific decadal oscillation; Southeast Alaska; stream discharge; climactic variability; seasonal hydrological patterns; glacier ID CLIMATIC VARIABILITY; BRITISH-COLUMBIA; NORTH-AMERICA; SNOWPACK; CANADA; SALMON; MASS; ENSO AB This study identified and examined differences in Southeast Alaskan streamflow patterns between the two most recent modes of the Pacific decadal oscillation (PDO). ldentifying relationships between the PDO and specific regional phenomena is important for understanding climate variability. interpreting historical hydrological variability. and improving water-resources forecasting. Stream discharge data from six watersheds in Southeast Alaska were divided into cold-PDO (1947-1976) and warm-PDO (1977-1998) subsets. For all watersheds, the average annual streamflows during cold-PDO years were not significantly different from warm-PDO years. Monthly and seasonal discharges, however, did differ significantly between the two subsets. with the warm-PDO winter flows being typically higher than the cold-PDO winter flows and the warm-PDO summer flows being typically lower than the cold-PDO flows. These results were consistent with and driven by observed temperature and snowfall patterns for the region. During warm-PDO winters, precipitation fell as rain and ran-off immediately, causing higher than normal winter streamflow. During cold-PDO winters, precipitation was stored as snow and ran off during the summer snowmelt, creating greater summer streamflows. The Mendenhall River was unique in that it experienced higher flows for all seasons during the warm-PDO relative to the cold-PDO. The large amount of Mendenhall River discharge caused by glacial melt during warm-PDO summers offset any flow reduction caused by lack of snow accumulation during warm-PDO winters. The effect of the PDO on Southeast Alaskan watersheds differs from other regions of the Pacific Coast of North America in that monthly/seasonal discharge patterns changed dramatically with the switch in PDO modes but annual discharge did not. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 US Geol Survey, Div Water Resources, Juneau, AK 99801 USA. Cornell Univ, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. Univ Alaska SE, Juneau, AK 99801 USA. RP Neal, EG (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Div Water Resources, Juneau, AK 99801 USA. NR 16 TC 69 Z9 72 U1 3 U2 12 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0022-1694 J9 J HYDROL JI J. Hydrol. PD JUN 10 PY 2002 VL 263 IS 1-4 BP 188 EP 197 AR PII S0022-1694(02)00058-6 DI 10.1016/S0022-1694(02)00058-6 PG 10 WC Engineering, Civil; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Engineering; Geology; Water Resources GA 563ND UT WOS:000176261700012 ER PT J AU Segre, M Arena, SM Greeley, EH Melancon, MJ Graham, DA French, JB AF Segre, M Arena, SM Greeley, EH Melancon, MJ Graham, DA French, JB TI Immunological and physiological effects of chronic exposure of Peromyscus leucopus to Aroclor 1254 at a concentration similar to that found at contaminated sites SO TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article DE aroclor 1254; polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs); Peromyscus leucopus; immunotoxicity ID POLYCHLORINATED-BIPHENYLS PCBS; WHITE-FOOTED MICE; IN-VITRO; T-CELLS; IMMUNOTOXICITY; THYMUS; INTERLEUKIN-2; RESPONSES; TOXICITY; LEVEL AB Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are environmental contaminants known to cause adverse health effects to biological systems. Limited data are available on their effects on the immune system of wildlife species. Previously, we found that 4 and 6-week-old white-footed mice (Peromyscus leucopus) born from dams injected with a single dose (300 mg/kg) of Aroclor 1254, had altered immunological, hematological, and biochemical responses. Here, we examined the effect of transplacental lactational and postnatal exposure to Aroclor 1254, at a concentration similar to that found at contaminated sites, on various physiological parameters of 22-week-old white-footed mice. Liver weight and liver somatic index of PCB treated animals were significantly higher, the combined weights of the adrenal glands were significantly lower and EROD and BROD enzyme activity was significantly higher compared to control values. The number of thymocytes of the treated mice was significantly lower than that of the controls; however, thymocytes of treated mice had a higher proliferative response to the mitogen Con A. These alterations were correlated with the PCBs body burdens. Some toxic effects of chronic exposure to PCBs, at levels comparable to exposure found in contaminated sites in the USA, are still evident in adult P. leucopus. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Illinois, Coll Vet Med, Dept Vet Pathobiol, Urbana, IL 61802 USA. USGS, Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, Laurel, MD 20708 USA. RP Segre, M (reprint author), Univ Illinois, Coll Vet Med, Dept Vet Pathobiol, 2001 S Lincoln Ave, Urbana, IL 61802 USA. NR 46 TC 19 Z9 20 U1 1 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER SCI IRELAND LTD PI CLARE PA CUSTOMER RELATIONS MANAGER, BAY 15, SHANNON INDUSTRIAL ESTATE CO, CLARE, IRELAND SN 0300-483X J9 TOXICOLOGY JI Toxicology PD JUN 5 PY 2002 VL 174 IS 3 BP 163 EP 172 AR PII S0300-483X(02)00039-2 DI 10.1016/S0300-483X(02)00039-2 PG 10 WC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology SC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology GA 564UF UT WOS:000176331400003 PM 12007856 ER PT J AU Mauk, JL Burruss, RC AF Mauk, JL Burruss, RC TI Water washing of Proterozoic oil in the Midcontinent rift system SO AAPG BULLETIN LA English DT Article ID PRECAMBRIAN NONESUCH FORMATION; MID-CONTINENT RIFT; WHITE-PINE; COPPER MINERALIZATION; ORGANIC-MATTER; NORTH-AMERICA; CRUDE OILS; MICHIGAN; MIGRATION; INCLUSIONS AB Whole oil gas chromatography shows that petroleum inclusions trapped in 1.05 Ga veins in the Midcontinent rift experienced variable water washing but no significant biodegradation or phase separation. By comparing our results with published experimental data, we estimate that water:petroleum ratios varied from 200:1 to much greater than 9000:1. Extreme water washing with water:petroleum ratios very much greater than 9000:1 likely produced pyrobitumen (solid hydrocarbon) that was locally trapped as primary inclusions in vein calcite. Hydrothermal ore deposits, with their extremely high water:rock ratios, are one of the best places to search for end-member water-washed petroleum. Sedimentary basins, however, with their variable water:rock ratios, also have a wide range of water:petroleum ratios, which significantly affect the composition of crude oils along the flow path between source rock and trap. Water:petroleum ratios may be a useful concept to help evaluate crude oil compositions in a variety of settings. C1 Univ Michigan, Dept Geol Sci, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. US Geol Survey, Reston, VA 22092 USA. RP Mauk, JL (reprint author), Univ Auckland, Dept Geol, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1, New Zealand. OI Mauk, Jeff/0000-0002-6244-2774 NR 54 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER ASSOC PETROLEUM GEOLOGIST PI TULSA PA 1444 S BOULDER AVE, PO BOX 979, TULSA, OK 74119-3604 USA SN 0149-1423 J9 AAPG BULL JI AAPG Bull. PD JUN PY 2002 VL 86 IS 6 BP 1113 EP 1127 PG 15 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 561TW UT WOS:000176159700009 ER PT J AU Gascoyne, M Peterman, ZE AF Gascoyne, M Peterman, ZE TI Geochemistry of Yucca Mountain, Nevada: A potential site for a high-level nuclear waste repository - Preface SO APPLIED GEOCHEMISTRY LA English DT Editorial Material C1 US Geol Survey, Isotope Geol Branch, Denver Fed Ctr, Denver, CO 80225 USA. RP Gascoyne, M (reprint author), Box 141,6 Tupper Pl, Pinawa, MB R0E 1L0, Canada. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0883-2927 J9 APPL GEOCHEM JI Appl. Geochem. PD JUN PY 2002 VL 17 IS 6 BP 657 EP 657 AR PII S0883-2927(02)00028-8 DI 10.1016/S0883-2927(02)00028-8 PG 1 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 546ED UT WOS:000175258300001 ER PT J AU Stuckless, JS Dudley, WW AF Stuckless, JS Dudley, WW TI The geohydrologic setting of Yucca Mountain, Nevada SO APPLIED GEOCHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID NUCLEAR WASTE SITE; CALCITE/OPAL DEPOSITS; FRAMEWORK; HYPOGENE; FIELD; USA AB This paper provides a geologic and hydrologic framework of the Yucca Mountain region for the geochemical papers in this volume, The regional geologic units. which range in age from late Precambrian through Holocene, are briefly described. Yucca Mountain is composed of dominantly pyroelastic units that range in age from 11.4 to 15.2 Ma. The principal focus of study has been on the Paintbrush Group. which includes two major zoned and welded ash-flow tuffs separated by an important hydrogeologic unit referred to as the Paintbrush non-welded (PTn). The regional structural setting is currently one of extension. and the major local tectonic domains are presented together with a tectonic model that is consistent with the known structures at Yucca Mountain. Streamflow in this arid to semi-arid region occurs principally in intermittent or ephemeral channels, Near Yucca Mountain, the channels of Fortymile Wash and Amargosa River collect infrequent runoff from tributary basins, ultimately draining to Death Valley. Beneath the surface. large-scale interbasin flow of groundwater from one valley to another occurs commonly in the region. Regional groundwater flow beneath Yucca Mountain originates in the high mesas to the north and returns to the surface either in southern Amargosa Desert or in Death Valley, where it is consumed by evapotranspiration. The water table is verb deep beneath the upland areas such as Yucca Mountain, where it is 500-750 m below the land surface, providing a large thickness of unsaturated rocks that are potentially suitable to host a nuclear-waste repository. The nature of unsaturated flow processes. which are important for assessing radionuclide migration. are inferred mainly from hydrochemical or isotopic evidence, from pneumatic tests of the fracture systems. and front the results of in situ experiments. Water seeping down through the unsaturated zone flows rapidly through fractures and more slowly through the pores of the rock matrix. Although capillary forces are expected to divert much of the flow around repository openings. some may drip onto waste packages, ultimately causing release of radionuclides, followed by transport down to the water table. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Lakewood, CO 80225 USA. RP Stuckless, JS (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, MS 425, Lakewood, CO 80225 USA. NR 82 TC 23 Z9 24 U1 1 U2 2 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0883-2927 J9 APPL GEOCHEM JI Appl. Geochem. PD JUN PY 2002 VL 17 IS 6 BP 659 EP 682 AR PII S0883-2927(02)00029-X DI 10.1016/S0883-2927(02)00029-X PG 24 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 546ED UT WOS:000175258300002 ER PT J AU Peterman, ZE Cloke, PL AF Peterman, ZE Cloke, PL TI Geochemistry of rock units at the potential repository level, Yucca Mountain, Nevada SO APPLIED GEOCHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID OASIS-VALLEY CALDERA; SOUTHWESTERN NEVADA; CHEMICAL EVOLUTION; VOLCANIC FIELD; COMPLEX; SYSTEM; TUFF AB The compositional variability of the phenocryst-poor member of the 12.8 Ma Topopah Spring Tuff at the potential repository level was assessed by duplicate analysis of 20 core samples from the cross drift at Yucca Mountain, Nevada. Previous analyses of outcrop and core samples of the Topopah Spring Tuff showed that the phenocryst-poor rhyolite, which includes both lithophysal and nonlithophysal zones, is relatively uniform in composition. Analyses of rock samples from the cross drift, the first from the actual potential repository block, also indicate the chemical homogeneity of this unit excluding localized deposits of vapor-phase minerals and low-temperature calcite and opal in fractures. cavities, and faults. The possible influence of vapor-phase minerals and calcite and opal coatings on rock composition at a scale sufficiently large to incorporate these heterogeneously distributed deposits was evaluated and is considered to be relatively minor. Therefore. the composition of the phenocryst-poor member of the Topopah Spring Tuff is considered to be adequately represented by the analyses of samples from the cross drift. The mean composition as represented by the 10 most abundant oxides in or g/100 g is: SiO2, 76.29; Al2O3, 12.55 FeO, 0.14; Fe2O3, 0.97; MgO, 0.13; CaO, 0.50; Na2O, 3.52; K2O, 4.83; TiO2, 0.11; and MnO, 0.07. (C) 2002 Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 US Geol Survey, DFC, Lakewood, CO 80225 USA. Sci Applicat Int Corp, Las Vegas, NV 89144 USA. RP Peterman, ZE (reprint author), US Geol Survey, DFC, MS 963,Box 25046, Lakewood, CO 80225 USA. NR 36 TC 13 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 2 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0883-2927 J9 APPL GEOCHEM JI Appl. Geochem. PD JUN PY 2002 VL 17 IS 6 BP 683 EP 698 AR PII S0883-2927(02)00030-6 DI 10.1016/S0883-2927(02)00030-6 PG 16 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 546ED UT WOS:000175258300003 ER PT J AU Neymark, LA Amelin, Y Paces, JB Peterman, ZE AF Neymark, LA Amelin, Y Paces, JB Peterman, ZE TI U-Pb ages of secondary silica at Yucca Mountain, Nevada: implications for the paleohydrology of the unsaturated zone SO APPLIED GEOCHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID WATER; OPAL; GEOCHRONOLOGY; GROWTH; TH-230; RATIO; USA AB Uranium, Th and Pb isotopes were analyzed in layers of opal and chalcedony from individual mm- to cm-thick calcite and silica coatings at Yucca Mountain. Nevada, USA. a site that is being evaluated for a potential high-level nuclear waste repository. These calcite and silica coatings on fractures and in lithophysal cavities in Miocene-age tuffs in the unsaturated zone (UZ) precipitated from descending water and record a long history of percolation through the UZ. Opal and chalcedony have high concentrations of U (10 to 780 ppm) and low concentrations of common Pb Lis indicated by large values of Pb-206/Pb-204 (up to 53,806). thus making them suitable for U-Pb age determinations. Interpretations of U-Pb isotope systems in opal samples at Yucca Mountain are complicated by the incorporation of excess U-234 at the time of mineral formation. resulting in reverse discordance of U-Pb ages. However, the Pb-207, U-235 ages are much less affected by deviation from initial secular equilibrium and provide reliable ages of most silica deposits between 0.6 and 9.8 Ma. For chalcedony subsamples showing normal age discordance, these ages may represent minimum times of deposition. Typically. Pb-207/U-235 ages are consistent with the microstratigraphy in the mineral coating samples, such that the youngest ages are for subsamples from outer layers, intermediate ages are from inner layers, and oldest ages are from innermost layers, U-234 and Th-230 in most silica layers deeper in the coatings are in secular equilibrium with U-238 which is consistent with their old age and closed system behavior during the past similar to0.5 Ma. The ages for subsamples of silica layers from different microstratigraphic positions in individual calcite and silica coating samples collected from lithophysal cavities in the welded part of the Topopah Spring Tuff yield slow long-term average growth rates of I to 5 mm/Ma. These data imply that the deeper parts of the UZ at Yucca Mountain maintained long-term hydrologic stability over the past 10 Ma. despite significant climate variations. U-Pb ages for subsamples of silica layers from different microstratigraphic positions in individual calcite and silica coating samples collected from fractures in the shallower part of the UZ (welded part of the overlying Tiva Cany on Tuff) indicate larger long-term average growth rates up to 23 mm/Ma and an absence of recently deposited materials (ages of outermost layers are 3-5 Ma.). These differences between the characteristics of the coatings for samples from the shallower and deeper parts of the UZ may indicate that the nonwelded tuffs (PTn), located between the welded parts of the Tiva Canyon and Topopah Spring Tuffs, play an important role in moderating UZ flow. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Pacific Western Technol Ltd, Lakewood, CO 80225 USA. Royal Ontario Museum, Jack Satterly Geochronol Lab, Toronto, ON M5S 2C6, Canada. US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Denver, CO 80225 USA. RP Neymark, LA (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Pacific Western Technol Ltd, Box 25046,MS 963, Lakewood, CO 80225 USA. NR 52 TC 42 Z9 43 U1 0 U2 1 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0883-2927 J9 APPL GEOCHEM JI Appl. Geochem. PD JUN PY 2002 VL 17 IS 6 BP 709 EP 734 AR PII S0883-2927(02)00032-X DI 10.1016/S0883-2927(02)00032-X PG 26 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 546ED UT WOS:000175258300005 ER PT J AU Whelan, JF Paces, JB Peterman, ZE AF Whelan, JF Paces, JB Peterman, ZE TI Physical and stable-isotope evidence for formation of secondary calcite and silica in the unsaturated zone, Yucca Mountain, Nevada SO APPLIED GEOCHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID NUCLEAR WASTE SITE; SOUTHERN NEVADA; WATER SEEPAGE; USA; DEPOSITS; HYPOGENE; OPAL; FLOW; FRACTURES; ROCKS AB Calcite and silica form coatings on fracture footwalls and cavity floors in the welded tuffs at Yucca Mountain, the potential site of a high-level radioactive waste repository. These secondary mineral deposits are heterogeneously distributed in the unsaturated zone (UZ) with fewer than 10% of possible depositional sites mineralized. The paragenetic sequence, compiled from deposits throughout the UZ, consists of an early-stage assemblage of calcite fluorite +/- zeolites that is frequently capped by chalcedony +/- quartz. Intermediate- and late-stage deposits consist largely of calcite. commonly with opal on buried growth layers or outermost crystal faces of the calcite. Coatings on steep-dipping fractures usually are thin (less than or equal to 3 mm) with low-relief outer surfaces whereas shallow-dipping fractures and lithophysal cavities typically contain thicker, more coarsely crystalline deposits characterized by unusual thin, tabular calcite blades up to several cms in length. These blades may be capped with knobby or corniced overgrowths of late-stage calcite intergrown with opal. The observed textures in the fracture and cavity deposits are consistent with deposition from films of water fingering down fracture footwalls or drawn up faces of growing crystals by surface tension and evaporated at the crystal tips. Fluid inclusion studies have shown that most early-stage and some intermediate-stage calcite formed at temperatures of 35 to 85 degreesC. Calcite deposition during the past several million years appears to have been at temperatures < 30 degreesC. The elevated temperatures indicated by the fluid inclusions are consistent with temperatures estimated from calcite delta(18)O values. Although others have interpreted the elevated temperatures as evidence of hydrothermal activity and flooding of the tuffs of the potential repository. the authors conclude that the temperatures and fluid-inclusion assemblages are consistent with deposition in a UZ environment that experienced prolonged heat input from gradual cooling of nearby plutons. The physical restriction of the deposits (and. therefore, fluid flow) to fracture footwalls and cavity floors and the heterogeneous and limited distribution of the deposits provides compelling evidence that they do not reflect flooding of the thick UZ at Yucca Mountain. The textures and isotopic and chemical compositions of these mineral deposits are consistent with deposition in a UZ setting from meteoric waters percolating downward along fracture flow paths. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Denver, CO 80225 USA. RP Whelan, JF (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Box 25046,MS 963, Denver, CO 80225 USA. NR 63 TC 44 Z9 44 U1 0 U2 2 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0883-2927 J9 APPL GEOCHEM JI Appl. Geochem. PD JUN PY 2002 VL 17 IS 6 BP 735 EP 750 AR PII S0883-2927(02)00036-7 DI 10.1016/S0883-2927(02)00036-7 PG 16 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 546ED UT WOS:000175258300006 ER PT J AU Paces, JB Ludwig, KR Peterman, ZE Neymark, LA AF Paces, JB Ludwig, KR Peterman, ZE Neymark, LA TI U-234/U-238 evidence for local recharge and patterns of ground-water flow in the vicinity of Yucca Mountain, Nevada, USA SO APPLIED GEOCHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID RIVER PLAIN AQUIFER; DISSOLVED URANIUM; ACTIVITY RATIOS; HALF-LIVES; HYDROLOGY; EVOLUTION; ISOTOPES; ENGLAND; U-234 AB Uranium concentrations and U-234/U-238 ratios in saturated-zone and perched ground water were used to investigate hydrologic flow and downgradient dilution and dispersion in the vicinity of Yucca Mountain, a potential high-level radioactive waste disposal site. The U data were obtained by thermal ionization mass spectrometry on more than 280 samples from the Death Valley regional flow system. Large variations in both U concentrations (commonly 0.6-10 mug 1(-1)) and U-234/U-238 activity ratios (commonly 1.5-6) are present on both local and regional scales, however. ground water with U-234/U-238 activity ratios from 7 up to 8.06 is restricted largely to samples from Yucca Mountain. Data from ground water in the Tertiary volcanic and Quaternary alluvial aquifers at and adjacent to Yucca Mountain plot in 3 distinct fields of reciprocal U concentration versus U-234/U-238 activity ratio correlated to different geographic areas. Ground water to the west of Yucca Mountain has large U concentrations and moderate U-234/U-238 whereas ground water to the cast in the Fortymile flow system has similar U-234/U-238, but distinctly smaller U concentrations. Ground water beneath the central part of Yucca Mountain has intermediate U concentrations but distinctive U-234/U-238 activity ratios of about 7-8. Perched water from the lower part of the unsaturated zone at Yucca Mountain has similarly large values of U-234/U-238. These U data imply that the Tertiary volcanic aquifer beneath the central part of Yucca Mountain is isolated from north-south regional flow. The similarity of U-234/U-238 in both saturated- and unsaturated-zone ground water at Yucca Mountain further indicates that saturated-zone ground water beneath Yucca Mountain is dominated by local recharge rather than regional flow. The distinctive U-234/U-238 signatures also provide a natural tracer of downgradient flow. Elevated U-234/U-238 in ground water from two water-supply wells cast of Yucca Mountain are interpreted as the result of induced flow from 40 a of ground-water withdrawal. Elevated U-234/U-238 in a borehole south of Yucca Mountain is interpreted as evidence that natural downgradient flow is more likely to follow southerly paths in the structurally anisotropic Tertiary volcanic aquifer where it becomes diluted by regional flow in the Fortymile system. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Pacific Western Technol Ltd, Denver, CO 80225 USA. Berkeley Geochronol Ctr, Berkeley, CA 94709 USA. RP Paces, JB (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Pacific Western Technol Ltd, Box 25046,MS 963, Denver, CO 80225 USA. NR 97 TC 26 Z9 26 U1 1 U2 6 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0883-2927 J9 APPL GEOCHEM JI Appl. Geochem. PD JUN PY 2002 VL 17 IS 6 BP 751 EP 779 AR PII S0883-2927(02)00037-9 DI 10.1016/S0883-2927(02)00037-9 PG 29 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 546ED UT WOS:000175258300007 ER PT J AU Gascoyne, M Miller, NH Neymark, LA AF Gascoyne, M Miller, NH Neymark, LA TI Uranium-series disequilibrium in tuffs from Yucca Mountain, Nevada, as evidence of pore-fluid flow over the last million years SO APPLIED GEOCHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID CRYSTALLINE ROCKS; UNSATURATED ZONE; THORIUM; USA; WATER; ASH AB Samples of tuff from boreholes drilled into fault zones in the Exploratory Studies Facility (ESF) and relatively unfractured rock of the Cross Drift tunnels, at Yucca Mountain, Nevada, have been analysed by U-series methods. This work is part of a project to verify the finding of fast flow-paths through the tuff to ESF level, indicated by the presence of 'bomb' Cl-361 in pore fluids. Secular radioactive equilibrium in the U decay series, (i.e. when the radioactivity ratios U-234/U-238, Th-230/U-234 and Ra-226/Th-230 all equal 1.00) might be expected if the tuff samples have not experienced radionuclide loss due to rock-water interaction occurring within the last million years. However, most fractured and unfractured samples were found to have a small deficiency of U-234 (weighted mean U-234/U-238 = 0.95 +/- 0.0 1) and a small excess of Th-230 (weighted mean Th-230/U-234 1.10 +/- 0.02). The Ra-226/Th-230 ratios are close to secular equilibrium (weighted mean = 0.94 +/- 0.07). These data indicate that U-234 has been removed from the rock samples in the last similar to350 ka. probably by pore fluids. Within the precision of the measurement, it would appear that Ra-226 has not been mobilized and removed from the tuff, although there may be some localised Ra-226 redistribution as suggested by a few ratio values that are significantly different from 1.0. Because both fractured and unfractured tuffs show approximately the same deficiency of U-234. this indicates that pore fluids are moving equally through fractured and unfractured rock. More importantly. fractured rock appears not to be a dominant pathway for groundwater flow (otherwise the ratio would be more strongly affected and the Th and Ra isotopic ratios would likely also show disequilibrium). Application of a simple mass-balance model suggests that surface infiltration rate is over an order of magnitude greater than the rate indicated by other infiltration models and that residence time of pore fluids at ESF level is about 400 a. Processes of U sorption. precipitation and re-solution are believed to be occurring and would account for these anomalous results but have not been included in the model. Despite the difficulties, the U-series data suggest that fractured rock, specifically the Sundance and Drill Hole Wash faults, are not preferred flow paths for groundwater flowing through the Topopah Spring tuff and. by implication, rapid-flow. within 50 a, from the surface to the level of the ESF is improbable. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Atom Energy Canada Ltd, Whiteshell Labs, Pinawa, MB R0E 1L0, Canada. US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Pacific Western Technol Ltd, Lakewood, CO 80225 USA. RP Gascoyne, M (reprint author), Atom Energy Canada Ltd, Whiteshell Labs, Pinawa, MB R0E 1L0, Canada. NR 30 TC 26 Z9 29 U1 1 U2 9 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0883-2927 J9 APPL GEOCHEM JI Appl. Geochem. PD JUN PY 2002 VL 17 IS 6 BP 781 EP 792 AR PII S0883-2927(02)00038-0 DI 10.1016/S0883-2927(02)00038-0 PG 12 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 546ED UT WOS:000175258300008 ER PT J AU Yang, IC AF Yang, IC TI Percolation flux and transport velocity in the unsaturated zone, Yucca Mountain, Nevada SO APPLIED GEOCHEMISTRY LA English DT Article AB The percolation flux for borehole USW UZ-14 was calculated from C-14 residence times of pore water and water content of cores measured in the laboratory. Transport velocity is calculated from the depth interval between two points divided by the difference in C-14 residence times. Two methods were used to calculate the flux and velocity. The first method uses the 14C data and cumulative water content data directly in the incremental intervals in the Paintbrush nonwelded unit and the Topopah Spring welded unit. The second method uses the regression relation for 14C data and cumulative water content data for the entire Paintbrush nonwelded unit and the Topopah Spring Tuff/Topopah Spring welded unit. Using the first method, for the Paintbrush nonwelded unit in borehole USW UZ-14 percolation flux ranges from 2.3 to 41.0 mm/a. Transport velocity ranges from 1.2 to 40.6 cm/a. For the Topopah Spring welded unit percolation flux ranges from 0.9 to 5.8 mm/a in the 8 incremental intervals calculated. Transport velocity ranges from 1.4 to 7.3 cm/a in the 8 incremental intervals. Using the second method, average percolation flux in the Paintbrush nonwelded unit for 6 boreholes ranges from 0.9 to 4.0 mm/a at the 95% confidence level. Average transport velocity ranges from 0.6 to 2.6 cm/a. For the Topopah Spring welded unit and Topopah Spring Tuff, average percolation flux in 5 boreholes ranges from 1.3 to 3.2 mm/a. Average transport velocity ranges from 1.6 to 4.0 cm/a. Both the average percolation flux and average transport velocity in the PTn are smaller than in the TS/TSw. However, the average minimum and average maximum values for the percolation flux in the TS/TSw are within the PTn average range. Therefore, differences in the percolation flux in the two units are not significant. On the other hand, average, average minimum, and average maximum transport velocities in the TS/TSw unit are all larger than the PTn values, implying a larger transport velocity for the TS/TSw although there is a small overlap. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Denver, CO 80225 USA. RP Yang, IC (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Box 25046,MS 421, Denver, CO 80225 USA. NR 18 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 0 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0883-2927 J9 APPL GEOCHEM JI Appl. Geochem. PD JUN PY 2002 VL 17 IS 6 BP 807 EP 817 AR PII S0883-2927(02)00040-9 DI 10.1016/S0883-2927(02)00040-9 PG 11 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 546ED UT WOS:000175258300010 ER PT J AU Lyons, WB Nezat, CA Benson, LV Bullen, TD Graham, EY Kidd, J Welch, KA Thomas, JM AF Lyons, WB Nezat, CA Benson, LV Bullen, TD Graham, EY Kidd, J Welch, KA Thomas, JM TI Strontium isotopic signatures of the streams and lakes of Taylor Valley, southern Victoria Land, Antarctica: Chemical weathering in a polar climate SO AQUATIC GEOCHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID TRANSANTARCTIC-MOUNTAINS; DRY VALLEYS; WRIGHT VALLEY; ICE-SHEET; EVOLUTION; GRANITOIDS; CHEMISTRY; SEAWATER; ORIGIN; WATERS AB We have collected and analyzed a series of water samples from three closed-basin lakes (Lakes Bonney, Fryxell, and Hoare) in Taylor Valley, Antarctica, and the streams that flow into them. In all three lakes, the hypolimnetic waters have different (87)Sr/(86)Sr ratios than the surface waters, with the deep water of Lakes Fryxell and Hoare being less radiogenic than the surface waters. The opposite occurs in Lake Bonney. The Lake Fryxell isotopic ratios are lower than modern-day ocean water and most of the whole-rock ratios of the surrounding geologic materials. A conceivable source of Sr to the system could be either the Cenozoic volcanic rocks that make up a small portion of the till deposited in the valley during the Last Glacial Maximum or from marble derived from the local basement rocks. The more radiogenic ratios from Lake Bonney originate from ancient salt deposits that flow into the lake from Taylor Glacier and the weathering of minerals with more radiogenic Sr isotopic ratios within the tills. The Sr isotopic data from the streams and lakes of Taylor Valley strongly support the notion documented by previous investigators that chemical weathering has been, and is currently, a major process in determining the overall aquatic chemistry of these lakes in this polar desert environment. C1 Ohio State Univ, Byrd Polar Res Ctr, Columbus, OH 43210 USA. US Geol Survey, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. Univ Alabama, Dept Geol Sci, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487 USA. Univ Nevada, Desert Res Inst, Reno, NV 89512 USA. RP Lyons, WB (reprint author), Ohio State Univ, Byrd Polar Res Ctr, Columbus, OH 43210 USA. EM lyons.142@osu.edu NR 42 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 11 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 1380-6165 J9 AQUAT GEOCHEM JI Aquat. Geochem. PD JUN PY 2002 VL 8 IS 2 BP 75 EP 95 DI 10.1023/A:1021339622515 PG 21 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 620XQ UT WOS:000179559200001 ER PT J AU Snyder, NP Whipple, KX Tucker, GE Merritts, DJ AF Snyder, NP Whipple, KX Tucker, GE Merritts, DJ TI Interactions between onshore bedrock-channel incision and nearshore wave-base erosion forced by eustasy and tectonics SO BASIN RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID MENDOCINO TRIPLE JUNCTION; SEA-LEVEL CHANGES; NORTHERN CALIFORNIA; MARINE TERRACES; RIVER INCISION; LANDSCAPE RESPONSE; UPLIFT RATES; MODEL; STRATIGRAPHY; EVOLUTION AB We explore the response of bedrock streams to eustatic and tectonically induced fluctuations in base level. A numerical model coupling onshore fluvial erosion with offshore wave-base erosion is developed. The results of a series of simulations for simple transgressions with constant rate of sea-level change (SLR ) show that response depends on the relative rates of rock uplift (U ) and wave-base erosion (epsilon (w) ). Simple regression runs highlight the importance of nearshore bathymetry. Shoreline position during sea-level fall is set by the relative rate of base-level fall (U-SLR ) and epsilon (w) , and is constant horizontally when these two quantities are equal. The results of models forced by a realistic Late Quaternary sea-level curve are presented. These runs show that a stable shoreline position cannot be obtained if offshore uplift rates exceed epsilon (w) . Only in the presence of a relatively stable shoreline position, fluvial profiles can begin to approximate a steady-state condition, with U balanced by fluvial erosion rate (epsilon (f) ). In the presence of a rapid offshore decrease in rock-uplift rate (U ), short (similar to5 km) fluvial channels respond to significant changes in rock-uplift rate in just a few eustatic cycles. The results of the model are compared to real stream-profile data from the Mendocino triple junction region of northern California. The late Holocene sea-level stillstand response exhibited by the simulated channels is similar to the low-gradient mouths seen in the California streams. C1 MIT, Dept Earth Atmospher & Planetary Sci, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA. Univ Oxford, Sch Geog & Environm, Oxford OX1 3TB, England. Franklin & Marshall Coll, Dept Geosci, Lancaster, PA 17604 USA. RP Snyder, NP (reprint author), USGS Pacific Sci Ctr, 1156 High St, Santa Cruz, CA 95064 USA. OI TUCKER, GREGORY/0000-0003-0364-5800 NR 44 TC 26 Z9 27 U1 0 U2 4 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING LTD PI OXFORD PA 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DG, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0950-091X J9 BASIN RES JI Basin Res. PD JUN PY 2002 VL 14 IS 2 BP 105 EP 127 DI 10.1046/j.1365-2117.2002.00169.x PG 23 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 561FJ UT WOS:000176129300002 ER PT J AU Royle, JA Koneff, MD Reynolds, RE AF Royle, JA Koneff, MD Reynolds, RE TI Spatial modeling of wetland condition in the US prairie pothole region SO BIOMETRICS LA English DT Article DE habitat modeling; hierarchical modeling; mixture model; multivariate spatial models; spatial correlation; spatial statistics; waterfowl habitat ID MANAGEMENT; PATTERNS; MALLARDS AB We propose a spatial modeling framework for wetland data produced from a remote-sensing-based waterfowl habitat survey conducted in the U.S. Prairie Pothole Region (PPR). The data produced from this survey consist of the area containing water on many thousands of wetland basins (i.e., prairie potholes). We propose a two-state model containing wet and dry states. This model provides a concise description of wet probability, i.e., the probability that a basin contains water, and the amount of water contained in wet basins. The two model components are spatially linked through a common latent effect, which is assumed to be spatially correlated. Model fitting and prediction is carried out using 'Markov chain Monte Carlo methods. The model primarily facilitates mapping of habitat conditions, which is useful in varied monitoring and assessment capacities. More importantly, the predictive capability of the model provides a rigorous statistical framework for directing management and conservation activities by enabling characterization of habitat structure at any point on the landscape. C1 US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Div Migratory Bird Management, Laurel, MD 20708 USA. US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Div Bird Habitat Conservat, Laurel, MD 20708 USA. US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Habitat & Populat Evaluat Team, Bismarck, ND 58501 USA. RP Royle, JA (reprint author), US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Div Migratory Bird Management, Laurel, MD 20708 USA. EM andy_royle@fws.gov OI Royle, Jeffrey/0000-0003-3135-2167 NR 30 TC 3 Z9 4 U1 2 U2 9 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ USA SN 0006-341X EI 1541-0420 J9 BIOMETRICS JI Biometrics PD JUN PY 2002 VL 58 IS 2 BP 270 EP 279 DI 10.1111/j.0006-341X.2002.00270.x PG 10 WC Biology; Mathematical & Computational Biology; Statistics & Probability SC Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics; Mathematical & Computational Biology; Mathematics GA 561RT UT WOS:000176157000002 PM 12071399 ER PT J AU Fausch, KD Torgersen, CE Baxter, CV Li, HW AF Fausch, KD Torgersen, CE Baxter, CV Li, HW TI Landscapes to riverscapes: Bridging the gap between research and conservation of stream fishes SO BIOSCIENCE LA English DT Review ID MULTIPLE SPATIAL SCALES; BIOLOGICAL INVASIONS; UNITED-STATES; GREAT-PLAINS; FRESH-WATER; BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION; ECOSYSTEM PERSPECTIVE; HABITAT RELATIONSHIPS; DISTURBANCE REGIMES; RESTRICTED MOVEMENT C1 Colorado State Univ, Dept Fishery & Wildlife Biol, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. Oregon State Univ, Dept Fisheries & Wildlife, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Oregon Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Reston, VA 20192 USA. RP Fausch, KD (reprint author), Colorado State Univ, Dept Fishery & Wildlife Biol, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. RI Fausch, Kurt/A-8849-2010 NR 128 TC 651 Z9 681 U1 17 U2 217 PU AMER INST BIOLOGICAL SCI PI WASHINGTON PA 1444 EYE ST, NW, STE 200, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 USA SN 0006-3568 J9 BIOSCIENCE JI Bioscience PD JUN PY 2002 VL 52 IS 6 BP 483 EP 498 DI 10.1641/0006-3568(2002)052[0483:LTRBTG]2.0.CO;2 PG 16 WC Biology SC Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics GA 563BN UT WOS:000176233800009 ER PT J AU Groves, CR Jensen, DB Valutis, LL Redford, KH Shaffer, ML Scott, JM Baumgartner, JV Higgins, JV Beck, MW Anderson, MG AF Groves, CR Jensen, DB Valutis, LL Redford, KH Shaffer, ML Scott, JM Baumgartner, JV Higgins, JV Beck, MW Anderson, MG TI Planning for biodiversity conservation: Putting conservation science into practice SO BIOSCIENCE LA English DT Article ID NEW-SOUTH-WALES; BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY; UNITED-STATES; ECOREGIONS; FRAMEWORK; RESERVES; ENVIRONMENTS; COMMUNITIES; ECOSYSTEMS; LANDSCAPES C1 Nature Conservancy, Seattle, WA 98191 USA. Weedland Pk Zoo, Seattle, WA 98103 USA. Wildlife Conservat Soc, Int Program, Bronx, NY 10460 USA. Defenders Wildlife, Washington, DC 20005 USA. Univ Idaho, Coll Nat Resources, Moscow, ID 83844 USA. Univ Idaho, Biol Resources Div, US Geol Survey, Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Moscow, ID 83844 USA. Nature Conservancy, Boulder, CO 80302 USA. Nature Conservancy, Freshwater Initiat, Chicago, IL 60603 USA. Univ Calif Santa Cruz, Long Marine Lab, Inst Marine Sci, Santa Cruz, CA 95060 USA. Univ Calif Santa Cruz, Long Marine Lab, Nat Conservancy, Coastal Waters Program, Santa Cruz, CA 95060 USA. Nature Conservancy, Eastern Conservancy Sci Ctr, Boston, MA 02110 USA. RP Groves, CR (reprint author), Wildlife Conservat Soc, Bozeman, MT 59715 USA. NR 78 TC 245 Z9 258 U1 6 U2 100 PU AMER INST BIOLOGICAL SCI PI WASHINGTON PA 1444 EYE ST, NW, STE 200, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 USA SN 0006-3568 J9 BIOSCIENCE JI Bioscience PD JUN PY 2002 VL 52 IS 6 BP 499 EP 512 DI 10.1641/0006-3568(2002)052[0499:PFBCPC]2.0.CO;2 PG 14 WC Biology SC Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics GA 563BN UT WOS:000176233800010 ER PT J AU Hui, CA Goodbred, SL Ledig, DB Roberts, CA AF Hui, CA Goodbred, SL Ledig, DB Roberts, CA TI Inorganic analytes in light-footed clapper rail eggs, in their primary prey, and in sediment from two california salt marsh habitats SO BULLETIN OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article ID HEAVY-METALS; CRABS C1 Univ Calif Davis, USGS, Western Ecol Res Ctr, Davis Field Stn, Davis, CA 95616 USA. Calif State Univ Sacramento, USGS, Biol Resources Discipline, Sacramento, CA 95819 USA. US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Hakalau Forest Natl Wildli, Kona Forest Unit, Honaunau, HI 96726 USA. US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Carlsbad, CA 92008 USA. RP Hui, CA (reprint author), Univ Calif Davis, USGS, Western Ecol Res Ctr, Davis Field Stn, 278 Kerr Hall,1 Shields Ave, Davis, CA 95616 USA. NR 21 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 1 U2 9 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0007-4861 J9 B ENVIRON CONTAM TOX JI Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. PD JUN PY 2002 VL 68 IS 6 BP 870 EP 877 DI 10.1007/s00128-002-0035-4 PG 8 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA 556UF UT WOS:000175866800014 PM 12012063 ER PT J AU McGarr, A Fletcher, JB AF McGarr, A Fletcher, JB TI Mapping apparent stress and energy radiation over fault zones of major earthquakes SO BULLETIN OF THE SEISMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA LA English DT Article ID IMPERIAL-VALLEY EARTHQUAKE; 1992 LANDERS EARTHQUAKE; 1989 LOMA-PRIETA; STRONG-MOTION; HEAT-FLOW; KOBE EARTHQUAKE; SEISMIC ENERGY; GEODETIC DATA; CALIFORNIA; INVERSION AB Using published slip models for five major earthquakes, 1979 Imperial Valley, 1989 Loma Prieta, 1992 Landers, 1994 Northridge, and 1995 Kobe, we produce maps of apparent stress and radiated seismic energy over their fault surfaces. The slip models, obtained by inverting seismic and geodetic data, entail the division of the fault surfaces into many subfaults for which the tune histories of seismic slip are determined. To estimate the seismic energy radiated by each subfault, we measure the near-fault seismic-energy flux from the time-dependent slip there and then multiply by a function of rupture velocity to obtain the corresponding energy that propagates into the far-field. This function, the ratio of far-field to near-fault energy, is typically less than 1/3, inasmuch as most of the near-fault energy remains near the fault and is associated with permanent earthquake deformation. Adding the energy contributions from all of the subfaults yields an estimate of the total seismic energy, which can be compared with independent energy estimates based on seismic-energy flux measured in the far-field, often at teleseismic distances. Estimates of seismic energy based on slip models are robust, in that different models, for a given earthquake, yield energy estimates that are in close agreement. Moreover, the slip-model estimates of energy are generally in good accord with independent estimates by others, based on regional or teleseismic data. Apparent stress is estimated for each subfault by dividing the corresponding seismic moment into the radiated energy. Distributions of apparent stress over an earthquake fault zone show considerable heterogeneity, with peak values that are typically about double the whole-earthquake values (based on the ratio of seismic energy to seismic moment). The range of apparent stresses estimated for subfaults of the events studied here is similar to the range of apparent stresses for earthquakes in continental settings, with peak values of about 8 MPa in each case. For earthquakes in compressional tectonic settings, peak apparent stresses at a given depth are substantially greater than corresponding peak values from events in extensional settings; this suggests that crustal strength, inferred from laboratory measurements, may be a limiting factor. Lower bounds on shear stresses inferred from the apparent stress distribution of the 1995 Kobe earthquake are consistent with tectonic-stress estimates reported by Spudich et al. (1998), based partly on slip-vector rake changes. C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. RP US Geol Survey, 345 Middlefield Rd, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. NR 53 TC 39 Z9 42 U1 0 U2 4 PU SEISMOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI ALBANY PA 400 EVELYN AVE, SUITE 201, ALBANY, CA 94706-1375 USA SN 0037-1106 EI 1943-3573 J9 B SEISMOL SOC AM JI Bull. Seismol. Soc. Amer. PD JUN PY 2002 VL 92 IS 5 BP 1633 EP 1646 DI 10.1785/0120010129 PG 14 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 584TT UT WOS:000177485400001 ER PT J AU Cowan, H Prentice, C Pantosti, D de Martini, P Strauch, W Altamirano, G Atakan, K Buitrago, N Bungum, H Caballo, M Darce, M Flores, O Guevara, M Hodgson, G Luna, E Martinez, E Martinez, W Mayorga, E Mercado, J Miranda, A Moore, F Rivas, J Rodriguez, D Rodriguez, N Salazar, G Segura, F Silva, G Solis, R Taylor, W Tenorio, C AF Cowan, H Prentice, C Pantosti, D de Martini, P Strauch, W Altamirano, G Atakan, K Buitrago, N Bungum, H Caballo, M Darce, M Flores, O Guevara, M Hodgson, G Luna, E Martinez, E Martinez, W Mayorga, E Mercado, J Miranda, A Moore, F Rivas, J Rodriguez, D Rodriguez, N Salazar, G Segura, F Silva, G Solis, R Taylor, W Tenorio, C TI Late holocene earthquakes on the aeropuerto fault, Managua, Nicaragua SO BULLETIN OF THE SEISMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA LA English DT Article ID PLATE; GEOMETRY; AGE AB Managua, capital of Nicaragua, is built on the shore of Lake Managua, within a densely faulted graben at a major discontinuity in the Central American volcanic chain. Shallow moderate earthquakes (M-s 6-6:2) ruptured faults with devastating effect at the heart of urban Managua in 1931 and 1972, and damaging earthquakes are cataloged in the earlier history of the surrounding region. The Aeropuerto fault is a major structure in the Managua Graben, but like other faults in this area its behavior is little understood. Paleoseismic investigations now suggest that the most recent large earthquake on this fault occurred sometime during the interval A.D. 1650-1810. An earlier earthquake on this fault occurred prior to A.D. 1390 and possibly around 2000 B.P. On the basis of stratigraphic correlations we estimate the ages of two shorelines associated with former high stands of Lake Managua to be less than 6.4 ka and approximately 2 ka, respectively. Deformation of these abandoned shorelines adjacent to the Aeropuerto fault implies a vertical slip rate of 0.3 to 0.9 mm/yr. Strike-slip movement on this fault is also expected, but no direct measurement could be performed. By comparison with faults of similar geometry in the Managua area that ruptured in 1931 and 1972, we suspect a left-lateral component of horizontal slip that is higher than the vertical one but less than 5 mm/yr. Additional data on slip rate and timing of paleoearthquakes are needed to better assess the Holocene behavior of the Managua faults and to investigate the influence of magmatic processes on the nature of faulting in the Managua Graben. C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. Ist Nazl Geofis & Vulcanol, I-00143 Rome, Italy. Inst Nicaraguense Estudios Terr, Managua, Nicaragua. RP Cowan, H (reprint author), Inst Geol & Nucl Sci, POB 30-368, Lower Hutt, New Zealand. OI Pantosti, daniela/0000-0001-7308-9104 NR 27 TC 13 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 1 PU SEISMOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI EL CERRITO PA PLAZA PROFESSIONAL BLDG, SUITE 201, EL CERRITO, CA 94530 USA SN 0037-1106 J9 B SEISMOL SOC AM JI Bull. Seismol. Soc. Amer. PD JUN PY 2002 VL 92 IS 5 BP 1694 EP 1707 DI 10.1785/0120010100 PG 14 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 584TT UT WOS:000177485400005 ER PT J AU Molzer, PC Fisher, MA Blakely, RJ Bucknam, RC Parsons, T Crosson, RS Creager, KC AF Molzer, PC Fisher, MA Blakely, RJ Bucknam, RC Parsons, T Crosson, RS Creager, KC CA US Ten Brink TI Subsurface geometry and evolution of the Seattle fault zone and the Seattle basin, Washington SO BULLETIN OF THE SEISMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA LA English DT Article ID CASCADIA FORE-ARC; PUGET-SOUND; WESTERN WASHINGTON; VELOCITY STRUCTURE; TOMOGRAPHY; LOWLAND; EARTHQUAKES; OREGON; REGION AB The Seattle fault, a large, seismically active, east-west-striking fault zone under Seattle, is the best-studied fault within the tectonically active Puget Lowland in western Washington, yet its subsurface geometry and evolution are not well constrained. We combine several analysis and modeling approaches to study the fault geometry and evolution, including depth-converted, deep-seismic-reflection images, P-wave-velocity field, gravity data, elastic modeling of shoreline uplift from a late Holocene earthquake, and kinematic fault restoration. We propose that the Seattle thrust or reverse fault is accompanied by a shallow, antithetic reverse fault that emerges south of the main fault. The wedge enclosed by the two faults is subject to an enhanced uplift, as indicated by the boxcar shape of the shoreline uplift from the last major earthquake on the fault zone. The Seattle Basin is interpreted as a flexural basin at the footwall of the Seattle fault zone. Basin stratigraphy and the regional tectonic history lead us to suggest that the Seattle fault zone initiated as a reverse fault during the middle Miocene, concurrently with changes in the regional stress field, to absorb some of the north-south shortening of the Cascadia forearc. Kingston Arch, 30 km north of the Seattle fault zone, is interpreted as a more recent disruption arising within the basin, probably due to the development: of a blind reverse fault. C1 US Geol Survey, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. US Geol Survey, Lakewood, CO 80225 USA. Univ Washington, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. RP Molzer, PC (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 384 Woods Hole Rd, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. RI Parsons, Tom/A-3424-2008; OI Parsons, Tom/0000-0002-0582-4338 NR 42 TC 19 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 2 PU SEISMOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI EL CERRITO PA PLAZA PROFESSIONAL BLDG, SUITE 201, EL CERRITO, CA 94530 USA SN 0037-1106 J9 B SEISMOL SOC AM JI Bull. Seismol. Soc. Amer. PD JUN PY 2002 VL 92 IS 5 BP 1737 EP 1753 PG 17 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 584TT UT WOS:000177485400008 ER PT J AU Hanks, TC Bakun, WH AF Hanks, TC Bakun, WH TI A bilinear source-scaling model for M-log A observations of continental earthquakes SO BULLETIN OF THE SEISMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA LA English DT Article ID CALIFORNIA EARTHQUAKES; SOUTHERN-CALIFORNIA; SOURCE PARAMETERS; FAULT; REAPPRAISAL; MAGNITUDE; STRESS; SLIP; DISPLACEMENT; SPECTRA AB The Wells and Coppersmith (1994) M-log A data set for continental earthquakes (where M is moment magnitude and A is fault area) and the regression lines derived from it are widely used in seismic hazard analysis for estimating M, given A. Their relations are well determined, whether for the full data set of all mechanism types or for the subset of strike-slip earthquakes. Because the coefficient of the log A term is essentially 1 in both their relations, they are equivalent to constant stress-drop scaling, at least for M less than or equal to 7, where most of the data lie. For M > 7, however, both relations increasingly underestimate the observations with increasing M. This feature, at least for strike-slip earthquakes, is strongly suggestive of L-model scaling at large M. Using constant stress-drop scaling (Deltasigma = 26.7 bars) for M less than or equal to 6.63 and L-model scaling (average fault slip (u) over bar = alphaL, where L is fault length and alpha = 2.19 × 10(-5)) at larger M, we obtain the relations M = log A + 3.98 +/- 0.03, A less than or equal to 537 km(2) and M = 4/3 log A + 3.07 +/- 0.04, A > 537 km(2). These prediction equations of our bilinear model fit the Wells and Coppersmith (1994) data set well in their respective ranges of validity, the transition magnitude corresponding to A = 537 km(2) being M = 6.71. C1 US Geol Survey, Robert E Wallace Earthquake Ctr, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. RP US Geol Survey, Robert E Wallace Earthquake Ctr, 345 Middlefield Rd,MS 977, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. EM thanks@usgs.gov NR 31 TC 121 Z9 123 U1 2 U2 8 PU SEISMOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI ALBANY PA 400 EVELYN AVE, SUITE 201, ALBANY, CA 94706-1375 USA SN 0037-1106 EI 1943-3573 J9 B SEISMOL SOC AM JI Bull. Seismol. Soc. Amer. PD JUN PY 2002 VL 92 IS 5 BP 1841 EP 1846 DI 10.1785/0120010148 PG 6 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 584TT UT WOS:000177485400014 ER PT J AU Schneider, DA Bickford, ME Cannon, WF Schulz, KJ Hamilton, MA AF Schneider, DA Bickford, ME Cannon, WF Schulz, KJ Hamilton, MA TI Age of volcanic rocks and syndepositional iron formations, Marquette Range Supergroup: implications for the tectonic setting of Paleoproterozoic, iron formations of the Lake Superior region SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF EARTH SCIENCES LA English DT Article ID EAST-CENTRAL MINNESOTA; PENOKEAN OROGENY; OBLIQUE TECTONICS; WISCONSIN; EVOLUTION; BASIN; MODEL; DOME AB A rhyolite in the Hemlock Formation, a mostly bimodal submarine volcanic deposit that is laterally correlative with the Negaunee Iron-formation, yields a sensitive high-resolution ion microprobe (SHRIMP) U-Pb zircon age of 1874 +/- 9 Ma, but also contains inherited Archean zircons as old as 3.8 Ga. This precise age determination for the classic Paleoproterozoic stratigraphic sequence of northern Michigan, the Marquette Range Supergroup (MRS), necessitates modification of previous depositional and tectonic models. Our new data indicate that the Menominee Group, previously ascribed to continental rifting during early, pre-collision phases of the Penokean orogenic cycle, is coeval with are-related volcanic rocks now preserved as accreted terranes immediately to the south and is more aptly interpreted as a foredeep deposit. We interpret these to be second-order basins created by oblique subduction of the continental margin rather than basins formed on a rifting margin. Along with a recently reported age for the Gunflint Formation in Ontario of 1878 +/- 2 Ma, our data suggest that an extensive foredeep in the western Lake Superior region was the locus of iron-formation deposition during are accretion from the south. Further, we interpret the lower MRS (Chocolay Group), a glaciogenic and shallow-marine succession that lies atop Archean basement. to be equivalent to the upper part of the Huronian Supergroup of Ontario and to represent the original continental rifting and passive-margin phase of the Penokean cycle. The upper MRS (Baraga Group) represents deeper marine basins. dominated by turbidites and lesser volcanic rocks, resulting from increased subsidence and continued collision. A stitching pluton, which cuts correlatives of the Hemlock Formation in a thrust sheet, yielded a U-Pb zircon age of 1833 +/- 6 Ma, consistent with other post-tectonic plutons in Wisconsin and northern Michigan, indicating that Penokean convergence lasted no longer than similar to40 million years. C1 Ohio Univ, Dept Geol Sci, Athens, OH 45701 USA. Syracuse Univ, Dept Earth Sci, Syracuse, NY 13244 USA. US Geol Survey, Reston, VA 20192 USA. Geol Survey Canada, JC Roddick Ion Microprobe SHRIMP Lab 2, Ottawa, ON K1A 0E8, Canada. RP Schneider, DA (reprint author), Ohio Univ, Dept Geol Sci, Athens, OH 45701 USA. NR 55 TC 77 Z9 86 U1 1 U2 11 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA, ONTARIO K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0008-4077 J9 CAN J EARTH SCI JI Can. J. Earth Sci. PD JUN PY 2002 VL 39 IS 6 BP 999 EP 1012 DI 10.1139/E02-016 PG 14 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 583GT UT WOS:000177399400009 ER PT J AU Dusel-Bacon, C Lanphere, MA Sharp, WD Layer, PW Hansen, VL AF Dusel-Bacon, C Lanphere, MA Sharp, WD Layer, PW Hansen, VL TI Mesozoic thermal history and timing of structural events for the Yukon-Tanana Upland, east-central Alaska: Ar-40/Ar-39 data from metamorphic and plutonic rocks SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF EARTH SCIENCES LA English DT Article ID HIGH-PRESSURE METAMORPHISM; TESLIN TECTONIC ZONE; KINEMATIC EVOLUTION; AGE-SPECTRA; SUTURE ZONE; TERRANE; MARGIN; HORNBLENDE; GEOCHRONOLOGY; CONSTRAINTS AB We present new Ar-40/Ar-39 ages for hornblende, muscovite, and biotite from metamorphic and plutonic rocks from the Yukon-Tanana Upland, Alaska. Integration of our data with published Ar-40/Ar-39, kinematic, and metamorphic pressure (P) and temperature (T) data confirms and refines the complex interaction of metamorphism and tectonism proposed for the region. The oldest metamorphic episode(s) postdates Middle Permian magmatism and predates the intrusion of Late Triassic (215-212 Ma) granitoids into the Fortymile River assemblage (Taylor Mountain assemblage of previous papers). In the eastern Eagle quadrangle, rapid and widespread Early Jurassic cooling is indicated by similar to 188-186 Ma Ar-40/Ar-39 plateau ages for hornblende from plutons that intrude the Fortymile River assemblage, and for metamorphic minerals from the Fortymile River assemblage and the structurally underlying Nasina assemblage. We interpret these Early Jurassic ages to represent cooling resulting from northwest-directed contraction that emplaced the Fortymile River assemblage onto the Nasina assemblage to the north as well as the Lake George assemblage to the south. This cooling was the final stage of a continuum of subduction-related contraction that produced crustal thickening, intermediate- to high-P metamorphism within both the Fortymile River assemblage and the structurally underlying Lake George assemblage, and Late Triassic and Early Jurassic plutonism in the Fortymile River and Nasina assemblages. Although a few metamorphic samples from the Lake George assemblage yield Jurassic Ar-40/Ar-39 cooling ages, most yield Early Cretaceous Ar-40/Ar-39 ages: hornblende similar to 135-115 Ma, and muscovite and biotite similar to 110-108 Ma. We interpret the Early Cretaceous metamorphic cooling, in most areas, to have resulted from regional extension and exhumation of the lower plate, previously tectonically thickened during Early Jurassic and older convergence. C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. Berkeley Geochronol Ctr, Berkeley, CA 94709 USA. Univ Alaska, Dept Geol & Geophys, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA. So Methodist Univ, Dept Geol Sci, Dallas, TX 75275 USA. RP Dusel-Bacon, C (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Mail Stop 901,345 Middlefield Rd, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. RI Layer, Paul/F-5465-2010 NR 73 TC 32 Z9 32 U1 0 U2 7 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA, ONTARIO K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0008-4077 J9 CAN J EARTH SCI JI Can. J. Earth Sci. PD JUN PY 2002 VL 39 IS 6 BP 1013 EP 1051 DI 10.1139/E02-018 PG 39 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 583GT UT WOS:000177399400010 ER PT J AU Guggenheim, S Bain, DC Bergaya, F Brigatti, MF Drits, VA Eberl, DD Formoso, MLL Galan, E Merriman, RJ Peacor, DR Stanjek, H Watanabe, T AF Guggenheim, S Bain, DC Bergaya, F Brigatti, MF Drits, VA Eberl, DD Formoso, MLL Galan, E Merriman, RJ Peacor, DR Stanjek, H Watanabe, T TI Report of the Association Internationale pour l'Etude des Argiles (AIPEA) Nomenclature Committee for 2001: Order, disorder and crystallinity in phyllosilicates and the use of the 'Crystallinity Index' SO CLAY MINERALS LA English DT Article DE amorphous; Arkai index; crystallinity; Crystallinity Index; disorder; electron amorphous; Hinckley index; Kubler index; near amorphous; nomenclature; order; X-ray amorphous ID CLAY-MINERAL CRYSTALLINITY; ILLITE CRYSTALLINITY; SAMPLE PREPARATION; LATTICE STRAIN; KUBLER INDEX; WHITE MICA; XRD; TEM; CHLORITE; SIZE C1 Univ Illinois, Dept Earth & Environm Sci, AIPEA Nomenclature Comm, Chicago, IL 60607 USA. Macaulay Land Use Res Inst, Aberdeen AB15 8QH, Scotland. Univ Orleans, Natl Ctr Sci Res, CRMD, F-45071 Orleans, France. Univ Modena, Dept Earth Sci, I-41100 Modena, Italy. Russian Acad Sci, Inst Geol, Moscow, Russia. US Geol Survey, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. Univ Fed Rio Grande Sul, Inst Geosci, BR-91540000 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil. Univ Sevilla, Fac Quim, E-41071 Seville, Spain. British Geol Survey, Keyworth NG12 5GG, Notts, England. Univ Michigan, Dept Geol Sci, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. Tech Univ Munich, Lehrstuhl Bodenkunde, D-85350 Freising Weihenstephan, Germany. Joetsu Univ Educ, Niigata, Japan. RP Guggenheim, S (reprint author), Univ Illinois, Dept Earth & Environm Sci, AIPEA Nomenclature Comm, 845 W Taylor St, Chicago, IL 60607 USA. RI Brigatti, Maria Franca/L-9792-2015; OI Brigatti, Maria Franca/0000-0002-7526-9931; Galan Huertos, Emilio/0000-0002-8466-5047 NR 38 TC 54 Z9 54 U1 0 U2 12 PU MINERALOGICAL SOCIETY PI LONDON PA 41 QUEENS GATE, LONDON SW7 5HR, ENGLAND SN 0009-8558 J9 CLAY MINER JI Clay Min. PD JUN PY 2002 VL 37 IS 2 BP 389 EP 393 DI 10.1180/0009855023720043 PG 5 WC Chemistry, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Mineralogy SC Chemistry; Geology; Mineralogy GA 571VA UT WOS:000176738800015 ER PT J AU Guggenheim, S Bain, DC Bergaya, F Brigatti, MF Drits, VA Eberl, DD Formoso, MLL Galan, E Merriman, RJ Peacor, DR Stanjek, H Watanabe, T AF Guggenheim, S Bain, DC Bergaya, F Brigatti, MF Drits, VA Eberl, DD Formoso, MLL Galan, E Merriman, RJ Peacor, DR Stanjek, H Watanabe, T TI Report of the Association Internationale pour l'Etude des Argiles (AIPEA) Nomenclature Committee for 2001: Order, disorder and crystallinity in phyllosilicates and the use of the "crystallinity index" SO CLAYS AND CLAY MINERALS LA English DT Article DE amorphous; Arkai index; crystallinity; crystallinity index; disorder; electron amorphous; Hinckley index; Kubler index; near amorphous; nomenclature order; X-ray amorphous ID CLAY-MINERAL CRYSTALLINITY; ILLITE CRYSTALLINITY; SAMPLE PREPARATION; LATTICE STRAIN; KUBLER INDEX; WHITE MICA; XRD; TEM; CHLORITE; SIZE C1 Univ Illinois, Dept Earth & Environm Sci, AIPEA Nomenclature Comm, Chicago, IL 60607 USA. Macaulay Land Use Res Inst, Aberdeen AB15 8QH, Scotland. Univ Orleans, Natl Ctr Sci Res, CRMD, F-45071 Orleans, France. Modena & Reggio Emilia Univ, Dept Earth Sci, I-41100 Modena, Italy. Russian Acad Sci, Inst Geol, Moscow J17, Russia. US Geol Survey, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. Univ Fed Rio Grande Sul, Inst Geosci, BR-91540000 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil. Fac Quim Univ, Dept Crystallog & Minerals, Seville, Spain. British Geol Survey, Nottingham NG12 5GG, England. Univ Michigan, Dept Geol Sci, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. Tech Univ Munich, Lehrstuhl Bodenkunde, D-85350 Freising Weihenstephan, Germany. Joetsu Univ Educ, Niigata 943, Japan. RP Guggenheim, S (reprint author), Univ Illinois, Dept Earth & Environm Sci, AIPEA Nomenclature Comm, 845 W Taylor St, Chicago, IL 60607 USA. RI Brigatti, Maria Franca/L-9792-2015; OI Brigatti, Maria Franca/0000-0002-7526-9931; Galan Huertos, Emilio/0000-0002-8466-5047 NR 38 TC 53 Z9 53 U1 0 U2 5 PU CLAY MINERALS SOCIETY PI AURORA PA PO BOX 460130, AURORA, CO 80046-0130 USA SN 0009-8604 J9 CLAY CLAY MINER JI Clay Clay Min. PD JUN PY 2002 VL 50 IS 3 BP 406 EP 409 DI 10.1346/000986002760833783 PG 4 WC Chemistry, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Mineralogy; Soil Science SC Chemistry; Geology; Mineralogy; Agriculture GA 575UJ UT WOS:000176966600014 ER PT J AU Jorgensen, EH Vijayan, MM Aluru, N Maule, AG AF Jorgensen, EH Vijayan, MM Aluru, N Maule, AG TI Fasting modifies Aroclor 1254 impact on plasma cortisol, glucose and lactate responses to a handling disturbance in Arctic charr SO COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY C-TOXICOLOGY & PHARMACOLOGY LA English DT Article DE arctic charr; aroclor 1254; cortisol; food deprivation; stress; glucose; lactate ID TROUT ONCORHYNCHUS-MYKISS; FASTED RAINBOW-TROUT; SALVELINUS-ALPINUS; IN-VITRO; POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYL; INTERRENAL TISSUE; PERCA-FLAVESCENS; YELLOW PERCH; STRESS; METABOLISM AB Integrated effects of polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) and nutritional status on responses to handling disturbance were investigated in the Arctic charr (Salvelinus alpinus). The fish were orally contaminated with Aroclor 1254 and held either with or without food for 5 months before they were subjected to a 10-min handling disturbance. Food-deprived fish were given 0, 1, 10 or 100 mg PCB kg(-1) and the fed fish 0 or 100 mg PCB kg(-1). Plasma cortisol, glucose and lactate levels were measured at 0 (pre-handling), 1, 3, 6 and 23 h after the handling disturbance. Food-deprived control fish had elevated plasma cortisol levels compared with fed fish before handling. These basal cortisol levels were suppressed by PCB in food-deprived fish, and elevated by PCB in fed fish. The immediate cortisol and glucose responses to handling disturbance were suppressed by PCB in a dose-dependent way in food-deprived fish. Although these responses were also lowered by PCB in the fed fish, the effect was much less pronounced than in food-deprived fish. There were only minor effects on plasma lactate responses. Our findings suggest that the stress responses of the Arctic charr are compromised by PCB and that the long-term fasting, typical of high-latitude fish, makes these species particularly sensitive to organochlorines such as PCB. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science Inc. All rights reserved. C1 Polar Environm Ctr, Norwegian Inst Nat Res, N-9296 Tromso, Norway. Univ Waterloo, Dept Biol, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada. USGS, BRD, WFRC, Columbia River Res Lab, Cook, WA 98605 USA. RP Jorgensen, EH (reprint author), Polar Environm Ctr, Norwegian Inst Nat Res, N-9296 Tromso, Norway. EM even.jorgensen@nina.no RI Aluru, Neelakanteswar/A-7237-2009 NR 36 TC 38 Z9 38 U1 1 U2 13 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 360 PARK AVE SOUTH, NEW YORK, NY 10010-1710 USA SN 1532-0456 EI 1878-1659 J9 COMP BIOCHEM PHYS C JI Comp. Biochem. Physiol. C-Toxicol. Pharmacol. PD JUN PY 2002 VL 132 IS 2 BP 235 EP 245 AR PII S1532-0456(02)00069-8 DI 10.1016/S1532-0456(02)00069-8 PG 11 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Endocrinology & Metabolism; Toxicology; Zoology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Endocrinology & Metabolism; Toxicology; Zoology GA 580VN UT WOS:000177257300012 PM 12106900 ER PT J AU Newman, S Lowenstern, JB AF Newman, S Lowenstern, JB TI VOLATILECALC: a silicate melt-H2O-CO2 solution model written in Visual Basic for excel SO COMPUTERS & GEOSCIENCES LA English DT Article DE volatiles; magma; water; carbon dioxide; vapor-melt equilibria; silicate melt ID CARBON-DIOXIDE; WATER SOLUBILITY; MELTS; H2O; LIQUIDS; TEMPERATURE; SPECIATION; KILOBARS AB We present solution models for the rhyolite-H2O-CO2 and basalt-H2O-CO2 systems at magmatic temperatures and pressures below similar to 5000 bar. The models are coded as macros written in Visual Basic for Applications, for use within Microsoft (R) Excel (Office '98 and 2000). The series of macros, entitled VOLATILECALC, can calculate the following: (1) Saturation pressures for silicate melt of known dissolved H2O and CO2 concentrations and the corresponding equilibrium vapor composition: (2) open- and closed-system degassing paths (melt and vapor composition) for depressurizing rhyolitic and basaltic melts (3) isobaric solubility curves for rhyolitic and basaltic melts: (4) isoplethic solubility curves (constant vapor composition) for rhyolitic and basaltic melts; (5) polybaric solubility curves for the two end members and (6) end member fugacities of H2O and CO2 vapors at magmatic temperatures, The basalt-H2O-CO2 macros in VOLATILECALC are capable of calculating melt-vapor solubility over a range of silicate-melt compositions by using the relationships provided by Dixon (American Mineralogist 82 (1997) 368). The output agrees well with the published solution models and experimental data for silicate melt-vapor systems for pressures below 5000 bar. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. CALTECH, Div Geol & Planetary Sci, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. RP Lowenstern, JB (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Mail Stop 910,345 Middlefield Rd, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. OI Lowenstern, Jacob/0000-0003-0464-7779 NR 26 TC 443 Z9 446 U1 6 U2 44 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0098-3004 J9 COMPUT GEOSCI-UK JI Comput. Geosci. PD JUN PY 2002 VL 28 IS 5 BP 597 EP 604 AR PII S0098-3004(01)00081-4 DI 10.1016/S0098-3004(01)00081-4 PG 8 WC Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Computer Science; Geology GA 559EZ UT WOS:000176013800002 ER PT J AU Lafferty, KD Gerber, LR AF Lafferty, KD Gerber, LR TI Good medicine for conservation biology: The intersection of epidemiology and conservation theory SO CONSERVATION BIOLOGY LA English DT Review ID OTTERS ENHYDRA-LUTRIS; EMERGING INFECTIOUS-DISEASES; SEA OTTER; POPULATION-DYNAMICS; COASTAL CALIFORNIA; HARBOR SEALS; PARASITES; WILDLIFE; NEREIS; HOST AB Infectious disease can be a concern for several aspects of conservation biology, such as determining threats to species, estimating population viability, and designing reserves, captive breeding, and recovery programs. Several measures are useful for describing infectious diseases in host populations, but it is not straightforward to determine the degree to which a particular disease may affect a host population. The most basic epidemiological theory suggests that populations should be least subject to host-specific infectious disease when they are at low abundance ( paradoxically, the state at which they are in most need of conservation action). There are important exceptions, however, such as when a reservoir host exists or when Allee or stochastic effects occur. Several of the key threats to biodiversity-habitat alteration, introduced species, pollution, resource exploitation, and climate change-can facilitate and/or impair transmission of infectious disease. Common management tools such as population viability analysis rarely address infectious disease explicitly. We suggest that such an inclusion is both possible and warranted. Considerations of infectious disease may influence the way we determine whether a species is in need of protection and how we might design reserves and captive breeding programs. Examples from the literature suggest that (1) introduced pathogens can make abundant species rare and (2) diseases of domestic animals can dramatically affect rare species. For both scenarios, conditions that cause stress or reduce genetic variation may increase susceptibility to disease, whereas crowding and cross-species contact can increase transmission. Southern sea otters ( Enhydra lutris nereis ) make an interesting case study for consideration of the intersection of epidemiology and conservation because disease may be an important factor limiting the growth of otter populations. We conclude that pathogens are of increasing concern for conservation. Because many newly emerging pathogen dynamics often do not conform to the simplifying assumptions used in classic epidemiology, a detailed understanding of pathogen life history will illuminate the intersection of epidemiology and conservation theory. C1 Univ Calif Santa Barbara, US Geol Survey, Inst Marine Sci, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA. Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Natl Ctr Ecol Anal & Synth, Santa Barbara, CA 93101 USA. RP Lafferty, KD (reprint author), Univ Calif Santa Barbara, US Geol Survey, Inst Marine Sci, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA. EM leah.gerber@asu.edu RI Lafferty, Kevin/B-3888-2009 OI Lafferty, Kevin/0000-0001-7583-4593 NR 97 TC 127 Z9 135 U1 7 U2 86 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 0888-8892 J9 CONSERV BIOL JI Conserv. Biol. PD JUN PY 2002 VL 16 IS 3 BP 593 EP 604 DI 10.1046/j.1523-1739.2002.00446.x PG 12 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 556CP UT WOS:000175832000008 ER PT J AU Crouse, DT Mehrhoff, LA Parkin, MJ Elam, DR Chen, LY AF Crouse, DT Mehrhoff, LA Parkin, MJ Elam, DR Chen, LY TI Endangered species recovery and the SCB study: A US Fish and Wildlife Service perspective SO ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS LA English DT Article DE action plans; endangered species; Endangered Species Act; recovery plans; Society for Conservation Biology; threatened species; US Fish and Wildlife Service ID PLANS AB As agency biologists with snore than 30 years of collective recovery experience, we provide our perspective on the endangered species recovery planning process and the Society for Conservation Biology (SCB) recovery planning study. As part of the continuum from listing through recovery planning and implementation to species recovery and delisting, we believe that clearly written, well-designed recovery plans can play a key role in organizing and focusing the recovery effort for endangered and threatened species. We outline major opportunities, constraints, and limitations of the recovery planning process. Next we discuss some of the major results and recommendations of the SCB recovery plan study and identify 10 action items for further U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service consideration as possible ways to strengthen our recovery program for endangered and threatened species. C1 US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Div Endangered Species, Arlington, VA 22203 USA. Natl Pk Serv, Ft Collins, CO 80525 USA. US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Div Endangered Species, Hadley, MA 01035 USA. US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Calif Nevada Operat Off, Sacramento, CA 95825 USA. RP Crouse, DT (reprint author), US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Div Endangered Species, 4401 N Fairfax Dr,Room 420, Arlington, VA 22203 USA. NR 17 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 2 U2 5 PU ECOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 1707 H ST NW, STE 400, WASHINGTON, DC 20006-3915 USA SN 1051-0761 J9 ECOL APPL JI Ecol. Appl. PD JUN PY 2002 VL 12 IS 3 BP 719 EP 723 DI 10.2307/3060983 PG 5 WC Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 553UL UT WOS:000175693800014 ER PT J AU Rabeni, CF Doisy, KE Galat, DL AF Rabeni, CF Doisy, KE Galat, DL TI Testing the biological basis of a stream habitat classification using benthic invertebrates SO ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS LA English DT Article DE aquatic insects; benthic invertebrates; biotypes; channel unit; habitat classification; habitat use; hierarchical analysis; macroinvertebrates; mesohabitat; streams ID COMMUNITY STRUCTURE; OZARK STREAM; ASSEMBLAGES; RIVER; FISH; MESOHABITATS; ASSOCIATION; PATCHINESS; BIOTOPES; TEMPLET AB The biological basis of a physical channel unit classification system for a warmwater stream was evaluated. We compared measures of benthic invertebrate communities in 11 channel units in three segments of the Jacks Fork River, Missouri, USA, in two different seasons. Within-group community similarity, as measured by Whittaker's percentage similarity, significantly increased by grouping the entire fauna into three flow habitat groups, and in most cases, community similarity significantly increased by further division into the 11 channel units. Community structure, measured as the ranking of abundance of fauna at the family level of taxonomy, was consistent for the same channel units from different segments of stream during the same season, as well as over time as measured by correlation analysis. Communities most consistent both spatially and over time were edgewaters, high gradient riffles, and races, while the least concordant faunas were from vegetated edgewaters, forewaters, and obstruction pools. Channel units did not maintain unique faunal relations over space or time when measured by the community-level measures of diversity, taxon richness, and abundance. We conclude that channel units have properties not found at other spatial scales and serve as an appropriate scale to coordinate interdisciplinary management goals and strategies. C1 Univ Missouri, US Geol Survey, Missouri Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. RP Rabeni, CF (reprint author), Univ Missouri, US Geol Survey, Missouri Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, 302 Anheuser Busch Nat Resources Bldg, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. NR 46 TC 37 Z9 37 U1 1 U2 9 PU ECOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 1707 H ST NW, STE 400, WASHINGTON, DC 20006-3915 USA SN 1051-0761 J9 ECOL APPL JI Ecol. Appl. PD JUN PY 2002 VL 12 IS 3 BP 782 EP 796 PG 15 WC Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 553UL UT WOS:000175693800020 ER PT J AU Basset, A Fedele, M DeAngelis, DL AF Basset, A Fedele, M DeAngelis, DL TI Optimal exploitation of spatially distributed trophic resources and population stability SO ECOLOGICAL MODELLING LA English DT Article DE consumer-resource interactions; enrichment theory; optimal foraging; patch departure rules; spatially explicit individual-based model ID PREDATOR-PREY INTERACTIONS; PATCH USE; FORAGING BEHAVIOR; FOOD-CHAINS; PARUS-MAJOR; ENRICHMENT; MODELS; COEXISTENCE; DEPARTURE; DYNAMICS AB The relationships between optimal foraging of individuals and population stability are addressed by testing, with a spatially explicit model, the effect of patch departure behaviour on individual energetics and population stability. A factorial experimental design was used to analyse the relevance of the behavioural factor in relation to three factors that are known to affect individual energetics; i.e. resource growth rate (RGR), assimilation efficiency (AE), and body size of individuals. The factorial combination of these factors produced 432 cases, and 1000 replicate simulations were run for each case. Net energy intake rates of the modelled consumers increased with increasing RGR, consumer AE, and consumer body size, as expected. Moreover, through their patch departure behaviour, by selecting the resource level at which they departed from the patch, individuals managed to substantially increase their net energy intake rates. Population stability was also affected by the behavioural factors and by the other factors, but with highly non-linear responses. Whenever resources were limiting for the consumers because of low RGR, large individual body size or low AE, population density at the equilibrium was directly related to the patch departure behaviour; on the other hand, optimal patch departure behaviour, which maximised the net energy intake at the individual level, had a negative influence on population stability whenever resource availability was high for the consumers. The consumer growth rate (r) and numerical dynamics, as well as the spatial and temporal fluctuations of resource density, which were the proximate causes of population stability or instability, were affected by the behavioural factor as strongly or even more strongly than by the others factors considered here. Therefore, patch departure behaviour can act as a feedback control of individual energetics, allowing consumers to optimise a potential trade-off between short-term individual fitness and long-term population stability. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Lecce, Dipartimeto Sci & Tcchnol Biol & Ambientali, I-73100 Lecce, Italy. Univ Miami, US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Coral Gables, FL 33124 USA. RP Univ Lecce, Dipartimeto Sci & Tcchnol Biol & Ambientali, Via Prov Lecce Monteroni, I-73100 Lecce, Italy. EM alberto.basset@unile.it NR 62 TC 21 Z9 21 U1 1 U2 6 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0304-3800 EI 1872-7026 J9 ECOL MODEL JI Ecol. Model. PD JUN 1 PY 2002 VL 151 IS 2-3 BP 245 EP 260 AR PII S0304-3800(01)00490-2 DI 10.1016/S0304-3800(01)00490-2 PG 16 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 560KB UT WOS:000176080300007 ER PT J AU Sauer, JR Link, WA AF Sauer, JR Link, WA TI Hierarchical modeling of population stability and species group attributes from survey data SO ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE birds; Breeding Bird Survey; conservation action; hierarchical models; Markov chain Monte Carlo methods; population stability; population trends; ranking estimates; species group attributes; surveys ID LAND BIRDS; ECOLOGY; TRENDS AB Many ecological studies require analysis of collections of estimates. For example, population change is routinely estimated for many species from surveys such as the North American Breeding Bird Survey (BBS), and the species are grouped and used in comparative analyses. We developed a hierarchical model for estimation of group attributes from a collection of estimates of population trend. The model uses information from predefined groups of species to provide a context and to supplement data for individual species; summaries of group attributes are improved by statistical methods that simultaneously analyze collections of trend estimates. The model is Bayesian; trends are treated as random variables rather than fixed parameters. We use Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) methods to fit the model. Standard assessments of population stability cannot distinguish magnitude of trend and statistical significance of trend estimates, but the hierarchical model allows us to legitimately describe the probability that a trend is within given bounds. Thus we define population stability in terms of the probability that the magnitude of population change for a species is less than or equal to a predefined threshold. We applied the model to estimates of trend for 399 species from the BBS to estimate the proportion of species with increasing populations and to identify species with unstable populations. Analyses are presented for the collection of all species and for 12 species groups commonly used in BBS summaries. Overall, we estimated that 49% of species in the BBS have positive trends and 33 species have unstable populations. However, the proportion of species with increasing trends differs among habitat groups, with grassland birds having only 19% of species, with positive trend estimates and wetland birds having 68% of species with positive trend estimates. C1 US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, USGS, Laurel, MD 20708 USA. RP Sauer, JR (reprint author), US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, USGS, 11510 Amer Holly Dr, Laurel, MD 20708 USA. NR 22 TC 58 Z9 60 U1 1 U2 25 PU ECOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 1707 H ST NW, STE 400, WASHINGTON, DC 20006-3915 USA SN 0012-9658 J9 ECOLOGY JI Ecology PD JUN PY 2002 VL 83 IS 6 BP 1743 EP 1751 DI 10.2307/3071992 PG 9 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 565ZQ UT WOS:000176400800026 ER PT J AU Allen, CR Holling, CS AF Allen, CR Holling, CS TI Cross-scale structure and scale breaks in ecosystems and other complex systems SO ECOSYSTEMS LA English DT Article ID BODY-SIZE DISTRIBUTIONS; FRACTAL GEOMETRY; LANDSCAPES; BIODIVERSITY; DIMENSION; PATTERNS C1 Clemson Univ, S Carolina Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Clemson, SC 29634 USA. Univ Florida, Dept Zool, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. RP Allen, CR (reprint author), Clemson Univ, S Carolina Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Clemson, SC 29634 USA. NR 28 TC 39 Z9 40 U1 1 U2 16 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 1432-9840 J9 ECOSYSTEMS JI Ecosystems PD JUN PY 2002 VL 5 IS 4 BP 315 EP 318 DI 10.1007/s10021-001-0075-3 PG 4 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 564KN UT WOS:000176313700001 ER PT J AU Holling, CS Allen, CR AF Holling, CS Allen, CR TI Adaptive inference for distinguishing credible from incredible patterns in nature SO ECOSYSTEMS LA English DT Article DE adaptive inference; cross-scale dynamics; ecosystem structure; hypothesis testing; lumps; resilience; strong inference; textural discontinuity hypothesis ID BODY-SIZE DISTRIBUTIONS; SCALE; MANAGEMENT; LAKES AB Strong inference is a powerful and rapid tool that can be used to identify and explain patterns in molecular biology, cell biology, and physiology. it is effective where causes are single and separable and where discrimination between pairwise alternative hypotheses can be determined experimentally by a simple yes or no answer. But causes in ecological systems are multiple and overlapping and are not entirely separable. Frequently, competing hypotheses cannot be distinguished by a single unambiguous test, but only by a suite of tests of different kinds, that produce a body of evidence to support one line of argument and not others. We call this process "adaptive inference". Instead of pitting each member of a pair of hypotheses against each other, adaptive inference relies on the exuberant invention of multiple, competing hypotheses, after which carefully structured comparative data are used to explore the logical consequences of each. Herein we present an example that demonstrates the attributes of adaptive inference that have developed out of a 30-year study of the resilience of ecosystems. C1 Clemson Univ, S Carolina Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Biol Resources Div, US Geol Survey, Clemson, SC 29634 USA. Univ Florida, Dept Zool, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. RP Allen, CR (reprint author), Clemson Univ, S Carolina Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Biol Resources Div, US Geol Survey, Clemson, SC 29634 USA. NR 45 TC 55 Z9 56 U1 1 U2 27 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 1432-9840 J9 ECOSYSTEMS JI Ecosystems PD JUN PY 2002 VL 5 IS 4 BP 319 EP 328 DI 10.1007/s10021-001-0076-2 PG 10 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 564KN UT WOS:000176313700002 ER PT J AU Forys, EA Allen, CR AF Forys, EA Allen, CR TI Functional group change within and across scales following invasions and extinctions in the everglades ecosystem SO ECOSYSTEMS LA English DT Article DE cross-scale resilience; diversity; functional group; ecosystem structure; endangered species; Everglades ecosystem; extinctions; Florida; invasive species; nonnative species ID BIODIVERSITY AB Cross-scale resilience theory predicts that the combination of functional diversity within scales and functional redundancy across scales is an important attribute of ecosystems because it helps these systems resist minor ecological disruptions and regenerate after major disturbances such as hurricanes and fire. Using the vertebrate fauna of south Florida, we quantified how the loss of native species and invasion by normatives may alter functional group richness within and across scales. We found that despite large changes in species composition due to potential extinctions and successful invasions by normative species, functional group richness will not change significantly within scales, there will not be any significant loss of overall redundancy of ecology function across scales, and overall body mass pattern will not undergo substantial change. However, the types of functions performed will change, and this change may have profound effects on not only the Everglades ecosystem but On the entire landscape of south Florida. C1 Eckerd Coll, Environm Studies Discipline, St Petersburg, FL 33711 USA. Clemson Univ, S Carolina Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Biol Resources Div, US Geol Survey, Clemson, SC 29634 USA. RP Forys, EA (reprint author), Eckerd Coll, Environm Studies Discipline, 4200 54th Ave S, St Petersburg, FL 33711 USA. NR 28 TC 33 Z9 34 U1 6 U2 16 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 1432-9840 J9 ECOSYSTEMS JI Ecosystems PD JUN PY 2002 VL 5 IS 4 BP 339 EP 347 DI 10.1007/s10021-001-0078-0 PG 9 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 564KN UT WOS:000176313700004 ER PT J AU Allen, CR Saunders, DA AF Allen, CR Saunders, DA TI Variability between scales: Predictors of nomadism in birds of an Australian Mediterranean-climate ecosystem SO ECOSYSTEMS LA English DT Article DE Australia; birds; body mass distributions; body mass pattern; landscape patterns; nomad; Mediterranean climate; scale; scale break; textural discontinuity hypothesis ID SIZE DISTRIBUTIONS; BODY; BIODIVERSITY; PATTERNS AB Nomadism in animals is a response to resource distributions that are highly variable in time and space. Using the avian fauna of the Mediterranean-climate region of southcentral Australia, we tested a number of variables to determine if they predicted nomadism. These variables were species body mass, the distance in body mass terms to the edge of a body mass aggregation, and diet (for example, seeds, invertebrates, nectar, or plants). We utilized two different classifications of the avifauna that diverged in their definition of nomadic to build two different predictive models. Using both classifications, distance to the edge of a body mass aggregation was found to be a significant predictor of nomadism. There was also evidence that nomads tend to feed on nectar and tend to be large. The significance of the variables body mass and diet (nectar) may reflect the greater energy requirements of large birds and the inherent variability of nectar as a food source. The significance of the variable distance to the edge of a body mass aggregation provides further evidence of inherent variability in resources between domains of scale. The edges of body mass aggregations are hypothesized to be areas of increased resource variability that reflect the transition from one scale of landscape pattern to another. C1 Clemson Univ, S Carolina Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Biol Resources Div, US Geol Survey, Clemson, SC 29634 USA. CSIRO Sustainable Ecosyst, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia. RP Allen, CR (reprint author), Clemson Univ, S Carolina Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Biol Resources Div, US Geol Survey, G27 Lehotsky, Clemson, SC 29634 USA. RI Saunders, Denis/H-9792-2012 NR 32 TC 27 Z9 28 U1 1 U2 8 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 1432-9840 J9 ECOSYSTEMS JI Ecosystems PD JUN PY 2002 VL 5 IS 4 BP 348 EP 359 DI 10.1007/s10021-001-0079-2 PG 12 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 564KN UT WOS:000176313700005 ER PT J AU Gold, BD AF Gold, BD TI Untitled SO ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Editorial Material C1 US Geol Survey, Grand Canyon Monitoring & Res Ctr, Flagstaff, AZ 86001 USA. RP Gold, BD (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Grand Canyon Monitoring & Res Ctr, Flagstaff, AZ 86001 USA. NR 1 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU HELDREF PUBLICATIONS PI WASHINGTON PA 1319 EIGHTEENTH ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036-1802 USA SN 0013-9157 J9 ENVIRONMENT JI Environment PD JUN PY 2002 VL 44 IS 5 BP 44 EP + PG 2 WC Environmental Sciences; Environmental Studies SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 554UD UT WOS:000175754800007 ER PT J AU Silva, SR Ging, PB Lee, RW Ebbert, JC Tesoriero, AJ Inkpen, EL AF Silva, SR Ging, PB Lee, RW Ebbert, JC Tesoriero, AJ Inkpen, EL TI Forensic applications of nitrogen and oxygen isotopes in tracing nitrate sources in urban environments SO ENVIRONMENTAL FORENSICS LA English DT Article DE isotopes; nitrate; sewage; urban; source identification ID FRACTIONATION; COLLECTION AB Ground and surface waters in urban areas are susceptible to nitrate contamination from septic systems, leaking sewer lines, and fertilizer applications. Source identification is a primary step toward a successful remediation plan in affected areas. In this respect, nitrogen and oxygen isotope ratios of nitrate, in conjunction with hydrologic data and water chemistry, have proven valuable in urban studies from Austin, Texas and Tacoma, Washington. In Austin, stream water was sampled during stremflow and baseflow conditions to assess surface and subsurface sources of nitrate, respectively. In Tacoma, well waters were sampled in adjacent sewered and un-sewered areas to determine if locally high nitrate concentrations were caused by septic systems in the un-sewered areas. In both studies, sewage was identified as a nitrate source and mixing between sewage and other sources of nitrate was apparent. In addition to source identification, combined nitrogen and oxygen isotopes were important in determining the significance of denitrification, which can complicate source assessment by reducing nitrate concentrations and increasing delta(15)N values. The two studies illustrate the value of nitrogen and oxygen isotopes of nitrate for forensic applications in urban areas. (C) Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. on behalf of AEHS. C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. US Geol Survey, Austin, TX USA. US Geol Survey, Dallas, TX USA. US Geol Survey, Tacoma, WA USA. US Geol Survey, Raleigh, NC USA. RP Silva, SR (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 345 Middlefield Rd, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. NR 14 TC 63 Z9 75 U1 2 U2 34 PU ACADEMIC PRESS LTD ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI LONDON PA 24-28 OVAL RD, LONDON NW1 7DX, ENGLAND SN 1527-5922 J9 ENVIRON FORENSICS JI Environ. Forensics PD JUN PY 2002 VL 3 IS 2 BP 125 EP 130 DI 10.1006/enfo.2002.0086 PG 6 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 605VG UT WOS:000178697300004 ER PT J AU Young, JA Smith, DR Snyder, CD Lemarie, DP AF Young, JA Smith, DR Snyder, CD Lemarie, DP TI A terrain-based paired-site sampling design to assess biodiversity losses from eastern hemlock decline SO ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT LA English DT Article DE biodiversity; GIS; hemlock; sample design; site pairing; terrain ID CONSERVATION; STREAMS AB Biodiversity surveys are often hampered by the inability to control extraneous sources of variability introduced into comparisons of populations across a heterogenous landscape. If not specifically accounted for a priori, this noise can weaken comparisons between sites, and can make it difficult to draw inferences about specific ecological processes. We developed a terrain-based, paired-site sampling design to analyze differences in aquatic biodiversity between streams draining eastern hemlock (Tsuga canadensis) forests, and those draining mixed hardwood forests in Delaware Water Gap National Recreation Area (USA). The goal of this design was to minimize variance due to terrain influences on stream communities, while representing the range of hemlock dominated stream environments present in the park. We used geographic information systems (GIS) and cluster analysis to define and partition hemlock dominated streams into terrain types based on topographic variables and stream order. We computed similarity of forest stands within terrain types and used this information to pair hemlock-dominated streams with hardwood counterparts prior to sampling. We evaluated the effectiveness of the design through power analysis and found that power to detect differences in aquatic invertebrate taxa richness was highest when sites were paired and terrain type was included as a factor in the analysis. Precision of the estimated difference in mean richness was nearly doubled using the terrain-based, paired site design in comparison to other evaluated designs. Use of this method allowed us to sample stream communities representative of park-wide forest conditions while effectively controlling for landscape variability. C1 US Geol Survey, Lifetown Sci Ctr, Kearneysville, WV USA. RP Young, JA (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Lifetown Sci Ctr, Kearneysville, WV USA. NR 35 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 7 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0167-6369 J9 ENVIRON MONIT ASSESS JI Environ. Monit. Assess. PD JUN PY 2002 VL 76 IS 2 BP 167 EP 183 DI 10.1023/A:1015530712600 PG 17 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 552RW UT WOS:000175634700002 PM 12108590 ER PT J AU Mitra, S Bianchi, TS McKee, BA Sutula, M AF Mitra, S Bianchi, TS McKee, BA Sutula, M TI Black carbon from the Mississippi River: Quantities, sources, and potential implications for the global carbon cycle SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC-HYDROCARBONS; ORGANIC-MATTER; CHESAPEAKE BAY; SOOT CARBON; SEDIMENTS; OCEAN; QUANTIFICATION; SOILS; PHASE; FIRES AB Black carbon (BC) may be a major component of riverine carbon exported to the ocean, but its flux from large rivers is unknown. Furthermore, the global distribution of BC between natural and anthropogenic sources remains uncertain. We have determined BC concentrations in suspended sediments of the Mississippi River, the 7th largest river in the world in terms of sediment and water discharge, during high flow and low flow in 1999. The 1999 annual flux of BC from the Mississippi River was 5 x 10(-4) petagrams (1 Pg = 10(15) g = 1 gigaton). We also applied a principal components analysis to particulate-phase high molecular weight polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon isomer ratios in Mississippi River suspended sediments. In doing so, we determined that similar to27% of the BC discharged from the Mississippi River in 1999 originated from fossil fuel combustion (coal and smelter-derived combustion), implicating fluvial BC as an important source of anthropogenic BC contamination into the ocean. Using our value for BC flux and the annual estimate for BC burial in ocean sediments, we calculate that, in 1999, the Mississippi River discharged similar to5% of the BC buried annually in the ocean. These results have important implications, not only for the global carbon cycle but also for the fluvial discharge of particulate organic contaminants into the world's oceans. C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. RP Mitra, S (reprint author), Tulane Univ, Inst Earth & Ecosyst Sci, 210 Dinwiddie Hall, New Orleans, LA 70118 USA. NR 43 TC 76 Z9 83 U1 2 U2 27 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0013-936X J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD JUN 1 PY 2002 VL 36 IS 11 BP 2296 EP 2302 DI 10.1021/es015834b PG 7 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 563UR UT WOS:000176275600019 PM 12075780 ER PT J AU Schuster, PF Krabbenhoft, DP Naftz, DL Cecil, LD Olson, ML Dewild, JF Susong, DD Green, JR Abbott, ML AF Schuster, PF Krabbenhoft, DP Naftz, DL Cecil, LD Olson, ML Dewild, JF Susong, DD Green, JR Abbott, ML TI Atmospheric mercury deposition during the last 270 years: A glacial ice core record of natural and anthropogenic sources SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID MOUNT ST-HELENS; CENTRAL NORTH-AMERICA; UPPER FREMONT GLACIER; LAKE-SEDIMENTS; GREENLAND SNOW; REMOTE AREAS; ERUPTION; PAST; USA; VOLCANISM AB Mercury (Hg) contamination of aquatic ecosystems and subsequent methylmercury bioaccumulation are significant environmental problems of global extent. At regional to global scales, the primary mechanism of Hg contamination is atmospheric Hg transport. Thus, a better understanding of the long-term history of atmospheric Hg cycling and quantification of the sources is critical for assessing the regional and global impact of anthropogenic Hg emissions. Ice cores collected from the Upper Fremont Glacier (UFG), Wyoming, contain a high-resolution record of total atmospheric Hg deposition (ca. 1720-1993). Total Hg in 97 ice-core samples was determined with trace-metal clean handling methods and low-level analytical procedures to reconstruct the first and most comprehensive atmospheric Hg deposition record of its kind yet available from North America. The record indicates major atmospheric releases of both natural and anthropogenic Hg from regional and global sources. Integrated over the past 270-year ice-core history, anthropogenic inputs contributed 52%, volcanic events 6%, and background sources 42%. More significantly, during the last 100 years, anthropogenic sources contributed 70% of the total Hg input. Unlike the 2-7-fold increase observed from preindustrial times (before 1840) to the mid-1980s in sediment-core records, the UFG record indicates a 20-fold increase for the same period. The sediment-core records, however, are in agreement with the last 10 years of this ice-core record, indicating declines in atmospheric Hg deposition. C1 US Geol Survey, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. Natl Ice Core Lab, Denver, CO 80225 USA. US Geol Survey, Wisconsin Dist Mercury Res Lab, Middleton, WI 53562 USA. RP US Geol Survey, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. EM pschuste@usgs.gov NR 61 TC 228 Z9 240 U1 13 U2 97 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0013-936X EI 1520-5851 J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD JUN 1 PY 2002 VL 36 IS 11 BP 2303 EP 2310 DI 10.1021/es0157503 PG 8 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 563UR UT WOS:000176275600020 PM 12075781 ER PT J AU Ryan, JN Harvey, RW Metge, D Elimelech, M Navigato, T Pieper, AP AF Ryan, JN Harvey, RW Metge, D Elimelech, M Navigato, T Pieper, AP TI Field and laboratory investigations of inactivation of viruses (PRD1 and MS2) attached to iron oxide-coated quartz sand SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID SODIUM DODECYL-SULFATE; MINERAL SURFACES; COMPETITIVE BEHAVIOR; RELAXATION KINETICS; BACTERIOPHAGE PRD1; PROTEIN ADSORPTION; POROUS-MEDIA; TRANSPORT; AQUIFER; REMOVAL AB Field and laboratory experiments were conducted to investigate inactivation of viruses attached to mineral surfaces. In a natural gradient transport field experiment, bacteriophage PRD1, radiolabeled with (32)p, Was injected into a ferric oxyhydroxide-coated sand aquifer with bromide and linear alkylbenzene sulfonates. In a zone of the aquifer contaminated by secondary sewage infiltration, small fractions of infective and P-32-labeled PRD1 broke through with the bromide tracer, followed by the slow release of 84% of the P-32 activity and only 0.011% of the infective PRDI. In the laboratory experiments, the inactivation of PRDI, labeled with 35S (protein capsid), and MS2, dual radiolabeled with 35S (protein capsid) and 32p (nucleic acid), was monitored in the presence of groundwater and sediment from the contaminated zone of the field site. Release of infective viruses decreased at a much faster rate than release of the radiolabels, indicating that attached viruses were undergoing surface inactivation. Disparities between P-32 and (35) S release suggest that the inactivated viruses were released in a disintegrated state. Comparison of estimated solution and surface inactivation rates indicates solution inactivation is similar to3 times as fast as surface inactivation. The actual rate of surface inactivation may be substantially underestimated owing to slow release of inactivated viruses. C1 Univ Colorado, Dept Civil Environm & Architectural Engn, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. US Geol Survey, Div Water Resources, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. Yale Univ, Dept Chem Engn, Environm Engn Program, New Haven, CT 06520 USA. RP Univ Colorado, Dept Civil Environm & Architectural Engn, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. EM joseph.ryan@colorado.edu RI Elimelech, Menachem/E-7137-2012; Ryan, Joseph/H-7025-2012; Harvey, Ronald/C-5783-2013 OI Elimelech, Menachem/0000-0003-4186-1563; Harvey, Ronald/0000-0002-2791-8503 NR 62 TC 92 Z9 94 U1 5 U2 26 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0013-936X EI 1520-5851 J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD JUN 1 PY 2002 VL 36 IS 11 BP 2403 EP 2413 DI 10.1021/es011285y PG 11 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 563UR UT WOS:000176275600032 PM 12075796 ER PT J AU Grossman, EL Cifuentes, LA Cozzarelli, IM AF Grossman, EL Cifuentes, LA Cozzarelli, IM TI Anaerobic methane oxidation in a landfill-leachate plume SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID ORGANIC-COMPOUNDS; REDOX ZONES; GROUNDWATER; DENMARK; CARBON; SULFATE; WATER; FRACTIONATION; DOWNGRADIENT; CONSORTIUM AB The alluvial aquifer adjacent to Norman Landfill, OK, provides an excellent natural laboratory for the study of anaerobic processes impacting landfill-leachate contaminated aquifers. We collected groundwaters from a transect of seven multilevel wells ranging in depth from 1.3 to 11 m that were oriented parallel to the flow path. The center of the leachate plume was characterized by (1) high alkalinity and elevated concentrations of total dissolved organic carbon, reduced iron, and methane, and (2) negligible oxygen, nitrate, and sulfate concentrations. Methane concentrations and stable carbon isotope (delta(13)C) values suggest anaerobic methane oxidation was occurring within the plume and at its margins. Methane delta(13)C values increased from about -54parts per thousand near the source to > -10parts per thousand downgradient and at the plume margins. The isotopic fractionation associated with this methane oxidation was -13.6 +/- 1.0parts per thousand. Methane C-13 enrichment indicated that 80-90% of the original landfill methane was oxidized over the 210-m transect. First-order rate constants ranged from 0.06 to 0.23 per year, and oxidation rates ranged from 18 to 230 muM/y. Overall, hydrochemical data suggest that a sulfate reducer-methanogen consortium may mediate this methane oxidation. These results demonstrate that natural attenuation through anaerobic methane oxidation can be an important sink for landfill methane in aquifer systems. C1 Texas A&M Univ, Dept Geol & Geophys, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. Texas A&M Univ, Dept Oceanog, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. US Geol Survey, Natl Ctr 431, Reston, VA 20192 USA. RP Grossman, EL (reprint author), Texas A&M Univ, Dept Geol & Geophys, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. OI Cozzarelli, Isabelle/0000-0002-5123-1007 NR 41 TC 70 Z9 74 U1 2 U2 38 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0013-936X J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD JUN 1 PY 2002 VL 36 IS 11 BP 2436 EP 2442 DI 10.1021/es015695y PG 7 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 563UR UT WOS:000176275600036 PM 12075801 ER PT J AU Kimmerer, WJ Burau, JR Bennett, WA AF Kimmerer, WJ Burau, JR Bennett, WA TI Persistence of tidally-oriented vertical migration by zooplankton in a temperate estuary SO ESTUARIES LA English DT Article ID COPEPOD EURYTEMORA-AFFINIS; COLUMBIA RIVER ESTUARY; SMELT OSMERUS-MORDAX; ST-LAWRENCE-ESTUARY; WELL-MIXED ESTUARY; SAN-FRANCISCO BAY; STREAM TRANSPORT; ENVIRONMENTAL-FACTORS; POSITION MAINTENANCE; AFRICAN ESTUARY AB Tidal vertical migration by zooplankton is a common phenomenon in estuaries, usually associated with landward movement of meroplankton or position maintenance of holoplankton. Little is known about the persistence of this, behavior, its spatial variability, or its response to changing environmental conditions. We extended a previous study of tidal movements of zooplankton in the low-salinity zone (LSZ) of the San Francisco estuary in 1994 to include data from two additional years with very different hydrology. Freshwater flow during sampling in 1995 was about 7-fold greater than in 1994; the LSZ was about 28 km further seaward, and gravitational circulation in the LSZ was strong. In 1996 freshwater flow and LSZ position were intermediate but, because the LSZ was in shallower water in 1996 than in 1995, gravitational circulation was uncommon. Behavior of copepods in both years was similar to that reported in 1994 with some tidal migration observed during most cruises. An exception was the introduced carnivorous copepod Tortanus dextrilobatus, which did not migrate and maintained a position deep in the water column (1995 only). In 1996, mysids mainly stayed near the bottom with evidence for vertical migration from only I of 6 data sets, whereas amphipods migrated slightly on a diel schedule; these behaviors contrasted with the tidal migration observed in 1994. The bay shrimp Crangon franciscorum did not appear to migrate, but was more abundant in the water column during both ebb and flood, suggesting passive vertical dispersal. Zooplankton did not appear to maintain position by interactions with lateral circulation cells. The results for copepods suggest rigidity in behavior with little or no relaxation of the vertical movement in 1995 when strong gravitational circulation would have made upstream movement relatively easy. Mysids and amphipods; altered their behavior depending on local conditions related to freshwater flow. C1 San Francisco State Univ, Romberg Tiburon Ctr, Tiburon, CA 94920 USA. US Geol Survey, Sacramento, CA 95819 USA. Univ Calif Davis, Bodega Marine Lab, Bodega Bay, CA 94923 USA. RP Kimmerer, WJ (reprint author), San Francisco State Univ, Romberg Tiburon Ctr, Tiburon, CA 94920 USA. NR 69 TC 30 Z9 31 U1 3 U2 8 PU ESTUARINE RES FEDERATION PI LAWRENCE PA PO BOX 368, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0160-8347 J9 ESTUARIES JI Estuaries PD JUN PY 2002 VL 25 IS 3 BP 359 EP 371 DI 10.1007/BF02695979 PG 13 WC Environmental Sciences; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 574JN UT WOS:000176885900004 ER PT J AU Guarini, JM Cloern, JE Edmunds, J Gros, P AF Guarini, JM Cloern, JE Edmunds, J Gros, P TI Microphytobenthic potential productivity estimated in three tidal embayments of the San Francisco Bay: A comparative study SO ESTUARIES LA English DT Article ID PHYTOPLANKTON BIOMASS; PHOTOSYNTHESIS; VARIABILITY; ECOSYSTEMS; IRRADIANCE; ESTUARIES; DYNAMICS; GROWTH; LIGHT AB In this paper we describe a three-step procedure to infer the spatial heterogeneity in microphytobenthos primary productivity at the scale of tidal estuaries and embayments. The first step involves local measurement of the carbon assimilation rate of benthic microalgae to determine the parameters of the photosynthesis-irradiance (P-E) curves (using non-linear optimization methods). In the next step, a resampling technique is used to rebuild pseudo-sampling distributions of the local productivity estimates; these provide error estimates for determining the significance level of differences between sites. The third step combines the previous results with deterministic models of tidal elevation and solar irradiance to compute mean and variance of the daily areal primary productivity over an entire intertidal mudflat area within each embayment. This scheme was applied on three different intertidal mudflat regions of the San Francisco Bay estuary during autumn 1998. Microphytobenthos productivity exhibits strong (ca. 3-fold) significant differences among the major sub-basins of San Francisco Bay. This spatial heterogeneity is attributed to two main causes: significant differences in the photosynthetic competence (P-E parameters) of the microphytobenthos in the different sub-basins, and spatial differences in the phase shifts between the tidal and solar cycles controlling the exposure of intertidal areas to sunlight. The procedure is general and can be used in other estuaries to assess the magnitude and patterns of spatial variability of microphytobenthos productivity at the level of the ecosystem. C1 CNRS, UMR 10, Ctr Rech Ecosyst Marins & Acquacoles, F-17137 Houmeau, France. US Geol Survey, Water Resources Div, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. IREMER, Ctr Nantes, F-44311 Nantes, France. RP Guarini, JM (reprint author), CNRS, UMR 10, Ctr Rech Ecosyst Marins & Acquacoles, BP 5, F-17137 Houmeau, France. RI Cloern, James/C-1499-2011; Ross, Donald/F-7607-2012; OI Ross, Donald/0000-0002-8659-3833; Cloern, James/0000-0002-5880-6862 NR 27 TC 18 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 9 PU ESTUARINE RES FEDERATION PI LAWRENCE PA PO BOX 368, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0160-8347 J9 ESTUARIES JI Estuaries PD JUN PY 2002 VL 25 IS 3 BP 409 EP 417 DI 10.1007/BF02695983 PG 9 WC Environmental Sciences; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 574JN UT WOS:000176885900008 ER PT J AU Schoellhamer, DH AF Schoellhamer, DH TI Comparison of the basin-scale effect of dredging operations and natural estuarine processes on suspended sediment concentration SO ESTUARIES LA English DT Article ID SAN-FRANCISCO BAY; CONTINENTAL-SHELF; RESUSPENSION; TURBIDITY; LIGHT AB Suspended sediment concentration (SSC) data from San Pablo Bay, California, were analyzed to compare the basin-scale effect of dredging and disposal of dredged material (dredging operations) and natural estuarine processes. The analysis used twelve 3-wk to 5-wk periods of mid-depth and near-bottom SSC data collected at Point San Pablo every 15 min from 1993-1998. Point San Pablo is within a tidal excursion of a dredged-material disposal site. The SSC data were compared to dredging volume, Julian day, and hydrodynamic and meteorological variables that could affect SSC. Kendall's tau, Spearman's rho, and weighted (by the fraction of valid data in each period) Spearman's rho(w) correlation coefficients of the variables indicated which variables were significantly correlated with SSC. Wind-wave resuspension had the greatest effect on SSC. Median water-surface elevation was the primary factor affecting mid-depth SSC. Greater depths inhibit wind-wave resuspension of bottom sediment and indicate greater influence of less turbid water from down estuary. Seasonal variability in the supply of erodible sediment is the primary factor affecting near-bottom SSC. Natural physical processes in San Pablo Bay are more areally extensive, of equal or longer duration, and as frequent as dredging operations (when occurring), and they affect SSC at the tidal time scale. Natural processes control SSC at Point San Pablo even when dredging operations are occurring. C1 US Geol Survey, Sacramento, CA 95819 USA. RP Schoellhamer, DH (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 6000 J St,Placer Hall, Sacramento, CA 95819 USA. NR 30 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 5 PU ESTUARINE RES FEDERATION PI LAWRENCE PA PO BOX 368, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0160-8347 J9 ESTUARIES JI Estuaries PD JUN PY 2002 VL 25 IS 3 BP 488 EP 495 DI 10.1007/BF02695990 PG 8 WC Environmental Sciences; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 574JN UT WOS:000176885900015 ER PT J AU Bacon, CR Gardner, JV Mayer, LA Buktenica, MW Dartnell, P Ramsey, DW Robinson, JE AF Bacon, CR Gardner, JV Mayer, LA Buktenica, MW Dartnell, P Ramsey, DW Robinson, JE TI Morphology, volcanism, and mass wasting in Crater Lake, Oregon SO GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA BULLETIN LA English DT Article DE bathymetry; calderas; Crater Lake; limnology; mass wasting; volcanology ID CANARY-ISLANDS; MAGMA-CHAMBER; MOUNT-MAZAMA; HEAT-FLOW; CALDERA; CALIFORNIA; EVOLUTION; AVALANCHE; DEPOSITS; HISTORY AB Crater Lake was surveyed nearly to its shoreline by high-resolution multibeam echo sounding in order to define its geologic history and provide an accurate base map for research and monitoring surveys. The bathymetry and acoustic backscatter reveal the character of landforms and lead to a chronology for the concurrent filling of the lake and volcanism within the ca. 7700 calibrated yr B.P. caldera. The andesitic Wizard Island and central-platform volcanoes are composed of sequences of lava deltas that record former lake levels and demonstrate simultaneous activity at the two vents. Wizard Island eruptions ceased when the lake was similar to80 m lower than at present. Lava streams from prominent channels on the surface of the central platform descended to feed extensive subaqueous flow fields on the caldera floor. The Wizard Island and central-platform volcanoes, andesitic Merriam Cone, and a newly discovered probable lava flow on the eastern floor of the lake apparently date from within a few hundred years of caldera collapse, whereas a small rhyodacite dome was emplaced on the flank of Wizard Island at ca. 4800 cal. yr B.P. Bedrock outcrops on the submerged caldera walls are shown in detail and, in some cases, can be correlated with exposed geologic units of Mount Mazama. Fragmental debris making up the walls elsewhere consists of narrow talus cones forming a dendritic pattern that leads to fewer, wider ridges downslope. Hummocky topography and scattered blocks up to similar to280 m long below many of the embayments in the caldera wall mark debris-avalanche deposits that probably formed in single events and commonly are affected by secondary failures. The flat-floored, deep basins contain relatively fine-grained sediment transported from the debris aprons by sheet-flow turbidity currents. Crater Lake apparently filled rapidly (ca. 400-750 yr) until reaching a permeable layer above glaciated lava identified by the new survey in the northeast caldera wall at similar to1845 m elevation. Thereafter, a gradual, climatically modulated rise in lake level to the present 1883 m produced a series of beaches culminating in a modern wave-cut platform, commonly similar to40 m wide, where suitable material is present. The new survey reveals landforms that result from intermediate-composition volcanism in rising water, delineates mass wasting and sediment transport into a restricted basin, and yields a more accurate postcaldera history leading to improved assessment of volcanic hazards. C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. Univ New Hampshire, Ctr Coastal & Ocean Mapping, Durham, NH 03824 USA. Natl Pk Serv, Crater Lake, OR 97604 USA. RP Bacon, CR (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 345 Middlefield Rd,MS 910, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. NR 53 TC 38 Z9 38 U1 0 U2 6 PU ASSOC ENGINEERING GEOLOGISTS GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY AMER PI COLLEGE STN PA TEXAS A & M UNIV, DEPT GEOLOGY & GEOPHYSICS, COLLEGE STN, TX 77843-3115 USA SN 0016-7606 J9 GEOL SOC AM BULL JI Geol. Soc. Am. Bull. PD JUN PY 2002 VL 114 IS 6 BP 675 EP 692 DI 10.1130/0016-7606(2002)114<0675:MVAMWI>2.0.CO;2 PG 18 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 561HQ UT WOS:000176134500004 ER PT J AU Marchant, DR Lewis, AR Phillips, WM Moore, EJ Souchez, RA Denton, GH Sugden, DE Potter, N Landis, GP AF Marchant, DR Lewis, AR Phillips, WM Moore, EJ Souchez, RA Denton, GH Sugden, DE Potter, N Landis, GP TI Formation of patterned ground and sublimation till over Miocene glacier ice in Beacon Valley, southern Victoria Land, Antarctica SO GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA BULLETIN LA English DT Article DE Antarctica; cosmogenic-nuclide exposure dating; Dry Valleys; periglacial features; polygons ID DRY-VALLEYS; COSMOGENIC HE-3; EXPOSURE AGES; TRANSANTARCTIC MOUNTAINS; PRODUCTION-RATES; TAYLOR GLACIER; SIRIUS GROUP; BE-10; AL-26; DYNAMICS AB A thin glacial diamicton, informally termed Granite drift, occupies the floor of central Beacon Valley in southern Victoria Land, Antarctica. This drift is <1.0 m. thick and rests with sharp planar contacts on stagnant glacier ice reportedly of Miocene age, older than 8.1 Ma. The age of the ice is based on Ar-40/Ar-39 analyses of presumed in situ ash-fall deposits that occur within Granite drift. At odds with the great age of this ice are high-centered polygons that cut Granite drift. If polygon development has reworked and retransported ash-fall deposits, then they are untenable as chronostratigraphic markers and cannot be used to place a minimum age on the underlying glacier ice. Our results show that the surface of Granite drift is stable at polygon centers and that enclosed ash-fall deposits can be used to define the age of underlying glacier ice. In our model for patterned-ground development, active regions lie only above polygon troughs, where enhanced sublimation of underlying ice outlines high-centered polygons. The rate of sublimation is influenced by the development of porous gravel-and-cobble lag deposits that form above thermal-contraction cracks in the underlying ice. A negative feed-back associated with the development of secondary-ice lenses at the base of polygon troughs prevents runaway ice loss. Secondary-ice lenses contrast markedly with glacial ice by lying on a deltaD versus delta(18)O slope of 5 rather than a precipitation slope of 8 and by possessing a strongly negative deuterium excess. The latter indicates that secondary-ice lenses likely formed by melting, downward percolation, and subsequent refreezing of snow trapped preferentially in deep polygon troughs. The internal stratigraphy of Granite drift is related to the formation of surface polygons and surrounding troughs. The drift is composed of two facies: A nonweathered, matrix-supported diamicton that contains >25% striated clasts in the >16 mm. fraction and a weathered, clast-supported diamicton with varnished and wind-faceted gravels and cobbles. The weathered facies is a coarse-grained lag of Granite drift that occurs at the base of polygon troughs and in lenses within the nonweathered facies. The concentration of cosmogenic He-3 in dolerite cobbles from two profiles through the nonweathered drift facies exhibits steadily decreasing values and shows the drift to have formed by sublimation of underlying ice. These profile patterns and the He-3 surface- exposure ages of 1.18 +/- 0.08 Ma and 0.18 +/- 0.01 Ma atop these profiles indicate that churning of clasts by cryoturbation has not occurred at these sites in at least the past 10(5) and 10(6), yr. Although Granite drift is stable at polygon centers, low-frequency slump events occur at the margin of active polygons. Slumping, together with weathering of surface clasts, creates the large range of cosmogenic-nuclide surface-exposure ages observed for Granite drift. Maximum rates of sublimation near active thermal-contraction cracks, calculated by Using the two He-3 depth profiles, range from 5 m/m.y. to 90 m/m.y. Sublimation rates are likely highest immediately following major slump events and decrease thereafter to values well below our maximum estimates. Nevertheless, these rates are orders of magnitude lower than those computed on theoretical grounds. During eruptions of the nearby McMurdo Group volcanic centers, ash-fall debris collects at the surface of Granite drift, either in open thermal-contraction cracks or in deep troughs that lie above contraction cracks; these deposits subsequently lower passively as the underlying glacier ice sublimes. The fact that some regions of Granite drift have escaped modification by patterned ground for at least 8.1 Ma indicates long-term geomorphic stability of individual polygons. Once established, polygon toughs likely persist for as long as 10(5)-10(6) yr. Our model of patterned-ground formation, which applies to the hyperarid, cold-desert, polar climate of Antarctica, may also apply to similar-sized polygons on Mars that occur over buried ice in Utopia Planitia. C1 Boston Univ, Dept Earth Sci, Boston, MA 02215 USA. Univ Edinburgh, Dept Geog, Edinburgh EH8 9XP, Midlothian, Scotland. Free Univ Brussels, Dept Sci Terre Environm, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium. Univ Maine, Dept Geol Sci, Orono, ME 04469 USA. Univ Maine, Inst Quaternary Studies, Orono, ME 04469 USA. Dickinson Coll, Dept Geol, Carlisle, PA 17013 USA. US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Denver, CO 80225 USA. RP Marchant, DR (reprint author), Boston Univ, Dept Earth Sci, Boston, MA 02215 USA. NR 65 TC 164 Z9 165 U1 5 U2 42 PU ASSOC ENGINEERING GEOLOGISTS GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY AMER PI COLLEGE STN PA TEXAS A & M UNIV, DEPT GEOLOGY & GEOPHYSICS, COLLEGE STN, TX 77843-3115 USA SN 0016-7606 J9 GEOL SOC AM BULL JI Geol. Soc. Am. Bull. PD JUN PY 2002 VL 114 IS 6 BP 718 EP 730 DI 10.1130/0016-7606(2002)114<0718:FOPGAS>2.0.CO;2 PG 13 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 561HQ UT WOS:000176134500006 ER PT J AU Hudson, TL Magoon, LB AF Hudson, TL Magoon, LB TI Tectonic controls on greenhouse gas flux to the Paleogene atmosphere from the Gulf of Alaska accretionary prism SO GEOLOGY LA English DT Article DE methane; Gulf of Alaska; Paleogene; global warming; metamorphism; greenhouse gas ID EASTERN GULF; FORE-ARC; PALEOCENE; MIGRATION; EVOLUTION; MOUNTAINS; BOUNDARY; COMPLEX; EOCENE; KODIAK AB The late Paleocene to early Eocene (ca. 61-56 Ma) was a period of long-term global warming, perhaps the warmest in the Cenozoic. Recent modeling suggests that methane loading of the atmosphere, and related development of polar stratospheric clouds, could have been an important forcing mechanism for this period of warm climate. The Gulf of Alaska accretionary prism contained similar to6 x 10(6) km(3) of siliciclastic sediments deposited in trench and slope settings along Alaska's Maastrichtian and Paleogene continental margin. These sediments underwent complex deformation, accretion, and unusual high heat flow soon after deposition. Accretion processes thermally overmatured the sediments during a time that overlaps the 61-56 Ma period of long-term global warming. Assuming a modest average organic carbon content of 0.3 wt% in these sediments, an estimated 8.35 x 10(15) kg of methane were generated in the accretionary prism over an similar to5 m.y. period. This methane was not effectively trapped, and migration pathways to the atmosphere were developed through complexly deformed and emergent continental borderlands. The Gulf of Alaska accretionary prism is a possible source of the atmospheric methane needed to force Paleocene and early Eocene global warming and an example of how tectonic processes can significantly recycle carbon from the geosphere. C1 Appl Geol, Sequim, WA 98382 USA. US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. RP Hudson, TL (reprint author), Appl Geol, 1432 Fox Hollow Rd, Sequim, WA 98382 USA. NR 37 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 3 PU GEOLOGICAL SOC AMERICA, INC PI BOULDER PA PO BOX 9140, BOULDER, CO 80301-9140 USA SN 0091-7613 J9 GEOLOGY JI Geology PD JUN PY 2002 VL 30 IS 6 BP 547 EP 550 DI 10.1130/0091-7613(2002)030<0547:TCOGGF>2.0.CO;2 PG 4 WC Geology SC Geology GA 561QC UT WOS:000176152100016 ER PT J AU Vasco, DW Wicks, C Karasaki, K Marques, O Hulen, JB AF Vasco, DW Wicks, C Karasaki, K Marques, O Hulen, JB TI Geodetic imaging: reservoir monitoring using satellite interferometry SO GEOPHYSICAL JOURNAL INTERNATIONAL LA English DT Article DE geodesy; inverse problems; satellite interferometry; surface displacement ID SYNTHETIC-APERTURE RADAR; COSO GEOTHERMAL AREA; YELLOWSTONE CALDERA; SAR INTERFEROMETRY; LAND SUBSIDENCE; P-WAVE; DISPLACEMENT-FIELDS; SURFACE DEFORMATION; CRUSTAL DEFORMATION; INYO-COUNTY AB Fluid fluxes within subsurface reservoirs give rise to surface displacements, particularly over periods of a year or more. Observations of such deformation provide a powerful tool for mapping fluid migration within the Earth, providing new insights into reservoir dynamics. In this paper we use Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR) range changes to infer subsurface fluid volume strain at the Coso geothermal field. Furthermore, we conduct a complete model assessment, using an iterative approach to compute model parameter resolution and covariance matrices. The method is a generalization of a Lanczos-based technique which allows us to include fairly general regularization, such as roughness penalties. We find that we can resolve quite detailed lateral variations in volume strain both within the reservoir depth range (0.4-2.5 km) and below the geothermal production zone (2.5-5.0 km). The fractional volume change in all three layers of the model exceeds the estimated model parameter uncertainty by a factor of two or more. In the reservoir depth interval (0.4-2.5 km), the predominant volume change is associated with northerly and westerly oriented faults and their intersections. However, below the geothermal production zone proper [the depth range 2.5-5.0 km], there is the suggestion that both north- and northeast-trending faults may act as conduits for fluid flow. C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Natl Energy Res Sci Comp Ctr, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. RP Vasco, DW (reprint author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Natl Energy Res Sci Comp Ctr, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. RI Vasco, Donald/I-3167-2016 OI Vasco, Donald/0000-0003-1210-8628 NR 71 TC 36 Z9 36 U1 0 U2 14 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING LTD PI OXFORD PA 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DG, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0956-540X J9 GEOPHYS J INT JI Geophys. J. Int. PD JUN PY 2002 VL 149 IS 3 BP 555 EP 571 DI 10.1046/j.1365-246X.2002.01569.x PG 17 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 556FQ UT WOS:000175839100002 ER PT J AU Shapiro, AM AF Shapiro, AM TI Cautions and suggestions for geochemical sampling in fractured rock SO GROUND WATER MONITORING AND REMEDIATION LA English DT Article ID GROUND-WATER; CHLOROFLUOROCARBONS CCL3F; HYDROLOGIC TRACERS; MONITORING WELLS; DATING TOOLS; FLOW; CCL2F2; BIAS AB Collecting, water samples for geochemical analyses in open bedrock boreholes or in discrete intervals of boreholes intersected by multiple fractures is likely to yield ambiguous results for ground water chemistry because of the variability in the transmissivity, storativity, and hydraulic head of fractures intersecting the borehole. Interpreting chemical analyses of water samples collected in bedrock boreholes requires an understanding of the hydraulic conditions in the borehole under the ambient flow regime in the aquifer as well as during sampling. Pumping in open boreholes, regardless of the pumping rate and the location of the pump intake, first draws water from the borehole and then from fractures intersecting the borehole. The time at which the volumetric rate of water entering the borehole from fractures is approximately equal to the pumping rate can be identified by monitoring the logarithm of drawdown in the borehole as a function of the logarithm of time. Mixing of water entering the borehole from fractures with water in the borehole must be considered in estimating the time at which the pump discharge is representative of aquifer water. In boreholes intersected by multiple fractures, after the contribution from the borehole volume has diminished, the contribution of fractures to the pump discharge will be weighted according to their transmissivity, regardless of the location of the pump intake. This results in a flux-averaged concentration in the pump discharge that is biased by the chemical signature of those fractures with the highest transmissivity. Under conditions where the hydraulic head of fractures varies over the length of the borehole, open boreholes will be subject to ambient flow in the water column in the borehole. In some instances, the magnitude of the ambient flow may be similar to the designated pumping rate for collecting water samples for geochemical analyses. Under such conditions, the contributions to the pump discharge from individual fractures will be a function not only of the transmissivity of the fractures, but also of the distribution of hydraulic head in fractures intersecting the borehole. To reduce or eliminate the deleterious effects of conducting geochemical sampling in open boreholes, a straddle-packer apparatus that isolates a single fracture or a series of closely spaced fractures is recommended. It is also recommended that open boreholes be permanently outfitted with borehole packers or borehole liners in instances where maintaining the hydraulic and chemical stratification in the aquifer is of importance. In a Field example, a comparison of results from sampling in an open borehole and in discrete intervals of the same borehole showed dramatic differences in the concentrations of chemical constituents in the water samples, even though chemical field parameters stabilized prior to both open borehole and discrete interval sampling. C1 US Geol Survey, Natl Res Program, Reston, VA 20192 USA. RP Shapiro, AM (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Natl Res Program, 12201 Sunrise Valley Dr,Mail Stop 431, Reston, VA 20192 USA. NR 38 TC 22 Z9 22 U1 1 U2 6 PU GROUND WATER PUBLISHING CO PI WESTERVILLE PA 601 DEMPSEY RD, WESTERVILLE, OH 43081 USA SN 1069-3629 J9 GROUND WATER MONIT R JI Ground Water Monit. Remediat. PD SUM PY 2002 VL 22 IS 3 BP 151 EP 164 DI 10.1111/j.1745-6592.2002.tb00764.x PG 14 WC Water Resources SC Water Resources GA 588PE UT WOS:000177709200012 ER PT J AU Izbicki, JA Radyk, J Michel, RL AF Izbicki, JA Radyk, J Michel, RL TI Movement of water through the thick unsaturated zone underlying Oro Grande and Sheep Creek Washes in the western Mojave Desert, USA SO HYDROGEOLOGY JOURNAL LA English DT Article DE arid regions; groundwater recharge; radioactive isotopes; stable isotopes; unsaturated zone ID STABLE-ISOTOPE COMPOSITION; SOIL-WATER; ENVIRONMENTAL CHLORIDE; RECHARGE; CALIFORNIA; PRECIPITATION AB Previous studies indicate that a small quantity of recharge occurs from infiltration of streamflow in intermittent streams in the upper Mojave River basin, in the western Mojave Desert, near Victorville, California. Chloride, tritium, and stable isotope data collected in the unsaturated zone between 1994 and 1998 from boreholes drilled in Oro Grande and Sheep Creek Washes indicate that infiltration of streamflow occurs to depths below the root zone, and presumably to the water table, along much of Oro Grande Wash and near the mountain front along Sheep Creek Wash. Differences in infiltration at sites along each wash are the result of hydrologic variables such as proximity to the mountain front, quantity of strearnflow, and texture of the subsurface deposits. Differences in infiltration between the washes are the result of large-scale geomorphic processes. For example, Oro Grande wash is incised into the Victorville fan and infiltration has occurred at approximately the same location over recent geologic time. In contrast, Sheep Creek Wash overlies an active alluvial fan and the stream channel can move across the fan surface through time. Infiltration does not occur to depths below the root zone at control sites outside of the washes. C1 US Geol Survey, San Diego, CA 92123 USA. US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94024 USA. RP Izbicki, JA (reprint author), US Geol Survey, San Diego, CA 92123 USA. NR 51 TC 17 Z9 18 U1 3 U2 13 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 1431-2174 J9 HYDROGEOL J JI Hydrogeol. J. PD JUN PY 2002 VL 10 IS 3 BP 409 EP 427 DI 10.1007/s10040-002-0194-8 PG 19 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Geology; Water Resources GA 572XX UT WOS:000176801200007 ER PT J AU Bohlke, JK AF Bohlke, JK TI Groundwater recharge and agricultural contamination (vol 10, pg 153, 2002) SO HYDROGEOLOGY JOURNAL LA English DT Correction C1 US Geol Survey, Natl Ctr 431, Reston, VA 20192 USA. RP Bohlke, JK (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Natl Ctr 431, Reston, VA 20192 USA. NR 1 TC 23 Z9 24 U1 2 U2 12 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 1431-2174 J9 HYDROGEOL J JI Hydrogeol. J. PD JUN PY 2002 VL 10 IS 3 BP 438 EP 439 DI 10.1007/s10040-002-0210-z PG 2 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Geology; Water Resources GA 572XX UT WOS:000176801200009 ER PT J AU Adlerstein, SA Temming, A Mergardt, N AF Adlerstein, SA Temming, A Mergardt, N TI Comparison of stomach contents of haddock (Melanogrammus aeglefinus) from the 1981 and 1991 North Sea International Stomach Sampling Projects SO ICES JOURNAL OF MARINE SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE generalized models; stomach contents; North Sea haddock; feeding ID COD GADUS-MORHUA; MODELS AB This Study analyses data from over 20 000 haddock stomachs collected during the 198 1 and 1991 Stomach Sampling Projects of the North Sea. Sampling was within the framework of the Multispecies Virtual Population Analysis (MSVPA) for fisheries stock assessment. In 1981 stomachs were collected to calculate input feeding parameters from main predators. During 1991 the sampling exercise was repeated to test stability of the parameters in the region. We investigate stability of haddock stomach content weight between years accounting for ontogenic, spatial and temporal variations within the scope of the survey resolution. Analysis using generalized linear and additive models is performed for weight of the stomach content including and excluding empty stomachs and also for proportion of stomachs without food. Results indicate that haddock stomach contents varied significantly between years, quarters and North Sea roundfish areas. Content weights were overall higher in 1981 than ill 1991. In 1981 levels were high from spring to fall and in 1991 mostly in spring. During both years levels were lowest in the central North Sea and in winter. Most of file deviance in modelling the stomach weight is explained by the length of the predator. Stomachs sampled in 1981 were most frequently empty in spring and those sampled in 1991 in winter. In both years, proportions decreased with fish length except in winter when levels increased. Proportion of empty stomachs was highest in the central region of the North Sea. Most of the proportion variation is explained by quarterly fluctuation. Variation of content weight can be related to prey composition found in the stomachs. High stomach contents are generally associated with high contribution of fish prey to the total stomach content, mainly sandeels. We propose that sandeels were more Vulnerable to predation in 1981 than in 1991 due to colder temperatures. (C) 2002 International Council for the Exploration of the Sea. Published by Elsevier science Ltd. C1 Univ Hamburg, Inst Hydrobiol & Fishereiwissensch, D-22767 Hamburg, Germany. RP Adlerstein, SA (reprint author), Univ Michigan, Sch Nat Resources & Environm, USGS Great Lakes & Sci Ctr, Museum Annex 1381,1451 Green Rd, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA. NR 46 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 9 PU ACADEMIC PRESS LTD ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI LONDON PA 24-28 OVAL RD, LONDON NW1 7DX, ENGLAND SN 1054-3139 J9 ICES J MAR SCI JI ICES J. Mar. Sci. PD JUN PY 2002 VL 59 IS 3 BP 497 EP 515 DI 10.1006/jmsc.2002.1197 PG 19 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA 570YB UT WOS:000176687100005 ER PT J AU Ellefsen, KJ Hsieh, PA Shapiro, AM AF Ellefsen, KJ Hsieh, PA Shapiro, AM TI Crosswell seismic investigation of hydraulically conductive, fractured bedrock near Mirror Lake, New Hampshire SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED GEOPHYSICS LA English DT Article DE tomography; crosshole methods; seismic methods; hydraulic conductivity; permeability; fractures ID TRAVEL-TIME TOMOGRAPHY; RESOLUTION LIMITS; ATTENUATION; INVERSION; VELOCITY; WAVES; ROCK AB Near Mirror Lake, New Hampshire (USA), hydraulically conductive,. fractured bedrock was investigated with the crosswell seismic method to determine whether this method could provide any information about hydraulic conductivity between wells. To this end, crosswell seismic data, acoustic logs from boreholes, image logs from boreholes, and single borehole hydraulic tests were analyzed. The analysis showed that, first, the P-wave velocities from the acoustic logs tended to be higher in schist than they were in granite. (Schist and granite were the dominant rock types). Second, the P-wave velocities from the acoustic logs tended to be low near fractures. Third, the hydraulic conductivity was always low (always less than to 10(-8) m/s) where no fractures intersected the borehole, but the hydraulic conductivity ranged from low to high (from less than to 10(-10) m/s to 10(-4) m/s) where one or more fractures intersected the borehole. Fourth, high hydraulic conductivities were slightly more frequent when the P-wave velocity was low (less than 5200 m/s) than when it was high (greater than or equal to 5200 m/s). The interpretation of this statistical relation was that the fractures tended to increase the hydraulic conductivity and to lower the P-wave velocity. This statistical relation was applied to a velocity tomogram to create a map showing the probability of high hydraulic conductivity; the map was consistent with results from independent hydraulic tests. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 US Geol Survey, Denver, CO 80215 USA. US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. US Geol Survey, Reston, VA 20192 USA. RP Ellefsen, KJ (reprint author), US Geol Survey, MS 964,Box 25046, Denver, CO 80215 USA. NR 35 TC 15 Z9 16 U1 1 U2 4 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0926-9851 J9 J APPL GEOPHYS JI J. Appl. Geophys. PD JUN PY 2002 VL 50 IS 3 BP 299 EP 317 AR PII S0926-9851(02)00149-0 DI 10.1016/S0926-9851(02)00149-0 PG 19 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Mining & Mineral Processing SC Geology; Mining & Mineral Processing GA 580UV UT WOS:000177255200005 ER PT J AU Gill, VA Hatch, SA AF Gill, VA Hatch, SA TI Components of productivity in black-legged kittiwakes Rissa tridactyla: response to supplemental feeding SO JOURNAL OF AVIAN BIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID VALDEZ OIL-SPILL; REPRODUCTIVE SUCCESS; ADDITIONAL FOOD; PARENTAL EFFORT; ENERGY DENSITY; FORAGE FISHES; LARUS-FUSCUS; CHICK GROWTH; BACKED GULL; ALASKA AB In contrast to the high productivity of black-legged kittiwakes in Britain, kittiwakes at many colonies in Alaska have failed chronically to reproduce since the mid 1970s. To determine if food is limiting productivity and, if so, at what stages of nesting food shortages are most severe, in 1996 and 1997 we supplementally fed kittiwakes nesting on an abandoned building. The effects of feeding were stronger in 1997 than in 1996, possibly because naturally occurring prey were of poorer quality in 1997. Consumption of supplemental herring declined as egg laying approached then increased slowly during incubation and more rapidly after hatching. All of the six components of productivity we studied were improved by supplemental feeding to some degree. Supplemental food did not significantly alter laying success in either year, although fed pairs bred at slightly higher rates than unfed pairs in 1997, the poorer food year. In 1996 and 1997, extra food noticeably increased clutch size and hatching success, but significantly so only in 1997. Fledging success and productivity were substantially augmented by feeding in both years. Fed pairs fledged twice as many chicks per nest as did unfed pairs in 1996 and three times as many in 1997. Fed and unfed pairs lost most of their potential productivity through the inability to hatch eggs, and secondarily because of their poor success at raising chicks. The benefits of supplemental feeding did not carry over from one stage of breeding to another. Pairs cut off from supplemental food after laying or hatching performed similarly to pairs that had not been previously fed. This study provides benchmark values of breeding performance attainable by kittiwakes in Alaska under optimal conditions. These values are comparable to highly productive colonies in Britain and suggest that differences in life-history characteristics between Pacific and Atlantic breeding populations are primarily controlled by food supply. C1 US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Anchorage, AK 99503 USA. RP Gill, VA (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, 1011 E Tudor Rd,MS 701, Anchorage, AK 99503 USA. NR 45 TC 63 Z9 64 U1 1 U2 8 PU BLACKWELL MUNKSGAARD PI COPENHAGEN PA 35 NORRE SOGADE, PO BOX 2148, DK-1016 COPENHAGEN, DENMARK SN 0908-8857 J9 J AVIAN BIOL JI J. Avian Biol. PD JUN PY 2002 VL 33 IS 2 BP 113 EP 126 DI 10.1034/j.1600-048X.2002.330201.x PG 14 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA 560TH UT WOS:000176097100002 ER PT J AU Morton, RA AF Morton, RA TI Factors controlling storm impacts on coastal barriers and beaches - A preliminary basis for near real-time forecasting SO JOURNAL OF COASTAL RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE coastal morphology; storm impacts; predictive models; near real-time forecasting ID GULF-OF-MEXICO; USA; NORTH; BAY AB Analysis of ground conditions and meteorological and oceanographic parameters for some of the most severe Atlantic and Gulf Coast storms in the U.S. reveals the primary factors affecting morphological storm responses of beaches and barrier islands. The principal controlling factors are storm characteristics, geographic position relative to storm path, timing of storm events, duration of wave exposure, wind stress, degree of flow confinement, antecedent topography and geologic framework, sediment textures, vegetative cover, and type and density of coastal development. A classification of commonly observed storm responses demonstrates the sequential interrelations among (1) land elevations, (2) water elevations in the ocean and adjacent lagoon (if present), and (3) stages of rising water during the storm. The predictable coastal responses, in relative order from high frequency beach erosion to low frequency barrier inundation, include: beach erosion, berm migration, dune erosion, washover terrace construction, perched fan deposition, sheetwash, washover channel incision, washout formation, and forced and unforced ebb flow. Near real-time forecasting of expected storm impacts is possible if the following information is available for the coast: a detailed morphological and topographic characterization, accurate storm-surge and wave-runup models, the real-time reporting of storm parameters, accurate forecasts of the storm position relative to a particular coastal segment, and a conceptual model of geological processes that encompasses observed morphological changes caused by extreme storms. C1 US Geol Survey, Ctr Coastal & Marine Geol, St Petersburg, FL 33701 USA. RP Morton, RA (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Ctr Coastal & Marine Geol, 600 4th St S, St Petersburg, FL 33701 USA. NR 51 TC 77 Z9 78 U1 0 U2 18 PU COASTAL EDUCATION & RESEARCH FOUNDATION PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH STREET, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0749-0208 J9 J COASTAL RES JI J. Coast. Res. PD SUM PY 2002 VL 18 IS 3 BP 486 EP 501 PG 16 WC Environmental Sciences; Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Physical Geography; Geology GA 589JZ UT WOS:000177756400007 ER PT J AU Stockdon, HF Sallenger, AH List, JH Holman, RA AF Stockdon, HF Sallenger, AH List, JH Holman, RA TI Estimation of shoreline position and change using airborne topographic lidar data SO JOURNAL OF COASTAL RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE beach processes; coastal change; remote sensing; storm impact assessment ID BEACH; ACCURACY AB A method has been developed for estimating shoreline position from airborne scanning laser data. This technique allows rapid estimation of objective, GPS-based shoreline positions over hundreds of kilometers of coast, essential for the assessment of large-scale coastal behavior. Shoreline position, defined as the cross-shore position of a vertical shoreline datum, is found by fitting a function to cross-shore profiles of laser altimetry data located in a vertical range around the datum and then evaluating the function at the specified datum. Error bars on horizontal position are directly calculated as the 95% confidence interval on the mean value based on the Student's t distribution of the errors of the regression. The technique was tested using lidar data collected with NASA's Airborne Topographic Mapper (ATM) in September 1997 on the Outer Banks of North Carolina. Estimated lidar-based shoreline position was compared to shoreline position as measured by a ground-based GPS vehicle survey system. The two methods agreed closely with a root mean square difference of 2.9 m. The mean 95% confidence interval for shoreline position was +/- 1.4 m. The technique has been applied to a study of shoreline change on Assateague Island, Maryland/Virginia, where three ATM data sets were used to assess the statistics of large-scale shoreline change caused by a major 'northeaster' winter storm. The accuracy of both the lidar system and the technique described provides measures of shoreline position and change that are ideal for studying storm-scale variability over large spatial scales. C1 US Geol Survey, Ctr Coastal Geol, St Petersburg, FL 33701 USA. US Geol Survey, Woods Hole Field Ctr, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. Oregon State Univ, Coll Ocean & Atmospher Sci, Corvallis, OR 97330 USA. RP Stockdon, HF (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Ctr Coastal Geol, 600 4th St S, St Petersburg, FL 33701 USA. OI Stockdon, Hilary/0000-0003-0791-4676 NR 23 TC 148 Z9 159 U1 2 U2 23 PU COASTAL EDUCATION & RESEARCH FOUNDATION PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH STREET, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0749-0208 J9 J COASTAL RES JI J. Coast. Res. PD SUM PY 2002 VL 18 IS 3 BP 502 EP 513 PG 12 WC Environmental Sciences; Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Physical Geography; Geology GA 589JZ UT WOS:000177756400008 ER PT J AU Killingstad, MW Widdowson, MA Smith, RL AF Killingstad, MW Widdowson, MA Smith, RL TI Modeling enhanced in situ denitrification in groundwater SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING-ASCE LA English DT Article DE denitrification; groundwater; nitrates; Massachusetts; nitrites; biological treatment ID GRADIENT TRACER TESTS; NITRATE CONTAMINATION; WATER DISCHARGE; POROUS-MEDIA; AQUIFER; TRANSPORT; SUBSTRATE; REDUCTION; NITROGEN; NUTRIENT AB A two-dimensional numerical solute transport model was developed for simulating an enhanced in situ denitrification experiment performed in a nitrate-contaminated aquifer on Cape Cod, Massachusetts. In this experiment, formate (HCOO-) was injected for a period of 26 days into the carbon-limited aquifer to stimulate denitrification. Calibration of the vertical-profile site model was demonstrated through error analysis and comparison with formate, nitrate, and nitrite concentration data monitored along a transect of three multilevel groundwater sampling wells for 75 days after initial injection. Formate utilization rates were approximately 142 and 38 muM/day for nitrate and nitrite reduction, respectively. Nitrate and nitrite utilization rates were approximately 29 and 8 muM/day, respectively. Nitrate utilization rates under enhanced conditions were 1 order of magnitude greater than previously reported naturally occurring rates, The nitrite production rate was approximately 29 muM/day, Persistence of nitrite was attributed to a combination of factors, including electron donor (formate) limitation late in the experiment, preferential utilization of nitrate as an electron acceptor, and greater nitrite production relative to nitrite utilization. C1 Virginia Polytech Inst & State Univ, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA. ARCADIS Geraghty & Miller Inc, Millersville, MD 21108 USA. US Geol Survey, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RP Widdowson, MA (reprint author), Virginia Polytech Inst & State Univ, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA. RI Smith, Richard/A-6733-2008; Lucas, Elizabeth/E-2733-2010 OI Smith, Richard/0000-0002-3829-0125; NR 46 TC 17 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 3 PU ASCE-AMER SOC CIVIL ENGINEERS PI RESTON PA 1801 ALEXANDER BELL DR, RESTON, VA 20191-4400 USA SN 0733-9372 J9 J ENVIRON ENG-ASCE JI J. Environ. Eng.-ASCE PD JUN PY 2002 VL 128 IS 6 BP 491 EP 504 DI 10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9372(2002)128:6(491) PG 14 WC Engineering, Environmental; Engineering, Civil; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 554FE UT WOS:000175722700004 ER PT J AU Dieni, JS Jones, SL AF Dieni, JS Jones, SL TI A field test of the area search method for measuring breeding bird populations SO JOURNAL OF FIELD ORNITHOLOGY LA English DT Article DE abundance; grasslands; landbirds; richness; shelterbelts; South Dakota; spot mapping; surveys AB This paper evaluates the effectiveness of the area search method to measure breeding landbird populations at the plot level. During June 1999, 10 plots in grassland and shelterbelt habitats of north-central South Dakota were surveyed three times using the area search method. The results were then compared with those simultaneously obtained by the spot mapping census method, which served as the standard for comparison. Area searches detected an average of 96.0% of the landbird species present on the grassland plots, and 84.2% of the species on the shelterbelt plots. Species accumulation curves were identical between techniques, suggesting that an increase in number of visits to each plot would likely increase the number of species detected during area search surveys. Estimates of territory density from spot mapping were available for five passerine species. Across all species, area searches underestimated territory densities by an average of 50% when visit data were summarized by taking the average. When data were summarized using the maximum value among visits to each plot, area searches underestimated territory density by an average of 26%. Precision of density estimates using area search was similar between summarization methods, and was generally lower in comparison to spot mapping. Across all species, area search and spot mapping density estimates were strongly associated, suggesting that area search has potential as an index to abundance. However, correlation coefficients in abundance varied considerably within individual species. Since area search surveys typically underestimated both species richness and density of territories, further experimentation with increased survey duration is warranted. C1 US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Denver, CO 80225 USA. Redstart Consulting, Evergreen, CO 80439 USA. RP Jones, SL (reprint author), US Fish & Wildlife Serv, POB 25486 DFC, Denver, CO 80225 USA. NR 14 TC 13 Z9 14 U1 2 U2 16 PU ASSOC FIELD ORNITHOLOGISTS PI STATESBORO PA GEORGIA SOUTHERN UNIV, DEPT BIOLOGY, STATESBORO, GA 30460-8042 USA SN 0273-8570 J9 J FIELD ORNITHOL JI J. Field Ornithol. PD SUM PY 2002 VL 73 IS 3 BP 253 EP 257 PG 5 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA 583LJ UT WOS:000177409100003 ER PT J AU Stanley, TR AF Stanley, TR TI How many kilojoules does a Black-billed Magpie nest cost? SO JOURNAL OF FIELD ORNITHOLOGY LA English DT Article DE energetic costs; nest building; nesting; Pica hudsonia ID PICA-PICA; SEXUAL SELECTION; FLIGHT AB Energetic costs of nest construction are difficult to estimate for birds, and currently estimates are available for only a handful of species. In this paper, I estimate the minimum cost of nest construction by a pair of Black-billed Magpies (Pica hudsonia). Data on the number of sticks, and mud pellets comprising a nest were used to determine the minimum number of trips required to construct the nest, and were combined with information on distances to the nearest sources of nesting materials, data on flight speeds, and bird morphometric measures to estimate costs of transporting nesting materials. For the Black-billed Magpie pair I observed, nest construction required a minimum of 2564 trips for nesting materials, 276.2 km of commuting, 8.4 h of flight, and cost 209.1 kJ. Spreading this cost over the 40 d required to build the nest yields an estimate of 2.61 kJ/adult/day. I compared this value to published estimates of daily metabolizable energy intake for Black-billed Magpies, and calculated that breeding adults would need to increase their daily intake between 0.7% and 1.0% to cover the energetic costs of nest construction. In contrast, egg laying is estimated to require a full 23% of the daily energy expenditure of female magpies, These values suggest the energetic cost of nest building in Black-billed Magpies is relatively insignificant. C1 US Geol Survey, Midcontinent Ecol Sci Ctr, Ft Collins, CO 80525 USA. RP Stanley, TR (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Midcontinent Ecol Sci Ctr, 4512 McMurry Ave, Ft Collins, CO 80525 USA. NR 23 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 1 U2 6 PU ASSOC FIELD ORNITHOLOGISTS PI STATESBORO PA GEORGIA SOUTHERN UNIV, DEPT BIOLOGY, STATESBORO, GA 30460-8042 USA SN 0273-8570 J9 J FIELD ORNITHOL JI J. Field Ornithol. PD SUM PY 2002 VL 73 IS 3 BP 292 EP 297 PG 6 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA 583LJ UT WOS:000177409100008 ER PT J AU Seitz, AC Weng, KC Boustany, AM Block, BA AF Seitz, AC Weng, KC Boustany, AM Block, BA TI Behaviour of a sharptail mola in the Gulf of Mexico SO JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Masturus lanceolatus; pop-up satellite archival tag; PSAT; Gulf of Mexico ID ATLANTIC BLUEFIN TUNA; MOVEMENTS AB A sharptail mola Masturus lanceolatus was tagged and released with a pop-up satellite archival tag in the Gulf of Mexico and tracked for 61 days. The fish travelled a horizontal distance of 594 km while generally staying in water <200 m depth and >20degreesC. Occasionally the sharptail mola dived to depths >700 m and experienced water colder than 6degreesC. (C) 2002 The Fisheries Society of the British Isles. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Monterey Bay Aquarium Res Inst, Tuna Res & Conservat Ctr, Monterey, CA 93940 USA. Stanford Univ, Hopkins Marine Stn, Tuna Res & Conservat Ctr, Pacific Grove, CA 93950 USA. RP Seitz, AC (reprint author), USGS, BRD, Alaska Sci Ctr, 1011 E Tudor Rd,MS701, Anchorage, AK 99503 USA. RI Weng, Kevin Chi-Ming/C-4709-2013 OI Weng, Kevin Chi-Ming/0000-0002-7069-7152 NR 12 TC 13 Z9 17 U1 1 U2 6 PU ACADEMIC PRESS LTD ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI LONDON PA 24-28 OVAL RD, LONDON NW1 7DX, ENGLAND SN 0022-1112 J9 J FISH BIOL JI J. Fish Biol. PD JUN PY 2002 VL 60 IS 6 BP 1597 EP 1602 DI 10.1006/jfbi.2002.2009 PG 6 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 600RW UT WOS:000178406000021 ER PT J AU Quist, MC Guy, CS Bernot, RJ Stephen, JL AF Quist, MC Guy, CS Bernot, RJ Stephen, JL TI Efficiency of removing food items from walleyes using acrylic tubes SO JOURNAL OF FRESHWATER ECOLOGY LA English DT Article ID SURVIVAL AB The use of acrylic tubes is a common nonlethal method for sampling stomach contents of fishes; however, the effectiveness of the method for sampling food habits of walleyes (Stizostedion vitreum) has not been assessed. The purpose of this study was to determine the efficiency of acrylic tubes for sampling stomach contents of walleyes sampled from Glen Elder Reservoir, Kansas (1999-2000). We found that percent recovery by number and weight was generally above 50% for most prey taxa and was similar between small (< 3 80 mm) and large (greater than or equal to 380 mm) walleyes. These relatively poor recovery rates were not related to prey type, length of prey, or walleye length. We suggest that researchers test the efficiency of tubing in their study system or use a more efficient method, such as stomach flushing, to nonlethally sample walleye stomach contents. C1 US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Manhattan, KS 66506 USA. Kansas State Univ, Div Biol, Kansas Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Manhattan, KS 66506 USA. Kansas Dept Wildlife & Pk, Emporia, KS 66801 USA. RP Quist, MC (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, 205 Leasure Hall, Manhattan, KS 66506 USA. NR 18 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 1 PU OIKOS PUBL INC PI LA CROSSE PA PO BOX 2558, LA CROSSE, WI 54601 USA SN 0270-5060 J9 J FRESHWATER ECOL JI J. Freshw. Ecol. PD JUN PY 2002 VL 17 IS 2 BP 179 EP 184 DI 10.1080/02705060.2002.9663885 PG 6 WC Ecology; Limnology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 552XX UT WOS:000175646300002 ER PT J AU Winkelman, DL Van Den Avyle, MJ AF Winkelman, DL Van Den Avyle, MJ TI A comparison of diets of blueback herring (Alosa aestivalis) and threadfin shad (Dorosoma petenense) in a large Southeastern US reservoir SO JOURNAL OF FRESHWATER ECOLOGY LA English DT Article ID ZOOPLANKTON COMMUNITY; MORPHOLOGY; WATERS; SHIFTS; SIZE AB The objective of this study was to determine dietary overlap between blueback herring and threadfin shad in J. Strom Thrumond Reservoir, South Carolina/Georgia. We also evaluated prey selectivity for each speices and diet differences between two size categories of blueback herring. Diet and zooplankton samples were collected every other month from April 1992 to February 1994. We examined stomachs containing prey from 170 large blueback herring (>140mm), 96 small blueback herring (<140mm), and 109 threadfin shad, and we also examined 45 zooplankton samples. Large blueback herring diets differed significantly from threadfin shad diets on 11 of 12 sampling dates, and small blueback herring diets differed from threadfin shad diets on all sampling dates. In general, blueback herring consumed proportionally more copepods and fewer Bosmina sp. and rotifers than threadfin shad. Large and small blueback herring diets were significantly different on five of eight sampling dates, primarily due to the tendency of small blueback herring to eat proportionally more Bosmina sp. than large blueback herring. Both blueback herring and threadfin shad fed selectively during some periods of the year. Diet differences between the species may contribute to their coexistence; however, both blueback herring and threadfin shad showed a strong preference for Bosmina sp., increasing the chance that they may negatively influence one another. C1 Univ Georgia, DB Warnell Sch Forest Resources, Georgia Cooperat Fish & Wildlfie Res Unit, Athens, GA 30602 USA. RP Winkelman, DL (reprint author), Oklahoma State Univ, US Geol Survey, Oklahoma Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, 404 Life Sci W, Stillwater, OK 74078 USA. NR 23 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 3 U2 13 PU OIKOS PUBL INC PI LA CROSSE PA PO BOX 2558, LA CROSSE, WI 54601 USA SN 0270-5060 J9 J FRESHWATER ECOL JI J. Freshw. Ecol. PD JUN PY 2002 VL 17 IS 2 BP 209 EP 221 DI 10.1080/02705060.2002.9663889 PG 13 WC Ecology; Limnology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 552XX UT WOS:000175646300006 ER PT J AU Johnson, JR Christensen, PR Lucey, PG AF Johnson, JR Christensen, PR Lucey, PG TI Dust coatings on basaltic rocks and implications for thermal infrared spectroscopy of Mars SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-PLANETS LA English DT Review DE spectra, thermal infrared; coatings; remote sensing; Mars; spectra, thermal emission ID EMISSION SPECTROMETER EXPERIMENT; PARTICULATE PLANETARY SURFACES; MARTIAN SURFACE; MU-M; REFLECTANCE SPECTRA; PARTICLE-SIZE; PHYSICAL-PROPERTIES; PATHFINDER CAMERA; DESERT VARNISH; COATED BASALTS AB [1] Thin coatings of atmospherically deposited dust can mask the spectral characteristics of underlying surfaces on Mars from the visible to thermal infrared wavelengths, making identification of substrate and coating mineralogy difficult from lander and orbiter spectrometer data. To study the spectral effects of dust coatings, we acquired thermal emission and hemispherical reflectance spectra (5-25 mum; 2000-400 cm(-1)) of basaltic andesite coated with different thicknesses of air fall-deposited palagonitic soils, fine-grained ceramic clay powders, and terrestrial loess. The results show that thin coatings (10-20 mum) reduce the spectral contrast of the rock substrate substantially, consistent with previous work. This contrast reduction continues linearly with increasing coating thickness until a "saturation thickness'' is reached, after which little further change is observed. The saturation thickness of the spectrally flat palagonite coatings is similar to100-120 mum, whereas that for coatings with higher spectral contrast is only similar to50-75 mum. Spectral differences among coated and uncoated samples correlate with measured coating thicknesses in a quadratic manner, whereas correlations with estimated surface area coverage are better fit by linear functions. Linear mixture modeling of coated samples using the rock substrate and coating materials as end-members is also consistent with their measured coating thicknesses and areal coverage. A comparison of ratios of Thermal Emission Spectrometer (TES) spectra of dark and bright intracrater and windstreak deposits associated with Radau crater suggests that the dark windstreak material may be coated with as much as 90% areal coverage of palagonitic dust. The data presented here also will help improve interpretations of upcoming mini-TES and Thermal Emission Imaging System (THEMIS) observations of coated Mars surface materials. C1 US Geol Survey, Branch Astrogeol, Flagstaff, AZ 86001 USA. Arizona State Univ, Dept Geol, Tempe, AZ 85287 USA. Univ Hawaii Manoa, Hawaii Inst Geol & Planetol, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. RP Johnson, JR (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Branch Astrogeol, 2255 N Gemini Dr, Flagstaff, AZ 86001 USA. RI Johnson, Jeffrey/F-3972-2015 NR 129 TC 28 Z9 28 U1 2 U2 6 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0148-0227 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-PLANET JI J. Geophys. Res.-Planets PD JUN PY 2002 VL 107 IS E6 AR 5035 DI 10.1029/2000JE001405 PG 20 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 610TW UT WOS:000178977900012 ER PT J AU Toda, S Stein, RS AF Toda, S Stein, RS TI Response of the San Andreas fault to the 1983 Coalinga-Nunez earthquakes: An application of interaction-based probabilities for Parkfield SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SOLID EARTH LA English DT Article DE Coalinga earthquake; Parkfield; stress change; earthquake probability; seismicity rate ID NORTHERN HAYWARD FAULT; 1992-1994 PARKFIELD; ANATOLIAN FAULT; CALIFORNIA; SEISMICITY; PREDICTION; MAGNITUDE; CREEP; FAILURE; JAPAN AB [1] The Parkfield-Cholame section of the San Andreas fault, site of an unfulfilled earthquake forecast in 1985, is the best monitored section of the world's most closely watched fault. In 1983, the M = 6.5 Coalinga and M = 6.0 Nunez events struck 25 km northeast of Parkfield. Seismicity rates climbed for 18 months along the creeping section of the San Andreas north of Parkfield and dropped for 6 years along the locked section to the south. Right-lateral creep also slowed or reversed from Parkfield south. Here we calculate that the Coalinga sequence increased the shear and Coulomb stress on the creeping section, causing the rate of small shocks to rise until the added stress was shed by additional slip. However, the 1983 events decreased the shear and Coulomb stress on the Parkfield segment, causing surface creep and seismicity rates to drop. We use these observations to cast the likelihood of a Parkfield earthquake into an interaction-based probability, which includes both the renewal of stress following the 1966 Parkfield earthquake and the stress transfer from the 1983 Coalinga events. We calculate that the 1983 shocks dropped the 10-year probability of a M similar to 6 Parkfield earthquake by 22% (from 54 +/- 22% to 42 +/- 23%) and that the probability did not recover until about 1991, when seismicity and creep resumed. Our analysis may thus explain why the Parkfield earthquake did not strike in the 1980s, but not why it was absent in the 1990s. We calculate a 58 +/- 17% probability of a M similar to 6 Parkfield earthquake during 2001-2011. C1 Natl Inst Adv Ind Sci & Technol, Geol Survey Japan, Act Fault Res Ctr, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 3058567, Japan. US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. RP Toda, S (reprint author), Natl Inst Adv Ind Sci & Technol, Geol Survey Japan, Act Fault Res Ctr, Higashi 1-1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 3058567, Japan. EM s-toda@aist.go.jp; rstein@usgs.gov NR 45 TC 96 Z9 97 U1 1 U2 5 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-9313 EI 2169-9356 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-SOL EA JI J. Geophys. Res.-Solid Earth PD JUN PY 2002 VL 107 IS B6 AR 2126 DI 10.1029/2001JB000172 PG 19 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 610YZ UT WOS:000178990800002 ER PT J AU Fogarty, JH Vilella, FJ AF Fogarty, JH Vilella, FJ TI Population dynamics of Eleutherodactylus coqui in Cordillera forest reserves of Puerto Rico SO JOURNAL OF HERPETOLOGY LA English DT Article ID RETREAT SITES; TROPICAL FROG; LEPTODACTYLIDAE; BEHAVIOR; ANURA AB Various aspects of population structure and dynamics of Eleutherodactylus coqui in two forest reserves (Maricao and Guilarte) of the central mountain range of Puerto Rico were determined between July 1997 and June 1998. Adult density ranged from 8-25 animals/100 m(2) for the wet season and 3-19 animals/100 m(2) for the dry season. Abundance of froglets and juveniles was also greater in the wet season compared to the dry season. By contrast, egg mass counts were greater in the dry season compared to the wet season. Adult body size increased from wet to dry season as population density declined and was found to differ significantly between forests. Adult E. coqui trapped at similar elevations were larger in Guilarte compared to those in Maricao. Average body size for Maricao and Guilarte populations were smaller than those reported for populations in eastern Puerto Rico. Comparing average snout-vent length among frogs from the Luquillo Mountains, Guilarte Forest, and Maricao Forest, a gradient of decreasing body size was observed from east to west across the island. C1 Mississippi State Univ, Dept Wildlife & Fisheries, USGS Biol Resources Div, Mississippi Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Mississippi State, MS 39762 USA. RP Vilella, FJ (reprint author), Mississippi State Univ, Dept Wildlife & Fisheries, USGS Biol Resources Div, Mississippi Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Mississippi State, MS 39762 USA. NR 34 TC 11 Z9 12 U1 1 U2 9 PU SOC STUDY AMPHIBIANS REPTILES PI ST LOUIS PA C/O ROBERT D ALDRIDGE, ST LOUIS UNIV, DEPT BIOLOGY, 3507 LACLEDE, ST LOUIS, MO 63103 USA SN 0022-1511 J9 J HERPETOL JI J. Herpetol. PD JUN PY 2002 VL 36 IS 2 BP 193 EP 201 DI 10.1670/0022-1511(2002)036[0193:PDOECI]2.0.CO;2 PG 9 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA 566YX UT WOS:000176456800008 ER PT J AU Glennemeier, KA Begnoche, LJ AF Glennemeier, KA Begnoche, LJ TI Impact of organochlorine contamination on amphibian populations in southwestern Michigan SO JOURNAL OF HERPETOLOGY LA English DT Article ID FROG RANA-CLAMITANS; POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYL CONGENERS; LIFE STAGE DEVELOPMENT; BALD EAGLE EGGS; FUNCTIONAL INTEGRITY; ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINANTS; ORCHARD WETLANDS; IN-VIVO; TADPOLES; EXPOSURE AB Organochlorine compounds (OCs) persist in the environment and can impair development and reproduction in birds, fish, mammals, and other wildlife. However, despite concerns about amphibian population declines and developmental deformities, little is known about the impact of OCs or other pollutants on amphibian populations. In the current study, five polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB)-contaminated wetlands were surveyed for anuran densities relative to four uncontaminated sites. Despite our finding that sediments contained PCB concentrations toxic to some organisms, we found no significant correlation between anuran density or species richness and severity of PCB contamination. In the laboratory, tadpoles and eggs of Rana pipiens and Rana utricularia were negatively affected by PCB concentrations comparable to field levels. Ranid adults and larvae collected from contaminated field sites contained tissue total PCB levels much lower than that of the sediments. Therefore, the apparent lack of population-level impact of PCBs in the field may be explained by limited contaminant accumulation, rather than low physiological sensitivity to chronic PCB exposure. C1 Univ Michigan, Dept Biol, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA. RP Glennemeier, KA (reprint author), Natl Audubon Soc Chicago Region, 55225 Old Orchard Rd,Suite 37, Skokie, IL 60077 USA. EM kglennemeier@audubon.org NR 52 TC 12 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 12 PU SOC STUDY AMPHIBIANS REPTILES PI ST LOUIS PA C/O ROBERT D ALDRIDGE, ST LOUIS UNIV, DEPT BIOLOGY, 3507 LACLEDE, ST LOUIS, MO 63103 USA SN 0022-1511 EI 1937-2418 J9 J HERPETOL JI J. Herpetol. PD JUN PY 2002 VL 36 IS 2 BP 233 EP 244 PG 12 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA 566YX UT WOS:000176456800013 ER PT J AU Milly, PCD Shmakin, AB AF Milly, PCD Shmakin, AB TI Global modeling of land water and energy balances. Part I: the land dynamics (LaD) model SO JOURNAL OF HYDROMETEOROLOGY LA English DT Article ID SURFACE PARAMETERIZATION SCHEMES; GENERAL-CIRCULATION MODELS; SOIL-MOISTURE; STOMATAL-RESISTANCE; CLIMATE; SIMULATIONS; VEGETATION; PROJECT; PHASE; SENSITIVITY AB A simple model of large-scale land (continental) water and energy balances is presented. The model is an extension of an earlier scheme with a record of successful application in climate modeling. The most important changes from the original model include 1) introduction of non-water-stressed stomatal control of transpiration, in order to correct a tendency toward excessive evaporation; 2) conversion from globally constant parameters (with the exception of vegetation-dependent snow-free surface albedo) to more complete vegetation and soil dependence of all parameters, in order to provide more realistic representation of geographic variations in water and energy balances and to enable model-based investigations of land-cover change; 3) introduction of soil sensible heat storage and transport, in order to move toward realistic diurnal-cycle modeling; 4) a groundwater (saturated-zone) storage reservoir, in order to provide more realistic temporal variability of runoff; and 5) a rudimentary runoff-routing scheme for delivery of runoff to the ocean, in order to provide realistic freshwater forcing of the ocean general circulation model component of a global climate model. The new model is tested with forcing from the International Satellite Land Surface Climatology Project Initiative I global dataset and a recently produced observation-based water-balance dataset for major river basins of the world. Model performance is evaluated by comparing computed and observed runoff ratios from many major river basins of the world. Special attention is given to distinguishing between two components of the apparent runoff ratio error: the part due to intrinsic model error and the part due to errors in the assumed precipitation forcing. The pattern of discrepancies between modeled and observed runoff ratios is consistent with results from a companion study of precipitation estimation errors. The new model is tuned by adjustment of a globally constant scale factor for non-water-stressed stomatal resistance. After tuning, significant overestimation of runoff is found in environments where an overall arid climate includes a brief but intense wet season. It is shown that this error may be explained by the neglect of upward soil water diffusion from below the root zone during the dry season. With the exception of such basins, and in the absence of precipitation errors, it is estimated that annual runoff ratios simulated by the model would have a root-mean-square error of about 0.05. The new model matches observations better than its predecessor, which has a negative runoff bias and greater scatter. C1 NOAA, Div Water Resources, US Geol Survey, Geophys Fluid Dynam Lab, Princeton, NJ 08542 USA. RP Milly, PCD (reprint author), NOAA, Div Water Resources, US Geol Survey, Geophys Fluid Dynam Lab, POB 308, Princeton, NJ 08542 USA. NR 45 TC 229 Z9 232 U1 3 U2 32 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 1525-755X J9 J HYDROMETEOROL JI J. Hydrometeorol. PD JUN PY 2002 VL 3 IS 3 BP 283 EP 299 DI 10.1175/1525-7541(2002)003<0283:GMOLWA>2.0.CO;2 PG 17 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 554ME UT WOS:000175738900004 ER PT J AU Milly, PCD Shmakin, AB AF Milly, PCD Shmakin, AB TI Global Modeling of land water and energy balances. Part II: Land-characteristic contributions to spatial variability SO JOURNAL OF HYDROMETEOROLOGY LA English DT Article ID GENERAL-CIRCULATION MODELS; CLIMATE; SIB AB Land water and energy balances vary around the globe because of variations in amount and temporal distribution of water and energy supplies and because of variations in land characteristics. The former control (water and energy supplies) explains much more variance in water and energy balances than the latter (land characteristics). A largely untested hypothesis underlying most global models of land water and energy balance is the assumption that parameter values based on estimated geographic distributions of soil and vegetation characteristics improve the performance of the models relative to the use of globally constant land parameters. This hypothesis is tested here through an evaluation of the improvement in performance of one land model associated with the introduction of geographic information on land characteristics. The capability of the model to reproduce annual runoff ratios of large river basins, with and without information on the global distribution of albedo, rooting depth, and stomatal resistance, is assessed. To allow a fair comparison, the model is calibrated in both cases by adjusting globally constant scale factors for snow-free albedo, non-water-stressed bulk stomatal resistance, and critical root density (which is used to determine effective root-zone depth). The test is made in stand-alone mode, that is, using prescribed radiative and atmospheric forcing. Model performance is evaluated by comparing modeled runoff ratios with observed runoff ratios for a set of basins where precipitation biases have been shown to be minimal. The withholding of information on global variations in these parameters leads to a significant degradation of the capability of the model to simulate the annual runoff ratio. An additional set of optimization experiments, in which the parameters are examined individually, reveals that the stomatal resistance is, by far, the parameter among these three whose spatial variations add the most predictive power to the model in stand-alone mode. Further single-parameter experiments with surface roughness length, available water capacity, thermal conductivity, and thermal diffusivity show very little sensitivity to estimated global variations in these parameters. Finally, it is found that even the constant-parameter model performance exceeds that of the Budyko and generalized Turc-Pike water-balance equations, suggesting that the model benefits also from information on the geographic variability of the temporal structure of forcing. C1 NOAA, Div Water Resources, US Geol Survey, Geophys Fluid Dynam Lab, Princeton, NJ 08542 USA. RP Milly, PCD (reprint author), NOAA, Div Water Resources, US Geol Survey, Geophys Fluid Dynam Lab, POB 308, Princeton, NJ 08542 USA. NR 17 TC 35 Z9 35 U1 2 U2 19 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 1525-755X J9 J HYDROMETEOROL JI J. Hydrometeorol. PD JUN PY 2002 VL 3 IS 3 BP 301 EP 310 DI 10.1175/1525-7541(2002)003<0301:GMOLWA>2.0.CO;2 PG 10 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 554ME UT WOS:000175738900005 ER PT J AU Shmakin, AB Milly, PCD Dunne, KA AF Shmakin, AB Milly, PCD Dunne, KA TI Global Modeling of land water and energy balances. Part III: Interannual variability SO JOURNAL OF HYDROMETEOROLOGY LA English DT Article ID SOIL-WATER; STORAGE; PARAMETERIZATION; CLIMATE AB The Land Dynamics (LaD) model is tested by comparison with observations of interannual variations in discharge from 44 large river basins for which relatively accurate time series of monthly precipitation (a primary model input) have recently been computed. When results are pooled across all basins, the model explains 67% of the interannual variance of annual runoff ratio anomalies (i.e., anomalies of annual discharge volume, normalized by long-term mean precipitation volume). The new estimates of basin precipitation appear to offer an improvement over those from a state-of-the-art analysis of global precipitation (the Climate Prediction Center Merged Analysis of Precipitation, CMAP), judging from comparisons of parallel model runs and of analyses of precipitation-discharge correlations. When the new precipitation estimates are used, the performance of the LaD model is comparable to, but not significantly better than, that of a simple, semiempirical water-balance relation that uses only annual totals of surface net radiation and precipitation. This implies that the LaD simulations of interannual runoff variability do not benefit substantially from information on geographical variability of land parameters or seasonal structure of interannual variability of precipitation. The aforementioned analyses necessitated the development of a method for downscaling of long-term monthly precipitation data to the relatively short timescales necessary for running the model. The method merges the long-term data with a reference dataset of 1-yr duration, having high temporal resolution. The success of the method, for the model and data considered here, was demonstrated in a series of model-model comparisons and in the comparisons of modeled and observed interannual variations of basin discharge. C1 NOAA, Div Water Resources, US Geol Survey, Geophys Fluid Dynam Lab, Princeton, NJ 08542 USA. RP Milly, PCD (reprint author), NOAA, Div Water Resources, US Geol Survey, Geophys Fluid Dynam Lab, POB 308, Princeton, NJ 08542 USA. NR 16 TC 23 Z9 24 U1 0 U2 11 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 1525-755X J9 J HYDROMETEOROL JI J. Hydrometeorol. PD JUN PY 2002 VL 3 IS 3 BP 311 EP 321 DI 10.1175/1525-7541(2002)003<0311:GMOLWA>2.0.CO;2 PG 11 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 554ME UT WOS:000175738900006 ER PT J AU Dykstra, CR Meyer, MW Warnke, DK AF Dykstra, CR Meyer, MW Warnke, DK TI Bald Eagle reproductive performance following video camera placement SO JOURNAL OF RAPTOR RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE Bald Eagle; Haliaeetus leucocephalus; behavior; Great Lakes; reproductive performance; video camera ID POPULATION-DYNAMICS; RATES; SURVIVAL; BAY C1 US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Green Bay, WI 54311 USA. Bur Integrated Sci Serv, Wisconsin Dept Nat Resources, Rhinelander, WI 54501 USA. Univ Minnesota, Dept Fisheries & Wildlife, Minnesota Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. RP Dykstra, CR (reprint author), 7715 Mitchell Pk Dr, Cleves, OH 45002 USA. NR 10 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 5 PU RAPTOR RESEARCH FOUNDATION INC PI HASTINGS PA 14377 117TH STREET SOUTH, HASTINGS, MN 55033 USA SN 0892-1016 J9 J RAPTOR RES JI J. Raptor Res. PD JUN PY 2002 VL 36 IS 2 BP 136 EP 139 PG 4 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA 571NZ UT WOS:000176724600007 ER PT J AU Phillips, PJ Eckhardt, DA Freehafer, DA Wall, GR Ingleston, HH AF Phillips, PJ Eckhardt, DA Freehafer, DA Wall, GR Ingleston, HH TI Regional patterns of pesticide concentrations in surface waters of New York in 1997 SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN WATER RESOURCES ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article DE statistical analysis; water quality; pesticides; surface water ID MIDWESTERN UNITED-STATES; RIVER BASIN; HERBICIDES; TRANSPORT AB The predominant mixtures of pesticides found in New York surface waters consist of five principal components, First, herbicides commonly used on corn (atrazine, metolachlor, alachlor, cyanazine) and a herbicide degradate (deethylatrazine) were positively correlated to a corn-herbicide component, and watersheds with the highest corn-herbicide component scores were those in which large amounts of row crops are grown. Second, two insecticides (diazinon and carbaryl) and one herbicide (prometon) widely used in urban and residential settings were positively correlated to an urban/residential component. Watersheds with the highest urban/residential component scores were those with large amounts of urban and residential land use. A third component was related to two herbicides (EPTC and cyanazine) used on dry beans and corn, the fourth to an herbicide (simazine) and an insecticide (carbaryl) commonly used in orchards and vineyards, and the fifth to an herbicide (DCPA). Results of this study indicate that this approach can be used to: (1) identify common mixtures of pesticides in surface waters, (2) relate these mixtures to land use and pesticide applications, and (3) indicate regions where these mixtures of pesticides are commonly found. C1 US Geol Survey, Troy, NY 12180 USA. US Geol Survey, Ithaca, NY 14850 USA. RP Phillips, PJ (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 425 Jordan Rd, Troy, NY 12180 USA. NR 27 TC 5 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER WATER RESOURCES ASSOC PI MIDDLEBURG PA 4 WEST FEDERAL ST, PO BOX 1626, MIDDLEBURG, VA 20118-1626 USA SN 1093-474X J9 J AM WATER RESOUR AS JI J. Am. Water Resour. Assoc. PD JUN PY 2002 VL 38 IS 3 BP 731 EP 745 DI 10.1111/j.1752-1688.2002.tb00993.x PG 15 WC Engineering, Environmental; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Engineering; Geology; Water Resources GA 572HW UT WOS:000176769300011 ER PT J AU Clark, GM Broshears, RE Hooper, RR Goolsby, DA AF Clark, GM Broshears, RE Hooper, RR Goolsby, DA TI Evaluating the influence of source basins on downstream water quality in the Mississippi River SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN WATER RESOURCES ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article DE Mississippi River; contributing drainage basins; hydraulic modeling; regression modeling; chemical load and transport ID CONSTITUENT LOADS; TRANSPORT AB Chemical variability in the Mississippi River during water years 1989 to 1998 was evaluated using stream discharge and water-quality data in conjunction with the DAFLOW/BLTM hydraulic model. Model simulations were used to identify subbasin contributions of water and chemical constituents to the Mississippi River upstream from its confluence with the Ohio and the Mississippi River and at the Atchafalaya Diversion in Louisiana. Concentrations of dissolved solids, sodium, and sulfate at the Thebes site showed a general decreasing trend, and concentrations of silica and nitrate showed a general increasing trend as the percentage of discharge from the Mississippi River upstream from Grafton increased. Concentrations of most chemical constituents in the Mississippi River at the Atchafalaya Diversion exhibited a decreasing trend as the percentage of water from the Ohio River increased. Regression models were used to evaluate the importance of the source of water to the water chemistry in the Mississippi River at Thebes and the Atchafalaya Diversion. The addition of terms in regression equations to account for the percent of water from subbasins improved coefficients of determination for predicting chemical concentrations by as much as nine percent at the Thebes site and by as much as 48 percent at the Atchafalaya Diversion site. The addition of source-water terms to regression equations increased the estimated annual loads of nitrate and silica delivered from the Mississippi River Basin to the Gulf of Mexico by as much as 14 and 13 percent, respectively. C1 US Geol Survey, Boise, ID 83702 USA. US Geol Survey, Northborough, MA USA. US Geol Survey, Denver, CO USA. RP Clark, GM (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 230 Collins Rd, Boise, ID 83702 USA. NR 19 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 3 U2 10 PU AMER WATER RESOURCES ASSOC PI MIDDLEBURG PA 4 WEST FEDERAL ST, PO BOX 1626, MIDDLEBURG, VA 20118-1626 USA SN 1093-474X J9 J AM WATER RESOUR AS JI J. Am. Water Resour. Assoc. PD JUN PY 2002 VL 38 IS 3 BP 803 EP 818 DI 10.1111/j.1752-1688.2002.tb00998.x PG 16 WC Engineering, Environmental; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Engineering; Geology; Water Resources GA 572HW UT WOS:000176769300016 ER PT J AU Hay, LE McCabe, GJ AF Hay, LE McCabe, GJ TI Spatial varlability in water-balance model performance in the conterminous United States SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN WATER RESOURCES ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article DE surface water hydrology; water-balance model; exhaustive search; multiple linear regression; monthly runoff; United States ID CLIMATE-CHANGE; RIVER BASIN; VARIABILITY; SCENARIOS AB A monthly water-balance (WB) model was tested in 44 river basins from diverse physiographic and climatic regions across the conterminous United States (U.S.). The WB model includes the concepts of climatic water supply and climatic water demand, seasonality in climatic water supply and demand, and soil-moisture storage. Exhaustive search techniques were employed to determine the optimal set of precipitation and temperature stations, and the optimal set of WB model parameters to use for each basin. It was found that the WB model worked best for basins with: (1) a mean elevation less than 450 meters or greater than 2000 meters, and/or (2) monthly runoff that is greater than 5 millimeters (mm) more than 80 percent of the time. In a separate analysis, a multiple linear regression (MLR) was computed using the adjusted R-square values obtained by comparing measured and estimated monthly runoff of the original 44 river basins as the dependent variable, and combinations of various independent variables [streamflow gauge latitude, longitude, and elevation; basin area, the long-term mean and standard deviation of annual precipitation; temperature and runoff, and low-flow statistics (i.e., the percentage of months with monthly runoff that is less than 5 mm)]. Results from the MLR study showed that the reliability of a WB model for application in a specific region can be estimated from mean basin elevation and the percentage of months with gauged runoff less than 5 mm. The MLR equations were subsequently used to estimate adjusted R-square values for 1,646 gauging stations across the conterminous U.S. Results of this study indicate that WB models can be used reliably to estimate monthly runoff in the eastern U.S., mountainous areas of the western U.S., and the Pacific Northwest, Applications of monthly WB models in the central U.S. can lead to uncertain estimates of runoff. C1 US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Lakewood, CO 80225 USA. RP Hay, LE (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Box 25046,MS 412, Lakewood, CO 80225 USA. NR 26 TC 18 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER WATER RESOURCES ASSOC PI MIDDLEBURG PA 4 WEST FEDERAL ST, PO BOX 1626, MIDDLEBURG, VA 20118-1626 USA SN 1093-474X J9 J AM WATER RESOUR AS JI J. Am. Water Resour. Assoc. PD JUN PY 2002 VL 38 IS 3 BP 847 EP 860 DI 10.1111/j.1752-1688.2002.tb01001.x PG 14 WC Engineering, Environmental; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Engineering; Geology; Water Resources GA 572HW UT WOS:000176769300019 ER PT J AU Munn, MD Black, RW Gruber, SJ AF Munn, MD Black, RW Gruber, SJ TI Response of benthic algae to environmental gradients in an agriculturally dominated landscape SO JOURNAL OF THE NORTH AMERICAN BENTHOLOGICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Article DE benthic algae; environmental gradients; land use; environmental optima; biological monitoring ID LAND-USE; BIOTIC INTEGRITY; RIVER BASIN; NEW-ZEALAND; PERIPHYTON; GEOLOGY; DIATOMS; COMMUNITIES; INDICATORS; STREAMS AB Benthic algal communities were assessed in an agriculturally dominated landscape in the Central Columbia Plateau, Washington, to determine which environmental variables best explained species distributions, and whether algae species optima models were useful in predicting specific water-quality parameters. Land uses in the study area included forest, range, urban, and agriculture. Most of the streams in this region can be characterized as open-channel systems influenced by intensive dryland (nonirrigated) and irrigated agriculture. Algal communities in forested streams were dominated by blue-green algae, with communities in urban and range streams dominated by diatoms. The predominance of either blue-greens or diatoms in agricultural streams varied greatly depending on the specific site. Canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) indicated a strong gradient effect of several key environmental variables on benthic algal community composition. Conductivity and % agriculture were the dominant explanatory variables when all sites (n = 24) were included in the CCA; water velocity replaced conductivity when the CCA included only agricultural and urban sites. Other significant explanatory variables included dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN), orthophosphate (OP), discharge, and precipitation. Regression and calibration models accurately predicted conductivity based on benthic algal communities, with OP having slightly lower predictability. The model for DIN was poor, and therefore may be less useful in this system. Thirty-four algal taxa were identified as potential indicators of conductivity and nutrient conditions, with most indicators being diatoms except for the blue-greens Anabaena sp. and Lyngbya sp. C1 US Geol Survey, Tacoma, WA 98402 USA. RP US Geol Survey, Suite 600,1201 Pacific Ave, Tacoma, WA 98402 USA. EM mdmunn@usgs.gov NR 36 TC 48 Z9 48 U1 5 U2 24 PU NORTH AMER BENTHOLOGICAL SOC PI LAWRENCE PA 1041 NEW HAMSPHIRE STREET, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0887-3593 J9 J N AM BENTHOL SOC JI J. N. Am. Benthol. Soc. PD JUN PY 2002 VL 21 IS 2 BP 221 EP 237 DI 10.2307/1468411 PG 17 WC Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 561TP UT WOS:000176159000003 ER PT J AU Box, JB Dorazio, RM Liddell, WD AF Box, JB Dorazio, RM Liddell, WD TI Relationships between streambed substrate characteristics and freshwater mussels (Bivalvia : Unionidae) in Coastal Plain streams SO JOURNAL OF THE NORTH AMERICAN BENTHOLOGICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Article DE freshwater mussels; porosity; sorting; mean particle size; fine sediments; Coastal Plain streams ID WATER MUSSELS; SPATIAL-DISTRIBUTION; MICROHABITAT USE; RIVERS; MOLLUSCA; SEDIMENT; HABITAT AB Freshwater mussels and stream substrate were sampled at 30 locations in the Apalachicola, Chattahoochee, and Flint (ACF) river basins. Although >2100 mussels that included 25 species were observed in our sample of 2661 quadrats, only 5 species were sufficiently abundant to provide reliable estimates of the relationship between mussel presence and substrate composition. Among these 5 species, only Villosa lienosa was associated with substrate composition. Villosa lienosa was most prevalent in well-sorted sediments that contained high proportions of fine particles, but its presence was unrelated to sediment porosity. Because many species of freshwater mussels in these Coastal Plain streams are dispersed and rare, future studies of mussel-habitat associations in the ACF basin should include novel sampling designs and methods that allow rare species to be encountered in greater numbers than those observed in our study. C1 US Geol Survey, Gainesville, FL 32653 USA. Utah State Univ, Dept Geol, Logan, UT 84322 USA. RP Box, JB (reprint author), Utah State Univ, Dept Fisheries & Wildlife, 5210 Old Main Hill, Logan, UT 84321 USA. NR 36 TC 20 Z9 24 U1 0 U2 12 PU NORTH AMER BENTHOLOGICAL SOC PI LAWRENCE PA 1041 NEW HAMSPHIRE STREET, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0887-3593 J9 J N AM BENTHOL SOC JI J. N. Am. Benthol. Soc. PD JUN PY 2002 VL 21 IS 2 BP 253 EP 260 DI 10.2307/1468413 PG 8 WC Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 561TP UT WOS:000176159000005 ER PT J AU Merritt, RW Cummins, KW Berg, MB Novak, JA Higgins, MJ Wessell, KJ Lessard, JL AF Merritt, RW Cummins, KW Berg, MB Novak, JA Higgins, MJ Wessell, KJ Lessard, JL TI Development and application of a macroinvertebrate functional-group approach in the bioassessment of remnant river oxbows in southwest Florida SO JOURNAL OF THE NORTH AMERICAN BENTHOLOGICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Article DE aquatic insects; plant beds; lotic; large river; wetlands; riparian marsh ID STREAM ECOSYSTEM DYNAMICS; AQUATIC INSECTS AB Invertebrate richness, density, mass, and functional-group analyses were used as surrogates for ecosystem attributes to evaluate conditions of 10 remnant oxbows along the channelized lower Caloosahatchee River in southwest Florida. Replicate 30-sec dipnet samples were taken in Hydrocotyle and Nuphar plant beds that accounted for >80% of cover in the oxbows. Dissolved oxygen (DO) was <65% saturation at the bottom in most oxbows, and all beds, except for 1 Hydrocotyle bed, were rated as heterotrophic. Invertebrate analyses indicated that most oxbows had sufficient coarse particulate organic matter to support normal summer shredder populations and an abundant supply of fine particulate organic matter to support large populations of filtering collectors. High ratios of predators to other functional groups were coupled with many rapid-turnover (i.e., short-life-cycle) prey taxa. Availability of invertebrate food for drift- and benthic-feeding fish was evaluated as generally poor. Overall rankings of ecological condition of oxbows, accomplished using all invertebrate categories and DO levels, formed the basis for recommendations about oxbow restoration alone, the river. C1 Michigan State Univ, Dept Entomol, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA. Michigan State Univ, Dept Fisheries & Wildlife, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA. Humboldt State Univ, Calif Cooperat Fishery Res Unit, Arcata, CA 95521 USA. Loyola Univ, Dept Biol, Chicago, IL 60626 USA. Colgate Univ, Dept Biol, Hamilton, NY 13346 USA. US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Chesapeake Bay Field Off, Annapolis, MD 21401 USA. RP Merritt, RW (reprint author), Michigan State Univ, Dept Entomol, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA. NR 34 TC 47 Z9 52 U1 1 U2 28 PU NORTH AMER BENTHOLOGICAL SOC PI LAWRENCE PA 1041 NEW HAMSPHIRE STREET, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0887-3593 J9 J N AM BENTHOL SOC JI J. N. Am. Benthol. Soc. PD JUN PY 2002 VL 21 IS 2 BP 290 EP 310 DI 10.2307/1468416 PG 21 WC Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 561TP UT WOS:000176159000008 ER PT J AU McGuire, AD Wirth, C Apps, M Beringer, J Clein, J Epstein, H Kicklighter, DW Bhatti, J Chapin, FS de Groot, B Efremov, D Eugster, W Fukuda, M Gower, T Hinzman, L Huntley, B Jia, GJ Kasischke, E Melillo, J Romanovsky, V Shvidenko, A Vaganov, E Walker, D AF McGuire, AD Wirth, C Apps, M Beringer, J Clein, J Epstein, H Kicklighter, DW Bhatti, J Chapin, FS de Groot, B Efremov, D Eugster, W Fukuda, M Gower, T Hinzman, L Huntley, B Jia, GJ Kasischke, E Melillo, J Romanovsky, V Shvidenko, A Vaganov, E Walker, D TI Environmental variation, vegetation distribution, carbon dynamics and water/energy exchange at high latitudes SO JOURNAL OF VEGETATION SCIENCE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT IGBP Terrestrial Transects Workshop CY JUL 12-16, 1999 CL DARWIN, AUSTRALIA DE boreal; climate; disturbance; energy; gradient; tundra ID BOREAL FOREST; CLIMATE-CHANGE; ARCTIC TUNDRA; EASTERN SIBERIA; ABOVEGROUND BIOMASS; ENERGY-EXCHANGE; SPECIAL SECTION; PINE FORESTS; SOIL CARBON; ALASKA AB The responses of high latitude ecosystems to global change involve complex interactions among environmental variables, vegetation distribution, carbon dynamics, and water and energy exchange. These responses may have important consequences for the earth system. In this study, we evaluated how vegetation distribution, carbon stocks and turnover, and water and energy exchange are related to environmental variation spanned by the network of the IGBP high latitude transects. While the most notable feature of the high latitude transects is that they generally span temperature gradients from southern to northern latitudes, there are substantial differences in temperature among the transects. Also, along each transect temperature co-varies with precipitation and photosynthetically active radiation, which are also variable among the transects. Both climate and disturbance interact to influence latitudinal patterns of vegetation and soil carbon storage among the transects, and vegetation distribution appears to interact with climate to determine exchanges of heat and moisture in high latitudes. Despite limitations imposed by the data we assembled, the analyses in this study have taken an important step toward clarifying the complexity of interactions among environmental variables, vegetation distribution, carbon stocks and turnover, and water and energy exchange in high latitude regions. This study reveals the need to conduct coordinated global change studies in high latitudes to further elucidate how interactions among climate, disturbance, and vegetation distribution influence carbon dynamics and water and energy exchange in high latitudes. C1 Univ Alaska Fairbanks, Alaska Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, US Geol Survey, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA. Max Planck Inst Biogeochem, D-07701 Jena, Germany. Canadian Forest Serv, No Forestry Ctr, Edmonton, AB T6H 3S5, Canada. Monash Univ, Sch Geog & Environm Sci, Clayton, Vic 3800, Australia. Univ Alaska Fairbanks, Inst Arctic Biol, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA. Univ Virginia, Dept Environm Sci, Charlottesville, VA 22904 USA. Marine Biol Lab, Ctr Ecosyst, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. Far Eastern Forestry Res Inst, Khaborovsk 680030, Russia. Univ Bern, Inst Geog, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland. Hokkaido Univ, Inst Low Temp, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060, Japan. Univ Wisconsin, Dept Forest Ecol & Management, Madison, WI 53706 USA. Univ Alaska Fairbanks, Inst No Engn, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA. Univ Durham, Environm Res Ctr, Durham DH1 3LE, England. Univ Maryland, Dept Geog, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. Univ Alaska Fairbanks, Inst Geophys, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA. Int Inst Appl Syst Anal, A-2361 Laxenburg, Austria. Russian Acad Sci, Inst Forestry, Krasnoyarsk 660036, Russia. RP McGuire, AD (reprint author), Univ Alaska Fairbanks, Alaska Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, US Geol Survey, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA. RI Bhatti, Jagtar/A-3032-2008; Eugster, Werner/E-5116-2010; Shvidenko, Anatoly/I-1505-2016; Beringer, Jason/B-8528-2008; OI Eugster, Werner/0000-0001-6067-0741; Shvidenko, Anatoly/0000-0001-7640-2151; Beringer, Jason/0000-0002-4619-8361; Chapin III, F Stuart/0000-0002-2558-9910 NR 69 TC 108 Z9 124 U1 3 U2 42 PU OPULUS PRESS UPPSALA AB PI LANNA PA MALMEN, S-740 11 LANNA, SWEDEN SN 1100-9233 J9 J VEG SCI JI J. Veg. Sci. PD JUN PY 2002 VL 13 IS 3 BP 301 EP 314 DI 10.1111/j.1654-1103.2002.tb02055.x PG 14 WC Plant Sciences; Ecology; Forestry SC Plant Sciences; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Forestry GA 601CF UT WOS:000178428000002 ER PT J AU Pan, Y McGuire, AD Melillo, JM Kicklighter, DW Sitch, S Prentice, IC AF Pan, Y McGuire, AD Melillo, JM Kicklighter, DW Sitch, S Prentice, IC TI A biogeochemistry-based dynamic vegetation model and its application along a moisture gradient in the continental United States SO JOURNAL OF VEGETATION SCIENCE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT IGBP Terrestrial Transects Workshop CY JUL 12-16, 1999 CL DARWIN, AUSTRALIA DE biogeochemistry; biogeography; plant functional type; TEM-LPJ; VEMAP ID NET PRIMARY PRODUCTION; ATMOSPHERIC CARBON-DIOXIDE; TREE-GRASS INTERACTIONS; CLIMATE-CHANGE; TERRESTRIAL BIOSPHERE; NITROGEN DEPOSITION; EQUILIBRIUM RESPONSES; AMAZONIAN ECOSYSTEMS; TEMPERATE FORESTS; ORGANIC-MATTER AB We develop and evaluate a large-scale dynamic vegetation model, TEM-LPJ, which considers interactions among water, light and nitrogen in simulating ecosystem function and structure. We parameterized the model for three plant functional types (PFTs): a temperate deciduous forest, a temperate coniferous forest, and a temperate C-3 grassland. Model parameters were determined using data from forest stands at the Harvard Forest in Massachusetts. Applications of the model reasonably simulated stand development over 120 yr for Populus tremuloides in Wisconsin and for Pinus elliottii in Florida. Our evaluation of tree-grass interactions simulated by the model indicated that competition for light led to dominance by the deciduous forest PFT in moist regions of eastern United States and that water competition led to dominance by the grass PFT in dry regions of the central United States. Along a moisture transect at 41.5degrees N in the eastern United States, simulations by TEM-LPJ reproduced the composition of potential temperate deciduous forest, temperate savanna, and C3 grassland located along the transect. C1 US Forest Serv, USDA, Newtown Sq, PA 19073 USA. Univ Alaska Fairbanks, Alaska Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, US Geol Survey, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA. Marine Biol Lab, Ctr Ecosyst, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. Potsdam Inst Climate Impact Res, D-14412 Potsdam, Germany. Lund Univ, Dept Ecol, Global Syst Grp, S-22362 Lund, Sweden. RP Pan, Y (reprint author), US Forest Serv, USDA, 11 Campus Blvd, Newtown Sq, PA 19073 USA. RI Pan, Yude/F-6145-2015; Sitch, Stephen/F-8034-2015 OI Sitch, Stephen/0000-0003-1821-8561 NR 61 TC 10 Z9 23 U1 0 U2 7 PU OPULUS PRESS UPPSALA AB PI LANNA PA MALMEN, S-740 11 LANNA, SWEDEN SN 1100-9233 J9 J VEG SCI JI J. Veg. Sci. PD JUN PY 2002 VL 13 IS 3 BP 369 EP 382 DI 10.1111/j.1654-1103.2002.tb02061.x PG 14 WC Plant Sciences; Ecology; Forestry SC Plant Sciences; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Forestry GA 601CF UT WOS:000178428000008 ER PT J AU Larsen, RS Loomis, MR Kelly, BT Sladky, KK Stoskopf, MK Horne, WA AF Larsen, RS Loomis, MR Kelly, BT Sladky, KK Stoskopf, MK Horne, WA TI Cardiorespiratory effects of medetomidine-butorphanol, medetomidine-butorphanol-diazepam, and medetomidine-butorphanol-ketamine in captive red wolves (Canis rufus) SO JOURNAL OF ZOO AND WILDLIFE MEDICINE LA English DT Article DE Canis rufus; red wolf; medetomidine; butorphanol; immobilization; diazepam; ketamine; atipamezole; naloxone; flumazenil ID DOGS; IMMOBILIZATION; COMBINATIONS; PREVALENCE; XYLAZINE; ATROPINE; AGONIST; LUPUS AB Safe, effective, and reversible immobilization protocols are essential for the management of free-ranging red wolves (Canis rufus). Combinations using an (alpha(2)-adrenoceptor agonist and ketamine have been shown to be effective for immobilization but are not reversible and can produce severe hypertension and prolonged or rough recoveries. To minimize hypertension and provide reversibility, 24 red wolves were immobilized using three medetomidine-butorphanol (MB) combinations without the use of ketamine in the initial injection. All wolves were administered medetomidine (0.04 mg/kg i.m.) and butorphanol (0.4 mg/kg i.m.). Seven wolves received no other immobilization agents (MB wolves), nine received diazepam (0.2 mg/kg i.v.) at the time they were instrumented (MBD wolves), and eight received ketamine (I mg/kg i.v.) 30 min after instrumentation (MBK30 wolves). Physiologic parameters were monitored during immobilization. The heart rate was similar among the three groups for the first 30 min, and marked bradycardia was noted in one wolf from each group. Hypertension was observed initially in all three groups but was resolved within 10-30 min. The MBK30 wolves had significant elevations in heart rate and transient hypertension after intravenous ketamine administration. Most wolves had mild to moderate metabolic acidemia. Immobilizing drugs were antagonized in all wolves with atipamezole (0.2 mg/kg i.m.) and naloxone (0.02 mg/kg i.m.). The medetomidine-butorphanol-diazepam wolves were also given flumazenil (0.04 mg/kg i.v.). All wolves were standing within 12 min and were fully recovered within 17 min. Medetomamine-butorphanol and MBD combinations provided effective and reversible immobilization of red wolves without the sustained hypertension associated with the use of (alpha(2)-adrenoceptor agonist-ketamine combinations. Delaying the administration of ketamine reduced its hypertensive effects. C1 N Carolina State Univ, Coll Vet Med, Dept Anat Physiol Sci & Radiol, Raleigh, NC 27606 USA. N Carolina State Univ, Coll Vet Med, Dept Clin Sci, Environm Med Consortium, Raleigh, NC 27606 USA. N Carolina Zool Pk, Asheboro, NC 27203 USA. US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Alligator River Natl Wildlife Refuge, Manteo, NC 27954 USA. RP Horne, WA (reprint author), N Carolina State Univ, Coll Vet Med, Dept Anat Physiol Sci & Radiol, 4700 Hillsborough St, Raleigh, NC 27606 USA. OI Sladky, Kurt/0000-0002-3100-5571 NR 20 TC 20 Z9 21 U1 0 U2 7 PU AMER ASSOC ZOO VETERINARIANS PI MEDIA PA 6 NORTH PENNELL ROAD, MEDIA, PA 19063 USA SN 1042-7260 J9 J ZOO WILDLIFE MED JI J. Zoo Wildl. Med. PD JUN PY 2002 VL 33 IS 2 BP 101 EP 107 PG 7 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA 603HX UT WOS:000178554300001 PM 12398296 ER PT J AU Taylor, CR Brooks, WB AF Taylor, CR Brooks, WB TI Dissemination of northern right whale (Eubalaena glacialis) sighting information to the southeast US maritime community SO MARINE TECHNOLOGY SOCIETY JOURNAL LA English DT Article AB Northern right whales (Eubalaena glacialis) are vulnerable to injury and mortality caused by vessel strikes. In. an effort to prevent vessel strikes in the southeastern U.S. calving ground, a communication network was implemented to relay right whale sighting information, gathered by aerial survey teams, to mariners in the area. The system, which has evolved substantially since inception, now provides real-time sighting information to the marine community, thus assisting with avoidance of northern right whales. The current system utilizes 25 cloned alphanumeric pagers distributed to various state, federal, military, and industry representatives. Right whale sightings are reported and disseminated via the pagers, and ultimately via Navigational Telex (NAVTEX) to all ships 100 tons or larger in southeastern waters. This system has been successful in alerting mariners to the presence of right whales, however to address the critical management problems confronting this highly endangered species, further research into technological advancements that may assist in the detection of right whales should be encouraged. C1 Florida Marine Res Inst, Jacksonville Field Lab, Jacksonville, FL USA. US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Jacksonville, FL USA. RP Taylor, CR (reprint author), Florida Marine Res Inst, Jacksonville Field Lab, Jacksonville, FL USA. NR 8 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU MARINE TECHNOLOGY SOC INC PI WASHINGTON PA C/O I CLAYION MATTHEWS, 1828 L ST, NW, 9TH FL, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0025-3324 J9 MAR TECHNOL SOC J JI Mar. Technol. Soc. J. PD SUM PY 2002 VL 36 IS 2 BP 58 EP 60 PG 3 WC Engineering, Ocean; Oceanography SC Engineering; Oceanography GA 590BT UT WOS:000177797900007 ER PT J AU Schubel, JR Lobecker, RF Jagoe, D Cotter, SS Hoskins, H Polloni, C AF Schubel, JR Lobecker, RF Jagoe, D Cotter, SS Hoskins, H Polloni, C TI The Gulf of Maine: Will the big investments in technology and science yield the return expected by investors? SO MARINE TECHNOLOGY SOCIETY JOURNAL LA English DT Editorial Material C1 CEO Aquarium Pacific, Long Beach, CA USA. Tech & Mkt Serv, Newport, RI USA. Sci Applicat Int Corp, Newport, RI USA. Massachusetts Coastal Zone Management Dept, Boston, MA USA. Woods Hole Oceanog Inst, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. US Geol Survey, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. RP Schubel, JR (reprint author), CEO Aquarium Pacific, Long Beach, CA USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU MARINE TECHNOLOGY SOC INC PI WASHINGTON PA C/O I CLAYION MATTHEWS, 1828 L ST, NW, 9TH FL, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0025-3324 J9 MAR TECHNOL SOC J JI Mar. Technol. Soc. J. PD SUM PY 2002 VL 36 IS 2 BP 63 EP 65 PG 3 WC Engineering, Ocean; Oceanography SC Engineering; Oceanography GA 590BT UT WOS:000177797900010 ER PT J AU Mei, SL Henderson, CM Wardlaw, BR AF Mei, SL Henderson, CM Wardlaw, BR TI Evolution and distribution of the conodonts Sweetognathus and Iranognathus and related genera during the Permian, and their implications for climate change SO PALAEOGEOGRAPHY PALAEOCLIMATOLOGY PALAEOECOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Palynology and Micropaleontology in Canadian Geoscience - New Frontiers and Application CY MAY 29-JUN 02, 2000 CL UNIV CALGARY, CALGARY, CANADA SP GeoCanada, Canadian Assoc Palynol HO UNIV CALGARY DE Permian; conodonts; Sweetognathus; Iranognathus; global distribution; climate change ID BIOSTRATIGRAPHY; SUCCESSION AB The conodont genus Sweetognathus, which is characterized by pustulose ornamentation on a wide, flat-topped carina, originated in the earliest Permian as S. expansus from Diplognathodus edentulus. The Asselian through Artinskian part of the Sweetognathus lineage is well represented in Kansas by the successive evolution of S. expansus, S. merrilli, S. aff. S. merrilli, S. whitei and S, bucaramangus. Sweetognathus and Iranognathus lineages were mainly confined to tropical areas from the Kungurian onward. The Kungurian and Guadalupian part of the Sweetognathus lineage is well represented in South China by the successive evolution of S. whitei (Artinskian), S. guizhouensis (lower Kungurian), S. subsymmetricus (upper Kungurian), S. iranicus hanzhongensis (Roadian) and S. fengshanensis (Capitanian). An additional lineage in West Texas is represented by the evolution of S. sulcatus to S. aff. adjunctus to S. adjunctus and to S, bicarinum. In the Urals and northwestern Pangea, the late part of the Sweetognathus lineage is represented by rare specimens of S. bogoslovskajae (upper Artinskian-lower Kungurian). During the late Artinskian, S. whitei radiated into S. toriyamai and S. bucaramangus, and also gave rise to Neostreptognathodus pequopensis and probably Pseudosweetognathus costatus. Neostreptognathodus? exsculptus may have evolved from Adetognathus paralautus through Adetognathus? telfordi sp. nov, Iranognathus, characterized by a narrow carina with poorly developed denticles and bearing subtle and smaller pustulose micro-ornament, replaced Sweetognathus at or near the Guadalupian/Lopingian boundary. It probably also evolved from Diplognathodus in the topmost Guadatupian. A lineage of Iranognathus? sp. nov. A to I. erwini can be recognized for the Guadalupian and Lopingian boundary interval. A lineage of Iranognathus? sp. nov. A to L movschovithschi to L sosioensis to I. tarazi is found throughout the Guadalupian and Lopingian boundary interval and the Wuchiapingian of South China. Sweetognathus and Iranognathus tend to develop homeomorphic accessory nodes iteratively during lowstand periods of global sea level near the Artinskian/Kungurian and Guadalupian/Lopirigian boundaries and in the late Wuchiapingian. Sweetognathus and Iranognathus seem to be equatorial warm-water inhabitants. Distribution patterns reflect glaciation in Gondwana during the Asselian and Sakmarian, a warm climate during the Artinskian, cooling in North Pangea during the Kungurian and later Permian, slight amelioration during the Guadalupian, warming during the Wuchiapingian, and cooling during the Changhsingian in the peri-Gondwana region. Definitions for most of the important Sweetognathus species are refined. Three new species and subspecies, Iranognathus? sp. nov. A, Adetognathus? telfordi sp. nov., Gullodus duani sp. nov., are described. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Calgary, Dept Geol & Geophys, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada. China Univ Geosci, Beijing 100083, Peoples R China. US Geol Survey, Natl Ctr 926A, Reston, VA 20192 USA. RP Henderson, CM (reprint author), Univ Calgary, Dept Geol & Geophys, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada. NR 94 TC 44 Z9 52 U1 0 U2 3 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0031-0182 J9 PALAEOGEOGR PALAEOCL JI Paleogeogr. Paleoclimatol. Paleoecol. PD JUN 1 PY 2002 VL 180 IS 1-3 BP 57 EP 91 AR PII S0031-0182(01)00423-0 DI 10.1016/S0031-0182(01)00423-0 PG 35 WC Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Paleontology SC Physical Geography; Geology; Paleontology GA 566LQ UT WOS:000176429900004 ER PT J AU Osterman, LE Buzas, MA Hayek, LAC AF Osterman, LE Buzas, MA Hayek, LAC TI SHE analysis for biozonation of benthic foraminiferal assemblages from Western Arctic Ocean SO PALAIOS LA English DT Article AB Benthic foraminiferal species abundance in samples from three Mendeleyev Ridge box cores were analyzed by cluster analysis and the newer method of SHE analysis. Previously, the latter technique only has been used on foraminiferal data from depth transacts of modern surface sediment samples. Unlike most methods, which initially compare all possible pairs of samples, the SHE procedure results in a linear pattern if a sequence of samples are from the same statistical distribution. A change in slope indicates a statistical change in community structure and/or a change in species composition. The research reported herein is the first application of SHE for the purpose of identifying biozones in sediment core samples for the purpose of stratigraphic correlation. Both cluster analysis and the SHE method provided zonation within cores. However, the cluster method often produced clusters that were difficult to identify and also contained a mixture of samples without stratigraphic continuity. In contrast, SHE resulted in easily identifiable biozones and ensured temporal continuity within them. In general, the cluster analysis produced more zones than the SHE analysis. About 87% of the cluster zones and 64% of the SHE zones were correlated across more than one core. The average age range for correlated biozone boundaries among the three cores, based on radiocarbon dates, was 821 years using cluster analysis and 296 years using SHE. The sequential nature of the analysis, ease in choosing boundaries, and correlation of these boundaries across cores makes SHE the preferred technique. C1 US Geol Survey, Reston, VA 20192 USA. Smithsonian Inst, Washington, DC 20560 USA. RP Osterman, LE (reprint author), US Geol Survey, MS 926A, Reston, VA 20192 USA. NR 12 TC 9 Z9 10 U1 1 U2 3 PU SEPM-SOC SEDIMENTARY GEOLOGY PI TULSA PA 6128 EAST 38TH ST, STE 308, TULSA, OK 74135-5814 USA SN 0883-1351 J9 PALAIOS JI Palaios PD JUN PY 2002 VL 17 IS 3 BP 297 EP 303 DI 10.1669/0883-1351(2002)017<0297:SAFBOB>2.0.CO;2 PG 7 WC Geology; Paleontology SC Geology; Paleontology GA 576FG UT WOS:000176991700009 ER PT J AU Lierheimer, LJ Banse, K AF Lierheimer, LJ Banse, K TI Seasonal and interannual variability of phytoplankton pigment in the Laccadive (Lakshadweep) Sea as observed by the Coastal Zone Color Scanner SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE INDIAN ACADEMY OF SCIENCES-EARTH AND PLANETARY SCIENCES LA English DT Article DE Laccadive sea; Lakshadweep sea; CZCS; phytoplankton pigment; seasons; 1979-1981 ID EASTERN ARABIAN SEA; NORTHEAST MONSOON; INDIAN-OCEAN; WEST-COAST; SOUTHWEST MONSOON; LAYER; DYNAMICS; HYDROGRAPHY; ZOOPLANKTON; CHLOROPHYLL AB Based on Coastal Zone Color Scanner data from November 1978 through December 1981, the seasonal cycle of phytoplankton pigment in the upper part of the euphotic zone is established for the offshore Laccadive Sea. Year-round, the pigment content is low and the seasonal range is small, following the pattern of the nutrient-poor Arabian Sea to the west. Apparently, indigenous phytoplankton blooms are absent. July and August, however, were poorly studied because of cloud cover. Interannual differences during the northeast monsoon and the spring intermonsoon periods are minor. The abundant phytoplankton caused by the upwelling off India during the southwest monsoon remains essentially restricted to the shelf, but there are occasional large, zonal outbreaks into the Laccadive Sea, as well as others advected to the south of India. Visual inspection of the raw CZCS scenes for June through November 1982-1985, with almost no data until August or even September, shows such outbreaks of pigment-rich water to be common. Inspection of monthly SeaWiFS images for 1997 through part of 2001 confirms the absence of indigenous phytoplankton blooms. C1 Univ Washington, Sch Oceanog, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Off Int Affairs, Div Mangement Author, Arlington, VA 22046 USA. RP Banse, K (reprint author), Univ Washington, Sch Oceanog, Box 357940, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. NR 54 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 1 U2 4 PU INDIAN ACADEMY SCIENCES PI BANGALORE PA P B 8005 C V RAMAN AVENUE, BANGALORE 560 080, INDIA SN 0253-4126 J9 P INDIAN AS-EARTH JI Proc. Indian Acad. Sci.-Earth Planet. Sci PD JUN PY 2002 VL 111 IS 2 BP 163 EP 185 PG 23 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 558XJ UT WOS:000175992700008 ER PT J AU Obradovich, JD Matsumoto, T Nishida, T Inoue, Y AF Obradovich, JD Matsumoto, T Nishida, T Inoue, Y TI Integrated biostratigraphic and radiometric study on the Lower Cenomanian (Cretaceous) of Hokkaido, Japan SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE JAPAN ACADEMY SERIES B-PHYSICAL AND BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES LA English DT Article DE biostratigraphy; Cretaceous; geochronometry; Graysonites wooldridgei; Mantelliceras saxbii; Rotaliporu globotruncanoides AB New Ar-40-Ar-39 total fusion ages have been obtained on sanidine from tuffs in the zone of Mantelliceras saxbii (equivalent to the same subzone of the European ammonite zonation) and the zone of Graysonites wooldridgei (equivalent to the European subzone of Neostlingoceras carcitanense). Ages of 98.98+/-0.38 Ma and 99.16+/-0.37 Ma, for these zones, respectively, place new constraints on the age of the Albian/Cenomanian boundary. If the base of the Cenomanian is to be defined, as currently proposed, as the FAD of the planktonic foraminifera Rotalipora globotruncanoides then the Albian/Cenomanian boundary will be at least as old as 99.2+/-0.4 Ma. Some 50+/-10m of undated sediments lie below the lowest find of R. globotruncanoides and above bono fide uppermost Albian strata. C1 Kyushu Univ Museum, Higashi Ku, Fukuoka 8128581, Japan. US Geol Survey, Fed Ctr, Denver, CO 80225 USA. Saga Univ, Fac Culture & Educ, Saga 8408502, Japan. RP Matsumoto, T (reprint author), Kyushu Univ Museum, Higashi Ku, 6-10-1 Hakozaki, Fukuoka 8128581, Japan. RI U-ID, Kyushu/C-5291-2016 NR 8 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 2 PU JAPAN ACAD PI TOKYO PA 7-32, UENO PARK, TAITO-KU, TOKYO, 110-0007, JAPAN SN 0386-2208 J9 P JPN ACAD B-PHYS JI Proc. Jpn. Acad. Ser. B-Phys. Biol. Sci. PD JUN PY 2002 VL 78 IS 6 BP 149 EP 153 DI 10.2183/pjab.78.149 PG 5 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 579ZE UT WOS:000177208600003 ER PT J AU Rathbun, GB Scott, NJ Murphey, TG AF Rathbun, GB Scott, NJ Murphey, TG TI Terrestrial habitat use by Pacific pond turtles in a Mediterranean climate SO SOUTHWESTERN NATURALIST LA English DT Article ID POPULATIONS; ECOLOGY; WILD AB The Pacific pond turtle (Clemmys marmorata) is a widespread aquatic turtle in the Pacific states, yet relatively little is known about its ecology. We radio-tracked 34 individuals during an 8 year period in 4 small coastal creeks in central California to determine their use of terrestrial upland habitats. Most of our turtles left the drying arroyos during late summer and returned after winter floods. Turtles spent an average of Ill days at these land refuges, which were located in woodland and coastal sage scrub habitats an average of 50 m from arroyos. Most gravid females left the creeks during June to oviposit in sunny upland habitats with low vegetation structure, such as grazed pastures. Nest sites were an average of 28 m from creeks. Terrestrial basking sites averaged 4.5 m from streams, but were only used for a few days. We believe the use of terrestrial upland sites was related to the Mediterranean climate and the resulting unique hydrodynamics of the small coastal arroyos (dry in summer and flooding in winter). C1 Piedras Blancas Field Stn, Western Ecol Res Ctr, United States Geol Survey, San Simeon, CA 93452 USA. RP Rathbun, GB (reprint author), Piedras Blancas Field Stn, Western Ecol Res Ctr, United States Geol Survey, San Simeon, CA 93452 USA. NR 29 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 3 U2 6 PU SOUTHWESTERN ASSN NATURALISTS PI SAN MARCOS PA SOUTHWEST TEXAS STATE UNIV, DEPT BIOLOGY, 601 UNIVERSITY DR, SAN MARCOS, TX 78666 USA SN 0038-4909 J9 SOUTHWEST NAT JI Southw. Natural. PD JUN PY 2002 VL 47 IS 2 BP 225 EP 235 DI 10.2307/3672910 PG 11 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 568ZA UT WOS:000176573800010 ER PT J AU Geluso, K AF Geluso, K TI Records of mammals from Harding county, New Mexico SO SOUTHWESTERN NATURALIST LA English DT Article C1 Univ New Mexico, Museum SW Biol, US Geol Survey, Albuquerque, NM 87131 USA. RP Geluso, K (reprint author), Univ New Mexico, Museum SW Biol, US Geol Survey, Albuquerque, NM 87131 USA. NR 19 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 1 U2 3 PU SOUTHWESTERN ASSN NATURALISTS PI SAN MARCOS PA SOUTHWEST TEXAS STATE UNIV, DEPT BIOLOGY, 601 UNIVERSITY DR, SAN MARCOS, TX 78666 USA SN 0038-4909 J9 SOUTHWEST NAT JI Southw. Natural. PD JUN PY 2002 VL 47 IS 2 BP 325 EP 329 DI 10.2307/3672925 PG 5 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 568ZA UT WOS:000176573800025 ER PT J AU Knoff, AJ Macko, SA Erwin, RM Brown, KM AF Knoff, AJ Macko, SA Erwin, RM Brown, KM TI Stable isotope analysis of temporal variation in the diets of pre-fledged Laughing Gulls SO WATERBIRDS LA English DT Article DE Laughing Gull; Larus atricilla; diet variation; temporal shift; stable isotopes ID NITROGEN ISOTOPES; CARBON ISOTOPE; TROPHIC RELATIONSHIPS; C-13 ENRICHMENT; FOOD WEB; TISSUES; FEATHERS; ANIMALS; MARINE; ALASKA AB The delta(18)C, delta(15)N, and delta(31)S stable isotopic values of feathers from pre-fledged Laughing Gulls (Larus articilla) in coastal Virginia and Jamaica Bay, New York were used to examine dietary variation during the nestling period. The tip portions of the feathers were used to indicate diet during the initiation of primary feather growth, whereas the base portions indicated diet during the period immediately prior to fledging. The results indicate that diets of the nestlings in Virginia moved to a higher trophic level during the period prior to fledging, however the New York nestlings did not appear to undergo any appreciable dietary change during this period. Overall, nestlings from both colonies consumed proportionately more foods of marine origin than freshwater or terrestrial. Therefore, the results do not support those of earlier studies that suggested that partially developed salt glands in young gulls might restrict the diet to more terrestrial or freshwater prey in the early stages of nestling growth. C1 Univ Virginia, Dept Environm Sci, Charlottesville, VA 22903 USA. USGS, Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, Laurel, MD 20708 USA. Cornell Univ, Dept Nat Resources, USGS, New York Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. RP Knoff, AJ (reprint author), Univ Virginia, Dept Environm Sci, Charlottesville, VA 22903 USA. NR 38 TC 28 Z9 31 U1 0 U2 9 PU WATERBIRD SOC PI WASHINGTON PA NATL MUSEUM NATURAL HISTORY SMITHSONIAN INST, WASHINGTON, DC 20560 USA SN 1524-4695 J9 WATERBIRDS JI Waterbirds PD JUN PY 2002 VL 25 IS 2 BP 142 EP 148 DI 10.1675/1524-4695(2002)025[0142:SIAOTV]2.0.CO;2 PG 7 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA 562CM UT WOS:000176179900002 ER PT J AU Euliss, NH Mushet, DM Johnson, DH AF Euliss, NH Mushet, DM Johnson, DH TI Using aquatic invertebrates to delineate seasonal and temporary wetlands in the prairie pothole region of North America SO WETLANDS LA English DT Article DE aquatic invertebrates; invertebrate remains; prairie pothole region; resting eggs; shells; short hydroperiod; tillage; wetland delineation AB Tillage can destroy or greatly disturb indicators of hydric soils and hydrophytic vegetation, making delineation of tilled wetlands difficult. The remains of aquatic invertebrates (e.g., shells, drought-resistant eggs, and trichopteran cases) are easily identifiable and persist in wetland substrates even when wetlands are dry. Additionally, these remains are not easily destroyed by mechanical tillage. To test the feasibility of using invertebrate remains to delineate wetlands, we used two methods to identify the wetland edge of ten seasonal and ten temporary wetlands, evenly divided between grassland and cropland landscapes. First, we identified the wetland edge using hydric soil and vegetation indicators along six evenly spaced transects in each wetland (our "standard" delineation). We then identified the wetland edge along the same transects using aquatic invertebrate remains as our indicator. In grassland landscapes, delineations of the wetland edge made using invertebrate remains were consistently at the same location or closer to the wetland center as the standard delineations for both seasonal and temporary wetlands. In cropland landscapes, however, many of our invertebrate delineations of seasonal and temporary wetlands were on the upland side of our standard delineations. We attribute the differences to movement of remains during tillage, increased maximum Pool levels in cropland wetlands, and disturbance of hydric soils and plants. We found that the elevations of the wetland edge indicated by invertebrate remains were more consistent within a wetland than elevations determined by standard delineations. Aquatic invertebrate remains can be useful in delineating wetlands when other indicators have been destroyed or severely disturbed by tillage. C1 US Geol Survey, No Prairie Wildlife Res Ctr, Jamestown, ND 58401 USA. RP Euliss, NH (reprint author), US Geol Survey, No Prairie Wildlife Res Ctr, 8711 37 St SE, Jamestown, ND 58401 USA. NR 20 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 7 PU SOC WETLAND SCIENTISTS PI LAWRENCE PA 810 E TENTH ST, P O BOX 1897, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0277-5212 J9 WETLANDS JI Wetlands PD JUN PY 2002 VL 22 IS 2 BP 256 EP 262 DI 10.1672/0277-5212(2002)022[0256:UAITDS]2.0.CO;2 PG 7 WC Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 567FW UT WOS:000176475600006 ER PT J AU Drexler, JZ Bedford, BL AF Drexler, JZ Bedford, BL TI Pathways of nutrient loading and impacts on plant diversity in a New York peatland SO WETLANDS LA English DT Article DE fen; ground water; hydrogeology; nutrient fluxes; nutrient loading; peat chemistry; peatland; plant diversity; Shannon-Wiener diversity; and species richness ID LOST RIVER PEATLAND; NORTHERN MINNESOTA; GROUNDWATER-FLOW; UNITED-STATES; VEGETATION; WETLAND; GRADIENTS; NITROGEN; DYNAMICS; FENS AB Nutrient loading is a subtle, yet serious threat to the preservation of high diversity wetlands such as peatlands. Pathways of nutrient loading and impacts on plant diversity in a small peatland in New York State, USA were determined by collecting and analyzing a suite of hydrogeological, hydro-chemical, soil, and vegetation data. Piezometer clusters within an intensive network constituted hydro-chemical sampling points and focal points for randomly selected vegetation quadrats and soil-coring locations. Hydrogeological data and nutrient analyses showed that P and K loading occurred chiefly by means of overland flow from an adjacent farm field, whereas N loading occurred predominantly through ground-water flow from the farm field. Redundancy analysis and polynomial regression showed that nutrients, particularly total P in peat, total K in peat, extractable NH4-N, and NO3-N flux in ground water, were strongly negatively correlated with plant diversity measures at the site. No other environmental variables except vegetation measures associated with eutrophication demonstrated such a strong relationship with plant diversity. Nitrate loading over 4 mg m(-2) day(-1) was associated with low plant diversity, and Ca fluxes between 80 and 130 mg m(-2) day(-1) were associated with high plant diversity. Areas in the site with particularly low vascular plant and bryophyte species richness and Shannon-Wiener diversity (H') occurred adjacent to the farm field and near a hillside spring. High H' and species richness of vascular plants and bryophytes occurred in areas that were further removed from agriculture, contained no highly dominant vegetation, and were situated directly along the ground-water flow paths of springs. These areas were characterized by relatively constant water levels and consistent, yet moderate fluxes of base cations and nutrients. Overall, this study demonstrates that knowledge of site hydrogeology is crucial for determining potential pathways of nutrient loading and for developing relationships between nutrient inflows and wetland plant diversity. C1 Cornell Univ, Dept Nat Resources, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. RP Drexler, JZ (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 6000 J St,Placer Hall, Sacramento, CA 95619 USA. NR 71 TC 27 Z9 27 U1 2 U2 23 PU SOC WETLAND SCIENTISTS PI LAWRENCE PA 810 E TENTH ST, P O BOX 1897, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0277-5212 J9 WETLANDS JI Wetlands PD JUN PY 2002 VL 22 IS 2 BP 263 EP 281 DI 10.1672/0277-5212(2002)022[0263:PONLAI]2.0.CO;2 PG 19 WC Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 567FW UT WOS:000176475600007 ER PT J AU Bennetts, RE Kitchens, WM Dreitz, VJ AF Bennetts, RE Kitchens, WM Dreitz, VJ TI Influence of an extreme high water event on survival, reproduction, and distribution of snail kites in Florida, USA SO WETLANDS LA English DT Article DE flood; hydrology; nest success; reproduction; Rostrhamus sociabilis; snail kite; spatial distribution; survival ID MODEL SELECTION; MARKED ANIMALS; DEMOGRAPHY; CONSERVATION AB Hydrology frequently has been reported as the environmental variable having the greatest influence on Florida snail kite (Rostrhamus sociabilis) populations. Although drought has received the most attention, high-water conditions also have been reported to affect kites. Years of high water generally have been reported to be favorable for nesting, although prolonged high water may be detrimental to sustaining suitable habitat. During 1994 and 1995, southern Florida experienced an extreme high water event. This event enabled us to compare survival, nesting success, number of young per successful nest, and spatial distribution of nesting before, during, and after the event. We found no evidence of an effect (either negative or positive) on survival of adult kites. In contrast, juvenile kites experienced the highest survival during the event, although our data suggest greater annual variability than can be explained by the event alone. We found no evidence of an effect of the high water event on nest success or number of young per successful nest. Nest success was highest during the event in the southern portion of the range but was quite similar to other years, both before and after the event. Our data do indicate a substantial shift in the spatial distribution of nesting birds. During the event, nesting activity shifted to higher elevations (i.e., shallower water) in the major nesting areas of the Everglades region. Nesting also occurred in Big Cypress National Preserve during the event, which is typically too dry to support nesting kites. Thus, our data indicate a potential short-term benefit of increased juvenile survival and an expansion of nesting habitat. However, the deterioration of habitat quality from prolonged high water precludes any recommendation for such conditions to be maintained for extended periods. C1 Univ Florida, Florida Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. Univ Miami, Dept Biol, Coral Gables, FL 33124 USA. Univ Florida, Florida Cooperative Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Dept Wildlife Ecol & Conservat, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. RP Bennetts, RE (reprint author), Florida Caribbean Sci Ctr, 7920 NW 71st ST, Gainesville, FL 32653 USA. NR 42 TC 13 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 9 PU SOC WETLAND SCIENTISTS PI LAWRENCE PA 810 E TENTH ST, P O BOX 1897, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0277-5212 J9 WETLANDS JI Wetlands PD JUN PY 2002 VL 22 IS 2 BP 366 EP 373 DI 10.1672/0277-5212(2002)022[0366:IOAEHW]2.0.CO;2 PG 8 WC Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 567FW UT WOS:000176475600015 ER PT J AU Gazda, RJ Meidinger, RR Ball, IJ Connelly, JW AF Gazda, RJ Meidinger, RR Ball, IJ Connelly, JW TI Relationships between Russian olive and duck nest success in southeastern Idaho SO WILDLIFE SOCIETY BULLETIN LA English DT Article DE alien species; Anas platyrhynchos; black-billed magpie; dabbling duck; Elaeagnus angustifolia; invasive species; mallard; Pica pica; Russian olive ID PRAIRIE POTHOLE REGION; TALLGRASS PRAIRIE; AMERICAN CROWS; PREDATION; VEGETATION; WATERFOWL; LANDSCAPE; INVASION; MONTANA; BIRDS AB invasion by trees into grasslands is commonly associated with negative consequences to many species of breeding birds. We investigated relationships between abundance of Russian olive (Elaeagnus angustifolia), nesting black-billed magpies (Pica pica), and duck nest success on management areas in southeastern Idaho. Duck nest success tended to vary inversely with abundance of Russian olive at the regional scale, averaging 42.9% on management areas where Russian olive abundance was low, 19.8% where it was moderate, and 6.8% where it was high. Intensive studies during 1992-1993 and 1995-1996 at Sterling Wildlife Management Area (SWMA), an area with especially high abundance of Russian olive and density of nesting magpies, produced mixed evidence on the relationships between Russian olive, magpies, and duck nest success. Survival of artificial duck nests at SWMA increased slightly with increasing distance from Russian olive, but median distance to nearest active magpie nest and to nearest Russian olive did not differ between successful and depredated duck nests. However, median distance between duck nests and nearest active magpie nest was <200 m, and we found only one duck nest that was >400 m from an active magpie nest. Hence, few duck nests at SWMA may have been far enough from magpie nests to provide detectable increase in nest security. We predicted that density of nesting magpies would decrease and success of duck nests would increase after managers removed Russian olive from a 347-ha treatment area midway through our study. Magpies shifted nesting substrate, primarily to tall big sagebrush (Artemisia tridentata) plants following treatment, but neither magpie nest density nor duck nest success changed as predicted. We urge managers to carefully consider the risks of accepting (or introducing) trees in historically treeless areas. C1 Univ Montana, US Geol Survey, Montana Cooperat Wildlife Res Unit, Missoula, MT 59812 USA. Idaho Fish & Game, Pocatello, ID 83204 USA. RP Gazda, RJ (reprint author), US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Dillon Ranger Dist,420 Barrett St, Dillon, MT 59725 USA. NR 40 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 3 U2 10 PU WILDLIFE SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2197 USA SN 0091-7648 J9 WILDLIFE SOC B JI Wildl. Soc. Bull. PD SUM PY 2002 VL 30 IS 2 BP 337 EP 344 PG 8 WC Biodiversity Conservation SC Biodiversity & Conservation GA 573HF UT WOS:000176822700005 ER PT J AU Blackwell, BF Stapanian, MA Weseloh, DVC AF Blackwell, BF Stapanian, MA Weseloh, DVC TI Dynamics of the double-crested cormorant population on Lake Ontario SO WILDLIFE SOCIETY BULLETIN LA English DT Article DE double-crested cormorant; Lake Ontario; Phalacrocorax auritus; population dynamics; population management; stage-classified matrix model ID PHALACROCORAX-AURITUS; GREAT-LAKES; PENOBSCOT RIVER; MANAGEMENT; MODEL; PARAMETERS; VIABILITY; GULL; SIZE; PRODUCTIVITY AB After nearly 30 years of recolonization and expansion across North America, the double-crested cormorant (Phalacrocorax auritus) occupies the role of a perceived and, in some situations, realized threat to fish stocks and other resources. However, population data necessary to plan, defend, and implement management of this species are few. Our purpose was to gain insight into the relative contribution of various population parameters to the overall rate of population growth and identify data needs critical to improving our understanding of the dynamics of double-crested cormorant populations. We demonstrated the construction of a biologically reasonable representation of cormorant population growth on Lake Ontario (1979-2000) by referencing literature values for fertility, age at first breeding, and survival. These parameters were incorporated into a deterministic stage-classified matrix model. By calculating the elasticity of matrix elements (i.e., stage-specific fertility and survival), we found that cormorant population growth on Lake Ontario was most sensitive to survival of birds about to turn age 3 and older. Finally, we demonstrated how this information could be used to evaluate management scenarios and direct future research by simulating potential environmental effects on fertility and survival, as well as a 5-year egg-oiling program. We also demonstrated that survival of older birds exerts more effective population control than changes in fertility. C1 USDA, Anim & Plant Hlth Inspect Serv, Wildlife Serv, Natl Wildlife Res Ctr,Ohio Field Stn, Sandusky, OH 44870 USA. US Geol Survey, Lake Erie Biol Stn, Sandusky, OH 44870 USA. Canadian Wildlife Serv, Environm Canada, Toronto, ON M3H 5T4, Canada. RP Blackwell, BF (reprint author), USDA, Anim & Plant Hlth Inspect Serv, Wildlife Serv, Natl Wildlife Res Ctr,Ohio Field Stn, 6100 Columbus Ave, Sandusky, OH 44870 USA. OI Stapanian, Martin/0000-0001-8173-4273 NR 64 TC 22 Z9 24 U1 0 U2 4 PU WILDLIFE SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2197 USA SN 0091-7648 J9 WILDLIFE SOC B JI Wildl. Soc. Bull. PD SUM PY 2002 VL 30 IS 2 BP 345 EP 353 PG 9 WC Biodiversity Conservation SC Biodiversity & Conservation GA 573HF UT WOS:000176822700006 ER PT J AU Sidle, JG Johnson, DH Euliss, BR Tooze, M AF Sidle, JG Johnson, DH Euliss, BR Tooze, M TI Monitoring black-tailed prairie dog colonies with high-resolution satellite imagery SO WILDLIFE SOCIETY BULLETIN LA English DT Article DE black-tailed prairie dog; Cynomys ludovicianus; Great Plains; Ikonos; remote sensing; satellite imagery AB The United States Fish and Wildlife Service has determined that the black-tailed prairie dog (Cynomys ludovicianus) warrants listing as a threatened species under the Endangered Species Act. Central to any conservation planning for the black-tailed prairie dog is an appropriate detection and monitoring technique. Because coarse-resolution satellite imagery is not adequate to detect black-tailed prairie dog colonies, we examined the usefulness of recently available high-resolution (1-m) satellite imagery. In 6 purchased scenes of national grasslands, we were easily able to visually detect small and large colonies without using image-processing algorithms. The Ikonos (Space Imaging(TM)) satellite imagery was as adequate as large-scale aerial photography to delineate colonies. Based on the high quality of imagery, we discuss a possible monitoring program for black-tailed prairie dog colonies throughout the Great Plains, using the species' distribution in North Dakota as an example. Monitoring plots could be established and imagery acquired periodically to track the expansion and contraction of colonies. C1 USDA, Forest Serv, Great Plains Natl Grasslands, Chadron, NE 69337 USA. US Geol Survey, No Prairie Wildlife Res Ctr, Jamestown, ND 58401 USA. GIS Workshop Inc, Lincoln, NE 68521 USA. RP Sidle, JG (reprint author), USDA, Forest Serv, Great Plains Natl Grasslands, 125 N Main St, Chadron, NE 69337 USA. NR 27 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 2 U2 4 PU WILDLIFE SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2197 USA SN 0091-7648 J9 WILDLIFE SOC B JI Wildl. Soc. Bull. PD SUM PY 2002 VL 30 IS 2 BP 405 EP 411 PG 7 WC Biodiversity Conservation SC Biodiversity & Conservation GA 573HF UT WOS:000176822700013 ER PT J AU Jamison, BE Robel, RJ Pontius, JS Applegate, RD AF Jamison, BE Robel, RJ Pontius, JS Applegate, RD TI Invertebrate biomass: associations with lesser prairie-chicken habitat use and sand sagebrush density in southwestern Kansas SO WILDLIFE SOCIETY BULLETIN LA English DT Article DE Artemisia filifolia; invertebrate biomass; Kansas; lesser prairie-chicken; sand sagebrush; Tympanuchus pallidicinctus ID TALLGRASS PRAIRIE; ORTHOPTERA; ACRIDIDAE; FOODS; FIRE AB invertebrates are important food sources for lesser prairie-chicken (Tympanuchus pallidicinctus) adults and broods. We compared invertebrate biomass in areas used and not used by lesser prairie-chicken adults and broods. We used radiotelemetry to determine use and non-use areas in sand sagebrush (Artemisia filifolia) prairie in southwestern Kansas and sampled invertebrate populations during summer 1998 and 1999. Sweepnet-collected biomass of short-horned grasshoppers (Acrididae) and total invertebrate biomass generally were greater in habitats used by lesser prairie-chickens than in paired non-use areas. We detected no differences in pitfall-collected biomass of Acrididae (P=0.81) or total invertebrate biomass (P=0.93) among sampling areas with sand sagebrush canopy cover of 0 to 10%, 11 to 30%, and >30%. Results of multivariate analysis and regression model selection suggested that forbs were more strongly associated with invertebrate biomass than shrubs, grasses, or bare ground. We could not separate lesser prairie-chicken selection for areas of forb cover from selection of areas with greater invertebrate biomass associated with forb cover. Regardless of whether the effects of forbs were direct or indirect, their importance in sand sagebrush habitat has management implications. Practices that maintain or increase forb cover likely will increase invertebrate biomass and habitat quality in southwestern Kansas. C1 Kansas State Univ, Div Biol, Manhattan, KS 66506 USA. Kansas State Univ, Dept Stat, Manhattan, KS 66506 USA. Kansas Dept Wildlife & Parks, Res & Survey Off, Emporia, KS 66801 USA. RP Jamison, BE (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Prairie & No Wildlife Res Ctr, 8711 37th St SE, Jamestown, ND 58401 USA. NR 35 TC 20 Z9 22 U1 3 U2 15 PU WILDLIFE SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2197 USA SN 0091-7648 J9 WILDLIFE SOC B JI Wildl. Soc. Bull. PD SUM PY 2002 VL 30 IS 2 BP 517 EP 526 PG 10 WC Biodiversity Conservation SC Biodiversity & Conservation GA 573HF UT WOS:000176822700028 ER PT J AU Golightly, RT Newman, SH Craig, EN Carter, HR Mazet, JAK AF Golightly, RT Newman, SH Craig, EN Carter, HR Mazet, JAK TI Survival and behavior of western gulls following exposure to oil and rehabilitation SO WILDLIFE SOCIETY BULLETIN LA English DT Article DE Larus occidentalis; oil; radiotelemetry; rehabilitation; spill; western gull ID SEABIRDS AB in California, care of wildlife injured in oil spills has been legislatively mandated and has resulted in development of professionally supervised rehabilitation efforts. However, the efficacy and success of these programs need evaluation. We assessed survivorship and behavior of radio-marked western gulls (Larus occidentalis) that were rehabilitated via California's Oiled Wildlife Care Network (OWCN) following the 1997 Torch/Platform Irene Pipeline spill in south-central California. The test groups were 1) oiled and rehabilitated gulls (n=7), 2) non-oiled but rehabilitated gulls (n=10), and 3) non-oiled and not rehabilitated gulls (n=10). All groups were released to the wild in October 1997 and monitored twice weekly by aerial telemetry until January 1998, and once weekly thereafter until June 1998. One non-oiled and not rehabilitated bird died 115 days after release. All oiled and rehabilitated gulls survived until transmitters failed (127-235 days), despite unfavorable El Ni (n) over tildeo conditions in early 1998. No statistically significant differences could be detected in the size of geographical areas used by the three groups of gulls. The results of this study suggest that modern rehabilitation programs such as OWCN have the potential to reduce impacts to seabird populations from marine oil spills by returning some oiled birds back to wild populations. C1 Humboldt State Univ, Dept Wildlife, Arcata, CA 95521 USA. Univ Calif Davis, Sch Vet Med, Wildlife Hlth Ctr, Davis, CA 95616 USA. Humboldt State Univ, Dept Wildlife, Arcata, CA 95521 USA. US Geol Survey, Dixon, CA USA. RP Golightly, RT (reprint author), Humboldt State Univ, Dept Wildlife, Arcata, CA 95521 USA. EM rtg1@humboldt.edu RI Mazet, Jonna/B-4811-2012 NR 32 TC 11 Z9 12 U1 4 U2 26 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ USA SN 1938-5463 J9 WILDLIFE SOC B JI Wildl. Soc. Bull. PD SUM PY 2002 VL 30 IS 2 BP 539 EP 546 PG 8 WC Biodiversity Conservation SC Biodiversity & Conservation GA 573HF UT WOS:000176822700030 ER PT J AU Riley, SJ Decker, DJ Carpenter, LH Organ, JF Siemer, WF Mattfeld, GF Parsons, G AF Riley, SJ Decker, DJ Carpenter, LH Organ, JF Siemer, WF Mattfeld, GF Parsons, G TI The essence of wildlife management SO WILDLIFE SOCIETY BULLETIN LA English DT Article DE adaptive management; capacity; decisions; impacts; limits; scale; values; wildlife management ID CONSERVATION AB Effectiveness of wildlife professionals in the twenty-first century will depend on their skill at integrating biological and human dimensions of wildlife management. This will need to be done well because stakeholder interests in wildlife and their expectations for participation in wildlife management are changing. As practitioners adapt to these changes, a new approach to wildlife management is emerging. Traditional, near-exclusive reliance on biological science and expert decision-making is being replaced by multidisciplinary integration and stakeholder participation as 2 key precepts of wildlife management. Managers increasingly are making complementary use of biological and social science while seeking more extensive input and involvement from stakeholders. As part of this transformation, a core concept is needed that emphasizes the essential anthropocentric focus of wildlife management. We believe the essence of wildlife management can be distilled to managing wildlife-related impacts, which are significant effects of events or interactions involving humans and wildlife, wildlife management interventions, or stakeholders. We further believe that impacts can be managed adaptively, and we propose the concept of adaptive impact management (AIM), which builds on the strengths of conventional adaptive management. C1 Cornell Univ, Dept Nat Resources, Human Dimens Res Unit, Ithaca, NY 14850 USA. Wildlife Management Inst, Ft Collins, CO 80526 USA. US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Hadley, MA 01035 USA. New York State Dept Environm Conservat, Bur Wildlife, Albany, NY 12233 USA. RP Riley, SJ (reprint author), Michigan State Univ, Dept Fisheries & Wildlife, Nat Resources Bldg, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA. EM rileysh2@msu.edu NR 43 TC 47 Z9 55 U1 5 U2 58 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ USA SN 1938-5463 J9 WILDLIFE SOC B JI Wildl. Soc. Bull. PD SUM PY 2002 VL 30 IS 2 BP 585 EP 593 PG 9 WC Biodiversity Conservation SC Biodiversity & Conservation GA 573HF UT WOS:000176822700035 ER PT J AU Schmutz, JA AF Schmutz, JA TI Educational background and professional participation by federal wildlife biologists: implications for science, management, and The Wildlife Society SO WILDLIFE SOCIETY BULLETIN LA English DT Article DE continuing education; journal subscription; statistics; The Wildlife Society; United States Fish and Wildlife Service; wildlife biologist ID RELIABLE KNOWLEDGE AB Over 2,000 people are employed in wildlife biology in the United States federal government. The size of this constituency motivated me to examine the amount of formal education federal biologists have received and the extent of continuing education they undertake by reading journals or attending scientific meetings. Most federal biologists who are members of The Wildlife Society (TWS) have a graduate degree. However, one-third have only a Bachelor of Science degree, despite the current trend toward hiring people with graduate degrees. Most federal biologists are not research biologists. Numbers of journals subscribed to was positively related to educational level. Less than one-third of all wildlife biologists employed by the United States Fish and Wildlife Service are members of TWS or subscribe to any of its journals. In contrast, the majority of presenters at the TWS 2000 Annual Conference were research biologists and members of TWS. The failure of many federal wildlife biologists to read scientific literature or attend professional meetings indicates a failure to promote the importance of continuing education in the federal workplace. I identify 2 potential adverse impacts of this tailing: an inability to recognize important and relevant scientific contributions and an ineffectiveness in carrying out adaptive management. C1 US Geol Survey, Alaska Biol Sci Ctr, Anchorage, AK 99503 USA. RP Schmutz, JA (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Alaska Biol Sci Ctr, 1011 E Tudor Rd, Anchorage, AK 99503 USA. NR 11 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 4 PU WILDLIFE SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2197 USA SN 0091-7648 J9 WILDLIFE SOC B JI Wildl. Soc. Bull. PD SUM PY 2002 VL 30 IS 2 BP 594 EP 598 PG 5 WC Biodiversity Conservation SC Biodiversity & Conservation GA 573HF UT WOS:000176822700036 ER PT J AU Kendall, WL Gould, WR AF Kendall, WL Gould, WR TI An appeal to undergraduate wildlife programs: send scientists to learn statistics SO WILDLIFE SOCIETY BULLETIN LA English DT Editorial Material DE adaptive resource management; biometrics; education; logic; scientific method ID MANAGEMENT; SCIENCE; RIGOR AB Undergraduate wildlife students taking introductory statistics too often are poorly prepared and insufficiently motivated to learn statistics. We have also encountered too many wildlife professionals, even with graduate degrees, who exhibit an aversion to thinking statistically, either relying too heavily on statisticians or avoiding statistics altogether. We believe part of the reason for these problems is that wildlife majors are insufficiently grounded in the scientific method and analytical thinking before they take statistics. We suggest that a partial solution is to assure wildlife majors are trained in the scientific method at the very beginning of their academic careers. C1 USGS Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, Laurel, MD 20708 USA. New Mexico State Univ, Ctr Stat, Dept Econ, Las Cruces, NM 88003 USA. RP Kendall, WL (reprint author), USGS Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, 11510 Amer Holly Dr, Laurel, MD 20708 USA. EM William_Kendall@usgs.gov NR 21 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 5 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 0091-7648 J9 WILDLIFE SOC B JI Wildl. Soc. Bull. PD SUM PY 2002 VL 30 IS 2 BP 623 EP 627 PG 5 WC Biodiversity Conservation SC Biodiversity & Conservation GA 573HF UT WOS:000176822700044 ER PT J AU Davis, RD Diswood, S Dominguez, A Engel-Wilson, RW Jefferson, K Miles, AK Moore, EF Reidinger, R Ruther, S Valdez, R Wilson, K Zablan, MA AF Davis, RD Diswood, S Dominguez, A Engel-Wilson, RW Jefferson, K Miles, AK Moore, EF Reidinger, R Ruther, S Valdez, R Wilson, K Zablan, MA TI Increasing diversity in our profession SO WILDLIFE SOCIETY BULLETIN LA English DT Editorial Material ID UNITED-STATES; FISHERIES; AMERICANS; MINORITY C1 Tennessee Valley Author, Knoxville, TN USA. Acome Business Enterprises, Acoma Game & Fish Dept, Acoma, NM 87034 USA. Texas Parks & Wildlife Dept, Austin, TX 78744 USA. Arizona Game & Fish Dept, Phoenix, AZ 85023 USA. Univ Tennessee, Sch Forestry, Knoxville, TN 37996 USA. US Geol Survey, Davis, CA 95616 USA. Western Ecol Res Ctr, Davis, CA 95616 USA. Grad Grp Ecol, Davis, CA 95616 USA. Univ Calif Davis, Davis, CA 95616 USA. Middle Tennessee State Univ, Sch Environm Engn, Murfreesboro, TN 37132 USA. Lincoln Univ, Ctr Excellence, Columbia, MO USA. Arizona Game & Fish Dept, Tucson, AZ 85745 USA. New Mexico State Univ, Dept Fishery & Wildlife Sci, Las Cruces, NM 88003 USA. Colorado State Univ, Dept Fishery & Wildlife Biol, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. Colorado State Univ, Grad Degree Program Ecol, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Pacific Isl Fish & Wildlife Off, Honolulu, HI 96850 USA. RP Davis, RD (reprint author), Tennessee Valley Author, Knoxville, TN USA. NR 21 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 3 PU WILDLIFE SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2197 USA SN 0091-7648 J9 WILDLIFE SOC B JI Wildl. Soc. Bull. PD SUM PY 2002 VL 30 IS 2 BP 628 EP 633 PG 6 WC Biodiversity Conservation SC Biodiversity & Conservation GA 573HF UT WOS:000176822700045 ER PT J AU Chauhan, VPS Tsiouris, JA Chauhan, A Sheikh, AM Brown, WT Vaughan, M AF Chauhan, VPS Tsiouris, JA Chauhan, A Sheikh, AM Brown, WT Vaughan, M TI Increased oxidative stress and decreased activities of Ca2+/Mg2+-ATPase and Na+/K+-ATPase in the red blood cells of the hibernating black bear SO LIFE SCIENCES LA English DT Article DE hibernation; depression; oxidative stress; membrane ID ACUTE-PHASE RESPONSE; AFFECTIVE-DISORDERS; GROUND-SQUIRRELS; URSUS-AMERICANUS; MAMMALIAN HIBERNATION; INTRACELLULAR CALCIUM; MEMBRANE-TRANSPORT; OXYGEN-CONSUMPTION; DEPRESSIVE-ILLNESS; BODY-TEMPERATURE AB During hibernation, animals undergo metabolic changes that result in reduced utilization of glucose and oxygen. Fat is known to be the preferential source of energy for hibernating animals. Malonyldialdehyde (MDA) is an end product of fatty acid oxidation, and is generally used as an index of lipid peroxidation. We report here that peroxidation of lipids is increased in the plasma and in the membranes of red blood cells in black bears during hibernation. The plasma MDA content was about four fold higher during hibernation as compared to that during the active, non-hibernating state (P < 0.0001). Similarly, MDA content of erythrocyte membranes was significantly increased during hibernation (P < 0.025). The activity of Ca2+/Mg2+-ATPase in the erythrocyte membrane was significantly decreased in the hibernating state as compared to the active state. Na+/K+-ATPase activity was also decreased, though not significant, during hibernation. These results suggest that during hibernation, the bears are under increased oxidative stress, and have reduced activities of membrane-bound enzymes such as Ca2+/Mg2+- ATPase and Na+/K+-ATPase. These changes can be considered part of the adaptive for survival process of metabolic depression. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science Inc. All rights reserved. C1 New York State Inst Basic Res Dev Disabil, Staten Isl, NY 10314 USA. Virginia Tech, USGS, BRD, Virginia Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA. RP Chauhan, VPS (reprint author), New York State Inst Basic Res Dev Disabil, 1050 Forest Hill Rd, Staten Isl, NY 10314 USA. EM chauhanvps@aol.com NR 48 TC 27 Z9 28 U1 1 U2 4 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0024-3205 J9 LIFE SCI JI Life Sci. PD MAY 31 PY 2002 VL 71 IS 2 BP 153 EP 161 AR PII S0024-3205(02)01619-3 DI 10.1016/S0024-3205(02)01619-3 PG 9 WC Medicine, Research & Experimental; Pharmacology & Pharmacy SC Research & Experimental Medicine; Pharmacology & Pharmacy GA 568ZT UT WOS:000176575400004 PM 12031685 ER PT J AU Julian, B AF Julian, B TI Plate tectonics: Seismological detection of slab metamorphism SO SCIENCE LA English DT Editorial Material C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. RP Julian, B (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 345 Middlefield Rd, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. NR 7 TC 14 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 5 PU AMER ASSOC ADVANCEMENT SCIENCE PI WASHINGTON PA 1200 NEW YORK AVE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 USA SN 0036-8075 J9 SCIENCE JI Science PD MAY 31 PY 2002 VL 296 IS 5573 BP 1625 EP 1626 DI 10.1126/science.1072602 PG 2 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 558PR UT WOS:000175976200033 PM 12040170 ER PT J AU Al-Zoubi, A ten Brink, U AF Al-Zoubi, A ten Brink, U TI Lower crustal flow and the role of shear in basin subsidence: an example from the Dead Sea basin SO EARTH AND PLANETARY SCIENCE LETTERS LA English DT Article DE lower crust; crustal thinning viscosity; subsidence; Dead Sea Rift; pull-apart basins ID PULL-APART BASINS; EXTENSIONAL TECTONICS; RIFT; TEMPERATURE; EARTHQUAKE; TRANSFORM; ANATOMY; STRESS; SYSTEM; VALLEY AB We interpret large-scale subsidence (5-6 km depth) with little attendant brittle deformation in the southern Dead Sea basin, a large pull-apart basin along the Dead Sea transform plate boundary, to indicate lower crustal thinning due to lower crustal flow. Along-axis flow within the lower crust could be induced by the reduction of overburden pressure in the central Dead Sea basin, where brittle extensional deformation is observed. Using a channel flow approximation, we estimate that lower crustal flow would occur within the time frame of basin subsidence if the viscosity is less than or equal to7 X 10(19) -1 X 10(21) Pa s, a value compatible with the normal heat flow in the region. Lower crustal viscosity due to the strain rate associated with basin extension is estimated to be similar to or smaller than the viscosity required for a channel flow. However, the viscosity under the basin may be reduced to 5 X 10(17) -5 X 10(19) Pa s by the enhanced strain rate due to lateral shear along the transform plate boundary, Thus, lower crustal flow facilitated by shear may be a viable mechanism to enlarge basins and modify other topographic features even in the absence of underlying thermal anomalies. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 US Geol Survey, Woods Hole Oceanog Inst, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. US Geol Survey, Woods Hole Field Ctr, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. RP ten Brink, U (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Woods Hole Oceanog Inst, 384 Woods Hole Rd, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. RI ten Brink, Uri/A-1258-2008 OI ten Brink, Uri/0000-0001-6858-3001 NR 42 TC 37 Z9 37 U1 0 U2 7 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0012-821X J9 EARTH PLANET SC LETT JI Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. PD MAY 30 PY 2002 VL 199 IS 1-2 BP 67 EP 79 AR PII S0012-821X(02)00540-X DI 10.1016/S0012-821X(02)00540-X PG 13 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 558VD UT WOS:000175986700006 ER PT J AU Gehrels, GE Stewart, JH Ketner, KB AF Gehrels, GE Stewart, JH Ketner, KB TI Cordilleran-margin quartzites in Baja California - implications for tectonic transport SO EARTH AND PLANETARY SCIENCE LETTERS LA English DT Article DE U/Pb; absolute ages; provenance; tectonics; Mexico ID NORTHWARD TRANSPORT; SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA; PALEOMAGNETIC DATA; MEXICO; COASTAL; STRATA; OFFSET AB One of the current controversies in Cordilleran tectonics concerns the position of Baja California prior to similar to300 km of opening of the Gulf of California. Geologic arguments. together with paleomagnetic results from Lower Cretaceous volcanic rocks, suggest that the rocks of the Baja Peninsula formed and evolved along the coast of northwestern Mexico prior to opening of the Gulf. In contrast, paleomagnetic data from Cretaceous-early Tertiary plutonic rocks and elastic strata have been interpreted by some workers to suggest that Baja was located near southern Mexico at approximately 80 Ma. The presence of similar detrital zircon ages in lower Paleozoic quartzites of northeast Baja and in lower Paleozoic strata east of the Gulf. in northwestern Mexico and southwestern US, provides strong support for the northern paleoposition. suggesting that Baja has been transported northward by only similar to300 km. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Arizona, Dept Geosci, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Denver, CO 80225 USA. RP Gehrels, GE (reprint author), Univ Arizona, Dept Geosci, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. NR 39 TC 22 Z9 22 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0012-821X J9 EARTH PLANET SC LETT JI Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. PD MAY 30 PY 2002 VL 199 IS 1-2 BP 201 EP 210 AR PII S0012-821X(02)00542-3 DI 10.1016/S0012-821X(02)00542-3 PG 10 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 558VD UT WOS:000175986700015 ER PT J AU Evans, WC Sorey, ML Cook, AC Kennedy, BM Shuster, DL Colvard, EM White, LD Huebner, MA AF Evans, WC Sorey, ML Cook, AC Kennedy, BM Shuster, DL Colvard, EM White, LD Huebner, MA TI Tracing and quantifying magmatic carbon discharge in cold groundwaters: lessons learned from Mammoth Mountain, USA SO JOURNAL OF VOLCANOLOGY AND GEOTHERMAL RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE volcanoes; groundwater; magmatic gas; carbon dioxide ID LONG VALLEY CALDERA; HYDROTHERMAL SYSTEM; DIOXIDE EMISSIONS; REGIONAL AQUIFERS; FURNAS VOLCANO; CO2 EMISSION; NOBLE-GASES; SAO-MIGUEL; TREE-KILL; CALIFORNIA AB A major campaign to quantify the magmatic carbon discharge in cold groundwaters around Mammoth Mountain volcano in eastern California was carried out from 1996 to 1999. The total water flow from all sampled cold springs was greater than or equal to1.8 X 10(7) m(3)/yr draining an area that receives an estimated 2.5 X 10(7) m(3)/yr of recharge, suggesting that sample coverage of the groundwater system was essentially complete. Some of the waters contain magmatic helium with He-3/He-4 ratios as high as 4.5 times the atmospheric ratio, and a magmatic component in the dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) can be identified in virtually every feature sampled. Many waters have a C-14 of 0-5 pmC, a delta(13)C near -5parts per thousand, and contain high concentrations (20-50 mmol/1) Of CO2(aq); but are otherwise dilute (specific conductance = 100-300 muS/cm) with low pH values between 5 and 6. Such waters have previously escaped notice at Mammoth Mountain, and possibly at many other volcanoes, because CO, is rapidly lost to the air as the water flows away from the springs, leaving neutral pH waters containing only 1-3 mmol/l HCO3-. The total discharge of magmatic carbon in the cold groundwater system at Mammoth Mountain is similar to20000 t/yr (as CO2), ranging seasonally from about 30 to 90 t/day. Several types of evidence show that this high discharge of magmatic DIC arose in part because of shallow dike intrusion in 1989, but also demonstrate that a long-term discharge possibly half this magnitude (similar to10000 t/yr) predated that intrusion. To sustain a 10000 t/yr DIC discharge would require a magma intrusion rate of 0.057 km(3) per century, assuming complete degassing of magma with 0.65 wt% CO2 and a density of 2.7 t/m(3). The geochemical data also identify a small (<1 t/day) discharge of magmatic DIC that can be traced to the Inyo Domes area north of Mammoth Mountain and outside the associated Long Valley caldera. This research, along with recent studies at Lassen Peak and other western USA volcanoes, suggests that the amount of magmatic carbon in cold groundwaters is important to constraining rates of intrusion and edifice weathering at individual volcanoes and may even represent a significant fraction of the global carbon discharge from volcanoes. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Ctr Accelerator Mass Spectrometry, Livermore, CA 94551 USA. Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Ctr Isotope Geochem, Berkeley, CA 94701 USA. RP Evans, WC (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 345 Middlefield Rd, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. RI Shuster, David/A-4838-2011; Evans, William/J-4283-2012 NR 51 TC 45 Z9 46 U1 0 U2 4 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0377-0273 J9 J VOLCANOL GEOTH RES JI J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res. PD MAY 30 PY 2002 VL 114 IS 3-4 BP 291 EP 312 AR PII S0377-0273(01)00268-2 DI 10.1016/S0377-0273(01)00268-2 PG 22 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 568DW UT WOS:000176528000003 ER PT J AU Falsaperla, S Privitera, E Chouet, B Dawson, P AF Falsaperla, S Privitera, E Chouet, B Dawson, P TI Analysis of long-period events recorded at Mount Etna (Italy) in 1992, and their relationship to eruptive activity SO JOURNAL OF VOLCANOLOGY AND GEOTHERMAL RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE long-period event; crack; Etna; eruption; pit crater ID FLUID-DRIVEN CRACK; MT-ETNA; RADAR INTERFEROMETRY; HARMONIC TREMOR; VOLCANIC TREMOR; REDOUBT VOLCANO; SOURCE MODEL; ST-HELENS; DEFORMATION; EARTHQUAKES AB Seismic activity recorded at Mount Etna during 1992 was characterized by long-period (LP) events and tremor with fluctuating amplitudes. These signals were associated with the evolution of the eruptive activity that began on December 14, 1991. Following the occurrence of numerous volcano-tectonic earthquakes at the onset of the eruption, LP events dominated the overall seismicity starting in January, 1992. The LP activity occurred primarily in swarms, which were temporally correlated with episodic collapses of the crater floor in the Northeast Crater. Source depths determined for selected LP events suggest a source region located slightly east of Northeast Crater and extending from the surface to a depth of 2000 in. Based on the characteristic signatures of the time series, four families of LP events are identified. Each family shares common spectral peaks independent of azimuth and distance to the source. These spectral features are used to develop a fluid-filled crack model of the source. We hypothesize that the locus of the LP events represents a segment of the magma feeding system connecting a depressurizing magma body with a dike extending in the SSE direction along the western wall of Valle del Bove, toward the site of the Mount Etna eruption. We surmise that magma withdrawal from the source volume beneath Northeast Crater may have caused repeated collapses of the crater floor. Some collapse events may have produced pressure transients in the subjacent dike which acted as seismic wave sources for LP events. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Ist Nazl Geofis & Vulcanol, Sez Catania, I-95123 Catania, Italy. US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. RP Falsaperla, S (reprint author), Ist Nazl Geofis & Vulcanol, Sez Catania, Piazza Roma 2, I-95123 Catania, Italy. RI Privitera, Eugenio/D-4973-2009 NR 71 TC 19 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0377-0273 J9 J VOLCANOL GEOTH RES JI J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res. PD MAY 30 PY 2002 VL 114 IS 3-4 BP 419 EP 440 AR PII S0377-0273(01)00299-2 DI 10.1016/S0377-0273(01)00299-2 PG 22 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 568DW UT WOS:000176528000009 ER PT J AU Hamilton, SJ Holley, KM Buhl, KJ AF Hamilton, SJ Holley, KM Buhl, KJ TI Hazard assessment of selenium to endangered razorback suckers (Xyrauchen texanus) SO SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article DE selenium; hazard assessment; razorback sucker; Colorado River; endangered fish ID FRESH-WATER FISH; CONTAMINANT-BIOMONITORING-PROGRAM; SAN JOAQUIN VALLEY; ENVIRONMENTAL-HAZARD; TRACE-ELEMENTS; GREEN-RIVER; CALIFORNIA; BLUEGILLS; CADMIUM; MERCURY AB A hazard assessment was conducted based on information derived from two reproduction studies conducted with endangered razorback suckers (Xyrauchen texanus) at three sites near Grand Junction, CO, USA. Selenium contamination of the upper and lower Colorado River basin has been documented in water, sediment, and biota in studies by US Department of the Interior agencies and academia. Concern has been raised that this selenium contamination may be adversely affecting endangered fish in the Upper Colorado River basin. The reproduction studies with razorback suckers revealed that adults readily accumulated selenium in various tissues including eggs, and that 4.6 mug/g of selenium in food organisins caused increased mortality of larvae. The selenium hazard assessment protocol resulted in a moderate hazard at the Horsethief site and high hazards at the Adobe Creek and North Pond sites. The selenium hazard assessment was considered conservative because an on-site toxicity test with razorback sucker larvae using 4.6 mug/g selenium in zooplankton caused nearly complete mortality, in spite of the moderate hazard at Horsethief. Using the margin of uncertainty ratio also suggested a high hazard for effects on razorback suckers from selenium exposure. Both assessment approaches suggested that selenium in the upper Colorado River basin adversely affects the reproductive success of razorback suckers. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Columbia Environm Res Ctr, Yankton, SD 57078 USA. US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Grand Jct, CO 81506 USA. RP Hamilton, SJ (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Columbia Environm Res Ctr, Field Res Stn,31247 436th Ave, Yankton, SD 57078 USA. NR 56 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 4 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0048-9697 J9 SCI TOTAL ENVIRON JI Sci. Total Environ. PD MAY 27 PY 2002 VL 291 IS 1-3 BP 111 EP 121 AR PII S0048-9697(01)01080-4 DI 10.1016/S0048-9697(01)01080-4 PG 11 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 571DB UT WOS:000176698600009 PM 12150431 ER PT J AU Thurman, EM Ferrer, I Parry, R AF Thurman, EM Ferrer, I Parry, R TI Accurate mass analysis of ethanesulfonic acid degradates of acetochlor and alachlor using high-performance liquid chromatography and time-of-flight mass spectrometry SO JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY A LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 8th Symposium on the Chemistry and Fate of Modern Pesticides CY AUG 21-24, 2001 CL ROYAL VET & AGR UNIV, COPENHAGEN, DENMARK HO ROYAL VET & AGR UNIV DE water analysis; environmental analysis; acetochlor; alachlor; pesticides; ethanesulfonic acids; organosulfur compounds ID PRESSURE CHEMICAL-IONIZATION; PER-TRILLION LEVELS; NATURAL-WATERS; PESTICIDES; ELECTROSPRAY; GROUNDWATER; EXTRACTION; HERBICIDES; CHLOROACETANILIDE; SAMPLES AB Degradates of acetochlor and alachlor (ethanesulfonic acids, ESAs) were analyzed in both standards and in a groundwater sample using high-performance liquid chromatography-time-of-flight mass spectrometry with electrospray ionization. The negative pseudomolecular ion of the secondary amide of acetochlor ESA and alachlor ESA gave average masses of 256.0750+/-0.0049 amu and 270.0786+/-0.0064 amu. respectively. Acetochlor and alachlor ESA gave similar masses of 314.1098+/-0.0061 amu. and 314.1153+/-0.0048 amu; however, they could not be distinguished by accurate mass because they have the same empirical formula. On the other hand, they may be distinguished using positive-ion electrospray because of different fragmentation spectra, which did not occur using negative-ion electrospray. Published by Elsevier Science B.V. C1 US Geol Survey, Lawrence, KS 66049 USA. US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Lakewood, CO USA. Leco Corp, St Joseph, MI USA. RP Thurman, EM (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 4821 Quail Crest Pl, Lawrence, KS 66049 USA. RI Thurman, Earl/B-5131-2011; Ferrer, Imma/A-8161-2008 OI Ferrer, Imma/0000-0002-8730-7851 NR 15 TC 45 Z9 48 U1 1 U2 7 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0021-9673 J9 J CHROMATOGR A JI J. Chromatogr. A PD MAY 24 PY 2002 VL 957 IS 1 BP 3 EP 9 AR PII S0021-9673(01)01470-4 DI 10.1016/S0021-9673(01)01470-4 PG 7 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Chemistry, Analytical SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Chemistry GA 567LT UT WOS:000176486800002 PM 12102310 ER PT J AU Boone, MD Scott, DE Niewiarowski, PH AF Boone, MD Scott, DE Niewiarowski, PH TI Effects of hatching time for larval ambystomatid salamanders SO COPEIA LA English DT Article ID MARBLED SALAMANDER; POND COMMUNITIES; COMPLEX-SYSTEMS; TEMPORARY POND; COMPETITION; OPACUM; PREDATION; DENSITY; FOOD; METAMORPHOSIS AB In aquatic communities, the phenology of breeding may influence species interactions. In the early-breeding marbled salamander, Ambystoma opacum timing of pond filling may determine whether interactions among larvae are competitive or predatory. The objectives of our studies were to determine how time of egg hatching affected size, larval period, and survival to metamorphosis in A. opacum, and if early hatching in A. opacum influenced the competitive and predator-prey relationships with smaller larvae of the mole salamander, Ambystoma talpoideum. Salamander larvae were reared from hatching through metamorphosis in large, outdoor enclosures located in a natural temporary pond in Aiken County, South Carolina, in two experiments. In study 1, we reared early- and late-hatching A. opacum larvae separately from hatching through metamorphosis. In study 2, we examined how early- versus late-hatching A. opacum affected a syntopic species, A. talpoideum. In general, early-hatching A. opacum were larger and older at metamorphosis, had greater survival, and left the pond earlier than late-hatching larvae. Ambystoma talpoideum reared in the presence of early-hatching A. opacum had lower survival than in controls, suggesting that A. apacum may predate upon A. talpoideum when they gain a growth advantage over later-hatching larvae. Our studies demonstrate that time of pond filling and phenology of breeding may influence population dynamics and alter the nature of relationships that develop among species. C1 USGS, Columbia Environm Res Ctr, Columbia, MO 65201 USA. Savannah River Ecol Lab, Aiken, SC 29802 USA. Univ Akron, Dept Biol, Akron, OH 44325 USA. RP Boone, MD (reprint author), USGS, Columbia Environm Res Ctr, 4200 New Haven Rd, Columbia, MO 65201 USA. NR 30 TC 26 Z9 28 U1 2 U2 12 PU AMER SOC ICHTHYOLOGISTS HERPETOLOGISTS PI CHARLESTON PA UNIV CHARLESTON, GRICE MARINE LABORATORY, 205 FORT JOHNSON RD, CHARLESTON, SC 29412 USA SN 0045-8511 J9 COPEIA JI Copeia PD MAY 21 PY 2002 IS 2 BP 511 EP 517 DI 10.1643/0045-8511(2002)002[0511:EOHTFL]2.0.CO;2 PG 7 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA 555AU UT WOS:000175771000029 ER PT J AU Colman, SM AF Colman, SM TI Paleoclimate - A fresh look at glacial floods SO SCIENCE LA English DT Editorial Material ID LAURENTIDE ICE-SHEET; CLIMATE-CHANGE; YOUNGER DRYAS; MELTWATER; RECORD; OCEAN C1 US Geol Survey, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. RP Colman, SM (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 384 Woods Hole Rd, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. NR 17 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER ASSOC ADVANCEMENT SCIENCE PI WASHINGTON PA 1200 NEW YORK AVE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 USA SN 0036-8075 J9 SCIENCE JI Science PD MAY 17 PY 2002 VL 296 IS 5571 BP 1251 EP 1252 DI 10.1126/science.1073377 PG 2 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 554BL UT WOS:000175713000034 PM 12016297 ER PT J AU Nolan, BT Hitt, KJ Ruddy, BC AF Nolan, BT Hitt, KJ Ruddy, BC TI Probability of nitrate contamination of recently recharged groundwaters in the conterminous United States SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID AQUIFER SUSCEPTIBILITY; WATER; VULNERABILITY; RISK AB A new logistic regression (LR) model was used to predict the probability of nitrate contamination exceeding 4 mg/L in predominantly shallow, recently recharged groundwaters of the United States. The new model contains variables representing (1) N fertilizer loading (p < 0.001), (2) percent cropland-pasture (p < 0.001), (3) natural log of human population density (p < 0.001), (4) percent well-drained soils (p < 0.001), (5) depth to the seasonally high water table (p < 0.001), and (6) presence or absence of unconsolidated sand and gravel aquifers (p= 0.002). Observed and average predicted probabilities associated with deciles of risk are well correlated (r(2) = 0.875), indicating that the LR model fits the data well. The likelihood of nitrate contamination is greater in areas with high N loading and well-drained surficial soils over unconsolidated sand and gravels. The LR model correctly predicted the status of nitrate contamination in 75% of wells in a validation data set. Considering all wells used in both calibration and validation, observed median nitrate concentration increased from 0.24 to 8.30 mg/L as the mapped probability of nitrate exceeding 4 mg/L increased from : 0.17 to >0.83. C1 US Geol Survey, Natl Ctr 413, Reston, VA 20192 USA. US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Lakewood, CO USA. RP Nolan, BT (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Natl Ctr 413, Reston, VA 20192 USA. NR 41 TC 137 Z9 140 U1 4 U2 34 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0013-936X J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD MAY 15 PY 2002 VL 36 IS 10 BP 2138 EP 2145 DI 10.1021/es0113854 PG 8 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 553AN UT WOS:000175653500005 PM 12038822 ER PT J AU Bednar, AJ Garbarino, JR Ranville, JF Wildeman, TR AF Bednar, AJ Garbarino, JR Ranville, JF Wildeman, TR TI Preserving the distribution of inorganic arsenic species in groundwater and acid mine drainage samples SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID WATER; SPECIATION; OXIDATION; ENVIRONMENT; SEPARATION; STABILITY; IRON AB The distribution of inorganic arsenic species must be preserved in the field to eliminate changes caused by metal oxyhydroxide precipitation, photochemical oxidation, and redox reactions. Arsenic species sorb to iron and manganese oxyhydroxide precipitates, and arsenite can be oxidized to arsenate by photolytically produced free radicals in many sample matrices. Several preservatives were evaluated to minimize metal oxyhydroxide precipitation, such as inorganic acids and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA). EDTA was found to work best for all sample matrices tested. Storing samples in opaque polyethylene bottles eliminated the effects of photochemical reactions. The preservation technique was tested on 71 groundwater and six acid mine drainage samples. Concentrations in groundwater samples reached 720 mug-As/L for arsenite an 1080 mug-As/L for arsenate, and acid mine drainage samples reached 13 000 pg-As/L for arsenite and 3700 mug-As/L for arsenate. The arsenic species distribution in the samples ranged from 0 to 90% arsenite. The stability of the preservation technique was established by comparing laboratory arsenic speciation results for samples preserved in the field to results for subsamples speciated onsite. Statistical analyses indicated that the difference between arsenite and arsenate concentrations for samples preserved with EDTA in opaque bottles and field speciation results were analytically insignificant. The percentage change in arsenite:arsenate ratios for a preserved acid mine drainage sample and groundwater sample during a 3-month period was -5 and +3%, respectively. C1 US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Denver, CO 80225 USA. Colorado Sch Mines, Dept Chem & Geochem, Golden, CO 80401 USA. RP Garbarino, JR (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, POB 25046 MS 407, Denver, CO 80225 USA. RI Ranville, James/H-1428-2011; OI ranville, james/0000-0002-4347-4885 NR 17 TC 131 Z9 132 U1 2 U2 49 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0013-936X J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD MAY 15 PY 2002 VL 36 IS 10 BP 2213 EP 2218 DI 10.1021/es0157651 PG 6 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 553AN UT WOS:000175653500015 PM 12038832 ER PT J AU Hill, DP Dawson, P Johnston, MJS Pitt, AM Biasi, G Smith, K AF Hill, DP Dawson, P Johnston, MJS Pitt, AM Biasi, G Smith, K TI Very-long-period volcanic earthquakes beneath Mammoth Mountain, California SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article ID VALLEY CALDERA AB [1] Detection of three very-long-period (VLP) volcanic earthquakes beneath Mammoth Mountain emphasizes that magmatic processes continue to be active beneath this young, eastern California volcano. These VLP earthquakes, which occurred in October 1996 and July and August 2000, appear as bell-shaped pulses with durations of one to two minutes on a nearby borehole dilatometer and on the displacement seismogram from a nearby broadband seismometer. They are accompanied by rapid-fire sequences of high-frequency (HF) earthquakes and several long-period (LP) volcanic earthquakes. The limited VLP data are consistent with a CLVD source at a depth of similar to3 km beneath the summit, which we interpret as resulting from a slug of fluid (CO2-saturated magmatic brine or perhaps basaltic magma) moving into a crack. C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. Univ Nevada, Reno, NV 89557 USA. RP Hill, DP (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 345 Middlefield Rd, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. NR 14 TC 20 Z9 20 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0094-8276 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD MAY 15 PY 2002 VL 29 IS 10 AR 1370 DI 10.1029/2002GL014833 PG 4 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 609DL UT WOS:000178888300136 ER PT J AU Geist, EL AF Geist, EL TI Complex earthquake rupture and local tsunamis SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SOLID EARTH LA English DT Review DE tsunami; slip; subduction zone; stochastic; fractal ID SUBDUCTION ZONE EARTHQUAKES; HOKKAIDO-NANSEI-OKI; ANDREANOF-ISLANDS EARTHQUAKE; 1992 NICARAGUA EARTHQUAKE; STOCHASTIC FAULT MODEL; STRONG-GROUND MOTION; WAVE-FORMS; SLIP DISTRIBUTION; COSEISMIC SLIP; HALF-SPACE AB [1] In contrast to far-field tsunami amplitudes that are fairly well predicted by the seismic moment of subduction zone earthquakes, there exists significant variation in the scaling of local tsunami amplitude with respect to seismic moment. From a global catalog of tsunami runup observations this variability is greatest for the most frequently occurring tsunamigenic subduction zone earthquakes in the magnitude range of 7 < M-w < 8.5. Variability in local tsunami runup scaling can be ascribed to tsunami source parameters that are independent of seismic moment: variations in the water depth in the source region, the combination of higher slip and lower shear modulus at shallow depth, and rupture complexity in the form of heterogeneous slip distribution patterns. The focus of this study is on the effect that rupture complexity has on the local tsunami wave field. A wide range of slip distribution patterns are generated using a stochastic, self-affine source model that is consistent with the falloff of far-field seismic displacement spectra at high frequencies. The synthetic slip distributions generated by the stochastic source model are discretized and the vertical displacement fields from point source elastic dislocation expressions are superimposed to compute the coseismic vertical displacement field. For shallow subduction zone earthquakes it is demonstrated that self-affine irregularities of the slip distribution result in significant variations in local tsunami amplitude. The effects of rupture complexity are less pronounced for earthquakes at greater depth or along faults with steep dip angles. For a test region along the Pacific coast of central Mexico, peak nearshore tsunami amplitude is calculated for a large number (N = 100) of synthetic slip distribution patterns, all with identical seismic moment (M-w = 8.1). Analysis of the results indicates that for earthquakes of a fixed location, geometry, and seismic moment, peak nearshore tsunami amplitude can vary by a factor of 3 or more. These results indicate that there is substantially more variation in the local tsunami wave field derived from the inherent complexity subduction zone earthquakes than predicted by a simple elastic dislocation model. Probabilistic methods that take into account variability in earthquake rupture processes are likely to yield more accurate assessments of tsunami hazards. C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. RP Geist, EL (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 345 Middlefield Rd,MS 999, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. EM egeist@usgs.gov NR 134 TC 62 Z9 62 U1 0 U2 7 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-9313 EI 2169-9356 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-SOL EA JI J. Geophys. Res.-Solid Earth PD MAY 10 PY 2002 VL 107 IS B5 AR 2086 DI 10.1029/2000JB000139 PG 16 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 609RC UT WOS:000178917500019 ER PT J AU Svarc, JL Savage, JC Prescott, WH Murray, MH AF Svarc, JL Savage, JC Prescott, WH Murray, MH TI Strain accumulation and rotation in western Oregon and southwestern Washington SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SOLID EARTH LA English DT Article DE Oregon; Washington; rotation; subduction; deformation ID CASCADIA SUBDUCTION ZONE; FORE-ARC; UNITED-STATES; DEFORMATION; PLATE; MARGIN; EARTHQUAKE; MIGRATION; MOTION AB [1] Velocities of 75 geodetic monuments in western Oregon and southwestern Washington extending from the coast to more than 300 km inland have been determined from GPS surveys over the interval 1992-2000. The average standard deviation in each of the horizontal velocity components is similar to1 mm yr(-1). The observed velocity field is approximated by a combination of rigid rotation (Euler vector relative to interior North America: 43.40degreesN +/- 0.14degrees, 119.33degreesW +/- 0.28degrees, and 0.822 +/- 0.057degrees Myr(-1) clockwise; quoted uncertainties are standard deviations), uniform regional strain rate (epsilon(EE) = -7.4 +/- 1.8, epsilon(EN) = -3.4 +/- 1.0, and epsilon(NN) = -5.0 +/- 0.8 nstrain yr(-1), extension reckoned positive), and a dislocation model representing subduction of the Juan de Fuca plate beneath North America. Subduction south of 44.5degreesN was represented by a 40-km-wide locked thrust and subduction north of 44.5degreesN by a 75-km-wide locked thrust. C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. RP Svarc, JL (reprint author), US Geol Survey, MS 977,345 Middlefield Rd, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. EM jsvarc@usgs.gov; jasavage@usgs.gov; wprescott@usgs.gov; mhmurray@seismo.berkeley.edu NR 17 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-9313 EI 2169-9356 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-SOL EA JI J. Geophys. Res.-Solid Earth PD MAY 10 PY 2002 VL 107 IS B5 AR 2087 DI 10.1029/2001JB000625 PG 8 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 609RC UT WOS:000178917500018 ER PT J AU Svarc, JL Savage, JC Prescott, WH Ramelli, AR AF Svarc, JL Savage, JC Prescott, WH Ramelli, AR TI Strain accumulation and rotation in western Nevada, 1993-2000 SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SOLID EARTH LA English DT Article DE Nevada; strain; rotation ID UNITED-STATES; HOLOCENE EARTHQUAKES; ACTIVE DEFORMATION; EASTERN CALIFORNIA; RANGE PROVINCE; WALKER LANE; MOTION; BASIN; FAULT; ZONE AB [1] The positions of 44 GPS monuments in an array extending from the Sierra Nevada at the latitude of Reno to near Austin, Nevada, have been measured several times in the 1993-2000 interval. The western half of the array spans the Walker Lane belt, whereas the eastern half spans the central Nevada seismic zone (CNSZ). The principal strain rates in the Walker Lane belt are 29.6 +/- 5.3 nstrain yr(-1) N88.4degreesE +/- 5.4degrees and -12.8 +/- 6.0 nanostrain yr(-1) N01.6degreesW +/- 5.4degrees, extension reckoned positive, and the clockwise (as seen from above the Earth) rotation rate about a vertical axis is 13.6 +/- 4.0 nrad yr(-1). The quoted uncertainties are standard deviations. The motion in the Walker Lane belt can then be represented by a zone striking N35degreesW subject to 16.8 +/- 4.9 nstrain yr(-1) extension perpendicular to it and 19.5 +/- 4.0 nstrain yr(-1) right-lateral, simple shear across it. The N35degreesW strike of the zone is the same as the direction of the local tangent to the small circle drawn about the Pacific-North America pole of rotation. The principal strain rates for the CNSZ are 46.2 +/- 11.0 nstrain yr(-1) N49.9degreesW +/- 6.0degrees and 13.6 +/- 6.1 nstrain yr(-1) N40.1degreesE +/- 6.0degrees, and the clockwise rotation rate about a vertical axis is 20.3 +/- 6.3 nrad yr(-1). The motion across the CNSZ can then be represented by a zone striking N12degreesE subject to 32.6 +/- 11.0 nstrain yr(-1) extension perpendicular to it and 25.1 +/- 6.3 nstrain yr(-1) right-lateral, simple shear across it. The N12degreesE strike of the zone is similar to the strikes of the faults (Rainbow Mountain, Fairview Peak, and Dixie Valley) within it. C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. Univ Nevada, Nevada Bur Mines & Geol, Reno, NV 89557 USA. RP Svarc, JL (reprint author), US Geol Survey, MS-977,345 Middlefield Rd, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. EM jsvarc@usgs.gov; jasavage@usgs.gov; wprescott@usgs.gov; ramelli@unr.edu NR 34 TC 25 Z9 25 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-9313 EI 2169-9356 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-SOL EA JI J. Geophys. Res.-Solid Earth PD MAY 10 PY 2002 VL 107 IS B5 AR 2090 DI 10.1029/2001JB000579 PG 11 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 609RC UT WOS:000178917500015 ER PT J AU Soderblom, LA Becker, TL Bennett, G Boice, DC Britt, DT Brown, RH Buratti, BJ Isbell, C Giese, B Hare, T Hicks, MD Howington-Kraus, E Kirk, RL Lee, M Nelson, RM Oberst, J Owen, TC Rayman, MD Sandel, BR Stern, SA Thomas, N Yelle, RV AF Soderblom, LA Becker, TL Bennett, G Boice, DC Britt, DT Brown, RH Buratti, BJ Isbell, C Giese, B Hare, T Hicks, MD Howington-Kraus, E Kirk, RL Lee, M Nelson, RM Oberst, J Owen, TC Rayman, MD Sandel, BR Stern, SA Thomas, N Yelle, RV TI Observations of comet 19P/Borrelly by the Miniature Integrated Camera and Spectrometer Aboard Deep Space 1 SO SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID NUCLEUS; PHOTOMETRY; 253-MATHILDE; HALLEY; IMAGES AB The nucleus of the Jupiter-family comet 19P/Borrelly was closely observed by the Miniature Integrated Camera and Spectrometer aboard the Deep Space I spacecraft on 22 September 2001. The 8-kilometer-long body is highly variegated on a scale of 200 meters, exhibiting large albedo variations (0.01 to 0.03) and complex geologic relationships. Short-wavelength infrared spectra (1.3 to 2.6 micrometers) show a slope toward the red and a hot, dry surface (less than or equal to345 kelvin, with no trace of water ice or hydrated minerals), consistent with similar to10% or less of the surface actively sublimating. Borrelly's coma exhibits two types of dust features: fans and highly collimated jets. At encounter, the near-nucleus coma was dominated by a prominent dust jet that resolved into at least three smaller jets emanating from a broad basin in the middle of the nucleus. Because the major dust jet remained fixed in orientation, it is evidently aligned near the rotation axis of the nucleus. C1 US Geol Survey, Flagstaff, AZ 86001 USA. SW Res Inst, San Antonio, TX 78238 USA. Univ Tennessee, Dept Geol Sci, Knoxville, TN 37996 USA. Univ Arizona, Lunar & Planetary Lab, Dept Planetary Sci, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. DLR, Inst Space Sensor Technol & Planetary Explorat, D-12489 Berlin, Germany. Univ Hawaii, Inst Astron, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. SW Res Inst, Dept Space Studies, Boulder, CO 80302 USA. Max Planck Inst Aeron, D-37191 Katlenburg Lindau, Germany. RP Soderblom, LA (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 2255 N Gemini Dr, Flagstaff, AZ 86001 USA. OI Hare, Trent/0000-0001-8842-389X NR 26 TC 134 Z9 134 U1 1 U2 13 PU AMER ASSOC ADVANCEMENT SCIENCE PI WASHINGTON PA 1200 NEW YORK AVE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 USA SN 0036-8075 J9 SCIENCE JI Science PD MAY 10 PY 2002 VL 296 IS 5570 BP 1087 EP 1091 DI 10.1126/science.1069527 PG 5 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 551MG UT WOS:000175565000044 PM 11934989 ER PT J AU Lewan, MD Henry, ME Higley, DK Pitman, JK AF Lewan, MD Henry, ME Higley, DK Pitman, JK TI Material-balance assessment of the New Albany-Chesterian petroleum system of the Illinois basin SO AAPG BULLETIN LA English DT Review ID SOURCE ROCKS; HYDROCARBON MIGRATION; THERMAL MATURITY; OIL GENERATION; CRUDE OILS; SHALE; ENTRAPMENT; MATURATION; EVOLUTION; PYROLYSIS AB The New Albany-Chesterian petroleum system of the Illinois basin is a well-constrained system from which petroleum charges and losses were quantified through a material-balance assessment. This petroleum system has nearly 90,000 wells penetrating the Chesterian section, a single New Albany Shale source rock accounting for more than 99% of the produced oil, well-established stratigraphic and structural frameworks, and accessible source rock samples at various maturity levels. A hydrogen index (HI) map based on Rock-Eval analyses of source rock samples of New Albany Shale defines the pod of active source rock and extent of oil generation. Based on a buoyancy-drive model, the system was divided into seven secondary-migration catchments. Each catchment contains a part of the active pod of source rock from which it derives a petroleum charge, and this charge is confined to carrier beds and reservoirs within these catchments as accountable petroleum, petroleum losses, or undiscovered petroleum. A well-constrained catchment with no apparent erosional or leakage losses is used to determine an actual petroleum charge from accountable petroleum and residual migration losses. This actual petroleum charge is used to calibrate the other catchments in which erosional petroleum losses have occurred. Petroleum charges determined by laboratory pyrolysis are exaggerated relative to the actual petroleum charge. Rock-Eval charges are exaggerated by a factor of 4-14, and hydrouspyrolysis charges are exaggerated by a factor of 1.7. The actual petroleum charge provides a more meaningful material balance and more realistic estimates of petroleum losses and remaining undiscovered petroleum. The total petroleum charge determined for the New Albany-Chesterian system is 78 billion bbl, of which 11.4 billion bbl occur as accountable in place petroleum, 9 billion bbl occur as residual migration losses, and 57.6 billion bbl occur as erosional losses. Of the erosional losses, 40 billion bbl were lost from two catchments that have highly faulted and extensively eroded quality analysis in domestic and world energy studies. Her present research interests include petroleum system modeling and basin history reconstruction. She is a member of AAPG and SEPM. C1 US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Denver, CO 80225 USA. RP Lewan, MD (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, POB 25046, Denver, CO 80225 USA. NR 103 TC 26 Z9 30 U1 2 U2 6 PU AMER ASSOC PETROLEUM GEOLOGIST PI TULSA PA 1444 S BOULDER AVE, PO BOX 979, TULSA, OK 74119-3604 USA SN 0149-1423 J9 AAPG BULL JI AAPG Bull. PD MAY PY 2002 VL 86 IS 5 BP 745 EP 777 PG 33 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 554TU UT WOS:000175753900001 ER PT J AU Mehl, S Hill, MC AF Mehl, S Hill, MC TI Development and evaluation of a local grid refinement method for block-centered finite-difference groundwater models using shared nodes SO ADVANCES IN WATER RESOURCES LA English DT Article DE local grid refinement; telescopic mesh refinement; finite-difference groundwater models; convergence; heterogeneity; MODFLOW ID WATER FLOW MODELS AB A new method of local grid refinement for two-dimensional block-centered finite-difference meshes is presented in the context of steady-state groundwater-flow modeling. The method uses an iteration-based feedback with shared nodes to couple two separate grids. The new method is evaluated by comparison with results using a uniform fine mesh, a variably spaced mesh, and a traditional method of local grid refinement without a feedback. Results indicate: (1) The new method exhibits quadratic convergence for homogenous systems and convergence equivalent to uniform-grid refinement for heterogeneous systems. (2) Coupling the coarse grid with the refined grid in a numerically rigorous way allowed for improvement in the coarse-grid results. (3) For heterogeneous systems, commonly used linear interpolation of heads from the large model onto the boundary of the refined model produced heads that are inconsistent with the physics of the flow field. (4) The traditional method works well in situations where the better resolution of the locally refined grid has little influence on the overall flow-system dynamics, but if this is not true, lack of a feedback mechanism produced errors in head up to 3.6% and errors in cell-to-cell flows up to 25%. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 US Geol Survey, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. Univ Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Mehl, S (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 3215 Marine St, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. NR 30 TC 36 Z9 40 U1 3 U2 10 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0309-1708 J9 ADV WATER RESOUR JI Adv. Water Resour. PD MAY PY 2002 VL 25 IS 5 BP 497 EP 511 AR PII S0309-1708(02)00021-0 DI 10.1016/S0309-1708(02)00021-0 PG 15 WC Water Resources SC Water Resources GA 563UH UT WOS:000176274000002 ER PT J AU Griffin, DW Kellogg, CA Garrison, VH Shinn, EA AF Griffin, DW Kellogg, CA Garrison, VH Shinn, EA TI The global transport of dust - An intercontinental river of dust, microorganisms and toxic chemicals flows through the Earth's atmosphere SO AMERICAN SCIENTIST LA English DT Article ID UNITED-STATES; AFRICAN DUST C1 US Geol Survey, Ctr Coastal & Reg Marine Sci, St Petersburg, FL 33701 USA. RP Griffin, DW (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Ctr Coastal & Reg Marine Sci, 600 4th St S, St Petersburg, FL 33701 USA. RI Kellogg, Christina/B-3257-2009 NR 20 TC 81 Z9 85 U1 0 U2 13 PU SIGMA XI-SCI RES SOC PI RES TRIANGLE PK PA PO BOX 13975, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC 27709 USA SN 0003-0996 J9 AM SCI JI Am. Scientist PD MAY-JUN PY 2002 VL 90 IS 3 BP 228 EP 235 DI 10.1511/2002.3.228 PG 8 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 540UQ UT WOS:000174948300020 ER PT J AU Jennelle, CS Runge, MC MacKenzie, DI AF Jennelle, CS Runge, MC MacKenzie, DI TI The use of photographic rates to estimate densities of tigers and other cryptic mammals: a comment on misleading conclusions SO ANIMAL CONSERVATION LA English DT Article C1 US Geol Survey, Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, Laurel, MD 20708 USA. N Carolina State Univ, Dept Stat, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. RP Runge, MC (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, 11510 Amer Holly Dr, Laurel, MD 20708 USA. RI Runge, Michael/E-7331-2011 OI Runge, Michael/0000-0002-8081-536X NR 11 TC 78 Z9 87 U1 4 U2 40 PU CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS PI NEW YORK PA 40 WEST 20TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10011-4221 USA SN 1367-9430 J9 ANIM CONSERV JI Anim. Conserv. PD MAY PY 2002 VL 5 BP 119 EP 120 DI 10.1017/S1367943002002160 PN 2 PG 2 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 559VD UT WOS:000176045300005 ER PT J AU Ramirez, P Rogers, BP AF Ramirez, P Rogers, BP TI Selenium in a Wyoming grassland community receiving wastewater from an in situ uranium mine SO ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article ID KESTERSON-RESERVOIR; CALIFORNIA; BIRDS AB Water, soil, vegetation, grasshoppers, bird eggs, and bird livers collected at a 23.5-ha (58 acres) grassland irrigated with wastewater from an in situ uranium mine (study area) and a reference site in 1998 were analyzed for selenium and other trace elements. Selenium concentrations in the uranium mine wastewater applied onto the grassland ranged from 340 to 450 mug/L. Selenium in the upper 15 cm (6 in) of soil from the irrigated grassland at the mine ranged from 2.6 to 4.2 mug/g dry weight (DW). Mean selenium concentrations in soil and water were 5 and 15 times higher at the study area than at the reference site. Selenium concentrations in grasses and grasshoppers ranged from 6.8 to 24 mug/g and 11 to 20 mug/g DW, respectively. Selenium in red-winged blackbird eggs and livers collected from the study area ranged from 13.2 to 22 mug/g and 33 to 53 mug/g DW, respectively, and concentrations were well in excess of toxic thresholds. Mean selenium concentrations in grasses, grasshoppers, and bird eggs and livers were 5.8 to 30 times higher at the study area than at the reference site. Elevated selenium concentrations in water, soil, grasshoppers, and red-winged blackbird eggs and livers collected from the study area demonstrate that selenium is being mobilized and is bio-accumulating in the food chain. C1 US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Cheyenne, WY 82001 USA. RP Ramirez, P (reprint author), US Fish & Wildlife Serv, 4000 Airport Pkwy, Cheyenne, WY 82001 USA. NR 25 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 4 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0090-4341 J9 ARCH ENVIRON CON TOX JI Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. PD MAY PY 2002 VL 42 IS 4 BP 431 EP 436 DI 10.1007/s00244-001-0037-y PG 6 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA 544TF UT WOS:000175176200007 PM 11994784 ER PT J AU Clow, DW Ingersoll, GP Mast, MA Turk, JT Campbell, DH AF Clow, DW Ingersoll, GP Mast, MA Turk, JT Campbell, DH TI Comparison of snowpack and winter wet-deposition chemistry in the Rocky Mountains, USA: implications for winter dry deposition SO ATMOSPHERIC ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article DE precipitation; snowpack; chemistry; wet deposition; Rocky Mountains ID PRECIPITATION CHEMISTRY; UNITED-KINGDOM; ALPINE SNOW; COLORADO; SITES AB Depth-integrated snowpack chemistry was measured just prior to maximum snowpack depth during the winters of 1992-1999 at 12 sites co-located with National Atmospheric Deposition Program/National Trend Network (NADP/NTN) sites in the central and southern Rocky Mountains, USA. Winter volume-weighted mean wet-deposition concentrations were calculated for the NADP/NTN sites, and the data were compared to snowpack concentrations using the paired t-test and the Wilcoxon signed-rank test. No statistically significant differences were indicated in concentrations of SO42- or NO3 (p > 0.1). Small, but statistically significant differences (p less than or equal to 0.03) were indicated for all other solutes analyzed. Differences were largest for Ca2+ concentrations, which on average were 2.3 mueql(-1) (43%) higher in the snowpack than in winter NADP/NTN samples. Eolian carbonate dust appeared to influence snowpack chemistry through both wet and dry deposition, and the effect increased from north to south. Dry deposition of eolian carbonates was estimated to have neutralized an average of 6.9 mueql(-1) and a maximum of 12 mueql(-1) of snowpack acidity at the southernmost sites. The good agreement between snowpack and winter NADP/NTN SO42- and NO3- concentrations indicates that for those solutes the two data sets can be combined to increase data density in high-elevation areas, where few NADP/NTN sites exist. This combination of data sets will allow for better estimates of atmospheric deposition of SO42- and NO3- across the Rocky Mountain region. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 US Geol Survey, Div Water Resources, Fed Ctr, Denver, CO 80225 USA. RP Clow, DW (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Div Water Resources, Fed Ctr, Denver, CO 80225 USA. OI Clow, David/0000-0001-6183-4824 NR 23 TC 23 Z9 24 U1 3 U2 10 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 1352-2310 J9 ATMOS ENVIRON JI Atmos. Environ. PD MAY PY 2002 VL 36 IS 14 BP 2337 EP 2348 AR PII S1352-2310(02)00181-4 DI 10.1016/S1352-2310(02)00181-4 PG 12 WC Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 566MF UT WOS:000176431500006 ER PT J AU Fry, B Smith, TJ AF Fry, B Smith, TJ TI Stable isotope studies of red mangroves and filter feeders from the Shark River Estuary, Florida SO BULLETIN OF MARINE SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID FIXATION ACETYLENE-REDUCTION; ORGANIC-MATTER; SALT-MARSH; SPARTINA-ALTERNIFLORA; FOOD WEBS; RELATIVE IMPORTANCE; BENTHIC MICROALGAE; TROPHIC IMPORTANCE; CARBON ISOTOPES; PENAEID PRAWNS AB This study focused on the Shark River estuary in the central drainage of the Everglades watershed, testing whether mangrove subsidies to estuarine food webs were especially strong in south Florida sites, as suggested in pioneering studies by Odum and Heald (1975). Samples of red mangroves (Rhizophora mangle L.) and filter feeding barnacles and mussels were collected in a transect from the mouth of the estuary to the freshwater end of the estuary during August 1997. Along this transect, elemental and stable isotopic compositions of green, yellow and submerged detrital mangrove leaves showed relatively constant carbon (C) compositions, while nitrogen (N) and sulfur (S) compositions varied strongly. For example, mangrove N contents increased at the upper freshwater end of the Shark River estuary, and N isotopic compositions declined, probably indicating relatively N-rich inputs from the upstream Everglades watershed. In contrast, mangrove sulfur contents varied most in mid-estuary where green leaf S contents were highest and S isotopic compositions lowest. Mixing models based on S isotopes showed that mangrove swamps supported up to 60% of filter feeder nutrition at mid-estuarine stations. However, microalgal support of the filter feeders was also generally strong (40-75%) throughout the estuary. Although this study did not confirm a dominant nutritional role for mangrove detritus at most sites, results did support a second hypothesis from earlier work in this area (Odum, 1984), namely that landscape position may generally control development of mangrove-based food webs. C1 USDA, Forest Serv, Inst Pacific Isl Forestry, Honolulu, HI 96813 USA. US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Ctr Coastal & Reg Marine Studies, St Petersburg, FL 33701 USA. RP Fry, B (reprint author), Louisiana State Univ, Coastal Ecol Inst, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA. NR 87 TC 36 Z9 40 U1 0 U2 20 PU ROSENSTIEL SCH MAR ATMOS SCI PI MIAMI PA 4600 RICKENBACKER CAUSEWAY, MIAMI, FL 33149 USA SN 0007-4977 J9 B MAR SCI JI Bull. Mar. Sci. PD MAY PY 2002 VL 70 IS 3 BP 871 EP 890 PG 20 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography SC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA 630EE UT WOS:000180093900006 ER PT J AU Rymer, MJ Langenheim, VE Hauksson, E AF Rymer, MJ Langenheim, VE Hauksson, E TI The Hector Mine, California, earthquake of 16 October 1999: Introduction to the special issue SO BULLETIN OF THE SEISMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA LA English DT Editorial Material ID EASTERN CALIFORNIA; SHEAR ZONE; STRAIN ACCUMULATION; MOJAVE-DESERT C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. CALTECH, Seismol Lab, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. RP Rymer, MJ (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 345 Middlefield Rd,MS 977, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. NR 13 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 2 PU SEISMOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI EL CERRITO PA PLAZA PROFESSIONAL BLDG, SUITE 201, EL CERRITO, CA 94530 USA SN 0037-1106 J9 B SEISMOL SOC AM JI Bull. Seismol. Soc. Amer. PD MAY PY 2002 VL 92 IS 4 BP 1147 EP 1153 DI 10.1785/0120000900 PG 7 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 576QN UT WOS:000177016500001 ER PT J AU Hauksson, E Jones, LM Hutton, K AF Hauksson, E Jones, LM Hutton, K TI The 1999 M-w 7.1 Hector Mine, California, earthquake sequence: Complex conjugate strike-slip faulting SO BULLETIN OF THE SEISMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA LA English DT Article ID SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA; SHEAR ZONE; CRUSTAL STRUCTURE; MOJAVE DESERT; LANDERS; STRESS; FIELD; PACIFIC; BLOCK AB The 1999 M-w 7.1 Hector Mine mainshock showed right-lateral strike-slip faulting, with an initial strike of N6degreesW and vertical dip. The mainshock was preceded within 20 hours by 18 recorded foreshocks of 1.5 less than or equal to M less than or equal to 3.8 within a few kilometers distance of the mainshock hypocenter. The aftershocks delineate how the Hector Mine earthquake ruptured with strike N6degreesW to the south for a distance of 15 km, and possibly to the north for a distance of several kilometers. The two largest aftershocks of M 5.9 and M 5.7 occurred near the north and south ends of the first mainshock rupture segment. The second segment of rupture, starting 15 km to the south away from the mainshock hypocenter, delineated by strike-slip and thrust-faulting aftershocks, extends 10 km farther away with a strike of S140degreesE along the Bullion fault. The aftershocks also outline an unusual third rupture segment, extending from about 5 kin south of the hypocenter with a strike of N30degreesW to N35degreesW for a distance of 20 km. Approximately 10 to 25 km farther to the north and west of the mainshock epicenter, several clusters form a complex aftershock distribution. Three-dimensional Vp and Vp/Vs models of the region exhibit only small regional changes, as is typical for the Mojave region. Nonetheless, the mainshock rupture started within a region of rapidly varying Vp, and at least three regions of low Vp/Vs are imaged within the aftershock zone. The rate of decay for the Hector Mine earthquake sequence has been slightly above the mean for both p-values and b-values in southern California. The focal mechanisms of the aftershocks and the state of stress are consistent with strike-slip faulting, including a component of normal faulting most prominent to the north. The orientation of the regional maximum horizontal stress, the variation in orientation of the mainshock fault segments by 30degrees, and scattered distribution of aftershocks suggest that the mainshock and aftershock deformation field exhibit volumetric shear deformation accommodated by complex conjugate sets of strike-slip faults. C1 CALTECH, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. US Geol Survey, Pasadena, CA 91106 USA. RP Hauksson, E (reprint author), CALTECH, Mail Code 252-21,1200 E Calif Blvd, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. OI Hauksson, Egill/0000-0002-6834-5051 NR 31 TC 60 Z9 63 U1 0 U2 9 PU SEISMOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI EL CERRITO PA PLAZA PROFESSIONAL BLDG, SUITE 201, EL CERRITO, CA 94530 USA SN 0037-1106 J9 B SEISMOL SOC AM JI Bull. Seismol. Soc. Amer. PD MAY PY 2002 VL 92 IS 4 BP 1154 EP 1170 DI 10.1785/0120000920 PG 17 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 576QN UT WOS:000177016500002 ER PT J AU Treiman, JA Kendrick, KJ Bryant, WA Rockwell, TK McGill, SF AF Treiman, JA Kendrick, KJ Bryant, WA Rockwell, TK McGill, SF TI Primary surface rupture associated with the M-w 7.1 16 October 1999 Hector Mine earthquake, San Bernardino County, California SO BULLETIN OF THE SEISMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA LA English DT Article ID LANDERS EARTHQUAKE; SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA; GARLOCK FAULT; SHEAR ZONE; SLIP AB The M-w 7.1 Hector Mine earthquake occurred within the Mojave Desert portion of the eastern California shear zone and was accompanied by 48 kin of dextral surface rupture. Complex northward rupture began on two branches of the Lavic Lake fault in the northern Bullion Mountains and also propagated southward onto the Bullion fault. Lesser amounts of rupture occurred across two right steps to the south. Surface rupture was mapped using postearthquake, 1: 1 0,000-scale aerial photography. Field mapping provided additional detail and more than 400 fault-rupture observations; of these, approximately 300 measurements were used to characterize the slip distribution. En echelon surface rupture predominated in areas of thick alluvium, whereas in the bedrock areas, rupture was more continuous and focused within a narrower zone. Measured dextral offsets were relatively symmetrical about the epicentral region, with a maximum displacement of 5.25 +/- 0.85 m.* Vertical slip was a secondary component and was variable, with minor west-side-down displacements predominating in the Bullion Mountains. Field and aerial photographic evidence indicates that most of the faults that ruptured in 1999 had had prior late-Quaternary displacement, although only limited sections of the rupture show evidence for prior Holocene displacement. C1 Calif Geol Survey, Los Angeles, CA 90017 USA. US Geol Survey, Pasadena, CA 91106 USA. Calif Geol Survey, Sacramento, CA 95814 USA. San Diego State Univ, Dept Geol Sci, San Diego, CA 92182 USA. Calif State Univ San Bernardino, Dept Geol Sci, San Bernardino, CA 92407 USA. RP Treiman, JA (reprint author), Calif Geol Survey, 655 S Hope St,Suite 700, Los Angeles, CA 90017 USA. OI Rockwell, Thomas/0000-0001-5319-6447 NR 33 TC 64 Z9 64 U1 1 U2 11 PU SEISMOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI EL CERRITO PA PLAZA PROFESSIONAL BLDG, SUITE 201, EL CERRITO, CA 94530 USA SN 0037-1106 J9 B SEISMOL SOC AM JI Bull. Seismol. Soc. Amer. PD MAY PY 2002 VL 92 IS 4 BP 1171 EP 1191 DI 10.1785/0120000923 PG 21 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 576QN UT WOS:000177016500003 ER PT J AU Ji, C Wald, DJ Helmberger, DV AF Ji, C Wald, DJ Helmberger, DV TI Source description of the 1999 Hector Mine, California, earthquake, part I: Wavelet domain inversion theory and resolution analysis SO BULLETIN OF THE SEISMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA LA English DT Article ID BAND REGIONAL SEISMOGRAMS; LOMA-PRIETA EARTHQUAKE; 1979 IMPERIAL-VALLEY; SLIP DISTRIBUTION; SOURCE PARAMETERS; STRONG-MOTION; FAULT; RUPTURE; NORTHRIDGE; LANDERS AB We present a new procedure for the determination of rupture complexity from a joint inversion of static and seismic data. Our fault parameterization Involves multiple fault segments, variable local slip, rake angle, rise time, and rupture velocity. To separate the spatial and temporal slip history, we introduce a wavelet transform that proves effective at studying the time and frequency characteristics of the seismic waveforms. Both data and synthetic seismograms are transformed into wavelets, which are then separated into several groups based on their frequency content. For each group, we use error functions to compare the wavelet amplitude variation with time between data and synthetic seismograms. The function can be an L I + L2 norm or a correlative function based on the amplitude and scale of wavelet functions. The objective function is defined as the weighted sum of these functions. Subsequently, we developed a finite-fault inversion routine in the wavelet domain. A simulated annealing algorithm is used to determine the finite-fault model that minimizes the objective function described in terms of wavelet coefficients. With this approach, we can simultaneously invert for the slip amplitude, slip direction, rise time, and rupture velocity efficiently. Extensive experiments conducted on synthetic data are used to assess the ability to recover rupture slip details. We, also explore slip-model stability for different choices of layered Earth models assuming the geometry encountered in the 1999 Hector Mine, California, earthquake. C1 CALTECH, Seismol Lab, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. US Geol Survey, Pasadena, CA 91106 USA. RP Ji, C (reprint author), CALTECH, Seismol Lab, Mail Code 252-21,1200 E Calif Blvd, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. OI Wald, David/0000-0002-1454-4514 NR 35 TC 229 Z9 249 U1 4 U2 20 PU SEISMOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI EL CERRITO PA PLAZA PROFESSIONAL BLDG, SUITE 201, EL CERRITO, CA 94530 USA SN 0037-1106 J9 B SEISMOL SOC AM JI Bull. Seismol. Soc. Amer. PD MAY PY 2002 VL 92 IS 4 BP 1192 EP 1207 DI 10.1785/0120000916 PG 16 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 576QN UT WOS:000177016500004 ER PT J AU Ji, C Wald, DJ Helmberger, DV AF Ji, C Wald, DJ Helmberger, DV TI Source description of the 1999 Hector Mine, California, earthquake, part II: Complexity of slip history SO BULLETIN OF THE SEISMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA LA English DT Article ID HIGH-FREQUENCY RADIATION; STRONG-MOTION DATA; LANDERS EARTHQUAKE; RESOLUTION ANALYSIS; SOURCE PARAMETERS; RUPTURE PROCESS; INVERSION; TERRASCOPE; PHASE; FIELD AB We present a rupture model of the Hector Mine earthquake (M 7.1), determined from the joint inversion of strong-motion records, P and SH teleseismic body waves, Global Positioning System (GPS) displacement vectors, and measured surface offset. We solve for variable local slip, rake angle, rise time, and rupture velocity of a finite-fault model involving multiple segments. The inversion methodology developed in a companion article (Ji et al., 2002) combines a wavelet transform approach with a nonlinear (simulated annealing) algorithm. The final model is checked by forward simulating the Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSar) data. Our estimation to the seismic moment is 6.28 X 10(19) N m, which is distributed along three segments from north to south, releasing 37%, 41%, and 22% of the total moment, respectively. The average slip is 1.5 in, with peak amplitudes as high as 7 m. The fault rupture has an average rise time of 3.5 see and a relatively slow average rupture velocity (1.9 km/sec) resulting in a 14-sec rupture propagation history. Our approach permits large variation in rupture velocity and rise time, and indicates that rise time appears to be roughly proportional to slip and shorter rise times are associated with the initiation of asperity rupture. We also find evidence for nearly simultaneous rupture of the two northern branches. C1 CALTECH, Seismol Lab, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. US Geol Survey, Pasadena, CA 91106 USA. RP Ji, C (reprint author), CALTECH, Seismol Lab, Mail Code 252-21,1200 E Calif Blvd, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. OI Wald, David/0000-0002-1454-4514 NR 36 TC 96 Z9 101 U1 3 U2 12 PU SEISMOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI EL CERRITO PA PLAZA PROFESSIONAL BLDG, SUITE 201, EL CERRITO, CA 94530 USA SN 0037-1106 J9 B SEISMOL SOC AM JI Bull. Seismol. Soc. Amer. PD MAY PY 2002 VL 92 IS 4 BP 1208 EP 1226 DI 10.1785/0120000917 PG 19 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 576QN UT WOS:000177016500005 ER PT J AU Boatwright, J Choy, GL Seekins, LC AF Boatwright, J Choy, GL Seekins, LC TI Regional estimates of radiated seismic energy SO BULLETIN OF THE SEISMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA LA English DT Article ID UNITED-STATES EARTHQUAKES; STRONG-MOTION RECORDS; GROUND MOTION; STRESS DROP; ATTENUATION; RELEASE; WAVE AB We revise the spectral technique for estimating radiated energy from recordings of large earthquakes at regional distances (Delta < 200 km) by correcting for geometric spreading and for site amplification as explicit functions of frequency. We analyze 65 recordings of the 1999 Hector Mine earthquake as functions of frequency, distance, and azimuth. For r > 27.5 km from the source, we model the geometrical spreading of the regional wavefield as r(-gamma) where gamma = 0.5 for f less than or equal to 0.2 Hz and gamma = 0.7 for f greater than or equal to 0.25 Hz. We fit the spectral falloff with distance using a frequency-dependent attenuation Q = 400(f/1.5)(0.6), where Q = 400 for f less than or equal to 1.5 Hz. There is little directivity apparent in the corrected velocity spectra: the velocity spectra observed to the northwest along strike are amplified by a factor of 2.5 from 0.3 to 1.0 Hz and those to the southeast are amplified by a factor of 1.6 from 0.3 to 0.7 Hz. We group the stations in NEHRP site classes, using average I-D velocity structures to estimate site amplification as a function of frequency and assuming 0.40 less than or equal to kappa less than or equal to 0.55 see for the near-surface attenuation. We increase the amplification of the soft-soil sites from 0.1 to 1.0 Hz by a factor that reaches 1.7 at 0.3 Hz because they are more strongly amplified than the NEHRP-D velocity structure predicts. We combine the 65 single-station estimates of radiated energy using an equal-azimuth weighting scheme that compensates for station distribution and incorporates the observed directivity, yielding a regional estimate of E-s = 3.4 +/- 0.7 X 10(22) dyne cm. This regional estimate of radiated energy corresponds closely to the teleseismic estimate of E-s = 3.2 X 10(22) dyne cm. C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Branch Global Seismol & Geomagnetism, Denver, CO 80225 USA. RP Boatwright, J (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 345 Middlefield Rd,MS 977, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. NR 40 TC 54 Z9 58 U1 0 U2 0 PU SEISMOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI EL CERRITO PA PLAZA PROFESSIONAL BLDG, SUITE 201, EL CERRITO, CA 94530 USA SN 0037-1106 J9 B SEISMOL SOC AM JI Bull. Seismol. Soc. Amer. PD MAY PY 2002 VL 92 IS 4 BP 1241 EP 1255 DI 10.1785/0120000932 PG 15 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 576QN UT WOS:000177016500007 ER PT J AU Hough, SE Kanamori, H AF Hough, SE Kanamori, H TI Source properties of earthquakes near the Salton Sea triggered by the 16 October 1999 M 7.1 Hector Mine, California, earthquake SO BULLETIN OF THE SEISMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA LA English DT Article ID EMPIRICAL GREENS-FUNCTION; STRESS-STRAIN CHANGES; SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA; RECTIFIED DIFFUSION; SOURCE PARAMETERS; SEISMICITY; LANDERS; SPECTRA; DEFORMATION; INVOLVEMENT AB We analyze the source properties of a sequence of triggered earthquakes that occurred near the Salton Sea in southern California in the immediate aftermath of the M 7.1 Hector Mine earthquake of 16 October 1999. The sequence produced a number of early events that were not initially located by the regional network, including two moderate earthquakes: the first within 30 sec of the P-wave arrival and a second approximately 10 minutes after the mainshock. We use available amplitude and waveform data from these events to estimate magnitudes to be approximately 4.7 and 4.4, respectively, and to obtain crude estimates of their locations. The sequence of small events following the initial M 4.7 earthquake is clustered and suggestive of a local aftershock sequence. Using both broadband TriNet data and analog data from the Southern California Seismic Network (SCSN), we also investigate the spectral characteristics of the M 4.4 event and other triggered earthquakes using empirical Green's function (EGF) analysis. We find that the source spectra of the events are consistent with expectations for tectonic (brittle shear failure) earthquakes, and infer stress drop values of 0.1 to 6 MPa for six M 2.1 to M 4.4 events. The estimated stress drop values are within the range observed for tectonic earthquakes elsewhere. They are relatively low compared to typically observed stress drop values, which is consistent with expectations for faulting in an extensional, high heat flow regime. The results therefore suggest that, at least in this case, triggered earthquakes are associated with a brittle shear failure mechanism. This further suggests that triggered earthquakes may tend to occur in geothermal-volcanic regions because shear failure occurs at, and can be triggered by, relatively low stresses in extensional regimes. C1 US Geol Survey, Pasadena, CA 91106 USA. CALTECH, Seismol Lab, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. RP Hough, SE (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 525 S Wilson Ave, Pasadena, CA 91106 USA. NR 41 TC 35 Z9 35 U1 0 U2 2 PU SEISMOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI EL CERRITO PA PLAZA PROFESSIONAL BLDG, SUITE 201, EL CERRITO, CA 94530 USA SN 0037-1106 J9 B SEISMOL SOC AM JI Bull. Seismol. Soc. Amer. PD MAY PY 2002 VL 92 IS 4 BP 1281 EP 1289 DI 10.1785/0120000910 PG 9 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 576QN UT WOS:000177016500010 ER PT J AU Rymer, MJ Boatwright, J Seekins, LC Yule, JD Liu, J AF Rymer, MJ Boatwright, J Seekins, LC Yule, JD Liu, J TI Triggered surface slips in the Salton Trough associated with the 1999 Hector Mine, California, earthquake SO BULLETIN OF THE SEISMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA LA English DT Article ID SAN-ANDREAS FAULT; 24 NOVEMBER 1987; SUPERSTITION HILLS FAULT; PALM-SPRINGS EARTHQUAKE; SOUTHERN-CALIFORNIA; DYNAMIC RUPTURE; FOAM RUBBER; JOSHUA-TREE; INTERFACE; LANDERS AB Surface fracturing occurred along the southern San Andreas, Superstition Hills, and Imperial faults in association with the 16 October 1999 (M-w 7.1) Hector Mine earthquake, making this at least the eighth time in the past 31 years that a regional earthquake has triggered slip along faults in the Salton Trough. Fractures associated with the event formed discontinuous breaks over a 39-km-long stretch of the San Andreas fault, from the Mecca Hills southeastward to Salt Creek and Durmid Hill, a distance from the epicenter of 107 to 139 km. Sense of slip was right lateral; only locally was there a minor (similar to1 mm) vertical component of slip. Dextral slip ranged from I to 13 mm. Maximum slip values in 1999 and earlier triggered slips are most common in the central Mecca Hills. Field evidence indicates a transient opening as the Hector Mine seismic waves passed the southern San Andreas fault. Comparison of nearby strong-motion records indicates several periods of relative opening with passage of the Hector Mine seismic wave-a similar process may have contributed to the field evidence of a transient opening. Slip on the Superstition Hills fault extended at least 9 km, at a distance from the Hector Mine epicenter of about 188 to 196 km. This length of slip is a minimum value, because we saw fresh surface breakage extending farther northwest than our measurement sites. Sense of slip was right lateral; locally there was a minor (similar to1 mm) vertical component of slip. Dextral slip ranged from I to 18 mm, with the largest amounts found distributed (or skewed) away from the Hector Mine earthquake Source. Slip triggered on the Superstition Hills fault commonly is skewed away from the earthquake Source, most notably in 1968, 1979, and 1999. Surface slip on the Imperial fault and within the Imperial Valley extended about 22 km, representing a distance from the Hector Mine epicenter of about 204 to 226 km. Sense of slip dominantly was right lateral; the right-lateral component of slip ranged from I to 19 mm. Locally there was a minor (similar to1-2 mm) vertical component of slip; larger proportions of vertical slip (up to 10 mm) occurred in Mesquite basin, where scarps indicate long-term oblique-slip motion for this part of the Imperial fault. Slip triggered on the Imperial fault appears randomly distributed relative to location along the fault and source direction. Multiple surface slips, both primary and triggered slip, indicate that slip repeatedly is small at locations of structural complexity. C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. Calif State Univ Northridge, Dept Geol Sci, Northridge, CA 91330 USA. CALTECH, Seismol Lab, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. RP Rymer, MJ (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 345 Middlefield Rd,MS 977, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. RI Liu-Zeng, Jing/F-8582-2011 NR 45 TC 24 Z9 26 U1 0 U2 3 PU SEISMOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI EL CERRITO PA PLAZA PROFESSIONAL BLDG, SUITE 201, EL CERRITO, CA 94530 USA SN 0037-1106 J9 B SEISMOL SOC AM JI Bull. Seismol. Soc. Amer. PD MAY PY 2002 VL 92 IS 4 BP 1300 EP 1317 DI 10.1785/0120000935 PG 18 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 576QN UT WOS:000177016500012 ER PT J AU Agnew, DC Owen, S Shen, ZK Anderson, G Svarc, J Johnson, H Austin, KE Reilinger, R AF Agnew, DC Owen, S Shen, ZK Anderson, G Svarc, J Johnson, H Austin, KE Reilinger, R TI Coseismic Displacements from the Hector Mine, California, earthquake: Results from survey-mode global positioning system measurements SO BULLETIN OF THE SEISMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA LA English DT Article ID LANDERS EARTHQUAKE; DEFORMATION; SPACE AB We describe the collection and processing of Global Positioning System (GPS) data from 77 locations around the Hector Mine earthquake, which we use to estimate coseismic displacements related to this shock. The existence of pre-event GPS data, some collected to monitor postseismic displacements from the 1992 Landers earthquake and some to establish survey control in the meizoseismal area, provided a relatively dense coverage close to the rupture zone. The data available were collected mostly within the 2 years prior to the 1999 earthquake; we reobserved many points within a few days after the shock, and all within 6 months after. We include corrections for interseismic motion to provide the best value possible for coseismic motion caused by this earthquake. The displacements in general display the pattern expected for a strike-slip fault, though a few show significant vertical motion. The maximum horizontal displacement observed was 2 m; one station between fault ruptures showed little horizontal motion, but significant uplift. C1 Univ Calif San Diego, Scripps Inst Oceanog, Inst Geophys & Planetary Phys, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA. Univ So Calif, Dept Earth Sci, Los Angeles, CA 90089 USA. Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Earth & Space Sci, Los Angeles, CA 90024 USA. US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. Cent Washington Univ, Dept Geol, Ellensburg, WA 98926 USA. MIT, Earth Resources Lab, Cambridge, MA 02142 USA. RP Agnew, DC (reprint author), Univ Calif San Diego, Scripps Inst Oceanog, Inst Geophys & Planetary Phys, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA. NR 20 TC 19 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 5 PU SEISMOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI EL CERRITO PA PLAZA PROFESSIONAL BLDG, SUITE 201, EL CERRITO, CA 94530 USA SN 0037-1106 J9 B SEISMOL SOC AM JI Bull. Seismol. Soc. Amer. PD MAY PY 2002 VL 92 IS 4 BP 1355 EP 1364 DI 10.1785/0120000928 PG 10 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 576QN UT WOS:000177016500016 ER PT J AU Hudnut, KW King, NE Galetzka, JE Stark, KF Behr, JA Aspiotes, A van Wyk, S Moffitt, R Dockter, S Wyatt, F AF Hudnut, KW King, NE Galetzka, JE Stark, KF Behr, JA Aspiotes, A van Wyk, S Moffitt, R Dockter, S Wyatt, F TI Continuous GPS observations of postseismic deformation following the 16 October 1999 Hector Mine, California, earthquake (M-w 7.1) SO BULLETIN OF THE SEISMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA LA English DT Article ID LANDERS EARTHQUAKE; GEODETIC OBSERVATIONS; CRUSTAL DEFORMATION; EASTERN CALIFORNIA; EPICENTRAL AREA; MOJAVE-DESERT; SHEAR ZONE; FAULT; FLOW; SLIP AB Rapid field deployment of a new type of continuously operating Global Positioning System (GPS) network and data from Southern California Integrated GPS Network (SCIGN) stations that had recently begun operating in the area allow unique observations of the postseismic deformation associated with the 1999 Hector Mine earthquake. Innovative solutions in fieldcraft, devised for the 11 new GPS stations, provide high-quality observations with 1-year time histories on stable monuments at remote sites. We report on our results from processing the postseismic GPS data available from these sites, as well as 8 other SCIGN stations within 80 km of the event (a total of 19 sites). From these data, we analyze the temporal character and spatial pattern of the postseismic transients. Data from some sites display statistically significant time variation in their velocities. Although this is less certain, the spatial pattern of change in the postseismic velocity field also appears to have changed. The pattern now is similar to the pre-Landers (pre-1992) secular field, but laterally shifted and locally at twice the rate. We speculate that a 30 km x 50 km portion of crust (near Twentynine Palms), which was moving at nearly the North American plate rate (to within 3.5 mm/yr of that rate) prior to the 1992 Landers sequence, now is moving along with the crust to the west of it, as though it has been entrained in flow along with the Pacific Plate as a result of the Landers and Hector Mine earthquake sequence. The inboard axis of right-lateral shear deformation (at lower crustal to upper mantle depth) may have jumped 30 km farther into the continental crust at this fault junction that comprises the southern end of the eastern California shear zone. C1 US Geol Survey, Pasadena, CA 91106 USA. Univ Calif San Diego, Scripps Inst Oceanog, Inst Geophys & Planetary Phys, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA. RP Hudnut, KW (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 525 S Wilson Ave, Pasadena, CA 91106 USA. RI Hudnut, Kenneth/B-1945-2009; Hudnut, Kenneth/G-5713-2010 OI Hudnut, Kenneth/0000-0002-3168-4797; NR 38 TC 28 Z9 28 U1 0 U2 3 PU SEISMOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI EL CERRITO PA PLAZA PROFESSIONAL BLDG, SUITE 201, EL CERRITO, CA 94530 USA SN 0037-1106 J9 B SEISMOL SOC AM JI Bull. Seismol. Soc. Amer. PD MAY PY 2002 VL 92 IS 4 BP 1403 EP 1422 DI 10.1785/0120000912 PG 20 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 576QN UT WOS:000177016500020 ER PT J AU Owen, S Anderson, G Agnew, DC Johnson, H Hurst, K Reilinger, R Shen, ZK Svarc, J Baker, T AF Owen, S Anderson, G Agnew, DC Johnson, H Hurst, K Reilinger, R Shen, ZK Svarc, J Baker, T TI Early postseismic deformation from the 16 October 1999 M-w 7.1 Hector Mine, California, earthquake as measured by survey-mode GPS SO BULLETIN OF THE SEISMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA LA English DT Article ID LANDERS EARTHQUAKE; HALF-SPACE; FAULTS; SHEAR; ZONE; SLIP AB The 16 October 1999 (M-w 7.1) Hector Mine earthquake was the largest earthquake in California since the 1992 (M-w 7.3) Landers event. The Hector Mine earthquake occurred in the eastern Mojave Desert, where the density of permanent Global Positioning System (GPS) stations is relatively low. Since the earthquake, groups from the United States Geological Survey, University of Southern California, University of California, Los Angeles, University of California, San Diego, and Massachusetts Institute of Technology have made postseismic survey-mode observations to increase the spatial coverage of deformation measurements. A total of 55 sites were surveyed, with markers from a few meters to 100 km from the surface rupture. We present velocity estimates for the 32 sites that had enough repeated observations between 17 October 1999 and 26 March 2000 to provide reliable results; these survey-mode data complement the temporal and spatial coverage provided by newly installed Southern California Integrated Geodetic Network permanent GPS stations and future Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar postseismic results. We then use the postseismic velocity estimates to compute a simple afterslip model. Results of inversions show that the observed velocities are consistent with deep afterslip occuring underneath the coseismic rupture area. C1 Univ So Calif, Dept Earth Sci, Los Angeles, CA USA. Univ Calif San Diego, Inst Geophys & Planetary Phys, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA. Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA USA. MIT, Earth Resources Lab, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA. Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Earth & Space Sci, Los Angeles, CA 90024 USA. US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. MIT, Dept Earth Atmospher & Planetary Sci, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA. Predict Co, Santa Fe, NM USA. RP Owen, S (reprint author), Univ So Calif, Dept Earth Sci, Los Angeles, CA USA. NR 21 TC 31 Z9 33 U1 0 U2 6 PU SEISMOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI EL CERRITO PA PLAZA PROFESSIONAL BLDG, SUITE 201, EL CERRITO, CA 94530 USA SN 0037-1106 J9 B SEISMOL SOC AM JI Bull. Seismol. Soc. Amer. PD MAY PY 2002 VL 92 IS 4 BP 1423 EP 1432 DI 10.1785/0120000930 PG 10 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 576QN UT WOS:000177016500021 ER PT J AU Masterlark, T Wang, HF AF Masterlark, T Wang, HF TI Transient stress-coupling between the 1992 Landers and 1999 Hector Mine, California, earthquakes SO BULLETIN OF THE SEISMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA LA English DT Article ID 28 JUNE 1992; SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA; COSEISMIC DISPLACEMENTS; POSTSEISMIC DEFORMATION; RADAR INTERFEROMETRY; CRUSTAL DEFORMATION; FAULT-ZONE; HALF-SPACE; SEQUENCE; SLIP AB A three-dimensional finite-element model (FEM) of the Mojave block region in southern California is constructed to investigate transient stress-coupling between the 1992 Landers and 1999 Hector Mine earthquakes. The FEM simulates a poroelastic upper-crust layer coupled to a viscoelastic lower-crust layer, which is decoupled from the upper mantle. FEM predictions of the transient mechanical behavior of the crust are constrained by global positioning system (GPS) data, interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR) images, fluid-pressure data from water wells, and the dislocation source of the 1999 Hector Mine earthquake. Two time-dependent parameters, hydraulic diffusivity of the upper crust and viscosity of the lower crust, are calibrated to 10(-2) m(2.)sec(-1) and 5 x 10(18) Pa(.)sec respectively. The hydraulic diffusivity is relatively insensitive to heterogeneous fault-zone permeability specifications and. fluid-flow boundary conditions along the elastic free-surface at the top of the problem domain. The calibrated FEM is used to predict the evolution of Coulomb stress during the interval separating the 1992 Landers and 1999 Hector Mine earthquakes. The predicted change in Coulomb stress near the hypocenter of the Hector Mine earthquake increases from 0.02 to 0.05 MPa during the 7-yr interval separating the two events. This increase is primarily attributed to the recovery of decreased excess fluid pressure from the 1992 Landers coseismic (undrained) strain field. Coulomb stress, predictions are insensitive to small variations of fault-plane dip and hypocentral depth estimations of the Hector Mine rupture. C1 US Geol Survey, EROS Data Ctr, Sioux Falls, SD 57198 USA. Univ Wisconsin, Dept Geol & Geophys, Madison, WI 53706 USA. RP Masterlark, T (reprint author), US Geol Survey, EROS Data Ctr, Sioux Falls, SD 57198 USA. NR 57 TC 44 Z9 46 U1 0 U2 2 PU SEISMOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI EL CERRITO PA PLAZA PROFESSIONAL BLDG, SUITE 201, EL CERRITO, CA 94530 USA SN 0037-1106 J9 B SEISMOL SOC AM JI Bull. Seismol. Soc. Amer. PD MAY PY 2002 VL 92 IS 4 BP 1470 EP 1486 DI 10.1785/0120000905 PG 17 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 576QN UT WOS:000177016500025 ER PT J AU Pollitz, FF Sacks, IS AF Pollitz, FF Sacks, IS TI Stress triggering of the 1999 Hector Mine earthquake by transient deformation following the 1992 Landers earthquake SO BULLETIN OF THE SEISMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA LA English DT Article ID TIME-DEPENDENT DEFORMATION; LAYERED SPHERICAL EARTH; CALIFORNIA SHEAR ZONE; SOUTHERN-CALIFORNIA; ASTHENOSPHERIC VISCOSITY; SEISMIC HAZARD; LOWER CRUST; SLIP RATE; JAPAN; AFTERSHOCKS AB The M 7.3 June 28, 1992 Landers and M 7.1 October 16, 1999 Hector Mine earthquakes, California, both right lateral strike-slip events on NNW-trending subvertical faults, occurred in close proximity in space and time in a region where recurrence times for surface-rupturing earthquakes are thousands of years. This suggests a causal role for the Landers earthquake in triggering the Hector Mine earthquake. Previous modeling of the static stress change associated with the Landers earthquake shows that the area of peak Hector Mine slip lies where the Coulomb failure stress promoting right-lateral strike-slip failure was high, but the nucleation point of the Hector Mine rupture was neutrally to weakly promoted, depending on the assumed coefficient of friction. Possible explanations that could account for the 7-year delay between the two ruptures include background tectonic stressing, dissipation of fluid pressure gradients, rate- and state-dependent friction effects, and post-Landers viscoelastic relaxation of the lower crust and upper mantle. By employing a viscoelastic model calibrated by geodetic data collected during the time period between the Landers and Hector Mine events, we calculate that postseismic relaxation produced a transient increase in Coulomb failure stress of about 0.7 bars on the impending Hector Mine rupture surface. The increase is greatest over the broad surface that includes the 1999 nucleation point and the site of peak slip further north. Since stress changes of magnitude greater than or equal to 0.1 bar are associated with documented causal fault interactions elsewhere, viscoelastic relaxation likely contributed to the triggering of the Hector Mine earthquake. This interpretation relies on the assumption that the faults occupying the central Mojave Desert (i.e., both the Landers and Hector Mine rupturing faults) were critically stressed just prior to the Landers earthquake. C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. Carnegie Inst Washington, Dept Terr Magnetism, Washington, DC 20015 USA. RP Pollitz, FF (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 345 Middlefield Rd,MS 977, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. NR 55 TC 61 Z9 68 U1 0 U2 11 PU SEISMOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI EL CERRITO PA PLAZA PROFESSIONAL BLDG, SUITE 201, EL CERRITO, CA 94530 USA SN 0037-1106 J9 B SEISMOL SOC AM JI Bull. Seismol. Soc. Amer. PD MAY PY 2002 VL 92 IS 4 BP 1487 EP 1496 DI 10.1785/0120000918 PG 10 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 576QN UT WOS:000177016500026 ER PT J AU Harris, RA Simpson, RW AF Harris, RA Simpson, RW TI The 1999 M-w 7.1 Hector Mine, California, earthquake: A test of the stress shadow hypothesis? SO BULLETIN OF THE SEISMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA LA English DT Article ID SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA; LANDERS EARTHQUAKE; STATIC-STRESS; SEQUENCE; FAULT; FAILURE; SEISMICITY; EVOLUTION; FIELD; APRIL AB We test the stress shadow hypothesis for large earthquake interactions by examining the relationship between two large earthquakes that occurred in the Mojave Desert of southern California, the 1992 M-w 7.3 Landers and 1999 Mw 7.1 Hector Mine earthquakes. We want to determine if the 1999 Hector Mine earthquake occurred at a location where the Coulomb stress was increased (earthquake advance, stress trigger) or decreased (earthquake delay, stress shadow) by the previous large earthquake. Using four models of the Landers rupture and a range of possible hypocentral planes for the Hector Mine earthquake, we discover that most scenarios yield a Landers-induced relaxation (stress shadow) on the Hector Mine hypocentral plane. Although this result would seem to weigh against the stress shadow hypothesis, the results become considerably more uncertain when the effects of a nearby Landers aftershock, the 1992 M-L 5.4 Pisgah earthquake, are taken into account. We calculate the combined static Coulomb stress changes due to the Landers and Pisgah earthquakes to range from -0.3 to +0.3 MPa (-3 to +3 bars) at the possible Hector Mine hypocenters, depending on choice of rupture model and hypocenter. These varied results imply that the Hector Mine earthquake does not provide a good test of the stress shadow hypothesis for large earthquake interactions. We use a simple approach, that of static dislocations in an elastic half-space, yet we still obtain a wide range of both negative and positive Coulomb stress changes. Our findings serve as a caution that more complex models purporting to explain the triggering or shadowing relationship between the 1992 Landers and 1999 Hector Mine earthquakes need to also consider the parametric and geometric uncertainties raised here. C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. RP US Geol Survey, 345 Middlefield Rd,MS 977, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. RI Harris, Ruth/C-4184-2013 OI Harris, Ruth/0000-0002-9247-0768 NR 42 TC 28 Z9 29 U1 0 U2 1 PU SEISMOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI ALBANY PA 400 EVELYN AVE, SUITE 201, ALBANY, CA 94706-1375 USA SN 0037-1106 EI 1943-3573 J9 B SEISMOL SOC AM JI Bull. Seismol. Soc. Amer. PD MAY PY 2002 VL 92 IS 4 BP 1497 EP 1512 DI 10.1785/0120000913 PG 16 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 576QN UT WOS:000177016500027 ER PT J AU Boore, DM Stephens, CD Joyner, WB AF Boore, DM Stephens, CD Joyner, WB TI Comments on baseline correction of digital strong-motion data: Examples from the 1999 Hector Mine, California, earthquake SO BULLETIN OF THE SEISMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA LA English DT Article ID DISPLACEMENTS AB Residual displacements for large earthquakes can sometimes be determined from recordings on modern digital instruments, but baseline offsets of unknown origin make it difficult in many cases to do so. To recover the residual displacement, we suggest tailoring a correction scheme by studying the character of the velocity obtained by integration of zeroth-order-corrected acceleration and then seeing if the residual displacements are stable when the various parameters in the particular correction scheme are varied. For many seismological and engineering purposes, however, the residual displacements are of lesser importance than ground motions at periods less than about 20 sec. These ground motions are often recoverable with simple baseline correction and low-cut filtering. In this largely empirical study, we illustrate the consequences of various correction schemes, drawing primarily from digital recordings of the 1999 Hector Mine, California, earthquake. We show that with simple processing the displacement waveforms for this event are very similar for stations separated by as much as 20 km. We also show that a strong pulse on the transverse component was radiated from the Hector Mine earthquake and propagated with little distortion to distances exceeding 170 km; this pulse leads to large response spectral amplitudes around 10 sec. C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. RP Boore, DM (reprint author), US Geol Survey, MS 977,345 Middlefield Rd, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. NR 20 TC 134 Z9 145 U1 0 U2 9 PU SEISMOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI EL CERRITO PA PLAZA PROFESSIONAL BLDG, SUITE 201, EL CERRITO, CA 94530 USA SN 0037-1106 J9 B SEISMOL SOC AM JI Bull. Seismol. Soc. Amer. PD MAY PY 2002 VL 92 IS 4 BP 1543 EP 1560 DI 10.1785/0120000926 PG 18 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 576QN UT WOS:000177016500030 ER PT J AU Michael, AJ Ross, SL Stenner, HD AF Michael, AJ Ross, SL Stenner, HD TI Displaced rocks, strong motion, and the mechanics of shallow faulting associated with the 1999 Hector Mine, California, earthquake SO BULLETIN OF THE SEISMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA LA English DT Article ID STRONG GROUND MOTION; CHI-CHI; TAIWAN EARTHQUAKE; VELOCITY; ZONE AB The paucity of strong-motion stations near the 1999 Hector Mine earthquake makes it impossible to make instrumental studies of key questions about near-fault strong-motion patterns associated with this event. However, observations of displaced rocks allow a qualitative investigation of these problems. By observing the slope of the desert surface and the frictional coefficient between these rocks and the desert surface, we estimate the minimum horizontal acceleration needed to displace the rocks. Combining this information with observations of how many rocks were displaced in different areas near the fault, we infer the level of shaking. Given current empirical shaking attenuation relationships, the number of rocks that moved is slightly lower than expected; this implies that slightly lower than expected shaking occurred during the Hector Mine earthquake. Perhaps more importantly, stretches of the fault with 4 m of total displacement at the surface displaced few nearby rocks on 15degrees slopes, suggesting that the horizontal accelerations were below 0.2g within meters of the fault scarp. This low level of shaking suggests that the shallow parts of this rupture did not produce strong accelerations. Finally, we did not observe an increased incidence of displaced rocks along the fault zone itself. This suggests that, despite observations of fault-zone-trapped waves generated by aftershocks of the Hector Mine earthquake, such waves were not an important factor in controlling peak ground acceleration during the mainshock. C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. RP Michael, AJ (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 345 Middlefield Rd,MS 977, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. RI Michael, Andrew/A-5059-2010 OI Michael, Andrew/0000-0002-2403-5019 NR 39 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 0 PU SEISMOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI EL CERRITO PA PLAZA PROFESSIONAL BLDG, SUITE 201, EL CERRITO, CA 94530 USA SN 0037-1106 J9 B SEISMOL SOC AM JI Bull. Seismol. Soc. Amer. PD MAY PY 2002 VL 92 IS 4 BP 1561 EP 1569 DI 10.1785/0120000927 PG 9 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 576QN UT WOS:000177016500031 ER PT J AU Hudnut, KW Borsa, A Glennie, C Minster, JB AF Hudnut, KW Borsa, A Glennie, C Minster, JB TI High-resolution topography along surface rupture of the 16 October 1999 Hector Mine, California, earthquake (M-w 7. 1) from airborne laser swath mapping SO BULLETIN OF THE SEISMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA LA English DT Article AB In order to document surface rupture associated with the Hector Mine earthquake, in particular, the area of maximum slip and the deformed surface of Lavic Lake playa, we acquired high-resolution data using relatively new topographic-mapping methods. We performed a raster-laser scan of the main surface breaks along the entire rupture zone, as well as along an unruptured portion of the Bullion fault. The image of the ground surface produced by this method is highly detailed, comparable to that obtained when geologists make particularly detailed site maps for geomorphic or paleoseismic studies. In this case, however, for the first time after a surface-rupturing earthquake, the detailed mapping is along the entire fault zone rather than being confined to selected sites. These data are geodetically referenced, using the Global Positioning System, thus enabling more accurate mapping of the rupture traces. In addition, digital photographs taken along the same fight lines can be overlaid onto the precise topographic data, improving terrain visualization. We demonstrate the potential of these techniques for measuring fault-slip vectors. C1 US Geol Survey, Pasadena, CA 91106 USA. Univ Calif San Diego, Scripps Inst Oceanog, Inst Geophys & Planetary Phys, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA. Aerotec LLC, Bessemer, AL 35022 USA. RP Hudnut, KW (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 525 S Wilson Ave, Pasadena, CA 91106 USA. RI Hudnut, Kenneth/B-1945-2009; Hudnut, Kenneth/G-5713-2010 OI Hudnut, Kenneth/0000-0002-3168-4797; NR 14 TC 31 Z9 37 U1 0 U2 5 PU SEISMOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI EL CERRITO PA PLAZA PROFESSIONAL BLDG, SUITE 201, EL CERRITO, CA 94530 USA SN 0037-1106 J9 B SEISMOL SOC AM JI Bull. Seismol. Soc. Amer. PD MAY PY 2002 VL 92 IS 4 BP 1570 EP 1576 DI 10.1785/0120000934 PG 7 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 576QN UT WOS:000177016500032 ER PT J AU Rymer, MJ Seitz, GG Weaver, KD Orgil, A Faneros, G Hamilton, JC Goetz, C AF Rymer, MJ Seitz, GG Weaver, KD Orgil, A Faneros, G Hamilton, JC Goetz, C TI Geologic and paleoseismic study of the Lavic Lake fault at Lavic Lake playa, Mojave Desert, southern California SO BULLETIN OF THE SEISMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA LA English DT Article ID EASTERN CALIFORNIA; SHEAR ZONE; STRAIN ACCUMULATION; SLIP RATE; EARTHQUAKES; VALLEY; KINEMATICS; OWENS AB Paleoseismic investigations of the Lavic Lake fault at Lavic Lake playa place constraints on the timing of a possible earlier earthquake along the 1999 Hector Mine rupture trace and reveal evidence of the timing of the penultimate earthquake on a strand of the Lavic Lake fault that did not rupture in 1999. Three of our four trenches, trenches A, B, and C, were excavated across the 1999 Hector Mine rupture; a fourth trench, D, was excavated across a vegetation lineament that had only minor slip at its southern end in 1999. Trenches A-C exposed strata that are broken only by the 1999 rupture; trench D exposed horizontal bedding that is locally warped and offset by faults. Stratigraphic evidence for the timing of an earlier earthquake along the 1999 rupture across Lavic Lake playa was not exposed. Thus, an earlier event, if there was one along that rupture trace, predates the lowest stratigraphic level exposed in our trenches. Radiocarbon dating of strata near the bottom of trenches constrains a possible earlier event to some time earlier than about 4950 B.C. Buried faults revealed in trench D are below a vegetation lineament at the ground surface. A depositional contact about 80 cm below the ground surface acts as the upward termination of fault breaks in trench D. Thus, this contact may be the event horizon for a surface-rupturing earthquake prior to 1999-the penultimate earthquake on the Lavic Lake fault. Radiocarbon ages of detrital charcoal samples from immediately below the event horizon indicate that the earthquake associated with the faulting occurred later than A.D. 260. An approximately 1300-year age difference between two samples at about the same stratigraphic level below the event horizon suggests the potential for a long residence time of detrital charcoal in the area. Coupled with a lack of bioturbation that could introduce young organic material into the stratigraphic section, the charcoal ages provide only a maximum bounding age; thus, the recognized event may be younger. There is abundant, subtle evidence for pre-1999 activity of the Lavic Lake fault in the playa area, even though the fault was not mapped near the playa prior to the Hector Mine earthquake. The most notable indicators for long-term presence of the fault are pronounced, persistent vegetation lineaments and uplifted basalt exposures. Primary and secondary slip occurred in 1999 on two southern vegetation lineaments, and minor slip locally formed on a northern lineament; trench exposures across the northern vegetation lineament revealed the post-A.D. 260 earthquake, and a geomorphic trough extends northward into alluvial fan deposits in line with this lineament. The presence of two basalt exposures in Lavic Lake playa indicates the presence of persistent compressional steps and uplift along the fault. Fault-line scarps are additional geomorphic markers of repeated slip events in basalt exposures. C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA 94551 USA. William Lettis & Associates Inc, Valencia, CA 91355 USA. San Diego State Univ, Dept Geol Sci, San Diego, CA 92182 USA. URS Corp, Santa Ana, CA 92705 USA. RP Rymer, MJ (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 345 Middlefield Rd,MS 977, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. NR 34 TC 17 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 1 PU SEISMOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI EL CERRITO PA PLAZA PROFESSIONAL BLDG, SUITE 201, EL CERRITO, CA 94530 USA SN 0037-1106 J9 B SEISMOL SOC AM JI Bull. Seismol. Soc. Amer. PD MAY PY 2002 VL 92 IS 4 BP 1577 EP 1591 DI 10.1785/0120000936 PG 15 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 576QN UT WOS:000177016500033 ER PT J AU Jachens, RC Langenheim, VE Matti, JC AF Jachens, RC Langenheim, VE Matti, JC TI Relationship of the 1999 Hector Mine and 1992 Landers fault ruptures to offsets on neogene faults and distribution of late Cenozoic basins inthe eastern California shear zone SO BULLETIN OF THE SEISMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA LA English DT Article ID MOJAVE-DESERT; SOUTHERN-CALIFORNIA; EARTHQUAKE SEQUENCE; ANOMALIES; BOUNDARY; VALLEY AB This report examines the Hector Mine and Landers earthquakes in the broader context of faults and fault-related basins of the eastern California shear zone (ECSZ). We compile new estimates of total strike-slip offset (horizontal separation) at nearly 30 fault sites based on offset magnetic anomaly pairs. We also present a map of the depth to pre-Cenozoic basement rock (thickness of basin-filling late Cenozoic deposits) for the region, based on an inversion of gravity and geologic data. Our estimates of total long-term strike-slip offsets on faults that slipped during the 1999 Hector Mine (3.4 km), and the 1992 Landers earthquakes (3.1? to 4.6 km) fall within the 3- to 5-km range of total strike-slip offset proposed for most faults of the western ECSZ. Faults having offsets as great as 20 km are present in the eastern part of the ECSZ. Although the Landers rupture followed sections of a number of faults that had been mapped as independent structures, the similarity in total strike-slip offset associated with these faults is compatible with one of the following hypotheses: (1) the Landers multistrand rupture is a typical event for this linked fault system or (2) this complex rupture path has acted as a coherent entity when viewed over some characteristic multiearthquake cycle. The second hypothesis implies that, for each cycle, slip associated with smaller earthquakes on individual fault segments integrates to a uniform slip over the length of the linked faults. With one exception, the region surrounding the Hector Mine and Landers ruptures is devoid of deep late Cenozoic basins. In particular, no deep basins are found immediately north of the Pinto Mountain fault, a place where a number of kinematic models for development of the ECSZ have predicted basins. In contrast, some basins exist near Barstow and along the eastern part of the ECSZ, where the model of Dokka et al. (1998) predicts basins. C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. US Geol Survey, Tucson, AZ 85719 USA. RP Jachens, RC (reprint author), US Geol Survey, MS 989,345 Middlefield Rd, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. NR 46 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 4 PU SEISMOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI EL CERRITO PA PLAZA PROFESSIONAL BLDG, SUITE 201, EL CERRITO, CA 94530 USA SN 0037-1106 J9 B SEISMOL SOC AM JI Bull. Seismol. Soc. Amer. PD MAY PY 2002 VL 92 IS 4 BP 1592 EP 1605 DI 10.1785/0120000915 PG 14 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 576QN UT WOS:000177016500034 ER PT J AU Langenheim, VE Jachens, RC AF Langenheim, VE Jachens, RC TI The Emerson Lake body: A link between the Landers and Hector Mine earthquakes, southern California, as inferred from gravity and magnetic anomalies SO BULLETIN OF THE SEISMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA LA English DT Article ID 1992 LANDERS; EASTERN CALIFORNIA; SHEAR ZONE; MOJAVE-DESERT; RADAR INTERFEROMETRY; SLIP; SEQUENCE; VELOCITY; DENSITY; MOTION AB Gravity and magnetic data indicate a mafic crustal heterogeneity that lies between the Hector Mine 16 October 1999 (M-w 7.1) and Landers 28 June 1992 (M-w 7.3) epicenters;. The aftershocks and ruptures of these two events avoided the interior of the body. Two- and three-dimensional modelin g of the potential-field anomalies shows that the source, here named the Emerson Lake body (ELB), extends to a depth of approximately 15 km. The source of the gravity and magnetic anomaly is most likely Jurassic diorite because exposures of these rocks coincide with both gravity and magnetic highs west of Emerson Lake. Seismic tomography also shows higher velocities within the region of the ELB. We propose that the ELB was an important influence on the rupture geometry of the Landers and Hector Mine ruptures and that the ELB may have played a role in transferring of stress from the Landers earthquake to the Hector Mine hypocenter. Seismicity before the Landers earthquake also tended to avoid the ELB, suggesting that the ELB affects how strain is distributed in this part of the Mojave Desert. Thus, faults within the body should have limited rupture sizes and lower seismic hazard than faults bounding or outside this mafic crustal heterogeneity. C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. RP Langenheim, VE (reprint author), US Geol Survey, MS 989,345 Middlefield Rd, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. NR 58 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 1 PU SEISMOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI EL CERRITO PA PLAZA PROFESSIONAL BLDG, SUITE 201, EL CERRITO, CA 94530 USA SN 0037-1106 J9 B SEISMOL SOC AM JI Bull. Seismol. Soc. Amer. PD MAY PY 2002 VL 92 IS 4 BP 1606 EP 1620 DI 10.1785/0120000906 PG 15 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 576QN UT WOS:000177016500035 ER PT J AU Power, JA Jolly, AD Nye, CJ Harbin, ML AF Power, JA Jolly, AD Nye, CJ Harbin, ML TI A conceptual model of the Mount Spurr magmatic system from seismic and geochemical observations of the 1992 Crater Peak eruption sequence SO BULLETIN OF VOLCANOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Alaska; Crater Peak; deep LP event; magmatic system model; seismicity ID REDOUBT VOLCANO; ALASKA; DEPOSITS; TREMOR; ORIGIN; REGION AB A conceptual model of the geometry and dynamics of the Mount Spurr magmatic system is developed using seismic, geochemical, and visual observations of the 1992 Crater Peak eruption sequence. The basis for this model is a new classification of all located seismic events and results from prior studies of seismology, geology, geochemistry, and geophysics of the Mount Spurr area. Significant seismic features of the 1992 eruption sequence include (1) a distinct swarm of volcano-tectonic (VT) earthquakes in August 1991 directly beneath the Crater Peak vent, (2) a caldera-wide increase in VT earthquakes, lasting 7 months, which preceded the 27 June eruption, (3) two shallow swarms of VT earthquakes that occurred on 5 June and 27 June, the latter immediately preceding the 27 June eruption, (4) a mix of VT, long-period (LP), and hybrid events at depths of 20-40 km, which began coincident with the onset of seismic unrest and reached a peak after eruptive activity ended, (5) a strong swarm of VT earthquakes that began as the 16-17 September eruption was ending, (6) a prominent swarm of VT earthquakes on 9-10 November at depths of I to 4 km beneath Crater Peak, and (7) a smaller swarm of VT earthquakes in late December 1992, which were located between 7 and 10 km depth. These seismic observations, combined with geological, geochemical, and geophysical data and observations, suggest a deep magmatic source zone for Crater Peak andesites at depths of 20-40 km, a smaller mid-crustal storage zone at about 10 km depth, and a conduit that extends to the surface. We infer that the magmas erupted in 1992 were generated at depths of 20-40 km and rose to the mid-crustal storage zone that fed all three 1992 eruptions. The 1992 eruption sequence may have terminated when additional magma solidified at shallow depths. C1 US Geol Survey, Alaska Volcano Observ, Anchorage, AK 99508 USA. Univ Leeds, Dept Earth Sci, Leeds LS2 9JT, W Yorkshire, England. Alaska Div Geol & Geophys Survey, Alaska Volcano Observ, Fairbanks, AK 99709 USA. Univ Alaska, Inst Geophys, Alaska Volcano Observ, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA. RP Power, JA (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Alaska Volcano Observ, 4200 Univ Dr, Anchorage, AK 99508 USA. NR 47 TC 22 Z9 24 U1 0 U2 3 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0258-8900 J9 B VOLCANOL JI Bull. Volcanol. PD MAY PY 2002 VL 64 IS 3-4 BP 206 EP 218 DI 10.1007/s00445-002-0201-x PG 13 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 559ZW UT WOS:000176057500004 ER PT J AU Kauahikaua, J Cashman, KV Clague, DA Champion, D Hagstrum, JT AF Kauahikaua, J Cashman, KV Clague, DA Champion, D Hagstrum, JT TI Emplacement of the most recent lava flows on Hualalai Volcano, Hawai'i SO BULLETIN OF VOLCANOLOGY LA English DT Article ID KILAUEA VOLCANO; MOUNT-ETNA; FIELD; PAHOEHOE; CRYSTALLIZATION; TEMPERATURES; TRANSITION; XENOLITHS; DYNAMICS; ERUPTION AB A detailed field and petrologic study of the ca. 1800 A.D. flows at Hualalai Volcano documents at least two eruptive episodes, the Hu'ehu'e flow field ending in 1801, and the Ka'upulehu flow several decades earlier. The morphology and stratigraphy of the Ka'upulehu flow require an emplacement duration of several days to weeks. Based on a comparison with recent eruptive activity at Mauna Loa volcano, the eruption cannot have occurred at the anomalously high rate (104-105 m(3)/s) proposed by previous workers. The hummocky flow surface of the later phase of the Hu'ehu'e eruption suggests a duration of months, based on a comparison with recent eruptive activity at Kilauea Volcano. Although none of the ca. 1800 flows show evidence for extraordinarily fast emplacement or unusual fluid rheologies, both flows show unusual features. The abundant xenoliths for which the Ka'upulehu flow is famous were transported in numerous episodes of deposition and remobilization, during which they eroded the channel systems through which they traveled. Lava transport in proximal and medial regions of both flow fields was probably through lava tubes, as evidenced by preserved tubes and by the prevalence of pahoehoe-lined channels that require thermally efficient transport of lava over great distances. Both flows also show abundant evidence for re-occupation of older cones and lava tubes, a characteristic that may typify infrequent eruptions of older volcanic systems. Although lava flows from Hualalai Volcano do not show anomalous eruptive behavior, they pose a substantial hazard for coastal communities of Kona. C1 Univ Oregon, Dept Geol Sci, Eugene, OR 97403 USA. Monterey Bay Aquarium Res Inst, Moss Landing, CA 95039 USA. US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. NR 81 TC 26 Z9 27 U1 0 U2 7 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0258-8900 J9 B VOLCANOL JI Bull. Volcanol. PD MAY PY 2002 VL 64 IS 3-4 BP 229 EP 253 DI 10.1007/s00445-001-0196-8 PG 25 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 559ZW UT WOS:000176057500006 ER PT J AU Lozano, GA Ydenberg, RC AF Lozano, GA Ydenberg, RC TI Transgenerational effects of maternal immune challenge in tree swallows (Tachycineta bicolor) SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF ZOOLOGY-REVUE CANADIENNE DE ZOOLOGIE LA English DT Article ID REPRODUCTIVE EFFORT; IMMUNOCOMPETENCE HANDICAP; TESTOSTERONE; ANTIBODIES; BLACKBIRD; SPARROWS; SURVIVAL; DEFENSE; WEIGHT; BIRDS AB The fact that avian eggs contain antibody of maternal origin is well documented, but only recently has this phenomenon been considered in an ecological context. We used tree swallows (Tachycineta bicolor) to examine the possibility of transgenerational immunity and its effect on nestling growth and immune development. We measured cell-mediated immunity with a delayed-hypersensitivity assay and antibody-mediated immunity with a hemagglutination test with sheep red blood cells (SRBCs). We tested for differences in immunocompetence and growth between nestlings from females who had been exposed to a novel antigen prior to egg laying and nestlings from unexposed females. To determine whether the effect, if any, resulted from something transferred to the eggs prior to egg laying or from subsequent changes in parental behaviour, nestlings were exchanged so that at each nest half the nestlings were from females who had been injected with SRBCs and half were from females who had not been exposed to SRBCs. Finally, brood sizes were independently manipulated to either 4 or 6 nestlings. We failed to detect maternal antibodies in any nestlings, and whether a female was exposed to SRBCs or not had no effect on the growth or cell-mediated immunity of her brood. However, nestlings in smaller broods grew better than nestlings in larger broods, though we did not find the expected differences in cell-mediated immunity. Furthermore, within each nest, nestlings whose mothers had been exposed to SRBCs grew better than nestlings whose mothers had not been exposed. These results are contrary to the idea of a simple trade-off in the allocation of resources between parasite protection and reproduction; however, they support the idea that exposure of females to parasites prior to egg laying leads to better nestling growth, and are congruous with the possibility of mithridatic parental care. C1 Simon Fraser Univ, Dept Biol Sci, Behav Ecol Res Grp, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada. RP Lozano, GA (reprint author), US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, Laurel, MD 20708 USA. OI Lozano, George A/0000-0002-1369-1408 NR 50 TC 21 Z9 22 U1 0 U2 4 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA, ONTARIO K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0008-4301 J9 CAN J ZOOL JI Can. J. Zool.-Rev. Can. Zool. PD MAY PY 2002 VL 80 IS 5 BP 918 EP 925 DI 10.1139/Z02-063 PG 8 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA 566GU UT WOS:000176419200015 ER PT J AU Mech, LD Federoff, NE AF Mech, LD Federoff, NE TI alpha(1)-Antitrypsin polymorphism and systematics of eastern North American wolves SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF ZOOLOGY-REVUE CANADIENNE DE ZOOLOGIE LA English DT Article ID MITOCHONDRIAL-DNA; GRAY WOLF; CANIS AB We used data on the polymorphic status of alpha(1)-antitrypsin (alpha(1)AT) to study the relationship of Minnesota wolves to the gray wolf (Canis lupus), which was thought to have evolved in Eurasia, and to red wolves (Canis rufus) and coyotes (Canis latrans), which putatively evolved in North America. Recent evidence had indicated that Minnesota wolves might be more closely related to red wolves and coyotes. Samples from wild-caught Minnesota wolves and from captive wolves, at least some of which originated in Alaska and western Canada, were similarly polymorphic for alpha(1)AT, whereas coyote and red wolf samples were all monomorphic. Our findings, in conjunction with earlier results, are consistent with the Minnesota wolf being a gray wolf of Eurasian origin or possibly a hybrid between the gray wolf of Eurasian origin and the proposed North American wolf. C1 US Geol Survey, No Prairie Wildlife Res Ctr, Biol Resources Div, Jamestown, ND 58401 USA. US Geol Survey, Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, Biol Resources Div, Laurel, MD 20708 USA. RP Mech, LD (reprint author), Univ Minnesota, Raptor Ctr, 1920 Fitch Ave, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. NR 6 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 1 U2 5 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA, ONTARIO K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0008-4301 J9 CAN J ZOOL JI Can. J. Zool.-Rev. Can. Zool. PD MAY PY 2002 VL 80 IS 5 BP 961 EP 963 DI 10.1139/Z02-066 PG 3 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA 566GU UT WOS:000176419200021 ER PT J AU Markstrom, SL McCabe, G David, O AF Markstrom, SL McCabe, G David, O TI Web-based distribution of geo-scientific models SO COMPUTERS & GEOSCIENCES LA English DT Article C1 US Geol Survey, Lakewood, CO 80225 USA. Agr Res Serv, Ft Collins, CO 80521 USA. RP Markstrom, SL (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Box 25046,MS 412, Lakewood, CO 80225 USA. NR 6 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 0 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0098-3004 J9 COMPUT GEOSCI-UK JI Comput. Geosci. PD MAY PY 2002 VL 28 IS 4 BP 577 EP 581 AR PII S0098-3004(01)00090-5 DI 10.1016/S0098-3004(01)00090-5 PG 5 WC Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Computer Science; Geology GA 559ND UT WOS:000176031500014 ER PT J AU Sanzenbacher, PM Haig, SM AF Sanzenbacher, PM Haig, SM TI Residency and movement patterns of wintering Dunlin in the Willamette Valley of Oregon SO CONDOR LA English DT Article DE Calidris alpina; connectivity; Dunlin; home range; movements; nonbreeding; Willamette Valley ID HOME-RANGE; SPRING MIGRATION; SHOREBIRDS; HABITAT; LANDSCAPE; BEHAVIOR; AUTOCORRELATION; CONNECTIVITY; CONSERVATION; LATITUDES AB In the winters of 1998-1999 and 1999-2000, we tracked 67 radio-marked Dunlin (Calidris alpina) throughout the complex agricultural landscape of the Willamette Valley of Oregon. Individual birds were tracked across 8-week sampling periods and indicated a high degree of regional fidelity throughout the three winter sampling periods. Birds exhibited varied degrees of fidelity to specific wetland sites and were detected at an average of nine different sites. Distances traveled within the region were extensive and greatest during late winter. Females ranged farther from capture sites than males, and movement from capture sites for all birds was greatest during late winter. Mean home-range size (95% minimum convex polygons) of birds was 258.2 +/- 44.8 km(2) (SE) and was greatest during late winter. Diurnal roosts were identified as centers of activities and daily movements were most pronounced during crepuscular periods. These data represent the most extensive documentation of winter movements for a shorebird at an inland site. Findings indicate Dunlin were winter residents, and extensive local movements suggest a high degree of functional connectivity of habitats. C1 USGS, Forest & Rangeland Ecosyst Sci Ctr, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. Oregon State Univ, Dept Fisheries & Wildlife, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. RP Haig, SM (reprint author), USGS, Forest & Rangeland Ecosyst Sci Ctr, 3200 SW Jefferson Way, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. EM susan_haig@usgs.gov NR 65 TC 30 Z9 31 U1 4 U2 14 PU COOPER ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC PI LAWRENCE PA ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC NORTH AMER PO BOX 1897, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 USA SN 0010-5422 EI 1938-5129 J9 CONDOR JI Condor PD MAY PY 2002 VL 104 IS 2 BP 271 EP 280 DI 10.1650/0010-5422(2002)104[0271:RAMPOW]2.0.CO;2 PG 10 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA 548RF UT WOS:000175402500005 ER PT J AU Weckstein, JD Afton, AD Zink, RM Alisauskas, RT AF Weckstein, JD Afton, AD Zink, RM Alisauskas, RT TI Hybridization and population subdivision within and between Ross's Geese and Lesser Snow Geese: A molecular perspective SO CONDOR LA English DT Article DE Chen caerulescens caerulescens; Chen rossii; control region; hybridization; mtDNA sequencing; population genetics ID MITOCHONDRIAL-DNA; PHILOPATRY AB We reanalyzed Quinn's (1992) mtDNA control region data set including new sequences from nine Lesser Snow Geese (Chen caerulescens caerulescens) and 10 Ross's Geese (Chen rossi) and found the same divergent lineages that Quinn (1992) attributed to vicariant separation of Lesser Snow Goose populations during the Pleistocene. However, peculiar patterns of mtDNA control region sequence variation, including a multimodal mismatch distribution of mtDNA sequences with two levels of population structuring and the sharing of two divergent haplotype lineages, are consistent with two hybridization episodes in Chen geese. Comparisons of mtDNA variation with historical and allozyme data sets compiled by Cooke et al. ( 1988) are consistent with the hypothesis that sharing of two mtDNA haplotype lineages between Ross's Goose and Lesser Snow Goose resulted from hybridization (Avise et al. 1992). Furthermore, population structure found within one haplotype cluster is consistent with Cooke et al.'s (1988) hypothesi, of past allopatry between blue and white Lesser Snow Geese. C1 Louisiana State Univ, Dept Sci Biol, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA. Louisiana State Univ, Museum Nat Sci, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA. Louisiana State Univ, US Geol Survey, Louisiana Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA. Univ Minnesota, JF Bell Museum, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. Univ Minnesota, Dept Ecol Evolut & Behav, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. Canadian Wildlife Serv, Saskatoon, SK 57N 0X4, Canada. RP Weckstein, JD (reprint author), Louisiana State Univ, Dept Sci Biol, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA. NR 25 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 1 U2 2 PU COOPER ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC PI LAWRENCE PA ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC NORTH AMER PO BOX 1897, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 USA SN 0010-5422 J9 CONDOR JI Condor PD MAY PY 2002 VL 104 IS 2 BP 432 EP 436 DI 10.1650/0010-5422(2002)104[0432:HAPSWA]2.0.CO;2 PG 5 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA 548RF UT WOS:000175402500020 ER PT J AU Goff, JA Wheatcroft, RA Lee, H Drake, DE Swift, DJP Fan, SJ AF Goff, JA Wheatcroft, RA Lee, H Drake, DE Swift, DJP Fan, SJ TI Spatial variability of shelf sediments in the STRATAFORM natural laboratory, Northern California SO CONTINENTAL SHELF RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE sediment variability; eel shelf; statistical analysis; density; porosity; grain size ID SEA BEAM DATA; CONTINENTAL-SHELF; EEL SHELF; SEAFLOOR MORPHOLOGY; PHYSICAL-PROPERTIES; MARINE-SEDIMENTS; RESISTIVITY; TRANSPORT; MARGIN; RESOLUTION AB The "Correlation Length Experiment", an intensive box coring effort on the Eel River shelf (Northern California) in the summer of 1997, endeavored to characterize the lateral variability of near-surface shelf sediments over scales of meters to kilometers. Coring focused on two sites, K60 and S60, separated by similar to15 km along the 60 in isobath. The sites are near the sand-to-mud transition, although K60 is sandier owing to its proximity to the Eel River mouth. Nearly 140 cores were collected on dip and strike lines with core intervals front < 10 in to 1 km. Measurements on each core included bulk density computed from gamma-ray attenuation, porosity converted from resistivity measurements, and surficial grain size. Grain size was also measured over the full depth range within a select subset of cores. X-radiograph images were also examined. Semi-variograms were computed for strike, dip, and down-hole directions at each site. The sand-to-mud transition exerts a strong influence on all measurements: on average, bulk density increases and porosity decreases with regional increases in mean grain size. Analysis of bulk density measurements indicates very strong contrasts in the sediment variability at K60 and S60. No coherent bedding, is seen at K60; in the strike direction, horizontal variability is "white" (fully uncorrelated) from the smallest scales examined (a few meters) to the largest (8 km), with a variance equal to that seen within the cores. In contrast, coherent bedding exists at S60 related to the preservation of the 1995 flood deposit. A correlatable structure is found in the strike direction with a decorrelation distance of similar to800 m, and can be related to long-wavelength undulations in the topography and/or thickness of the flood layer or overburden. We hypothesize that the high degree of bulk density variability at K60 is a result of more intense physical reworking of the seabed in the sandier environment. Without significant averaging, the resistivity-based porosity measurements are only marginally correlated to gamma-ray-bulk density measurements, and are largely independent of mean grain size. Furthermore, porosity displays a high degree of incoherent variability at both sites. Porosity, with a much smaller sample volume than bulk density, may therefore resolve small-scale biogenic variability which is filtered out in the bulk density measurement. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Texas, Inst Geophys, Austin, TX 78759 USA. Oregon State Univ, Coll Ocean & Atmospher Sci, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. Drake Marine Consulting, Ben Lomond, CA 95005 USA. Old Dominion Univ, Dept Earth Ocean & Atmospher Sci, Norfolk, VA 23529 USA. RP Goff, JA (reprint author), Univ Texas, Inst Geophys, Bldg 600,4412 Spicewood Springs Rd, Austin, TX 78759 USA. RI Goff, John/B-9972-2008 OI Goff, John/0000-0001-9246-5048 NR 44 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 1 U2 3 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0278-4343 J9 CONT SHELF RES JI Cont. Shelf Res. PD MAY PY 2002 VL 22 IS 8 BP 1199 EP 1223 AR PII S0278-4343(01)00097-8 DI 10.1016/S0278-4343(01)00097-8 PG 25 WC Oceanography SC Oceanography GA 562CE UT WOS:000176179200005 ER PT J AU Borcherdt, RD AF Borcherdt, RD TI Empirical evidence for site coefficients in building code provisions SO EARTHQUAKE SPECTRA LA English DT Article AB Site-response coefficients, F-a and F-v used in US. building code provisions are based on empirical data for motions up to 0.1 g. For larger motions they are based on theoretical and laboratory results. The Northridge earthquake of 17 January 1994 provided a significant new set of empirical data up to 0.5 g. These data together with recent site characterizations based on shear-wave velocity measurements provide empirical estimates of the site coefficients at base accelerations up to 0.5 g for Site Classes C and D. These empirical estimates of F-a and F-v as well as their decrease with increasing base acceleration level are consistent at the 95 percent confidence level with those in present building code provisions, with the exception of estimates for F-a at levels of 0.1 and 0.2 g, which are less than the lower confidence bound by amounts up to 13 percent. The site-coefficient estimates are consistent at the 95 percent confidence level with those of several other investigators for base accelerations greater than 0.3 g. These consistencies and present code procedures indicate that changes in the site coefficients are not warranted. Empirical results for base accelerations greater than 0.2 g confirm the need for both a short- and a mid- or long-period site coefficient to characterize site response for purposes of estimating site-specific design spectra. C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94028 USA. RP Borcherdt, RD (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 345 Middlefield Rd, Menlo Pk, CA 94028 USA. NR 42 TC 37 Z9 39 U1 0 U2 1 PU EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING RESEARCH INSTITUTE PI OAKLAND PA 499 14TH ST, STE 320, OAKLAND, CA 94612-1934 USA SN 8755-2930 J9 EARTHQ SPECTRA JI Earthq. Spectra PD MAY PY 2002 VL 18 IS 2 BP 189 EP 217 DI 10.1193/1.1486243 PG 29 WC Engineering, Civil; Engineering, Geological SC Engineering GA 642WF UT WOS:000180827900001 ER PT J AU Johnson, PTJ Lunde, KB Thurman, EM Ritchie, EG Wray, SN Sutherland, DR Kapfer, JM Frest, TJ Bowerman, J Blaustein, AR AF Johnson, PTJ Lunde, KB Thurman, EM Ritchie, EG Wray, SN Sutherland, DR Kapfer, JM Frest, TJ Bowerman, J Blaustein, AR TI Parasite (Ribeiroia ondatrae) infection linked to amphibian malformations in the western United States SO ECOLOGICAL MONOGRAPHS LA English DT Article DE abnormality frequency in amphibians; Ambystoma; amphibian; Bufo; Hyla; limb deformity; amphibians; parasite-induced malformations; Planorbella snails vs. Ribeiroia infection; Rana; Ribeiroia ondatrae; Taricha; trematode ID LIMB MALFORMATIONS; XENOPUS-LAEVIS; RANA-PIPIENS; ALTERED BEHAVIOR; FROGS; WATER; ABNORMALITIES; MINNESOTA; POPULATIONS; DEFORMITIES AB Parasites and pathogens can influence the survivorship, behavior, and very structure of their host species. For example, experimental studies have shown that trematode parasites can cause high frequencies of severe limb malformations in amphibians. In a broad-scale field survey covering parts of California, Oregon, Washington, Idaho, and Montana, we examined relationships between the frequency and types of morphological abnormalities in amphibians and the abundance of trematode parasite infection, pH, concentrations of 61 pesticides, and levels of orthophosphate and total nitrate. We recorded severe malformations at frequencies ranging from 1% to 90% in nine amphibian species from 53 aquatic systems. Infection of larvae by the trematode Ribeiroia ondatrae was associated with. and functionally related to, higher frequencies of amphibian limb malformations than found in uninfected populations (less than or equal to5%). Parasites were concentrated around the basal tissue of hind limbs in infected anurans, and malformations associated with infection included skin webbings, supernumerary limbs and digits, and missing or malformed hind limbs. In the absence of Ribeiroia, amphibian populations exhibited low (0-5%) frequencies of abnormalities involving missing digits or distal portions of a hind limb. Species were affected differentially by the parasite, and Ambystoma macrodactylum, Hyla regilla, Rana aurora. R. luteiventris. and Taricha torosa typically exhibited the highest frequencies of abnormalities. None of the water-quality variables measured was associated with malformed amphibians. but aquatic snail hosts (Planorbella spp.) were significant predictors of the presence and abundance of Ribeiroia infection. Morphological comparisons of adult specimens of Ribeiroia collected from different sites and raised in experimental definitive hosts suggested that all samples represented the same species-R. ondatrae. These field results, coupled with experimental research on the effects of Ribeiroia on amphibians, demonstrate that Ribeiroia infection is an important and widespread cause of amphibian limb malformations in the western United States. The relevance of trematode infection to declines of amphibian populations and the influence of habitat modification on the pathology and life cycle of Ribeiroia are emphasized as areas requiring further research. C1 Claremont Mckenna Coll, Roberts Environm Ctr, WM Keck Sci Ctr, Claremont, CA 91711 USA. Western Univ Hlth Sci, Pomona, CA 91766 USA. US Geol Survey, Lawrence, KS 66049 USA. James Cook Univ N Queensland, Dept Zool & Trop Ecol, Townsville, Qld 4811, Australia. Oregon Dept Fish & Wildlife, Central Point, OR 97502 USA. Univ Wisconsin, Dept Biol, La Crosse, WI 54601 USA. Deixis Consultants, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. Sunriver Nat Ctr, Sunriver, OR 97707 USA. Oregon State Univ, Dept Zool, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. RP Johnson, PTJ (reprint author), Univ Wisconsin, Ctr Limnol, 680 N Pk St, Madison, WI 53706 USA. EM pieter@jsd.claremont.edu RI Lunde, Kevin/D-4202-2009; Thurman, Earl/B-5131-2011; OI Ritchie, Euan/0000-0003-4410-8868 NR 59 TC 135 Z9 148 U1 3 U2 45 PU ECOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 1990 M STREET NW, STE 700, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0012-9615 EI 1557-7015 J9 ECOL MONOGR JI Ecol. Monogr. PD MAY PY 2002 VL 72 IS 2 BP 151 EP 168 DI 10.1890/0012-9615(2002)072[0151:PROILT]2.0.CO;2 PG 18 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 544FP UT WOS:000175147800001 ER PT J AU Runge, MC Johnson, FA AF Runge, MC Johnson, FA TI The importance of functional form in optimal control solutions of problems in population dynamics SO ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE adaptive management; compensatory mortality; density-dependence; equilibrium analysis; harvest theory; optimal control theory; population dynamics; reproductive function; stochastic dynamic programming; survival function ID MANAGEMENT; UNCERTAINTY; WATERFOWL; MORTALITY; ECOLOGY; MODEL AB Optimal control theory is finding increased application in both theoretical and applied ecology, and it is a central element of adaptive resource management. One of the steps in an adaptive management process is to develop alternative models of system dynamics, models that are all reasonable in light of available data, but that differ substantially in their implications for optimal control of the resource. We explored how the form of the recruitment and survival functions in a general population model for ducks affected the patterns in the optimal harvest strategy, using a combination of analytical, numerical, and simulation techniques. We compared three relationships between recruitment and population density (linear, exponential, and hyperbolic) and three relationships between survival during the nonharvest season and population density (constant, logistic, and one related to the compensatory harvest mortality hypothesis). We found that the form of the component functions had a dramatic influence on the optimal harvest strategy and the ultimate equilibrium state of the system. For instance, while it is commonly assumed that a compensatory hypothesis leads to higher optimal harvest rates than an additive hypothesis, we found this to depend on the form of the recruitment function, in part because of differences in the optimal steady-state population density. This work has strong direct consequences for those developing alternative models to describe harvested systems, but it is relevant to a larger class of problems applying optimal control at the population level. Often, different functional forms will not be statistically distinguishable in the range of the data. Nevertheless, differences between the functions outside the range of the data can have an important impact on the optimal harvest strategy. Thus, development of alternative models by identifying a single functional form, then choosing different parameter combinations from extremes on the likelihood profile may end up producing alternatives that do not differ as importantly as if different functional forms had been used. We recommend that biological knowledge be used to bracket a range of possible functional forms, and robustness of conclusions be checked over this range. C1 Univ Georgia, Warnell Sch Forest Resources, Athens, GA 30602 USA. US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, Off Migratory Bird Management, Laurel, MD 20708 USA. RP Runge, MC (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, 11510 Amer Holly Dr, Laurel, MD 20708 USA. RI Runge, Michael/E-7331-2011 OI Runge, Michael/0000-0002-8081-536X NR 46 TC 38 Z9 39 U1 1 U2 12 PU ECOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 1707 H ST NW, STE 400, WASHINGTON, DC 20006-3915 USA SN 0012-9658 J9 ECOLOGY JI Ecology PD MAY PY 2002 VL 83 IS 5 BP 1357 EP 1371 DI 10.2307/3071949 PG 15 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 543YK UT WOS:000175131300018 ER PT J AU Dambacher, JM Li, HW Rossignol, PA AF Dambacher, JM Li, HW Rossignol, PA TI Relevance of community structure in assessing indeterminacy of ecological predictions SO ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE adjoint matrix; community matrix; food web; indeterminacy; indirect effects; inverse matrix; press perturbation; qualitative modeling; signed digraph; weighted-predictions matrix ID PERTURBATION EXPERIMENTS; INTERACTION STRENGTH; BOTTOM-UP; TOP-DOWN; FOOD-WEB; ECOSYSTEMS; MODEL; MANAGEMENT; STABILITY; SYSTEMS AB The community matrix is potentially a powerful tool for community ecology. While it details direct interactions between community members, it can also be used to quantify all indirect effects that occur in a community, and thereby to make predictions regarding population response to experimental treatments or natural disturbances. These predictions are essentially hypotheses of system behavior that can be rigorously evaluated. Use of the community matrix, however, has been hindered by indeterminacy and ambiguity in response predictions. In this study, we reveal a theoretical source of the problem that arises as a consequence of community structure. Using a qualitative analysis of the community matrix, we detail the complementary feedback cycles that contribute to the response of a population following a sustained or press perturbation. Complementary feedback is the sum of all direct and indirect effects that can contribute to a response. We develop a "weighted-predictions matrix" that assigns a probability scale to sign determinacy of predicted responses. This matrix is formed by the quotient of the net sum of complementary feedback cycles and the absolute number of complementary feedback cycles. A qualitative analysis of system structure provides a theoretical benchmark for understanding a spectrum of behavior in biological systems, and for framing and prioritizing management interventions for whole communities. This advance clarifies much of the uncertainty and ambiguity found in predicting the behavior of large and complex systems. We validate these tools by analyzing published studies of community response. C1 Oregan Dept Fish & Wildlife, Corvallis Res Lab, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. Oregon State Univ, Dept Fisheries & Wildlife, Oregan Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, USGS, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. RP Dambacher, JM (reprint author), Oregan Dept Fish & Wildlife, Corvallis Res Lab, 28655 Highway 34, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. RI Dambacher, Jeffrey/A-2200-2008 NR 40 TC 93 Z9 93 U1 2 U2 20 PU ECOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 1707 H ST NW, STE 400, WASHINGTON, DC 20006-3915 USA SN 0012-9658 J9 ECOLOGY JI Ecology PD MAY PY 2002 VL 83 IS 5 BP 1372 EP 1385 DI 10.2307/3071950 PG 14 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 543YK UT WOS:000175131300019 ER PT J AU Kendrick, MA Burgess, R Leach, D Pattrick, RAD AF Kendrick, MA Burgess, R Leach, D Pattrick, RAD TI Hydrothermal fluid origins in Mississippi valley-type ore districts: Combined noble gas (He, Ar, Kr) and halogen (Cl, Br, I) analysis of fluid inclusions from the Illinois-Kentucky fluorspar district, Viburnum Trend, and Tri-State districts, midcontinent United States SO ECONOMIC GEOLOGY AND THE BULLETIN OF THE SOCIETY OF ECONOMIC GEOLOGISTS LA English DT Article ID LASER MICROPROBE ANALYSES; LEAD-ZINC DEPOSITS; SOUTHEAST MISSOURI; ISOTOPIC COMPOSITION; THERMAL EVOLUTION; REELFOOT RIFT; GENESIS; BRINES; MINERALIZATION; GEOCHEMISTRY AB Samples were selected from three of the classic Mississippi Valley-type districts in the midcontinent area of North America. The Illinois-Kentucky fluorspar district belongs to the fluoritic subtype of Mississippi Valley-type districts, and the Ozark districts of the Viburnum Trend and Tri-State are representative of the Pb-rich and more typical Zn-rich subtypes of Mississippi Valley-type mineralization, respectively. Noble gas (Ar, Kr) and halogen (Cl, Br, I) data have been obtained simultaneously by noble gas mass spectrometry of inclusion fluids released by in vacuo crushing of irradiated fluorite, quartz, carbonate, and sphalerite samples. Additionally, He analyses have been obtained from nonirradiated fluorite from the Illinois-Kentucky fluorspar district. Fluorite from the Illinois-Kentucky fluorspar district has a maximum He-3/He-4 ratio of 0.35 Ra (where Ra = atmospheric He-3/He-4 ratio of 1.4 x 10(-6)), higher than values typical of crustal fluids and confirming the presence of a minor mantle component, equal to less than 6 percent of the total He in the fluids of the Illinois-Kentucky fluorspar district. The Br/Cl mol ratios of A the deposits are, with one exception, higher than the value of seawater (1.54 x 101), ranging from 1.69 to 3.70 x 10(-3), and indicating acquisition of salinity by the evaporation of seawater beyond the point of halite saturation. Late quartz from the Tri-State district contains a very minor component of halite dissolution water and has a Br/Cl mol ratio of 1.46 x 10(-3). The I/Cl mol ratios are typical of oil field brines and are ubiquitously higher than what is attainable by the evaporation of seawater alone. I/Cl mol ratios are in the range of 6 to 270 x 10(-6), indicating that the fluids have interacted with I-rich organic matter present in sedimentary rocks. In the Ozark districts, Ar-40/Ar-36 ratios vary between 320 and 345 in the Tri-State and between 350 and 420 in the Viburnum Trend. In the Illinois-Kentucky fluorspar district 40Ar/36Ar ratios reach values of 1,200. The corresponding concentrations of Ar-40(excess) (Ar-40 not attributable to radiogenic decay of K-40 or an atmospheric source) are similarly elevated in the main-stage fluorite mineralization of the Illinois-Kentucky fluorspar district (6.8-18.2 x 10(-4) cm(3)cm(-3)H(2)O) relative to the Viburnum Trend and Tri-State districts (mostly 1.3-3.3 x 10(-4)cm(3) cm(-3)H(2)O and 0.3-1.4 x 10(-4) cm(3)cm(-3)H(2)O, respectively). Together the noble gas and halogen data indicate the existence of three brine provinces, (1) a regional Tri-State brine present throughout the Ozark region, (2) a Viburnum Trend brine, and (3) an Illinois-Kentucky brine. Furthermore, in the Viburnum Trend the halogen composition of main-stage dolomite is distinct from that of the main-stage sphalerite but identical to the regional hydrothermal dolomite seen in the Tri-State district. The data imply that mixing relationships in the Viburnum Trend are highly complex but are compatible with regional models in which the Tri-State brine, present throughout the Ozark region, was sourced in the Arkoma basin. C1 Univ Manchester, Dept Earth Sci, Manchester M13 9PL, Lancs, England. US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Lakewood, CO 80225 USA. RP Kendrick, MA (reprint author), Geol Survey Norway, Leiv Erikssons Vei 39, N-7491 Trondheim, Norway. RI Burgess, Ray/A-5767-2009; Kendrick, Mark/F-8824-2012 OI Burgess, Ray/0000-0001-7674-8718; Kendrick, Mark/0000-0002-6541-4162 NR 90 TC 40 Z9 48 U1 4 U2 27 PU ECONOMIC GEOLOGY PUBL CO PI LITTLETON PA 5808 SOUTH RAPP ST, STE 209, LITTLETON, CO 80120-1942 USA SN 0361-0128 J9 ECON GEOL BULL SOC JI Econ. Geol. Bull. Soc. Econ. Geol. PD MAY-JUN PY 2002 VL 97 IS 3 BP 453 EP 469 DI 10.2113/97.3.453 PG 17 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 574XR UT WOS:000176915900002 ER PT J AU Brown, SM Fletcher, IR Stein, HJ Snee, LW Groves, DI AF Brown, SM Fletcher, IR Stein, HJ Snee, LW Groves, DI TI Geochronological constraints on pre-, syn-, and postmineralization events at the world-class Cleo gold deposit, Eastern Goldfields Province, Western Australia SO ECONOMIC GEOLOGY AND THE BULLETIN OF THE SOCIETY OF ECONOMIC GEOLOGISTS LA English DT Article ID PB AGE CONSTRAINTS; RE-OS AGES; U-PB; YILGARN-CRATON; GREENSTONE TERRANES; MINERALIZATION; AR-40/AR-39; BLOCK; FIELD; INTERCALIBRATION AB Recent geological and geochronological studies have led to a reevaluation of whether or not the majority of the lode gold deposits of the Yilgarn craton formed nearly synchronously during an Archean craton-wide hydrothermal event, as previously proposed. The majority of reliable data indicate that gold mineralization took place at ca. 2640 to 2625 Ma; however, recent work in the far north of the Eastern Goldfields province provides structural evidence for instances of earlier gold mineralization and geochronological. data for interpreted postore rocks that are considerably older than 2640 Ma. The documentation of xenotime and monazite in association with ore minerals at the Cleo deposit provides a valuable means of determining the absolute age of gold mineralization. At the Cleo deposit, high-grade Western Lodes veins crosscut the Sunrise shear zone at a high angle with only centimeter-scale offset. Given that the stratigraphic sequence indicates at least several hundred meters offset across the shear zone, the minimal offset of the Western Lodes veins indicates that gold mineralization was late in the history of movement in the shear zone. The absolute ages of pre-, syn-, and postmineralization elements in the mine stratigraphic succession have been determined using a variety of geochronological techniques. Fuchsite micas formed in the Sunrise shear zone yield an Ar-40/Ar-39 isochron age of 2667 +/- 19 Ma. Rhyodacite porphyry dikes postdate the formation of the shear zone but predate the main phase of gold mineralization. Dike intrusion is constrained to 2674 +/- 3 Ma by SHRIMP II U-Pb analysis of zircons from these dikes. Rhenium-Os analysis of molybdenite from quartz + chalcopyrite + molybdenite veins that crosscut the porphyry dikes gives an age of formation at 2663 +/- 11 Ma, consistent with their relationship to the porphyry dikes. Both the dikes and these veins are crosscut by gold-bearing Western Lodes veins. Mutually crosscutting relationships with ore minerals indicate that microscopic xenotime and monazite grains were deposited during ore formation in the Western Lodes ore zones. SHRIMP 11 U-Pb analyses of xenotime and monazite grains indicate that Western Lodes mineralization took place at 2654 +/- 8 Ma, at least 9 m.y. after the intrusion of the porphyry dikes (95% confidence). Evidence for substantial temporal separation between intrusive activity and gold mineralization is recorded by other researchers for other deposits associated with granitic intrusions in the Leonora-Laverton area. Phlogopitic micas from a lamprophyre that crosscuts the whole succession, including the Sunrise shear zone, yield an Ar/Ar plateau age of 2080 +/- 4 Ma. This study constrains the timing of multiple events at Cleo, including the main phase of gold mineralization, during a relatively short span of time. However, in the context of the larger debate about the existence of a dominant 2640 to 2625 Ma period of gold mineralization and the extent of a proposed widespread pre-2660 Ma mineralization event in the Yilgarn craton, the data from Cleo are equivocal, the 2654 +/- 8 Ma age for mineralization being significantly older than 2640 Ma but not significantly pre-2660 Ma, even if the maximum possible age is accepted. C1 Univ Western Australia, Dept Geol & Geophys, Ctr Global Metallogeny, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia. Colorado State Univ, Dept Earth Resources, AIRIE Program, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Denver, CO 80225 USA. RP Brown, SM (reprint author), Univ Western Australia, Dept Geol & Geophys, Ctr Global Metallogeny, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia. NR 63 TC 47 Z9 51 U1 2 U2 8 PU ECONOMIC GEOLOGY PUBL CO PI LITTLETON PA 5808 SOUTH RAPP ST, STE 209, LITTLETON, CO 80120-1942 USA SN 0361-0128 J9 ECON GEOL BULL SOC JI Econ. Geol. Bull. Soc. Econ. Geol. PD MAY-JUN PY 2002 VL 97 IS 3 BP 541 EP 559 DI 10.2113/97.3.541 PG 19 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 574XR UT WOS:000176915900007 ER PT J AU Ramsey, EW Nelson, GA Echols, D Sapkota, SK AF Ramsey, EW Nelson, GA Echols, D Sapkota, SK TI The National Vegetation Classification Standard applied to the remote sensing classification of two semiarid environments SO ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE accuracy assessment; color infrared photography; Landsat Thematic Mapper data; National Vegetation Classification Standard; oil and gas management plans AB The National Vegetation Classification Standard (NVCS) was implemented at two US National Park Service (NIPS) sites in Texas, the Padre Island National Seashore (PINS) and the Lake Meredith National Recreation Area (LMNRA), to provide information for NIPS oil and gas management plans. Because NVCS landcover classifications did not exist for these two areas prior to this study, we created landcover classes, through intensive ground and aerial reconnaissance, that characterized the general landscape features and at the same time complied with NVCS guidelines. The created landcover classes were useful for the resource management and were conducive to classification with optical remote sensing systems, such as the Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM). In the LMNRA, topographic elevation data were added to the TM data to reduce confusion between cliff, high plains, and forest classes. Classification accuracies (kappa statistics) of 89.9% (0.89) and 88.2% (0.87) in PINS and LMNRA, respectively, verified that the two NPS landholdings were adequately mapped with TM data. Improved sensor systems with higher spectral and spatial resolutions will ultimately refine the broad classes defined in this classification; however, the landcover classifications created in this study have already provided valuable information for the management of both NIPS lands. Habitat information provided by the classifications has aided in the placement of inventory and monitoring plots, has assisted oil and gas operators by providing information on sensitive habitats, and has allowed park managers to better use resources when fighting wildland fires and in protecting visitors and the infrastructure of NPS lands. C1 US Geol Survey, Natl Wetlands Res Ctr, Lafayette, LA 70506 USA. Natl Pk Serv, Padre Isl Natl Seashore, Corpus Christi, TX 78480 USA. Johnson Controls World Serv Inc, Lafayette, LA 70506 USA. RP Ramsey, EW (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Natl Wetlands Res Ctr, 700 Cajundome Blvd, Lafayette, LA 70506 USA. NR 12 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 2 U2 4 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0364-152X J9 ENVIRON MANAGE JI Environ. Manage. PD MAY PY 2002 VL 29 IS 5 BP 703 EP 715 DI 10.1007/s00267-001-0048-5 PG 13 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 542KB UT WOS:000175041200011 PM 12180183 ER PT J AU Squillace, PJ Scott, JC Moran, MJ Nolan, BT Kolpin, DW AF Squillace, PJ Scott, JC Moran, MJ Nolan, BT Kolpin, DW TI VOCs, pesticides, nitrate, and their mixtures in groundwater used for drinking water in the United States SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID VOLATILE ORGANIC-COMPOUNDS; ATRAZINE C1 US Geol Survey, Rapid City, SD 57702 USA. US Geol Survey, Oklahoma City, OK USA. US Geol Survey, Reston, VA 22092 USA. US Geol Survey, Iowa City, IA USA. RP Squillace, PJ (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 1608 Mt View Rd, Rapid City, SD 57702 USA. NR 32 TC 123 Z9 137 U1 2 U2 53 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0013-936X J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD MAY 1 PY 2002 VL 36 IS 9 BP 1923 EP 1930 DI 10.1021/es015591n PG 8 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 547BE UT WOS:000175311900013 PM 12026972 ER PT J AU Weseloh, DV Hughes, KD Ewins, PJ Best, D Kubiak, T Shieldcastle, MC AF Weseloh, DV Hughes, KD Ewins, PJ Best, D Kubiak, T Shieldcastle, MC TI Herring gulls and great black-backed gulls as indicators of contaminants in bald eagles in Lake Ontario, Canada SO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 21st Annual Meeting of the Society-of-Environmental-Toxicology-and-Chemistry CY NOV 12-16, 2000 CL NASHVILLE, TENNESSEE SP Soc Environm Toxicol & Chem DE great black-backed gulls; bald eagles; contaminants; Great Lakes; Lake Ontario ID 3 MICHIGAN RIVERS; ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINANTS; HALIAEETUS-LEUCOCEPHALUS; POLYCHLORINATED-BIPHENYLS; ORGANOCHLORINE PESTICIDES; REPRODUCTIVE RATES; TEMPORAL TRENDS; SHELL THICKNESS; RESIDUE LEVELS; FOOD-HABITS AB In 2000, a pair of bald eagles (Haliaeetus leucocephalus) nested successfully along the shorelines of Lake Ontario in North America for the first time since 1957. However, it is a continuing question whether bald eagles will be able to reproduce successfully as they return to nest on Lake Ontario. Great black-backed gulls (Larus marinus) and herring gulls (L. argentatus) were selected as surrogate species to predict contaminant levels in eggs of bald eagles nesting on Lake Ontario. Because of the suspected overlap in the diets of great black-backed gulls and bald eagles (i.e., fish, gull chicks, and waterfowl), the two species probably occupy a similar trophic level in the Lake Ontario food web and, thus, may have similar contaminant levels. Fresh great black-backed gull and herring gull eggs were collected from three study sites in eastern Lake Ontario in 1993 and 1994 and analyzed for contaminants. Average contaminant levels of dichlorodiphenyldichloroethane (p,p'-DDE), total polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and dieldrin in great black-backed gull eggs were 12.85, 26.27, and 0.27 mug/g, respectively. The mean ratio of contaminant levels in great black-backed gull eggs to contaminant levels in herring gull eggs for these three contaminants was 2.09 (range of means, 1.73-2.38). Predicted levels of contaminants in bald eagle eggs in Lake Ontario would be expected to be similar to the mean levels reported for great black-backed gull eggs. As a comparison, contaminant levels in bald eagle eggs collected from other Great Lakes nesting sites were compared to mean levels reported for herring gull eggs collected from nearby sites in 1986 to 1995. The mean ratio of contaminant levels in bald eagle eggs to contaminant levels in herring gull eggs from these sites for DDE, total PCBs, and dieldrin was 2.40 (range of means, 1.73-3.28). These ratios are very similar to those reported using great black-backed gull eggs, illustrating the apparent similarity in trophic status shared by the two top predator species at these Great Lakes sites. Predicted levels of contaminants in bald eagle eggs at Lake Ontario are similar to levels reported for bald eagles breeding at other Great Lakes sites, suggesting that bald eagles may be able to breed on the shores of Lake Ontario. However, it is unclear at this time what level of breeding success should be expected, given that productivity at other similarly contaminated Great Lakes sites may be below that required to sustain a successful breeding population. The absence of an inland bald eagle population from which bald eagles may begin to colonize the shorelines of Lake Ontario may be delaying initiation of nesting site selection; other factors such as habitat and prey availability would likely not limit reproductive success. C1 Environm Canada, Canadian Wildlife Serv Ontario Reg, Toronto, ON M3H 5T4, Canada. US Fish & Wildlife Serv, E Lansing, MI 48823 USA. US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Div Environm Contaminants, Arlington, VA 22203 USA. Crane Creek Wildlife Res Stn, Ohio Dept Nat Resources, Oak Harbor, OH 43499 USA. RP Weseloh, DV (reprint author), Environm Canada, Canadian Wildlife Serv Ontario Reg, 4905 Dufferin St, Toronto, ON M3H 5T4, Canada. NR 97 TC 16 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 10 PU SETAC PI PENSACOLA PA 1010 NORTH 12TH AVE, PENSACOLA, FL 32501-3367 USA SN 0730-7268 J9 ENVIRON TOXICOL CHEM JI Environ. Toxicol. Chem. PD MAY PY 2002 VL 21 IS 5 BP 1015 EP 1025 DI 10.1897/1551-5028(2002)021<1015:HGAGBB>2.0.CO;2 PG 11 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA 584ZV UT WOS:000177499400018 PM 12013123 ER PT J AU Berry, CR Shearer, J AF Berry, CR Shearer, J TI AFS and the American Institute of Biological Sciences (AIBS) SO FISHERIES LA English DT Editorial Material C1 US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, S Dakota Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Sioux Falls, SD USA. S Dakota State Univ, Dept Wildlife & Fisheries Sci, Brookings, SD 57007 USA. RP Berry, CR (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, S Dakota Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Sioux Falls, SD USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA SN 0363-2415 J9 FISHERIES JI Fisheries PD MAY PY 2002 VL 27 IS 5 BP 28 EP 29 PG 2 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 545QD UT WOS:000175228000012 ER PT J AU DeStefano, S Haight, RG AF DeStefano, S Haight, RG TI Forest wildlife-habitat relationships: Introduction SO FOREST SCIENCE LA English DT Editorial Material C1 Univ Massachusetts, US Geol Survey, Massachusetts Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Holdsworth Nat Resources Ctr, Amherst, MA 01003 USA. US Forest Serv, USDA, N Cent Res Stn, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. RP DeStefano, S (reprint author), Univ Massachusetts, US Geol Survey, Massachusetts Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Holdsworth Nat Resources Ctr, Amherst, MA 01003 USA. NR 2 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SOC AMER FORESTERS PI BETHESDA PA 5400 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 0015-749X J9 FOREST SCI JI For. Sci. PD MAY PY 2002 VL 48 IS 2 SI SI BP 177 EP 178 PG 2 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 550UZ UT WOS:000175523000001 ER PT J AU DeStefano, S AF DeStefano, S TI Regional and national issues for forest wildlife research and management SO FOREST SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE issues; disturbance; forest structure; fragmentation; roads ID SPECIAL SECTION; BIODIVERSITY; LANDSCAPES; CHALLENGE; ECOLOGY; DEER AB Biologists and managers face a broad range of issues related to research and management of forest wildlife. To assess current trends in research, I reviewed 12 scientific journals (1992-2001) that published articles on wildlife, general ecology, and forestry and summarized articles by location, topic, issue, and species. To assess management concerns and issues, I interviewed professional biologists from across the United States, asking their opinions on important forest wildlife topics, approaches to improve research design, how management differs on public versus private lands, and which species they thought were underrepresented, overrepresented, or of special concern in their region. Most scientific articles focused on habitat selection, effects of forest alteration, and demography of birds and mammals. Herpetofauna (i.e., amphibians and reptiles) and invertebrates, although the subjects of some studies, made up only 10% each of all research papers. Biologists were most concerned with the alteration of forest vegetative structure due to timber harvest and its effects on wildlife populations and communities, but also recognized other issues such as changes in natural disturbance patterns such as fire, effects of road building, and loss of early successional vegetative communities as well as fragmentation of older forests. Most biologists agreed that long-term, large-scale, experimental studies, which document the demographic response of forest wildlife to alterations in forest cover, are needed. C1 Univ Massachusetts, US Geol Survey, Massachusetts Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Holdsworth Nat Resources Ctr, Amherst, MA 01003 USA. RP DeStefano, S (reprint author), Univ Massachusetts, US Geol Survey, Massachusetts Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Holdsworth Nat Resources Ctr, Amherst, MA 01003 USA. EM sdestef@forwild.umass.edu NR 23 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 2 U2 11 PU SOC AMER FORESTERS PI BETHESDA PA 5400 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 0015-749X EI 1938-3738 J9 FOREST SCI JI For. Sci. PD MAY PY 2002 VL 48 IS 2 SI SI BP 181 EP 189 PG 9 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 550UZ UT WOS:000175523000002 ER PT J AU Duguay, JP Wood, PB AF Duguay, JP Wood, PB TI Salamander abundance in regenerating forest stands on the Monongahela National Forest, West Virginia SO FOREST SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE Plethodon cinereus; two-age; clearcut; timber management ID TERRESTRIAL SALAMANDERS; AMPHIBIANS; MOUNTAINS AB We compared the abundance of salamanders in 18 hardwood stands treated with two-age management 15 yr after harvest, clearcutting 15 yr after harvest, and mature second-growth stands in the Monongahela National Forest of West Virginia during the summers of 1995 and 1996. Salamanders were captured with pitfall traps. We sampled 47,083 trap days and captured eight species of salamanders. Abundance of salamanders, expressed as number captured per 100 trap days, was higher (P = 0.06) in the mature second-growth than two-age treatment (two-age = 0.96 +/- 0.11; clearcut = 1.46 +/- 0.23; mature second-growth = 2.40 +/- 0.57). Abundance of redback salamanders (Plethodon cinereus) also was higher (P = 0.09) in the mature second-growth than two-age treatment (two-age = 0.76 +/- 0.14; clearcut = 1.48 +/- 0.34; mature second-growth = 1.84 +/- 0.51). These data indicate that 15 yr after harvest, harvested stands in the Monongahela National Forest may be less favorable than mature hardwood forests for some forest salamanders. C1 Stephen F Austin State Univ, Arthur Temple Coll Forestry, Nacogdoches, TX 75962 USA. W Virginia Univ, Morgantown, WV 26506 USA. USGS, W Virginia Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Biol Resources Div, Morgantown, WV 26506 USA. RP Duguay, JP (reprint author), Stephen F Austin State Univ, Arthur Temple Coll Forestry, POB 6190,SFA Stn, Nacogdoches, TX 75962 USA. NR 23 TC 16 Z9 18 U1 1 U2 12 PU SOC AMER FORESTERS PI BETHESDA PA 5400 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 0015-749X J9 FOREST SCI JI For. Sci. PD MAY PY 2002 VL 48 IS 2 SI SI BP 331 EP 335 PG 5 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 550UZ UT WOS:000175523000016 ER PT J AU Reheis, MC Budahn, JR Lamothe, PJ AF Reheis, MC Budahn, JR Lamothe, PJ TI Geochemical evidence for diversity of dust sources in the southwestern United States SO GEOCHIMICA ET COSMOCHIMICA ACTA LA English DT Article ID OWENS DRY LAKE; SOUTHERN NEVADA; TRACE-METALS; CALIFORNIA; DEPOSITION; LOESS; WORLDWIDE; TRANSPORT; SOILS; AIR AB Several potential dust sources, including generic sources of sparsely vegetated alluvium, playa deposits, and anthropogenic emissions, as well as the area around Owens Lake, California, affect the composition of modern dust in the southwestern United States. A comparison of geochemical analyses of modern and old (a few thousand years) dust with samples of potential local sources suggests that dusts reflect four primary sources: (1) alluvial sediments (represented by Hf, K, Rb, Zr. and rare-earth elements, (2) playas, most of which produce calcareous dust (Sr, associated with Ca), (3) the a-rea of Owens (dry) Lake, a human-induced playa (As, Ba, Li, Pb, Sb, and Sr), and (4) anthropogenic and/or volcanic emissions (As, Cr, Ni, and Sb), A comparison of dust and source samples with previous analyses shows that Owens (dry) Lake and mining wastes from the adjacent Cerro Gordo mining district are the primary sources of As, Ba, Li, and Ph in dusts from Owens Valley. Decreases in dust contents of As, Ba, and Sb with distance from Owens Valley suggest that dust from southern Owens Valley is being transported at least 400 km to the east. Samples of old (lust that accumulated before European settlement are distinctly lower in As, Ba, and Sb abundances relative to modern dust, likely due to modern transport of dust from Owens Valley. Thus, southern Owens Valley appears to be an important, geochemically distinct, point source for regional dust in the southwestern United States. Copyright (C) 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 US Geol Survey, Fed Ctr, Denver, CO 80225 USA. RP Reheis, MC (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Fed Ctr, MS 980, Denver, CO 80225 USA. EM mreheis@usgs.gov NR 53 TC 52 Z9 53 U1 1 U2 17 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0016-7037 J9 GEOCHIM COSMOCHIM AC JI Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta PD MAY PY 2002 VL 66 IS 9 BP 1569 EP 1587 AR PII S0016-7037(01)00864-X DI 10.1016/S0016-7037(01)00864-X PG 19 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 546TT UT WOS:000175291000006 ER PT J AU Hovland, M Gardner, JV Judd, AG AF Hovland, M Gardner, JV Judd, AG TI The significance of pockmarks to understanding fluid flow processes and geohazards SO GEOFLUIDS LA English DT Article DE earthquakes; fluid flow; geohazards; pockmarks; submarine slides ID SEA-BED POCKMARKS; SCOTIAN SHELF; NORTHERN CALIFORNIA; SLOPE FAILURE; SHALLOW GAS; OFFSHORE; GREECE; GULF; EVOLUTION; TSUNAMI AB Underwater gas and liquid escape from the seafloor has long been treated as a mere curiosity. It was only after the advent of the side-scan sonar and the subsequent discovery of pockmarks that the scale of fluid escape and the moon-like terrain on parts of the ocean floor became generally known. Today, pockmarks ranging in size from the 'unit pockmark' (1-10 m wide, <0.6 m deep) to the normal pockmark (10-700 rn wide, up to 45 m deep) are known to occur in most seas, oceans, lakes and in many diverse geological settings. In addition to indicating areas of the seabed that are 'hydraulically active', pockmarks are known to occur on continental slopes with gas hydrates and in association with slides and slumps. However, possibly their potentially greatest significance is as an indicator of deep fluid pressure build-up prior to earthquakes. Whereas only a few locations containing active (bubbling) pockmarks are known, those that become active a few days prior to major earthquakes may be important precursors that have been overlooked. Pockmark fields and individual pockmarks need to be instrumented with temperature and pressure sensors, and monitoring should continue over years. The scale of such research calls for a multinational project in several pockmark fields in various geological settings. C1 STATOIL, N-4035 Stavanger, Norway. US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. Univ Sunderland, Sunderland SR2 7EE, Durham, England. RP Hovland, M (reprint author), STATOIL, N-4035 Stavanger, Norway. NR 50 TC 146 Z9 153 U1 4 U2 35 PU BLACKWELL PUBL LTD PI OXFORD PA 108 COWLEY RD, OXFORD OX4 1JF, OXON, ENGLAND SN 1468-8115 J9 GEOFLUIDS JI Geofluids PD MAY PY 2002 VL 2 IS 2 BP 127 EP 136 DI 10.1046/j.1468-8123.2002.00028.x PG 10 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Geology SC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Geology GA 636GH UT WOS:000180445900005 ER PT J AU Lanphere, MA Champion, DE Christiansen, RL Izett, GA Obradovich, JD AF Lanphere, MA Champion, DE Christiansen, RL Izett, GA Obradovich, JD TI Revised ages for tuffs of the Yellowstone Plateau volcanic field: Assignment of the Huckleberry Ridge Tuff to a new geomagnetic polarity event SO GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA BULLETIN LA English DT Article DE Ar-40/Ar-39 ages; Huckleberry Ridge Tuff; Lava Creek Tuff; Mesa Falls Tuff; reunion event; Yellowstone Group Tuffs ID TIME-SCALE; K-AR; ASTRONOMICAL CALIBRATION; NORTHERN CALIFORNIA; REUNION EVENT; CONTAMINATION; GEOCHRONOLOGY; TIMESCALE; CLIMATE; TURKANA AB Ar-40/Ar-39 ages were determined on the three major ash-flow tuffs of the Yellowstone Plateau volcanic field in the region of Yellowstone National Park in order to Improve the precision of previously determined ages. Total-fusion and incremental-heating ages of sanidine yielded the following mean ages: Huckleberry Ridge Tuff-2.059 +/- 0.004 Ma; Mesa Falls Tuff - 1.285 +/- 0.004 Ma; and Lava Creek Tuff - 0.639 +/- 0.002 Ma. The Huckleberry Ridge Tuff has a transitional magnetic direction and has previously been related to the Reunion Normal-Polarity Subchron. Dating of the Reunion event has been reviewed and its ages have been normalized to a common value for mineral standards. The age of the Huckleberry Ridge Tuff is significantly younger than lava flows of the Reunion event on Reunion Island, supporting other evidence for a normal-polarity event younger than the Reunion event. C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Denver, CO 80225 USA. RP Lanphere, MA (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 345 Middlefield Rd, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. NR 50 TC 96 Z9 96 U1 0 U2 8 PU ASSOC ENGINEERING GEOLOGISTS GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY AMER PI COLLEGE STN PA TEXAS A & M UNIV, DEPT GEOLOGY & GEOPHYSICS, COLLEGE STN, TX 77843-3115 USA SN 0016-7606 J9 GEOL SOC AM BULL JI Geol. Soc. Am. Bull. PD MAY PY 2002 VL 114 IS 5 BP 559 EP 568 DI 10.1130/0016-7606(2002)114<0559:RAFTOT>2.0.CO;2 PG 10 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 551UE UT WOS:000175579500005 ER PT J AU Muhs, DR Simmons, KR Kennedy, GL Rockwell, TK AF Muhs, DR Simmons, KR Kennedy, GL Rockwell, TK TI The last interglacial period on the Pacific Coast of North America: Timing and paleoclimate SO GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA BULLETIN LA English DT Review DE corals; marine terraces; Mollusca; Pacific Coast; paleoclimate; sea level; uranium-series method; zoogeography ID URANIUM-SERIES AGES; SAN-CLEMENTE ISLAND; QUATERNARY MARINE TERRACES; CORAL-REEF GROWTH; SEA-LEVEL; MASS-SPECTROMETRY; OXYGEN ISOTOPES; WESTERN-AUSTRALIA; CLIMATE-CHANGE; NEW-GUINEA AB New, high-precision U-series ages of solitary corals (Balanophyllia elegans) coupled with molluscan faunal data from marine terraces on the Pacific Coast of North America yield information about the timing and warmth of the last interglacial sea-level highstand. Balanophyllia elegans takes up U in isotopic equilibrium with seawater during growth and shortly after death. Corals from the second terrace on San Clemente Island (offshore southern California), the third terrace on Punta Banda (on the Pacific Coast of northern Baja California), and the Discovery Point Formation on Isla de Guadalupe (in the Pacific Ocean offshore Baja California) date to the peak of the last interglacial period and have U-series ages ranging from ca. 123 to 114 ka. The first terrace on Punta Banda has corals with ages ranging from ca. 83 to 80 ka, which corresponds to a sea-level highstand formed in the late last interglacial period. U-series analyses of corals from the Cayucos terrace (central California) and the Nestor terrace at Point Loma (southern California) show that these fossils have evidence of open-system history, similar to what has been reported by other workers for the same localities. Nevertheless, a model of continuous, secondary U and Th uptake shows that two ages of corals are likely present at these localities, representing the ca. 105 and ca. 120 ka sea-level highstands reported elsewhere. U-series ages of last interglacial corals from the Pacific Coast overlap with, but are on average younger than the ages of corals from Barbados, the Bahamas, and Hawaii. This age difference is explained by the nature of the geomorphic response to sea-level change: fringing or barrier reefs on lowlatitude coastlines have an accretionary growth style that keeps pace with rising sea level, whether on a tectonically rising or stable coastline. In contrast, midlatitude, high-energy coastlines are sites of platform cutting during the early part of a sea-level high stand and terrace scouring and concomitant sediment and fossil deposition as sea level starts to recede. The youngest ages of corals from the Pacific Coast suggest that sea level was still relatively high at ca. 116 ka, which is not in agreement with other estimates of relatively large global ice volume at that time. Reliably dated, ca. 120 ka marine-terrace deposits on the Pacific Coast have fossil mollusks that indicate water temperatures as warm or warmer than at present. In contrast, ca. 80 ka marine deposits reported here and elsewhere have fossil mollusks indicating cooler-than-modern water temperatures. The presence of both ca. 105 ka and ca. 120 ka corals on the Nestor and Cayucos terraces explains a previously enigmatic mixture of warm-water and cool-water mollusks. At ca. 105 ka, a relatively high sea level with cool waters may have "captured" the terrace formed during the 120 ka sea-level highstand, in areas of low uplift rate. The inference of cooler-than-modern waters off the Pacific Coast of North America at ca. 80 ka and ca. 105 ka, based on marine-terrace faunas, does not agree with estimates of sea-surface temperatures derived from alkenone studies in the Santa Barbara Basin. However, cooler water temperatures at these times are in agreement with paleotemperature estimates from planktonic foraminiferal data for the Santa Barbara Basin. All records, from central California to Baja California, whether from marine terraces or offshore cores, indicate at least seasonably warmer-than-modern waters during the peak of the last interglacial period at ca. 120 ka. C1 US Geol Survey, Fed Ctr, Denver, CO 80225 USA. San Diego State Univ, Dept Geol Sci, San Diego, CA 92182 USA. RP Muhs, DR (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Fed Ctr, MS 980,Box 25046, Denver, CO 80225 USA. OI Rockwell, Thomas/0000-0001-5319-6447 NR 109 TC 44 Z9 46 U1 2 U2 22 PU ASSOC ENGINEERING GEOLOGISTS GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY AMER PI COLLEGE STN PA TEXAS A & M UNIV, DEPT GEOLOGY & GEOPHYSICS, COLLEGE STN, TX 77843-3115 USA SN 0016-7606 J9 GEOL SOC AM BULL JI Geol. Soc. Am. Bull. PD MAY PY 2002 VL 114 IS 5 BP 569 EP 592 DI 10.1130/0016-7606(2002)114<0569:TLIPOT>2.0.CO;2 PG 24 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 551UE UT WOS:000175579500006 ER PT J AU Warne, AG Meade, RH White, WA Guevara, EH Gibeaut, J Smyth, RC Aslan, A Tremblay, T AF Warne, AG Meade, RH White, WA Guevara, EH Gibeaut, J Smyth, RC Aslan, A Tremblay, T TI Regional controls on geomorphology, hydrology, and ecosystem integrity in the Orinoco Delta, Venezuela SO GEOMORPHOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Shanghai Conference of the International-Association-of-Geomorphologists-Working-Group on Large Riveres CY 1999 CL SHANGHAI, PEOPLES R CHINA SP Int Assoc Geomophol Working Grp DE Orinoco Delta; Orinoco River; Amazon; South America; Gulf of Paria; mudcape; mudbank; fluid mud; buoyant suspension layer; hypopycnal plume ID AMAZON CONTINENTAL-SHELF; SOUTH-AMERICA; NORTHEASTERN COAST; SUSPENDED SEDIMENT; RIVER SEDIMENT; BASIN; BRAZIL; PROGRADATION; ACCUMULATION; SHOREFACE AB Interacting river discharge, tidal oscillation, and tropical rainfall across the 22,000 km(2) Orinoco delta plain support diverse fresh and brackish water ecosystems. To develop environmental baseline information for this largely unpopulated region, we evaluate major coastal plain, shallow marine, and river systems of northeastern South America, which serves to identify principal sources and controls of water and sediment flow into, through, and out of the Orinoco Delta. The regional analysis includes a summary of the geology, hydrodynamics, sediment dynamics, and geomorphic characteristics of the Orinoco drainage basin, river, and delta system. Because the Amazon River is a major source of sediment deposited along the Orinoco coast, we summarize Amazon water and sediment input to the northeastern South American littoral zone. We investigate sediment dynamics and geomorphology of the Guiana coast, where marine processes and Holocene history are similar to the Orinoco coast. Major factors controlling Orinoco Delta water and sediment dynamics include the pronounced annual flood discharge; the uneven distribution of water and sediment discharge across the delta plain; discharge of large volumes of water with low sediment concentrations through the Rio Grande and Araguao distributaries; water and sediment dynamics associated with the Guayana littoral current along the northeastern South American coast; inflow of large volumes of Amazon sediment to the Orinoco coast; development of a fresh water plume seaward of Boca Grande; disruption of the Guayana Current by Trinidad, Boca de Serpientes, and Gulf of Paria; and the constriction at Boca de Serpientes. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Texas, Bur Econ Geol, Austin, TX 78713 USA. US Geol Survey, Denver, CO 80225 USA. RP Warne, AG (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 651 Fed Dr, Guaynabo, PR USA. NR 91 TC 57 Z9 58 U1 0 U2 18 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0169-555X J9 GEOMORPHOLOGY JI Geomorphology PD MAY 1 PY 2002 VL 44 IS 3-4 BP 273 EP 307 AR PII S0169-555X(01)00179-9 DI 10.1016/S0169-555X(01)00179-9 PG 35 WC Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Physical Geography; Geology GA 553LX UT WOS:000175677600007 ER PT J AU Du, ZJ Foulger, GR Julian, BR Allen, RM Nolet, G Morgan, WJ Bergsson, BH Erlendsson, P Jakobsdottir, S Ragnarsson, S Stefansson, R Vogfjord, K AF Du, ZJ Foulger, GR Julian, BR Allen, RM Nolet, G Morgan, WJ Bergsson, BH Erlendsson, P Jakobsdottir, S Ragnarsson, S Stefansson, R Vogfjord, K TI Crustal structure beneath western and eastern Iceland from surface waves and receiver functions SO GEOPHYSICAL JOURNAL INTERNATIONAL LA English DT Article DE crustal structure; crustal thickness; Iceland; receiver functions; surface waves ID CENTRAL EURASIA; UPPER-MANTLE; INVERSION; NORTHERN; VELOCITY AB We determine the crustal structures beneath 14 broad-band seismic stations, deployed in western, eastern, central and southern Iceland, using surface wave dispersion curves and receiver functions. We implement a method to invert receiver functions using constraints obtained from genetic algorithm inversion of surface waves. Our final models satisfy both data sets. The thickness of the upper crust, as defined by the velocity horizon V-s = 3.7 km s(-1), is fairly uniform at similar to6.5-9 km beneath the Tertiary intraplate areas of western and eastern Iceland, and unusually thick at 11 km beneath station HOT22 in the far south of Iceland. The depth to the base of the lower crust, as defined by the velocity horizon V-s = 4.1 km s(-1) is similar to20-26 km in western Iceland and similar to27-33 km in eastern Iceland. These results agree with those of explosion profiles that detect a thinner crust beneath western Iceland than beneath eastern Iceland. An earlier report of a substantial low-velocity zone beneath the Middle Volcanic Zone in the lower crust is confirmed by a similar observation beneath an additional station there. As was found in previous receiver function studies, the most reliable feature of the results is the clear division into an upper sequence that is a few kilometres thick where velocity gradients are high, and a lower, thicker sequence where velocity gradients are low. The transition to typical mantle velocities is variable, and may range from being very gradational to being relatively sharp and clear. A clear Moho, by any definition, is rarely seen, and there is thus uncertainty in estimates of the thickness of the crust in many areas. Although a great deal of seismic data are now available constraining the structures of the crust and upper mantle beneath Iceland, their geological nature is not well understood. C1 Univ Cambridge, Inst Theoret Geophys, Cambridge CB2 3EQ, England. Univ Durham, Dept Geol Sci, Durham DH1 3LE, England. US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. Princeton Univ, Dept Geol & Geophys Sci, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA. Meteorol Off Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland. Natl Energy Author, Reykjavik, Iceland. RP Du, ZJ (reprint author), Univ Cambridge, Inst Theoret Geophys, Downing St, Cambridge CB2 3EQ, England. EM G.R.Foulger@durham.ac.uk NR 25 TC 26 Z9 26 U1 1 U2 10 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING PI OXFORD PA 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DQ, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0956-540X J9 GEOPHYS J INT JI Geophys. J. Int. PD MAY PY 2002 VL 149 IS 2 BP 349 EP 363 DI 10.1046/j.1365-246X.2002.01642.x PG 15 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 549JT UT WOS:000175441300008 ER PT J AU Okin, GS Reheis, MC AF Okin, GS Reheis, MC TI An ENSO predictor of dust emission in the southwestern United States SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article ID MODEL AB [1] Here we show that there is a significant relationship between Nino 3.4 ENSO anomaly (Dec-Jan average) and precipitation in the southwestern United States. This contributes to increased frequency of dust events in the years following strong La Nina and El Nino years. High probabilities (60%-100%) exist for an elevated frequency of dust events in years when the ENSO anomaly, annual precipitation, or annual P/PE falls below the 10th percentile. This analysis provides a quantitative framework in which to evaluate the expected effects of climate change on this and other arid regions. C1 Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Dept Geog, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA. US Geol Survey, Earth Surface Proc Team, Denver, CO 80225 USA. RP Okin, GS (reprint author), Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Dept Geog, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA. EM okin@geog.ucsb.edu; mreheis@usgs.gov OI Okin, Gregory/0000-0002-0484-3537 NR 17 TC 18 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0094-8276 EI 1944-8007 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD MAY 1 PY 2002 VL 29 IS 9 AR 1332 DI 10.1029/2001GL014494 PG 3 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 609DH UT WOS:000178888000031 ER PT J AU Pratt, TL Shaw, JH Dolan, JF Christofferson, SA Williams, RA Odum, JK Plesch, A AF Pratt, TL Shaw, JH Dolan, JF Christofferson, SA Williams, RA Odum, JK Plesch, A TI Shallow seismic imaging of folds above the Puente Hills blind-thrust fault, Los angeles, California SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article ID WHITTIER-NARROWS EARTHQUAKE; GROWTH; KINEMATICS; GEOMETRY; HAZARD AB [1] High-resolution seismic reflection profiles image discrete folds in the shallow subsurface (<600 m) above two segments of the Puente Hills blind-thrust fault system, Los Angeles basin, California. The profiles demonstrate late Quaternary activity at the fault tip, precisely locate the axial surfaces of folds within the upper 100 m, and constrain the geometry and kinematics of recent folding. The Santa Fe Springs segment of the Puente Hills fault zone shows an upward-narrowing kink band with an active anticlinal axial surface, consistent with fault-bend folding above an active thrust ramp. The Coyote Hills segment shows an active synclinal axial surface that coincides with the base of a 9-m-high scarp, consistent with tip-line folding or the presence of a backthrust. The seismic profiles pinpoint targets for future geologic work to constrain slip rates and ages of past events on this important fault system. C1 Univ Washington, US Geol Survey, Sch Oceanog, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. Harvard Univ, Dept Earth & Planetary Sci, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA. Univ So Calif, Dept Earth Sci, Los Angeles, CA 90089 USA. US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Denver, CO 80225 USA. RP Pratt, TL (reprint author), Univ Washington, US Geol Survey, Sch Oceanog, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. NR 21 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 2 U2 3 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0094-8276 EI 1944-8007 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD MAY 1 PY 2002 VL 29 IS 9 AR 1304 DI 10.1029/2001GL014313 PG 4 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 609DH UT WOS:000178888000058 ER PT J AU Burton, WC Plummer, LN Busenberg, E Lindsey, BD Gburek, WJ AF Burton, WC Plummer, LN Busenberg, E Lindsey, BD Gburek, WJ TI Influence of fracture anisotropy on ground water ages and chemistry, Valley and Ridge province, Pennsylvania SO GROUND WATER LA English DT Article ID DATING YOUNG GROUNDWATER; SHALLOW GROUNDWATER; HYDROLOGIC TRACERS; NEW-JERSEY; AQUIFER; CHLOROFLUOROCARBONS; TRANSPORT; RECHARGE; TRITIUM; HE-3 AB Model ground water ages based on chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) and tritium/helium-3 (H-3/He-3) data were obtained from two arrays of nested piezometers located on the north limb of an anticline in fractured sedimentary rocks in the Valley and Ridge geologic province of Pennsylvania. The fracture geometry of the gently east plunging fold is very regular and consists predominately of south dipping to subhorizontal to north dipping bedding-plane parting and east striking, steeply dipping axial-plane spaced cleavage. In the area of the piezometer arrays, which trend north-south on the north limb of the fold, north dipping bedding-plane parting is a more dominant fracture set than is steeply south dipping axial-plane cleavage. The dating of ground water from the piezometer arrays reveals that ground water traveling along paths parallel to the dip direction of bedding-plane parting has younger H-3/He-3 and CFC model ages, or a greater component of young water, than does ground water traveling along paths opposite to the dip direction. In predominantly unmixed samples there is a strong positive correlation between age of the young fraction of water and dissolved sodium concentration. The travel times inferred from the model ages are significantly longer than those previously calculated by a ground water flow model, which assumed isotropically fractured layers parallel to topography. A revised model factors in the directional anisotropy to produce longer travel times. Ground water travel times in the watershed therefore appear to be more influenced by anisotropic fracture geometry than previously realized. This could have significant implications for ground water models in other areas underlain by similarly tilted or folded sedimentary rock, such as elsewhere in the Valley and Ridge or the early Mesozoic basins. C1 US Geol Survey, Reston, VA 20192 USA. US Geol Survey, New Cumberland, PA 17070 USA. USDA ARS, Pasture Syst & Watershed Management Res Unit, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. RP Burton, WC (reprint author), US Geol Survey, MS 926A Natl Ctr, Reston, VA 20192 USA. OI Plummer, L. Niel/0000-0002-4020-1013 NR 39 TC 22 Z9 22 U1 0 U2 9 PU GROUND WATER PUBLISHING CO PI WESTERVILLE PA 601 DEMPSEY RD, WESTERVILLE, OH 43081 USA SN 0017-467X J9 GROUND WATER JI Ground Water PD MAY-JUN PY 2002 VL 40 IS 3 BP 242 EP 257 DI 10.1111/j.1745-6584.2002.tb02652.x PG 16 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Geology; Water Resources GA 549PY UT WOS:000175454500008 PM 12019639 ER PT J AU Detwiler, RL Mehl, S Rajaram, H Cheung, WW AF Detwiler, RL Mehl, S Rajaram, H Cheung, WW TI Comparison of an algebraic multigrid algorithm to two iterative solvers used for modeling ground water flow and transport SO GROUND WATER LA English DT Article ID CONJUGATE-GRADIENT-METHOD; POROUS-MEDIA; SIMULATION; EQUATIONS; SYSTEMS AB Numerical solution of large-scale ground water flow and transport problems is often constrained by the convergence behavior of the iterative solvers used to solve the resulting systems of equations. We demonstrate the ability of an algebraic multigrid algorithm (AMG) to efficiently solve the large, sparse systems of equations that result from computational models of ground water flow and transport in large and complex domains. Unlike geometric multigrid methods, this algorithm is applicable to problems in complex flow geometries, such as those encountered in pore-scale modeling of two-phase flow and transport. We integrated AMG into MODFLOW 2000 to compare two- and three-dimensional flow simulations using AMG to simulations using PCG2, a preconditioned conjugate gradient solver that uses the modified incomplete Cholesky preconditioner and is included with MODFLOW 2000. CPU times required for convergence with AMG were up to 140 times faster than those for PCG2. The cost of this increased speed was up to a nine-fold increase in required random access memory (RAM) for the three-dimensional problems and up to a four-fold increase in required RAM for the two-dimensional problems. We also compared two-dimensional numerical simulations of steady-state transport using AMG and the generalized minimum residual method with an incomplete LU-decomposition preconditioner. For these transport simulations, AMG yielded increased speeds of up to 17 times with only a 20% increase in required RAM. The ability of AMG to solve flow and transport problems in large, complex flow systems and its ready availability make it an ideal solver for use in both field-scale and pore-scale modeling. C1 Univ Colorado, Dept Civil Environm & Architectural Engn, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. US Geol Survey, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RP Detwiler, RL (reprint author), Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Energy & Environm Directorate, POB 808,L-206, Livermore, CA 94551 USA. RI Detwiler, Russell/C-3228-2008 OI Detwiler, Russell/0000-0002-7693-9271 NR 37 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 3 PU GROUND WATER PUBLISHING CO PI WESTERVILLE PA 601 DEMPSEY RD, WESTERVILLE, OH 43081 USA SN 0017-467X J9 GROUND WATER JI Ground Water PD MAY-JUN PY 2002 VL 40 IS 3 BP 267 EP 272 DI 10.1111/j.1745-6584.2002.tb02654.x PG 6 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Geology; Water Resources GA 549PY UT WOS:000175454500010 PM 12019641 ER PT J AU Hayashi, M Rosenberry, DO AF Hayashi, M Rosenberry, DO TI Effects of ground water exchange on the hydrology and ecology of surface water SO GROUND WATER LA English DT Review ID PRAIRIE WETLAND; ECOSYSTEM PERSPECTIVE; RIPARIAN VEGETATION; ADJACENT UPLANDS; SOLUTE TRANSFER; NORTH-AMERICA; PORE-WATER; STREAM; LAKE; DYNAMICS AB Ground water exchange affects the ecology of surface water by sustaining stream base flow and moderating water-level fluctuations of ground water-fed lakes. It also provides stable-temperature habitats and supplies nutrients and inorganic ions. Ground water input of nutrients can even determine the trophic status of lakes and the distribution of macrophytes. In streams the mixing of ground water and surface water in shallow channel and bankside sediments creates a unique environment called the hyporheic zone, an important component of the lotic ecosystem. Localized areas of high ground water discharge in streams provide thermal refugia for fish. Ground water also provides moisture to riparian vegetation, which in turn supplies organic matter to streams and enhances bank resistance to erosion. As hydrologists and ecologists interact to understand the impact of ground water on aquatic ecology, a new research field called "ecohydrology" is emerging. C1 Univ Calgary, Dept Geol & Geophys, Calgary, AB T3B 0E2, Canada. US Geol Survey, Water Resources Discipline, DFC, Denver, CO USA. RP Hayashi, M (reprint author), Univ Calgary, Dept Geol & Geophys, Calgary, AB T3B 0E2, Canada. EM hayashi@geo.ucalgary.ca; rosenber@usgs.gov RI Hayashi, Masaki/E-2600-2012; Rosenberry, Donald/C-2241-2013; OI Rosenberry, Donald/0000-0003-0681-5641 NR 74 TC 150 Z9 156 U1 5 U2 63 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 0017-467X J9 GROUND WATER JI Ground Water PD MAY-JUN PY 2002 VL 40 IS 3 BP 309 EP 316 DI 10.1111/j.1745-6584.2002.tb02659.x PG 8 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Geology; Water Resources GA 549PY UT WOS:000175454500015 PM 12019646 ER PT J AU Burns, DA AF Burns, DA TI Stormflow-hydrograph separation based on isotopes: the thrill is gone - what's next? SO HYDROLOGICAL PROCESSES LA English DT Editorial Material C1 US Geol Survey, Watersheds Res Sect, Troy, NY 12180 USA. RP Burns, DA (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Watersheds Res Sect, 425 Jordan Rd, Troy, NY 12180 USA. RI Burns, Douglas/A-7507-2009 NR 8 TC 63 Z9 68 U1 0 U2 11 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD PI W SUSSEX PA BAFFINS LANE CHICHESTER, W SUSSEX PO19 1UD, ENGLAND SN 0885-6087 J9 HYDROL PROCESS JI Hydrol. Process. PD MAY PY 2002 VL 16 IS 7 BP 1515 EP 1517 DI 10.1002/hyp.5008 PG 3 WC Water Resources SC Water Resources GA 552GH UT WOS:000175610900010 ER PT J AU Ruppert, LF Kirschbaum, MA Warwick, PD Flores, RM Affolter, RH Hatch, JR AF Ruppert, LF Kirschbaum, MA Warwick, PD Flores, RM Affolter, RH Hatch, JR TI The US Geological Survey's national coal resource assessment: the results SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF COAL GEOLOGY LA English DT Article DE coal resources; GIS; Appalachian Basin; Colorado Plateau; Gulf Coast; Northern Rocky Mountains and Great Plains; Illinois Basin ID EAST-CENTRAL TEXAS; JACKSON GROUP; GROUP EOCENE; GEOCHEMISTRY; PETROGRAPHY; LIGNITE; PALEOCENE AB The US Geological Survey and the State geological surveys of many coal-bearing States recently completed a new assessment of the top producing coal beds and coal zones in five major producing coal regions-the Appalachian Basin, Gulf Coast, Illinois Basin, Colorado Plateau, and Northern Rocky Mountains and Great Plains. The assessments, which focused on both coal quality and quantity, utilized geographic information system technology and large databases. Over 1,600,000 million short tons of coal remain in over 60 coal beds and coal zones that were assessed. Given current economic, environmental, and technological restrictions, the majority of US coal production will occur in that portion of the assessed coal resource that is lowest in sulfur content. These resources are concentrated in parts of the central Appalachian Basin, Colorado Plateau, and the Northern Rocky Mountains. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 US Geol Survey, Natl Ctr, Reston, VA 20192 USA. US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Denver, CO 80225 USA. RP Ruppert, LF (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Natl Ctr, MS 956, Reston, VA 20192 USA. OI Warwick, Peter/0000-0002-3152-7783; Ruppert, Leslie/0000-0002-7453-1061 NR 80 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 1 U2 5 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0166-5162 J9 INT J COAL GEOL JI Int. J. Coal Geol. PD MAY PY 2002 VL 50 IS 1-4 BP 247 EP 274 AR PII S0166-5162(02)00120-9 DI 10.1016/S0166-5162(02)00120-9 PG 28 WC Energy & Fuels; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Energy & Fuels; Geology GA 612HD UT WOS:000179067600010 ER PT J AU Finkelman, RB Orem, W Castranova, V Tatu, CA Belkin, HE Zheng, BS Lerch, HE Maharaj, SV Bates, AL AF Finkelman, RB Orem, W Castranova, V Tatu, CA Belkin, HE Zheng, BS Lerch, HE Maharaj, SV Bates, AL TI Health impacts of coal and coal use: possible solutions SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF COAL GEOLOGY LA English DT Article DE arsenism; fluorosis; black lung disease; Balkan endemic nephropathy ID BALKAN ENDEMIC NEPHROPATHY; WORKERS PNEUMOCONIOSIS; GUIZHOU PROVINCE; AIR-POLLUTION; LUNG-CANCER; XUAN-WEI; CHINA; MINERS; MORTALITY; EXPOSURE AB Coal will be a dominant energy source in both developed and developing countries for at least the first half of the 21 st century. Environmental problems associated with coal, before mining, during mining, in storage, during combustion, and postcombustion waste products are well known and are being addressed by ongoing research. The connection between potential environmental problems with human health is a fairly new field and requires the cooperation of both the geoscience and medical disciplines. Three research programs that illustrate this collaboration are described and used to present a range of human health problems that are potentially caused by coal. Domestic combustion of coal in China has, in some cases, severely affected human health. Both on a local and regional scale, human health has been adversely affected by coals containing arsenic, fluorine, selenium, and possibly, mercury. Balkan endemic nephropathy (BEN), an irreversible kidney disease of unknown origin, has been related to the proximity of Pliocene lignite deposits. The working hypothesis is that groundwater is leaching toxic organic compounds as it passes through the lignites and that these organics are then ingested by the local population contributing to this health problem. Human disease associated with coal mining mainly results from inhalation of particulate matter during the mining process. The disease is Coal Worker's Pneumoconiosis characterized by coal dust-induced lesions in the gas exchange regions of the lung; the coal worker's "black lung disease". (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 US Geol Survey, Reston, VA 20192 USA. NIOSH, Morgantown, WV 26505 USA. Cty Hosp Timisoara, Romania Inst Publ Hlth 2, Clin Lab 1, RO-1900 Timisoara, Romania. Inst Geochem, Guiyang 550002, Peoples R China. Armed Forces Inst Pathol, Washington, DC 20306 USA. RP Finkelman, RB (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Mail Stop 956, Reston, VA 20192 USA. EM rbf@usgs.gov OI Belkin, Harvey/0000-0001-7879-6529 NR 62 TC 179 Z9 200 U1 15 U2 85 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0166-5162 J9 INT J COAL GEOL JI Int. J. Coal Geol. PD MAY PY 2002 VL 50 IS 1-4 BP 425 EP 443 AR PII S0166-5162(02)00125-8 DI 10.1016/S0166-5162(02)00125-8 PG 19 WC Energy & Fuels; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Energy & Fuels; Geology GA 612HD UT WOS:000179067600017 ER PT J AU Scholl, DW AF Scholl, DW TI Tribute to Dr. Roland von Huene - On the occasion of the award, by the Geologische Vereinigung, of the Gustov Steinmann Medal at Christian Albrechts University Kiel, Germany, 4 October 2001 SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EARTH SCIENCES LA English DT Biographical-Item C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. RP Scholl, DW (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 345 Middlefield Rd, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 1437-3254 J9 INT J EARTH SCI JI Int. J. Earth Sci. PD MAY PY 2002 VL 91 IS 3 BP 369 EP 371 DI 10.1007/s00531-001-0256-5 PG 3 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 565LA UT WOS:000176370700001 ER PT J AU Schaefer, JK Goodwin, KD McDonald, IR Murrell, JC Oremland, RS AF Schaefer, JK Goodwin, KD McDonald, IR Murrell, JC Oremland, RS TI Leisingera methylohatidivorans gen. nov., sp nov., a marine methylotroph that grows on methyl bromide SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SYSTEMATIC AND EVOLUTIONARY MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE methyl halides; methylotrophic bacterium; marine; Ruegeria; Roseobacter ID FUMIGATED AGRICULTURAL SOILS; BACTERIAL OXIDATION; NITROSOMONAS-EUROPAEA; CLASS PROTEOBACTERIA; ENRICHMENT CULTURES; DEGRADING BACTERIA; ATMOSPHERIC CH3BR; CELL-SUSPENSIONS; COASTAL SEAWATER; ALPHA-SUBCLASS AB A marine methylotroph, designated strain MB2(T), was isolated for its ability to grow on methyl bromide as a sole carbon and energy source. Methyl chloride and methyl iodide also supported growth, as did methionine and glycine betaine. A limited amount of growth was observed with dimethyl sulfide. Growth was also noted with unidentified components of the complex media marine broth 2216, yeast extract and Casamino acids. No growth was observed on methylated amines, methanol, formate, acetate, glucose or a variety of other substrates. Growth on methyl bromide and methyl iodide resulted in their oxidation to CO2 with stoichiometric release of bromide and iodide, respectively. Strain MB2(T) exhibited growth optima at NaCl and Mg2+ concentrations similar to that of seawater. Phylogenetic analysis of the 16S rDNA sequence placed this strain in the alpha-Proteobacteria in proximity to the genera Ruegeria and Roseobacter. It is proposed that strain MB2(T) (= ATCC BAA-92(T) = DSM 14336(T)) be designated Leisingera methylohalidivorans gen. nov., sp. nov. C1 Rutgers State Univ, Cook Coll, New Brunswick, NJ 08901 USA. Univ Miami, Rosenstiel Sch Marine & Atmospher Sci, Cooperat Inst Marine & Atmospher Studies, Miami, FL 33149 USA. Univ Warwick, Dept Sci Biol, Coventry CV4 7AL, W Midlands, England. US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. RP Oremland, RS (reprint author), Rutgers State Univ, Cook Coll, New Brunswick, NJ 08901 USA. RI McDonald, Ian/A-4851-2008; Murrell, John/B-1443-2012; Goodwin, Kelly/B-4985-2014 OI McDonald, Ian/0000-0002-4847-6492; Goodwin, Kelly/0000-0001-9583-8073 NR 52 TC 66 Z9 66 U1 1 U2 8 PU SOC GENERAL MICROBIOLOGY PI READING PA MARLBOROUGH HOUSE, BASINGSTOKE RD, SPENCERS WOODS, READING RG7 1AG, BERKS, ENGLAND SN 1466-5026 J9 INT J SYST EVOL MICR JI Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. PD MAY PY 2002 VL 52 BP 851 EP 859 DI 10.1099/ijs.0.01960-0 PN 3 PG 9 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA 555ZZ UT WOS:000175824100023 PM 12054249 ER PT J AU Blums, P Nichols, JD Hines, JE Mednis, A AF Blums, P Nichols, JD Hines, JE Mednis, A TI Sources of variation in survival and breeding site fidelity in three species of European ducks SO JOURNAL OF ANIMAL ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Burnham model; nesting habitat saturation; reproductive success; permanent emigration; true survival ID POLLOCKS ROBUST DESIGN; DAY-OLD DUCKLINGS; REPRODUCTIVE SUCCESS; HABITAT SELECTION; MARKED ANIMALS; LONG-TERM; POPULATION; RATES; PHILOPATRY; BIRDS AB 1. We used long-term capture-recapture-recovery data and a modelling approach developed by Burnham (1993) to test a priori predictions about sources of variation in annual survival rates and fidelity within a population of individually marked females in three species of European ducks from a breeding ground study site in Latvia. 2. True annual survival was higher for diving ducks (tufted duck 0.72, common pochard 0.65) and lower for northern shoveler (0.52). Survival of female diving ducks was positively correlated with mean winter temperatures at Western European wintering areas, the relationship being much stronger for pochard. 3. We present the first unbiased estimates of breeding fidelity and permanent emigration in European ducks. Estimated fidelity rates were high (0.88-1.0) and emigration rates low (0-0.12) for all three species, and we found strong evidence for age-specific differences in fidelity of pochards. Unusual long-distance (up to 2500 km) breeding dispersal movements that we found in female tufted ducks have not been documented in any other European waterfowl and are most probably a result of saturated nesting habitats. 4. Fidelity was a function of patch reproductive success in the previous year for all three species providing support for the idea that patch success is an important cue influencing fidelity. 5. Fidelity probability increased to 1.0 for shovelers during the last 12 years of study following provision of critical improvements in nesting habitats and suggested that habitat conditions and reproductive success determined site fidelity and settling patterns for shoveler and probably also influenced fidelity of the two other species. In predictable habitats, fidelity is a parameter that reflects the integration of fitness components and is thus a good quantity for assessing the effectiveness of habitat management actions. C1 Univ Latvia, Inst Biol, LV-2169 Salaspils, Latvia. USGS, Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, Laurel, MD 20708 USA. RP Blums, P (reprint author), Univ Missouri, Sch Nat Resources, Gaylord Mem Lab, Puxico, MO 63960 USA. RI Piper, Walter/B-7908-2009 NR 62 TC 60 Z9 63 U1 0 U2 23 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING LTD PI OXFORD PA 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DG, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0021-8790 J9 J ANIM ECOL JI J. Anim. Ecol. PD MAY PY 2002 VL 71 IS 3 BP 438 EP 450 DI 10.1046/j.1365-2656.2002.00613.x PG 13 WC Ecology; Zoology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Zoology GA 551AE UT WOS:000175536600006 ER PT J AU Rodda, GH Dean-Bradley, K AF Rodda, GH Dean-Bradley, K TI Excess density compensation of island herpetofaunal assemblages SO JOURNAL OF BIOGEOGRAPHY LA English DT Article DE density compensation; insularity; herpetofauna; island syndrome; Sauria; Anura ID RAIN-FOREST; LIZARDS; COMMUNITIES; ABUNDANCE; BIOMASS AB Aim Some species reach extraordinary densities on islands. Island assemblages have fewer species, however, and it is possible that island species differ from their mainland counterparts in average mass. Island assemblages could be partitioned differently (fewer species or smaller individuals) from mainland sites without differing in aggregate biomass (density compensation). Our objective was to determine the generality of excess density compensation in island herpetofaunal assemblages. Location Our bounded removal plot data were obtained from Pacific Island sites (Guam, Saipan and Rota), the West Indies (British Virgin Islands), and the Indian Ocean (Ile aux Aigrettes off Mauritius). The literature values were taken from several locales. Other island locations included Barro Colorado Island, Bonaire, Borneo, Philippine Islands, Seychelle Islands, Barrow Island (Australia), North Brother Island (New Zealand), Dominica and Puerto Rico. Mainland sites included Costa Rica, Ivory Coast, Cameroon, Australia, Thailand, Peru, Brazil, Panama and the USA. Method We added our thirty-nine bounded total removal plots from sixteen island habitats to fifteen literature records to obtain seventy-five venues with estimable density and biomass of arboreal or terrestrial herpetofaunal assemblages. These biomass estimates were evaluated geographically and in relation to sampling method, insularity, latitude, disturbance regime, seasonality, community richness, vegetative structure and climate. Direct data on trophic interactions (food availability, parasitism and predation pressure) were generally unavailable. Sampling problems were frequent for arboreal, cryptic and evasive species. Results and main conclusions We found strong evidence that herpetofaunal assemblages on small islands (mostly lizards) exhibit a much greater aggregate density of biomass (kg ha(-1)) than those of larger islands or mainland assemblages (small islands show excess density compensation). High aggregate biomass density was more strongly associated with the degree of species impoverishment on islands than it was on island area or insularity per se. High aggregate biomass density was not strongly associated with latitude, precipitation, canopy height or a variety of other physical characteristics of the study sites. The association between high aggregate biomass density and species-poor islands is consistent with the effects of a reduced suite of predators on depauperate islands, but other features may also contribute to excess density compensation. C1 US Geol Survey, Midcontinent Ecol Sci Ctr, Ft Collins, CO 80525 USA. RP Rodda, GH (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Midcontinent Ecol Sci Ctr, 4512 McMurry Ave, Ft Collins, CO 80525 USA. NR 39 TC 28 Z9 31 U1 1 U2 13 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING LTD PI OXFORD PA 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DG, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0305-0270 J9 J BIOGEOGR JI J. Biogeogr. PD MAY-JUN PY 2002 VL 29 IS 5-6 BP 623 EP 632 DI 10.1046/j.1365-2699.2002.00711.x PG 10 WC Ecology; Geography, Physical SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Physical Geography GA 570HF UT WOS:000176652300006 ER PT J AU Banko, PC Oboyski, PT Slotterback, JW Dougill, SJ Goltz, DM Johnson, L Laut, ME Murray, TC AF Banko, PC Oboyski, PT Slotterback, JW Dougill, SJ Goltz, DM Johnson, L Laut, ME Murray, TC TI Availability of food resources, distribution of invasive species, and conservation of a Hawaiian bird along a gradient of elevation SO JOURNAL OF BIOGEOGRAPHY LA English DT Article DE elevation gradient; food availability; alien species; tree phenology; insect parasitism; subalpine dry forest; Hawaiian bird conservation; Loxioides bailleui; Sophora chrysophylla; island ecology ID SEASONAL SUBMONTANE ZONE; MAUNA-KEA; GRASS INVASION; EXOTIC GRASSES; HABITAT SELECTION; NESTING SUCCESS; COSTA-RICA; PALILA; FIRE; ABUNDANCE AB Aim We evaluated how an elevation gradient affects: (1) the availability of food required by a specialist seed-eater, Loxioides bailleui Oustalet (Drepanidinae), or palila, and hence the distribution of this endangered Hawaiian bird, and (2) the distribution of alien threats to Loxioides populations, their primary foods, and their dry-forest habitat, and hence strategies for their conservation. Location We worked throughout the subalpine forest that encircles Mauna Kea Volcano, Hawaii Island, but we focused our studies mainly on the western slope between 2000 and 3000 m elevation, where the gradient of elevation was greatest and palila were most abundant. Methods We determined phenology and productivity patterns of the endemic dry-forest tree species, Sophora chrysophylla (Salisb.) Seem. (Fabaceae), or mamane, which provides Loxioides with most of their food, and another common endemic tree, Myoporum sandwicense A. Gray (Myoporaceae), or naio, which provides some resources, along a 786-m elevation gradient at monthly intervals for 10 years (Sophora only). We also determined the availability each month of moth larvae (Lepidoptera) for that were important in the diet of nestling and adult palila. In addition, we documented the incidence of parasitism on moth larvae by several wasp (Hymenoptera) and fly (Diptera) species, and we determined the distribution of predatory wasps and ants (Hymenoptera), which potentially threaten insect prey of birds. Percentage cover of alien grass species that pose fire threats in palila habitat and other weeds were assessed during one survey. Small mammal abundance and distribution were determined by trapping during three (rodent) or five (carnivore) surveys. Results Sophora flower and seed (pod) availability varied predictably along the elevation gradient, with about 4 months separating peaks in reproduction at high and low elevations. This, together with highly variable production of flowers and pods within elevation strata, resulted in Sophora resources being available to Loxioides throughout the year on the western slope of Mauna Kea. Sophora produced flowers and pods more seasonally where gradients of elevation were short; thus, resources were available less consistently. In contrast, Myoporum produced flowers and fruits with little variation with respect to season or elevation. The availability of important insect prey of Loxioides was also related to elevation, in part because threats to Lepidoptera larvae from parasitic wasps were generally less at higher elevations. Threats to insect prey from predatory ants was also less at higher elevations but the abundance of predatory wasps was not related to elevation. Several weeds that pose the most serious threats to Loxioides habitat were more abundant at mid and low elevations, and alien grass cover was somewhat greater at mid elevation, thereby increasing fire risks in the centre of Loxioides habitat. Predatory mammals, in particular Felis catus Linnaeus, were common throughout the subalpine forest of Mauna Kea. However, Rattus rattus Linnaeus was rare, especially at higher elevations, whereas Mus musculus Linnaeus was more abundant at lower elevations. Main conclusions Loxioides are concentrated in habitat that is distributed along a substantial gradient of elevation at least in part because food is available throughout the year and threats to food resources are less concentrated. To recover Loxioides elsewhere in its former range, habitats must be restored and alien threats reduced along extensive elevation gradients. Conservation along environmental gradients will likely benefit other Hawaiian birds that track the availability of food across landscapes or that have been stranded in the higher portions of their original ranges because of the greater impacts of alien diseases, predators, food competitors, and habitat stressors at lower elevations. C1 US Geol Survey, Pacific Isl Ecosyst Res Ctr, Kilauea Field Stn, Hawaii Natl Pk, HI 96718 USA. RP Banko, PC (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Pacific Isl Ecosyst Res Ctr, Kilauea Field Stn, POB 44, Hawaii Natl Pk, HI 96718 USA. EM paul_banko@usgs.gov NR 80 TC 23 Z9 26 U1 7 U2 36 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ USA SN 0305-0270 EI 1365-2699 J9 J BIOGEOGR JI J. Biogeogr. PD MAY-JUN PY 2002 VL 29 IS 5-6 BP 789 EP 808 DI 10.1046/j.1365-2699.2002.00724.x PG 20 WC Ecology; Geography, Physical SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Physical Geography GA 570HF UT WOS:000176652300019 ER PT J AU Puckett, LJ Cowdery, TK AF Puckett, LJ Cowdery, TK TI Transport and fate of nitrate in a glacial outwash aquifer in relation to ground water age, land use practices, and redox processes SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY LA English DT Article ID RIPARIAN FOREST; COASTAL-PLAIN; SAND AQUIFER; MASS-BALANCE; DENITRIFICATION; NITROGEN; SHALLOW; RIVER; CHLOROFLUOROCARBONS; CONTAMINATION AB A combination of ground water modeling, chemical and dissolved gas analyses, and chlorofluorocarbon age dating of water was used to determine the relation between changes in agricultural practices, and NO3- concentrations in ground water of a glacial outwash aquifer In west-central Minnesota. The results revealed a redox zonation throughout the saturated zone with oxygen reduction occurring near the water table, NO3- reduction immediately below it, and then a large zone of ferric iron reduction, with a small area of sulfate (SO42-) reduction and methanogenesis (CH4) near the end of the transect. Analytical and NETPATH modeling results supported the hypothesis that organic carbon served as the electron donor for the redox reactions. Denitrification rates were quite small, 0.005 to 0.047 mmol NO3- yr(-1), and were limited by the small amounts of organic carbon, 0.01 to 1.45%. In spite of the organic carbon limitation, denitrification was virtually complete because residence time is sufficient to allow even slow processes to reach completion. Ground water sample ages showed that maximum residence times were on the order of 50 to 70 yr. Reconstructed NO concentrations, estimated from measured NO3- and dissolved N gas showed that NO3- concentrations have been increasing in the aquifer since the 1940s, and have been above the 714 mumol L-1 maximum contaminant level at most sites since the mid- to late-1960s. This increase in NO3- has been accompanied by a corresponding increase in agricultural use of fertilizer, identified as the major source of NO3- to the aquifer. C1 US Geol Survey, Natl Ctr 413, Reston, VA 20192 USA. US Geol Survey, Mounds View, MN 55112 USA. RP Puckett, LJ (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Natl Ctr 413, Reston, VA 20192 USA. NR 67 TC 65 Z9 65 U1 2 U2 18 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0047-2425 J9 J ENVIRON QUAL JI J. Environ. Qual. PD MAY-JUN PY 2002 VL 31 IS 3 BP 782 EP 796 PG 15 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 550TL UT WOS:000175519300010 PM 12026081 ER PT J AU Griffith, JA Martinko, EA Whistler, JL Price, KP AF Griffith, JA Martinko, EA Whistler, JL Price, KP TI Preliminary comparison of landscape pattern-normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) relationships to central plains stream conditions SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY LA English DT Article ID CONTERMINOUS UNITED-STATES; LAND-COVER DATA; WATER-QUALITY; FISH ASSEMBLAGES; DATA SET; ECOSYSTEMS; CHEMISTRY; SCALES; BIOTA; USA AB We explored relationships of water quality parameters with landscape pattern metrics (LPMs), land use-land cover (LULC) proportions, and the advanced very high resolution radiometer (AVHRR) normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) or NDVI-derived metrics. Stream sites (271) in Nebraska, Kansas, and Missouri were sampled for water quality parameters, the index of biotic integrity, and a habitat index in either 1994 or 1995. Although a combination of LPMs (interspersion and juxtaposition index, patch density, and percent forest) within Ozark Highlands watersheds explained >60% of the variation in levels of nitrite-nitrate nitrogen and conductivity, In most cases the LPMs were not significantly correlated with the stream data. Several problems using landscape pattern metrics were noted: small watersheds having only one or two patches, collinearity with LULC data, and counterintuitive or inconsistent results that resulted from basic differences in land use-land cover patterns among ecoregions or from other factors determining water quality. The amount of variation explained in water quality parameters using multiple regression models that combined LULC and LPMs was generally lower than that from NDVI or vegetation phenology metrics derived from time-series NDVI data. A comparison of LPMs and NDVI indicated that NDVI had greater promise for monitoring landscapes for stream conditions within the study area. C1 Univ Kansas, Kansas Appl Remote Sensing Program, Lawrence, KS 66045 USA. Univ Kansas, Dept Geog, Lawrence, KS 66045 USA. Kansas Biol Survey, Kansas Appl Remote Sensing Program, Lawrence, KS 66045 USA. Univ Kansas, Dept Ecol & Evolutionary Biol, Lawrence, KS 66045 USA. RP Griffith, JA (reprint author), US Geol Survey, EROS Data Ctr, Sioux Falls, SD 57198 USA. RI Griffith, Jerry/C-1119-2009; Frank, David/E-8213-2012 NR 64 TC 17 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 6 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0047-2425 J9 J ENVIRON QUAL JI J. Environ. Qual. PD MAY-JUN PY 2002 VL 31 IS 3 BP 846 EP 859 PG 14 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 550TL UT WOS:000175519300017 PM 12026088 ER PT J AU Kopytenko, YA Serebrianaya, PM Nikitina, LV Green, AW AF Kopytenko, YA Serebrianaya, PM Nikitina, LV Green, AW TI Magnetic fields over active tectonic zones in ocean SO JOURNAL OF GEODYNAMICS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT International Symposium on The Recent Aspects of Electromagnetic Variations Related with Earthquakes CY DEC 20-21, 1999 CL TOKYO, JAPAN ID RIDGES AB The aim of our work is to estimate the electromagnetic effects that can be detected in the submarine zones with hydrothermal activity. It is known that meso-scale flows appear in the regions over underwater volcanoes or hot rocks. Their origin is connected with heat flux and hot jets released from underwater volcanoes or faults in a sea bottom. Values of mean velocities and turbulent velocities in plumes were estimated. Quasiconstant magnetic fields induced by a hot jet and a vortex over a plume top are about 1-40 nT. Variable magnetic fields are about 0.1-1 nT. These magnetic disturbances in the sea medium create an additional natural electromagnetic background that must be considered when making detailed magnetic surveys. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Russian Acad Sci, Filial Inst Terr Magnetism, SPbFIZMIRAN, St Petersburg 191023, Russia. US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Denver, CO 80225 USA. RP Nikitina, LV (reprint author), Russian Acad Sci, Filial Inst Terr Magnetism, SPbFIZMIRAN, P-B 188,Muchnoi 2, St Petersburg 191023, Russia. OI Копытенко, Юрий/0000-0001-6981-0106 NR 12 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0264-3707 J9 J GEODYN JI J. Geodyn. PD MAY-JUL PY 2002 VL 33 IS 4-5 SI SI BP 489 EP 496 AR PII S0264-3707(02)00012-1 DI 10.1016/S0264-3707(02)00012-1 PG 8 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 573EY UT WOS:000176817400009 ER PT J AU Miller, ML Bradley, DC Bundtzen, TK McClelland, W AF Miller, ML Bradley, DC Bundtzen, TK McClelland, W TI Late Cretaceous through Cenozoic strike-slip tectonics of southwestern Alaska SO JOURNAL OF GEOLOGY LA English DT Article ID DENALI FAULT SYSTEM; YUKON-TERRITORY; DEFORMATION; TRANSITION; MOUNTAINS; BASIN; ZONE AB New geologic mapping and geochronology show that margin-parallel strike-slip faults on the western limb of the southern Alaska orocline have experienced multiple episodes of dextral motion since similar to100 Ma. These faults are on the upper plate of a subduction zone similar to350-450 km inboard of the paleotrench. In southwestern Alaska, dextral displacement is 134 km on the Denali fault, at least 88-94 km on the Iditarod-Nixon Fork fault, and perhaps tens of kilometers on the Dishna River fault. The strike-slip regime coincided with Late Cretaceous sedimentation and then folding in the Kuskokwim basin, and with episodes of magmatism and mineralization at similar to70, similar to60, and similar to30 Ma. No single driving mechanism can explain all of the similar to95 million-year history of strike- slip faulting. Since similar to40 Ma, the observed dextral sense of strike slip has run contrary to the sense of subduction obliquity. This may be explained by northward motion of the Pacific Plate driving continental margin slivers into and/or around the oroclinal bend. From 44 to 66 Ma, oroclinal rotation, perhaps involving large-scale flexural slip, may have been accompanied by westward escape of crustal blocks along strike-slip faults. However, reconstructions of this period involve unproven assumptions about the identity of the subducting plate, the position of subducting ridges, and the exact timing of oroclinal bending, thus obscuring the driving mechanisms of strike slip. Prior to 66 Ma, oblique subduction is the most plausible driving mechanism for dextral strike slip. Cumulative displacement on all faults of the western limb of the orocline is at least 400 km, about half that on the eastern limb; this discrepancy might be explained by a combination of thrusting and unrecognized strike- slip faulting. C1 US Geol Survey, Anchorage, AK 99508 USA. Pacific Rim Geol Consulting, Fairbanks, AK 99708 USA. Univ Idaho, Dept Geol & Geol Engn, Moscow, ID 83844 USA. RP Miller, ML (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 4200 Univ Dr, Anchorage, AK 99508 USA. NR 80 TC 33 Z9 33 U1 1 U2 5 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 1427 E 60TH ST, CHICAGO, IL 60637-2954 USA SN 0022-1376 J9 J GEOL JI J. Geol. PD MAY PY 2002 VL 110 IS 3 BP 247 EP 270 DI 10.1086/339531 PG 24 WC Geology SC Geology GA 534UV UT WOS:000174608400001 ER PT J AU Bindeman, IN Vinogradov, VI Valley, JW Wooden, JL Natal'in, BA AF Bindeman, IN Vinogradov, VI Valley, JW Wooden, JL Natal'in, BA TI Archean protolith and accretion of crust in Kamchatka: SHRIMP dating of zircons from Sredinny and Ganal Massifs SO JOURNAL OF GEOLOGY LA English DT Article ID ION-MICROPROBE; ISLAND-ARC; EASTERN KAMCHATKA; METAMORPHIC ROCKS; COMPLEX; RUSSIA; EXHUMATION; COLLISION; GROWTH; AGES AB We used an ion microprobe (SHRIMP-RG) for U-Pb dating of individual zircons in high-grade metamorphic basements of the felsic Sredinny and mafic Ganal Massifs in Kamchatka. Thirty percent of zircons from paragneisses of the Sredinny Massif contain Archean (2800-2500 Ma), early Proterozoic (1700-2100 Ma), and late Proterozoic (similar to1000 Ma) detrital cores. In addition, a broad and almost uninterrupted range of Phanerozoic detrital cores (460-175 Ma) is present, with Jurassic to Lower Cretaceous (150-96 Ma) zircons forming the youngest detrital age group. Ubiquitous 77 +/- 2-Ma rims signify the age of regional metamorphism, though yet another metamorphism is defined by four 47-53-Ma zircons. The abundance of Archean, Proterozoic, and Paleozoic zircon cores, as well as the short 20-m. yr. time lag between the youngest detrital zircon cores and the age of metamorphic rims, argues strongly against a long trans-Pacific transport and the origin of the Sredinny Massif as a piece of a continent other than Siberia. We suggest that the Sredinny Massif is an eastern part of the exposed basement (leading edge) of the Sea of Okhotsk (Okhotomorsk) microcontinent and that it represents a polymetamorphic accretionary wedge whose clastic sediments were derived from Siberia. Zircon ages from amphibolites and gabbro in the Ganal Massif exhibit two age groups, one at 60-80 Ma and the other at 18-40 Ma, and lack Precambrian cores. We interpret the Ganal Massif as the lower crust of an intraoceanic island arc. The Sredinny and Ganal Massifs, despite their present proximity, belong to different tectonic units and do not represent upper and lower crustal fragments of the same unit. We present a tectonic model that explains the origin of both Massifs as a part of Mesozoic and Cenozoic geodynamic history in the NW Pacific. C1 Univ Wisconsin, Dept Geol & Geophys, Madison, WI 53706 USA. Russian Acad Sci, Inst Geol, Moscow, Russia. US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94205 USA. Istanbul Tech Univ, TR-80626 Istanbul, Turkey. RP Bindeman, IN (reprint author), Univ Wisconsin, Dept Geol & Geophys, 1215 W Dayton St, Madison, WI 53706 USA. RI Valley, John/B-3466-2011; Bindeman, Ilya/D-2497-2012 OI Valley, John/0000-0003-3530-2722; Bindeman, Ilya/0000-0003-2778-9083 NR 56 TC 36 Z9 39 U1 0 U2 4 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 1427 E 60TH ST, CHICAGO, IL 60637-2954 USA SN 0022-1376 J9 J GEOL JI J. Geol. PD MAY PY 2002 VL 110 IS 3 BP 271 EP 289 DI 10.1086/339532 PG 19 WC Geology SC Geology GA 534UV UT WOS:000174608400002 ER PT J AU Figueredo, PH Chuang, FC Rathbun, J Kirk, RL Greeley, R AF Figueredo, PH Chuang, FC Rathbun, J Kirk, RL Greeley, R TI Geology and origin of Europa's "Mitten'' feature (Murias Chaos) SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-PLANETS LA English DT Article DE Europa; diapirism; cryvolcanism; solid-state convection; photoclinometry ID STATE IMAGING DATA; SUBSURFACE OCEAN; ICE THICKNESS; LAVA FLOWS; REGION; DYNAMICS; MODELS; SHELL; RATES; PHOTOCLINOMETRY AB [1] The "Mitten'' (provisionally named Murias Chaos by the International Astronomical Union) is a region of elevated chaos-like terrain in the leading hemisphere of Europa. Its origin had been explained under the currently debated theories of melting through a thin lithosphere or convection within a thick one. Galileo observations reveal several characteristics that suggest that the Mitten is distinct from typical chaos terrain and point to a different formational process. Photoclinometric elevation estimates suggest that the Mitten is slightly elevated with respect to the surrounding terrain; geologic relations indicate that it must have raised significantly from the plains in its past, resembling disrupted domes on Europa's trailing hemisphere. Moreover, the Mitten material appears to have extruded onto the plains and flowed for tens of kilometers. The area subsequently subsided as a result of isostatic adjustment, viscous relaxation, and/or plains loading. Using plate flexure models, we estimated the elastic lithosphere in the area to be several kilometers thick. We propose that the Mitten originated by the ascent and extrusion of a large thermal diapir. Thermal-mechanical modeling shows that a Mitten-sized plume would remain sufficiently warm and buoyant to pierce through the crust and flow unconfined on the surface. Such a diapir probably had an initial radius between 5 and 8 km and an initial depth of 20-40 km, consistent with a thick-lithosphere model. In this scenario the Mitten appears to represent the surface expression of the rare ascent of a large diapir, in contrast to lenticulae and chaos terrain, which may form by isolated and clustered small diapirs, respectively. C1 Arizona State Univ, Dept Geol Sci, Tempe, AZ 85287 USA. Univ Redlands, Dept Phys, Redlands, CA 92373 USA. US Geol Survey, Astrogeol Team, Flagstaff, AZ 86001 USA. RP Figueredo, PH (reprint author), Arizona State Univ, Dept Geol Sci, Tempe, AZ 85287 USA. EM igueredo@gasu.edu NR 68 TC 20 Z9 20 U1 1 U2 3 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0148-0227 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-PLANET JI J. Geophys. Res.-Planets PD MAY PY 2002 VL 107 IS E5 AR 5026 DI 10.1029/2001JE001591 PG 15 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 609MC UT WOS:000178906900008 ER PT J AU Piaggio, AJ Valdez, EW Bogan, MA Spicer, GS AF Piaggio, AJ Valdez, EW Bogan, MA Spicer, GS TI Systematics of Myotis occultus (Chiroptera : Vespertilionidae) inferred from sequences of two mitochondrial genes SO JOURNAL OF MAMMALOGY LA English DT Article DE cytochrome b; cytochrome oxidase II; maximum likelihood; molecular clock; phylogenetics ID CYTOCHROME-B; DNA; EVOLUTION; DYNAMICS; RATES; SITES AB The systematic relationship between Myotis lucifugus carissima and Myotis occultus has been the subject of multiple studies. Although several studies, including a recent allozyme study, concluded that M. occultus is a subspecies of M. lucifugus, this view has not been universally accepted. We reexamined the relationships of these 2 taxa by sequencing the mitochondrial cytochrome-b (cyt-b) and cytochrome oxidase II (COII) genes of specimens from the allozyme study. The results suggest that M. occultus represents an evolutionarily distinct monophyletic lineage and provide support to arguments that M. occultus is a distinct species. C1 San Francisco State Univ, Dept Biol, San Francisco, CA 94132 USA. Univ New Mexico, Dept Biol, US Geol Survey, Midcontinent Ecol Sci Ctr, Albuquerque, NM 87131 USA. RP Piaggio, AJ (reprint author), San Francisco State Univ, Dept Biol, San Francisco, CA 94132 USA. NR 33 TC 14 Z9 19 U1 1 U2 8 PU AMER SOC MAMMALOGISTS PI PROVO PA BRIGHAM YOUNG UNIV, DEPT OF ZOOLOGY, PROVO, UT 84602 USA SN 0022-2372 J9 J MAMMAL JI J. Mammal. PD MAY PY 2002 VL 83 IS 2 BP 386 EP 395 DI 10.1644/1545-1542(2002)083<0386:SOMOCV>2.0.CO;2 PG 10 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA 556UC UT WOS:000175866500007 ER PT J AU Clark, BS Clark, BK Leslie, DM AF Clark, BS Clark, BK Leslie, DM TI Seasonal variation in activity patterns of the endangered Ozark big-eared bat (Coryno-rhinus townsendii ingens) SO JOURNAL OF MAMMALOGY LA English DT Article DE activity patterns; Corynorhinus townsendii ingens; endangered species; hibernaculum; maternity cave; Ozark big-eared bat ID INSECTIVOROUS BATS; PIPISTRELLUS-PIPISTRELLUS; PLECOTUS-TOWNSENDII; HABITAT USE; FORAGING BEHAVIOR; EPTESICUS-FUSCUS; BROWN BATS; EMERGENCE; ECOLOGY; MYOTIS AB We studied occupation and activity at a hibernaculum and a maternity cave used by the endangered Ozark big-eared bat (Corynorhinus townsendii ingens). Big-eared bats remained active throughout winter, with many individuals leaving and entering the hibernaculum during the first 2 h after sunset; however, no fresh guano was found on cave floors during winter. Big-eared bats used caves with the coldest internal temperatures in the region as hibernacula and also moved among caves throughout winter. The breakup of hibernating colonies in spring and the subsequent buildup of maternity colonies by adult females were gradual. Nightly activity patterns at the maternity cave changed throughout summer relative to parturition and maturation of young. Females returned to the maternity cave more frequently when their young were totally dependent on theta for nourishment. As the young began foraging, females returned only once during the night, and eventually adults did not return to the cave until morning. Ozark big-eared bats emerged shortly after sunset, regardless of brightness at twilight or rainfall, but they emerged at a later time when the young could not fly. C1 SE Oklahoma State Univ, Dept Biol Sci, Durant, OK 74701 USA. US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Oklahoma Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Stillwater, OK 74078 USA. RP SE Oklahoma State Univ, Dept Biol Sci, Durant, OK 74701 USA. EM bsclark@sosu.edu NR 50 TC 18 Z9 18 U1 4 U2 11 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS INC PI CARY PA JOURNALS DEPT, 2001 EVANS RD, CARY, NC 27513 USA SN 0022-2372 EI 1545-1542 J9 J MAMMAL JI J. Mammal. PD MAY PY 2002 VL 83 IS 2 BP 590 EP 598 DI 10.1644/1545-1542(2002)083<0590:SVIAPO>2.0.CO;2 PG 9 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA 556UC UT WOS:000175866500028 ER PT J AU Kozur, HW Repetski, JE AF Kozur, HW Repetski, JE TI Paulanoblella, nomen novum (Radiolaria) replaces Noblella Kozur, Mostler & Repetski, 1996, a homonym of Noblella Barbour, 1930 (Amphibia) SO JOURNAL OF MICROPALAEONTOLOGY LA English DT Article C1 US Geol Survey, Natl Ctr 926A, Reston, VA 20192 USA. RP Kozur, HW (reprint author), Rezsu U 83, H-1029 Budapest, Hungary. NR 2 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 1 PU GEOLOGICAL SOC PUBL HOUSE PI BATH PA UNIT 7, BRASSMILL ENTERPRISE CENTRE, BRASSMILL LANE, BATH BA1 3JN, AVON, ENGLAND SN 0262-821X J9 J MICROPALAEONTOL JI J. Micropalaentol. PD MAY PY 2002 VL 21 BP 28 EP 28 PN 1 PG 1 WC Paleontology SC Paleontology GA 570YX UT WOS:000176689000005 ER PT J AU Deperno, CS Jenks, JA Griffin, SL Rice, LA Higgins, KF AF Deperno, CS Jenks, JA Griffin, SL Rice, LA Higgins, KF TI White-tailed deer habitats in the central Black Hills SO JOURNAL OF RANGE MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE aspen regeneration; Black Hills; habitat quality; habitat selection; Odocoileus virginianus dacotensis; prescribed burns; South Dakota; white-tailed deer; Wyoming ID DESERT MULE DEER; RESOURCE SELECTION; STATISTICAL TECHNIQUES; AVAILABILITY DATA; SOUTH-DAKOTA; BEHAVIOR; FAWNS; MOVEMENTS; SURVIVAL; WINTER AB White-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus dacotensis Zimm.) numbers in the central Black Hills have declined since the middle 1970s. Population status has been documented by a decline in hunter success, deer reproductive success, and fawn survival. Most management agencies believe habitat deterioration is the primary cause of population decline in the Black Hills. We evaluated habitat selection for a white-tailed deer herd in the central Black Hills of South Dakota and Wyoming. From July 1993-July 1996, 73 adult and yearling doe and 12 adult and yearling buck white-tailed deer were radiocollared and visually monitored. Habitat information was collected at 4,662 white-tailed deer locations and 1,087 random locations. During winter, white-tailed deer selected ponderosa pine- (Pinus ponderosa P. & C. Lawson) deciduous and burned pine cover types. Overstory-understory habitats selected included pine/grass-forb, pine/bearberry (Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (L.) Spreng.), pine/snowberry (Symphoricarpos albus L.), burned pine/grass-forb, and pine/shrub habitats. Structural stages selected included sapling-pole pine stands with >70% canopy cover, burned pine saplingpole and saw-timber stands with <40% canopy cover. During summer, white-tailed deer selected pine-deciduous, aspen (Populus tremuloides Michx.), aspen-coniferous, spruce (Picea glauca (Moench) Voss), and spruce-deciduous cover types. Overstory-understory habitats selected included pine/juniper (Juniperus communis L.), aspen/shrubs, spruce/juniper, and spruce/shrub habitats. Structural stages selected included pine, aspen, and spruce sapling pole stands with all levels (0-40%, 41-70%, 71-100%) of canopy cover. Results supported low habitat quality as a factor involved with the decline of the deer population. We recommend that habitat management techniques, such as aspen regeneration and prescribed burns, be used to improve the habitat base in the central Black Hills. C1 Minnesota Dept Nat Resources, Farmland Wildlife Populat & Res Grp, Madelia, MN 56062 USA. S Dakota State Univ, Dept Fisheries & Wildlife Sci, Brookings, SD 57007 USA. S Dakota Dept Game Fish & Pk, Rapid City, SD 57702 USA. S Dakota State Univ, BRD, USGS, S Dakota Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Brookings, SD 57007 USA. RP Deperno, CS (reprint author), Minnesota Dept Nat Resources, Farmland Wildlife Populat & Res Grp, Madelia, MN 56062 USA. RI Jenks, Jonathan/B-7321-2009 NR 95 TC 7 Z9 11 U1 3 U2 11 PU SOC RANGE MANAGEMENT PI LAKEWOOD PA 445 UNION BLVD, STE 230, LAKEWOOD, CO 80228-1259 USA SN 0022-409X J9 J RANGE MANAGE JI J. Range Manage. PD MAY PY 2002 VL 55 IS 3 BP 242 EP 252 DI 10.2307/4003130 PG 11 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Ecology SC Agriculture; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 554UQ UT WOS:000175755900006 ER PT J AU Dean, WE Schwalb, A AF Dean, WE Schwalb, A TI The lacustrine carbon cycle as illuminated by the waters and sediments of two hydrologically distinct headwater lakes in north-central Minnesota, USA SO JOURNAL OF SEDIMENTARY RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID ORGANIC-MATTER; PHOTOSYNTHESIS; ISOTOPES AB The accumulation rates of CaCO3 and organic carbon (OC) in lake sediments are delicately balanced between production in the epilimnion and destruction in the hypolimnion. The cycling of these two forms of carbon makes a "carbon pump" that greatly affects the biogeochemical cycles of other elements. To further understand these biogeochemical dynamics, the lakes, streams, and wetlands of the Shingobee River headwater area of north-central Minnesota have been subjected to intensive hydrologic and biogeochemical studies. Williams Lake, situated close to the highest point in the regional flow system, is hydrologically closed, with no surface inlet or outlet, and ground water and precipitation as the only sources of water. Shingobee Lake, situated at the lowest point in the regional flow system, has the Shingobee River as an inlet and outlet. The surface waters of both lakes are oversaturated, and the bottom waters undersaturated, with respect to CaCO3 during the summer. The small amount of CaCO3 that is precipitated in the epilimnion of Williams Lake during the summer is dissolved in the undersaturated hypolimnion and sediments with the result that no CaCO3 is incorporated into the profundal surface sediments. Because of the high phytoplankton productivity of Shingobee Lake, sufficient CaCO3 is produced in the epilimnion that large amounts survive the corrosive hypolimnion and sediments, and an average of 46 wt. % accumulates in surface sediments. Another consequence of higher phytoplankton productivity in Shingobee Lake is that the hypolimnion becomes oxygen deficient within a month after overturn in both the spring and fall. Because of reducing conditions that develop in the hypolimnion of Shingobee Lake, high concentrations of dissolved Fe and Mn accumulate there during summer stratification. Precipitation of Fe and Mn oxyhydroxides during periods of fall and spring overturn results in high concentrations of Fe and Mn in surface sediments. In Williams Lake, high concentrations of Fe and Mn do not build up in the hypolimnion. The concentration of CaCO3 is about 80 wt. % in lower Holocene sediments of both lakes. The lower Holocene sediments in both lakes also contain high concentrations of Fe and Mn, and the lower Holocene sediments of Shingobee are laminated. The waters of both lakes had identical values of delta(13)C and delta(18)O during the early Holocene, but the waters of Williams Lake "evolved" during the early Holocene, increasing about 10parts per thousand in both delta(13)C and delta(18)O. Deposits of lacustrine marl occur as much as seven meters above the present elevation of Williams Lake, the highest of the two lakes. Taken together, these observations suggest that the lakes were once connected to form a larger lake called Lake Willobee with a hypolimnion that was anoxic, at least seasonally. C1 US Geol Survey, Lakewood, CO 80225 USA. Geoforschungszentrum Potsdam, D-14473 Potsdam, Germany. RP Dean, WE (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Box 25046,MS 980 Fed Ctr, Lakewood, CO 80225 USA. NR 46 TC 18 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 4 PU SEPM-SOC SEDIMENTARY GEOLOGY PI TULSA PA 6128 EAST 38TH ST, STE 308, TULSA, OK 74135-5814 USA SN 1527-1404 J9 J SEDIMENT RES JI J. Sediment. Res. PD MAY PY 2002 VL 72 IS 3 BP 416 EP 431 DI 10.1306/101801720416 PG 16 WC Geology SC Geology GA 579BK UT WOS:000177155400010 ER PT J AU McGarr, A AF McGarr, A TI Control of strong ground motion of mining-induced earthquakes by the strength of the seismogenic rock mass SO JOURNAL OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN INSTITUTE OF MINING AND METALLURGY LA English DT Article ID STRESS DROP; FAULT; FRICTION; ENERGY AB The shear stress tau that can be sustained by the rock mass in the environs of a mining-induced earthquake controls the near-fault peak ground velocity of that event according to nuless than or equal to0.25(beta/G)tau, where beta is the shear wave speed and G is the modulus of rigidity. To estimate tau at mining depths, I review the results of four studies involving Witwatersrand tremors that relate to the bulk shear strength. The first and most general analysis uses the common assumptions that the seismogenic crust is pervasively faulted, has hydrostatic pore pressure before mining, and an extensional stress state that is close to failure. Mining operations reduce the pore pressure to zero within the mine and redistribute the stresses such that, in localized regions, the state of stress is again at the point of failure. Laboratory friction experiments can be used to estimate tau in the zero-pore-pressure regime. second, model calculations of states of stress in the vicinity of mining at about 3 km depth indicated the shear stress available to cause faulting near the centre of a distribution of induced earthquakes. Third, laboratory experiments combined with microscopic analyses of fault gouge from the rupture zone of a mining-induced event provided an estimate of the average shear stress acting on the fault to cause this earthquake at a depth of 2 km. Fourth, moment tensors determined for mining-induced earthquakes usually show substantial implosive components, from which it is straightforward to estimate tau. These four different analyses yield estimates of tau that fall in the range 30 to 61 MPa which implies that near-fault particle velocities could be as high as about 1.5 m/s. To the extent that the causative fault ruptures previously intact rock, both tau and nu, in localized regions, could be several times higher than 61 M.Pa and 1.5 m/s. C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. RP McGarr, A (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 345 Middlefield Rd, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. NR 31 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 1 U2 1 PU SOUTH AFRICAN INST MIN METALL PI MARSHALLTOWN TRANSVAAL PA PO BOX 61127 11-13 MACLAREN ST 13TH FLOOR-CAPE TOWERS, MARSHALLTOWN TRANSVAAL 2107, SOUTH AFRICA SN 0038-223X J9 J S AFR I MIN METALL JI J. S. Afr. Inst. Min. Metall. PD MAY-JUN PY 2002 VL 102 IS 4 BP 225 EP 229 PG 5 WC Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering; Mining & Mineral Processing SC Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering; Mining & Mineral Processing GA 590FJ UT WOS:000177807400006 ER PT J AU Baines, SB Fisher, NS Stewart, R AF Baines, SB Fisher, NS Stewart, R TI Assimilation and retention of selenium and other trace elements from crustacean food by juvenile striped bass (Morone saxatilis) SO LIMNOLOGY AND OCEANOGRAPHY LA English DT Article ID MARINE COPEPODS; BIOACCUMULATION MODEL; DIFFERENT LATITUDES; AQUATIC ORGANISMS; ZEBRA MUSSELS; BIOAVAILABILITY; METALS; FIELD; ACCUMULATION; BIVALVE AB Estimates of the assimilation and retention of trace elements from food by fish are useful for linking toxicity with the biogeochemical cycling of these elements through aquatic food webs. Here we use pulse-chase radiotracer techniques to estimate the assimilation and retention of Se and four trace metals, A, Am, Zn, and Cd, by 43- and 88-d-old juvenile striped bass. Morone saxatilis, from crustacean food. Brine shrimp nauplii, Artemia franciscana, or adult copepods, Acartia tonsa, were fed radiolabeled diatoms and then fed to juvenile striped bass. Assimilation efficiencies (AEs+/-SD) for 43-d-old fish were 18+/-2%, 6+/-1%, 23+/-4%, 33+/-3%, and 23+/-2% for Ag, Am, Cd, Se, and Zn, respectively. For 88-d-old fish, the AEs were 28+/-1%, 42+/-5%. and 40+/-5% for Cd, Se, and Zn, respectively. The higher AEs in the older fish may result from longer aut passage times for larger fish. The 44-d-old fish excreted 5+/-0.8%, 4+/-2.0%, 7+/-0.3%. 9+/-0.4%, and 1.3+/-0.9% of the Ag, Am, Cd, Se, and Zn, respectively, they ingested from food per day, whereas the 88-d-old fish excreted 3+/-1.0%, 8+/-0.5%, and 3+/-0.5% of the assimilated Cd. Se, and Zn per day, respectively, Predictions of steady state Se concentrations in juvenile striped bass tissues made using a biokinetic model and the measured AE and efflux rates ranged from 1.8 to 3.0 mug Se g(-1) dry wt for muscle tissue and 6.8 to 11.6 mug Se g(-1) dry wt for gut tissue. These predictions agreed well with average values of 2.1 and 13 mug Se g(-1) dry wt measured independently in North San Francisco Bay, where elevated Se concentrations are of concern. The model results imply that the planktonic food web. including juvenile striped bass. does not transfer Se as efficiently to top consumers as does the benthic food web. C1 SUNY Stony Brook, Marine Sci Res Ctr, Stony Brook, NY 11794 USA. US Geol Survey, Div Water Resources, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. RP Baines, SB (reprint author), SUNY Stony Brook, Marine Sci Res Ctr, Stony Brook, NY 11794 USA. NR 36 TC 48 Z9 51 U1 1 U2 16 PU AMER SOC LIMNOLOGY OCEANOGRAPHY PI WACO PA 5400 BOSQUE BLVD, STE 680, WACO, TX 76710-4446 USA SN 0024-3590 J9 LIMNOL OCEANOGR JI Limnol. Oceanogr. PD MAY PY 2002 VL 47 IS 3 BP 646 EP 655 PG 10 WC Limnology; Oceanography SC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA 551HP UT WOS:000175554700004 ER PT J AU Jassby, AD Cloern, JE Cole, BE AF Jassby, AD Cloern, JE Cole, BE TI Annual primary production: Patterns and mechanisms of change in a nutrient-rich tidal ecosystem SO LIMNOLOGY AND OCEANOGRAPHY LA English DT Article ID SAN-FRANCISCO BAY; RIVER ESTUARY; PHYTOPLANKTON PRODUCTIVITY; PRINCIPAL COMPONENTS; NARRAGANSETT BAY; DELTA CALIFORNIA; EMPIRICAL-MODEL; BIOMASS; USA; LIGHT AB Although nutrient supply often underlies long-term changes in aquatic primary production, other regulator processes can he important. The Sacramento-San Joaquin River Delta, a complex of tidal waterways forming the landward portion of the San Francisco Estuary, has ample nutrient supplies, enabling us to examine alternate regulatory mechanisms over a 21-yr period. Delta-wide primary productivity was reconstructed from historical water quality data for 1975-1995. Annual primary production averaged 70 C m(-2), but it varied by over a factor of five among years. At least four processes contributed to this variability: (1) invasion of the clam Potamocorbula amurensis led to a persistent decrease in phytoplankton biomass (chlorophyll a) after 1986: (2) a long-term decline in total suspended solids-probably at least partly because of upstream dam construction-increased water transparency and phytoplankton growth rate: (3) river inflow, reflecting climate variability, affected biomass through fluctuations in flushing and growth rates through fluctuations in total Suspended solids: and (4) an additional pathway manifesting as a long-term decline in winter phytoplankton biomass has been identified, but its genesis is uncertain. Overall, the Delta lost 43% in annual primary production during the period. Given the evidence for food limitation of primary Consumers, these findings provide a partial explanation for widespread Delta species declines over the past few decades. Turbid nutrient-rich systems Such as the Delta may he inherently more variable than other tidal systems because certain compensatory processes are absent. Comparisons among systems, however can be tenuous because conclusions about the magnitude and mechanisms of variability are dependent on length of data record. C1 Univ Calif Davis, Dept Environm Sci & Policy, Davis, CA 95616 USA. US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. RP Jassby, AD (reprint author), Univ Calif Davis, Dept Environm Sci & Policy, Davis, CA 95616 USA. RI Cloern, James/C-1499-2011; Ross, Donald/F-7607-2012; OI Ross, Donald/0000-0002-8659-3833; Cloern, James/0000-0002-5880-6862 NR 70 TC 120 Z9 124 U1 3 U2 41 PU AMER SOC LIMNOLOGY OCEANOGRAPHY PI WACO PA 5400 BOSQUE BLVD, STE 680, WACO, TX 76710-4446 USA SN 0024-3590 J9 LIMNOL OCEANOGR JI Limnol. Oceanogr. PD MAY PY 2002 VL 47 IS 3 BP 698 EP 712 PG 15 WC Limnology; Oceanography SC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA 551HP UT WOS:000175554700008 ER PT J AU Cloern, JE Canuel, EA Harris, D AF Cloern, JE Canuel, EA Harris, D TI Stable carbon and nitrogen isotope composition of aquatic and terrestrial plants of the San Francisco Bay estuarine system SO LIMNOLOGY AND OCEANOGRAPHY LA English DT Article ID PARTICULATE ORGANIC-MATTER; GEORGIA SALT-MARSH; FOOD WEBS; RIVER FLOW; RATIOS; SEDIMENTS; DISCRIMINATION; VARIABILITY; WATER; USA AB We report measurements of seasonal variability in the C-N stable isotope ratios of plants collected across the habitat mosaic of San Francisco Bay, its marshes, and its tributary river system. Analyses of 868 plant samples were binned into 10 groups (e.g., terrestrial riparian, freshwater phytoplankton, salt marsh) to determine whether C-N isotopes can be used as biomarkers for tracing the origins of organic matter in this river-marsh-estuary complex. Variability of delta(130)C and delta(15)N was high (similar to5-10parts per thousand) within each plant group, and we identified three modes of variability: (1) between species and their microhabitats, (2) over annual cycles of plant growth and senescence, and (3) between living and decomposing biomass. These modes of within-group variability obscure any source-specific isotopic signatures, confounding the application of C-N isotopes for identifying the origins of organic matter. A second confounding factor was large dissimilarity between the delta(13)C-delta(15)N of primary producers and the organic-matter pools in the seston and sediments. Both confounding factors impede the application of C-N isotopes to reveal the food supply to primary consumers in ecosystems supporting diverse autotrophs and where the isotopic composition of organic matter has been transformed and become distinct from that of its parent plant sources. Our results support the advice of others: variability of C-N stable isotopes within all organic-matter pools is high and must be considered in applications of these isotopes to trace trophic linkages from primary producers to primary consumers. Isotope-based approaches are perhaps most powerful when used to complement other tools, such as molecular biomarkers, bioassays, direct measures of production, and compilations of organic-matter budgets. C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. Coll William & Mary, Virginia Inst Marine Sci, Gloucester Point, VA 23062 USA. Univ Calif Davis, Dept Agron & Range Sci, Stable Isotope Facil, Davis, CA 95616 USA. RP Cloern, JE (reprint author), US Geol Survey, MS496,345 Middlefield Rd, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. RI Cloern, James/C-1499-2011; Ross, Donald/F-7607-2012; OI Ross, Donald/0000-0002-8659-3833; Cloern, James/0000-0002-5880-6862 NR 58 TC 274 Z9 294 U1 8 U2 80 PU AMER SOC LIMNOLOGY OCEANOGRAPHY PI WACO PA 5400 BOSQUE BLVD, STE 680, WACO, TX 76710-4446 USA SN 0024-3590 J9 LIMNOL OCEANOGR JI Limnol. Oceanogr. PD MAY PY 2002 VL 47 IS 3 BP 713 EP 729 PG 17 WC Limnology; Oceanography SC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA 551HP UT WOS:000175554700009 ER PT J AU Kuch, M Rohland, N Betancourt, JL Latorre, C Steppan, S Poinar, HN AF Kuch, M Rohland, N Betancourt, JL Latorre, C Steppan, S Poinar, HN TI Molecular analysis of a 11 700-year-old rodent midden from the Atacama Desert, Chile SO MOLECULAR ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE ancient DNA; Atacama Desert; climate change; fossil middens; Phyllotis; phylogeography ID DNA; SEQUENCE; GENETICS; LIMITS; BEARS; DIET; DUNG AB DNA was extracted from an 11 700-year-old rodent midden from the Atacama Desert, Chile and the chloroplast and animal mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) gene sequences were analysed to investigate the floral environment surrounding the midden, and the identity of the midden agent. The plant sequences, together with the macroscopic identifications, suggest the presence of 13 plant families and three orders that no longer exist today at the midden locality, and thus point to a much more diverse and humid climate 11 700 years ago. The mtDNA sequences suggest the presence of at least four different vertebrates, which have been putatively identified as a camelid (vicuna), two rodents (Phyllotis and Abrocoma ), and a cardinal bird (Passeriformes). To identify the midden agent, DNA was extracted from pooled faecal pellets, three small overlapping fragments of the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene were ampli-fied and multiple clones were sequenced. These results were analysed along with com-plete cytochrome b sequences for several modern Phyllotis species to place the midden sequence phylogenetically. The results identified the midden agent as belonging to an ancestral P. limatus. Today, P. limatus is not found at the midden locality but it can be found 100 km to the north, indicating at least a small range shift. The more extensive sampling of modern Phyllotis reinforces the suggestion that P. limatus is recently derived from a peripheral isolate. C1 Max Planck Inst Evolutionary Anthropol, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany. US Geol Survey, Desert Lab, Tucson, AZ 85745 USA. Univ Chile, Dept Biol, Santiago, Chile. Florida State Univ, Dept Biol Sci, Tallahassee, FL 32306 USA. RP Poinar, HN (reprint author), Max Planck Inst Evolutionary Anthropol, Inselstr 22, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany. RI Latorre Hidalgo, Claudio/E-6805-2012 OI Latorre Hidalgo, Claudio/0000-0003-4708-7599 NR 26 TC 44 Z9 49 U1 0 U2 18 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING LTD PI OXFORD PA 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DG, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0962-1083 J9 MOL ECOL JI Mol. Ecol. PD MAY PY 2002 VL 11 IS 5 BP 913 EP 924 DI 10.1046/j.1365-294X.2002.01492.x PG 12 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Ecology; Evolutionary Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Evolutionary Biology GA 546AU UT WOS:000175250400006 PM 11975707 ER PT J AU Bettinger, JM Bettoli, PW AF Bettinger, JM Bettoli, PW TI Fate, dispersal, and persistence of recently stocked and resident rainbow trout in a Tennessee tailwater SO NORTH AMERICAN JOURNAL OF FISHERIES MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article ID BROWN TROUT; MOVEMENT; STREAM AB A popular trout fishery in the Clinch River below Norris Dam, Tennessee. is maintained by an extensive stocking program. However, survival and return rates of rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss stocked as catchables are low. Twenty rainbow trout (mean total length [TL] = 307 mm) that had resided in the tailwater at least 5 months were collected from the river and implanted with radio transmitters in June 1998. Similarly sized rainbow trout were implanted with radio transmitters at a hatchery and stocked into the Clinch River on 8 July 1998 (N = 19; mean TL = 304 mm) and 16 September 1998 (N = 11; mean TL = 311 mm). The stocked rainbow trout dispersed rapidly and nearly all (93%) of those fish died quickly or emigrated from the tailrace. Resident fish were significantly less active than stocked fish, and they persisted significantly longer (Kruskal-Wallis tests, P = 0.0001). Poor return rates and survival of rainbow trout stocked as catchables were attributed to their rapid, long-range movements and high levels of activity. Such behaviors are energetically inefficient and probably rendered them more vulnerable to predation. C1 Tennessee Technol Univ, US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Tennessee Cooperat Fishery Res Unit, Cookeville, TN 38505 USA. RP Bettinger, JM (reprint author), S Carolina Dept Nat Resources, 1921 Van Boklen Rd, Eastover, SC 29044 USA. NR 26 TC 31 Z9 31 U1 0 U2 7 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA SN 0275-5947 J9 N AM J FISH MANAGE JI North Am. J. Fish Manage. PD MAY PY 2002 VL 22 IS 2 BP 425 EP 432 DI 10.1577/1548-8675(2002)022<0425:FDAPOR>2.0.CO;2 PG 8 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 556VL UT WOS:000175869600004 ER PT J AU Blann, K Nerbonne, JF Vondracek, B AF Blann, K Nerbonne, JF Vondracek, B TI Relationship of riparian buffer type to water temperature in the driftless area ecoregion of Minnesota SO NORTH AMERICAN JOURNAL OF FISHERIES MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article ID SALMO-TRUTTA L; UNITED-STATES; NORTH-AMERICA; BROWN TROUT; SEDIMENT; STREAMS; MANAGEMENT; FILTERS; HABITAT; EROSION AB We used the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service's Stream Network Temperature Model to examine the role of riparian buffer type in mediating summer water temperatures for the reintroduction of brook trout Salvelinus fontinalis into Wells Creek, a tributary to the Mississippi River located in southeastern Minnesota. Stream temperatures measured from 23 July to 3 September 1997 were used to calibrate the model, evaluate existing temperatures, generate simulations for different shade conditions and channel morphologies, and generate simulations for "average" and "warm" summers (we define a warm summer as one that is 2.8 degreesC above the 30-year mean). The simulations indicated that successional buffers (grasses and forbs) provided as much shade as wooded buffers in streams with a width less than 2.5 m. With a low width:depth ratio, the successional buffer vegetation mediated mean temperature as well as the wooded buffer when discharge was held constant. At a discharge characteristic of our study reach, the mean temperature would be about the same along a successional buffer as in a wooded buffer if the wooded vegetation also led to widening of the stream channel. However, wooded buffers had a significantly higher percentage of shade than grazed or successional buffers. In general, temperatures in an average year decreased along the wooded reaches and increased slightly along the successional and grazed buffer areas. The differences in measured weekly mean maximum temperatures may be as great as 2.5 C across riparian buffer types. Maximum temperatures across all riparian types would be higher during warmer than average years, even with 50% shade along the stream. Shade provided by successional and woody vegetation may serve to moderate maximum temperatures and may be sufficient for the reintroduction of brook trout if other conditions improve. C1 Univ Minnesota, US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Minnesota Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. Univ Minnesota, Minnesota Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Conservat Biol Program, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. RP Vondracek, B (reprint author), Univ Minnesota, US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Minnesota Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, 1980 Folwell Ave, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. EM bcv@fw.umn.edu NR 45 TC 20 Z9 21 U1 4 U2 12 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT STREET, STE 850, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 0275-5947 EI 1548-8675 J9 N AM J FISH MANAGE JI North Am. J. Fish Manage. PD MAY PY 2002 VL 22 IS 2 BP 441 EP 451 DI 10.1577/1548-8675(2002)022<0441:RORBTT>2.0.CO;2 PG 11 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 556VL UT WOS:000175869600006 ER PT J AU Goldstein, RM Wang, LX Simon, TP Stewart, PM AF Goldstein, RM Wang, LX Simon, TP Stewart, PM TI Development of a stream habitat index for the Northern Lakes and Forests Ecoregion SO NORTH AMERICAN JOURNAL OF FISHERIES MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article ID COMMUNITY STRUCTURE; FISH COMMUNITIES; RIPARIAN ZONES; WOODY DEBRIS; SELECTION; ASSEMBLAGES; VARIABILITY; INTEGRITY; GRADIENTS; PATTERNS AB Physical habitat was quantified in 105 randomly selected streams across the Northern Lakes and Forests Ecoregion during 1998 and 1999 to develop a stream habitat index for the region. Physical habitat measures (106) were classified into four groups: substrate, instream cover, riparian zone-land use, and geomorphology-hydrology. Variable reduction procedures yielded seven variables: sinuosity. percent of substrate gravel or larger, percent substrate as detritus or muck, percent of bank with forested cover, amount of bank erosion, number of large logs per 100 m, and mean length of pools. Streams were separated by a gradient value of 3 m/km (low N = 70; high N = 35) and assigned to model and test data sets. For low-gradient streams in the model data set, the seven habitat variables explained 47% of the variation in index of biotic integrity (IBI) scores. To produce the habitat index, the coefficients in the regression were used to weight each of the seven variables. For low-gradient streams in the test data set, the habitat index explained 20% of the variation in IBI scores. A habitat index could not be developed for high-gradient sites, probably due to the low number of sites. Comparison of habitat to IBI scores provides resource managers with a method to evaluate the contribution of habitat quality to the IBI score. C1 US Geol Survey, Water Resources Div, Mounds View, MN 55112 USA. Winconsin Dept Nat Resources, Monona, WI 53716 USA. US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Bloomington Field Off, Bloomington, IN 47403 USA. US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Great Lakes Sci Ctr, Lake Michigan Ecol Res Stn, Porter, IN 46304 USA. RP Goldstein, RM (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Water Resources Div, Mounds View, MN 55112 USA. RI Simon, Thomas/B-4075-2012; OI Simon, Thomas/0000-0003-4393-4703 NR 45 TC 12 Z9 13 U1 1 U2 2 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA SN 0275-5947 J9 N AM J FISH MANAGE JI North Am. J. Fish Manage. PD MAY PY 2002 VL 22 IS 2 BP 452 EP 464 DI 10.1577/1548-8675(2002)022<0452:DOASHI>2.0.CO;2 PG 13 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 556VL UT WOS:000175869600007 ER PT J AU Arterburn, JE Berry, CR AF Arterburn, JE Berry, CR TI Effect of hook style, bait type, and river location on trotline catches of flathead and channel catfish SO NORTH AMERICAN JOURNAL OF FISHERIES MANAGEMENT LA English DT Editorial Material AB Trotlines can be used to provide data on catfish populations, but better understanding of trotline selectivity is needed. We compared differences in the presence or absence of channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus and flathead catfish Pylodictis olivaris caught on trotlines among hook types, bait types, substrate types, channel types, water depths. and woody debris complexities in two South Dakota rivers. Channel catfish were 3.5 times more likely to be caught on hooks baited with cut common carp Cyprinus carpio, and flathead catfish were 28 times more likely to be caught on hooks baited with live black bullheads Ameiurus melas. Sea-circle hooks caught fewer catfish of either species than O'Shaughnessy or modified circle hooks. Channel type, water depth, and substrate type affected catches of flathead and channel catfish from the Big Sioux River, but did not influence catches of either species on the James River. The Big Sioux River had greater habitat variability, thereby increasing our chances of finding differences in trotline catches between habitat types. Our research highlights some of the biases associated with using trotlines to collect flathead and channel catfish, but it suggests that trotlines can be used to supplement data on size structure and the total catch of flathead catfish longer than 450 mm and to sample flathead and channel catfish in places where habitat characteristics render other gear types ineffective. C1 Fish & Wildlife Dept, Colville Confederated Tribes, Nespelem, WA 99155 USA. S Dakota State Univ, US Geol Survey, S Dakota Cooperat Res Unit, Brookings, SD 57007 USA. RP Arterburn, JE (reprint author), Fish & Wildlife Dept, Colville Confederated Tribes, POB 150, Nespelem, WA 99155 USA. NR 27 TC 12 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 7 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA SN 0275-5947 J9 N AM J FISH MANAGE JI North Am. J. Fish Manage. PD MAY PY 2002 VL 22 IS 2 BP 573 EP 578 DI 10.1577/1548-8675(2002)022<0573:EOHSBT>2.0.CO;2 PG 6 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 556VL UT WOS:000175869600019 ER PT J AU Gries, G Letcher, BH AF Gries, G Letcher, BH TI A night seining technique for sampling juvenile Atlantic salmon in streams SO NORTH AMERICAN JOURNAL OF FISHERIES MANAGEMENT LA English DT Editorial Material ID SALVELINUS-FONTINALIS; MICROHABITAT USE; BROWN TROUT; BROOK TROUT; LATE SUMMER; SALAR; RIVER AB For many studies of the population dynamics, growth, and movement of juvenile Atlantic salmon Salmo salar, it is necessary to resample tagged individuals multiple times. However, common sampling techniques such as electrofishing can have negative effects on fish survival and growth, especially when individuals are repeatedly sampled. We describe an alternative to electrofishing that involves sampling at night with small, one-person seines. Juvenile Atlantic salmon in a small brook were tagged with passive integrated transponder tags and sampled 15 times by means of night seining, day electrofishing, and day seining techniques. Capturing juvenile Atlantic salmon by day seining was inefficient, resulting in a capture probability estimate of 0.18. The mean capture probability estimate was 0.45 during night seining samples and 0.78 during electrofishing samples. The total number of age-0 Atlantic salmon captured via night seining increased 4.5 times after fish attained a mean fork length of just over 60 mm. A much greater number of brook trout Salvelinus fontinalis and brown trout Salmo trutta were captured in electrofishing samples than in night seining samples. Night seining may prove useful when electrofishing is impractical, when threatened or endangered species exist, or when multiple recaptures of individuals are desired. C1 US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, SO Conte Anadromous Fish Res Ctr, Turners Falls, MA 01376 USA. RP Gries, G (reprint author), New Hampshire Fish & Game, 25 State Route 9, Keene, NH 03431 USA. NR 27 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA SN 0275-5947 J9 N AM J FISH MANAGE JI North Am. J. Fish Manage. PD MAY PY 2002 VL 22 IS 2 BP 595 EP 601 DI 10.1577/1548-8675(2002)022<0595:ANSTFS>2.0.CO;2 PG 7 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 556VL UT WOS:000175869600023 ER PT J AU Guy, CS Schultz, RD Colvin, MA AF Guy, CS Schultz, RD Colvin, MA TI Ecology and management of white bass SO NORTH AMERICAN JOURNAL OF FISHERIES MANAGEMENT LA English DT Editorial Material C1 Kansas State Univ, Div Biol, US Geol Survey,Biol Resources Div, Kansas Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Manhattan, KS 66506 USA. Kansas Dept Wildlife & Pk, Emporia, KS 66801 USA. Missouri Dept Conservat, Columbia, MO 65201 USA. RP Guy, CS (reprint author), Kansas State Univ, Div Biol, US Geol Survey,Biol Resources Div, Kansas Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Ackert Hall, Manhattan, KS 66506 USA. NR 11 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 1 U2 2 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA SN 0275-5947 J9 N AM J FISH MANAGE JI North Am. J. Fish Manage. PD MAY PY 2002 VL 22 IS 2 BP 606 EP 608 DI 10.1577/1548-8675(2002)022<0606:EAMOWB>2.0.CO;2 PG 3 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 556VL UT WOS:000175869600025 ER PT J AU Guy, CS Schultz, RD Cox, CA AF Guy, CS Schultz, RD Cox, CA TI Variation in gonad development, growth, and condition of white bass in Fall River Reservoir, Kansas SO NORTH AMERICAN JOURNAL OF FISHERIES MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 130th Annual Meeting of the American-Fisheries-Society CY 2000 CL LOUIS, MISSOURI AB White bass Morone chrysops were sampled monthly from March 1996 to August 1997 in Fall River Reservoir, Kansas, to document the temporal variation in gonad development, growth, and condition. Both females and males reached sexual maturity at age 2. Mean egg diameter varied temporally, with the largest egg diameters occurring from March through May. Age structure was skewed toward younger ages, with 91% of the females and 94% of the males sampled being less than age 5. Growth in length and weight varied between sexes; females grew faster in both length and weight than males. Mean length and weight varied temporally by sex and year-class. The highest specific growth in length and weight occurred during the summer and fall. During late winter and spring, fish lost up to 7% of the growth in weight from the previous year. The variation in the gonadosomatic index (GSI) for females paralleled that in egg diameter, with the highest GSI values occurring in spring. The decline in weight during late winter and spring, coupled with the increase in GSI. indicated that somatic growth decreased during the spring. Relative weight was variable among seasons and was correlated with length only during the summer. The variation in growth and condition were best explained by the abundance of age-0 gizzard shad Dorosoma cepedianum. These data characterize the highly dynamic nature of gonad development. growth, and condition of white bass in a Kansas reservoir. C1 Kansas State Univ, Div Biol, US Geol Survey,Biol Resources Div, Kansas Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Manhattan, KS 66506 USA. Kansas Dept Wildlife & Pk, Emporia, KS 66801 USA. RP Guy, CS (reprint author), Kansas State Univ, Div Biol, US Geol Survey,Biol Resources Div, Kansas Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Ackert Hall, Manhattan, KS 66506 USA. NR 30 TC 11 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA SN 0275-5947 J9 N AM J FISH MANAGE JI North Am. J. Fish Manage. PD MAY PY 2002 VL 22 IS 2 BP 643 EP 651 DI 10.1577/1548-8675(2002)022<0643:VIGDGA>2.0.CO;2 PG 9 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 556VL UT WOS:000175869600030 ER PT J AU Clein, JS McGuire, AD Zhang, X Kicklighter, DW Melillo, JM Wofsy, SC Jarvis, PG Massheder, JM AF Clein, JS McGuire, AD Zhang, X Kicklighter, DW Melillo, JM Wofsy, SC Jarvis, PG Massheder, JM TI Historical and projected carbon balance of mature black spruce ecosystems across North America: the role of carbon-nitrogen interactions SO PLANT AND SOIL LA English DT Article DE black spruce; BOREAS project; carbon storage; ecological modeling; net ecosystem production ID NET PRIMARY PRODUCTION; CLIMATE-CHANGE; BOREAL FOREST; TERRESTRIAL BIOSPHERE; TUNDRA ECOSYSTEMS; INTERIOR ALASKA; AMAZONIAN ECOSYSTEMS; SOIL-TEMPERATURE; AIR-TEMPERATURE; ATMOSPHERIC CO2 AB The role of carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) interactions on sequestration of atmospheric CO2 in black spruce ecosystems across North America was evaluated with the Terrestrial Ecosystem Model (TEM) by applying parameterizations of the model in which C-N dynamics were either coupled or uncoupled. First, the performance of the parameterizations, which were developed for the dynamics of black spruce ecosystems at the Bonanza Creek Long-Term Ecological Research site in Alaska, were evaluated by simulating C dynamics at eddy correlation tower sites in the Boreal Ecosystem Atmosphere Study (BOREAS) for black spruce ecosystems in the northern study area (northern site) and the southern study area (southern site) with local climate data. We compared simulated monthly growing season (May to September) estimates of gross primary production (GPP), total ecosystem respiration (RESP), and net ecosystem production (NEP) from 1994 to 1997 to available field-based estimates at both sites. At the northern site, monthly growing season estimates of GPP and RESP for the coupled and uncoupled simulations were highly correlated with the field-based estimates (coupled: R-2= 0.77, 0.88 for GPP and RESP; uncoupled: R-2 = 0.67, 0.92 for GPP and RESP). Although the simulated seasonal pattern of NEP generally matched the field-based data, the correlations between field-based and simulated monthly growing season NEP were lower (R-2 = 0.40, 0.00 for coupled and uncoupled simulations, respectively) in comparison to the correlations between field-based and simulated GPP and RESP. The annual NEP simulated by the coupled parameterization fell within the uncertainty of field-based estimates in two of three years. On the other hand, annual NEP simulated by the uncoupled parameterization only fell within the field-based uncertainty in one of three years. At the southern site, simulated NEP generally matched field-based NEP estimates, and the correlation between monthly growing season field-based and simulated NEP (R-2 = 0.36, 0.20 for coupled and uncoupled simulations, respectively) was similar to the correlations at the northern site. To evaluate the role of N dynamics in C balance of black spruce ecosystems across North America, we simulated historical and projected C dynamics from 1900 to 2100 with a global-based climatology at 0.5degrees resolution (latitude x longitude) with both the coupled and uncoupled parameterizations of TEM. From analyses at the northern site, several consistent patterns emerge. There was greater inter-annual variability in net primary production (NPP) simulated by the uncoupled parameterization as compared to the coupled parameterization, which led to substantial differences in inter-annual variability in NEP between the parameterizations. The divergence between NPP and heterotrophic respiration was greater in the uncoupled simulation, resulting in more C sequestration during the projected period. These responses were the result of fundamentally different responses of the coupled and uncoupled parameterizations to changes in CO2 and climate. Across North American black spruce ecosystems, the range of simulated decadal changes in C storage was substantially greater for the uncoupled parameterization than for the coupled parameterization. Analysis of the spatial variability in decadal responses of C dynamics revealed that C fluxes simulated by the coupled and uncoupled parameterizations have different sensitivities to climate and that the climate sensitivities of the fluxes change over the temporal scope of the simulations. The results of this study suggest that uncertainties can be reduced through (1) factorial studies focused on elucidating the role of C and N interactions in the response of mature black spruce ecosystems to manipulations of atmospheric CO2 and climate, (2) establishment of a network of continuous, long-term measurements of C dynamics across the range of mature black spruce ecosystems in North America, and (3) ancillary measurements in the network to elucidate the role of C and N interactions in exchange of CO2 with the atmosphere. C1 Univ Alaska Fairbanks, Inst Arctic Biol, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA. Univ Alaska Fairbanks, US Geol Survey, Alaska Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Fairbanks, AK USA. Univ Alaska Fairbanks, Dept Biol & Wildlife, Fairbanks, AK USA. Marine Biol Lab, Ctr Ecosyst, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. Harvard Univ, Div Appl Sci, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA. Univ Edinburgh, Inst Ecol & Resource Management, Edinburgh EH8 9YL, Midlothian, Scotland. RP Clein, JS (reprint author), Univ Alaska Fairbanks, Inst Arctic Biol, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA. NR 77 TC 28 Z9 29 U1 1 U2 12 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0032-079X J9 PLANT SOIL JI Plant Soil PD MAY PY 2002 VL 242 IS 1 BP 15 EP 32 DI 10.1023/A:1019673420225 PG 18 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences; Soil Science SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences GA 582BE UT WOS:000177329200002 ER PT J AU Madsen, DB Sarna-Wojcicki, AM Thompson, RS AF Madsen, DB Sarna-Wojcicki, AM Thompson, RS TI A late Pleistocene tephra layer in the southern Great Basin and Colorado Plateau derived from Mono Craters, California SO QUATERNARY RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE Quaternary; tephra; Great Basin; Colorado Plateau; Mono Craters ID LAKE BONNEVILLE; SIERRA-NEVADA; POLLEN; USA; VEGETATION; HOLOCENE; HISTORY; ARIZONA; PALEOCLIMATE; CHRONOLOGY AB A newly identified tephra in stratified deposits in southwestern Utah, dated similar to14,000 C-14 yr B.P., may aid in correlating late Pleistocene deposits across parts of the southern Great Basin and west-central Colorado Plateau. Geochemical analyses of the ash suggest the tephra originated from Mono Craters, California, and most probably correlates with Wilson Creek ash #3. Because the ash is 2 mm thick similar to550 km from its source, the event may have been larger than others correlated to Mono Craters eruptions. (C) 2002 University of Washington. C1 Utah Geol Survey, Salt Lake City, UT 84114 USA. US Geol Survey, Western Reg Earth Surface Proc Team, Tephrochronol Lab, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. US Geol Survey, Cent Reg Earth Surface Proc Team, Denver, CO 80225 USA. RP Madsen, DB (reprint author), Utah Geol Survey, Salt Lake City, UT 84114 USA. NR 35 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 1 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0033-5894 J9 QUATERNARY RES JI Quat. Res. PD MAY PY 2002 VL 57 IS 3 BP 382 EP 390 DI 10.1006/qres.2002.2326 PG 9 WC Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Physical Geography; Geology GA 555KP UT WOS:000175793500010 ER PT J AU Huang, CQ Townshend, JRG Liang, SL Kalluri, SNV DeFries, RS AF Huang, CQ Townshend, JRG Liang, SL Kalluri, SNV DeFries, RS TI Impact of sensor's point spread function on land cover characterization: assessment and deconvolution SO REMOTE SENSING OF ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article ID RESTORATION AB Measured and modeled point spread functions (PSF) of sensor systems indicate that a significant portion of the recorded signal of each pixel of a satellite image originates from outside the area represented by that pixel, This hinders the ability to derive surface information from satellite images on a per-pixel basis, In this study. the impact of the PSF of the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) 250 m bands was assessed using four images representing different landscapes. Experimental results showed that though differences between pixels derived with and without PSF effects were small on the average, the PSF generally brightened dark objects and darkened bright objects. This impact of the PSF lowered the performance of a Support vector machine (SVM) classifier by 5.4% in overall accuracy and increased the overall root mean square error (RMSE) by 2.4% in estimating subpixel percent land cover. An inversion method based on the known PSF model reduced the signals originating from surrounding areas by as much as 53%. This method differs from traditional PSF inversion deconvolution methods in that the PSF was adjusted with lower weighting factors for signals originating from neighboring pixels than those specified by the PSF model. By using this deconvolution method, the lost classification accuracy due to residual impact of PSF effects was reduced to only 1.66% in overall accuracy. The increase in the RMSE of estimated subpixel land cover proportions clue to the residual impact of PSF effects was reduced to 0.64%. Spatial aggregation also effectively reduced the errors in estimated land cover proportion images. About 50% of the estimation errors were removed after applying the deconvolution method and aggregating derived proportion images to twice their dimensional pixel size. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science Inc, All rights reserved. C1 Univ Maryland, Dept Geog, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. Univ Maryland, Inst Adv Comp Studies, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. Univ Maryland, Earth Syst Sci Interdisciplinary Ctr, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. RP Huang, CQ (reprint author), Raytheon Syst Corp, USGS, EROS Data Ctr, Sioux Falls, SD 57198 USA. EM huang@usgs.gov RI liang, shunlin/C-2809-2015; OI Huang, Chengquan/0000-0003-0055-9798 NR 18 TC 98 Z9 104 U1 1 U2 18 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 360 PARK AVE SOUTH, NEW YORK, NY 10010-1710 USA SN 0034-4257 J9 REMOTE SENS ENVIRON JI Remote Sens. Environ. PD MAY PY 2002 VL 80 IS 2 BP 203 EP 212 AR PII S0034-4257(01)00298-X DI 10.1016/S0034-4257(01)00298-X PG 10 WC Environmental Sciences; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA 543MR UT WOS:000175106200001 ER PT J AU Bovee, KD Scott, ML AF Bovee, KD Scott, ML TI Implications of flood pulse restoration for Populus regeneration on the Upper Missouri River SO RIVER RESEARCH AND APPLICATIONS LA English DT Article DE flood routing; flow mass balance; flood pulse; flow restoration; Populus; riparian forests; Missouri River ID MONTANA; ESTABLISHMENT; DAMS; DISTURBANCE; RECRUITMENT; DOWNSTREAM; FORESTS AB We developed a mass balance flow model to reconstruct unregulated daily peak flows in the National Wild and Scenic reach of the Missouri River, Montana. Results indicated that although the observed frequency of large peak flows has not changed in the post-dam period, their magnitude has been reduced from 40 to 50% as a consequence of flow regulation. Reductions in the magnitude of these flows should reduce the expected frequency of large flood-pulses over a longer time-scale. Results of a two-dimensional hydraulic model indicated that limited cottonwood (Populus deltoides subsp. Monilifera) recruitment occurs at relatively small peak discharges, but to maximize establishment of cottonwoods in the Wild and Scenic reach, a threshold of 1850 m(3)/s would be necessary at the Virgelle gauge. Floods of this magnitude or greater lead to establishment of cottonwood seedlings above the zone of frequent ice-drive disturbance. Restoring the frequency, magnitude, duration and timing of these flood pulses would benefit important natural resource values including riparian cottonwood forests and native fish species in the upper Missouri River basin. However, efforts to naturalize flow must be made in the context of a water management system that was authorized and constructed for the primary purposes of flood control, power generation and irrigation. Using the synthesized flow model and flood damage curves, we examined six scenarios for delivering flows greater than or equal to 1850 m(3)/s to the Wild and Scenic reach. Whereas some scenarios appeared to be politically and economically infeasible, our analysis suggested that there is enough operational flexibility in the system to restore more natural flood pulses without greatly compromising other values. Published in 2002 by John Wiley Sons, Ltd. C1 US Geol Survey, Midcontinent Ecol Sci Ctr, Ft Collins, CO 80525 USA. RP Bovee, KD (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Midcontinent Ecol Sci Ctr, 4512 McMurry Ave, Ft Collins, CO 80525 USA. NR 32 TC 17 Z9 18 U1 1 U2 10 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD PI W SUSSEX PA BAFFINS LANE CHICHESTER, W SUSSEX PO19 1UD, ENGLAND SN 1535-1459 J9 RIVER RES APPL JI River Res. Appl. PD MAY-JUN PY 2002 VL 18 IS 3 BP 287 EP 298 DI 10.1002/rra.672 PG 12 WC Environmental Sciences; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Water Resources GA 562XF UT WOS:000176223700006 ER PT J AU Bradley, DC Hanson, LS AF Bradley, DC Hanson, LS TI Paleocurrent analysis of a deformed Devonian foreland basin in the Northern Appalachians, Maine, USA SO SEDIMENTARY GEOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Maine; Appalachian; Acadian; paleocurrent analysis; tectonics; foreland basin ID ACADIAN OROGENY; NEW-ENGLAND; STRATIGRAPHY; FLYSCH; CANADA AB New paleocurrent data indicate that the widespread Late Silurian and Devonian flysch and molasse succession in Maine was deposited in an ancestral, migrating foreland basin adjacent to an advancing Acadian orogenic belt. The foreland-basin sequence spread across a varied Silurian paleogeography of deep basins and small islands-the vestiges of an intraoceanic arc complex that not long before had collided with the Laurentian passive margin during the Ordovician Taconic Orogeny. We report paleocurrents from 43 sites representing 12 stratigraphic units, the most robust and consistent results coming from three units: Madrid Formation (southwesterly paleoflow), Carrabassett Formation (northerly paleoflow), and Seboomook Group (westerly paleoflow). Deformation and regional metamorphism are sufficiently intense to test the limits of paleocurrent analysis requiring particular care in retrodeformation. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 US Geol Survey, Anchorage, AK 99508 USA. Salem State Coll, Dept Geol Sci, Salem, MA 01970 USA. RP Bradley, DC (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 4200 Univ Dr, Anchorage, AK 99508 USA. NR 48 TC 9 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 7 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0037-0738 J9 SEDIMENT GEOL JI Sediment. Geol. PD MAY 1 PY 2002 VL 148 IS 3-4 BP 425 EP 447 AR PII S0037-0738(01)00161-0 DI 10.1016/S0037-0738(01)00161-0 PG 23 WC Geology SC Geology GA 550WY UT WOS:000175528900004 ER PT J AU Bray, DB Sanchez, JLP Murphy, EC AF Bray, DB Sanchez, JLP Murphy, EC TI Social dimensions of organic coffee production in Mexico: Lessons for eco-labeling initiatives SO SOCIETY & NATURAL RESOURCES LA English DT Article DE biodiversity marketing; conservation and development; coffee; eco-labeling; environment; Latin America; Mexico ID BIODIVERSITY; CONSERVATION; CHIAPAS; MARKET AB Significant attention has been given to the relationship between small coffee farms and biodiversity in recent years. This article argues that the interest in "bird-friendly" coffees and other forms of biodiversity marketing have much to learn from the 15-year development of another relatively successful, environmentally friendly coffee product: certified organic coffee. This Mexican case study argues that organic coffee emerged as a result of a series of institutional transformations that, in interaction with particular ecosystems, have left their imprint on the agricultural landscape. The emergence of organic coffee in Mexico arose from more than a decade of populist agrarian organizing and accompanying organizational innovations, and depended upon the substantial amount of preexisting "social capital accumulation" in the Mexican countryside. Eco-labeling efforts focus on certification criteria and marketing, and pay insufficient attention to the social processes that can lead to the outcome of a sustainable product and sustainable agricultural landscapes. C1 Florida Int Univ, Dept Environm Studies, Miami, FL 33199 USA. Secretariat Agr Livestock & Dev, Mexico City, DF, Mexico. US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Int Affairs Off, Washington, DC USA. RP Bray, DB (reprint author), Florida Int Univ, Dept Environm Studies, Miami, FL 33199 USA. EM brayd@fiu.edu NR 61 TC 82 Z9 84 U1 7 U2 39 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 325 CHESTNUT ST, SUITE 800, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 0894-1920 J9 SOC NATUR RESOUR JI Soc. Nat. Resour. PD MAY-JUN PY 2002 VL 15 IS 5 BP 429 EP 446 DI 10.1080/08941920252866783 PG 18 WC Environmental Studies; Planning & Development; Sociology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public Administration; Sociology GA 540YH UT WOS:000174958100003 ER PT J AU Holland, JN DeAngelis, DL AF Holland, JN DeAngelis, DL TI Ecological and evolutionary conditions for fruit abortion to regulate pollinating seed-eaters and increase plant reproduction SO THEORETICAL POPULATION BIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE pollinating seed-eaters; fruit abortion; adaptive dynamics; mutualism; evolutionarily stable strategy; benefits; costs; population size ID SILENE-VULGARIS CARYOPHYLLACEAE; YUCCA-WHIPPLEI AGAVACEAE; GRAZING OPTIMIZATION; LOPHOCEREUS-SCHOTTII; UPIGA-VIRESCENS; MUTUALISM; MOTHS; FLOWER; STABILITY; DYNAMICS AB Coevolved mutualisms, such as those between senita cacti, yuccas, and their respective obligate pollinators, benefit both species involved in the interaction. However, in these pollination mutualisms the pollinator's larvae impose a cost on plants through consumption of developing seeds and fruit. The effects of pollinators on benefits and costs are expected to vary with the abundance of pollinators, because large population sizes result in more eggs and larval seed-eaters. Here, we develop the hypothesis that fruit abortion, which is common in yucca, senita, and plants in general, could in some cases have the function of limiting pollinator abundance and, thereby, increasing fruit production. Using a general steady-state model of fruit production and pollinator dynamics, we demonstrate that plants involved in pollinating seed-eater mutualisms can increase their fecundity by randomly aborting fruit. We show that the ecological conditions under which fruit abortion can improve plants fecundity are not unusual. They are best met when the plant is long-lived, the population dynamics of the pollinator are much faster than those of the plant, the loss of one fruit via abortion kills a larva that would have the expectation of destroying more than one fruit through its future egg laying as an adult moth, and the effects of fruit abortion on pollinator abundance are spatially localized. We then use the approach of adaptive dynamics to find conditions under which a fruit abortion strategy based on regulating the pollinator population could feasibly evolve in this type of plant-pollinator interaction. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science (USA). C1 Univ Miami, US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Dept Biol, Coral Gables, FL 33124 USA. RP Holland, JN (reprint author), Univ Arizona, Dept Ecol & Evolut Biol, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. NR 48 TC 25 Z9 26 U1 0 U2 8 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0040-5809 J9 THEOR POPUL BIOL JI Theor. Popul. Biol. PD MAY PY 2002 VL 61 IS 3 BP 251 EP 263 DI 10.1006/tpbi.2001.1571 PG 13 WC Ecology; Evolutionary Biology; Genetics & Heredity SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Evolutionary Biology; Genetics & Heredity GA 568KC UT WOS:000176540100001 PM 12027612 ER PT J AU Nielsen, JL Sage, GK AF Nielsen, JL Sage, GK TI Population genetic structure in Lahontan cutthroat trout SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE AMERICAN FISHERIES SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID STEELHEAD ONCORHYNCHUS-MYKISS; ANIMAL MITOCHONDRIAL-DNA; SALMON SALMO-SALAR; MICROSATELLITE LOCI; ATLANTIC SALMON; RAINBOW-TROUT; PHYLOGENETIC TREES; CLARKI-CLARKI; DIFFERENTIATION; CONSERVATION AB We used 10 microsatellite loci to examine the genetic population structure of cutthroat trout Oncorhynchus clarki within the Lahontan Basin complex. Genetic diversity was analyzed for trout from Nevada, California, and Utah representing three putative subspecies: Lahontan O. c, henshawi, Paiute O. c. seleniris, and Humboldt (an unnamed subspecies) cutthroat trout. We found significant differences in microsatellite diversity among the three putative subspecies found in this area. Analysis of molecular variance partitioned microsatellite variation as 9.8% among subspecies, 27.7% among populations, and 62.5% within populations of Lahontan Basin cutthroat trout. Genetic distance analyses (Cavalli-Sforza-Edwards and F-st) supported unique Population structure in cutthroat trout from the Humboldt and Pilot Peak drainages. Pairwise F-st values for Lahontan cutthroat trout were not significantly correlated with geographic distance between population pairs (r(2) = 0.008; P < 0.0001), suggesting that they are extremely isolated population, with small effective sizes that are vulnerable to extinction. Two extant hatchery strains of Lahontan cutthroat trout showed genetic associations with different geographic source populations. The Pyramid Lake hatchery strain was most closely associated genetically with fish from Summit Lake. The Pilot Peak hatchery strain was associated genetically with Pilot Peak wild trout (Utah) and Macklin Creek trout (California). The phylogeographic diversity depicted in this study supports unique population structure and suggests important evolutionary relationship needed to evaluate transplanted populations and hatchery supplementation within the basin. C1 US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Alaska Biol Sci Ctr, Anchorage, AK 99503 USA. RP Nielsen, JL (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Alaska Biol Sci Ctr, 1011 E Tudor Rd, Anchorage, AK 99503 USA. EM jennifer_nielsen@usgs.gov NR 90 TC 20 Z9 20 U1 5 U2 19 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT STREET, STE 850, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 0002-8487 EI 1548-8659 J9 T AM FISH SOC JI Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. PD MAY PY 2002 VL 131 IS 3 BP 376 EP 388 DI 10.1577/1548-8659(2002)131<0376:PGSILC>2.0.CO;2 PG 13 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 549PM UT WOS:000175453300003 ER PT J AU Weigel, DE Peterson, JT Spruell, P AF Weigel, DE Peterson, JT Spruell, P TI A model using phenotypic characteristics to detect introgressive hybridization in wild westslope cutthroat trout and rainbow trout SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE AMERICAN FISHERIES SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID HYBRIDS; POPULATIONS; FISHES; RIVER AB Introgressive hybridization is a substantial threat to native populations of cutthroat trout Oncorhynchus clarki ssp. To assess the status of native cutthroat trout and protect existing pure (nonhybridized) populations, fisheries managers need to identify introgressive hybridization in wild populations. Genetic techniques are the most reliable methods for detecting introgression but are typically expensive and time-consuming, Phenotypic characteristics are generally easy to measure in the field and have been investigated for their value in identifying hybrids in several genera of fish. We developed a practical quantitative tool for detecting introgressive hybridization in westslope cutthroat trout O. c. lewisi by fitting a classification tree model to the phenotypic characteristics of known pure and hybrid individuals. We then tested it as a means of making site-level assessments of the level of introgression. The genotypes of individuals were determined using noncoding sequences of nuclear DNA. Four dominant phenotypic characteristics (basibranchial teeth, throat slashes, spot shape, and relative head length) were significantly (P < 0.05) related to the genetic identity of the individual fish, The overall cross-validation and out-of-sample error rates of the classification tree (13.7% and 12.5%, respectively) were much lower than the visual-assignment error rate (38.8%) and suggested a substantial improvement in the accuracy of identifying individual fish in the field. The classification and prediction error rates were higher for hybrid trout than for westslope cutthroat trout. Site-level predictions of introgression made with our tree model had an overall error rate of 31%, which was 49% lower than that of estimates based on visual field identification by experienced observers. Model error for the site-level predictions was highest when identifying populations of westslope cutthroat trout with less than 50% introgression and lowest when identifying populations with more than 50% introgression. Our results indicate that a phenotype-based model is easy to use in the field and improves the accuracy and consistency of visual identifications of westslope cutthroat trout and hybrids of westslope cutthroat trout and rainbow trout O. mykiss. Our model or a similar one can be used to estimate the genetic status of local (site) populations. C1 US Bur Reclamat, Snake River Area Off, Burley, ID 83318 USA. Univ Georgia, US Geol Survey, Georgia Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Warnell Sch Forest Resources, Athens, GA 30602 USA. Univ Montana, Div Biol Sci, Wild Trout & Salmon Genet Lab, Missoula, MT 59812 USA. RP Weigel, DE (reprint author), US Bur Reclamat, Snake River Area Off, 1359 Hansen Ave, Burley, ID 83318 USA. NR 36 TC 28 Z9 30 U1 0 U2 5 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA SN 0002-8487 J9 T AM FISH SOC JI Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. PD MAY PY 2002 VL 131 IS 3 BP 389 EP 403 DI 10.1577/1548-8659(2002)131<0389:AMUPCT>2.0.CO;2 PG 15 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 549PM UT WOS:000175453300004 ER PT J AU Bramblett, RG Bryant, MD Wright, BE White, RG AF Bramblett, RG Bryant, MD Wright, BE White, RG TI Seasonal use of small tributary and main-stem habitats by juvenile steelhead, coho salmon, and Dolly Varden in a southeastern Alaska drainage basin SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE AMERICAN FISHERIES SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID ONCORHYNCHUS-KISUTCH; BRITISH-COLUMBIA; CARNATION CREEK; STREAMS; SURVIVAL; TROUT; COVER AB The movement of juvenile salmonids between small tributaries and main-stem habitats in southeast Alaska watersheds is poorly understood, We observed movements of steelhead Oncorhynchus mykiss, coho salmon O. kisutch, and Dolly Varden Salvelinus malma between mainstem and tributary habitats at weirs located on tributaries in the Staney Creek watershed in southeast Alaska. We used seasonal relative abundance (catch per unit effort) in eight main-stem reaches and eight tributaries to corroborate observed movement in the two streams with weirs. We observed juvenile steelhead and coho salmon moving through the weirs into tributaries during the fall as flows increased and temperatures decreased, The relative abundance of steelhead was greater in main-stem sites than in tributaries during the summer, whereas during spring and fall relative abundance in the tributaries was similar to that in the main stein. Juvenile coho salmon were abundant in tributaries during all seasons. The relative abundance of Dolly Varden was greater in the tributaries than in the main-stem during all seasons. These results underscore the significance of links between main-stem habitats and small tributaries for production of juvenile salmonids. C1 US Forest Serv, Pacific NW Expt Stn, Juneau, AK 99801 USA. Montana State Univ, US Geol Survey, Montana Cooperat Fishery Res Unit, Dept Ecol, Bozeman, MT 59717 USA. RP Bryant, MD (reprint author), US Forest Serv, Pacific NW Expt Stn, 2770 Sherwood Lane,2A, Juneau, AK 99801 USA. NR 30 TC 33 Z9 34 U1 1 U2 15 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA SN 0002-8487 J9 T AM FISH SOC JI Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. PD MAY PY 2002 VL 131 IS 3 BP 498 EP 506 DI 10.1577/1548-8659(2002)131<0498:SUOSTA>2.0.CO;2 PG 9 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 549PM UT WOS:000175453300012 ER PT J AU Knights, BC Vallazza, JM Zigler, SJ Dewey, MR AF Knights, BC Vallazza, JM Zigler, SJ Dewey, MR TI Habitat and movement of lake sturgeon in the upper Mississippi River system, USA SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE AMERICAN FISHERIES SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID ACIPENSER-FULVESCENS; QUEBEC; SHORTNOSE; ONTARIO AB Lake sturgeon Acipenser fluvescens, which are now protected from harvest, are considered rare in the upper Mississippi River and little information is available on the remaining populations. Transmitters were implanted into 31 lake sturgeon from two sites in the upper Mississippi River to describe their habitats and movement. The areas surrounding the tagging sites were core areas for both groups of lake sturgeon based on the high use (about 50% of locations by group) and frequent return to these areas by many of the tagged fish. Core areas contained sites with unique hydraulic characteristics, such that depositional substrates were common yet flow was present; these areas probably provide important feeding habitat for lake sturgeon. Minimal geographical overlap in range occurred between groups, suggesting that river reaches and associated core areas were unique to groups or substocks of fish. Lake sturgeon exhibited complex movement behaviors and had ranges of 3-198 km (median, 56 km) during the study. Tagged fish moved both downstream and upstream through upper Mississippi River navigation dams. However, dams appeared to be intermittent barriers to upstream passage because upstream passage events (10 fish, 19 passages) were fewer than downstream events (13 fish, 35 passages). Extensive use of the Wisconsin River by one group of lake sturgeon tagged in the upper Mississippi River has implications regarding management of a threatened population that transcends regulatory boundaries. Our study indicates that lake sturgeon In the upper Mississippi River system share many movement and habitat use characteristics with populations in other systems. However, significant data gaps preclude development of cogent management strategies, including information on population numbers and dynamics, identification of spawning areas, relations between groups, and assessment of the effects of commercial navigation. C1 US Geol Survey, Upper Midw Environm Sci Ctr, La Crosse, WI 54603 USA. RP US Geol Survey, Upper Midw Environm Sci Ctr, 2630 Fanta Reed Rd, La Crosse, WI 54603 USA. EM brent_knights@usgs.gov OI Zigler, Steven/0000-0002-4153-0652 NR 24 TC 47 Z9 51 U1 0 U2 12 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT STREET, STE 850, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 0002-8487 EI 1548-8659 J9 T AM FISH SOC JI Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. PD MAY PY 2002 VL 131 IS 3 BP 507 EP 522 DI 10.1577/1548-8659(2002)131<0507:HAMOLS>2.0.CO;2 PG 16 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 549PM UT WOS:000175453300013 ER PT J AU Robards, MD Quinn, TP AF Robards, MD Quinn, TP TI The migratory timing of adult summer-run steelhead in the Columbia River over six decades of environmental change SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE AMERICAN FISHERIES SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID SALMO-SALAR L; ATLANTIC SALMON; UPSTREAM MIGRATION; WATER TEMPERATURE; SOCKEYE-SALMON; CHINOOK SALMON; AMERICAN SHAD; POPULATIONS; EVOLUTION; GAIRDNERI AB Anadromous fishes achieve most of their lifetime growth at sea before returning to spawn in freshwater, However, populations of some species enter freshwater many months before spawning, apparently compromising growth opportunities at sea to access spawning grounds in conjunction with specific seasonal patterns of flow and temperature along the migratory route. The nutritional benefits of overwintering in the ocean may also be outweighed by a relatively dormant winter in colder river habitats. Modification of the thermal and hydrologic regimes of rivers (such as the Columbia River during the 20th century) might be expected to affect the abundance and life history patterns of such populations. This study reviews information on the migratory timing, abundance, and composition (wild versus hatchery) of summer-run (upriver) populations of steelhead Oncorhynchus mykiss in the Columbia River basin with reference to environmental changes. Despite pronounced changes in the river's environment, the late summer migration-spring spawning persists as an overall pattern as it passes Bonneville Dam (the lowest on the Columbia River). However, the historic summer run's distinct bimodality (with early and late components) has gradually become unimodal. Upriver, other complex changes have taken place in migration timing: it now occurs earlier through some reaches of the river and periods of time, reflecting both the uneven physical changes over time and the complex behavior and population structure of steelhead. We were unable, therefore, to isolate the causal mechanisms or disentangle natural from anthropogenic influences. However, our research suggests that the change in the migration pattern for summer-run steelhead reflects a response to the challenges presented by a changing environment (temperature and flow) to genetically controlled life history patterns, the relative abundance of component populations, and the relative proportion of populations derived from hatchery production (which lately [1984-1999] accounted for an average 74% of the early run and 85% of the late run). C1 US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Anchorage, AK 99503 USA. Univ Washington, Sch Aquat & Fishery Sci, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. RP Robards, MD (reprint author), Ocean Conservancy, 425 G St,Suite 400, Anchorage, AK 99501 USA. EM coho@acsalaska.net NR 47 TC 50 Z9 52 U1 1 U2 16 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 325 CHESTNUT ST, SUITE 800, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 0002-8487 J9 T AM FISH SOC JI Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. PD MAY PY 2002 VL 131 IS 3 BP 523 EP 536 DI 10.1577/1548-8659(2002)131<0523:TMTOAS>2.0.CO;2 PG 14 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 549PM UT WOS:000175453300014 ER PT J AU Collis, K Roby, DD Craig, DP Adamany, S Adkins, JY Lyons, DE AF Collis, K Roby, DD Craig, DP Adamany, S Adkins, JY Lyons, DE TI Colony size and diet composition of piscivorous waterbirds on the lower Columbia River: Implications for losses of juvenile salmonids to avian predation SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE AMERICAN FISHERIES SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID JOHN-DAY-RESERVOIR; CHINOOK SALMON; NORTHERN SQUAWFISH; SMALLMOUTH BASS; STEELHEAD TROUT; PACIFIC COAST; SNAKE RIVER; HATCHERY; WILD; TRANSPORTATION AB We investigated colony size and diet composition of piscivorous waterbirds (gulls, terns, and cormorants) nesting on the lower Columbia River from the mouth (river kin 0) to the head of McNary Pool (river kin 553) in 1997 and 1998. The study was prompted by concern that avian predation might constitute a significant source of mortality to juvenile salmonids Oncorhynchus spp. during out-migration. The diet of California gulls Larus californicus and ring-billed gulls L. delawarensis nesting in colonies above The Dalles Darn (river km 308) included few fish and very few juvenile salmonids. The sole exception was a small colony of California gulls in which salmonids accounted for 15% (by mass) of the diet. Juvenile salmonids were, however, an important component of the diet of colonial waterbirds nesting in the Columbia River estuary. On Rice Island (river km 34), salmonids accounted for 74%, (by mass) of the diet of Caspian terns Sterna. caspia, 46% for double-crested cormorants Phalacrocorax auritus, and 11% for glaucous-winged-western gulls L glaucescens X L occidentalis. Juvenile salmonids were especially prevalent in the diets of colonial waterbirds on Rice Island during April and May. By comparison, juvenile salmonids were significantly less prevalent in the diet of cormorants and gulls nesting lower in the estuary on East Sand Island (river kin 8), presumably due to the greater availability of marine forage fishes. Our results indicate that avian predation on juvenile salmonids in the lower Columbia River is more prevalent in the estuary than near the large upriver gull colonies. Furthermore, the high incidence of salmonids in the diets of Caspian terns, cormorants, and gulls nesting on Rice Island suggests that the impact of avian predation on survival of smolts may be reduced by discouraging piscivorous birds from nesting there, while encouraging nesting on East Sand Island and other sites nearer to marine foraging areas. C1 Columbia River Intertribal Fish Commiss, Portland, OR 97232 USA. Oregon State Univ, US Geol Survey, Oregon Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Dept Fisheries & Wildlife, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. RP Collis, K (reprint author), Real Time Res, 201 Yellowtail Hawk Ave, Bend, OR 97701 USA. NR 47 TC 65 Z9 67 U1 5 U2 30 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA SN 0002-8487 J9 T AM FISH SOC JI Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. PD MAY PY 2002 VL 131 IS 3 BP 537 EP 550 DI 10.1577/1548-8659(2002)131<0537:CSADCO>2.0.CO;2 PG 14 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 549PM UT WOS:000175453300015 ER PT J AU Grant, GC Vondracek, B Sorensen, PW AF Grant, GC Vondracek, B Sorensen, PW TI Spawning interactions between sympatric brown and brook trout may contribute to species replacement SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE AMERICAN FISHERIES SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID SALMO-TRUTTA; RAINBOW-TROUT; ATLANTIC SALMON; MINNESOTA STREAM; SALVELINUS-FONTINALIS; HYBRIDIZATION; SALAR; GAIRDNERI; BEHAVIOR; NEWFOUNDLAND AB The behavior of sexually active brook trout Salvelinus fontinalis and brown trout Salmo trutta was observed on spawning redds in a small Minnesota stream to characterize the nature and frequency of interactions between the two species. Twelve redds were continuously monitored for 24 h with underwater video cameras; a total of 270 h of videotape was analyzed. Fifteen spawning events were observed, four of which involved individuals of different species. Male brown trout and brook trout attended females of both species. Female reproductive behavior was similar whether attended by conspecific or heterospecific males. No diel rhythms that would temporally isolate species during spawning were evident. Our results suggest that brook trout and brown trout spawning behaviors do not contribute to reproductive isolation of the two species and that disruptive interactions between them may be common. These interspecific sexual interactions may play a role in species replacement. C1 Univ Minnesota, Dept Fisheries Wildlife & Conservat Biol, Minnesota Cooperat Fisheries & Wildlife Res Unit, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. Univ Minnesota, US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Minnesota Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. RP Grant, GC (reprint author), Minnesota Dept Nat Resources, Fisheries Res, 1601 Minnesota Dr, Brainerd, MN 56401 USA. NR 31 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 8 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA SN 0002-8487 J9 T AM FISH SOC JI Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. PD MAY PY 2002 VL 131 IS 3 BP 569 EP 576 DI 10.1577/1548-8659(2002)131<0569:SIBSBA>2.0.CO;2 PG 8 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 549PM UT WOS:000175453300018 ER PT J AU Maurice, PA Pullin, MJ Cabaniss, SE Zhou, QH Namjesnik-Dejanovic, K Aiken, GR AF Maurice, PA Pullin, MJ Cabaniss, SE Zhou, QH Namjesnik-Dejanovic, K Aiken, GR TI A comparison of surface water natural organic matter in raw filtered water samples, XAD, and reverse osmosis isolates SO WATER RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE humic; fulvic; XAD; reverse osmosis; organic isolation ID AQUATIC HUMIC SUBSTANCES; INFRARED CARBOXYLATE ABSORBANCES; FULVIC-ACID; MOLECULAR-WEIGHT; ELEMENTAL COMPOSITION; MACROPOROUS RESINS; ADSORPTION; FRACTIONATION; GOETHITE; RIVER AB This research compared raw filtered waters (RFWs), XAD resin isolates (XAD-8 and XAD-4), and reverse osmosis (RO) isolates of several surface water samples from McDonalds Branch, a smali freshwater fen in the New Jersey Pine Barrens (USA). RO and XAD-8 are two of the most common techniques used to isolate natural organic matter (NOM) for studies of composition and reactivity; therefore, it is important to understand how the isolates differ from bulk (unisolated) samples and from one another. Although, any comparison between the isolation methods needs to consider that XAD-8 is specifically designed to isolate the humic fraction, whereas RO concentrates a broad range of organic matter and is not specific to humics. The comparison included for all samples weight average molecular weight (Mw), number average molecular weight (M(n)), polydispersity (rho), absorbance at 280 nm normalized to moles C (epsilon(280)) (RFW and isolates); and for isolates only: elemental analysis, % carbon distribution by (13)C NMR, and aqueous FTIR spectra. As expected, RO isolation gave higher yield of NOM than XAD-8, but also higher ash content, especially Si and S. M,, decreased in the order: RO > XAD-8 > RFW > XAD-4. The M(w) differences of isolates compared with RFW may be due to selective isolation (fractionation), or possibly in the case of RO to condensation or coagulation during isolation. (13)C NMR results were roughly similar for the two methods, but the XAD-8 isolate was slightly higher in 'aromatic' C and the RO isolate was slightly higher in heteroaliphatic and carbonyl C. Infrared spectra indicated a higher carboxyl content for the XAD-8 isolates and a higher ester:carboxyl ratio for the RO isolates. The spectroscopic data thus are consistent with selective isolation of more hydrophobic compounds by XAD-8, and also with potential ester hydrolysis during that process, although further study is needed to determine whether ester hydrolysis does indeed occur. Researchers choosing between XAD and RO isolation methods for NOM need to consider first the purpose of the isolation; i.e., whether humic fractionation is desirable. Beyond that, they should consider the C yield and ash content, as well as the potential for alteration of NOM by ester hydrolysis (XAD) or condensation/coa.gulation (RO). Furthermore, the RO and XAD methods produce different fractions or isolates so that researchers should be careful when comparing the compositions and reactivities of NOM samples isolated by these two different techniques., (C) 2002 Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 Univ Notre Dame, Dept Civil Engn & Geol Sci, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA. Kent State Univ, Dept Chem, Kent, OH 44242 USA. Kent State Univ, Dept Geol, Kent, OH 44242 USA. US Geol Survey, Div Water Resources, Boulder, CO USA. RP Maurice, PA (reprint author), Univ Notre Dame, Dept Civil Engn & Geol Sci, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA. EM pmaurice@nd.edu NR 55 TC 78 Z9 88 U1 9 U2 50 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0043-1354 J9 WATER RES JI Water Res. PD MAY PY 2002 VL 36 IS 9 BP 2357 EP 2371 AR PII S0043-1354(01)00442-0 DI 10.1016/S0043-1354(01)00442-0 PG 15 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences; Water Resources SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Water Resources GA 558TN UT WOS:000175982800021 PM 12108728 ER PT J AU Donaldson, KA Griffin, DW Paul, JH AF Donaldson, KA Griffin, DW Paul, JH TI Detection, quantitation and identification of enteroviruses from surface waters and sponge tissue from the Florida Keys using real-time RT-PCR SO WATER RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE enterovirus; real-time PCR; quantitative detection; sponge tissue; Florida Keys ID POLYMERASE-CHAIN-REACTION; HEPATITIS-A VIRUS; DISPOSAL SYSTEMS; BACTERIA; CONTAMINATION; SHELLFISH; SAMPLES AB A method was developed for the quantitative detection of pathogenic human enteroviruses from surface waters in the Florida Keys using Taqman (R) one-step Reverse transcription (RT)-PCR with the Model 7700 ABI Prism (R) Sequence Detection System. Viruses were directly extracted from unconcentrated grab samples of seawater, from seawater concentrated by vortex flow filtration using a 100 kD filter and from sponge tissue. Total RNA was extracted from the samples, purified and concentrated using spin-column chromatography. A 192-196 base pair portion of the 5' untranscribed region was amplified from these extracts. Enterovirus concentrations were estimated using real-time RTPCR technology. Nine of 15 sample sites or 60% were positive for the presence of pathogenic human enteroviruses. Considering only near-shore sites, 69% were positive with viral concentrations ranging from 9.3 viruses/ml to 83 viruses/g of sponge tissue (uncorrected for extraction efficiency). Certain amplicons were selected for cloning and sequencing for identification. Three strains of waterborne enteroviruses were identified as Coxsackievirus A9, Coxsackievirus A16, and Poliovirus Sabin type 1. Time and cost efficiency of this one-step real-time RT-PCR methodology makes this an ideal technique to detect, quantitate and identify pathogenic enteroviruses in recreational waters. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Univ S Florida, Coll Marine Sci, St Petersburg, FL 33701 USA. US Geol Survey, St Petersburg, FL 33701 USA. RP Paul, JH (reprint author), Univ S Florida, Coll Marine Sci, 140 7th Ave S, St Petersburg, FL 33701 USA. NR 41 TC 75 Z9 83 U1 2 U2 9 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0043-1354 J9 WATER RES JI Water Res. PD MAY PY 2002 VL 36 IS 10 BP 2505 EP 2514 AR PII S0043-1354(01)00479-1 DI 10.1016/S0043-1354(01)00479-1 PG 10 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences; Water Resources SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Water Resources GA 569GF UT WOS:000176592300009 PM 12153016 ER PT J AU Burns, DA Kendall, C AF Burns, DA Kendall, C TI Analysis of delta(15)N and delta(18)O to differentiate NO(3)(-) sources in runoff at two watersheds in the Catskill Mountains of New York SO WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE nitrogen deposition; nitrogen saturation; nitrification; isotope; Catskill Mountains; snowmelt ID ATMOSPHERIC DEPOSITION; NITROGEN SATURATION; FORESTED WATERSHEDS; UNITED-STATES; HYDROGRAPH SEPARATIONS; WET DEPOSITION; NITRATE; DENITRIFICATION; ACIDIFICATION; RETENTION AB [1] To quantify the movement of atmospheric nitrogen deposition through two forested watersheds in the Catskill Mountains of New York, dual-isotope analysis (delta(15)N and delta(18)O) was used to differentiate NO(3)(-) derived from precipitation from NO(3)(-) derived by microbial nitrification and to quantify the contributions of these sources to NO(3)(-) in drainage waters. Samples of stream water, soil water, precipitation, snowmelt, and O-horizon soil were collected during the March and April snowmelt period of 1994 and throughout an 18-month period from August 1995 through February 1997. The mean delta(18)O-NO(3)(-) value of precipitation was +50.5parts per thousand, whereas the mean values for stream water and soil water were +17.7parts per thousand and +23.6parts per thousand, respectively. The mean delta(15)N-NO(3)(-) of precipitation was -0.2parts per thousand, that of soil water was +1.4parts per thousand, and that of stream water was +2.3parts per thousand; these values showed greater overlap among the three different waters than did the delta(18)O-NO(3)(-) values, indicating that delta(15)N-NO(3)(-) was not as useful for source separation. Soil water delta(18)O-NO(3)(-) values decreased, and delta(15)N-NO(3)(-) values increased, from the O to the B and C horizons, but most of the differences among horizons were not statistically significant. Nitrate derived by nitrification in incubated soil samples had a wide range of delta(15)N-NO(3)(-) values, from +1.5parts per thousand to +16.1parts per thousand, whereas delta(18)O-NO(3)(-) values ranged more narrowly, from +13.2parts per thousand to +16.0parts per thousand. Values of delta(18)O-NO(3)(-) indicated that NO(3)(-) in stream water is mainly derived from nitrification. Only during a high- flow event that exceeded the annual flood was precipitation a major contributor to stream water NO(3)(-). Values of delta(18)O-NO(3)(-) and delta(15)N-NO(3)(-) changed at differing rates as NO(3)(-) cycled through these watersheds because delta(18)O-NO(3)(-) values change sharply through the incorporation of oxygen from ambient water and gas during nitrification, whereas delta(15)N-NO(3)(-) values change only incrementally through fractionation during biocycling processes. The results of this study show that most NO(3)(-) is first cycled through the biota and nitrified before entering the stream. C1 US Geol Survey, Troy, NY 12180 USA. US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. RP Burns, DA (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 425 Jordan Rd, Troy, NY 12180 USA. EM daburns@usgs.gov RI Burns, Douglas/A-7507-2009 NR 54 TC 86 Z9 88 U1 1 U2 41 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0043-1397 J9 WATER RESOUR RES JI Water Resour. Res. PD MAY PY 2002 VL 38 IS 5 AR 1051 DI 10.1029/2001WR000292 PG 11 WC Environmental Sciences; Limnology; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Water Resources GA 609YY UT WOS:000178935000014 ER PT J AU Campbell, DH Kendall, C Chang, CCY Silva, SR Tonnessen, KA AF Campbell, DH Kendall, C Chang, CCY Silva, SR Tonnessen, KA TI Pathways for nitrate release from an alpine watershed: Determination using delta N-15 and delta O-18 SO WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE nitrogen; oxygen; isotopes; alpine; watershed; deposition ID COLORADO FRONT RANGE; NITROGEN SATURATION; ROCKY-MOUNTAINS; ECOSYSTEM RESPONSES; INORGANIC NITROGEN; OXYGEN; CHEMISTRY; SNOWMELT; FOREST; BASIN AB [1] Snowpack, snowmelt, precipitation, surface water, and groundwater samples from the Loch Vale watershed in Colorado were analyzed for delta(15)N and delta(18)O of nitrate to determine the processes controlling the release of atmospherically deposited nitrogen from alpine and subalpine ecosystems. Although overlap was found between the delta(15)N((NO3)) values for all water types (-4 to +6parts per thousand), the delta(18)O((NO3)) values for surface water and groundwater (+ 10 to +30parts per thousand) were usually distinct from snowpack, snowmelt, and rainfall values (+ 40 to +70parts per thousand). During snowmelt, delta(18)O((NO3)) indicated that about half of the nitrate in stream water was the product of microbial nitrification; at other times that amount was greater than half. Springs emerging from talus deposits had high nitrate concentrations and a seasonal pattern in delta(18)O((NO3)) that was similar to the pattern in the streams, indicating that shallow groundwater in talus deposits is a likely source of stream water nitrate. Only a few samples of surface water and groundwater collected during early snowmelt and large summer rain events had isotopic compositions that indicated most of the nitrate came directly from atmospheric deposition with no biological assimilation and release. This study demonstrates the value of the nitrate double-isotope technique for determining nitrogen-cycling processes and sources of nitrate in small, undisturbed watersheds that are enriched with inorganic nitrogen. C1 US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Lakewood, CO 80225 USA. US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. Univ Montana, Sch Forestry, Natl Pk Serv, Cooperat Ecosyst Study Unit, Missoula, MT 59812 USA. RP Campbell, DH (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, MS 415,POB 25046, Lakewood, CO 80225 USA. NR 37 TC 41 Z9 43 U1 2 U2 26 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0043-1397 J9 WATER RESOUR RES JI Water Resour. Res. PD MAY PY 2002 VL 38 IS 5 AR 1052 DI 10.1029/2001WR000294 PG 9 WC Environmental Sciences; Limnology; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Water Resources GA 609YY UT WOS:000178935000013 ER PT J AU Cacchione, DA Pratson, LF Ogston, AS AF Cacchione, DA Pratson, LF Ogston, AS TI The shaping of continental slopes by internal tides SO SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID VARIABILITY AB The angles of energy propagation of semidiurnal internal tides may determine the average gradient of continental slopes in ocean basins (similar to2 to 4 degrees). Intensification of near-bottom water velocities and bottom shear stresses caused by reflection of semi-diurnal internal tides affects sedimentation patterns and bottom gradients, as indicated by recent studies of continental slopes off northern California and New Jersey. Estimates of bottom shear velocities caused by semi-diurnal internal tides are high enough to inhibit deposition of fine-grained sediment onto the slopes. C1 US Geol Survey, Coastal & Marine Geol MS999, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. Duke Univ, Nicholas Sch Environm & Earth Sci, Durham, NC 27708 USA. Univ Washington, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. RP Cacchione, DA (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Coastal & Marine Geol MS999, 345 Middlefield Rd, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. NR 19 TC 140 Z9 144 U1 5 U2 27 PU AMER ASSOC ADVANCEMENT SCIENCE PI WASHINGTON PA 1200 NEW YORK AVE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 USA SN 0036-8075 J9 SCIENCE JI Science PD APR 26 PY 2002 VL 296 IS 5568 BP 724 EP 727 DI 10.1126/science.1069803 PG 4 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 546PD UT WOS:000175281700051 PM 11976451 ER PT J AU Sepulveda, MS Johnson, WE Higman, JC Denslow, ND Schoeb, TR Gross, TS AF Sepulveda, MS Johnson, WE Higman, JC Denslow, ND Schoeb, TR Gross, TS TI An evaluation of biomarkers of reproductive function and potential contaminant effects in Florida largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides floridanus) sampled from the St. Johns River SO SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article DE endocrine disruption; reproductive biomarkers; environmental contanimants; largemouth bass; Micropterus; salmoides floridanus; Florida; fish; sex hormones; vitellogenin ID ENGLISH SOLE; PUGET-SOUND; PLASMA; VITELLOGENIN; FISH; WASHINGTON; NEBULOSUS; EXPOSURE; HORMONES; VETULUS AB The objective of this study was to describe and compare several reproductive parameters for Florida largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides floridanus) inhabiting the St. Johns River and exposed to different types and/or degrees of contamination. Welaka was selected as the reference site in this study because of its low urban and agricultural development, Palatka is in close proximity to a paper mill plant, the Green Cove site is influenced by marine shipping activities and Julington Creek site receives discharges of domestic wastewater and storm water runoff from recreational boating marinas. For this study, bass were sampled both prior to (September 1996) and during the spawning season (February 1997). In order to characterize chemical exposure, bass livers were analyzed for up to 90 trace organics and 11 trace metal contaminants. Reproductive parameters measured included gonadosomatic index (GSI), histological evaluation of gonads and plasma concentrations of vitellogenin (VTG), 17beta-estradiol (E(2)) and 11-ketotestosterone (11-KT). In general, the sum of organic chemicals was highest in livers from Palatka bass and bass from Green Cove and Julington Creek had higher hepatic concentrations of low molecular polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and polychlorinated biphenyls when compared to fish from Welaka. Metals were more variable across sites, with highest mean concentrations found in bass from either Julington Creek (Ag, As, Cr, Cu, Zn) or Welaka (Cd, Hg, Pb, Se, Tn). Female bass from Palatka and Green Cove had lower concentrations of E(2). VTG and lower GSI in relation to Welaka. Males from Palatka and Green Cove showed comparable declines in 11-KT in relation to males from Julington Creek and GSI were decreased only in Palatka males. These results indicate a geographical trend in reproductive effects, with changes being most pronounced at the site closest to the paper mill (Palatka) and decreasing as the St. Johns River flows downstream. Since reproductive alterations were most evident in bass sampled from the site closest to the paper mill discharge, it is possible that exposure to these effluents might explain at least some of the results reported here. However, the presence of reproductive alterations in fish sampled at a considerable distance from the mill discharge (Green Cove, 40 km) would suggest exposure to chemicals released from sources other than the paper mill plant. It is clear that additional studies are needed to evaluate the potential impact of these reproductive changes in populations of Florida largemouth bass inhabiting the St. Johns River. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Florida, Coll Vet Med, Dept Physiol Sci, Gainesville, FL 32610 USA. USGS BRD Florida Caribbean Sci Ctr, Gainesville, FL 32653 USA. Florida Fish & Wildlife Conservat Commiss, Eutis Fisheries Res Lab, Eutis, FL 32726 USA. St Johns River Water Management Dist, Palatka, FL 32178 USA. Univ Florida, Coll Med, Dept Biochem & Mol Biol, Gainesville, FL 32610 USA. Univ Florida, Interdisciplinary Ctr Biotechnol Res ICBR, Gainesville, FL 32610 USA. Univ Florida, Coll Vet Med, Dept Pathobiol, Gainesville, FL 32610 USA. RP Sepulveda, MS (reprint author), Univ Florida, Coll Vet Med, Dept Physiol Sci, Gainesville, FL 32610 USA. EM marisol_sepulveda@usgs.gov RI Sepulveda, Maria/P-3598-2014 NR 28 TC 53 Z9 57 U1 2 U2 18 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0048-9697 J9 SCI TOTAL ENVIRON JI Sci. Total Environ. PD APR 22 PY 2002 VL 289 IS 1-3 BP 133 EP 144 AR PII S0048-9697(01)01029-4 DI 10.1016/S0048-9697(01)01029-4 PG 12 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 555WZ UT WOS:000175817400011 PM 12049390 ER PT J AU Shen, Y Solomon, SC Bjarnason, IT Nolet, G Morgan, WJ Allen, RM Vogfjord, K Jakobsdottir, S Stefansson, R Julian, BR Foulger, GR AF Shen, Y Solomon, SC Bjarnason, IT Nolet, G Morgan, WJ Allen, RM Vogfjord, K Jakobsdottir, S Stefansson, R Julian, BR Foulger, GR TI Seismic evidence for a tilted mantle plume and north-south mantle flow beneath Iceland SO EARTH AND PLANETARY SCIENCE LETTERS LA English DT Article DE mantle plumes; transition zones; discontinuities; convection; Iceland ID CRUSTAL STRUCTURE; VELOCITY STRUCTURE; TRANSITION ZONE; HELIUM-ISOTOPES; EARTHS MANTLE; DISCONTINUITY; HOTSPOTS; ORIGIN; BOUNDARY; PACIFIC AB Shear waves converted from compressional waves at mantle discontinuities near 410- and 660-km depth recorded by two broadband seismic experiments in Iceland reveal that the center of an area of anomalously thin mantle transition zone lies at least 100 km south of the upper-mantle low-velocity anomaly imaged tomographically beneath the hotspot. This offset is evidence for a tilted plume conduit in the upper mantle, the result of either northward flow of the Icelandic asthenosphere or southward flow of the upper part of the lower mantle in a no-net-rotation reference frame. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Rhode Isl, Grad Sch Oceanog, Narragansett, RI 02882 USA. Carnegie Inst Washington, Dept Terr Magnetism, Washington, DC 20015 USA. Univ Iceland, Inst Sci, IS-107 Reykjavik, Iceland. Princeton Univ, Dept Geosci, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA. Natl Energy Author, Reykjavik, Iceland. Meteorol Off Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland. US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. Univ Durham, Dept Geol Sci, Durham DH1 3LE, England. RP Shen, Y (reprint author), Univ Rhode Isl, Grad Sch Oceanog, S Ferry Rd, Narragansett, RI 02882 USA. RI Bjarnason, Ingi Thorleifur/E-6294-2012 OI Bjarnason, Ingi Thorleifur/0000-0001-5716-7053 NR 49 TC 55 Z9 57 U1 0 U2 12 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0012-821X J9 EARTH PLANET SC LETT JI Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. PD APR 15 PY 2002 VL 197 IS 3-4 BP 261 EP 272 AR PII S0012-821X(02)00494-6 DI 10.1016/S0012-821X(02)00494-6 PG 12 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 551GM UT WOS:000175551700012 ER PT J AU Deal, RL Tappeiner, JC AF Deal, RL Tappeiner, JC TI The effects of partial cutting on stand structure and growth of western hemlock-Sitka spruce stands in southeast Alaska SO FOREST ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE partial cutting; stand structure; tree growth; residual trees; regeneration; sitka spruce; western hemlock; southeast Alaska ID FOREST; HISTORY AB The effects of partial cutting on species composition, new and residual-tree cohorts, tree size distribution, and tree growth was evaluated on 73 plots in 18 stands throughout southeast Alaska. These partially cut stands were harvested 12-96 years ago, when 16-96% of the former stand basal area was removed. Partial cutting maintained stand structures similar to uncut old-growth stands, and the cutting had no significant effects on tree species composition. The establishment of new-tree cohorts was positively related to the proportion of basal-area cut. The current stand basal area, tree species composition, and stand growth were significantly related to trees left after harvest (p < 0.001). Trees that were 20-80 cm dbh at the time of cutting had the greatest tree-diameter and basal-area growth and contributed the most to stand growth. Diameter growth of Sitka spruce and western hemlock was similar, and the proportion of stand basal-area growth between species was consistent for different cutting intensities. Concerns about changing tree species composition, lack of spruce regeneration, and greatly reduced stand growth and vigor with partial cuts were largely unsubstantiated. Silvicultural systems based on partial cutting can provide rapidly growing trees for timber production while maintaining complex stand structures with mixtures of spruce and hemlock trees similar to old-growth stands. Published by Elsevier Science B.V. C1 USDA, Forest Serv, PNW Res Stn, Juneau, AK 99801 USA. USGS, Froest & Rangeland Ecosyst Sci Ctr, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. Oregon State Univ, Coll Forestry, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. RP Deal, RL (reprint author), USDA, Forest Serv, PNW Res Stn, POB 3890, Portland, OR 97208 USA. NR 41 TC 33 Z9 41 U1 1 U2 6 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0378-1127 J9 FOREST ECOL MANAG JI For. Ecol. Manage. PD APR 15 PY 2002 VL 159 IS 3 BP 173 EP 186 AR PII S0378-1127(00)00727-1 DI 10.1016/S0378-1127(00)00727-1 PG 14 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 538NL UT WOS:000174822000004 ER PT J AU Azua, BM DeMets, C Masterlark, T AF Azua, BM DeMets, C Masterlark, T TI Strong interseismic coupling, fault afterslip, and viscoelastic flow before and after the Oct. 9, 1995 Colima-Jalisco earthquake: Continuous GPS measurements from Colima, Mexico SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article ID SUBDUCTION; DEFORMATION; RIVERA; PLATE AB [1] Continuous GPS measurements from Colima, Mexico during 4/93-6/01, bracketing the Oct. 9, 1995 M = 8.0 Colima-Jalisco earthquake, provide new constraints on Rivera plate subduction mechanics. Modeling of margin-normal strain accumulation before the earthquake suggests the Rivera-North America subduction interface was fully locked. Transient postseismic motion from 10/95-6/97 is well fit by a model that includes logarithmically-decaying fault afterslip, elastic strain from shallow fault relocking, and possibly a minor viscoelastic response, but is fit poorly by models that assume a dominant Maxwell viscoelastic response of the lower crust and upper mantle, independent of the assumed viscosities. Landward, margin-normal motion since mid-1997 is parallel to but similar to75% slower than the pre-seismic velocity. Afterslip alone fails to account for this slowdown. The viscoelastic response predicted by a FEM correctly resolves the remaining velocity difference within the uncertainties. Both processes thus offset elastic strain accumulating from the relocked subduction interface. C1 Univ Guadalajara, Dept Geog & Ordenac Terr, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico. Univ Wisconsin, Dept Geol & Geophys, Madison, WI 53706 USA. Raytheon ITSS Corp, EROS Data Ctr, US Geol Survey, Sioux Falls, SD 57198 USA. RP Azua, BM (reprint author), Univ Guadalajara, Dept Geog & Ordenac Terr, Av Maestros & Mariano Barcena,Planta Alta, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico. NR 15 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 1 U2 2 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0094-8276 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD APR 15 PY 2002 VL 29 IS 8 AR 1281 DI 10.1029/2002GL014702 PG 4 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 609DF UT WOS:000178886800006 ER PT J AU Tanaka, KL Kargel, JS MacKinnon, DJ Hare, TM Hoffman, N AF Tanaka, KL Kargel, JS MacKinnon, DJ Hare, TM Hoffman, N TI Catastrophic erosion of Hellas basin rim on Mars induced by magmatic intrusion into volatile-rich rocks SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article ID THARSIS REGION; TOPOGRAPHY; SEDIMENTS; GEOLOGY; SURFACE; CO2 AB [1] Malea and Hesperia Plana form large sectors of the rim of Hellas basin that display partly eroded volcanic shields and plains. These regions have topographic profiles that appear to be several hundred meters lower than those of adjacent rim sectors and lack prominent massifs of remnant basement that would be expected to stand above the lava plains. We interpret that before the volcanic edifices were constructed, these regions were denuded by an early stage of voluminous sill intrusion into friable, volatile-rich impact breccia. Magma-volatile interactions may have resulted in catastrophic generation of debris flows deposited into the adjacent basin, particularly if CO2 were involved. Later, lavas covered the eroded terrain; in turn, the lavas were eroded locally by volatile interactions. Across Mars, huge channel systems, erosional features in volcanic terranes, and vast layered deposits may be due to magma-volatile interactions. C1 US Geol Survey, Astrogeol Team, Flagstaff, AZ 86001 USA. Univ Melbourne, Sch Earth Sci, Parkville, Vic 3010, Australia. RP Tanaka, KL (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Astrogeol Team, 2255 N Gemini Dr, Flagstaff, AZ 86001 USA. NR 21 TC 30 Z9 30 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0094-8276 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD APR 15 PY 2002 VL 29 IS 8 AR 1195 DI 10.1029/2001GL013885 PG 4 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 609DF UT WOS:000178886800092 ER PT J AU Hagstrum, JT Booth, DB Troost, KG Blakely, RJ AF Hagstrum, JT Booth, DB Troost, KG Blakely, RJ TI Magnetostratigraphy, paleomagnetic correlation, and deformation of Pleistocene deposits in the south central Puget Lowland, Washington SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SOLID EARTH LA English DT Article DE Puget Lowland; Pleistocene; magnetostratigraphy; paleosecular variation; tectonic deformation ID SEATTLE FAULT; SOUND; HAZARDS; AMERICA; ORIGIN AB [1] Paleomagnetic results from Pleistocene sedimentary deposits in the central Puget Lowland indicate that the region has experienced widespread deformation within the last 780 kyr. Three oriented samples were collected from unaltered fine-grained sediments mostly at sea level to determine the magnetostratigraphy at 83 sites. Of these, 47 have normal, 18 have reversed, and 18 have transitional (8 localities) polarities. Records of reversed- to normal-polarity transitions of the geomagnetic field were found in thick sections of silt near the eastern end of the Tacoma Narrows Bridge, and again at Wingehaven Park near the northern tip of Vashon Island. The transitional horizons, probably related to the Bruhnes-Matuyama reversal, apparently fall between previously dated Pleistocene sediments at the Puyallup Valley type section (all reversed- polarity) to the south and the Whidbey Island type section (all normal-polarity) to the north. The samples, in general, are of sufficient quality to record paleosecular variation (PSV) of the geomagnetic field, and a statistical technique is used to correlate horizons with significant agreement in their paleomagnetic directions. Our data are consistent with the broad structures of the Seattle uplift inferred at depth from seismic reflection, gravity, and aeromagnetic profiles, but the magnitude of vertical adjustments is greatly subdued in the Pleistocene deposits. C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. Univ Washington, Dept Earth & Space Sci, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. Univ Washington, Dept Geol Sci, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. RP Hagstrum, JT (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 345 Middlefield Rd,Mail Stop 937, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. EM jhag@usgs.gov; dbooth@u.washington.edu; ktroost@u.washington.edu; blakely@usgs.gov NR 37 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-9313 EI 2169-9356 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-SOL EA JI J. Geophys. Res.-Solid Earth PD APR 10 PY 2002 VL 107 IS B4 AR 2079 DI 10.1029/2001JB000557 PG 14 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 609QX UT WOS:000178917000006 ER PT J AU Kilb, D Gomberg, J Bodin, P AF Kilb, D Gomberg, J Bodin, P TI Aftershock triggering by complete Coulomb stress changes SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SOLID EARTH LA English DT Article DE Aftershock triggering; Landers earthquake 1992; Coulomb stress; reflectivity; dynamic stress changes; seismicity rate change ID 28 JUNE 1992; LANDERS EARTHQUAKE SEQUENCE; CALIFORNIA SHEAR ZONE; LINK CLUSTER-ANALYSIS; STATIC-STRESS; SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA; FAULT INTERACTION; DYNAMIC STRESS; STRAIN CHANGES; SLIP AB [1] We examine the correlation between seismicity rate change following the 1992, M7.3, Landers, California, earthquake and characteristics of the complete Coulomb failure stress (CFS) changes (DeltaCFS(t)) that this earthquake generated. At close distances the time-varying "dynamic'' portion of the stress change depends on how the rupture develops temporally and spatially and arises from radiated seismic waves and from permanent coseismic fault displacement. The permanent "static'' portion (DeltaCFS) depends only on the final coseismic displacement. DeltaCFS diminishes much more rapidly with distance than the transient, dynamic stress changes. A common interpretation of the strong correlation between DeltaCFS and aftershocks is that load changes can advance or delay failure. Stress changes may also promote failure by physically altering properties of the fault or its environs. Because it is transient, DeltaCFS( t) can alter the failure rate only by the latter means. We calculate both DeltaCFS and the maximum positive value of DeltaCFS( t) (peak DeltaCFS( t)) using a reflectivity program. Input parameters are constrained by modeling Landers displacement seismograms. We quantify the correlation between maps of seismicity rate changes and maps of modeled DeltaCFS and peak DeltaCFS( t) and find agreement for both models. However, rupture directivity, which does not affect DeltaCFS, creates larger peak DeltaCFS( t) values northwest of the main shock. This asymmetry is also observed in seismicity rate changes but not in DeltaCFS. This result implies that dynamic stress changes are as effective as static stress changes in triggering aftershocks and may trigger earthquakes long after the waves have passed. C1 Univ Memphis, Ctr Earthquake Res & Informat, Memphis, TN 38152 USA. Memphis State Univ, Ctr Earthquake Res & Informat, US Geol Survey, Memphis, TN 38152 USA. RP Kilb, D (reprint author), Univ Calif San Diego, Inst Geophys & Planetary Phys, MS 0225, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA. EM dkilb@epicenter.ucsd.edu; gomberg@usgs.gov; bodin@ceri.memphis.edu NR 68 TC 72 Z9 78 U1 0 U2 11 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-9313 EI 2169-9356 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-SOL EA JI J. Geophys. Res.-Solid Earth PD APR 10 PY 2002 VL 107 IS B4 AR 2060 DI 10.1029/2001JB000202 PG 15 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 609QX UT WOS:000178917000025 ER PT J AU Mann, D Freymueller, J Lu, Z AF Mann, D Freymueller, J Lu, Z TI Deformation associated with the 1997 eruption of Okmok volcano, Alaska SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SOLID EARTH LA English DT Article DE Aleutian Arc; volcano; deformation; InSAR; caldera activity ID SATELLITE RADAR INTERFEROMETRY; KILAUEA VOLCANO; BENEATH AB [1] Okmok volcano, located on Umnak Island in the Aleutian chain, Alaska, is the most eruptive caldera system in North America in historic time. Its most recent eruption occurred in 1997. Synthetic aperture radar interferometry shows deflation of the caldera center of up to 140 cm during this time, preceded and followed by inflation of smaller magnitude. The main part of the observed deformation can be modeled using a pressure point source model. The inferred source is located between 2.5 and 5.0 km beneath the approximate center of the caldera and similar to5 km from the eruptive vent. We interpret it as a central magma reservoir. The preeruptive period features inflation accompanied by shallow localized subsidence between the caldera center and the vent. We hypothesize that this is caused by hydrothermal activity or that magma moved away from the central chamber and toward the later vent. Since all historic eruptions at Okmok have originated from the same cone, this feature may be a precursor that indicates an upcoming eruption. The erupted magma volume is similar to9 times the volume that can be accounted for by the observed preeruptive inflation. This indicates a much longer inflation interval than we were able to observe. The observation that reinflation started shortly after the eruption suggests that inflation spans the whole time interval between eruptions. Extrapolation of the average subsurface volume change rate is in good agreement with the long-term eruption frequency and eruption volumes of Okmok. C1 Univ Alaska, Inst Geophys, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA. US Geol Survey, EROS Data Ctr, Raytheon ITSS, Sioux Falls, SD 57198 USA. RP Mann, D (reprint author), Univ Alaska, Inst Geophys, POB 757320, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA. EM doerte@giseis.alaska.edu; jeff@giseis.alaska.edu; lu@usgs.gov NR 14 TC 23 Z9 23 U1 2 U2 4 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-9313 EI 2169-9356 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-SOL EA JI J. Geophys. Res.-Solid Earth PD APR 10 PY 2002 VL 107 IS B4 AR 2072 DI 10.1029/2001JB000163 PG 17 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 609QX UT WOS:000178917000013 ER PT J AU Gorgas, TJ Wilkens, RH Fu, SS Frazer, LN Richardson, MD Briggs, KB Lee, H AF Gorgas, TJ Wilkens, RH Fu, SS Frazer, LN Richardson, MD Briggs, KB Lee, H TI In situ acoustic and laboratory ultrasonic sound speed and attenuation measured in heterogeneous soft seabed sediments: Eel River shelf, California SO MARINE GEOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Eel River; velocity; attenuation; porosity; density; dispersion; scatterning ID MARINE-SEDIMENTS; NORTHERN CALIFORNIA; IN-SITU; CONTINENTAL-SHELF; ELASTIC PROPERTIES; VELOCITY PROFILES; WAVE PROPAGATION; MARGIN; VARIABILITY; TRANSPORT AB We compared in situ and laboratory velocity and attenuation values measured in seafloor sediments from the shallow water delta of the Eel River, California. This region receives a substantial volume of fluvial sediment that is discharged annually onto the shelf. Additionally, a high input of fluvial sediments during storms generates flood deposits that are characterized by thin beds of variable grain-sizes between the 40- and 90-m isobaths. The main objectives of this study were (1) to investigate signatures of seafloor processes on geoacoustic and physical properties, and (2) to evaluate differences between geoacoustic parameters measured in situ at acoustic (7.5 kHz) and in the laboratory at ultrasonic (400 kHz) frequencies. The in situ acoustic measurements were conducted between 60 and 100 in of water depth. Wet-bulk density and porosity profiles were obtained to 1.15 m below seafloor (m bsf) using gravity cores of the mostly cohesive fine-grained sediments across- and along-shelf. Physical and geoacoustic properties from six selected sites obtained on the Eel margin revealed the following. (1) Sound speed and wet-bulk density strongly correlated in most cases. (2) Sediment compaction with depth generally led to increased sound speed and density, while porosity and in situ attenuation values decreased. (3) Sound speed was higher in coarser- than in finer-grained sediments, on a maximum average by 80 in s(-1). (4) In coarse-grained sediments sound speed was higher in the laboratory (1560 in s-1) than in situ (1520 in s-1). In contrast, average ultrasonic and in situ sound speed in fine-grained sediments showed only little differences (both approximately 1480 in s(-1)). (5) Greater attenuation was commonly measured in the laboratory (0.4 and 0.8 dB m(-1) kHz(-1)) than in situ (0.02 and 0.65 dB m(-1) kHz(-1)), and remained almost constant below 0.4 in bsf. We attributed discrepancies between laboratory ultrasonic and in situ acoustic measurements to a frequency dependence of velocity and attenuation. In addition, laboratory attenuation was most likely enhanced due to scattering of sound waves at heterogeneities that were on the scale of ultrasonic wavelengths. In contrast, high in situ attenuation values were linked to stratigraphic scattering at thin-bed layers that form along with flood deposits. (C) 2002 Published by Elsevier Science B.V. C1 Univ Hawaii, Dept Geol & Geophys, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. Univ Hawaii, Hawaii Inst Geophys & Planetol, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. USN, Res Lab, Marine Geosci Div, Stennis Space Ctr, MS 39529 USA. US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. RP Gorgas, TJ (reprint author), Univ Hawaii, Hawaii Nat Energy Inst, 2525 Correa Rd, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. NR 55 TC 19 Z9 23 U1 3 U2 8 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0025-3227 J9 MAR GEOL JI Mar. Geol. PD APR 10 PY 2002 VL 182 IS 1-2 BP 103 EP 119 AR PII S0025-3227(01)00230-4 DI 10.1016/S0025-3227(01)00230-4 PG 17 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Oceanography SC Geology; Oceanography GA 554QD UT WOS:000175747000006 ER PT J AU Rostad, CE AF Rostad, CE TI Analysis for solvent dyes in light non-aqueous phase liquid samples by electrospray ionization/mass spectrometry. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Water Resources Discipline, Denver, CO 80225 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD APR 7 PY 2002 VL 223 MA 006-PETR BP C2 EP C3 PN 2 PG 2 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 564CE UT WOS:000176296801382 ER PT J AU Bargar, JR Fuller, CC Davis, JA AF Bargar, JR Fuller, CC Davis, JA TI U(VI)-anion ternary complex formation on hematite. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Stanford Synchrotron Radiat Lab, Stanford, CA 94309 USA. US Geol Survey, Div Water Resources, Reston, VA 22092 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD APR 7 PY 2002 VL 223 MA 120-GEOC BP U611 EP U611 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 564CD UT WOS:000176296703360 ER PT J AU Brown, GE Kim, CS Shaw, S Lowry, GV Rytuba, JJ Gustin, MS AF Brown, GE Kim, CS Shaw, S Lowry, GV Rytuba, JJ Gustin, MS TI Processes controlling the chemical/isotopic speciation and distribution of mercury from contaminated mine sites. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Stanford Univ, Dept Geol & Environm Sci, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. Carnegie Mellon Univ, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 USA. US Geol Survey, Reston, VA 22092 USA. Univ Nevada, Dept Environm & Resource Sci, Reno, NV 89557 USA. RI Shaw, Sam/D-6869-2011 NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD APR 7 PY 2002 VL 223 MA 098-ENVR BP U524 EP U525 PN 1 PG 2 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 564CD UT WOS:000176296702935 ER PT J AU Ferrer, I Furlong, ET Leenheer, JA Rostad, CE Aiken, GR AF Ferrer, I Furlong, ET Leenheer, JA Rostad, CE Aiken, GR TI Analysis of humic and fulvic acids by electrospray/ion trap tandem mass spectrometry. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 USGS, NWQL, Lakewood, CO 80225 USA. US Geol Survey, Natl Water Qual Lab, Reston, VA 22092 USA. US Geol Survey, Div Water Resources, Reston, VA 22092 USA. RI Furlong, Edward/C-3999-2011; Ferrer, Imma/A-8161-2008 OI Furlong, Edward/0000-0002-7305-4603; Ferrer, Imma/0000-0002-8730-7851 NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD APR 7 PY 2002 VL 223 MA 033-ENVR BP U514 EP U514 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 564CD UT WOS:000176296702870 ER PT J AU Ferrer, I AF Ferrer, I TI Ion trap LC/MS/MS as a research tool for the identification of environmental unknowns. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US Geol Survey, Natl Water Qual Lab, Denver, CO 80225 USA. US Geol Survey, Natl Water Qual Lab, Denver, CO 80225 USA. US Geol Survey, Div Water Resources, Denver, CO 80225 USA. EM iferrer@usgs.gov NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD APR 7 PY 2002 VL 223 MA 004-ENVR BP U509 EP U509 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 564CD UT WOS:000176296702841 ER PT J AU Furlong, ET Ferrer, I Zaugg, SD Kolpin, DW AF Furlong, ET Ferrer, I Zaugg, SD Kolpin, DW TI Antimicrobial surfactants in water and sediment: Determination and environmental distribution. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US Geol Survey, Natl Water Qual Lab, Denver, CO 80225 USA. RI Furlong, Edward/C-3999-2011; Ferrer, Imma/A-8161-2008 OI Furlong, Edward/0000-0002-7305-4603; Ferrer, Imma/0000-0002-8730-7851 NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 7 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD APR 7 PY 2002 VL 223 MA 042-ENVR BP U515 EP U516 PN 1 PG 2 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 564CD UT WOS:000176296702879 ER PT J AU Furlong, ET AF Furlong, ET TI Identification and quantitation of pharmaceuticals, surfactants, and other organic environmental contaminants by atmospheric pressure tandem mass spectrometry. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Natl Water Qual Lab, Denver, CO 80225 USA. US Geol Survey, Div Water Resources, Denver, CO 80225 USA. RI Furlong, Edward/C-3999-2011 OI Furlong, Edward/0000-0002-7305-4603 NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD APR 7 PY 2002 VL 223 MA 009-ENVR BP U510 EP U510 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 564CD UT WOS:000176296702846 ER PT J AU Kinney, CA Felis, IF Mosier, A Furlong, ET Mandernack, KW AF Kinney, CA Felis, IF Mosier, A Furlong, ET Mandernack, KW TI Use of LC-MS-MS for determination of pesticides and pesticide degradation products in correlation with measurements of trace gas fluxes (CO2, N2O, and CH4) in Northeast Colorado. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Colorado Sch Mines, Dept Chem & Geochem, Golden, CO 80401 USA. US Geol Survey, Methods Res & Dev Program, Natl Water Qual Lab, Reston, VA 22092 USA. USDA ARS, Washington, DC 20250 USA. RI Furlong, Edward/C-3999-2011 OI Furlong, Edward/0000-0002-7305-4603 NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD APR 7 PY 2002 VL 223 MA 012-ENVR BP U510 EP U511 PN 1 PG 2 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 564CD UT WOS:000176296702849 ER PT J AU Leenheer, J Ferrer, I Furlong, ET Rostad, CE AF Leenheer, J Ferrer, I Furlong, ET Rostad, CE TI Charge characteristics and fragmentation of polycarboxylic acids by electrospray ionization, multiple tandem mass spectrometry (ESI/MS/MS). SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US Geol Survey, Water Resources Div, Natl Res Program, Denver Fed Ctr, Denver, CO 80225 USA. RI Furlong, Edward/C-3999-2011; Ferrer, Imma/A-8161-2008 OI Furlong, Edward/0000-0002-7305-4603; Ferrer, Imma/0000-0002-8730-7851 NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD APR 7 PY 2002 VL 223 MA 006-ENVR BP U509 EP U510 PN 1 PG 2 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 564CD UT WOS:000176296702843 ER PT J AU Leenheer, JA AF Leenheer, JA TI Analysis of non-humic components of dissolved organic matter. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US Geol Survey, Water Resource Div, Denver Fed Ctr, Denver, CO 80225 USA. NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD APR 7 PY 2002 VL 223 MA 030-ENVR BP U513 EP U513 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 564CD UT WOS:000176296702867 ER PT J AU Lewan, MD Hill, RJ AF Lewan, MD Hill, RJ TI High-pressure effects on generation of expelled oil in hydrous pyrolysis experiments. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Denver, CO 80225 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD APR 7 PY 2002 VL 223 MA 036-GEOC BP U597 EP U597 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 564CD UT WOS:000176296703276 ER PT J AU Mill, T Ross, D AF Mill, T Ross, D TI Reduction of CO2 to C1 products and fuel. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 SRI Int, Chem Lab, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. US Geol Survey, Reston, VA 22092 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD APR 7 PY 2002 VL 223 MA 108-FUEL BP U577 EP U577 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 564CD UT WOS:000176296703173 ER PT J AU Rostad, CE Leenheer, JA AF Rostad, CE Leenheer, JA TI Molecular weight distributions of Suwannee River fulvic acid by electrospray ionization/mass spectrometry. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 USGS, NWQL, Lakewood, CO 80225 USA. US Geol Survey, Natl Water Qual Lab, Reston, VA 22092 USA. US Geol Survey, Div Water Resources, Reston, VA 22092 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD APR 7 PY 2002 VL 223 MA 032-ENVR BP U514 EP U514 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 564CD UT WOS:000176296702869 ER PT J AU Thorn, KA AF Thorn, KA TI Reduction and incorporation of nitrate nitrogen into aquatic NOM upon UV irradiation examined by N-15 NMR. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Lakewood, CO 80225 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD APR 7 PY 2002 VL 223 MA 049-ENVR BP U517 EP U517 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 564CD UT WOS:000176296702886 ER PT J AU Thurman, EM AF Thurman, EM TI Comparison of quad rupole-time-of-flight (Q-tof), triple quadrupole, and ion-trap mass spectrometry/mass spectrometry (MS/MS) for the analysis of unknown pesticides and pharmaceuticals in water. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US Geol Survey, Lawrence, KS 66049 USA. US Geol Survey, Natl Water Qual Lab, Lawrence, KS 66049 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 5 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD APR 7 PY 2002 VL 223 MA 010-ENVR BP U510 EP U510 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 564CD UT WOS:000176296702847 ER PT J AU Wershaw, RL AF Wershaw, RL TI Fractionation of DOM by countercurrent chromatography. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US Geol Survey, Water Resources Div, Lakewood, CO 80225 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD APR 7 PY 2002 VL 223 MA 058-ENVR BP U518 EP U518 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 564CD UT WOS:000176296702895 ER PT J AU Winograd, IJ AF Winograd, IJ TI The California Current, devils hole, and Pleistocene climate SO SCIENCE LA English DT Editorial Material ID CALCITE; RECORD; VEIN C1 US Geol Survey, Natl Ctr 432, Reston, VA 20192 USA. RP Winograd, IJ (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Natl Ctr 432, 12201 Sunrise Valley Dr, Reston, VA 20192 USA. NR 10 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 1 U2 6 PU AMER ASSOC ADVANCEMENT SCIENCE PI WASHINGTON PA 1200 NEW YORK AVE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 USA SN 0036-8075 J9 SCIENCE JI Science PD APR 5 PY 2002 VL 296 IS 5565 PG 1 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 539FA UT WOS:000174858800001 ER PT J AU Andersen, DC Nelson, SM AF Andersen, DC Nelson, SM TI Effects of cottonwood leaf beetle Chrysomela scripta (Coleoptera : Chrysomelidae) on survival and growth of Fremont cottonwood (Populus fremontii) in northwest Colorado SO AMERICAN MIDLAND NATURALIST LA English DT Article ID HYBRID ZONES; HERBIVORY; ECOSYSTEMS; PREFERENCES; COMMUNITIES; CHEMISTRY AB Greenhouse and field studies were used to assess the effects of a cottonwood leaf beetle (Chrysomela scripta) outbreak on growth and survivorship of Fremont cottonwood (Populus fremontii) along a segment of the Yampa River in northwestern Colorado. Exposure of greenhouse-reared seedlings to either I or 3 larvae reduced survivorship and the shout and root masses of surviving seedlings. In the field sapling survivorship in unmanipulated, naturally established patches of saplings vas inversely related to the intensity of beetle damage noted the previous year in both 1998-1999 and 1999-2000. Floodplain saplings treated with the insecticide esfenvalerate during two growing seasons added more height and radial growth than untreated saplings. Field observations in riparian stands along the Yampa River indicated that beetles preferentially oviposited and fed on cottonwood seedlings over saplings and mature trees during late summer. Taken together, the greenhouse and field Studies suggest herbivory by C. scripta is a major determinant of Fremont cottonwood distribution and abundance at the Yampa River site. Repeated surveys detected few or no beetles in stands along the neighboring but regulated Green River. We hypothesize that flow regulation, by reducing P. fremontii seedling abundance, precludes C. scripta from reaching outbreak status along the Green River. C1 US Geol Survey, Midcontinent Ecol Sci Ctr, USBR, Denver, CO 80225 USA. US Bur Reclamat, Lakewood, CO 80225 USA. RP Andersen, DC (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Midcontinent Ecol Sci Ctr, USBR, D-8220,POB 25007, Denver, CO 80225 USA. RI Andersen, Douglas/A-4563-2013 NR 28 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 1 U2 3 PU AMER MIDLAND NATURALIST PI NOTRE DAME PA UNIV NOTRE DAME, BOX 369, ROOM 295 GLSC, NOTRE DAME, IN 46556 USA SN 0003-0031 J9 AM MIDL NAT JI Am. Midl. Nat. PD APR PY 2002 VL 147 IS 2 BP 189 EP 203 DI 10.1674/0003-0031(2002)147[0189:EOCLBC]2.0.CO;2 PG 15 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 547LK UT WOS:000175333700001 ER PT J AU Renfrew, RB Ribic, CA AF Renfrew, RB Ribic, CA TI Influence of topography on density of grassland passerines in pastures SO AMERICAN MIDLAND NATURALIST LA English DT Article ID BIRD COMMUNITIES; HABITAT QUALITY; AREA; PERSPECTIVE; INDICATOR; KANSAS AB Pastures provide substantial habitat for grassland birds of management concern in the Driftless Area of southwestern Wisconsin. The rolling topography in this region is characterized by lowland valleys Surrounded by relatively steep and often wooded slopes which are set apart from more expansive treeless uplands. We hypothesized that there would be lower densities of area sensitive grassland passerines in lowland grasslands compared to upland grasslands because Of their Preference for larger more open grasslands. To test this hypothesis and assess how well pasture area and vegetation structure predicted grassland passerine density compared to upland/lowland status, we conducted point counts of birds in 60 pastures in May-June 1997 and 1998. Upland pastures generally supported greater, densities of grassland passerines than lowland pastures. Densities of Savannah sparrow (Passerculus sandwichensis) and bobolink, (Dolichonyx oryzivorus) were significantly higher in upland pastures than in lowland pastures. Grasshopper sparrow (Ammodramus savannarum) density was significantly higher on uplands in one of the study years. The density of eastern meadowlark (Sturnella magna), western meadowlark (S. neglecta) and sedge wren (Cistothorus platensis) did not differ significantly, between uplands and lowlands. Grassland passerine density was also predicted by pasture size and vegetation structure. Densities of bobolink and grasshopper sparrow were higher in larger pastures, Bobolink and Savannah sparrow occured on pastures with greater vegetation height-density and less bare ground; bobolink, also preferred shallower litter depths. Lowland pastures supported grassland bird species of management concern and should not be neglected. However, we recommend that pasture management for grassland passerines in areas of variable topography favor relatively large upland pastures that will contain higher densities of species of management concern. C1 Univ Wisconsin, USGS BRD, Wisconsin Cooperat Wildlife Res Unit, Dept Wildlife Ecol, Madison, WI 53706 USA. RP Renfrew, RB (reprint author), Univ Wisconsin, USGS BRD, Wisconsin Cooperat Wildlife Res Unit, Dept Wildlife Ecol, Madison, WI 53706 USA. NR 41 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 2 U2 9 PU AMER MIDLAND NATURALIST PI NOTRE DAME PA UNIV NOTRE DAME, BOX 369, ROOM 295 GLSC, NOTRE DAME, IN 46556 USA SN 0003-0031 J9 AM MIDL NAT JI Am. Midl. Nat. PD APR PY 2002 VL 147 IS 2 BP 315 EP 325 DI 10.1674/0003-0031(2002)147[0315:IOTODO]2.0.CO;2 PG 11 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 547LK UT WOS:000175333700012 ER PT J AU Muck, JA Rabeni, CF Distefano, RJ AF Muck, JA Rabeni, CF Distefano, RJ TI Reproductive biology of the crayfish Orconectes luteus (Creaser) in a Missouri stream SO AMERICAN MIDLAND NATURALIST LA English DT Article ID DECAPODA; ONTARIO AB The reproductive biology of the crayfish Orconectes luteus (Creaser) from the jacks Fork River, Missouri, was studied. Data on reproduction, fecundity and growth were obtained from monthly or semimonthly collections over 27 me. Females oviposited in March or April, depending on water temperature, and the young became independent by May or June. Seasonal growth and melting began when water temperatures exceeded about 9 C in spring and ceased when water temperatures dropped below 8 C in fall. About one-third of the male and female crayfish became sexually mature their first year of life. Adult males began molting to the reproductive state (Form I) in September and October and returned to the nonreproductive state (Form II) in April and May when the females were carrying eggs and young. Newly hatched young went through two molts before becoming independent from the female in the third instar. A significant positive relation was found between crayfish size and number of ovarian eggs, pleopodal eggs and size of pleopodal eggs. Significantly greater numbers of ovarian vs. pleopodal eggs were found at both sites. C1 US Geol Survey, Missouri Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. Univ Missouri, Dept Fisheries & Wildlife Sci, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. Missouri Dept Conservat, Columbia, MO 65201 USA. RP Rabeni, CF (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Missouri Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, 302 Anheuser Busch Nat Resources Bldg, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. NR 28 TC 21 Z9 21 U1 2 U2 8 PU AMER MIDLAND NATURALIST PI NOTRE DAME PA UNIV NOTRE DAME, BOX 369, ROOM 295 GLSC, NOTRE DAME, IN 46556 USA SN 0003-0031 J9 AM MIDL NAT JI Am. Midl. Nat. PD APR PY 2002 VL 147 IS 2 BP 338 EP 351 DI 10.1674/0003-0031(2002)147[0338:RBOTCO]2.0.CO;2 PG 14 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 547LK UT WOS:000175333700014 ER PT J AU Kuske, CR Ticknor, LO Miller, ME Dunbar, JM Davis, JA Barns, SM Belnap, J AF Kuske, CR Ticknor, LO Miller, ME Dunbar, JM Davis, JA Barns, SM Belnap, J TI Comparison of soil bacterial communities in rhizospheres of three plant species and the interspaces in an arid grassland SO APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID SOUTHWESTERN UNITED-STATES; BROMUS-TECTORUM L; MICROBIAL BIOMASS; NORTH-AMERICA; DIVERSITY; NITROGEN; CRUSTS; DESERT; LENGTH; RNA AB Soil bacteria are important contributors to primary productivity and nutrient cycling in and land ecosystems, and their populations may be greatly affected by changes in environmental conditions. In parallel studies, the composition of the total bacterial community and of members of the Acidobacterium division were assessed in and grassland soils using terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism (TRF, also known as T-RFLP) analysis of 16S rRNA, genes amplified from soil DNA. Bacterial communities associated with the rhizospheres of the native bunchgrasses Stipa hymenoides and Hilaria jamesii, the invading annual grass Bromus tectorum, and the interspaces colonized by cyanobacterial soil crusts were compared at three depths. When used in a replicated field-scale study, TRF analysis was useful for identifying broad-scale, consistent differences in the bacterial communities in different soil locations, over the natural microscale heterogeneity of the soil. The compositions of the total bacterial community and Acidobacterium division in the soil crust interspaces were significantly different from those of the plant rhizospheres. Major differences were also observed in the rhizospheres of the three plant species and were most apparent with analysis of the Acidobacterium division. The total bacterial community and the Acidobacterium division bacteria were affected by soil depth in both the interspaces and plant rhizospheres. This study provides a baseline for monitoring bacterial community structure and dynamics with changes in plant cover and environmental conditions in the and grasslands. C1 Los Alamos Natl Lab, Environm Mol Biol Grp, Biosci Div, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. Los Alamos Natl Lab, Decis Applicat Div, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. Bur Land Management, Grand Staircase Escalante Natl Monument, Kanab, UT USA. US Geol Survey, Moab, UT USA. RP Kuske, CR (reprint author), Los Alamos Natl Lab, Environm Mol Biol Grp, Biosci Div, POB 1663,B-N1,M888, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. NR 45 TC 192 Z9 214 U1 10 U2 68 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1752 N ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036-2904 USA SN 0099-2240 J9 APPL ENVIRON MICROB JI Appl. Environ. Microbiol. PD APR PY 2002 VL 68 IS 4 BP 1854 EP 1863 DI 10.1128/AEM.68.4.1854-1863.2002 PG 10 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology GA 538YF UT WOS:000174842200047 PM 11916705 ER PT J AU Harvey, RW Mayberry, N Kinner, NE Metge, DW Novarino, F AF Harvey, RW Mayberry, N Kinner, NE Metge, DW Novarino, F TI Effect of growth conditions and staining procedure upon the subsurface transport and attachment behaviors of a groundwater protist SO APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID CONTAMINATED SANDY AQUIFER; CAPE-COD; CRYPTOSPORIDIUM-PARVUM; BACTERIOPHAGE PRD1; COLLOID TRANSPORT; IN-SITU; BACTERIAL; SEDIMENTS; FILTRATION; PROTOZOA AB The transport and attachment behaviors of Spumella guttula (Kent), a nanoflagellate (protist) found in contaminated and uncontaminated aquifer sediments in Cape Cod, Mass., were assessed in flow-through and static columns and in a field injection-and-recovery transport experiment involving an array of multilevel samplers. Transport of S. guttula harvested from low-nutrient (10 mg of dissolved organic carbon per liter), slightly acidic, granular (porous) growth media was compared to earlier observations involving nanoflagellates own in a traditional high-nutrient liquid broth. In contrast to the highly retarded (retardation factor of similar to3) subsurface transport previously reported for S. guttula, the peak concentration of porous-medium-grown S. guttula traveled concomitantly with that of a conservative (bromide) tracer. About one-third of the porous-medium-grown nanoflagellates added to the aquifer were transported at least 2.8 m downgradient, compared to only similar to2% of the broth-grown nanoflagellates. Flowthrough column studies revealed that a vital (hydroethidine [HE]) staining procedure resulted in considerably less attachment (more transport) of S. guttula in aquifer sediments than did a staining-and-fixation procedure involving 4',6'-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) and glutaraldehyde. The calculated collision efficiency (similar to10(-2) for porous-medium-grown, DAPI-stained nanoflagellates) was comparable to that observed earlier for the indigenous community of unattached ground-water bacteria that serve as prey. The attachment of HE-labeled S. guttula onto aquifer sediment grains was independent of pH (over the range from pH 3 to 9) suggesting a primary attachment mechanism that may be fundamentally different from that of their prey bacteria, which exhibit sharp decreases in fractional attachment with increasing pH. The high degree of mobility of S. guttula in the aquifer sediments has important ecological implications for the protistan community within the temporally changing plume of organic contaminants in the Cape Cod aquifer. C1 US Geol Survey, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. Univ New Hampshire, Environm Res Grp, Durham, NH 03824 USA. Museum Nat Hist, Dept Zool, London SW 5BD, England. RP Harvey, RW (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 3215 Marine St, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RI Harvey, Ronald/C-5783-2013 OI Harvey, Ronald/0000-0002-2791-8503 NR 41 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 7 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1752 N ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036-2904 USA SN 0099-2240 J9 APPL ENVIRON MICROB JI Appl. Environ. Microbiol. PD APR PY 2002 VL 68 IS 4 BP 1872 EP 1881 DI 10.1128/AEM.68.4.1872-1881.2002 PG 10 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology GA 538YF UT WOS:000174842200049 PM 11916707 ER PT J AU De Carlo, EH Anthony, SS AF De Carlo, EH Anthony, SS TI Spatial and temporal variability of trace element concentrations in an urban subtropical watershed, Honolulu, Hawaii SO APPLIED GEOCHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID NARRAGANSETT BAY; UNITED-STATES; RHODE-ISLAND; LEAD; SEDIMENTS; PB; ACCUMULATION; SEAWATER; COPPER; INPUTS AB Trace metal concentrations in soils and in stream and estuarine sediments from a subtropical urban watershed in Hawaii are presented. The results are placed in the context of historical studies of environmental quality (water, soils, and sediment) in Hawaii to elucidate sources of trace elements and the processes responsible for their distribution. This work builds on earlier studies on sediments of Ala Wai Canal of urban Honolulu by examining spatial and temporal variations in the trace elements throughout the watershed. Natural processes and anthropogenic activity in urban Honolulu contribute to spatial and temporal variations of trace element concentrations throughout the watershed. Enrichment of trace elements in watershed soils result, in some cases, from contributions attributed to the weathering of volcanic rocks, as well as to a more variable anthropogenic input that reflects changes in land use in Honolulu. Varying concentrations of As, Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn in sediments reflect about 60 a of anthropogenic activity in Honolulu. Land use has a strong impact on the spatial distribution and abundance of selected trace elements in soils and stream sediments. As noted in continental US settings, the phasing out of Pb-alkyl fuel additives has decreased Pb inputs to recently deposited estuarine sediments. Yet, a substantial historical anthropogenic Job inventory remains in soils of the watershed and erosion of surface soils continues to contribute to its enrichment in estuarine sediments. Concentrations of other elements (e.g., Cu, Zn, Cd), however, have not decreased with time, suggesting continued active inputs. Concentrations of Ba, Co, Cr, Ni, V and U, although elevated in some cases, typically reflect greater proportions attributed to natural sources rather than anthropogenic input. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Hawaii Manoa, Dept Oceanog, SOEST, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. US Geol Survey, Honolulu, HI 96813 USA. RP De Carlo, EH (reprint author), Univ Hawaii Manoa, Dept Oceanog, SOEST, 1000 Pope Rd, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. NR 60 TC 27 Z9 29 U1 3 U2 9 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0883-2927 J9 APPL GEOCHEM JI Appl. Geochem. PD APR PY 2002 VL 17 IS 4 BP 475 EP 492 AR PII S0883-2927(01)00114-7 PG 18 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 528WW UT WOS:000174268400011 ER PT J AU Hoffman, DJ AF Hoffman, DJ TI Role of selenium toxicity and oxidative stress in aquatic birds SO AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Conference on the State of Science and Future Needs for Selenium Aquatic Criteria CY OCT, 1999 CL SACRAMENTO, CA SP Univ Calif Syst Wide Toxic Subst Res & Teaching Program DE selenium; aquatic birds; mallard (Anas platyrhynchos); glutathione; oxidative stress; hepatic ID HEPATIC GLUTATHIONE METABOLISM; MALLARD DUCKLINGS; DIAGNOSTIC-CRITERIA; LIPID-PEROXIDATION; DIETARY-PROTEIN; SELENOMETHIONINE; REPRODUCTION; GROWTH; CELLS; TOXICOSIS AB Adverse effects of selenium (Se) in wild aquatic birds have been documented as a consequence of pollution of the aquatic environment by subsurface agricultural drainwater and other sources. These effects include mortality, impaired reproduction with teratogenesis, reduced growth, histopathological lesions and alterations in hepatic glutathione metabolism. A review is provided, relating adverse biological effects of Se in aquatic birds to altered glutathione metabolism and oxidative stress. Laboratory studies, mainly with an organic form of Se, selenomethionine, have revealed oxidative stress in different stages of the mallard (Anas platyrhynchos) life cycle. As dietary and tissue concentrations of Se increase, increases in plasma and hepatic GSH peroxidase activities occur, followed by dose-dependent increases in the ratio of hepatic oxidized to reduced glutathione (GSSG:GSH) and ultimately hepatic lipid peroxidation measured as an increase in thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS). One or more of these oxidative effects were associated with teratogenesis (4.6 ppm wet weight Se in eggs), reduced growth in ducklings (15 ppm Se in liver), diminished immune function (5 ppm Se in liver) and histopathological lesions (29 ppm Se in liver) in adults. Manifestations of Se-related effects on glutathione metabolism were also apparent in field studies in seven species of aquatic birds. Reduced growth and possibly immune function but increased liver:body weight and hepatic GSSG:GSH ratios were apparent in american avocet (Recurvirostra americana) hatchlings from eggs containing 9 ppm Se. In black-necked stilts (Himantopus mexicanus), which contained somewhat lower Se concentrations, a decrease in hepatic GSH was apparent with few other effects. In adult American coots (Fulica americana), signs of Se toxicosis included emaciation, abnormal feather loss and histopathological lesions. Mean liver concentrations of 28 ppm Se (ww) in the coots were associated with elevated hepatic GSH peroxidase, depletion of hepatic protein bound thiols and total thiols, but a small increase in GSH. Diving ducks in the San Francisco Bay area exhibited a positive correlation between hepatic Se concentration and GSH peroxidase activity (r = 0.63 P < 0.05), but a negative correlation between hepatic Se and GSH concentration (r = -0.740, P < 0.05). In willets (Catoptrophorus semipalmatus) from the San Diego area, positive correlations occurred between hepatic Se concentration and GSSG (r = 0.70, P < 0.001). GSSG:GSH ratio, and TBARS. In emperor geese (Chen canagica) from western Alaska, blood levels of up to 9.4 ppm occurred and were associated with increased plasma GSH peroxidase activity (r = 0.62. P < 0,001), but with decreased plasma GSSG reductase activity. When evaluating Se toxicity, interactive nutritional factors, including other elements and dietary protein, should also be taken into consideration. Further studies are needed to examine the relationship between different forms of environmentally occurring selenium. arsenic and mercury on reproduction, hepatotoxicity and immune function of aquatic birds. Further selenium nutritional interaction studies may also help to illucidate the mechanism of selenium induced teratogenesis, by optimizing GSH and other antioxidant defense mechanisms in a manner that would stabilize or raise the cell's threshold for susceptibility to toxic attack from excess selenium. It is concluded that Se-related manifestations of oxidative stress may serve as useful bioindicators of Se exposure and toxicity in wild aquatic birds. Published by Elsevier Science B.V. C1 USGS Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, Laurel, MD 20708 USA. RP Hoffman, DJ (reprint author), USGS Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, 12011 Beech Forest Rd, Laurel, MD 20708 USA. EM david_hoffman@usgs.gov NR 65 TC 105 Z9 116 U1 2 U2 51 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0166-445X EI 1879-1514 J9 AQUAT TOXICOL JI Aquat. Toxicol. PD APR PY 2002 VL 57 IS 1-2 BP 11 EP 26 AR PII S0166-445X(01)00263-6 DI 10.1016/S0166-445X(01)00263-6 PG 16 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Toxicology SC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Toxicology GA 531JE UT WOS:000174411600003 PM 11879935 ER PT J AU Spallholz, JE Hoffman, DJ AF Spallholz, JE Hoffman, DJ TI Selenium toxicity: cause and effects in aquatic birds SO AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Conference on the State of Science and Future Needs for Selenium Aquatic Criteria CY OCT, 1999 CL SACRAMENTO, CALIFORNIA SP Univ Calif Syst Wide Toxic Substances Res & Teaching Program DE selenium toxicity; aquatic birds; selenomethionine; Kesterson ID GLUTATHIONE-PEROXIDASE; MALLARD DUCKLINGS; OXIDATIVE STRESS; DIAGNOSTIC-CRITERIA; SODIUM SELENITE; DIETARY-PROTEIN; SELENOMETHIONINE; SELENOENZYME; METABOLISM; DUCKS AB There are several manners in which selenium may express its toxicity: (1) an important mechanism appears to involve the formation of CH3Se which either enters a redox cycle and generates superoxide and oxidative stress, or forms free radicals that bind to and inhibit important enzymes and proteins. (2) Excess selenium as selenocysteine results in inhibition of selenium methylation metabolism. As a consequence, concentrations of hydrogen selenide. an intermediate metabolite, accumulate in animals and are hepatotoxic., possibly causing other selenium-related adverse effects. (3) It is also possible that the presence of excess selenium analogs of sulfur-containing enzymes and structural proteins play a role in avian teratogenesis. L-selenomethionine is the most likely major dietary form of selenium encountered by aquatic birds, with lesser amounts Of L-selenocysteine ingested from aquatic animal foods. The literature is suggestive that L-selenomethionine is not any more toxic to adult birds than other animals. L-Selenomethionine accumulates in tissue protein of adult birds and in the protein of egg white as would be expected to occur in animals. There is no suggestion from the literature that the levels of L-selenomethionine that would be expected to accumulate in eggs in the absence of environmental concentration of selenium pose harm to the developing embryo. For several species of aquatic birds. levels of Se as selenomethionine in the egg above 3 ppm on a wet weight basis result in reduced hatchability and deformed embryos, The toxicity Of L-selenomethionine injected directly into eggs is greater than that found from the entry of L-selenomethionine into the egg from the normal adult diet. This suggests that there is unusual if not abnormal metabolism Of L-selenomethionine in the embryo not seen when L-selenomethionine is present in egg white protein where it likely serves as a source of selenium for glutathione peroxidase synthesis in the developing aquatic chick. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Texas Tech Univ, Lubbock, TX 79409 USA. USGS Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, Laurel, MD 20708 USA. RP Spallholz, JE (reprint author), Texas Tech Univ, Lubbock, TX 79409 USA. NR 58 TC 98 Z9 104 U1 1 U2 27 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0166-445X J9 AQUAT TOXICOL JI Aquat. Toxicol. PD APR PY 2002 VL 57 IS 1-2 BP 27 EP 37 AR PII S0166-445X(01)00268-5 DI 10.1016/S0166-445X(01)00268-5 PG 11 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Toxicology SC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Toxicology GA 531JE UT WOS:000174411600004 PM 11879936 ER PT J AU Linville, RG Luoma, SN Cutter, L Cutter, GA AF Linville, RG Luoma, SN Cutter, L Cutter, GA TI Increased selenium threat as a result of invasion of the exotic bivalve Potamocorbula amurensis into the San Francisco Bay-Delta SO AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Conference on the State of Science and Future Needs for Selenium Aquatic Criteria CY OCT, 1999 CL SACRAMENTO, CALIFORNIA SP Univ Calif Syst Wide Toxic Substances Res & Teaching Program DE Potamocorbula amurensis; selenium; exotic bivalve ID TRACE-ELEMENTS; CALIFORNIA; SEDIMENTS; ACCUMULATION; ESTUARY; RATES; USA AB Following the aggressive invasion of the bivalve, Potamocorbula amurensis, in the San Francisco Bay-Delta in 1986, selenium contamination in the benthic food web increased. Concentrations in this dominant (exotic) bivalve in North Bay were three times higher in 1995-1997 than in earlier studies, and 1990 concentrations in benthic predators (sturgeon and diving ducks) were also higher than in 1986. The contamination was widespread, varied seasonally and was greater in P. amurensis than in co-occurring and transplanted species. Selenium concentrations in the water column of the Bay were enriched relative to the Sacramento River but were not as high as observed in many contaminated aquatic environments. Total Se concentrations in the dissolved phase never exceeded 0.3 mug Se per 1 in 1995 and 1996, Se concentrations on particulate material ranged from 0.5 to 2.0 mug Se per g dry weight (dw) in the Bay. Nevertheless, concentrations in P, amurensis reached as high as 20 mug Se per g dw in October 1996. The enriched concentrations in bivalves (6-20 mug Se per g dw) were widespread throughout North San Francisco Bay in October 1995 and October 1996. Concentrations varied seasonally from 5 to 20 mug Se per g dw, and were highest during the periods of lowest river inflows and lowest after extended high river inflows. Transplanted bivalves (oysters, mussels or clams) were not effective indicators or either the degree of Se contamination in P. amurensis or the seasonal increases in contamination in the resident benthos. Se is a potent environmental toxin that threatens higher trophic level species because of its reproductive toxicity and efficient food web transfer. Bivalves concentrate selenium effectively because they bioaccumulate the element strongly and lose it slowly; and they are a direct link in the exposure of predaceous benthivore species. Biological invasions of estuaries are increasing worldwide. Changes in ecological structure and function are well known in response to invasions. This study shows that changes in processes such as cycling and effects of contaminants can accompany such invasions. (C) 2002 Published by Elsevier Science B.V. C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. Old Dominion Univ, Dept Ocean Earth & Atmospher Sci, Norfolk, VA 23529 USA. RP Luoma, SN (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 345 Middlefield Rd,Mail Stop 465, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. RI Cutter, Gregory/C-7898-2017 OI Cutter, Gregory/0000-0001-6744-6718 NR 42 TC 55 Z9 56 U1 1 U2 10 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0166-445X J9 AQUAT TOXICOL JI Aquat. Toxicol. PD APR PY 2002 VL 57 IS 1-2 BP 51 EP 64 AR PII S0166-445X(01)00265-X DI 10.1016/S0166-445X(01)00265-X PG 14 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Toxicology SC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Toxicology GA 531JE UT WOS:000174411600006 PM 11879938 ER PT J AU Hamilton, SJ AF Hamilton, SJ TI Rationale for a tissue-based selenium criterion for aquatic life SO AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Conference on the State of Science and Future Needs for Selenium Aquatic Criteria CY OCT, 1999 CL SACRAMENTO, CALIFORNIA SP Univ Calif Syst Wide Toxic Substances Res & Teaching Program DE selenium; criterion; tissue based; body burden; rationale ID TROUT SALMO-GAIRDNERI; BLUEGILLS LEPOMIS-MACROCHIRUS; WATER-QUALITY CRITERIA; COLORADO RIVER BASIN; HAZARD ASSESSMENT; DIETARY SELENIUM; RAZORBACK SUCKER; NORTH-CAROLINA; CHEMICAL FORM; BELEWS LAKE AB This paper proposes a national tissue-based criterion for the protection of aquatic life in the United States based on the growing body of selenium literature, but may be of international importance due to the raising global awareness of selenium contamination. A recent peer consultation workshop was undertaken by the US Environmental Protection Agency to address the technical issues underlying the freshwater aquatic life chronic criterion for selenium. The workshop participants discussed concerns associated with three possibilities for a new criterion: a water-based criterion, a tissue-based criterion, and a sediment-based criterion. Since the current national water quality criterion was established in 1987, several publications have reported adverse effects in fish from dietary selenium exposure with waterborne concentrations below the current criterion of 5 mug/l. Based on this literature, a water-based criterion seems unsuitable because of the propensity for selenium to bioaccumulate through the food chain to toxic dietary concentrations. There is little information to support a sediment-based criterion. A tissue-based criterion accounts for selenium's biogeochemical pathways because it integrates the route, duration, and magnitude of exposure, chemical form, metabolic transformations, and modifying biotic and abiotic factors. The convergence of laboratory and field data shows 4 mug/g to be a conservative value for a national tissue-based criterion for selenium. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 US Geol Survey, Field Res Stn, Biol Resources Div, Columbia Environm Res Ctr, Yankton, SD 57078 USA. RP Hamilton, SJ (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Field Res Stn, Biol Resources Div, Columbia Environm Res Ctr, 31247 436th Ave, Yankton, SD 57078 USA. NR 106 TC 42 Z9 44 U1 0 U2 14 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0166-445X J9 AQUAT TOXICOL JI Aquat. Toxicol. PD APR PY 2002 VL 57 IS 1-2 BP 85 EP 100 AR PII S0166-445X(01)00262-4 DI 10.1016/S0166-445X(01)00262-4 PG 16 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Toxicology SC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Toxicology GA 531JE UT WOS:000174411600008 PM 11879940 ER PT J AU Peters, NE Meyers, TP Aulenbach, BT AF Peters, NE Meyers, TP Aulenbach, BT TI Status and trends in atmospheric deposition and emissions near Atlanta, Georgia, 1986-99 SO ATMOSPHERIC ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article DE fossil fuel emissions; sulfur dioxide; acid rain; sulfate; nitrogen; nitrogen oxides; dry deposition; wet deposition ID INFERENTIAL MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES; AIR ACT AMENDMENTS; DRY DEPOSITION; PHASE-I; USA; SULFUR; TROPOSPHERE; PIEDMONT; FOREST AB Wet and dry atmospheric deposition were investigated from weekly data, 1986-99 (1986-97 for dry deposition) at the Panola Mountain Research Watershed (PMRW), a forested research site 25km, southeast of Atlanta, Georgia. Furthermore, the wet deposition was compared to that at three adjacent National Atmospheric Deposition Program's National Trends Network (NTN) sites (GA41, 50 km south of PMRW AL99. 175 kin northwest: NC25, 175 km north-northeast) and dry deposition was compared to that at adjacent Clean Air Status and Trends Network (CASTNET) sites, co-located at the NTN sites. The pH of precipitation is acidic and the dominant acid anion is SO4: the pH (derived from the volume-weighted mean H concentration) averages 4.44 for 1986-99, and varies seasonally with average low est values in summer (4.19) and highest in winter (4.63). From 1986-99, the annual wet deposition of sulfur (S) and nitrogen (N) averaged 400 and 300 eq ha(-1) (6.4 and 4.2 kg ha(-1)), respectively. Inferential model estimates of annual dry S and N deposition from 1986-97 averaged 130 and 150 eq ha(-1) (2.1 and 2.1 kg ha(-1)). respectively. From 1993-99. net S deposition (dry deposition plus canopy interactions) for coniferous and deciduous throughfall (throughfall minus wet-only deposition) averaged 400 and 150 eq ha(-1) (6.4 and 2.1 kg ha(-1)), respectively. The annual wet deposition of S and N species at PMRW was comparable to that at NTN sites. with the exception of higher N species deposition at AL99 and relatively lower H, SO4 and NO3 deposition at GA41. Dry S deposition at PMRW differed markedly from the CASTNET sites despite similarity in S concentrations for all but NC25: the differences are attributed to differences in model parameters associated with the landscape and vegetation characteristics at the sites. At PMRW, atmospheric deposition trends were not detected for the entire sampling period. but were detected for shorter periods (4-5 yr). Annual S and N deposition increased from 1986 to 1991. decreased to 1995 and then increased to 1999. SO, emissions from seven major point sources within 120km of PMRW decreased markedly from the late 1980s to 1995 and have remained relatively constant or increased slightly from 1995 to 1998 Annual wet and dry S deposition at PMRW significantly correlates (p<0.01) with SO emissions. and the correlation is dominated by the large SO, emissions decreases in the early 1990s, consistent with the implementation of Phase I of Title IV of the 1990 Clean Air Act Amendments. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 USGS, Atlanta, GA 30360 USA. NOAA, ATDD, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. RP Peters, NE (reprint author), USGS, 3039 Amwiler Rd,Suite 130, Atlanta, GA 30360 USA. RI Meyers, Tilden/C-6633-2016; Aulenbach, Brent/A-5848-2008 OI Aulenbach, Brent/0000-0003-2863-1288 NR 35 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 1 U2 4 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 1352-2310 J9 ATMOS ENVIRON JI Atmos. Environ. PD APR PY 2002 VL 36 IS 10 BP 1577 EP 1588 AR PII S1352-2310(01)00080-8 DI 10.1016/S1352-2310(02)00080-8 PG 12 WC Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 558KN UT WOS:000175965300002 ER PT J AU Lawrence, GB AF Lawrence, GB TI Persistent episodic acidification of streams linked to acid rain effects on soil SO ATMOSPHERIC ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article DE acidic deposition; episodic acidification; aluminum; acid neutralizing capacity; calcium depletion ID NORTHEASTERN UNITED-STATES; SURFACE WATERS; CALCIUM STATUS; DEPOSITION; FOREST; ECOSYSTEM; RECOVERY; LAKES; CHEMISTRY; VIRGINIA AB Episodic acidification of streams, identified in the late 1980s as one of the most significant environmental problems caused by acidic deposition. had not been evaluated since the early 1990s despite decreasing levels of acidic deposition over the past decade. This analysis indicates that episodic acidification of streams in upland regions in the northeastern United States persists. and is likely to be Much more widespread than chronic acidification. Depletion of exchangeable Ca in the mineral soil has decreased the neutralization capacity of soils and increased the role of the surface organic horizon in the neutralization of acidic soil water during episodes. Increased accumulation of N and S in the forest floor from decades of acidic deposition will delay the recovery of soil base status, and therefore, the elimination of acidic episodes, which is anticipated from decreasing emissions. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 US Geol Survey, Troy, NY 12180 USA. RP Lawrence, GB (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Troy, NY 12180 USA. NR 34 TC 46 Z9 47 U1 1 U2 18 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 1352-2310 J9 ATMOS ENVIRON JI Atmos. Environ. PD APR PY 2002 VL 36 IS 10 BP 1589 EP 1598 AR PII S1352-2310(02)00081-X DI 10.1016/S1352-2310(02)00081-X PG 10 WC Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 558KN UT WOS:000175965300003 ER PT J AU Farnsworth, GL Pollock, KH Nichols, JD Simons, TR Hines, JE Sauer, JR AF Farnsworth, GL Pollock, KH Nichols, JD Simons, TR Hines, JE Sauer, JR TI A removal model for estimating detection probabilities from point-count surveys SO AUK LA English DT Article ID SINGING BIRD SURVEYS; CAPTURE-RECAPTURE MODELS; RELIABILITY; DENSITY; RATES AB Use of point-count surveys is a popular method for collecting data on abundance and distribution of birds. However, analyses of such data often ignore potential differences in detection probability. We adapted a removal model to directly estimate detection probability during point-count surveys. The model assumes that singing frequency is a major factor influencing probability of detection when birds are surveyed using point counts. This may be appropriate for surveys in which most detections are by sound. The model requires counts to be divided into several time intervals. Point counts are often conducted for 10 min, where the number of birds recorded is divided into those first observed in the first 3 min, the subsequent 2 min, and the last 5 min. We developed a maximum-likelihood estimator for the detectability of birds recorded during counts divided into those intervals. This technique can easily be adapted to point counts divided into intervals of any length. We applied this method to unlimited-radius counts conducted in Great Smoky Mountains National Park. We used model selection criteria to identify whether detection probabilities varied among species, throughout the morning, throughout the season, and among different observers. We found differences in detection probability among species. Species that sing frequently such as Winter Wren (Troglodytes troglodytes) and Acadian Flycatcher (Empidonax virescens) had high detection probabilities (similar to90%) and species that call infrequently such as Pileated Woodpecker (Dryocopus pileatus) had low detection probability (36%). We also found detection probabilities varied with the time of day for some species (e.g. thrushes) and between observers for other species. We used the same approach to estimate detection probability and density for a subset of the observations with limited-radius point counts. Received 23 February 2000, accepted 9 October 2001. C1 N Carolina State Univ, Dept Zool, Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. N Carolina State Univ, Dept Stat, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, Laurel, MD 20708 USA. RP Farnsworth, GL (reprint author), Univ Houston, Dept Nat Sci, 1 Main St, Houston, TX 77002 USA. EM farnsworthg@uhd.edu NR 33 TC 198 Z9 208 U1 8 U2 51 PU AMER ORNITHOLOGISTS UNION PI LAWRENCE PA ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC NORTH AMER PO BOX 1897, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 USA SN 0004-8038 EI 1938-4254 J9 AUK JI AUK PD APR PY 2002 VL 119 IS 2 BP 414 EP 425 DI 10.1642/0004-8038(2002)119[0414:ARMFED]2.0.CO;2 PG 12 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA 553ZZ UT WOS:000175709400010 ER PT J AU Krapu, GL Sargeant, GA Perkins, AEH AF Krapu, GL Sargeant, GA Perkins, AEH TI Does increasing daylength control seasonal changes in clutch sizes of Northern Pintails (Anas acuta)? SO AUK LA English DT Article ID NUTRIENT-RESERVE DYNAMICS; YUKON-KUSKOKWIM DELTA; BREEDING POPULATIONS; BROOD SURVIVAL; REPRODUCTION; MALLARDS; ALASKA; ALBERTA; DUCKS; DIET AB We evaluated spatiotemporal variation ill Clutch sizes of Northern Pintails (pintails; Anas actua) nesting in California (1985 to 1996),North Dakota (1982 to 1985),Saskatchewan (1982 to 1985) and Alaska (1991 to 1993) to determine whether seasonal declines in Clutch size varied in ways that were consistent with a controlling influence of increasing day length. Pintails began nesting in mid-March in California, mid-April in North Dakota and Saskatchewan, and mid-May in Alaska. Observed durations of nesting were 70 +/- 2.6 days (SE) in California, 60 +/- 6.3 days in North Dakota, 66 +/- 1.3 days in Saskatchewan, and 42 +/- 0.7 days in Alaska. Annual differences were the principal source of variation in mean clutch sizes ((σ) over cap (2)(Y) = 0.15, SE = 0.049), which varied little among Study locations ((σ) over cap (2)(A) = 0.002, SE = 0.013). Predicted rates of seasonal decline in Clutch sizes increased with latitude early in the nesting season, but declined as the nesting season progressed, except in California. Rates of decline in clutch sizes thus were not directly related to rates of increase in day length. Predicted declines in numbers of eggs per clutch over the nesting season were similar for all four locations (range, 3.05-3.12) despite wide variation ill durations of nesting. Evidence suggests that reduced nutrient availability during nesting contributes to a higher rate of decline in clutch sizes in Alaska than in temperate regions. Pintails that nest early lay large initial clutches, but thereafter clutch sizes decline rapidly and breeding terminates early. This reproductive strategy is adaptive because young that hatch earliest exhibit the highest survival rates; however, the conversion of grassland to cropland oil the primary prairie breeding grounds has reduced hatching rates Of Clutches laid early in the nesting season Under these conditions, the limited capacity to renest in late spring on their prairie breeding grounds Probably has contributed to Pintail population declines. Received 28 September 2000, accepted 29 October 2001. C1 US Geol Survey, No Prairie Wildlife Res Ctr, Jamestown, ND 58401 USA. Calif Waterfowl Assoc, Sacramento, CA 95834 USA. RP Krapu, GL (reprint author), US Geol Survey, No Prairie Wildlife Res Ctr, Jamestown, ND 58401 USA. NR 55 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 2 U2 13 PU AMER ORNITHOLOGISTS UNION PI LAWRENCE PA ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC NORTH AMER PO BOX 1897, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 USA SN 0004-8038 J9 AUK JI AUK PD APR PY 2002 VL 119 IS 2 BP 498 EP 506 DI 10.1642/0004-8038(2002)119[0498:DIDCSC]2.0.CO;2 PG 9 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA 553ZZ UT WOS:000175709400017 ER PT J AU Sedinger, JS Chelgren, ND Lindberg, MS Obritchkewitch, T Kirk, MT Martin, P Anderson, BA Ward, DH AF Sedinger, JS Chelgren, ND Lindberg, MS Obritchkewitch, T Kirk, MT Martin, P Anderson, BA Ward, DH TI Life-history implications of large-scale spatial variation in adult survival of black brant (Branta bernicla nigricans) SO AUK LA English DT Article ID CAPTURE-RECAPTURE; MARKED ANIMALS; RECOVERY DATA; GEESE; GROWTH; AVAILABILITY; FECUNDITY; SIZE AB We used capture-recapture methods to estimate adult survival rates for adult female Black Brant (Branta bernicla nigricans; hereafter "brant") from three colonies in Alaska, two on the Yukon-Kuskokwim Delta, and one on Alaska's Arctic coast. Costs of migration and reproductive effort varied among those colonies, enabling Lis to examine variation in survival in relation to variation in these other variables. We used the Barker model in program MARK to estimate true annual survival for brant from the three colonies. Models allowing for spatial variation in survival were among the most parsimonious models but were indistinguishable from a model with no spatial variation. Point estimates of annual survival were slightly higher for brant from the Arctic (0.90 +/- 0.036) than for brant from either Tutakoke River (0.85 +/- 0.004) or Kokechik Bay (0.86 +/- 0.011). Thus, our survival estimates do not support a hypothesis that the cost of longer migrations or harvest experienced by brant from the Arctic reduced their annual survival relative to brant from the Yukon-Kuskokwim Delta. Spatial variation in survival provides weak support for life-history theory because brant from the region with lower reproductive investment had slightly higher survival. C1 Univ Alaska Fairbanks, Inst Arctic Biol, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA. Univ Alaska Fairbanks, Dept Biol & Wildlife, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA. US Interior Fish & Wildlife Serv, No Alaska Ecol Serv, Fairbanks, AK 99701 USA. ABR Inc, Fairbanks, AK 99709 USA. US Geol Survey, Alaska Sci Ctr, Biol Resources Div, Anchorage, AK 99503 USA. RP Sedinger, JS (reprint author), Univ Nevada, Reno, NV 89512 USA. NR 31 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 2 U2 7 PU AMER ORNITHOLOGISTS UNION PI LAWRENCE PA ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC NORTH AMER PO BOX 1897, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 USA SN 0004-8038 J9 AUK JI AUK PD APR PY 2002 VL 119 IS 2 BP 510 EP 515 DI 10.1642/0004-8038(2002)119[0510:LHIOLS]2.0.CO;2 PG 6 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA 553ZZ UT WOS:000175709400019 ER PT J AU Rocke, TE Smith, SR Miyamoto, A Shadduck, DJ AF Rocke, TE Smith, SR Miyamoto, A Shadduck, DJ TI A serotype-specific polymerase chain reaction for identification of Pasteurella multocida serotype 1 SO AVIAN DISEASES LA English DT Article DE avian cholera; Pasteurella multocida; PCR; serotyping; Pekin ducks; snow geese; wild waterfowl ID CHOLERA; DNA AB A serotype-specific polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay was developed for detection and identification of Pasteurella multocida serotype 1, the causative agent of avian cholera in wild waterfowl. Arbitrarily primed PCR was used to detect DNA fragments that distinguish serotype I from the other 15 serotypes of P multocida (with the exception of serotype 14). Oligonucleotide primers were constructed from these sequences, and a PCR assay was optimized and evaluated. PCR reactions consistently resulted in amplification products with reference strains I and 14 and all other serotype I strains tested, with cell numbers as low as 2.3 cells/ml. No amplification products were produced with other P. multicida serotypes or any other bacterial species tested. To compare the sensitivity and further test the specificity of this PCR assay with traditional culturing and serotyping techniques, tissue samples from 84 Pekin ducks inoculated with field strains of P multocida and 54 wild lesser snow geese collected during an avian cholera outbreak were provided by other investigator's working on avian cholera. PCR was as sensitive (58/64) as routine isolation (52/64) in detecting and identifying P multocida serorype 1 from the livers of inoculated Pekins that became sick or died from avian cholera. No product was amplified from tissues of 20 other Pekin ducks that received serotypes other than type I (serotype 3, 12 X 3, or 10) or 12 control birds. Of the 54 snow geese necropsied and tested for P multocida, our PCR detected and identified the bacteria from 44 compared with 45 by direct isolation. The serotype-specific PCR we developed was much faster and less labor intensive than traditional culturing and serotyping procedures and could result in diagnosis of serotype 1 pasteurellosis within 24 hr of specimen submission. C1 US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Natl Wildlife Hlth Ctr, Madison, WI 53711 USA. RP Rocke, TE (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Natl Wildlife Hlth Ctr, 6006 Schroeder Rd, Madison, WI 53711 USA. OI Rocke, Tonie/0000-0003-3933-1563 NR 12 TC 3 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER ASSOC AVIAN PATHOLOGISTS PI KENNETT SQ PA UNIV PENN, NEW BOLTON CENTER, KENNETT SQ, PA 19348-1692 USA SN 0005-2086 J9 AVIAN DIS JI Avian Dis. PD APR-JUN PY 2002 VL 46 IS 2 BP 370 EP 377 DI 10.1637/0005-2086(2002)046[0370:ASSPCR]2.0.CO;2 PG 8 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA 569QD UT WOS:000176612700013 PM 12061646 ER PT J AU Hollmen, T Franson, JC Kilpi, M Docherty, DE Hansen, WR Hario, M AF Hollmen, T Franson, JC Kilpi, M Docherty, DE Hansen, WR Hario, M TI Isolation and Characterization of a reovirus from common eiders (Somateria mollissima) from Finland SO AVIAN DISEASES LA English DT Article DE common eider; Finland; Orthoreovirus; Reoviridae; serology; Somateria mollissima ID BURSAL DISEASE VIRUS; AVIAN REOVIRUS; INFECTIONS; DUCKS AB Samples of brain, intestine, liver, lung, spleen, and bursa of Fabricius were collected from five common eider (Somateria mollissima) duckling carcasses during a die-off in the western Gulf of Finland (59degrees50'N, 23degrees15'E) in June 1996. No viral activity was observed in specific-pathogen-free chicken embryos inoculated with tissue suspensions, but samples of bursa of Fabricius from three birds were positive when inoculated into Muscovy duck (Cairina moschata) embryo fibroblasts. The isolates were characterized as nonenveloped RNA viruses and possessed several characteristics of the genus Orthoreovirus. Virus particles were icosahedral with a mean diameter of 72 nm and were stable at pH 3.0; their genome was separated into 10 segments by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Mallard. (Anas platyrhynchos) ducklings experimentally infected with the eider reovirus showed elevated serum activities of aspartate aminotransferase, creatine kinase, and lactate dehydrogenase enzymes and focal hemorrhages in the liver, spleen, and bursa of Fabricius. During 1997-99, the prevalence of neutralizing antibodies to the isolated virus ranged from 0 to 86% in 302 serum samples collected from incubating eider hens at three nesting areas along coastal Finland. The highest seroprevalence was found in Hanko in 1999, just weeks before reports of an uninvestigated mortality event resulting in the death of an estimated 98% of ducklings at that location. These findings raise the question of potential involvement of the virus in poor duckiing survival and eider population declines observed in several breeding areas along coastal Finland since die mid-1980s. C1 Univ Helsinki, Dept Vet Basic Sci, FIN-00014 Helsinki, Finland. US Geol Survey, Natl Wildlife Hlth Ctr, Madison, WI 53711 USA. Abo Akad Univ, Aronia Res Ctr, Tammisaari, Finland. Sydvast Polytech, Tammisaari, Finland. Finnish Game & Fisheries Res Inst, Helsinki 00721, Finland. RP Hollmen, T (reprint author), Univ Helsinki, Dept Vet Basic Sci, POB 57, FIN-00014 Helsinki, Finland. NR 31 TC 30 Z9 33 U1 2 U2 6 PU AMER ASSOC AVIAN PATHOLOGISTS PI KENNETT SQ PA UNIV PENN, NEW BOLTON CENTER, KENNETT SQ, PA 19348-1692 USA SN 0005-2086 J9 AVIAN DIS JI Avian Dis. PD APR-JUN PY 2002 VL 46 IS 2 BP 478 EP 484 DI 10.1637/0005-2086(2002)046[0478:IACOAR]2.0.CO;2 PG 7 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA 569QD UT WOS:000176612700029 PM 12061662 ER PT J AU Seitzinger, SP Styles, RV Boyer, EW Alexander, RB Billen, G Howarth, RW Mayer, B Van Breemen, N AF Seitzinger, SP Styles, RV Boyer, EW Alexander, RB Billen, G Howarth, RW Mayer, B Van Breemen, N TI Nitrogen retention in rivers: model development and application to watersheds in the northeastern USA SO BIOGEOCHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE budgets; denitrification; model; nitrogen; rivers; watersheds ID NORTH-ATLANTIC OCEAN; SEASONAL-VARIATION; HEADWATER STREAMS; FOREST STREAM; DENITRIFICATION; NITRATE; BUDGET; SEDIMENT; RIPARIAN; EXPORT AB A regression model (RivR-N) was developed that predicts the proportion of N removed from streams and reservoirs as an inverse function of the water displacement time of the water body (ratio of water body depth to water time of travel). When applied to 16 drainage networks in the eastern U.S., the RivR-N model predicted that 37% to 76% of N input to these rivers is removed during transport through the river networks. Approximately half of that is removed in 1st through 4th order streams which account for 90% of the total stream length. The other half is removed in 5th order and higher rivers which account for only about 10% of the total stream length. Most N removed in these higher orders is predicted to originate from watershed loading to small and intermediate sized streams. The proportion of N removed from all streams in the watersheds (37-76%) is considerably higher than the proportion of N input to an individual reach that is removed in that reach (generally <20%) because of the cumulative effect of continued nitrogen removal along the entire flow path in downstream reaches. This generally has not been recognized in previous studies, but is critical to an evaluation of the total amount of N removed within a river network. At the river network scale, reservoirs were predicted to have a minimal effect on N removal. A fairly modest decrease (<10 percentage points) in the N removed at the river network scale was predicted when a third of the direct watershed loading was to the two highest orders compared to a uniform loading. C1 Rutgers State Univ, Rutgers NOAA CMER Program, Inst Marine & Coastal Sci, New Brunswick, NJ 08901 USA. SUNY Coll Environm Sci & Forestry, Syracuse, NY 13210 USA. US Geol Survey, Natl Ctr 413, Reston, VA 20192 USA. Univ Paris 06, UMR Sisyphe, F-75005 Paris, France. Cornell Univ, Dept Ecol & Environm Biol, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. Univ Calgary, Dept Phys & Astron, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada. Univ Calgary, Dept Geol & Geophys, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada. Univ Wageningen & Res Ctr, Lab Soil Sci & Geol, NL-6700 AA Wageningen, Netherlands. Univ Wageningen & Res Ctr, Wageningen Inst Environm & Climate Res, NL-6700 AA Wageningen, Netherlands. RP Seitzinger, SP (reprint author), Rutgers State Univ, Rutgers NOAA CMER Program, Inst Marine & Coastal Sci, 71 Dudley Rd, New Brunswick, NJ 08901 USA. EM sybil@imcs.rutgers.edu RI Mayer, Bernhard/G-6444-2012; Boyer, Elizabeth/D-6617-2013 NR 57 TC 270 Z9 284 U1 13 U2 108 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0168-2563 J9 BIOGEOCHEMISTRY JI Biogeochemistry PD APR PY 2002 VL 57 IS 1 BP 199 EP 237 DI 10.1023/A:1015745629794 PG 39 WC Environmental Sciences; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Geology GA 559AG UT WOS:000176001500007 ER PT J AU Alexander, RB Johnes, PJ Boyer, EW Smith, RA AF Alexander, RB Johnes, PJ Boyer, EW Smith, RA TI A comparison of models for estimating the riverine export of nitrogen from large watersheds SO BIOGEOCHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE error analysis; model validation; nitrogen; watershed models ID LAND-USE CHANGE; WORLD RIVERS; DEPOSITION; IMPACT; EUTROPHICATION; CONSEQUENCES; CATCHMENTS; ECOSYSTEMS; ESTUARIES; QUALITY AB We evaluated the accuracy of six watershed models of nitrogen export in streams (kg km(2) yr(-1)) developed for use in large watersheds and representing various empirical and quasi-empirical approaches described in the literature. These models differ in their methods of calibration and have varying levels of spatial resolution and process complexity, which potentially affect the accuracy (bias and precision) of the model predictions of nitrogen export and source contributions to export. Using stream monitoring data and detailed estimates of the natural and cultural sources of nitrogen for 16 watersheds in the northeastern United States (drainage sizes = 475 to 70,000 km(2)), we assessed the accuracy of the model predictions of total nitrogen and nitrate-nitrogen export. The model validation included the use of an error modeling technique to identify biases caused by model deficiencies in quantifying nitrogen sources and biogeochemical processes affecting the transport of nitrogen in watersheds. Most models predicted stream nitrogen export to within 50% of the measured export in a majority of the watersheds. Prediction errors were negatively correlated with cultivated land area, indicating that the watershed models tended to over predict export in less agricultural and more forested watersheds and under predict in more agricultural basins. The magnitude of these biases differed appreciably among the models. Those models having more detailed descriptions of nitrogen sources, land and water attenuation of nitrogen, and water flow paths were found to have considerably lower bias and higher precision in their predictions of nitrogen export. C1 US Geol Survey, Natl Ctr 413, Reston, VA 20192 USA. Univ Reading, Aquat Environm Res Ctr, Dept Geog, Reading RG6 6AB, Berks, England. SUNY Coll Environm Sci & Forestry, Syracuse, NY 13210 USA. RP Alexander, RB (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Natl Ctr 413, 12201 Sunrise Valley Dr, Reston, VA 20192 USA. RI Johnes, Penny/D-1381-2009; Boyer, Elizabeth/D-6617-2013 OI Johnes, Penny/0000-0003-1605-6896; NR 52 TC 113 Z9 120 U1 7 U2 36 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0168-2563 J9 BIOGEOCHEMISTRY JI Biogeochemistry PD APR PY 2002 VL 57 IS 1 BP 295 EP 339 DI 10.1023/A:1015752801818 PG 45 WC Environmental Sciences; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Geology GA 559AG UT WOS:000176001500010 ER PT J AU Belnap, J AF Belnap, J TI Nitrogen fixation in biological soil crusts from southeast Utah, USA SO BIOLOGY AND FERTILITY OF SOILS LA English DT Article DE cryptobiotic crusts; microbiotic crusts; microphytic crusts; nitrogen budgets; semi-arid lands ID STIPA-BOUTELOA GRASSLAND; TERRESTRIAL NOSTOC-COMMUNE; SURFACE DISTURBANCES; ACETYLENE-REDUCTION; SEASONAL-VARIATION; N-2 FIXATION; ALGAL CRUSTS; PHOTOSYNTHESIS; SYMBIOSIS; GUNNERA AB Biological soil crusts can be the dominant source of N for and land ecosystems. We measured potential N fixation rates biweekly for 2 years, using three types of soil crusts: (1) crusts whose directly counted cells were >98% Microcoleus vaginatus (light crusts): (2) crusts dominated by M. vaginatus, but with 20% or more of the directly counted cells represented by Nostoc commune and Scytonema myochrous (dark crusts); and (3) the soil lichen Collema sp. At all observation times. Collema had higher nitrogenase activity (NA) than dark crusts, which had higher NA than light crusts. indicating that species composition is critical when estimating N inputs. In addition, all three types of crusts generally responded in a similar fashion to climate conditions. Without precipitation within a week of collection, no NA was recorded, regardless of other conditions being favorable. Low (<1degreesC) and high (>26degreesC) temperatures precluded NA, even if soils were moist. If rain or snow melt had occurred 3 or less days before collection, NA levels were highly correlated with daily average temperatures of the previous 3 days (r(2)=0.93 for Collema crusts; r(2)=0.86 for dark crusts and r(2)=0.83 for light crusts) for temperatures between 1degreesC and 26degreesC. If a precipitation event followed a long dry period, NA levels were lower than if collection followed a time when soils were wet for extended periods (e.g., winter). Using a combination of data from a recording weather datalogger, time-domain reflectometry, manual dry-down curves. and N fixation rates at different temperatures, annual N input from the different crust types was estimated. Annual N input from dark crusts found at relatively undisturbed sites was estimated at 9 kg ha(-1) year(-1). With 20% cover of the N-fixing soil lichen Collema. inputs are estimated at 13 kg ha(-1) year(-1). N input from light crusts. generally indicating soil surface disturbance, was estimated at 1.4 kg ha(-1) year(-1). The rates in light crusts are expected to be highly variable, as disturbance history will determine cyanobacterial biomass and therefore N fixation rates. C1 US Geol Survey, Forest & Range Ecosyst Sci Ctr, Canyonlands Field Stn, Moab, UT 84532 USA. RP Belnap, J (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Forest & Range Ecosyst Sci Ctr, Canyonlands Field Stn, 2290 SW Resourse Blvd, Moab, UT 84532 USA. NR 64 TC 194 Z9 250 U1 22 U2 105 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0178-2762 J9 BIOL FERT SOILS JI Biol. Fertil. Soils PD APR PY 2002 VL 35 IS 2 BP 128 EP 135 DI 10.1007/s00374-002-0452-x PG 8 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA 547JQ UT WOS:000175329600010 ER PT J AU Custer, TW Custer, CM Larson, S Dickerson, KK AF Custer, TW Custer, CM Larson, S Dickerson, KK TI Arsenic concentrations in house wrens from Whitewood Creek, South Dakota, USA SO BULLETIN OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article ID MALLARD DUCKLINGS; GREAT-LAKES; SELENIUM; GROWTH; RIVER; ORGANOCHLORINE; CONTAMINATION; REPRODUCTION; PHYSIOLOGY; SURVIVAL C1 US Geol Survey, Upper Midwest Environm Sci Ctr, La Crosse, WI 54603 USA. US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Pierre, SD 57501 USA. US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Ecol Serv, Cheyenne, WY 82001 USA. RP Custer, TW (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Upper Midwest Environm Sci Ctr, La Crosse, WI 54603 USA. RI Custer, Christine/H-4871-2014; OI Custer, Thomas/0000-0003-3170-6519 NR 21 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0007-4861 J9 B ENVIRON CONTAM TOX JI Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. PD APR PY 2002 VL 68 IS 4 BP 517 EP 524 DI 10.1007/s00128-001-0285-6 PG 8 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA 533HZ UT WOS:000174524900009 PM 12069056 ER PT J AU Mech, LD Harper, EK AF Mech, LD Harper, EK TI Differential use of a Wolf, Canis lupus, pack territory edge and core SO CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST LA English DT Editorial Material DE Wolf; Canis lupus; buffer zone; territory; White-tailed Deer; Odocoileus virginianus; predator; prey ID BUFFER ZONES; PREDATION AB Based on 418 radio-locations of a Minnesota Wolf pack, Wolves were found at significantly fewer locations per area in the outer 2 km of the territory than in the core. This finding supports an hypothesis that buffer zones exist between pack territories and may explain why prey survive longer there. C1 Univ Minnesota, Raptor Ctr, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. Prairie & No Wildlife Res Ctr, Biol Resources Div, US Geol Survey, Jamestown, ND 58401 USA. Int Wolf Ctr, Minneapolis, MN 55429 USA. RP Mech, LD (reprint author), Univ Minnesota, Raptor Ctr, 1920 Finch Ave, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. NR 17 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 2 U2 9 PU OTTAWA FIELD-NATURALISTS CLUB PI OTTAWA PA PO BOX 35069, WESTGATE PO, OTTAWA, ONTARIO K1Z 1A2, CANADA SN 0008-3550 J9 CAN FIELD NAT JI Can. Field-Nat. PD APR-JUN PY 2002 VL 116 IS 2 BP 315 EP 316 PG 2 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 661JB UT WOS:000181886500008 ER PT J AU Madenjian, CP Fahnenstiel, GL Johengen, TH Nalepa, TF Vanderploeg, HA Fleischer, GW Schneeberger, PJ Benjamin, DM Smith, EB Bence, JR Rutherford, ES Lavis, DS Robertson, DM Jude, DJ Ebener, MP AF Madenjian, CP Fahnenstiel, GL Johengen, TH Nalepa, TF Vanderploeg, HA Fleischer, GW Schneeberger, PJ Benjamin, DM Smith, EB Bence, JR Rutherford, ES Lavis, DS Robertson, DM Jude, DJ Ebener, MP TI Dynamics of the Lake Michigan food web, 1970-2000 SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FISHERIES AND AQUATIC SCIENCES LA English DT Article ID GOBY NEOGOBIUS-MELANOSTOMUS; ZOOPLANKTON COMMUNITY STRUCTURE; TROPHIC TRANSFER EFFICIENCY; DOUBLE-CRESTED CORMORANTS; LAURENTIAN GREAT-LAKES; ALOSA-PSEUDOHARENGUS; SPECIES COMPOSITION; SILICA DEPLETION; PHYTOPLANKTON; TRENDS AB Herein, we document changes in the Lake Michigan food web between 1970 and 2000 and identify the factors responsible for these changes. Control of sea lamprey (Petromyzon marinus) and alewife (Alosa pseudoharengus) populations in Lake Michigan, beginning in the 1950s and 1960s, had profound effects on the food web. Recoveries of lake whitefish (Coregonus clupeaformis) and burbot (Lota lota) populations, as well as the buildup of salmonine populations, were attributable, at least in part, to sea lamprey control. Based on our analyses, predation by salmonines was primarily responsible for the reduction in alewife abundance during the 1970s and early 1980s. In turn, the decrease in alewife abundance likely contributed to recoveries of deepwater sculpin (Myoxocephalus thompsoni), yellow perch (Perca flavescens), and burbot populations during the 1970s and 1980s. Decrease in the abundance of all three dominant benthic macroinvertebrate groups, including Diporeia, oligochaetes, and sphaeriids, during the 1980s in nearshore waters (less than or equal to50 m deep) of Lake Michigan, was attributable to a decrease in primary production linked to a decline in phosphorus loadings. Continued decrease in Diporeia abundance during the 1990s was associated with the zebra mussel (Dreissena polymorpha) invasion, but specific mechanisms for zebra mussels affecting Diporeia abundance remain unidentified. C1 US Geol Survey, Great Lakes Sci Ctr, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA. NOAA, Great Lakes Environm Res Lab, Muskegon Field Stn, Muskegon, MI 49441 USA. Univ Michigan, Cooperat Inst Limnol & Ecosyst Res, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. NOAA, Great Lakes Environm Res Lab, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA. Michigan Dept Nat Resources, Marquette Fisheries Stn, Marquette, MI 49855 USA. Atlantic States Marine Fisheries Commiss, Washington, DC 20005 USA. Michigan State Univ, Dept Fisheries & Wildlife, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA. Univ Michigan, Fisheries Res Inst, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Ludington Biol Stn, Ludington, MI 49431 USA. US Geol Survey, Div Water Resources, Middleton, WI 53562 USA. Univ Michigan, Ctr Great Lakes & Aquat Sci, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. Chippewa Ottawa Resource Author, Intertribal Fisheries & Assessment Program, Sault St Marie, ON 49783, Canada. RP Madenjian, CP (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Great Lakes Sci Ctr, 1451 Green Rd, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA. RI Mensinger, Allen/B-7349-2013; Bence, James/E-5057-2017; OI Bence, James/0000-0002-2534-688X; Rutherford, Edward/0000-0002-7282-6667; Robertson, Dale/0000-0001-6799-0596; Vanderploeg, Henry/0000-0003-1358-8475 NR 88 TC 189 Z9 193 U1 3 U2 60 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA, ONTARIO K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0706-652X J9 CAN J FISH AQUAT SCI JI Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. PD APR PY 2002 VL 59 IS 4 BP 736 EP 753 DI 10.1139/F02-044 PG 18 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 564KH UT WOS:000176313200016 ER PT J AU Seigel, RA Dodd, CK AF Seigel, RA Dodd, CK TI Translocations of amphibians: Proven management method or experimental technique? SO CONSERVATION BIOLOGY LA English DT Editorial Material ID REPTILES C1 SE Louisiana Univ, Dept Sci Biol, Hammond, LA 70402 USA. US Geol Survey, Florida Caribbean Sci Ctr, Gainesville, FL 32653 USA. RP Seigel, RA (reprint author), Towson State Univ, Dept Biol, 8000 York Rd, Towson, MD 21252 USA. NR 14 TC 33 Z9 36 U1 1 U2 16 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING INC PI MALDEN PA 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN, MA 02148 USA SN 0888-8892 J9 CONSERV BIOL JI Conserv. Biol. PD APR PY 2002 VL 16 IS 2 BP 552 EP 554 DI 10.1046/j.1523-1739.2002.01275.x PG 3 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 537GP UT WOS:000174750800034 ER PT J AU Lee, HJ Wiberg, PL AF Lee, HJ Wiberg, PL TI Character, fate, and biological effects of contaminated, effluent-affected sediment on the Palos Verdes margin, southern California: an overview SO CONTINENTAL SHELF RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE continental shelf sediment; pollution; mapping; California; DDT; transport; modeling ID ORGANIC CONTAMINANTS; SHELF C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. Univ Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904 USA. RP Lee, HJ (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 345 Middlefield Rd,Mail Stop 999, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. NR 19 TC 20 Z9 20 U1 2 U2 5 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0278-4343 J9 CONT SHELF RES JI Cont. Shelf Res. PD APR-MAY PY 2002 VL 22 IS 6-7 BP 835 EP 840 AR PII S0278-4343(01)00106-6 DI 10.1016/S0278-4343(01)00106-6 PG 6 WC Oceanography SC Oceanography GA 560MZ UT WOS:000176087000001 ER PT J AU Hampton, MA Karl, HA Murray, CJ AF Hampton, MA Karl, HA Murray, CJ TI Acoustic profiles and images of the Palos Verdes margin: implications concerning deposition from the White's Point outfall SO CONTINENTAL SHELF RESEARCH LA English DT Article AB Subbottom profiles and sidescan-sonar images collected on and around the Palos Verdes Shelf show a surficial deposit interpreted to contain effluent from the White's Point diffusers, as well as showing several geologic features that affect the deposit's distribution. The effluent-affected deposit is visible in high-resolution subbottom profiles on the shelf and the adjacent San Pedro basin slope to water depths of 170 m. It has a maximum thickness of 75 cm and was mapped acoustically over an area of 10.8 km(2), which encompasses a volume of about 3.2 million m(3). The deposit's basal reflector is acoustically distinct over most of the mapped area, implying that the deposit has not been extensively mixed across its base, perhaps being relatively free of reworking since its initial deposition. Nearshore, the basal reflector is weak and fades away toward land, which could result from syndepositional intermixing of coarse native sediment (particularly from the Portuguese Bend landslide) with effluent in the high-energy nearshore zone, or postdepositionally by physical (wave) or biological mixing across the interface. The geometry of the deposit implies that effluent is dispersed primarily in a northwesterly and seaward direction from the diffusers. Dispersal across the shelf break is in some places strongly affected by topography, particularly by submarine canyons. The deposit overlies stratified and unstratified Quaternary sediment, up to 30 m thick, that in turn overlies the irregular erosional surface of deformed Miocene bedrock that crops out in places on the shelf and upper basin slope. The effluent-affected deposit rests on potentially unstable landslide deposits on the San Pedro basin slope. The acoustic profiles and side-scan images show evidence for active and inactive vents, probably of hot water and gas, some of which are within the boundary of the effluent-affected sediment deposit and could disrupt it if seepage occurs. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. Pacific NW Natl Lab, Richland, WA 99352 USA. RP Hampton, MA (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 345 Middlefield Rd, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. NR 20 TC 19 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 0 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0278-4343 J9 CONT SHELF RES JI Cont. Shelf Res. PD APR-MAY PY 2002 VL 22 IS 6-7 BP 841 EP 857 AR PII S0278-4343(01)00107-8 DI 10.1016/S0278-4343(01)00107-8 PG 17 WC Oceanography SC Oceanography GA 560MZ UT WOS:000176087000002 ER PT J AU Lee, HJ Sherwood, CR Drake, DE Edwards, BD Wong, F Hamer, M AF Lee, HJ Sherwood, CR Drake, DE Edwards, BD Wong, F Hamer, M TI Spatial and temporal distribution of contaminated, effluent-affected sediment on the Palos Verdes margin, southern California SO CONTINENTAL SHELF RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE shelf sediment; pollution; mapping; California; DDT; PCBs ID CONTINENTAL-MARGIN; DISPERSAL; SHELF AB A sedimentary deposit on the continental margin near the Palos Verdes Peninsula, California is comprised of sewage effluent and geologic materials and is contaminated with metals, pesticides (including DDT and associated compounds), and PCBs. The deposit was mapped with subbottom acoustic profilers, and sediment cores were analyzed for geochemical and physical properties to determine the volume of the deposit and the distribution and mass 3 of contaminants. Mapping showed that the deposit ranges Lip to 60-cm thick, has a total volume exceeding 9 million in and covers over 40 km(2). Virtually the entire effluent-affected deposit is contaminated with DDT and PCBs. Nearly half of the area of the deposit lies on the continental slope, but 70-75% of the volume of the deposit and total mass of DDT reside on the continental shelf. Analysis of data collected biennially since 1981 by the Sanitation Districts of Los Angeles County show that the mass of DDT has apparently decreased at some stations but has remained essentially constant at others. Temporal changes in mass per unit area of DDT are not statistically significant (at the 90% confidence level) at the most contaminated locations over a 16-yr period. The results of this mapping effort were used as a basis for modeling efforts described elsewhere in this issue. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. Drake Marine Consulting, Ben Lomond, CA 95005 USA. City San Leandro, San Leandro, CA 94577 USA. RP Lee, HJ (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 345 Middlefield Rd,Mail Stop 999, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. NR 35 TC 28 Z9 28 U1 0 U2 3 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0278-4343 J9 CONT SHELF RES JI Cont. Shelf Res. PD APR-MAY PY 2002 VL 22 IS 6-7 BP 859 EP 880 AR PII S0278-4343(01)00108-X DI 10.1016/S0278-4343(01)00108-X PG 22 WC Oceanography SC Oceanography GA 560MZ UT WOS:000176087000003 ER PT J AU Murray, CJ Lee, HJ Hampton, MA AF Murray, CJ Lee, HJ Hampton, MA TI Geostatistical mapping of effluent-affected sediment distribution on the Palos Verdes shelf SO CONTINENTAL SHELF RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE geostatistics; pollution maps; geophysical data; cores; DDE; sewage disposal; outfalls; regional terms; USA; California; Palos Verdes Margin ID CALIFORNIA; MARGIN AB Geostatistical techniques were used to study the spatial continuity of the thickness of effluent-affected sediment in the offshore Palos Verdes Margin area. The thickness data were measured directly from cores and indirectly from high-frequency subbottom profiles collected over the Palos Verdes Margin. Strong spatial continuity of the sediment thickness data was identified, with a maximum range of correlation in excess of 1.4 km. The spatial correlation showed a marked anisotropy, and was more than twice as continuous in the alongshore direction as in the cross-shelf direction. Sequential indicator simulation employing models fit to the thickness data variograms was used to map the distribution of the sediment, and to quantify the uncertainty in those estimates. A strong correlation between sediment thickness data and measurements of the mass of the contaminant p,p'-DDE per unit area was identified. A calibration based on the bivariate distribution of the thickness and pp-DDE data was applied using Markov-Bayes indicator simulation to extend the geostatistical study and map the contamination levels in the sediment. Integrating the map grids produced by the geostatistical study of the two variables indicated that 7.8 million in 3 of effluent-affected sediment exist in the map area, containing approximately 61-72 Mg (metric tons) of p,p-DDE. Most of the contaminated sediment (about 85% of the sediment and 89% of the p,p'-DDE) occurs in water depths < 100 m. The geostatistical study also indicated that the samples available for mapping are well distributed and the uncertainty of the estimates of the thickness and contamination level of the sediments is lowest in areas where the contaminated sediment is most prevalent. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Pacific NW Natl Lab, Richland, WA 99352 USA. US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. RP Murray, CJ (reprint author), Pacific NW Natl Lab, POB 999,MS K6-81, Richland, WA 99352 USA. EM chris.murray@pnl.gov NR 16 TC 14 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 2 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0278-4343 J9 CONT SHELF RES JI Cont. Shelf Res. PD APR-MAY PY 2002 VL 22 IS 6-7 BP 881 EP 897 AR PII S0278-4343(01)00109-1 DI 10.1016/S0278-4343(01)00109-1 PG 17 WC Oceanography SC Oceanography GA 560MZ UT WOS:000176087000004 ER PT J AU Wong, FL AF Wong, FL TI Heavy mineral provinces of the Palos Verdes margin, southern California SO CONTINENTAL SHELF RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE heavy minerals; shelf sediment; effluent; California AB Natural sources of sediment for the Palos Verdes margin, southern California, have been augmented by effluent discharged from Los Angeles County Sanitation District's sewage-treatment facility and by the reactivation of the Portuguese Bend landslide. Heavy minerals in very fine and fine sand (63-250 mum) from beach and shelf sites off the Palos Verdes Peninsula distinguish effluent-affected sediment from unaffected deposits, and track the sediment contributed by the Portuguese Bend landslide. Heavy minerals also identify heterogeneous sediment sources for the nearshore zone and relate outer-shelf sediment to depositional cells north and south of the area. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. RP Wong, FL (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 345 Middlefield Rd, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. NR 17 TC 13 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 1 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0278-4343 J9 CONT SHELF RES JI Cont. Shelf Res. PD APR-MAY PY 2002 VL 22 IS 6-7 BP 899 EP 910 AR PII S0278-4343(01)00110-8 PG 12 WC Oceanography SC Oceanography GA 560MZ UT WOS:000176087000005 ER PT J AU Kayen, RE Lee, HJ Hein, JR AF Kayen, RE Lee, HJ Hein, JR TI Influence of the Portuguese Bend landslide on the character of the effluent-affected sediment deposit, Palos Verdes margin, southern California SO CONTINENTAL SHELF RESEARCH LA English DT Article AB Historic accretion of sediment on the Palos Verdes margin off Los Angeles County, CA, is dominated by two sources, effluent from Whites Point outfall and sediment eroded from the toe of Portuguese Bend landslide. In this paper, we document the recent history of sedimentation from these non-marine sources from 1937 until the late 1990s, and attempt to estimate the amount of material preserved on the shelf. Toward that end, we characterized offshore sediment by physical and geotechnical testing, using non-destructive gamma-ray whole-core logging techniques and conventional geotechnical strength tests, and X-ray diffraction. Results are reported within a geographic information system framework that allows for: (1) the evaluation of the spatial variability of the measured properties, and (2) assessment of the influence of these properties on processes affecting the effluent-affected sediment layer. In the inner shelf, material eroded by wave action from the toe of the Portuguese Bend landslide since 1956 has contributed 5.7-9.4 million metric tons (Mmt) of sediment, from a total eroded mass of 12.1 Mmt. A lesser fraction (greater than or equal to2.7 Mmt) of sediment is incorporated into the mid- and outer-shelf effluent-affected sediment layer. Evidence from X-ray diffractograms clearly indicates that landslide material has mixed with the mid- and outer-shelf effluent. From 1937-1987, it is estimated that 3.8 Mmt of solid anthropogenic effluent was discharged into the water column and onto the Palos Verdes Shelf. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. RP Kayen, RE (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 345 Middlefield Rd, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. NR 16 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 1 U2 5 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0278-4343 J9 CONT SHELF RES JI Cont. Shelf Res. PD APR-MAY PY 2002 VL 22 IS 6-7 BP 911 EP 922 AR PII S0278-4343(01)00111-X DI 10.1016/S0278-4343(01)00111-X PG 12 WC Oceanography SC Oceanography GA 560MZ UT WOS:000176087000006 ER PT J AU Noble, MA Ryan, HF Wiberg, PL AF Noble, MA Ryan, HF Wiberg, PL TI The dynamics of subtidal poleward flows over a narrow continental shelf, Palos Verdes, CA SO CONTINENTAL SHELF RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID SOUTHERN-CALIFORNIA SHELF; SANTA-BARBARA CHANNEL; UNITED-STATES; SEDIMENT RESUSPENSION; CURRENT SYSTEM; WEST-COAST; WIND; CIRCULATION; SLOPE; TEMPERATURE AB The Palos Verdes peninsula is a short, very narrow ( < 3 km) shelf in southern California that is bracketed by two large embayments. In May 1992, arrays of up to 4 moorings and 2 benthic tripods were deployed in a yearlong study of the circulation processes over this shelf and the adjacent slope. Wind stress, coastal sea level, atmospheric pressure and wave records were obtained from offshore sites and from coastal stations surrounding Palos Verdes. Bottom stress calculated for the mid-shelf sites using a boundary-layer model and data from the above instruments indicated the bottom drag coefficient over this shelf is about 0.003. Currents flow toward the northwest along the shelf and upper slope. Speeds are generally around 20-30cm/s. There was no obvious seasonal structure in the flow. The first EOF for subtidal alongshelf current accounted for nearly 70% of the variance at sites on the shelf and upper slope. The dominant fluctuations had periods between 5 and 20 days, periods longer than seen in the regional wind stress field. Coastal sea level and the alongshore gradient in sea level had a similar concentration of energy in the 5-20 day frequency band. About 30% of the alongshelf flow was coherent with the alongshelf pressure gradient; currents flowed down the pressure gradient with minimal phase lag. Winds accounted for only 15-20% of the variance in subtidal currents, but the measured effect of wind stress was large. A I dyne/cm(2) wind stress was associated with a 20-30cm/s alongshore current. Both the regional wind stress and the alongshelf pressure gradients had spatial scales much larger than found on this small shelf. Subtidal flows forced by these regional fields were set up in the adjacent, much broader basins. The currents amplified as they moved onto the narrow shelf between the basins. Hence, local wind-driven currents had anomalously large amplitudes. The momentum equations for alongshelf wind or pressure gradients did not balance because some of the measured terms were associated with regional fields, others with local process. Our observations suggest that it is more difficult to determine which measured fields reflect the local processes in regions with rapidly changing topography. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. Univ Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22903 USA. RP Noble, MA (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 345 Middlefield Rd,MS 999, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. NR 34 TC 32 Z9 32 U1 0 U2 3 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0278-4343 J9 CONT SHELF RES JI Cont. Shelf Res. PD APR-MAY PY 2002 VL 22 IS 6-7 BP 923 EP 944 AR PII S0278-4343(01)00112-1 DI 10.1016/S0278-4343(01)00112-1 PG 22 WC Oceanography SC Oceanography GA 560MZ UT WOS:000176087000007 ER PT J AU Jones, BH Noble, MA Dickey, TD AF Jones, BH Noble, MA Dickey, TD TI Hydrographic and particle distributions over the Palos Verdes Continental Shelf: spatial, seasonal and daily variability SO CONTINENTAL SHELF RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID COASTAL WATERS; PLUME; RESUSPENSION; DISPERSION; LAYERS; WAVES AB Moorings and towyo mapping were used to study the temporal and spatial variability of physical processes and suspended particulate material over the continental shelf of the Palos Verdes Peninsula in southwestern Los Angeles, California during the late summer of 1992 and winter of 1992-93. Seasonal evolution of the hydrographic structure is related to seasonal atmospheric forcing. During Summer, stratification results from heating of the upper layer. Summer insolation coupled with the stratification results in a slight salinity increase nearsurface due to evaporation. Winter cooling removes much of the upper layer stratification, but winter storms can introduce sufficient quantities of freshwater into the shelf water column again adding stratification through the buoyancy input. Vertical mixing of the low salinity surface water deeper into the water Column decreases the sharp nearsurface stratification and reduces the overall salinity of the upper water column. Moored conductivity measurements indicate that the decreased salinity persisted for at least 2 months after a major storm with additional freshwater inputs through the period. Four particulate groups contributed to the suspended particulate load in the water column: phytoplankton, resuspended sediments, and particles in treated sewage effluent were observed in every towyo mapping cruise; terrigenous particles are introduced through runoff from winter rainstorms. Terrigenous suspended particulate material sinks from the water column in <9 days and phytoplankton respond to the stormwater input of buoyancy and nutrients within the same period. The suspended particles near the bottom have spatially patchy distributions, but are always present in hydrographic surveys of the shelf. Temporal variations in these particles do not show a significant tidal response, but they may be maintained in suspension by internal wave and tide processes impinging on the shelf. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Univ So Calif, Dept Biol Sci, Los Angeles, CA 90089 USA. US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Ocean Phys Lab, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA. RP Jones, BH (reprint author), Univ So Calif, Dept Biol Sci, Los Angeles, CA 90089 USA. NR 18 TC 22 Z9 22 U1 0 U2 3 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0278-4343 J9 CONT SHELF RES JI Cont. Shelf Res. PD APR-MAY PY 2002 VL 22 IS 6-7 BP 945 EP 965 AR PII S0278-4343(01)00114-5 DI 10.1016/S0278-4343(01)00114-5 PG 21 WC Oceanography SC Oceanography GA 560MZ UT WOS:000176087000008 ER PT J AU Drake, DE Eganhouse, R McArthur, W AF Drake, DE Eganhouse, R McArthur, W TI Physical and chemical effects of grain aggregates on the Palos Verdes margin, southern California SO CONTINENTAL SHELF RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID WASTE-WATER DISCHARGE; PARTICLE-SIZE; CONTINENTAL-SHELF; SEDIMENT RESUSPENSION; SUSPENDED PARTICLES; NATURAL SEDIMENTS; FECAL PELLETS; COASTAL SHELF; COMBINED WAVE; DEEP OCEAN AB Large discharges of wastewater and particulate matter from the outfalls of the Los Angeles County Sanitation Districts onto the Palos Verdes shelf since 1937 have produced an effluent-affected sediment deposit characterized by low bulk density, elevated organic matter content, and a high percentage of fine silt and clay particles relative to underlying native sands and sandy silts. Comparison of the results of grain-size analyses using a gentle wet-sieving technique that preserves certain grain aggregates to the results of standard size analyses of disaggregated particles shows that high percentages (up to 50%) of the silt and clay fractions of the effluent-affected mud are incorporated in aggregates having intermediate diameters in the fine-to-medium sand size range (63-500 mum). Scanning electron microscope images of the aggregates show that they are predominantly oval fecal pellets or irregularly shaped fragments of pellets. Deposit-feeding polychaete worms such as Capitella sp. and Mediomastus sp., abundant in the mud-rich effluent-affected sediment on Palos Verdes shelf, are probably responsible for most of the grain aggregates through fecal pellet production. Particle settling rates and densities, and the concentrations of organic carbon and p,p'-DDE, a metabolite of the hydrophobic pesticide DDT, were determined for seven grain-size fractions in the effluent-affected sediment. Fecal pellet grain densities ranged from about 1.2 to 1.5 g/cc, and their average settling rates were reduced to the equivalent of about one phi size relative to spherical quartz grains of the same diameter. However, repackaging of fine silt and clay grains into the sand-sized fecal pellets causes an effective settling rate increase of up to 3 orders of magnitude for the smallest particles incorporated in the pellets. Moreover, organic carbon and p,p'-DDE exhibit a bimodal distribution with relatively high concentrations in the finest size fraction (0-20 mum), as expected, and a second concentration peak associated with the sand-sized fecal pellets. The repackaging of fine-grained particles along with their adsorbed chemical compounds into relatively fast-settling pellets has important implications for the mobilization and transport of the sediment and the desorption of chemicals from grain surfaces. (C) 2002 Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 Drake Marine Consulting, Ben Lomond, CA 95005 USA. US Geol Survey, Reston, VA 22092 USA. US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. RP Drake, DE (reprint author), Drake Marine Consulting, 1711 Quail Hollow Rd, Ben Lomond, CA 95005 USA. NR 47 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 4 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0278-4343 J9 CONT SHELF RES JI Cont. Shelf Res. PD APR-MAY PY 2002 VL 22 IS 6-7 BP 967 EP 986 AR PII S0278-4343(01)00115-7 DI 10.1016/S0278-4343(01)00115-7 PG 20 WC Oceanography SC Oceanography GA 560MZ UT WOS:000176087000009 ER PT J AU Wiberg, PL Drake, DE Harris, CK Noble, M AF Wiberg, PL Drake, DE Harris, CK Noble, M TI Sediment transport on the Palos Verdes shelf over seasonal to decadal time scales SO CONTINENTAL SHELF RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE sediment transport; continental shelf; southern California; sediment resuspension; effluent-affected sediment ID CALIFORNIA CONTINENTAL-SHELF; BOUNDARY-LAYER; STRESS; EVENTS; PREDICTIONS; STORM; MODEL AB We combine direct observations, longer-term wave data, and model calculations to characterize resuspension and transport of fine-grained, effluent-affected sediment oil the Palos Verdes shelf. Near-bed waves, currents, and suspended sediment concentrations were monitored during the winter of 1992-93 with a bottom tripod and current-meter mooring at a 63-m-deep site. Wave conditions that winter were moderate (similar to2 year recurrence interval), and mean current was alongshelf to the northwest; currents were not significantly correlated with wave conditions. Seven wave events during the winter (December March) produced near-bed wave orbital velocities at the study site in excess of 14 cm s(-1), the observed threshold for significant resuspension. Three of these events occurred during the bottom tripod deployment and are characterized by the highest persistent suspended sediment concentrations in the tripod record. Suspended sediment flux was alongshelf to the northwest for 5 of the 6 wave events for which current data were available one event occurred during low southeast currents. Measured suspended sediment concentration and grain size generally agree with values that were calculated using a shelf sediment transport model with no adjustment of parameters from values determined for two muddy sites on the northern California shelf. We extend our seasonal observations to a period of almost 2 decades by applying the observed thresholds for wave-driven resuspension to near-bed wave conditions calculated from NDBC Buoy 46025 surface wave data. An average of 10 resuspension events per year, with an average duration of 1.6 days, were identified at a water depth of 60 m; the number of events dropped to 3 per year at 90 in, beyond the shelf break. For the majority of these events, calculated net suspended sediment flux is toward the northwest (alongshelf) at an average rate of 140 kg m(-1) h(-1); about a third of the events have net southeastward flux at an average rate of 30 kg m(-1) h(-1). The calculated thickness of the resuspended surface layer of the bed was less than I cm for all events at 60 in. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Virginia, Dept Environm Sci, Charlottesville, VA 22904 USA. US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. RP Wiberg, PL (reprint author), Univ Virginia, Dept Environm Sci, Clark Hall, Charlottesville, VA 22904 USA. NR 24 TC 39 Z9 39 U1 0 U2 4 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0278-4343 J9 CONT SHELF RES JI Cont. Shelf Res. PD APR-MAY PY 2002 VL 22 IS 6-7 BP 987 EP 1004 AR PII S0278-4343(01)00116-9 DI 10.1016/S0278-4343(01)00116-9 PG 18 WC Oceanography SC Oceanography GA 560MZ UT WOS:000176087000010 ER PT J AU Sherwood, CR Drake, DE Wiberg, PL Wheatcroft, RA AF Sherwood, CR Drake, DE Wiberg, PL Wheatcroft, RA TI Prediction of the fate of p,p '-DDE in sediment on the Palos Verdes shelf, California, USA SO CONTINENTAL SHELF RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID WASTE-WATER DISCHARGE; SOUTHERN-CALIFORNIA; CONTAMINANT DISPERSAL; CONTINENTAL-MARGIN; ORGANIC CONTAMINANTS; SORPTION KINETICS; COASTAL SHELF; TRACE-METALS; GRADIENT; DDT AB Long-term (60-yr) predictions of vertical profiles of p,p'-DDE concentrations in contaminated bottom sediments on the Palos Verdes shelf were calculated for three locations along the 60-m isobath using a numerical solution of the one-dimensional advection-diffusion equation. The calculations incorporated the following processes: sediment deposition (or erosion), depth-dependent solid-phase biodiffusive mixing, in situ diagenetic transformation, and loss of p,p'-DDE across the sediment-water interface by two mechanisms (resuspension of sediments by wave action and subsequent loss of p,p-DDE to the water column by desorption, and desorption from sediments to porewater and subsequent molecular diffusion to the water column). A combination of field measurements, laboratory analyses, and calculations with supporting models was used to set parameters for the model. The model explains significant features observed in measurements made every 2 years from 1981 to 1997 by the County Sanitation Districts of Los Angeles (LACSD). Analyses of available data suggest that two sites northwest of the Whites Point sewage outfalls will remain depositional, even as particulate supply from the sewage-treatment plant and nearby Portuguese Bend Landslide decreases. At these sites, model predictions for 1991-2050 indicate that most of the existing inventory of p, p'-DDE will remain buried and that surface concentrations will gradually decrease. Analyses of data southeast of the outfalls suggest that erosion is likely to occur somewhere on the southeast edge of the existing effluent-affected deposit, and model predictions for such a site showed that erosion and biodiffusion will reintroduce the p,p'-DDE to the upper layer of sediments, with subsequent increases in surface concentrations and loss to the overlying water column. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 US Geol Survey, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. Drake Marine Consulting, Ben Lomond, CA 95005 USA. Univ Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22903 USA. Oregon State Univ, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. RP Sherwood, CR (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. NR 89 TC 33 Z9 33 U1 1 U2 12 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0278-4343 J9 CONT SHELF RES JI Cont. Shelf Res. PD APR-MAY PY 2002 VL 22 IS 6-7 BP 1025 EP 1058 AR PII S0278-4343(01)00118-2 DI 10.1016/S0278-4343(01)00118-2 PG 34 WC Oceanography SC Oceanography GA 560MZ UT WOS:000176087000012 ER PT J AU Grigg, RW Grossman, EE Earle, SA Gittings, SR Lott, D McDonough, J AF Grigg, RW Grossman, EE Earle, SA Gittings, SR Lott, D McDonough, J TI Drowned reefs and antecedent karst topography, Au'au Channel, SE Hawaiian Islands SO CORAL REEFS LA English DT Article DE drowned reefs; holocene transgression; sea level; karst topography; reef growth; Hawaii ID YOUNGER DRYAS; LEVEL RECORD; ARCHIPELAGO; CORALS; AGES; HISTORY; FLEXURE; RISE; OAHU AB During the last glacial maximum (LGM), about 21,000 years ago, the Hawaiian Islands of Maui, Lanai, and Molokai were interconnected by limestone bridges, creating a super-island known as Maui-Nui. Approximately 120 in of sea-level rise during the Holocene Transgression flooded, and then drowned. these bridges separating the islands by inter-island channels. A new multibeam high-resolution bathymetric survey of the channels between the islands, coupled with observations and video-transects utilizing DeepWorker-2000 submersibles, has revealed the existence of numerous drowned reef features including concentric solution basins, solution ridges (rims), sand and sediment plains, and conical-shaped reef pinnacles. The concentric basins contain flat lagoon-like bottoms that are rimmed by steep-sided limestone walls. Undercut notches rim the basins at several depths, marking either sea-level still stands or paleo-lake levels. All of the solution basins shallower than 120 in were subaerial at the LGM, and at one stage or another may have been shallow shoreline lakes. Today, about 70 drowned reef pinnacles are scattered across the Maui-Lanai underwater bridge and all are situated in wave-sheltered positions. Most drowned during the interval between 14,000 and 10,000 years ago when sea-level rise averaged 15 mm/ year. Virtually all of the surficial topography in the Au'au Channel today is a product of karst processes accentuated by marginal reef growth during the Holocene. Both the submerged basins and the drowned reefs represent an archive of sea-level and climate history in Hawaii during the late Quaternary. C1 Univ Hawaii, Dept Oceanog, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. Univ Calif Santa Cruz, US Geol Survey, Santa Cruz, CA 95064 USA. Natl Geog Soc, Washington, DC 20036 USA. NOAA, Natl Ocean Serv, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. RP Grigg, RW (reprint author), Univ Hawaii, Dept Oceanog, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. NR 34 TC 39 Z9 40 U1 0 U2 7 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0722-4028 J9 CORAL REEFS JI Coral Reefs PD APR PY 2002 VL 21 IS 1 BP 73 EP 82 DI 10.1007/s00338-001-0203-8 PG 10 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 552FG UT WOS:000175608200011 ER PT J AU Donovan, TM Flather, CH AF Donovan, TM Flather, CH TI Relationships among north American songbird trends, habitat fragmentation, and landscape occupancy SO ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS LA English DT Article DE area sensitivity; Breeding Bird Survey; forest passerines; habitat fragmentation; habitat selection; landscape occupancy; macroecology; neotropical migratory birds; population trends ID BREEDING BIRD SURVEY; OVENBIRD SEIURUS-AUROCAPILLUS; FOREST FRAGMENTS; NESTING SUCCESS; MIGRATORY BIRDS; INSECTIVOROUS SONGBIRDS; REPRODUCTIVE SUCCESS; PAIRING SUCCESS; WOOD THRUSH; AREA AB Fragmentation of breeding habitat has been hypothesized as a cause of population declines in forest-nesting migratory birds. Negative correlations between the degree of fragmentation and bird density or fecundity at local or regional scales support the fragmentation hypothesis. Yet, in spite of reduced fecundity and densities in fragmented systems, many forest-nesting passerine species have increased in numbers over time. We hypothesized that range-wide population change in species for which habitat fragmentation negatively affects reproductive success should depend on the proportion of the population that actually occupies fragmented landscapes. We predicted that fragmentation-sensitive species (e.g., species that occur in reduced densities in fragmented landscapes) should increase globally in numbers at a greater rate than species that readily occupy fragmented landscapes, because fragmentation-sensitive distributions place a large proportion of the global population in contiguous landscapes that are superior for breeding. We used Breeding Bird Survey (BBS) data and associated landscape metrics, to test this prediction for 10 species of forest-nesting passerines in the United States that experience reproductive dysfunction associated with habitat fragmentation: Ovenbird (Seiurus aurocapillus), Red-eyed Vireo (Vireo olivaceus), Wood Thrush (Hylocichla mustelina), Northern Cardinal (Cardinalis cardinalis), Worm-eating Warbler (Helmitheros vermivorus), Kentucky Warbler (Oporornis formosus), Indigo Bunting (Passerina cyanea), Scarlet Tanager (Piranga olivacea), Acadian Flycatcher (Empidonax virescens), and Hooded Warbler (Wilsonia citrina). Our approach was to: (1) quantify landscape features associated with BBS routes across the eastern United States, (2) classify landscapes around BBS routes as "fragmented" or "contiguous," (3) estimate the proportion of detected individuals that occurred in fragmented landscapes on a species-by-species basis, and then (4) associate 10-yr trends for each species, with the proportion of breeding individuals occupying fragmented landscapes. Regression analysis indicated a significant, negative relationship between the proportion of the breeding population occupying fragmented landscapes and the population trend from 1970 to 1980. Although this result links habitat fragmentation to population change and provides support for the fragmentation hypothesis, other factors (e.g., land use change, weather, varying life history traits, varying winter survivorship, habitat amount thresholds) could generate similar results. More work is needed to partition the relative influence of these factors on regional bird population dynamics if conservationists are to understand more clearly the effects of fragmentation on the distribution and abundance of species across their ranges. C1 SUNY Syracuse, Coll Environm Sci & Forestry, Syracuse, NY 13210 USA. US Forest Serv, USDA, Rocky Mt Res Stn, Ft Collins, CO 80526 USA. RP Donovan, TM (reprint author), Univ Vermont, Sch Nat Resources, USGS Vermont Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Aiken Ctr 311, Burlington, VT 05405 USA. RI Flather, Curtis/G-3577-2012 OI Flather, Curtis/0000-0002-0623-3126 NR 87 TC 78 Z9 87 U1 4 U2 77 PU ECOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 1707 H ST NW, STE 400, WASHINGTON, DC 20006-3915 USA SN 1051-0761 J9 ECOL APPL JI Ecol. Appl. PD APR PY 2002 VL 12 IS 2 BP 364 EP 374 DI 10.2307/3060948 PG 11 WC Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 532EC UT WOS:000174457800006 ER PT J AU Gustafson, EJ Knutson, MG Niemi, GJ Friberg, M AF Gustafson, EJ Knutson, MG Niemi, GJ Friberg, M TI Evaluation of spatial models to predict vulnerability of forest birds to brood parasitism by Cowbirds SO ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS LA English DT Article DE brood parasitism; Brown-headed Cowbirds; forest birds; forest edges; fragmentation; Molothrus ater; neotropical migratory songbirds; risk; scale; spatial models ID BROWN-HEADED COWBIRDS; NEOTROPICAL MIGRANT; MIGRATORY BIRDS; UNITED-STATES; LANDSCAPE; HABITAT; SUCCESS; EDGE; FRAGMENTATION; PATTERNS AB We constructed alternative spatial models at two scales to predict Brownheaded Cowbird (Molothrus ater) parasitism rates from land cover maps. The local-scale models tested competing hypotheses about the relationship between cowbird parasitism and distance of host nests from a forest edge (forest-nonforest boundary). The landscape models tested competing hypotheses about how landscape features (e.g., forests, agricultural fields) interact to determine rates of cowbird parasitism. The models incorporate spatial neighborhoods with a radius of 2.5 km in their formulation, reflecting the scale of the majority of cowbird commuting activity. Field data on parasitism by cowbirds (parasitism rate and number of cowbird eggs per nest) were collected at 28 sites in the Driftless Area Ecoregion of Wisconsin, Minnesota, and Iowa and were compared to the predictions of the alternative models. At the local scale, there was a significant positive relationship between cowbird parasitism and mean distance of nest sites from the forest edge. At the landscape scale, the best fitting models were the forest-dependent and forest-fragmentation-dependent models, in which more heavily forested and less fragmented landscapes, had higher parasitism rates. However, much of the explanatory power of these models results from the inclusion of the local-scale relationship in these models. We found lower rates of cowbird parasitism than did most Midwestern studies, and we identified landscape patterns of cowbird parasitism that are opposite to those reported in several other studies of Midwestern songbirds. We caution that cowbird parasitism patterns can be unpredictable, depending upon ecoregional location and the spatial extent, and that our models should be tested in other ecoregions before they are applied there. Our study confirms that cowbird biology has a strong spatial component, and that improved spatial models applied at multiple spatial scales will be required to predict the effects of landscape and forest management on cowbird parasitism of forest birds. C1 USDA, Forest Serv, N Cent Res Stn, Rhinelander, WI 54501 USA. USGS, Upper Midwest Environm Sci Ctr, La Crosse, WI 54603 USA. Univ Minnesota, Nat Resources Res Inst, Duluth, MN 55811 USA. Univ Minnesota, Dept Biol, Duluth, MN 55811 USA. Univ Minnesota, Conservat Biol Grad Program, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. RP Gustafson, EJ (reprint author), USDA, Forest Serv, N Cent Res Stn, 5985 Highway K, Rhinelander, WI 54501 USA. EM egustafson@fs.fed.us NR 57 TC 22 Z9 25 U1 1 U2 7 PU ECOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 1990 M STREET NW, STE 700, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 1051-0761 EI 1939-5582 J9 ECOL APPL JI Ecol. Appl. PD APR PY 2002 VL 12 IS 2 BP 412 EP 426 DI 10.1890/1051-0761(2002)012[0412:EOSMTP]2.0.CO;2 PG 15 WC Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 532EC UT WOS:000174457800010 ER PT J AU Yako, LA Mather, ME Juanes, F AF Yako, LA Mather, ME Juanes, F TI Mechanisms for migration of anadromous herring: An ecological basis for effective conservation SO ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS LA English DT Article DE Alosa aestivalis; Alosa pseudoharengus; anadromous river herring; balancing conservation with development; Bosmina spp.; Cape Cod, Massachusetts (USA); conservation; land use; migration; sustainability; water use ID JUVENILE AMERICAN SHAD; ATLANTIC SALMON; ECOSYSTEM MANAGEMENT; SEAWARD MIGRATION; ALOSA-PSEUDOHARENGUS; VERTICAL MIGRATION; CONNECTICUT RIVER; FEEDING-BEHAVIOR; CLUPEA-HARENGUS; PREDATION RISK AB Land use planners have the challenge of incorporating biologically sound guidelines into development plans to balance human development with conservation of natural resources. Valued as an important component of the natural heritage of the northeastern United States, anadromous river herring (Alosa pseudoharengus, A. aestivalis) represent a model system to look at how ecological data can help conserve biological diversity in systems impacted by humans. Juvenile river herring spend 3-7 months in freshwater then migrate to the ocean. However, factors that trigger migration, and consequently influence distribution and abundance, are not well understood. Thus, our objectives in this study were to (1) describe juvenile river herring migration patterns, both "peak" (>1000 fish/wk) and "all" (>30 fish/wk) migration; (2) identify potential cues for this migration; (3) examine effects of one, type of ecosystem alteration, low water levels, on river herring; and (4) suggest how this information can be incorporated into an effective conservation plan. Weekly during June-November 1994, we sampled both migrating and nonmigrating river herring and seven associated abiotic and biotic variables in one continuous and one intermittent flow system on Cape Cod, Massachusetts. We then used multiple logistic regression to predict when juvenile river herring migrate. In the continuous-flow system, juvenile river herring migration primarily occurred during the midday hours from July through early November, with the peaks of migration, comprising >96% of all migrating fish observed in early July and early September.. The peaks of migration occurred during the new moon, when Bosmina spp. density was low, and all periods of migration occurred when water visibility was low, during decreased amounts of rainfall. In the intermittent flow system, juvenile river herring migration was frequently inhibited due to low water levels, and herring were on average 25 mm smaller than those in the continuous flow system. Using these results, managers can more effectively monitor river herring populations by identifying factors associated with migration and isolating critical flow periods when fish movement is likely to occur. Thus, we can detect changes in herring population size due to human impacts. Ultimately, these data can be incorporated into an ecologically sound conservation plan for juvenile anadromous herring that may help ensure their survival while balancing human needs for natural resources. C1 Univ Massachusetts, US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div,Dept Nat Resources Conservat, Massachusetts Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Amherst, MA 01003 USA. RP Mather, ME (reprint author), Univ Massachusetts, US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div,Dept Nat Resources Conservat, Massachusetts Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Amherst, MA 01003 USA. NR 90 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 1 U2 26 PU ECOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 1707 H ST NW, STE 400, WASHINGTON, DC 20006-3915 USA SN 1051-0761 J9 ECOL APPL JI Ecol. Appl. PD APR PY 2002 VL 12 IS 2 BP 521 EP 534 DI 10.2307/3060960 PG 14 WC Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 532EC UT WOS:000174457800018 ER PT J AU Canterbury, G AF Canterbury, G TI Metabolic adaptation and climatic constraints on winter bird distribution SO ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE allometry, temperature; basal metabolic rate; Christmas Bird Count; cold tolerance; independent contrasts; passerine birds; phenotypic acclimatization; range boundaries; winter climate, food limitation ID BLACK-CAPPED CHICKADEE; AVIAN DISTRIBUTIONS; SEASONAL ACCLIMATIZATION; EVOLUTIONARY GENETICS; ENERGY CONSTRAINTS; MITOCHONDRIAL-DNA; TEMPERATURE; SPARROWS; THERMOREGULATION; ZONOTRICHIA AB I used two methods to estimate limiting environmental temperatures for 28 North American passerine species studied in the physiological literature: indirect estimation from body mass and allometric equations, and direct estimation from physiological measurements of basal metabolic rate (BMR), lower critical temperature. and thermal conductance. I compared these predicted limiting temperatures to mean minimum temperatures at northern winter range boundaries determined from Christmas Bird Count data. Estimates derived from physiological parameters predicted minimum temperatures at range boundaries more accurately than did allometric equations. Phylogenetic analyses of independent contrasts under two branch length hypotheses corroborated that physiological parameters were superior to allometric equations as predictors of range boundary temperature. Thus using body mass as a surrogate for physiological data underestimates the association between physiological cold tolerance and northern range limits. However, this association Could be explained by phenotypic acclimatization to different environments as well as by genetic differences among species; thus low values of the physiological temperature limit may be a result rather than a cause of northerly ranges, The distribution of predicted metabolic rates at northern range boundaries relative to BMR did not cluster at a clear upper boundary, so it is uncertain whether a constraint on maximum metabolic rate limits distribution of some species. Metabolic rate at the northern range boundary was a smaller multiple Of BMR for insectivores than for non-insectivores, suggesting that food availability may limit winter ranges of insectivores, but analysis of independent contrasts did not verify this effect. The data do not indicate clearly whether the distribution of non-insectivorous bird species is limited by abiotic or biotic factors. C1 Univ Montana, Montana Cooperat Wildlife Res Unit, Missoula, MT 59812 USA. RP Canterbury, G (reprint author), US Fish & Wildlife Serv, 911 NE 11th Ave, Portland, OR 97232 USA. NR 53 TC 38 Z9 47 U1 2 U2 22 PU ECOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 1707 H ST NW, STE 400, WASHINGTON, DC 20006-3915 USA SN 0012-9658 J9 ECOLOGY JI Ecology PD APR PY 2002 VL 83 IS 4 BP 946 EP 957 DI 10.2307/3071904 PG 12 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 533HP UT WOS:000174523800008 ER PT J AU McKee, KL Feller, IC Popp, M Wanek, W AF McKee, KL Feller, IC Popp, M Wanek, W TI Mangrove isotopic (delta N-15 and delta C-13) fractionation across a nitrogen vs. phosphorus limitation gradient SO ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE carbon isotope discrimination; height forms; mangrove, red; nitrogen isotope discrimination; nutrient limitation; Rhizophora mangle; stress tolerance ID RHIZOPHORA-MANGLE L; RED MANGROVE; SPARTINA-ALTERNIFLORA; NUTRIENT ENRICHMENT; METROSIDEROS-POLYMORPHA; CARBON; GROWTH; SALINITY; FOREST; DISCRIMINATION AB Mangrove islands in Belize are characterized by a unique switching from nitrogen (N) to phosphorus (P) limitation to tree growth from shoreline to interior. Fertilization has previously shown that Rhizophora mangle (red mangrove) fringe trees (5-6 m tall) growing along the shoreline are N limited; dwarf trees (less than or equal to 1.5 m tall) in the forest interior are P limited; and transition trees (2-4 m tall) are co-limited by both N and P. Growth patterns paralleled a landward decrease in soil flushing by tides and an increase in bioavailable N, but P availability remained consistently low across the gradient. Stable isotopic composition was measured in R. mangle leaves to aid in explaining this nutrient switching pattern and growth variation. Along control transects, leaf delta(15)N decreased from +0.10parts per thousand (fringe) to -5.38parts per thousand (dwarf). The delta(15)N of N-fertilized trees also varied spatially, but the values were consistently more negative (by similar to3parts per thousand) compared to control trees. Spatial variation in 815 N values disappeared when the trees were fertilized with P and values averaged +0.12parts per thousand, similar to that in control fringe trees. Neither variation in source inputs nor microbial fractionation could fully account for the observed patterns in delta(15)N. The results instead suggest that the lower delta(15)N values in transition and dwarf control trees were due to plant fractionation as a consequence of slower growth and lower N demand. P fertilization increased N demand and decreased fractionation. Although leaf delta(13)C was unaffected by fertilization, values increased from fringe (-28.6parts per thousand) to transition (-27.9parts per thousand) to dwarf (-26.4parts per thousand) zones, indicating spatial variation in environmental stresses affecting stomatal conductance or carboxylation. The results thus suggest an interaction of external supply, internal demand, and plant ability to acquire nutrients under different hydro-edaphic conditions that vary across this tree-height gradient. The findings not only aid in understanding mangrove discrimination of nitrogen and carbon isotopes, but also have implications for identifying nutrient loading and other stress conditions in coastal systems dominated by mangroves. C1 US Geol Survey, Natl Wetlands Res Ctr, Lafayette, LA 70506 USA. Smithsonian Environm Res Ctr, Edgewater, MD 21037 USA. Univ Vienna, Inst Plant Physiol, Vienna, Austria. RP McKee, KL (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Natl Wetlands Res Ctr, 700 Cajundome Blvd, Lafayette, LA 70506 USA. RI Wanek, Wolfgang/E-7001-2012; Popp, Marianne/E-7559-2012; McKee, Karen/D-1365-2014 OI Wanek, Wolfgang/0000-0003-2178-8258; McKee, Karen/0000-0001-7042-670X NR 51 TC 141 Z9 149 U1 5 U2 45 PU ECOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 1707 H ST NW, STE 400, WASHINGTON, DC 20006-3915 USA SN 0012-9658 J9 ECOLOGY JI Ecology PD APR PY 2002 VL 83 IS 4 BP 1065 EP 1075 DI 10.2307/3071914 PG 11 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 533HP UT WOS:000174523800018 ER PT J AU Cam, E Nichols, JD Hines, JE Sauer, JR Alpizar-Jara, R Flather, CH AF Cam, E Nichols, JD Hines, JE Sauer, JR Alpizar-Jara, R Flather, CH TI Disentangling sampling and ecological explanations underlying species-area relationships SO ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE capture-recapture; habitat diversity; nested species-area relationships; sampling artifacts; species detection probability ID CAPTURE PROBABILITIES VARY; ANIMAL COMMUNITIES; ROBUST ESTIMATION; RECAPTURE MODELS; POPULATION-SIZE; RICHNESS; HETEROGENEITY; DIVERSITY; EXTINCTION; ABUNDANCE AB We used a probabilistic approach to address the influence of sampling artifacts on the form of species-area relationships (SARs). We developed a model in which the increase in observed species richness is a function of sampling effort exclusively. We assumed that effort depends on area sampled, and we generated species-area curves under that model. These curves can be realistic looking. We then generated SARs from avian data, comparing SARs based on counts with those based on richness estimates. We used an approach to estimation of species richness that accounts for species detection probability and, hence, for variation in sampling effort, The slopes of SARs based on counts are steeper than those of curves based on estimates of richness, indicating that the former partly reflect failure to account for species detection probability. SARs based on estimates reflect ecological processes exclusively, not sampling processes. This approach permits investigation of ecologically relevant hypotheses. The slope of SARs is not influenced by the slope of the relationship between habitat diversity and area. In situations in which not all of the species are detected during sampling sessions, approaches to estimation of species richness integrating species detection probability should be used to investigate the rate of increase in species richness with area. C1 N Carolina State Univ, Dept Forestry, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, Laurel, MD 20708 USA. USDA Forest Serv, Rocky Mtn Res Stn, Ft Collins, CO 80524 USA. RP Cam, E (reprint author), Univ Bretagne Occidentale, Lab Biol Anim, F-29285 Brest, France. RI Alpizar-Jara, Russell/N-7270-2013; Flather, Curtis/G-3577-2012 OI Alpizar-Jara, Russell/0000-0001-8806-3345; Flather, Curtis/0000-0002-0623-3126 NR 74 TC 62 Z9 64 U1 2 U2 28 PU ECOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 1707 H ST NW, STE 400, WASHINGTON, DC 20006-3915 USA SN 0012-9658 J9 ECOLOGY JI Ecology PD APR PY 2002 VL 83 IS 4 BP 1118 EP 1130 DI 10.2307/3071918 PG 13 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 533HP UT WOS:000174523800022 ER PT J AU Veerina, SS Parker, NC Fedler, CB AF Veerina, SS Parker, NC Fedler, CB TI Effects of sludge filtrate on the survival and reproduction of Ceriodaphnia dubia SO ECOTOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article DE bioassay; daphnia; manure; municipal; soil ID PIMEPHALES-PROMELAS; TOXICITY AB The objective of this study was to determine if the runoff from croplands fertilized with municipal sludge was toxic to aquatic biota and, therefore, a potential threat to either public health or the environment. Seven-day bioassays with Ceriodaphnia dubia showed that the No-Observed-Effect-Concentration (NOEC) was 24g/L and the Lowest-Observed-Effect-Concentration (LOEC) for survival was 30g/L for soil samples treated with 35.2 metric tonnes (MT)/ha of municipal sludge. For soil samples treated with 0 and 17.6MT/ha of sludge, the survival rates of C. dubia were not significantly affected at concentrations of 6-30g/L of soil. Reproduction was suppressed by 25% when daphnids were exposed to 3.3g/L concentration of soil treated with sludge at 35.2MT/ha. A 50% suppression of reproduction occurred when daphnids were exposed to 15g/L concentration of soil treated with sludge at 17.6MT/ha. A sludge application rate of 17.6MT/ha suppressed reproduction at a treatment concentration of 18g/L. These data indicate that the runoff from agricultural lands treated with municipal sludge has the potential to affect reproduction in daphnids and, therefore, the environment through the aquatic food chain. C1 Texas Tech Univ, Texas Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, US Geol Survey, Lubbock, TX 79409 USA. RP Parker, NC (reprint author), Texas Tech Univ, Texas Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, US Geol Survey, Lubbock, TX 79409 USA. NR 12 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 4 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0963-9292 J9 ECOTOXICOLOGY JI Ecotoxicology PD APR PY 2002 VL 11 IS 2 BP 113 EP 118 DI 10.1023/A:1014421028502 PG 6 WC Ecology; Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA 526VA UT WOS:000174149300004 PM 11990767 ER PT J AU May, JT Brown, LR AF May, JT Brown, LR TI Fish communities of the Sacramento River Basin: Implications for conservation of native fishes in the Central Valley, California SO ENVIRONMENTAL BIOLOGY OF FISHES LA English DT Article DE native species; introduced species; water-quality; environmental gradients; flow regulation; index of biotic integrity; metrics; multivariate analysis ID BIOTIC INTEGRITY; STREAM FISHES; SIERRA-NEVADA; FRESH-WATER; ASSEMBLAGES; INVASIONS AB The associations of resident fish communities with environmental variables and stream condition were evaluated at representative sites within the Sacramento River Basin, California between 1996 and 1998 using multivariate ordination techniques and by calculating six fish community metrics. In addition, the results of the current study were compared with recent studies in the San Joaquin River drainage to provide a wider perspective of the condition of resident fish communities in the Central Valley of California as a whole. Within the Sacramento drainage, species distributions were correlated with elevational and substrate size gradients; however, the elevation of a sampling site was correlated with a suite of water-quality and habitat variables that are indicative of land use effects on physio-chemical stream parameters. Four fish community metrics - percentage of native fish, percentage of intolerant fish, number of tolerant species, and percentage of fish with external anomalies - were responsive to environmental quality. Comparisons between the current study and recent studies in the San Joaquin River drainage suggested that differences in water-management practices may have significant effects on native species fish community structure. Additionally, the results of the current study suggest that index of biotic integrity-type indices can be developed for the Sacramento River Basin and possibly the entire Central Valley, California. The protection of native fish communities in the Central Valley and other arid environments continues to be a conflict between human needs for water resources and the requirements of aquatic ecosystems; preservation of these ecosystems will require innovative management strategies. C1 Calif State Univ Sacramento Fdn, US Geol Survey, WRD, Sacramento, CA 95819 USA. US Geol Survey, Sacramento, CA 95819 USA. RP May, JT (reprint author), Calif State Univ Sacramento Fdn, US Geol Survey, WRD, Placer Hall,6000 J St, Sacramento, CA 95819 USA. NR 39 TC 26 Z9 27 U1 0 U2 11 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0378-1909 J9 ENVIRON BIOL FISH JI Environ. Biol. Fishes PD APR PY 2002 VL 63 IS 4 BP 373 EP 388 DI 10.1023/A:1014964318485 PG 16 WC Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 538CN UT WOS:000174796600002 ER PT J AU Kynard, B Henyey, E Horgan, M AF Kynard, B Henyey, E Horgan, M TI Ontogenetic behavior, migration, and social behavior of pallid sturgeon, Scaphirhynchus albus, and shovelnose sturgeon, S-platorynchus, with notes on the adaptive significance of body color SO ENVIRONMENTAL BIOLOGY OF FISHES LA English DT Article DE channel studies; laboratory studies; sturgeon behavior; fish behavior; early life-history; migration style ID SHORTNOSE STURGEON; ACIPENSER BREVIROSTRUM; LIFE-HISTORY; RIVERS AB We conducted laboratory studies on the ontogenetic behavior of free embryos (first life interval after hatching) and larvae (first feeding interval) of pallid and shovelnose sturgeon. Migration styles of both species were similar for timing of migration (initiation by embryos on day 0 after hatching and cessation by larvae on days 12-13 at 236-243 cumulative temperature degree units), migration distance (about 13 km), life interval when most distance was moved (embryo), and diel behavior of embryos (diurnal). However, the species differed for two behaviors: movement characteristics of embryos (peak movement rate of pallid sturgeon was only one-half the peak rate of shovelnose sturgeon, but pallid sturgeon continued the lower rate for twice as long) and diel behavior of larvae (pallid sturgeon were diurnal and shovelnose sturgeon were nocturnal). Thus, the species used different methods to move the same distance. Migrating as poorly developed embryos suggests a migration style to avoid predation at the spawning site, but moving from spawning habitat to rearing habitat before first feeding could also be important. Migrants of both species preferred bright habitat (high illumination intensity and white substrate), a behavioral preference that may characterize the migrants of many species of sturgeon. Both species were remarkably similar for swimming height above the bottom by age, and day 7 and older migrants may swim far above the bottom and move far downstream. A migration of 12 or 13 days will probably not distribute larvae throughout the population's range, so an older life interval likely initiates a second longer downstream migration (2-step migration). By day 2, individuals of both species were a black-tail phenotype (light grey body with a black-tail that moved conspicuously during swimming). Aggregation behavior suggests that black-tail is a visual signal used for group cohesion. C1 US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, SO Conte Anadromous Fish Res Ctr, Turners Falls, MA 01376 USA. Univ Massachusetts, Grad Program Organism & Evolutionary Biol, Amherst, MA 01003 USA. Univ Massachusetts, Dept Nat Resources Conservat, Amherst, MA 01003 USA. RP Kynard, B (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, SO Conte Anadromous Fish Res Ctr, POB 796, Turners Falls, MA 01376 USA. NR 28 TC 44 Z9 45 U1 0 U2 18 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0378-1909 J9 ENVIRON BIOL FISH JI Environ. Biol. Fishes PD APR PY 2002 VL 63 IS 4 BP 389 EP 403 DI 10.1023/A:1014950202783 PG 15 WC Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 538CN UT WOS:000174796600003 ER PT J AU Stohlgren, TJ Chong, GW Schell, LD Rimar, KA Otsuki, Y Lee, M Kalkhan, MA Villa, CA AF Stohlgren, TJ Chong, GW Schell, LD Rimar, KA Otsuki, Y Lee, M Kalkhan, MA Villa, CA TI Assessing vulnerability to invasion by nonnative plant species at multiple spatial scales SO ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE nonnative species richness; habitats vulnerable to invasion; native plant diversity; soil and climate characteristics ID BIOLOGICAL INVASIONS; RAPID ASSESSMENT; ANNUAL GRASSLAND; DIVERSITY; INVASIBILITY; COMMUNITIES; VEGETATION; ENVIRONMENTS; BIODIVERSITY; COMPETITION AB Basic information on where nonnative plant species have successfully invaded is lacking. We assessed the vulnerability of 22 vegetation types (25 sets of four plots in nine study areas) to nonnative plant invasions in the north-central United States. In general, habitats with high native species richness were more heavily invaded than species-poor habitats, low-elevation areas were more invaded than high-elevation areas, and riparian zones were more invaded than nearby upland sites. For the 100 1000-m(2) plots (across all vegetation types), 50% of the variation in nonnative species richness was explained by longitude, latitude, native plant species richness, soil total percentage nitrogen, and mean maximum July temperature (n = 100 plots; P < 0.001). At the vegetation-type scale (n = 25 sets of four 1000-m(2) plots/ type), 64% of the variation in nonnative species richness was explained by native plant species richness, elevation, and October to June precipitation (P < 0,001). The foliar cover of nonnative species (log) was strongly positively correlated with the nonnative species richness at the plot scale (r = 0.77, P < 0.001) and vegetation-type scale (r = 0.83, P < 0.001). We concluded that, at the vegetation-type and regional scales in the north-central United States, (1) vegetation types rich in native species are often highly vulnerable to invasion by nonnative plant species; (2) where several nonnative species become established, nonnative species cover can substantially increase; (3) the attributes that maintain high native plant species richness (high light, water, nitrogen, and temperatures) also help maintain nonnative plant species richness; and (4) more care must be taken to preserve native species diversity in highly vulnerable habitats. C1 US Geol Survey, Midcontinent Ecol Sci Ctr, Ft Collins, CO 80525 USA. Colorado State Univ, Natl Resource Ecol Lab, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. RP Stohlgren, TJ (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Midcontinent Ecol Sci Ctr, Ft Collins, CO 80525 USA. EM Tom_Stohlgren@USGS.gov NR 55 TC 82 Z9 87 U1 2 U2 28 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0364-152X J9 ENVIRON MANAGE JI Environ. Manage. PD APR PY 2002 VL 29 IS 4 BP 566 EP 577 DI 10.1007/s00267-001-0006-2 PG 12 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 533YJ UT WOS:000174557600010 PM 12071506 ER PT J AU McDonald, IR Warner, KL McAnulla, C Woodall, CA Oremland, RS Murrell, JC AF McDonald, IR Warner, KL McAnulla, C Woodall, CA Oremland, RS Murrell, JC TI A review of bacterial methyl halide degradation: biochemistry, genetics and molecular ecology SO ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Review ID PARTICULATE METHANE MONOOXYGENASE; CHLOROMETHANE-UTILIZING BACTERIA; FUMIGATED AGRICULTURAL SOILS; CHLORINE EMISSIONS INVENTORY; ATMOSPHERIC CH3BR; PACIFIC-OCEAN; STRAIN IMB-1; NATURAL-ENVIRONMENT; REACTIVE CHLORINE; BROMIDE AB Methyl halide-degrading bacteria are a diverse group of organisms that are found in both terrestrial and marine environments. They potentially play an important role in mitigating ozone depletion resulting from methyl chloride and methyl bromide emissions. The first step in the pathway(s) of methyl halide degradation involves a methyltransferase and, recently, the presence of this pathway has been studied in a number of bacteria. This paper reviews the biochemistry and genetics of methyl halide utilization in the aerobic bacteria Methylobacterium chloromethanicum CM4(T) , Hyphomicrobium chloromethanicum CM2(T) , Aminobacter strain IMB-1 and Aminobacter strain CC495. These bacteria are able to use methyl halides as a sole source of carbon and energy, are all members of the alpha-Proteobacteria and were isolated from a variety of polluted and pristine terrestrial environments. An understanding of the genetics of these bacteria identified a unique gene (cmuA) involved in the degradation of methyl halides, which codes for a protein (CmuA) with unique methyltransferase and corrinoid functions. This unique functional gene, cmuA , is being used to develop molecular ecology techniques to examine the diversity and distribution of methyl halide-utilizing bacteria in the environment and hopefully to understand their role in methyl halide degradation in different environments. These techniques will also enable the detection of potentially novel methyl halide-degrading bacteria. C1 Univ Warwick, Dept Biol Sci, Coventry CV4 7AL, W Midlands, England. US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. RP McDonald, IR (reprint author), Univ Warwick, Dept Biol Sci, Coventry CV4 7AL, W Midlands, England. RI McDonald, Ian/A-4851-2008; Murrell, John/B-1443-2012 OI McDonald, Ian/0000-0002-4847-6492; NR 62 TC 40 Z9 40 U1 2 U2 26 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING LTD PI OXFORD PA 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DG, OXON, ENGLAND SN 1462-2912 J9 ENVIRON MICROBIOL JI Environ. Microbiol. PD APR PY 2002 VL 4 IS 4 BP 193 EP 203 DI 10.1046/j.1462-2920.2002.00290.x PG 11 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA 550ZQ UT WOS:000175535300001 PM 12010126 ER PT J AU Scavia, D Field, JC Boesch, DF Buddemeier, RW Burkett, V Cayan, DR Fogarty, M Harwell, MA Howarth, RW Mason, C Reed, DJ Royer, TC Sallenger, AH Titus, JG AF Scavia, D Field, JC Boesch, DF Buddemeier, RW Burkett, V Cayan, DR Fogarty, M Harwell, MA Howarth, RW Mason, C Reed, DJ Royer, TC Sallenger, AH Titus, JG TI Climate change impacts on US coastal and marine ecosystems SO ESTUARIES LA English DT Review ID SEA-LEVEL RISE; PHYTOPLANKTON BLOOM DYNAMICS; SALMON ONCORHYNCHUS-NERKA; CORAL-REEFS; UNITED-STATES; FRESH-WATER; NORTHEAST PACIFIC; EL-NINO; HURRICANE INTENSITIES; ENVIRONMENTAL-CHANGE AB Increases in concentrations of greenhouse gases projected for the 21st century are expected to lead to increased mean global air and ocean temperatures. The National Assessment of PotentiaI Consequences of Climate Variability and Change (NAST 2001) was based on a series of regional and sector assessments. This paper is a summary of the coastal and marine resources sector review of potential impacts on shorelines, estuaries, coastal wetlands, coral reefs, and ocean margin ecosystems. The assessment considered the impacts of several key drivers of climate change: sea level change; alterations in precipitation patterns and subsequent delivery of freshwater, nutrients, and sediment; increased ocean temperature; alterations in circulation patterns; changes in frequency and intensity of coastal storms; and increased levels of atmospheric CO(2). Increasing rates of sea-level rise and intensity and frequency of coastal storms and hurricanes over the next decades will increase threats to shorelines, wetlands, and coastal development. Estuarine productivity will change in response to alteration in the timing and amount of freshwater, nutrients, and sediment delivery. Higher water temperatures and changes in freshwater delivery will alter estuarine stratification, residence time, and eutrophication. Increased ocean temperatures are expected to increase coral bleaching and higher CO(2) levels may reduce coral calcification, making it more difficult for corals to recover from other disturbances, and inhibiting poleward shifts. Ocean warming is expected to cause poleward shifts in the ranges of many other organisms, including commercial species, and these shifts may have secondary effects on their predators and prey. Although these potential impacts of climate change and variability will vary from system to system, it is important to recognize that they will be superimposed upon, and in many cases intensify, other ecosystem stresses (pollution, harvesting, habitat destruction, invasive species, land and resource use, extreme natural events), which may lead to more significant consequences. C1 NOAA, Natl Ocean Serv, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. Univ Washington, Coll Ocean & Fisheries Sci, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. Univ Maryland, Ctr Environm Sci, Cambridge, MD 21401 USA. Univ Kansas, Kansas Geol Survey, Lawrence, KS 66047 USA. US Geol Survey, Natl Wetlands Res Ctr, Lafayette, LA 70506 USA. Univ Calif San Diego, Scripps Inst Oceanog, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA. NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. Univ Miami, Rosenstiel Sch Marine & Atmospher Sci, Miami, FL 33149 USA. Cornell Univ, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. Univ New Orleans, Dept Geol & Geophys, New Orleans, LA 70148 USA. Old Dominion Univ, Dept Ocean Earth & Atmospher Sci, Ctr Coastal Phys Oceanog, Norfolk, VA 23529 USA. US Geol Survey, Ctr Coastal Geol, St Petersburg, FL 33701 USA. US EPA, Off Econ & Environm, Global Programs Div, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP Scavia, D (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Ocean Serv, 1305 East West Highway, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. OI Scavia, Donald/0000-0002-2784-8269 NR 141 TC 314 Z9 321 U1 47 U2 325 PU ESTUARINE RESEARCH FEDERATION PI PORT REPUBLIC PA 2018 DAFFODIL, PO BOX 510, PORT REPUBLIC, MD 20676 USA SN 0160-8347 J9 ESTUARIES JI Estuaries PD APR PY 2002 VL 25 IS 2 BP 149 EP 164 DI 10.1007/BF02691304 PG 16 WC Environmental Sciences; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 554UA UT WOS:000175754500001 ER PT J AU Redfield, E Barns, SM Belnap, J Daane, LL Kuske, CR AF Redfield, E Barns, SM Belnap, J Daane, LL Kuske, CR TI Comparative diversity and composition of cyanobacteria in three predominant soil crusts of the Colorado Plateau SO FEMS MICROBIOLOGY ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE biological soil crust; cyanobacterium; terminal restriction fragment analysis; arid land soil; cyanobacterial diversity; 16S rRNA sequencing; desert soil ID 16S RIBOSOMAL-RNA; POLYMORPHISM T-RFLP; SURFACE DISTURBANCES; SEQUENCE-ANALYSIS; DESERT CRUSTS; GENES; COMMUNITY; REGIONS AB Terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism (TRF or T-RFLP) analysis and 16S rDNA sequence analysis from clone libraries were used to examine cyanobacterial diversity in three types of predominant soil crusts in an and grassland. Total DNA was extracted from cyanobacteria-, lichen-, or moss-dominated crusts that represent different successional stages in crust development, and which contribute different amounts of carbon and nitrogen into the ecosystem. Cyanobacterial 16S rRNA genes were amplified by PCR using cyanobacteria-specific 16S rDNA primers. Both TRF and clone sequence analyses indicated that the cyanobacterial crust type is dominated by strains of Microcoleus vaginatus, but also contains other cyanobacterial genera. In the moss crust, M. vaginatus-related sequences were also the most abundant types, together with sequences from moss chloroplasts. In contrast, sequences obtained from the lichen crust were surprisingly diverse, representing numerous genera, but including only two from W. vaginatus relatives. By obtaining clone sequence information, we were able to infer the composition of many peaks observed in TRF profiles, and all peaks predicted for clone sequences were observed in TRF analysis. This Study provides the first TRF analysis of biological soil crusts and the first DNA-based comparison of cyanobacterial diversity between lichen-, cyano- and moss-dominated crusts, Results indicate that for this phylogenetic group, TRF analysis, in conjunction with limited sequence analysis, can provide accurate information about the composition and relative abundance of cyanobacterial types in soil crust communities. (C) 2002 Federation of European Microbiological Societies. Published by Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Los Alamos Natl Lab, Biosci Div, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. US Geol Survey, Forest & Rangeland Ecosyst Sci Ctr, Moab, UT 84532 USA. RP Kuske, CR (reprint author), Los Alamos Natl Lab, Biosci Div, POB 1663,M888, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. NR 41 TC 44 Z9 47 U1 1 U2 21 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0168-6496 J9 FEMS MICROBIOL ECOL JI FEMS Microbiol. Ecol. PD APR PY 2002 VL 40 IS 1 BP 55 EP 63 AR PII S0168-6496(02)00197-6 DI 10.1111/j.1574-6941.2002.tb00936.x PG 9 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA 556XC UT WOS:000175873400007 PM 19709211 ER PT J AU Alcorn, SW Murray, AL Pascho, RJ AF Alcorn, SW Murray, AL Pascho, RJ TI Effects of rearing temperature on immune functions in sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) SO FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE sockeye salmon; Oncorhynchus nerka; rearing temperature; non-specific immunity; phagocytic cells; humoral response; Renibacterium salmoninaram ID PITUITARY-INTERRENAL AXIS; JUVENILE COHO SALMON; BLOOD-CELL TYPES; ATLANTIC SALMON; RAINBOW-TROUT; SALAR L; RENIBACTERIUM-SALMONINARUM; ENVIRONMENTAL-TEMPERATURE; AEROMONAS-SALMONICIDA; MACROPHAGE ACTIVATION AB To determine if the defences of sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) raised in captivity are affected by the rearing temperature or their life-cycle stage, various indices of the humoral and cellular immune functions were measured in fish reared at either 8 or 12degrees C for their entire life-cycle. Measures of humoral immunity included the commonly used haematological parameters, as well as measurements of complement, and lysozyme activity. Cellular assays quantified the ability of macrophages from the anterior kidney to phagocytise Staphylococcus aureus cells, or the activities of certain bactericidal systems of those cells. The T-dependent antibody response to a recombinant 57 kDa protein of Renibacterium salmoninarum was used to quantify the specific immune response. Fish were sampled during the spring and fall of their second, third and fourth years, corresponding to a period that began just before smolting and ended at sexual maturation. Fish reared at 8degrees C tended to have a greater percentage of phagocytic kidney macrophages during the first 2 years of sampling than the Cash reared at 12degrees C. During the last half of the study the complement activity of the fish reared at 8degrees C was greater than that of the 12degrees C fish. Conversely, a greater proportion of the blood leucocytes were lymphocytes in fish reared at 12degrees C compared to the fish reared at 8degrees C. Fish reared at 12degrees C also produced a greater antibody response than those reared at 8degrees C. Results suggested that the immune apparatus of sockeye salmon reared at 8degrees C relied more heavily on the non-specific immune response, while the specific immune response was used to a greater extent when the fish were reared at 12degrees C. Although a seasonal effect was not detected in any of the indices measured, varying effects were observed in some measurements during sexual maturation of fish in both temperature groups. At that time there were dramatic decreases in complement activity and lymphocyte numbers. This study was unique in its scope because it was the first quantitative assessment of salmon immune functions for an entire life-cycle. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 Univ Washington, Sch Fisheries & Aquat Sci, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. United States Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Western Fisheries Res Ctr, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. RP Pascho, RJ (reprint author), Univ Washington, Sch Fisheries & Aquat Sci, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. NR 79 TC 80 Z9 88 U1 4 U2 19 PU ACADEMIC PRESS LTD ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI LONDON PA 24-28 OVAL RD, LONDON NW1 7DX, ENGLAND SN 1050-4648 J9 FISH SHELLFISH IMMUN JI Fish Shellfish Immunol. PD APR PY 2002 VL 12 IS 4 BP 303 EP 334 DI 10.1006/fsim.2001.0373 PG 32 WC Fisheries; Immunology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Veterinary Sciences SC Fisheries; Immunology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Veterinary Sciences GA 546AA UT WOS:000175248700002 PM 12049168 ER PT J AU Abookire, AA Piatt, JF Speckman, SG AF Abookire, AA Piatt, JF Speckman, SG TI A nearsurface, daytime occurrence of two mesopelagic fish species (Stenobrachius leucopsarus and Leuroglossus schmidti) in a glacial fjord SO FISHERY BULLETIN LA English DT Article ID DIEL VERTICAL MIGRATION; FAMILY MYCTOPHIDAE; BRITISH-COLUMBIA; NORTH PACIFIC; OREGON C1 Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Kodiak Lab, Kodiak, AK 99615 USA. US Geol Survey, Alaksa Biol Sci Ctr, Anchorage, AK 99503 USA. Univ Washington, Sch Aquat & Fishery Sci, Seattle, WA 98105 USA. RP Abookire, AA (reprint author), Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Kodiak Lab, 301 Res Court, Kodiak, AK 99615 USA. EM alisa.abookire@noaa.gov NR 23 TC 12 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 2 PU NATL MARINE FISHERIES SERVICE SCIENTIFIC PUBL OFFICE PI SEATTLE PA 7600 SAND POINT WAY NE BIN C15700, SEATTLE, WA 98115 USA SN 0090-0656 EI 1937-4518 J9 FISH B-NOAA JI Fish. Bull. PD APR PY 2002 VL 100 IS 2 BP 376 EP 380 PG 5 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 545PR UT WOS:000175226800017 ER PT J AU Waychunas, GA Fuller, CC Davis, JA AF Waychunas, GA Fuller, CC Davis, JA TI Surface complexation and precipitate geometry for aqueous Zn(II) sorption on ferrihydrite I: X-ray absorption extended fine structure spectroscopy analysis SO GEOCHIMICA ET COSMOCHIMICA ACTA LA English DT Article ID HYDROUS FERRIC-OXIDE; UNIT-CELL DIMENSIONS; BASIC ZINC SULFATES; CRYSTAL-STRUCTURE; STRUCTURE REFINEMENT; EXAFS; ADSORPTION; HYDROXIDE; ZN; SOLUBILITY AB "Two-line" ferrihydrite samples precipitated and then exposed to a range of aqueous Zn solutions (10(-5) to 10(-3) M), and also coprecipitated in similar Zn solutions (pH 6.5), have been examined by Zn and Fe K-edge X-ray absorption spectroscopy. Typical Zn complexes on the surface have Zn-O distances of 1.97(.02) Angstrom and coordination numbers of about 4.0(0.5), consistent with tetrahedral oxygen coordination. This contrasts with Zn-O distances of 2,11(.02) Angstrom and coordination numbers of 6 to 7 in the aqueous Zn solutions used in sample preparation. X-ray absorption extended fine structure spectroscopy (EXAFS) fits to the second shell of cation neighbors indicate as many as 4 Zn-Fe neighbors at 3.44(.04) Angstrom in coprecipitated samples, and about two Zn-Fe neighbors at the same distance in adsorption samples. In both sets of samples, the fitted coordination number of second shell cations decreases as sorption density increases. indicating changes in the number and type of available complexing sites or the onset of competitive precipitation processes. Comparison of our results with the possible geometries for surface complexes and precipitates suggests that the Zn sorption complexes are inner sphere and at lowest adsorption densities are bidentate, sharing apical oxygens with adjacent edge-sharing Fe(O,OH)(6) octahedra. Coprecipitation samples have complexes with similar geometry, but these are polydentate, sharing apices with more than two adjacent edge-sharing Fe(,O,OH)(6) polyhedra. The results are inconsistent with Zn entering the ferrihydrite structure (i.e., solid solution formation) or formation of other Zn-Fe precipitates. The fitted Zn-Fe coordination numbers drop with increasing Zn density with a minimum of about 0.8(.2) at Zn/(Zn + Fe) of 0.08 or more. This change appears to be attributable to the onset of precipitation of zinc hydroxide polymers with mainly tetrahedral Zn coordination. At the highest loadings studied, the nature of the complexes changes further, and a second type of precipitate forms. This has a structure based on a brucite layer topology, with mainly octahedral Zn coordination. Amorphous zinc hydroxide samples prepared for comparison had a closely similar local structure. Analysis of the Fe K-edge EXAFS is consistent with surface complexation reactions and surface precipitation at high Zn loadings with little or no Fe-Zn solid solution formation. The formation of Zn-containing precipitates at solution conditions two or more orders of magnitude below their solubility limit is compared with other sorption and spectroscopic studies that describe similar behavior. Copyright (C) 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Div Earth Sci, Dept Geochem, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. US Geol Survey, Div Water Resources, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. RP Waychunas, GA (reprint author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Div Earth Sci, Dept Geochem, MS 70-108B, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. EM gawaychunas@lbl.gov OI Fuller, Christopher/0000-0002-2354-8074 NR 86 TC 104 Z9 108 U1 1 U2 32 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0016-7037 EI 1872-9533 J9 GEOCHIM COSMOCHIM AC JI Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta PD APR PY 2002 VL 66 IS 7 BP 1119 EP 1137 DI 10.1016/S0016-7037(01)00853-5 PG 19 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 534QR UT WOS:000174598600002 ER PT J AU James, OB Floss, C McGee, JJ AF James, OB Floss, C McGee, JJ TI Rare earth element variations resulting from inversion of pigeonite and subsolidus reequilibration in lunar ferroan anorthosites SO GEOCHIMICA ET COSMOCHIMICA ACTA LA English DT Article ID PARTITION-COEFFICIENTS; ION MICROPROBE; MINERAL CHEMISTRY; CUMULATE EUCRITES; PETROGENESIS; DIFFUSION; PYROXENES; CRYSTALLIZATION; CLINOPYROXENES; PLAGIOCLASE AB We present results of a secondary ion mass spectrometry study of the rare earth elements (REES) in the minerals of two samples of lunar ferroan anorthosite, and the results are applicable to studies of REES in all igneous rocks, no matter what their planet of origin. Our pyroxene analyses are used to determine solid-solid REE distribution coefficients (D = C-REE in low-Ca pyroxene/C-REE in augite) in orthopyroxene-augite pairs derived by inversion of pigeonite. Our data and predictions from crystal-chemical considerations indicate that as primary pigeonite inverts to orthopyroxene plus augite and subsolidus reequilibration proceeds, the solid-solid Ds for orthopyroxene-augite pairs progressively decrease for all REES; the decrease is greatest for the LREEs. The REE pattern of solid-solid Ds for inversion-derived pyroxene pairs is close to a straight line for Sm-Lu and turns upward for REES lighter than Sm; the shape of this pattern is predicted by the shapes of the REE patterns for the individual minerals. Equilibrium liquids calculated for one sample from the compositions of primary phases, using measured or experimentally determined solid-liquid Ds, have chondrite-normalized REE patterns that are very slightly enriched in LREEs. The plagioclase equilibrium liquid is overall less rich in REES than pyroxene equilibrium liquids, and the discrepancy probably arises because the calculated plagioclase equilibrium liquid represents a liquid earlier in the fractionation sequence than the pyroxene equilibrium liquids. "Equilibrium" liquids calculated from the compositions of inversion-derived pyroxenes or orthopyroxene derived by reaction of olivine are LREE depleted (in some cases substantially) in comparison with equilibrium liquids calculated from the compositions of primary phases. These discrepancies arise because the inversion-derived and reaction-derived pyroxenes did not crystallize directly from liquid, and the use of solid-liquid Ds is inappropriate. The LREE depletion of the calculated liquids is a relic of formation of these phases from primary LREE-depleted minerals. Thus, if one attempts to calculate the compositions of equilibrium liquids from pyroxene compositions, it is important to establish that the pyroxenes are primary. In addition, our data suggest that experimental studies have underestimated solid-liquid Ds for REES in pigeonite and that REE contents of liquids calculated using these Ds are overestimates. Our results have implications for Sm-Nd age studies. Our work shows that if pigeonite inversion and/or subsolidus reequilibration between augite and orthopyroxene occurred significantly after crystallization, and if pyroxene separates isolated for Sm-Nd studies do not have the bulk composition of the primary pyroxenes, then the Sm-Nd isochron age and epsilon(Nd) will be in error. Copyright (C) 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 US Geol Survey, Natl Ctr 926A, Reston, VA 20192 USA. Washington Univ, Space Sci Lab, St Louis, MO 63130 USA. Washington Univ, Dept Earth & Planetary Sci, St Louis, MO 63130 USA. Univ S Carolina, Dept Geol Sci, Columbia, SC 29208 USA. RP James, OB (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Natl Ctr 926A, Reston, VA 20192 USA. EM ojames@usgs.gov NR 44 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 1 U2 2 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0016-7037 EI 1872-9533 J9 GEOCHIM COSMOCHIM AC JI Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta PD APR PY 2002 VL 66 IS 7 BP 1269 EP 1284 DI 10.1016/S0016-7037(01)00772-4 PG 16 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 534QR UT WOS:000174598600012 ER PT J AU Jokisch, BD Lair, BM AF Jokisch, BD Lair, BM TI One last stand? Forests and change on Ecuador's eastern cordillera SO GEOGRAPHICAL REVIEW LA English DT Article DE Andes Mountains; Ecuador; land-use-land-cover change; migration; tropical montane forests ID YUCATAN PENINSULAR REGION; SOUTHERN ECUADOR; ANTHROPOGENIC DISTURBANCES; AGRICULTURAL CHANGE; CLOUD-FOREST; DEFORESTATION; CONSERVATION; MIGRATION; DYNAMICS; ANDES AB Tropical montane forests are known for their ecological importance. Most montane forests in Ecuador have been converted to agriculture, and those that remain are concentrated on the eastern cordillera. Understanding, of land-use-land-cover change in this ecological zone is inadequate. Using remote sensing (Landsat TM, SPOT) and fieldwork, we document land-use-land-cover change in two watersheds on Ecuador's eastern cordillera (Canar Province). During the 1990s the region experienced a 0.58 percent annual rate of deforestation, but two areas within it show active signs of re/afforestation. Although conversion of forest to pasture for cattle grazing continues, human migration to the United States is likely to affect the trajectory of future land-use-land-cover change. C1 Ohio Univ, Athens, OH 45701 USA. US Geol Survey, Western Ecol Res Ctr, Henderson, NV 89014 USA. RP Jokisch, BD (reprint author), Ohio Univ, Athens, OH 45701 USA. NR 65 TC 19 Z9 20 U1 0 U2 2 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 0016-7428 J9 GEOGR REV JI Geogr. Rev. PD APR PY 2002 VL 92 IS 2 BP 235 EP 256 DI 10.2307/4140972 PG 22 WC Geography SC Geography GA 647UW UT WOS:000181113300006 ER PT J AU Jones, GD Whitaker, FF Smart, PL Sanford, WE AF Jones, GD Whitaker, FF Smart, PL Sanford, WE TI Fate of reflux brines in carbonate platforms SO GEOLOGY LA English DT Article DE reflux; brines; carbonate platform; latent reflux; dolomitization ID FLUID-FLOW; DOLOMITIZATION; CONSTRAINTS; CIRCULATION; WATERS AB Active reflux may occur during periods of platform-top brine generation, but the role and fate of these brines after reflux events are uncertain. We have used a numerical flow model to investigate and quantify the response of reflux brines to changes in platform-top salinity. Simulations suggest that reflux brines, originally concentrated to gypsum saturation (150parts per thousand), have a relatively long platform residence time, on the order of 100 times the duration of the reflux event. When brine-generating conditions cease, brines win continue to sink through the platform, entraining seawater, a variant of reflux circulation we term latent reflux. Mesosaline brines intercepted by drilling of carbonate margins by the Ocean Drilling Program may have originated from Pleistocene reflux event(s) on the adjacent platform top and be currently moving by latent reflux. Latent-reflux circulation could deliver a significant quantity of dissolved reactants to platform carbonates, including Mg for dolomitization. C1 Univ Bristol, Sch Geog Sci, Bristol BS8 1SS, Avon, England. Univ Bristol, Dept Earth Sci, Bristol BS8 1RJ, Avon, England. Univ Bristol, Sch Geog Sci, Bristol BS8 1SS, Avon, England. US Geol Survey, Reston, VA 20192 USA. RP Jones, GD (reprint author), ExxonMobil Upstream Res Co, POB 2189, Houston, TX 77027 USA. NR 25 TC 32 Z9 35 U1 2 U2 7 PU GEOLOGICAL SOC AMERICA, INC PI BOULDER PA PO BOX 9140, BOULDER, CO 80301-9140 USA SN 0091-7613 J9 GEOLOGY JI Geology PD APR PY 2002 VL 30 IS 4 BP 371 EP 374 DI 10.1130/0091-7613(2002)030<0371:FORBIC>2.0.CO;2 PG 4 WC Geology SC Geology GA 539HV UT WOS:000174865200021 ER PT J AU White, WA Morton, RA Holmes, CW AF White, WA Morton, RA Holmes, CW TI A comparison of factors controlling sedimentation rates and wetland loss in fluvial-deltaic systems, Texas Gulf coast SO GEOMORPHOLOGY LA English DT Article DE fluvial-deltaic sedimentation; Pb-210; sea-level rise; wetlands ID MARSH VERTICAL ACCRETION; SEA-LEVEL RISE; SALT-MARSH; PB-210; ACCUMULATION; SUBMERGENCE; SUBSIDENCE; LOUISIANA; GEOCHRONOLOGIES; CONNECTICUT AB Submergence of coastal marshes in areas where rates of relative sea-level rise exceed rates of marsh sedimentation, or vertical accretion, is a global problem that requires detailed examination of the principal processes that establish, maintain, and degrade these biologically productive environments. Using a simple Pb-210-dating model, we measured sedimentation rates in cores from the Trinity, Lavaca - Navidad, and Nueces bayhead fluvial-deltaic systems in Texas where more than 2000 ha of wetlands have been lost since the 1950s. Long-term average rates of fluvial-deltaic aggradation decrease southwestward from 0.514 +/- 0.008 cm year(-1) in the Trinity, 0.328 +/- 0.022 cm year(-1) in the Lavaca-Navidad, to 0.262 +/- 0.034 cm year(-1) in the Nueces. The relative magnitudes of sedimentation and wetland loss correlate with several parameters that define the differing fluvial-deltaic settings, including size of coastal drainage basin, average annual rainfall, Suspended sediment load, thickness of Holocene mud in the valley fill, and rates of relative sea-level rise. There is some evidence that upstream reservoirs have reduced wetland sedimentation rates, which are now about one-half the local rates of relative sea-level rise. The extant conditions indicate that fluvial-deltaic marshes in these valleys will continue to be lost as a result of submergence and erosion. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Texas, Bur Econ Geol, Austin, TX 78758 USA. US Geol Survey, Ctr Coastal Geol, St Petersburg, FL 33701 USA. RP White, WA (reprint author), Univ Texas, Bur Econ Geol, 10100 Burnet Rd,Bldg 130, Austin, TX 78758 USA. NR 60 TC 29 Z9 29 U1 3 U2 11 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0169-555X J9 GEOMORPHOLOGY JI Geomorphology PD APR 1 PY 2002 VL 44 IS 1-2 BP 47 EP 66 AR PII S0169-555X(01)00140-4 DI 10.1016/S0169-555X(01)00140-4 PG 20 WC Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Physical Geography; Geology GA 544MV UT WOS:000175164900003 ER PT J AU Meissner, R Mooney, WD Artemieva, I AF Meissner, R Mooney, WD Artemieva, I TI Seismic anisotropy and mantle creep in young orogens SO GEOPHYSICAL JOURNAL INTERNATIONAL LA English DT Review DE anisotropy; coupling; creep; rheology; tectonic escape ID PN VELOCITY ANISOTROPY; TIBETAN PLATEAU; SOUTHERN TIBET; EARTHS MANTLE; LOWER CRUST; SPLITTING PARAMETERS; AZIMUTHAL ANISOTROPY; BENEATH CONTINENTS; SINGLE-CRYSTALS; WAVE ANISOTROPY AB Seismic anisotropy provides evidence for the physical state and tectonic evolution of the lithosphere. We discuss the origin of anisotropy at various depths, and relate it to tectonic stress, geotherms and theology. The anisotropy of the uppermost mantle is controlled by the orthorhombic mineral olivine, and may result from ductile deformation, dynamic recrystallization or annealing. Anisotropy beneath young orogens has been measured for the seismic phase Pn that propagates in the uppermost mantle. This anisotropy is interpreted as being caused by deformation during the most recent thermotectonic event, and thus provides information on the process of mountain building. Whereas tectonic stress and many structural features in the upper crust are usually orientated perpendicular to the Structural axis of mountain belts, Pn anisotropy is aligned parallel to the structural axis, We interpret this to indicate mountain-parallel ductile (i.e. creeping) deformation in the uppermost mantle that is a consequence of mountain-perpendicular compressive stresses. The preferred orientation of the fast axes of some anisotropic minerals, such as olivine, is known to be in the creep direction, a consequence of the anisotropy of strength and viscosity of orientated minerals. In order to explain the anisotropy of the mantle beneath young orogens we extend the concept of crustal 'escape' (or 'extrusion') tectonics to the uppermost mantle. We present theological model calculations to support this hypothesis. Mountain-perpendicular horizontal stress (determined in the upper crust) and mountain-parallel seismic anisotropy (in the uppermost mantle) require a zone of ductile decoupling in the middle or lower crust of young mountain belts. Examples for stress and mountain-parallel Pn anisotropy are given for Tibet, the Alpine chains, and young mountain ranges in the Americas. Finally, we suggest a simple model for initiating Mountain parallel creep. C1 Univ Kiel, Inst Geosci, D-24118 Kiel, Germany. US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. Uppsala Univ, Dept Earth Sci, S-75236 Uppsala, Sweden. RP Univ Kiel, Inst Geosci, Olshaussenstr 40, D-24118 Kiel, Germany. RI Artemieva, Irina/C-2106-2013 OI Artemieva, Irina/0000-0002-3207-2901 NR 126 TC 41 Z9 46 U1 0 U2 6 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS PI OXFORD PA GREAT CLARENDON ST, OXFORD OX2 6DP, ENGLAND SN 0956-540X EI 1365-246X J9 GEOPHYS J INT JI Geophys. J. Int. PD APR PY 2002 VL 149 IS 1 BP 1 EP 14 DI 10.1046/j.1365-246X.2002.01628.x PG 14 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 554JH UT WOS:000175731700002 ER PT J AU Wicks, CW Dzurisin, D Ingebritsen, S Thatcher, W Lu, Z Iverson, J AF Wicks, CW Dzurisin, D Ingebritsen, S Thatcher, W Lu, Z Iverson, J TI Magmatic activity beneath the quiescent Three Sisters volcanic center, central Oregon Cascade Range, USA SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article ID SATELLITE RADAR INTERFEROMETRY; HEAT-FLOW AB [1] Images from satellite interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR) reveal uplift of a broad similar to10 km by 20 km area in the Three Sisters volcanic center of the central Oregon Cascade Range, similar to130 km south of Mt. St. Helens. The last eruption in the volcanic center occurred similar to1500 years ago. Multiple satellite images from 1992 through 2000 indicate that most if not all of similar to100 mm of observed uplift occurred between September 1998 and October 2000. Geochemical (water chemistry) anomalies, first noted during 1990, coincide with the area of uplift and suggest the existence of a crustal magma reservoir prior to the uplift. We interpret the uplift as inflation caused by an ongoing episode of magma intrusion at a depth of similar to6.5 km. C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. US Geol Survey, Cascades Volcano Observ, Vancouver, WA 98683 USA. US Geol Survey, Raytheon, EROS Data Ctr, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. Oregon State Univ, Dept Geosci, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. RP Wicks, CW (reprint author), US Geol Survey, MS977,345 Middlefield Rd, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. EM cwicks@usgs.gov; dzurisin@usgs.gov; seingebr@usgs.gov; thatcher@usgs.gov; klu@usgs.gov; iversonj@geo.orst.edu NR 22 TC 43 Z9 43 U1 0 U2 5 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0094-8276 EI 1944-8007 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD APR 1 PY 2002 VL 29 IS 7 AR 1122 DI 10.1029/2001GL014205 PG 4 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 609DE UT WOS:000178886700038 ER PT J AU Marcus, SM AF Marcus, SM TI Science on tribal lands SO GEOTIMES LA English DT Article C1 US Geol Survey, Reston, VA 22092 USA. RP Marcus, SM (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 959 Natl Ctr, Reston, VA 22092 USA. NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER GEOLOGICAL INST PI ALEXANDRIA PA 4220 KING ST, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22302-1507 USA SN 0016-8556 J9 GEOTIMES JI Geotimes PD APR PY 2002 VL 47 IS 4 BP 20 EP 22 PG 3 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 540PD UT WOS:000174936600014 ER PT J AU Goldfarb, RJ Groves, DI AF Goldfarb, RJ Groves, DI TI Geologic cycles of gold SO GEOTIMES LA English DT Editorial Material C1 US Geol Survey, Mineral Resources Program, Denver, CO 80225 USA. RP Goldfarb, RJ (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Mineral Resources Program, Box 25046, Denver, CO 80225 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER GEOLOGICAL INST PI ALEXANDRIA PA 4220 KING ST, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22302-1507 USA SN 0016-8556 J9 GEOTIMES JI Geotimes PD APR PY 2002 VL 47 IS 4 BP 32 EP 33 PG 2 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 540PD UT WOS:000174936600015 ER PT J AU Schroeder, RA Orem, WH Kharaka, YK AF Schroeder, RA Orem, WH Kharaka, YK TI Chemical evolution of the Salton Sea, California: nutrient and selenium dynamics SO HYDROBIOLOGIA LA English DT Article DE nutrients; selenium; bottom sediments; interstitial water; closed lakes; Salton Sea ID COLORADO RIVER BASIN; SEDIMENT; CHEMISTRY; BAY AB The Salton Sea is a 1000-km(2) terminal lake located in the desert area of southeastern California. This saline (similar to44 000 mg l(-1) dissolved solids) lake started as fresh water in 1905-07 by accidental flooding of the Colorado River, and it is maintained by agricultural runoff of irrigation water diverted from the Colorado River. The Salton Sea and surrounding wetlands have recently acquired substantial ecological importance because of the death of large numbers of birds and fish, and the establishment of a program to restore the health of the Sea. In this report, we present new data on the salinity and concentration of selected chemicals in the Salton Sea water, porewater and sediments, emphasizing the constituents of concern: nutrients (N and P), Se and salinity. Chemical profiles from a Salton Sea core estimated to have a sedimentation rate of 2.3 mm yr(-1) show increasing concentrations of OC, N, and P in younger sediment that are believed to reflect increasing eutrophication of the lake. Porewater profiles from two locations in the Sea show that diffusion from bottom sediment is only a minor source of nutrients to the overlying water as compared to irrigation water inputs. Although loss of N and Se by microbial-mediated volatilization is possible, comparison of selected element concentrations in river inputs and water and sediments from the Salton Sea indicates that most of the N (from fertilizer) and virtually all of the Se (delivered in irrigation water from the Colorado River) discharged to the Sea still reside within its bottom sediment. Laboratory simulation on mixtures of sediment and water from the Salton Sea suggest that sediment is a potential source of N and Se to the water column under aerobic conditions. Hence, it is important that any engineered changes made to the Salton Sea for remediation or for transfer of water out of the basin do not result in remobilization of nutrients and Se from the bottom sediment into the overlying water. C1 US Geol Survey, San Diego, CA 92123 USA. US Geol Survey, Reston, VA 20192 USA. US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. RP Schroeder, RA (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 5735 Kearny Villa Rd,Suite O, San Diego, CA 92123 USA. NR 50 TC 32 Z9 32 U1 2 U2 21 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0018-8158 J9 HYDROBIOLOGIA JI Hydrobiologia PD APR PY 2002 VL 473 IS 1-3 BP 23 EP 45 DI 10.1023/A:1016557012305 PG 23 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 576MF UT WOS:000177008500002 ER PT J AU Riedel, R Caskey, L Costa-Pierce, BA AF Riedel, R Caskey, L Costa-Pierce, BA TI Fish biology and fisheries ecology of the Salton Sea, California SO HYDROBIOLOGIA LA English DT Article DE tilapia; Sciaenidae; salt lakes; phi prime; restoration; growth ID OREOCHROMIS-MOSSAMBICUS; SALINE WATERS; TILAPIA; GROWTH; PISCES; STEINDACHNER; CICHLIDAE; MULTIFAN; PETERS; AFRICA AB Studies of the fisheries ecology and fish biology of the Salton Sea, California, were conducted in 1999 and 2000 using 50 m gill nets in river, nearshore, pelagic, and estuarine areas. Total lengths and weights were measured for all fish captured, and sub-samples were dissected for gonad weights and aging. Ten fish species were captured of which a hybrid tilapia ( Oreochromis mossambicus x O. urolepis hornorum) was dominant by number and weight. Nearshore and estuarine areas had highest catch rates (over 11 kg h(-1) net(-1) for tilapia). Rivers were richest in the number of species (6 of 10 species were exclusively riverine), but lowest in fish abundance. Orangemouth corvina (Cynoscion xanthulus), bairdiella (Bairdiella icistia), sargo (Anisotremus davidsoni), and tilapia grew faster, but had shorter life spans than conspecifics elsewhere and Salton Sea conspecifics of 50 years ago. Reproduction occurred mostly in the nearshore and estuarine areas. Onset of reproduction of bairdiella and sargo was in the spring and extended through the beginning of summer. Reproduction of orangemouth corvina started in the summer and of tilapia in the spring. Reproduction of orangemouth corvina and tilapia extended through the fall. Gender ratios of tilapia were skewed toward males in all areas, except the rivers, where females predominated. All four species aggregated along the nearshore and estuarine areas in the summer when dissolved oxygen in the pelagic area was limited. Any restoration alternative for the Salton Sea should consider areas close to shore as primary areas for fish reproduction and survival. C1 Univ So Mississippi, Coll Marine Sci, Gulf Coast Res Lab, Ocean Springs, MS 39564 USA. US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Carlsbad, CA 92008 USA. Univ Rhode Isl, Dept Fisheries Anim & Vet Sci, Rhode Isl Sea Grant Coll Program, Narragansett, RI 02882 USA. RP Riedel, R (reprint author), Univ So Mississippi, Coll Marine Sci, Gulf Coast Res Lab, Ocean Springs, MS 39564 USA. RI Costa-Pierce, Barry/H-5069-2011 NR 80 TC 21 Z9 22 U1 0 U2 10 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0018-8158 J9 HYDROBIOLOGIA JI Hydrobiologia PD APR PY 2002 VL 473 IS 1-3 BP 229 EP 244 DI 10.1023/A:1016510508187 PG 16 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 576MF UT WOS:000177008500017 ER PT J AU Reifel, KM McCoy, MP Rocke, TE Tiffany, MA Hurlbert, SH Faulkner, DJ AF Reifel, KM McCoy, MP Rocke, TE Tiffany, MA Hurlbert, SH Faulkner, DJ TI Possible importance of algal toxins in the Salton Sea, California SO HYDROBIOLOGIA LA English DT Review DE dinoflagellate; raphidophyte; prymnesiophyte; Gyrodinium uncatenum; Prorocentrum minimum; Protoceratium reticulatum; Gymnodinium sp; Chattonella marina; Pleurochrysis pseudoroscoffensis; red tides; eared grebe; Podiceps nigricollis; saline lake; algal blooms ID SHRIMP ARTEMIA-SALINA; DINOFLAGELLATE HETEROCAPSA CIRCULARISQUAMA; CHATTONELLA-MARINA RAPHIDOPHYCEAE; BRINE SHRIMP; DOMOIC ACID; FISH KILLS; GYRODINIUM-AUREOLUM; RED-TIDE; SUPEROXIDE ANION; NORTH-AMERICA AB In response to wildlife mortality including unexplained eared grebe (Podiceps nigricollis) die-off events in 1992 and 1994 and other mortality events including large fish kills, a survey was conducted for the presence of algal toxins in the Salton Sea. Goals of this survey were to determine if and when algal toxins are present in the Salton Sea and to describe the phytoplankton composition during those times. A total of 29 samples was collected for toxicity analysis from both nearshore and midlake sites visited biweekly from January to December 1999. Dinoflagellates and diatoms dominated most samples, but some were dominated by a prymnesiophyte ( Pleurochrysis pseudoroscoffensis) or a raphidophyte (Chattonella marina). Several types of blooms were observed and sampled. The dinoflagellate Gyrodinium uncatenum formed an extensive, dense (up to 310 000 cells ml(-)1) and long-lasting bloom during the winter in 1999. A coccolithophorid, Pleurochrysis pseudoroscoffensis, occurred at high densities in surface films and nearshore areas during the spring and summer of 1999. These surface films also contained high densities of one or two other species (an unidentified scrippsielloid, Heterocapsa niei, Chattonella marina). Localized blooms were also observed in the Salton Sea. An unknown small dinoflagellate reached high densities (110 000 cells ml(-1)) inside Varner Harbor, and an unidentified species of Gymnodinium formed a dense (270 000 cells ml(-1)) band along part of the southern shoreline during the summer. Three species known to produce toxins in other systems were found. Protoceratium reticulatum (= Gonyaulax grindleyi) and Chattonella marina were found in several samples taken during summer months, and Prorocentrum minimum was found in low densities in several samples. Extracts of most samples, including those containing known toxic species, showed a low level (<10% mortality across all concentrations) of activity in the brine shrimp lethality assay and were not considered toxic. All sample extracts tested in the mouse bioassay showed no activity. One sample extract taken from the bloom of the small dinoflagellate was highly active (100% mortality across all concentrations) in the brine shrimp lethality assay, but the active material could not be isolated. While dense algal blooms are common at the Salton Sea, no evidence gathered in this study suggests that algal toxins are present within phytoplankton cells; however, toxins actively excreted by cells may have been missed. Blooms of phytoplankton likely contribute to wildlife mortality at the Salton Sea. Possible mechanisms including intoxication due to ingestion of feathers in grebes and waterlogging caused by changes in surface tension are discussed. C1 San Diego State Univ, Dept Biol, San Diego, CA 92182 USA. San Diego State Univ, Ctr Inland Waters, San Diego, CA 92182 USA. Univ Calif San Diego, Scripps Inst Oceanog, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA. US Geol Survey, Natl Wildlife Res Ctr, Biol Resources Div, Madison, WI 53711 USA. RP Reifel, KM (reprint author), San Diego State Univ, Dept Biol, San Diego, CA 92182 USA. RI Reifel, Kristen/J-7052-2014; OI Reifel, Kristen/0000-0002-2394-9185; Rocke, Tonie/0000-0003-3933-1563 NR 136 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 1 U2 10 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0018-8158 J9 HYDROBIOLOGIA JI Hydrobiologia PD APR PY 2002 VL 473 IS 1-3 BP 275 EP 292 DI 10.1023/A:1016518825934 PG 18 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 576MF UT WOS:000177008500020 ER PT J AU Scanlon, BR Healy, RW Cook, PG AF Scanlon, BR Healy, RW Cook, PG TI Choosing appropriate techniques for quantifying groundwater recharge (vol 10, pg 18, 2002) SO HYDROGEOLOGY JOURNAL LA English DT Correction C1 Univ Texas, Bur Econ Geol, Austin, TX 78713 USA. US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Lakewood, CO 80225 USA. CSIRO, Glen Osmond, SA 5064, Australia. RP Scanlon, BR (reprint author), Univ Texas, Bur Econ Geol, Austin, TX 78713 USA. RI Cook, Peter/H-3606-2011; Scanlon, Bridget/A-3105-2009 OI Scanlon, Bridget/0000-0002-1234-4199 NR 1 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 6 U2 42 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 1431-2174 J9 HYDROGEOL J JI Hydrogeol. J. PD APR PY 2002 VL 10 IS 2 BP 347 EP 347 DI 10.1007/s10040-002-0200-1 PG 1 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Geology; Water Resources GA 548HQ UT WOS:000175382900010 ER PT J AU Gill, VA Hatch, SA Lanctot, RB AF Gill, VA Hatch, SA Lanctot, RB TI Sensitivity of breeding parameters to food supply in Black-legged Kittiwakes Rissa tridactyla SO IBIS LA English DT Article ID REPRODUCTIVE SUCCESS; CHICK GROWTH; FRATERCULA-ARCTICA; BACKED GULL; LARUS-ARGENTATUS; PARENTAL EFFORT; HERRING GULL; TIME-BUDGETS; BEHAVIOR; DIET AB We fed Herring Clupea pallasi to pairs of Black-legged Kittiwakes Rissa tridactyla throughout the breeding season in two years at a colony in the northern Gulf of Alaska. We measured responses to supplemental feeding in a wide array of breeding parameters to gauge their relative sensitivity to food supply, and thus their potential as indicators of natural foraging conditions. Conventional measures of success (hatching, fledging and overall productivity) were more effective as indicators of food supply than behavioural attributes such as courtship feeding, chick provisioning rates and sibling aggression. However, behaviour such as nest relief during incubation and adult attendance with older chicks were also highly responsive to supplemental food and may be useful for monitoring environmental conditions in studies of shorter duration. On average, the chick-rearing stage contained more sensitive indicators of food availability than prelaying or incubation stages. Overall, rates of hatching and fledging success, and the mean duration of incubation shifts were the most food-sensitive parameters studied. C1 US Geol Survey, Alaska Biol Sci Ctr, Anchorage, AK 99503 USA. RP Gill, VA (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Alaska Biol Sci Ctr, 1011 E Tudor Rd, Anchorage, AK 99503 USA. NR 58 TC 57 Z9 59 U1 1 U2 11 PU BRITISH ORNITHOLOGISTS UNION PI TRING PA C/O NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM, SUB-DEPT ORNITHOLOGY, TRING HP23 6AP, HERTS, ENGLAND SN 0019-1019 J9 IBIS JI Ibis PD APR PY 2002 VL 144 IS 2 BP 268 EP 283 DI 10.1046/j.1474-919X.2002.00043.x PG 16 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA 542VC UT WOS:000175064100010 ER PT J AU Bridges, NT Herkenhoff, KE AF Bridges, NT Herkenhoff, KE TI Topography and geologic characteristics of aeolian grooves in the south polar layered deposits of Mars SO ICARUS LA English DT Article ID ORBITER LASER ALTIMETER; EOLIAN FEATURES; REGION; ATMOSPHERE; ALBEDO; DUNES; MODEL; WINDS AB The topographic and geologic characteristics of grooves and groove-like features in the south polar layered deposits near the Mars Polar Lander/Deep Space 2 landing sites are evaluated using Mariner 9 images and their derived photoclinometry, normalized using Mars Orbiter Laser Altimeter data. Although both Mariner 9 and Viking images of the south polar layered deposits were available at the time of this study, Mariner 9 images of the grooves were selected because they were generally of higher resolution than Viking images. The dimensions and slopes of the grooves, together with orientations that nearly match the strongest winds predicted in the Martian Global Circulation Model and directions inferred from other wind indicators, suggest that they formed by aeolian scour of an easily erodible surface. Most grooves are symmetric and V-shaped in transverse profile, inconsistent with an origin involving extensional brittle deformation. Although the grooves strike along slopes and terraces of the south polar layered deposits, the variable depths and lack of terracing within the grooves themselves indicate that any stratigraphy in the uppermost 100 m of the polar layered deposits is composed of layers of similar, and relatively low, resistance. The grooves do not represent landing hazards at the scale of the Mariner 9 images (72-86 m/pixel) and therefore probably would not have affected Mars Polar Lander and Deep Space 2, had they successfully reached the surface. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science (USA). C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab 183 501, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. US Geol Survey, Flagstaff, AZ 86001 USA. RP Bridges, NT (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab 183 501, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RI Bridges, Nathan/D-6341-2016 NR 51 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 2 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0019-1035 J9 ICARUS JI Icarus PD APR PY 2002 VL 156 IS 2 BP 387 EP 398 DI 10.1006/icar.2001.6800 PG 12 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 553ED UT WOS:000175662000006 ER PT J AU Huang, C Wylie, B Yang, L Homer, C Zylstra, G AF Huang, C Wylie, B Yang, L Homer, C Zylstra, G TI Derivation of a tasselled cap transformation based on Landsat 7 at-satellite reflectance SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF REMOTE SENSING LA English DT Article AB A new tasselled cap transformation based on Landsat 7 at-satellite reflectance was developed. This transformation is most appropriate for regional applications where atmospheric correction is not feasible. The brightness, greenness and wetness of the derived transformation collectively explained over 97% of the spectral variance of the individual scenes used in this study. C1 Raytheon ITSS, USGS EROS Data Ctr, Sioux Falls, SD 57198 USA. RP Huang, C (reprint author), Raytheon ITSS, USGS EROS Data Ctr, Sioux Falls, SD 57198 USA. RI Wylie, Bruce/H-3182-2014 OI Wylie, Bruce/0000-0002-7374-1083 NR 11 TC 220 Z9 239 U1 7 U2 29 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD PI ABINGDON PA 4 PARK SQUARE, MILTON PARK,, ABINGDON OX14 4RN, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0143-1161 J9 INT J REMOTE SENS JI Int. J. Remote Sens. PD APR PY 2002 VL 23 IS 8 BP 1741 EP 1748 DI 10.1080/01431160110106113 PG 8 WC Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA 540YC UT WOS:000174957600011 ER PT J AU Wilson, SA Ridley, WI Koenig, AE AF Wilson, SA Ridley, WI Koenig, AE TI Development of sulfide calibration standards for the laser ablation inductively-coupled plasma mass spectrometry technique SO JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL ATOMIC SPECTROMETRY LA English DT Article C1 US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Denver, CO 80225 USA. RP Wilson, SA (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Box 25046,MS973, Denver, CO 80225 USA. NR 10 TC 100 Z9 111 U1 0 U2 16 PU ROYAL SOC CHEMISTRY PI CAMBRIDGE PA THOMAS GRAHAM HOUSE, SCIENCE PARK, MILTON RD,, CAMBRIDGE CB4 0WF, CAMBS, ENGLAND SN 0267-9477 J9 J ANAL ATOM SPECTROM JI J. Anal. At. Spectrom. PD APR PY 2002 VL 17 IS 4 BP 406 EP 409 DI 10.1039/b108787h PG 4 WC Chemistry, Analytical; Spectroscopy SC Chemistry; Spectroscopy GA 544LJ UT WOS:000175158900014 ER PT J AU Thompson, BC Matusik-Rowan, PL Boykin, KG AF Thompson, BC Matusik-Rowan, PL Boykin, KG TI Prioritizing conservation potential of arid-land montane natural springs and associated riparian areas SO JOURNAL OF ARID ENVIRONMENTS LA English DT Article DE arid southwest; conservation assessment; New Mexico; prioritization; riparian; site classification; springs ID FUNCTIONAL ASSESSMENT; RESTORATION; MITIGATION; CRITERIA AB Using inventory data and input from natural resource professionals, we developed a classification system that categorizes conservation potential for montane natural springs. This system contains 18 classes based on the presence of a riparian patch, wetland species, surface water, and evidence of human activity. We measured physical and biological components of 276 montane springs in the Oscura Mountains above 1450 m and the San Andres Mountains above 1300 m in southern New Mexico. Two of the 18 classes were not represented during the inventory, indicating the system applies to conditions beyond the montane springs in our study area. The class type observed most often (73 springs) had a riparian patch, perennial surface water, and human evidence. We assessed our system in relation to 13 other wetland and riparian classification systems regarding approach, area of applicability, intended users, validation, ease of use, and examination of system response. Our classification can be used to rapidly assess priority of conservation potential for isolated riparian sites, especially springs, in and landscapes. We recommend (1) including this classification in conservation planning, (2) removing deleterious structures from high-priority sites, and (3) assessing efficiency and use of this classification scheme elsewhere. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 New Mexico State Univ, New Mexico Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Las Cruces, NM 88003 USA. New Mexico State Univ, US Geol Survey, Las Cruces, NM 88003 USA. New Mexico State Univ, Dept Fisheries & Wildlife Sci, Las Cruces, NM 88003 USA. RP Thompson, BC (reprint author), New Mexico State Univ, New Mexico Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Box 30003,MSC 4901, Las Cruces, NM 88003 USA. RI Boykin, Kenneth/D-2863-2009 OI Boykin, Kenneth/0000-0001-6381-0463 NR 56 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 6 PU ACADEMIC PRESS LTD ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI LONDON PA 24-28 OVAL RD, LONDON NW1 7DX, ENGLAND SN 0140-1963 J9 J ARID ENVIRON JI J. Arid. Environ. PD APR PY 2002 VL 50 IS 4 BP 527 EP 547 DI 10.1006/jare.2001.0922 PG 21 WC Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 567MV UT WOS:000176489300001 ER PT J AU Jutila, HM Grace, JB AF Jutila, HM Grace, JB TI Effects of disturbance on germination and seedling establishment in a coastal prairie grassland: a test of the competitive release hypothesis SO JOURNAL OF ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE competitive release; cutting; fire; haying; light; species richness ID TALLGRASS PRAIRIE; SPECIES-DIVERSITY; COMMUNITY STRUCTURE; PLANT LITTER; LONG-TERM; FIRE; HERBIVORES; DYNAMICS; FACILITATION; VEGETATION AB 1 We evaluated the responses of native grassland sods to a variety of types of disturbance in order to assess hypotheses about the competitive effects of established vegetation on seed germination and seedling establishment. In particular, we consider whether germination is more responsive to the magnitude and duration of vegetation removal (competitive release) or to individual disturbance types (specific effects). 2 Field-collected sods of coastal tallgrass prairie were subjected to no manipulation, cutting with clippings left, cutting with clippings removed (hayed), burning, and complete destruction of established vegetation under greenhouse conditions. The emergence and fate of seedlings, as well as light penetration through the canopy, were followed for a period of 4.5 months. 3 Total seedling emergence increased from cut to control, hayed, burned and plants-removed treatments. Several periods of increased seedling emergence suggested responses to both light penetration and seasonal change. 4 Species richness was lowest in cut sods and highest in sods that had plants removed or were burned. Rarefaction analysis showed that these differences were largely those expected from differences in seedling number, except for the cut treatment, which produced fewer species per seedling than other treatments. 5 Indicator species analysis and ordination methods revealed that seedling community composition overlapped strongly across all treatments, although the area of ordination space did increase with increasing numbers of seedlings. 6 Overall, most of the effects of disturbance could be explained by cumulative light penetration to the soil surface, an indicator of total competitive release, although a few specific effects could be found (particularly for the cutting treatment). Thus, these results generally support the competitive release hypothesis. C1 US Geol Survey, Natl Wetlands Res Ctr, Lafayette, LA 70506 USA. RP Jutila, HM (reprint author), Aijalankatu 4B 12, Hameenlinna 13210, Finland. NR 64 TC 82 Z9 90 U1 4 U2 35 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING LTD PI OXFORD PA 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DG, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0022-0477 J9 J ECOL JI J. Ecol. PD APR PY 2002 VL 90 IS 2 BP 291 EP 302 DI 10.1046/j.1365-2745.2001.00665.x PG 12 WC Plant Sciences; Ecology SC Plant Sciences; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 543RD UT WOS:000175114200006 ER PT J AU Dean, W Anderson, R Bradbury, JP Anderson, D AF Dean, W Anderson, R Bradbury, JP Anderson, D TI A 1500-year record of climatic and environmental change in Elk Lake, Minnesota - I: Varve thickness and gray-scale density SO JOURNAL OF PALEOLIMNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE cycles; Elk Lake; gray-scale; Minnesota; varves ID HOLOCENE; SEDIMENTS AB The deepest part (29.5 m) of Elk Lake, Clearwater County, northwestern Minnesota, contains a complete Holocene section that is continuously varved. The varve components are predominantly autochthonous (CaCO3, organic matter, biogenic silica, and several iron and manganese minerals), but the varves do contain a minor detrital-clastic (aluminosilicate) component that is predominantly wind-borne (eolian) and provides an important record of atmospheric conditions. Singular spectrum analysis (SSA) and wavelet analysis of varve thickness recognized significant periodicities in the multicentennial and multidecadal bands that varied in power (i.e., variable significance) and position (i.e., variable period) within the periodic bands. Persistent periodicities of about 10, 22, 40, and 90 years, and, in particular, multicentennial periodicities in varve thickness and other proxy variables are similar to those in spectra of radiocarbon production, a proxy for past solar activity. This suggests that there may be a solar control, perhaps through geomagnetic effects on atmospheric circulation. Multicentennial and multidecadal periodicities also occur in wavelet spectra of relative gray-scale density. However, gray-scale density does not appear to correlate with any of the measured proxy variables, and at this point we do not know what controlled gray scale. C1 US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Denver, CO 80225 USA. Univ New Mexico, Dept Earth & Planetary Sci, Albuquerque, NM 87131 USA. NOAA, Paleoclimate Program, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RP Dean, W (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Box 25046,MS 980, Denver, CO 80225 USA. RI anderson, david/E-6416-2011 NR 38 TC 33 Z9 36 U1 0 U2 9 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0921-2728 J9 J PALEOLIMNOL JI J. Paleolimn. PD APR PY 2002 VL 27 IS 3 BP 287 EP 299 DI 10.1023/A:1016062207440 PG 13 WC Environmental Sciences; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Limnology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Geology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 567UZ UT WOS:000176505000001 ER PT J AU Dean, W AF Dean, W TI A 1500-year record of climatic and environmental change in Elk Lake, Clearwater County, Minnesota - II: geochemistry, mineralogy, and stableisotopes SO JOURNAL OF PALEOLIMNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE carbon isotopes; carbon pump; carbonate; Elk Lake; geochemistry; Minnesota; organic carbon; oxygen isotopes; productivity; redox cycles; varves ID NORTHERN GREAT-PLAINS; ATMOSPHERIC C-14; UNITED-STATES; MOON LAKE; SEDIMENTS; HOLOCENE; CARBON; SOLAR; RECONSTRUCTION; RADIOCARBON AB Most of the sediment components that have accumulated in Elk Lake, Clearwater County, northwestern Minnesota, over the past 1500 years are authigenic or biogenic (CaCO3, biogenic SiO2, organic matter, iron and manganese oxyhydroxides, and iron phosphate) and are delivered to the sediment-water interface on a seasonal schedule where they are preserved as distinct annual laminae (varves). The annual biogeochemical cycles of these components are causally linked through the 'carbon pump', and are recapitulated in longer-term cycles, most prominently with a periodicity of about 400 years. Organic carbon is fixed in the epilimnion by photosynthetic removal of CO2, which also increases the pH, triggering the precipitation of CaCO3. The respiration and degradation of fixed organic carbon in the hypolimnion consumes dissolved oxygen, produces CO2, and lowers the pH so that the hypolimnion becomes anoxic and undersaturated with respect to CaCO3 during the summer. Some of the CaCO3 produced in the epilimnion is dissolved in the anoxic, lower pH hypolimnion and sediments. The amount of CaCO3 that is ultimately incorporated into the sediments is a function of how much is produced in the epilimnion and how much is consumed in the hypolimnion and the sediments. Iron, manganese, and phosphate accumulate in the anoxic hypolimnion throughout the summer. Sediment-trap studies show that at fall overturn, when iron-, manganese-, and phosphate-rich bottom waters mix with carbonate- and oxygen-rich surface waters, precipitation of iron and manganese oxyhydroxides, iron phosphate, and manganese carbonate begins and continues into the winter months. Detrital clastic material in the sediments of Elk Lake deposited over the last 1500 years is a minor component (<10% by weight) that is mostly wind-borne (eolian). Detailed analyses of the last 1500 years of the Elk Lake sediment record show distinct cycles in eolian clastic variables (e.g. aluminum, sodium, potassium, titanium, and quartz), with a periodicity of about 400 years. The 400-yr cycle in eolian clastic material does not correspond to the 400-yr cycles in redox-sensitive authigenic components, suggesting that the clastic component is responding to external forcing (wind) whereas the authigenic components are responding to internal forcing (productivity), although both may ultimately be forced by climate change. Variations in the oxygen and carbon isotopic composition of CaCO3 are small but appear to reflect small variations in ground water influx that are also driven by external forcing. C1 US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Denver, CO 80225 USA. RP Dean, W (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Box 25046,MS 980, Denver, CO 80225 USA. NR 54 TC 32 Z9 32 U1 2 U2 15 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0921-2728 J9 J PALEOLIMNOL JI J. Paleolimn. PD APR PY 2002 VL 27 IS 3 BP 301 EP 319 DI 10.1023/A:1016054522905 PG 19 WC Environmental Sciences; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Limnology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Geology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 567UZ UT WOS:000176505000002 ER PT J AU Borg, LE Blichert-Toft, J Clynne, MA AF Borg, LE Blichert-Toft, J Clynne, MA TI Ancient and modern subduction zone contributions to the mantle sources of lavas from the Lassen region of California inferred from Lu-Hf isotopic systematics SO JOURNAL OF PETROLOGY LA English DT Article DE Hf isotopes; Cascade arc; subduction zone; calc-alkaline; tholeiitic ID PRIMITIVE CALC-ALKALINE; LATE-CENOZOIC BASALTS; CASCADE RANGE; ARC MAGMAS; SOUTHERNMOST CASCADES; WASHINGTON CASCADES; MAGNESIAN ANDESITE; KILAUEA VOLCANO; UNITED-STATES; TRACE-ELEMENT AB Hafnium isotopic compositions have been determined on a suite of calc-alkaline and high-alumina-olivine tholeiitic lavas from the Lassen region of California and are used, in conjunction with previously, published mineralogical, geochemical, and isotopic data, to constrain their petrogenesis. Positive correlation between epsilon(Hf) values and geochemical indices of the modern subduction component indicates that the isotopic compositions of the calc-alkaline lavas record addition of radiogenic Hf from the subducted slab. However; the addition of the modern subduction component increases the c[If values of most calc-alkaline lavas by <0.5 units over estimates Of non-subduction enriched peridotites of the mantle wedge. The Lu-Hf isotopic systematics of the Lassen lavas suggest that the calc-alkaline magmas have equilibrated with garnet at some point in their histo,, whereas the tholeiitic magmas have not, These observations require the two lava types to be derived from different sources. The isotopic variability of the Lassen lavas cannot be produced by mixing mantle sources inferred to be present in the eastern central Pacific and western USA with a modern subduction component. Instead, the isotopic variability is consistent with mixing of a depleted mantle source, a more fertile mantle source enriched by an ancient subduction component, and a modern Subduction component. C1 Univ New Mexico, Inst Meteorit, Albuquerque, NM 87131 USA. Ecole Normale Super Lyon, F-69364 Lyon 7, France. US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. RP Borg, LE (reprint author), Univ New Mexico, Inst Meteorit, Albuquerque, NM 87131 USA. RI Blichert-Toft, Janne/C-8280-2012 OI Blichert-Toft, Janne/0000-0002-4932-4079 NR 62 TC 29 Z9 29 U1 1 U2 10 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS PI OXFORD PA GREAT CLARENDON ST, OXFORD OX2 6DP, ENGLAND SN 0022-3530 J9 J PETROL JI J. Petrol. PD APR PY 2002 VL 43 IS 4 BP 705 EP 723 DI 10.1093/petrology/43.4.705 PG 19 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 542PM UT WOS:000175053500005 ER PT J AU Johnson, DH AF Johnson, DH TI The role of hypothesis testing in wildlife science SO JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE effect size; hypothesis test; null hypothesis; replication; significance test ID NULL HYPOTHESIS; REGRESSION; INFERENCE AB Statistical testing of null hypotheses recently has come under fire in wildlife sciences (Cherry 1998; Johnson 1999; Anderson et al. 2000, 2001). In response to this criticism, Robinson and Wainer (2002) provide some further background information on significance testing; they argue that significance testing in fact is useful in certain situations. I counter by suggesting that such situations rarely arise in our field. I agree with Robinson and Wainer that replication is the key to scientific advancement. I believe, however, that significance testing and resulting P-values frequently are confused with issues of replication. Any single study can yield a P-value, but only consistent results from truly replicated studies will advance our understanding of the natural world. C1 US Geol Survey, No Prairie Wildlife Res Ctr, Jamestown, ND 58401 USA. RP Johnson, DH (reprint author), US Geol Survey, No Prairie Wildlife Res Ctr, Jamestown, ND 58401 USA. NR 28 TC 40 Z9 44 U1 1 U2 12 PU WILDLIFE SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2197 USA SN 0022-541X J9 J WILDLIFE MANAGE JI J. Wildl. Manage. PD APR PY 2002 VL 66 IS 2 BP 272 EP 276 DI 10.2307/3803159 PG 5 WC Ecology; Zoology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Zoology GA 548XC UT WOS:000175414300002 ER PT J AU Link, WA Cam, E Nichols, JD Cooch, EG AF Link, WA Cam, E Nichols, JD Cooch, EG TI Of BUGS and birds: Markov chain Monte Carlo for hierarchical modeling in wildlife research SO JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE Bayesian analysis; kittiwake; Markov chain Monte Carlo; Rissa tridactyla; statistical methods ID POPULATION-DYNAMICS; COHORT VARIATION; CLUTCH SIZE; RED DEER; SURVIVAL; HETEROGENEITY; INHERITANCE; SENESCENCE; SELECTION; SUCCESS AB Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) is a statistical innovation that allows researchers to fit far more complex models to data than is feasible using conventional methods. Despite its widespread use in a variety of scientific fields, MCMC appears to be underutilized. in wildlife applications. This may be due to a misconception that MCMC requires the adoption of a subjective Bayesian analysis, or perhaps simply to its lack of familiarity among, wildlife researchers. We introduce the basic ideas of MCMC and software BUGS (Bayesian inference using Gibbs sampling), stressing that a simple and satisfactory intuition for MCMC does not require extraordinary mathematical sophistication. We illustrate the use of MCMC with an analysis of the association between latent factors governing individual heterogeneity in breeding and survival rates of kittiwakes (Rissa tridactyla). We conclude with a discussion of the importance of individual heterogeneity for understanding population dynamics and designing management plans. C1 USGS, Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, Laurel, MD 20708 USA. Cornell Univ, Dept Nat Resources, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. RP Link, WA (reprint author), USGS, Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, 11510 Amer Holly Dr, Laurel, MD 20708 USA. EM william_link@usgs.gov NR 62 TC 139 Z9 143 U1 1 U2 37 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ USA SN 0022-541X EI 1937-2817 J9 J WILDLIFE MANAGE JI J. Wildl. Manage. PD APR PY 2002 VL 66 IS 2 BP 277 EP 291 DI 10.2307/3803160 PG 15 WC Ecology; Zoology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Zoology GA 548XC UT WOS:000175414300003 ER PT J AU Kery, M AF Kery, M TI Inferring the absence of a species - A case study of snakes SO JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE asp viper; Coronella austriaca; Europe; generalized linear mixed model; grass snake; Jura mountains; monitoring; Natrix natrix; probability of detection; rare species; snakes; smooth snake; Vipera aspies ID VIPERA-ASPIS; EXTINCTION; FROG; SURVIVAL; REPTILES AB Though the presence of a species can be unequivocally confirmed, its absence can only be inferred with a degree of probability. I used a model to calculate the minimum number of unsuccessful visits to a site that are necessary to assume that a species is absent. The model requires the probability of detection of the species per visit to be known. This probability may vary depending on habitat, year, season, the area surveyed, the population size of the species, and the observer. I studied 3 European snake species-asp viper (Vipera aspis), smooth snake. (Coronella austriaca), and grass snake (Natrix natrix)-over a 5-yr (1994-1998) interval, and made 645 visits to 87 sites during their activity periods. I used a generalized logistic regression approach with random effects for years and sites to (1) estimate the probability of detection of these species from sites known to be occupied, (2) test factors affecting it, and (3) compute the minimum number of times that a site must be visited to infer the absence of the particular species. Probability of detection for all species was heavily influenced by an index of population size. For V probability of detection increased from 0.23 to 0.50 and 0.70 in small, medium, and large populations, respectively. Similarly, probability of detection increased from 0.09 to 0.45 and 0.56 in small, medium, and large populations of. austriaca, respectively, and from 0.11 in small to 0.25 in medium and large populations of X natrix Probability of detection also varied across months for all 3 species, among habitat types (C austriaca only), and from year to year (X natrix only). Sites with unknown occupancy status conservatively may be assumed to be occupied by small populations. I calculated that such sites need to be surveyed 12, 34, and 26 times for V aspis, C austriaca, and A natrix, respectively, before assuming with 95% probability that the site is unoccupied. These results suggest that same species may be more widespread than thought. However, to ascertain the presence of such species at a site, search efforts need to be intensive. C1 Univ Zurich, Inst Umweltwissensch, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland. RP Kery, M (reprint author), USGS, Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, 11510 Amer Holly Dr, Laurel, MD 20708 USA. NR 40 TC 132 Z9 145 U1 9 U2 59 PU WILDLIFE SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2197 USA SN 0022-541X J9 J WILDLIFE MANAGE JI J. Wildl. Manage. PD APR PY 2002 VL 66 IS 2 BP 330 EP 338 DI 10.2307/3803165 PG 9 WC Ecology; Zoology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Zoology GA 548XC UT WOS:000175414300008 ER PT J AU Coluccy, JM Drobney, RD Pace, RM Graber, DA AF Coluccy, JM Drobney, RD Pace, RM Graber, DA TI Consequences of neckband and legband loss from giant Canada geese SO JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE band loss; banding; Branta canadensis maxima; giant Canada goose; neckband; survival ID LESSER SNOW GEESE; COLLAR RETENTION; SURVIVAL RATES; BAND LOSS; FLYWAY; MODELS; MARK AB Researchers often assume band loss is negligible when resightings (i.e., any observations subsequent to banding) of neckbanded birds and recoveries of legbanded birds are used to estimate population parameters. We used recapture, harvest, and observation data from giant Canada geese (Branta canadensis maxima) banded in central Missouri, USA, 1989-1999, to estimate neckband and legband retention. We used accelerated failure time models to estimate neckband and legband retention rates and to evaluate sources of variation in neckband and legband loss. We observed considerable neckband and legband loss that varied by sex, year of banding (for, neck-bands only), and band age. We estimated that 34% of male and 16% of female giant Canada geese had lost their neckbands, and 15% of male and 8% of female giant Canada geese had lost their legbands within 6 years of banding. Neckband-loss rates in our study were lower than those reported for other geese. Conversely, legband-loss rates in our study were higher than those reported for other geese. Neckband and legband loss should be accounted for when estimating population parameters from these types of data. C1 Univ Missouri, Dept Fisheries & Wildlife Sci, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. Univ Missouri, US Geol Survey, Missouri Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NE Fisheries Sci Ctr, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. Missouri Dept Conservat, Columbia, MO 65201 USA. RP Coluccy, JM (reprint author), Ducks Unltd Inc, 1 Waterfowl Way, Memphis, TN 38120 USA. NR 28 TC 4 Z9 6 U1 1 U2 5 PU WILDLIFE SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2197 USA SN 0022-541X J9 J WILDLIFE MANAGE JI J. Wildl. Manage. PD APR PY 2002 VL 66 IS 2 BP 353 EP 360 DI 10.2307/3803168 PG 8 WC Ecology; Zoology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Zoology GA 548XC UT WOS:000175414300011 ER PT J AU Larson, MA Ryan, MR Murphy, RK AF Larson, MA Ryan, MR Murphy, RK TI Population viability of piping plovers: Effects of predator exclusion SO JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE Charadrius melodus; demographics; electric fence; fledging rates; Great Plains; nest cages; piping plover; population viability analysis; predator exclusion; reproductive success; simulation ID GREAT-PLAINS; SURVIVAL; EXCLOSURES; CENSUS; NESTS; LAKE AB The Great Plains population of piping plovers (Charadrius melodus) is listed as threatened or endangered and continues to decline. The effects of recently initiated management to exclude predators and a new, higher estimate of adult survival on the extinction risk of this population have not been evaluated, We estimated fledging success rates and revised a stochastic simulation model of plover demography to simulate population growth scenarios. Fledging rates without predator exclusion were 0.89 (SE = 0.10) fledglings/pair at alkaline wetlands and 0.73 (SE = 0.21) fledglings/pair at rivers and reservoirs. Predator exclusion increased local fledging rates to 1.15-2.25 fledglings/pair. Simulated population growth under current levels of management was -4.3%/year, which was higher than indicated by previous models but lower than indicated by international censuses in 1991 and 1996. A population-wide fledging rate of 1.10 fledglings/pair was needed to stabilize simulated populations. Our results indicate that the Great Plains population of piping plovers can be stabilized or increased if management activities to improve reproductive success are increased. C1 Univ Missouri, Dept Fisheries & Wildlife Sci, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Des Lacs Natl Wildlife Refuge Complex, Kenmare, ND 58746 USA. RP Larson, MA (reprint author), Univ Missouri, Dept Fisheries & Wildlife Sci, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. EM LarsonM@missouri.edu NR 43 TC 43 Z9 44 U1 3 U2 28 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ USA SN 0022-541X EI 1937-2817 J9 J WILDLIFE MANAGE JI J. Wildl. Manage. PD APR PY 2002 VL 66 IS 2 BP 361 EP 371 DI 10.2307/3803169 PG 11 WC Ecology; Zoology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Zoology GA 548XC UT WOS:000175414300012 ER PT J AU Dettmers, R Buehler, DA Franzreb, KE AF Dettmers, R Buehler, DA Franzreb, KE TI Testing habitat-relationship models for forest birds of the southeastern United States SO JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE bird-habitat relationships; forest type; Georgia; model performance; passerines; Southern Blue Ridge region; stand age; Tennessee; Virginia AB The bird-habitat relationships proposed by Hamel (1992) represent the most comprehensive description of habitat suitability for all birds that breed and/or winter in forests of the southern United States. These relationships were developed from compilations of published census and natural history data, field experience, and expert opinion. As such, these relationships can be considered untested models of bird-habitat associations. We tested the ability of these models to predict the distribution of 25 common breeding birds among the forest habitat typed, of the Southern Blue Ridge physiographic province. We used point-count survey data from national forests in Virginia, Tennessee, and Georgia to test the models. Thirteen of 25 models (52%) performed well (i.e., positive association between ranks from model predictions and ranks from the observed data) on the Tennessee data, while only 33% and 23% of the models performed well on the Georgia and Virginia data, respectively. Models for some species with distributions restricted to mid-aged to mature deciduous habitats (e.g., black-and-white warbler [Mniotilta varia] and black-throated blue warbler [Dendroica caerulescens]) and/or restricted to high elevations (e.g., veery [Catharus fuscescens]) performed well across study sites. However, models for other mature deciduous forest species did not perform as well because these species (e.g., ovenbird. [Seiurus aurocapillus], scarlet tanager [Piranga olivacea], and wood thrush [Hylocichla mustelina]) tended to occur more frequently than predicted in early age classes or mixed forest types. For these species, we suggest that early-aged deciduous habitat types be considered marginal habitat (rather than unused, as defined in Hamel's publication) for these relatively widespread forest birds in the Southern Blue Ridge region. Models for habitat generalists (e.g., Carolina chickadee [Poecile carolinensis], Carolina wren [Thryotharus ludovicianus), and red-eyed vireo [Vireo olivaceus]) did not perform well. We suggest that Hamel's models be used cautiously for most birds in mature forest habitats. Further tests of these models are needed to clarify the discrepancies between the predicted and observed patterns of habitat use we observed. C1 Univ Tennessee, Dept Forestry Fisheries & Wildlife, So Appalachian Cooperat Ecosyst Studies Unit, USDA,So Res Stn, Knoxville, TN 37901 USA. RP Dettmers, R (reprint author), US Fish & Wildlife Serv, 300 Westgate Ctr Dr, Hadley, MA 01035 USA. NR 18 TC 16 Z9 17 U1 1 U2 11 PU WILDLIFE SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2197 USA SN 0022-541X J9 J WILDLIFE MANAGE JI J. Wildl. Manage. PD APR PY 2002 VL 66 IS 2 BP 417 EP 424 DI 10.2307/3803174 PG 8 WC Ecology; Zoology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Zoology GA 548XC UT WOS:000175414300017 ER PT J AU Smith, GW Stoddart, LC Knowlton, FF AF Smith, GW Stoddart, LC Knowlton, FF TI Long-distance movements of black-tailed jackrabbits SO JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE black-tailed jackrabbit; hares; jackrabbit; Lepus californicus; migration; movements; telemetry; Utah ID POPULATION AB During an intensive demographic study of black-tailed jackrabbits (Lepus californicus) in Curlew Valley, Utah, USA, we noted unexpected large displacements among 30% of our study animals. Although understanding movement patterns-especially long-distance movements-should be an essential element for programs studying and managing wild populations, reports of such events among jackrabbits are rare. 1, re describe aspects of long-distance movements within I jackrabbit population. We placed radio transmitters on 393 black-tailed jackrabbits and accumulated 28,945 animal-clays of data during 5 study periods between 1979 and 1984. In 146 instances, we documented hares moving greater than or equal to5.0 km, typically within 2-10 days. Although 3 hares moved greater than or equal to25 km (longest = 35 km), 63% of such movements were: 10 kin. Long movements occurred in all seasons but on an animal-day basis were most frequent February-April (24%) and October-December (52%). Vectors between north and cast comprised 66% of long distance movements documented between March and May. However, 65% of such movements during summer and 83% during fall and winter involved vectors between south and west. These movements appeared to represent migrations to and from traditional, wintering areas. Despite the magnitude of these movements, the Curlew Valley jackrabbit population appears to be demographically closed, but if timing of movements varies among sex and age classes, demographic analyses on geographic units that do not encompass the entire valley could be affected. Efforts to mitigate jackrabbit depredations on growing crops or stored forages should incorporate information. about seasonal movement patterns as well as the areas potential management programs might affect. C1 Utah State Univ, Dept Fisheries & Wildlife, Logan, UT USA. Utah State Univ, USDA, Anim & Plant Hlth Inspect Serv, Natl Wildlife Res Ctr,Wildlife Serv, Logan, UT 84322 USA. RP Smith, GW (reprint author), US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Div Migratory Bird Management, Laurel, MD 20708 USA. NR 28 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 7 PU WILDLIFE SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2197 USA SN 0022-541X J9 J WILDLIFE MANAGE JI J. Wildl. Manage. PD APR PY 2002 VL 66 IS 2 BP 463 EP 469 DI 10.2307/3803179 PG 7 WC Ecology; Zoology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Zoology GA 548XC UT WOS:000175414300022 ER PT J AU Howell, JA Brooks, GC Semenoff-Irving, M Greene, C AF Howell, JA Brooks, GC Semenoff-Irving, M Greene, C TI Population dynamics of tule elk at Point Reyes National Seashore, California SO JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE California; Cervus elaphus nannodes; demographics; El Nino; National Parks; natural regulation; populations; reproduction; tule elk AB The presence of locally abundant wildlife raises questions about natural regulation and ecological consequences of overpopulation. We sought to establish precise information about population size, structure, and productivity to examine the role of natural regulation in a closed tule elk (Cervus elaphus nannodes) population at Point Reyes National Seashore, California, USA. We estimated an instantaneous exponential growth rate of 0.19 with an adjusted R-2 = 0.98 during 1998, 20 years after the elk were introduced. We estimated annual survival for adult cows of nearly 0.95. Calf survival from birth through the rut ending during October-November was 0.85. Male calves exhibited higher mortality than female calves. Cow mortality was associated with the calving season. We measured a 42% increase in cow:calf density from 0.733 ha(-1) to 1.043 ha(-1) during 1996-1998. We observed a density-correlated reduction in the rate of increase and in the cow:calf ratios prior to high precipitation El Nino Southern Oscillation years, 1993, 1996, and 1997, precipitation >1.23 in year(-1). Given the high population growth rate and model evaluation of management scenarios, park managers will need to use a suite of approaches, such as contraception and removal, to maintain the elk population at levels at or near the closed-range carrying capacity for years between El Nino events. C1 US Geol Survey, Western Ecol Res Ctr, Sacramento, CA 95826 USA. US Geol Survey, Western Ecol Res Ctr, Golden Gate Field Stn, Sausalito, CA 94965 USA. Univ Calif Davis, Sect Evolut & Ecol, Davis, CA 95616 USA. RP Howell, JA (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Western Ecol Res Ctr, 7801 Folsom Blvd,Suite 101, Sacramento, CA 95826 USA. EM judd_howell@usgs.gov NR 28 TC 21 Z9 22 U1 4 U2 29 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ USA SN 0022-541X EI 1937-2817 J9 J WILDLIFE MANAGE JI J. Wildl. Manage. PD APR PY 2002 VL 66 IS 2 BP 478 EP 490 DI 10.2307/3803181 PG 13 WC Ecology; Zoology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Zoology GA 548XC UT WOS:000175414300024 ER PT J AU Lovich, J Meyer, K AF Lovich, J Meyer, K TI The western pond turtle (Clemmys marmorata) in the Mojave River, California, USA: highly adapted survivor or tenuous relict? SO JOURNAL OF ZOOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Clemmys marmorata; ecology; adaptation; Mojave Desert; California ID DESERT AB Aspects of the ecology of populations of the western pond turtle Clemmys marmorata were investigated in the Mojave River of the central Mojave Desert, California, U.S.A. One population occupied man-made ponds and the other occurred in natural ponds in the flood plain of the Mojave River. Both habitats are severely degraded as a result of ground water depletion from human activities along the river and one is infested with the exotic shrub saltcedar Tamarix ramosissima. Mean female carapace length (CL) was significantly greater (14.4cm) than that of males (13.7cm). Live juveniles were not detected during the period of study. Shelled eggs were visible in X-radiographs from 26 May to 14 July. Mean clutch size was 4.46 and ranged from 3 to 6 eggs. Clutch size did not vary between 1998 and 1999 but was significantly correlated with CL for both years combined, increasing at the rate of 0.548 eggs/cm CL. Gravid female CL ranged from 13.3-16.0 cm. Some females nested in both years. Mean X-ray egg width (21.8 mm) was not significantly correlated with CL or clutch size. X-ray egg width differed more among clutches than within, whether including CL as a co-variate or not. Nesting migrations occurred from 6 June to 8 July with minimum round trip distances ranging from 17.5-585 m with a mean of 195 m. Mean estimated time of departure as measured at the drift fence was 18:13. Most females returned to the ponds in the early morning. Nesting migrations required females to be out of the water for estimated periods of 0.83 to 86 h. The destination of nesting females was typically fluvial sand bars in the channel of the dry riverbed. Overall, the ecology of C. marmorata in the Mojave River is very similar to that reported for populations in less severe habitats along the west coast of the United States. Notable exceptions include long nesting migrations to sandbars in the dry river channel, a possible result of human modifications to the environment. and an apparent lack of terrestrial overwintering behaviour in Mojave River populations, The general similarity of desert and coastal populations is possibly a reflection of their recent geographic separation. Overall, populations in the Mojave River exhibit few obvious adaptations to living in the desert and are considered to be tenuous relicts of the Pleistocene. The small size and tenuous status of these populations suggests that immediate conservation action is needed, including establishment of satellite populations as a hedge against extirpation. C1 US Geol Survey, Western Ecol Res Ctr, Sacramento, CA 95826 USA. US Geol Survey, Western Ecol Res Ctr, San Diego Field Stn, San Diego, CA 92123 USA. RP Lovich, J (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Western Ecol Res Ctr, 7801 Folsom Blvd,Suite 101, Sacramento, CA 95826 USA. OI Lovich, Jeffrey/0000-0002-7789-2831 NR 45 TC 22 Z9 23 U1 3 U2 7 PU CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS PI NEW YORK PA 40 WEST 20TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10011-4221 USA SN 0952-8369 J9 J ZOOL JI J. Zool. PD APR PY 2002 VL 256 BP 537 EP 545 DI 10.1017/S0952836902000584 PN 4 PG 9 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA 542TT UT WOS:000175060900013 ER PT J AU Jin, YK Lee, MW Collett, TS AF Jin, YK Lee, MW Collett, TS TI Relationship of gas hydrate concentration to porosity and reflection amplitude in a research well, Mackenzie Delta, Canada SO MARINE AND PETROLEUM GEOLOGY LA English DT Article DE gas hydrate concentration; porosity; seismic amplitude; Mallik 2L-38 well data AB Well logs acquired at the Mallik 2L-38 gas hydrate research well, Mackenzie Delta, Canada, reveal a distinct trend showing that the resistivity of gas-hydrate-bearing sediment,, increases with increases in density porosities, This trend, opposite to the general trend of decrease in resistivity with porosity, implies that gas hydrates are more concentrated in the higher porosity. Using the Mallik 2L-38 well data, a proportional gas hydrate concentration (PGHC) model, which states that the gas hydrate concentration in the sediment's pore space is linearly proportional to porosity. is proposed for the general habitat of gas hydrate in sediments. Anomalous data (less than 6% of the total data) outside the dominant observed trend can be explained by local geological characteristics. The anomalous data analysis indicates that highly concentrated gas-hydrate-bearing layers would be expected where sediments have high proportions of gravel and coarse sand. Using the parameters in the PGHC model determined from resistivity-porosity logs, it is possible to qualitatively predict the degree of reflection amplitude variations in seismic profiles. Moderate-to-strong reflections are expected for the Mallik 2L-38 well. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd, All rights reserved. C1 Korea Ocean Res & Dev Inst, Seoul 425600, South Korea. US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Denver, CO 80225 USA. RP Jin, YK (reprint author), Korea Ocean Res & Dev Inst, Ansan POB 29, Seoul 425600, South Korea. NR 19 TC 7 Z9 10 U1 1 U2 7 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0264-8172 J9 MAR PETROL GEOL JI Mar. Pet. Geol. PD APR PY 2002 VL 19 IS 4 BP 407 EP 415 AR PII S0264-8172(02)00011-9 DI 10.1016/S0264-8172(02)00011-9 PG 9 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 585MY UT WOS:000177529600002 ER PT J AU Locat, J Lee, H Kayen, R Israel, K Savoie, MC Boulanger, ET AF Locat, J Lee, H Kayen, R Israel, K Savoie, MC Boulanger, ET TI Shear strength development margin slope with burial in eel river sediments SO MARINE GEORESOURCES & GEOTECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID BEHAVIOR; CANADA; QUEBEC; CLAYS AB As part of the STRATAFORM project, a series of cores were obtained from the Eel River Margin area of Eureka, California. The geotechnical analysis of intact specimens and of reconstituted samples provides some insight on the development of shear strength with burial. The results show the effect of bioturbation the early part of the lifetime of a sediment. SEDCON tests were used to proposed various relationships which help predict the changes in density, liquidity index, and strength as a function of depth. These relationships are found useful from near the water sediment-interface down to a depth of at least 400m in the sediment column. C1 Univ Laval, Dept Geol & Geol Engn, Environ & Geoengn Res Grp, St Foy, PQ G1K 7P4, Canada. US Geol Survey, Branch Pacific Marine Geol, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. Univ Laval, Dept Geol & Geol Engn, St Foy, PQ, Canada. RP Locat, J (reprint author), Univ Laval, Fac Sci & Genie, Dept Geol & Genie Geol, Quebec City, PQ G1K 7P4, Canada. NR 24 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 0 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 325 CHESTNUT ST, SUITE 800, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 1064-119X J9 MAR GEORESOUR GEOTEC JI Mar. Geores. Geotechnol. PD APR-JUN PY 2002 VL 20 IS 2 BP 111 EP 135 DI 10.1080/03608860290051831 PG 25 WC Engineering, Ocean; Engineering, Geological; Oceanography; Mining & Mineral Processing SC Engineering; Oceanography; Mining & Mineral Processing GA 568MX UT WOS:000176547000002 ER PT J AU Ochoa-acuna, H Sepulveda, MS Gross, TS AF Ochoa-acuna, H Sepulveda, MS Gross, TS TI Mercury in feathers from Chilean birds: influence of location, feeding strategy, and taxonomic affiliation SO MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN LA English DT Article ID ENVIRONMENT; SEABIRDS; REGION; GULLS; MOLT AB This study reports baseline concentrations of mercury (Hg) in feathers from different species of birds sampled at various locations off the Chilean coast (Southeastern Pacific). Hg concentrations were evaluated in relation to geographic location, taxonomic affiliation, and feeding strategies. Between January and March of 1995, we collected mature contour feathers from 116 birds belonging to 22 species, mostly seabirds. Birds were collected from 10 different locations (26degrees09'S, 70degrees40'W to 54degrees56'S, 67degrees37'W). Feather Hg concentrations ranged from 0.11 to 13 mug g(-1) dry weight. We found differences in feather Hg concentrations across taxonomic groups, with highest concentrations in petrels, shearwaters, and albatrosses (Procellaridae), followed by boobies (Sulidae), gulls, terns, skuas (Laridae) and cormorants (Phalacrocoracidae). Ibises and oystercatchers (Threskiornithidae and Charadriidae) had intermediate values, whereas ducks and geese (Anatidae) contained the least amount of Hg. Oceanic species preying on mesopelagic fish (the Procellariformes albatrosses, petrels, and fulmars) had over twice as much Hg (overall average of 3.9 mug g(-1)) when compared to the rest of the species sampled (overall average of 1.5 mug g(-1)). We did not find higher Hg concentrations in birds inhabiting the more heavily industrialized and urbanized areas of the country (central and northern regions), but in birds inhabiting the remote Juan Fernandez Archipelago. This is not surprising, since all the Procellariformes (the group with highest Hg values in this study) were collected from these islands. Except for Hg in Kermadec petrels (mean of 12 mug g(-1)), the range of Hg values reported here (0.11-7.3 mug g(-1)) fell below those known to cause adverse health and reproductive effects in birds. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Florida, Coll Vet Med, Dept Physiol Sci, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. Univ Florida, Coll Vet Med, Ctr Environm & Human & Toxicol, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. USGS BRD Florida Caribbean Sci Ctr, Gainesville, FL 32653 USA. RP Univ Florida, Coll Vet Med, Dept Physiol Sci, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. EM marisol_sepulveda@usgs.gov RI Sepulveda, Maria/P-3598-2014 NR 17 TC 40 Z9 44 U1 1 U2 13 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0025-326X EI 1879-3363 J9 MAR POLLUT BULL JI Mar. Pollut. Bull. PD APR PY 2002 VL 44 IS 4 BP 340 EP 345 AR PII S0025-326X(01)00280-6 DI 10.1016/S0025-326X(01)00280-6 PG 6 WC Environmental Sciences; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 571WY UT WOS:000176743200021 PM 12139324 ER PT J AU Zhou, TH Goldfarb, RJ AF Zhou, TH Goldfarb, RJ TI Tectonics and metallogeny of gold deposits in China SO MINERALIUM DEPOSITA LA English DT Editorial Material C1 Great Cent Mines Ltd, S Melbourne, Vic 3205, Australia. Centaur Min & Explorat Ltd, S Melbourne, Vic 3205, Australia. US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Denver, CO 80225 USA. Univ Western Australia, Ctr Global Metallogeny, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia. RP Zhou, TH (reprint author), Sino QZ Grp, POB 2424, Mt Waverley, Vic 3149, Australia. NR 6 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 1 U2 3 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0026-4598 J9 MINER DEPOSITA JI Miner. Depos. PD APR PY 2002 VL 37 IS 3-4 BP 247 EP 248 DI 10.1007/s00126-001-0240-9 PG 2 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Mineralogy SC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Mineralogy GA 553YB UT WOS:000175703900001 ER PT J AU Zhou, TH Goldfarb, RJ Phillips, GN AF Zhou, TH Goldfarb, RJ Phillips, GN TI Tectonics and distribution of gold deposits in China - an overview SO MINERALIUM DEPOSITA LA English DT Review DE China; gold; tectonics ID SOUTH CHINA; CRUSTAL EVOLUTION; CONSTRAINTS; MAGMATISM; CRATON; MINERALIZATION; GRANITOIDS; PROVINCES; JINCHUAN; GENESIS AB Gold exploration in China has expanded rapidly during the last two decades since a modern approach to economic development has become a national priority. China currently produces 180 tonnes (t) of gold annually, which is still significantly less than South Africa, USA, and Australia. However, China is now recognized as possessing significant gold resources in a wide range of mineral deposit types. Present estimates of gold resources in China exceed 4,500 t, which comprise 60% in gold-only deposits, more than 25% in base metal-rich skarn, porphyry, and vein deposits, and more than 10% in placer accumulations. The major gold provinces in China formed during the main episodes of Phanerozoic tectonism. Such tectonism involved interaction of China's three major Precambrian cratons, North China, Tarim, and Yangtze (or South China when combined with Cathaysia block), with the Angara (or Siberian), Kazakhstan-Kyrgyzstan, and Indian cratons. Resulting collisions included deformation of accreted oceanic sequences between the cratonic blocks. The most important ore-forming orogenies were (1) the late Paleozoic Variscan (405-270 Ma), which led to amalgamation of the Angara, North China and Yanatze cratons, (2) the Indosinian (270-208 Ma), which led to the collision of North China and South China cratons, (3) the Yanshanian (208-90 Ma), which was largely influenced by the subduction of the Izanagi-Pacific plates beneath eastern China, and (4) the Himalayan (< 90 Ma) indentation of the Indian continent into Eurasia. No important Precambrian gold systems are recognized in China, mainly because of reworking of exposed Precambrian rocks by these younger orogenies, but there are a few Caledonian (600-405 Ma) gold-bearing systems in northern Xinjiang. Most of China's orogenic, epithermal, and Carlin-like gold deposits are in the reworked margins of major cratonic blocks and in metasedimentary rock-dominated fold belts adjacent to these margins. Accordingly, the major gold provinces are present along the northern, southeastern and southern margins of the North China craton, along the southwestern and northwestern margins of the Yangtze craton, in the Tianshan and Altayshan orogenic belts in northern Xinjiang, and throughout the southeastern China fold belt. Gold-placer deposits derived from these primary deposits are concentrated in the northernmost part of northeastern China and along the northwestern margin of the Yangtze craton. The major provinces with significant gold in porphyry-related copper systems and base metal skarns are present in the Yangtze River area along the northeastern and southeastern margin of the Yangtze craton, in the fold belt in southwestern China, and scattered through northern China. Three-quarters of the Chinese gold-only deposits occur within the North China craton margins. Half are located in the uplifted Precambrian metamorphic rocks and most of the remainder are hosted in the Phanerozoic granitoids that intruded the reworked Precambrian terranes. The abundance of granite-hosted gold contrasts the North China craton with other Precambrian cratons. such as those in Western Australia, central Canada, and Zimbabwe. where gold is mainly hosted in the Archean greenstone belts. This difference may be explained by the multiple episodes of Phanerozoic tectonism along the North China craton margins resulting from the collision of the Angara, North China, and South China cratons, and from subduction of the Izanagi-Pacific oceanic plates underneath the eastern China continent. C1 Great Cent Mines Ltd, S Melbourne, Vic 3205, Australia. Centaur Min & Explorat Ltd, S Melbourne, Vic 3205, Australia. US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Denver, CO 80225 USA. CSIRO Explorat & Min, Cent Pk, Vic 3145, Australia. Univ Western Australia, Ctr Global Metallogeny, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia. RP Zhou, TH (reprint author), Sino QZ Grp, POB 2424, Mt Waverley, Vic 3149, Australia. EM tzhou@sinoaus.com NR 99 TC 111 Z9 133 U1 7 U2 41 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0026-4598 J9 MINER DEPOSITA JI Miner. Depos. PD APR PY 2002 VL 37 IS 3-4 BP 249 EP 282 DI 10.1007/s00126-001-0237-4 PG 34 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Mineralogy SC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Mineralogy GA 553YB UT WOS:000175703900002 ER PT J AU Mao, JW Goldfarb, RJ Zhang, ZW Xu, WY Qiu, YM Deng, J AF Mao, JW Goldfarb, RJ Zhang, ZW Xu, WY Qiu, YM Deng, J TI Gold deposits in the Xiaoqinling-Xiong'ershan region, Qinling Mountains, central China SO MINERALIUM DEPOSITA LA English DT Article DE China; gold; North China craton; Xiaoqinling; Xiong'ershan ID COESITE-BEARING ECLOGITES; REPUBLIC-OF-CHINA; U-PB ZIRCON; SOUTH CHINA; OROGENIC GOLD; CRUSTAL EVOLUTION; YANGTZE CRATONS; DABIE OROGEN; COLLISION; DISTRICT AB The gold-rich Xiaoqinling-Xiong'ershan region in eastern Shaanxi and western Henan provinces, central China. lies about 30-50 km inland of the southern margin of the North China craton. More than 100 gold deposits and occurrences are concentrated in the Xiaoqinling (west), Xiaoshan (middle), and Xiong'ershan (east) areas. Late Archean gneiss of the Taihua Group, and Middle Proterozoic metavolcanic rocks of the Xiong'er Group are the main host rocks for the deposits. Mesozoic granitoids (ca. 178-104 Ma) are present in most gold districts, but deposits are typically hosted in the Precambrian basement rocks hundreds of meters to as far as 10 kin from the intrusions and related hornfels zones. Deposits in the Xiaoqinling and Xiaoshan areas are best classified as orogenic gold deposits, with ores occurring in a number of distinct belts both in quartz veins and disseminated in altered metamorphic rocks. Alteration assemblages are dominated by quartz, sericite, pyrite, and carbonate minerals. The ore-forming fluids were low salinity, CO2-rich, and characterized by isotopically heavy delta(18)O. Four deposits (Dongchuang, Wenyu, Yangzhaiyu, and Dahu) in the Xiaoqinling area each contain resources of about 1 Moz Au. Some of the gold deposits in the Xiong'ershan area represent more shallowly emplaced tellurium-enriched orogenic systems, which include resources of approximately 1-15 Moz Au at Shanggong and Beiling (or Tantou). Others are epithermal deposits (e.g., Qiyugou and Dianfang) that are hosted in volcanic breccia pipes. Isotopic dates for all gold deposits, although often contradictory, generally cluster between 172-99 Ma and arc coeval with emplacement of the post-kinematic granitoids. The gold deposits formed during a period of relaxation of far-field compressional stresses, clearly subsequent to the extensive Paleozoic-early Mesozoic accretion of arc terranes and the Yangtze craton onto the southern margin of the North China craton. Hydrothermal and magmatic events occurred locally where extension-related Precambrian basement uplifting took place along the craton margin. Fluids for the orogenic gold deposits in the Xiaoqinling, Xiaoshan, and Xiong'ershan areas may have been released from evolving magmas or resulted from prograde metamorphic reactions within the uplift zones. Alternatively, for the epithermal-gold deposits at shallower levels in the Xiong'ershan area, gold-transporting fluids were mainly exsolved from coeval magmas, although meteoric water was also involved in these hydrothermal systems. C1 China Univ Geosci, Beijing 100083, Peoples R China. Chinese Acad Geol Sci, Inst Mineral Deposits, Beijing 100037, Peoples R China. US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Denver, CO 80225 USA. Chinese Acad Sci, Inst Geochem, Guangzhou 510640, Peoples R China. Univ Western Australia, Dept Geol & Geophys, Ctr Global Metallogeny, Nedlands, WA 6907, Australia. Sino Min Ltd, Xian 710004, Peoples R China. RP Mao, JW (reprint author), China Univ Geosci, 29 Xueyuan Rd, Beijing 100083, Peoples R China. NR 72 TC 84 Z9 136 U1 9 U2 50 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0026-4598 J9 MINER DEPOSITA JI Miner. Depos. PD APR PY 2002 VL 37 IS 3-4 BP 306 EP 325 DI 10.1007/s00126-001-0248-1 PG 20 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Mineralogy SC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Mineralogy GA 553YB UT WOS:000175703900004 ER PT J AU Hart, CJR Goldfarb, RJ Qiu, YM Snee, L Miller, LD Miller, ML AF Hart, CJR Goldfarb, RJ Qiu, YM Snee, L Miller, LD Miller, ML TI Gold deposits of the northern margin of the North China Craton: multiple late Paleozoic-Mesozoic mineralizing events SO MINERALIUM DEPOSITA LA English DT Article DE China; gold; North China craton; Variscan; Yanshanian ID EASTERN HEBEI PROVINCE; REPUBLIC-OF-CHINA; SINO-KOREAN CRATON; INNER-MONGOLIA; THERMAL EVOLUTION; OROGENIC GOLD; CRUSTAL EVOLUTION; SOUTHERN MONGOLIA; TECTONICS; AGE AB The northern margin of the North China craton is well-endowed with lode gold deposits hosting a resource of approximately 900 tonnes (t) of gold. The similar to 1,500-km-long region is characterized by east-trending blocks of metamorphosed Archean and Proterozoic strata that were episodically uplifted during Variscan, Indosinian, and Yanshanian deformational and magmatic events. At least 12 gold deposits from the Daqinshan, Yan-Liao (includes the Zhangjiakou, Yanshan, and Chifeng gold districts), and Changbaishan gold provinces contain resources of 20-100 t Au each. Most deposits are hosted in uplifted blocks of Precambrian metamorphic rocks, although felsic Paleozoic and Mesozoic plutons are typically proximal and host similar to 30% of the deposits. The lodes are characterized by sulfide-poor quartz veins in brittle structures with low base metal values and high Au:Ag ratios. Although phyllic alteration is most common, intensive alkali feldspar metasomatism characterizes the Wulashan, Dongping, and Zhongshangou deposits, but is apparently coeval with Variscan alkalic magmatism only at Wulashan. Stepwise Ar-40-Ar-39 geochronology on 16 samples from gangue and alteration phases, combined with unpublished SHRIMP U-Pb dates on associated granitoids, suggest that gold mineralizing events occurred during Variscan, Indosinian, and Yanshanian orogenies at circa 350, 250, 200, 180, 150, and 129 Ma. However, widespread Permo-Triassic (similar to 250 Ma) and Early Jurassic (similar to 180 Ma) thermal events caused variable resetting of most of the white mica and K-feldspar argon spectra, as well as previously reported K-Ar determinations. Compiled and new stable isotope and fluid inclusion data show that most delta(18)O values for ore-stage veins range from 8 to 14parts per thousands, indicating a fluid in equilibrium with the Precambrian metamorphic basement rocks; deltaD values from fluid inclusions range widely from -64 to -154parts per thousands, which is indicative of a local meteoric component in some veins; and highly variable delta(34)S data (+7 to -17parts per thousands), even within individual deposits, indicate various local country-rock sources for sulfur. Fluid inclusions from all districts show variable homogenization temperatures between 240 and 400degreesC, and are consistently characterized by low salinity, H2O-CO2 +/- CH4, N-2 solutions. Although the data are largely consistent with that from orogenic gold veins, intrusion-related veins and epithermal veins are also recognized. The multiple episodes of mineralization are coincident with episodic tectonic reactivations and associated magmatism along the northern margin of the North China craton. C1 Yukon Geol Program, Whitehorse, YT Y1A 2C6, Canada. US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Denver, CO 80225 USA. Sino Min Shaanxi Ltd, Xian 710004, Shaanxi, Peoples R China. Red Diamond Min, Juneau, AK 99801 USA. US Geol Survey, Anchorage, AK 99580 USA. Univ Western Australia, Dept Geol & Geophys, Ctr Global Metallogeny, Crawley 6907, Australia. RP Hart, CJR (reprint author), Yukon Geol Program, Box 2703 F-3, Whitehorse, YT Y1A 2C6, Canada. NR 72 TC 70 Z9 90 U1 4 U2 14 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0026-4598 J9 MINER DEPOSITA JI Miner. Depos. PD APR PY 2002 VL 37 IS 3-4 BP 326 EP 351 DI 10.1007/s00126-001-0239-2 PG 26 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Mineralogy SC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Mineralogy GA 553YB UT WOS:000175703900005 ER PT J AU Mao, JW Qiu, YM Goldfarb, RJ Zhang, ZC Garwin, S Ren, FS AF Mao, JW Qiu, YM Goldfarb, RJ Zhang, ZC Garwin, S Ren, FS TI Geology, distribution, and classification of gold deposits in the western Qinling belt, central China SO MINERALIUM DEPOSITA LA English DT Article DE China; gold; Qinling orogen; Songpan-Ganzi basin; Carlin-type; orogenic gold ID U-PB ZIRCON; ULTRAHIGH-PRESSURE METAMORPHISM; GANZI FLYSCH SEQUENCE; EASTERN DABIE-SHAN; SOUTH CHINA; CRUSTAL EVOLUTION; YANGTZE CRATONS; GRANITOID ROCKS; OROGENIC BELT; MOUNTAINS AB Gold deposits of the western Qinling belt occur within the western part of the Qinling-Dabie-Sulu orogen, which is located between the Precambrian North China and Yangtze cratons and east of the Songpan-Ganzi basin. The early Paleozoic to early Mesozoic orogen can be divided into northern, central, and southern zones, separated by the Shangdan and Lixian-Shanyang thrust fault systems. The northern zone consists of an early Paleozoic arc accreted to the North China craton by ca. 450 Ma. The central zone, which contains numerous orogenic gold deposits, is dominated by elastic rocks formed in a late Paleozoic basin between the converging cratonic blocks. The southern zone is characterized by the easternmost exposure of Triassic sedimentary rocks of the Songpan-Ganzi basin. These Early to Late Triassic turbidities, in part calcareous, of the immense Songpan-Ganzi basin also border the western Qinling belt to the west. Carlin-like gold deposits are abundant (1) along a westward extension of the southern zone defined by a window of early Paleozoic elastic rocks extending into the basin, and (2) within the easternmost margin of the basinal rocks to the south of the extension, and in adjacent cover rocks of the Yangtze craton. Triassic and Early Jurassic synkinematic granitoids are widespread across the western Qinling belt, as well as in the Songpan-Ganzi basin. Orogenic lode gold deposits along, brittle-ductile shear zones occur within greenschist-facies, highly-deformed, Devonian and younger elastic rocks of the central zone. Mainly coarse-grained gold, along with pyrite, pyrrhotite, arsenopyrite, and minor base metal sulfides, occur in networks of quartz veinlets, brecciated wall rock, and are disseminated in altered wall rock. Isotopic dates suggest that the deposits formed during the Late Triassic to Middle Jurassic as the leading edge of the Yangtze craton was thrust beneath rocks of the western Qinling belt. Many gold-bearing placers are distributed along the river systems that flow south from the lode-bearing central zone. Carlin-like gold deposits have only been identified during the last decade in the southern zone of the western Qinling and in the northeastern corner of the Songpan-Ganzi basin. The deposits mainly contain micron-diameter gold in arsenical pyrite; are characterized by the common occurrence of cinnabar, stibnite, realgar, and orpiment; exhibit strong silicification, carbonatization, pyritization, and decalcification dissolution textures; and are structurally controlled. The lack of reactive host lithologies may have prevented development of large (>100 tonnes of gold), stratigraphically-controlled orebodies, which are typical of the Carlin deposits in the western USA. These deposits are hosted by Triassic turbidities and shallow-water carbonates, and an early Paleozoic inlier in the Songpan-Ganzi basin that extends in an east-west belt for about 300 kin. Rather than true "Carlin" deposits, these Carlin-like deposits may be some type of shallow-crustal (i.e., epithermal) hybrid with features intermediate to Nevada-style Carlin deposits and the orogenic gold deposits to the immediate north. These Carlin-like deposits also overlap in age with the early Mesozoic orogenic gold deposits and, therefore, also formed during the final stages of collision between the cratons and intermediate basin closure. C1 China Univ Geosci, Beijing 100083, Peoples R China. Univ Western Australia, Dept Geol & Geophys, Ctr Global Metallogeny, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia. US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Denver, CO 80225 USA. Chinese Acad Geol Sci, Inst Geol, Beijing 100037, Peoples R China. Newmont Min Corp, Elko, NV 89801 USA. Bur Geol Explorat & Dev Gansu, Lanzhou 730000, Peoples R China. Sino Min Ltd, Xian 710004, Peoples R China. RP Mao, JW (reprint author), Chinese Acad Geol Sci, Inst Mineral Deposits, 26 Baiwanzhuang Rd, Beijing 100037, Peoples R China. NR 86 TC 62 Z9 96 U1 4 U2 40 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0026-4598 J9 MINER DEPOSITA JI Miner. Depos. PD APR PY 2002 VL 37 IS 3-4 BP 352 EP 377 DI 10.1007/s00126-001-0249-0 PG 26 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Mineralogy SC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Mineralogy GA 553YB UT WOS:000175703900006 ER PT J AU Hu, RZ Su, WC Bi, XW Tu, GZ Hofstra, AH AF Hu, RZ Su, WC Bi, XW Tu, GZ Hofstra, AH TI Geology and geochemistry of Carlin-type gold deposits in China SO MINERALIUM DEPOSITA LA English DT Article DE Carlin; China; gold; Yangtze crate ID JERRITT-CANYON; NEVADA AB The Carlin-type gold deposits in China lie mostly near the margins of the Proterozoic Yangtze and Aba cratons. Submicron-sized gold in micron-sized arsenian pyrite is disseminated in fractured Cambrian through Triassic carbonaceous shale and carbonate rocks, and is associated with anomalous Hg, Sb, As., U, and Tl. Alteration typically includes silicification, argillization, and sulfidation. Aqueous fluid inclusions contain CO2, have relatively low temperatures of homogenization (250-150degreesC), and salinities (8-2 wt% equiv. NaCl) that typically decrease from earls to later stages. The indicated pressures of 105-330 x 10(5) Pa correspond to depths in excess of 1.0 to 3.0 km, assuming hydrostatic conditions. The deltaD values of fluid inclusions (-87 to -47%) and the calculated delta(18)O values for water in ore fluids (-2.1 to 16.2%) reflect interactions between meteoric water and sedimentary rocks. The delta(13)C values of calcite (-9 to 2%) and delta(34)S values of sulfides (-24 to 17%) suggest that C and S were derived from marine carbonate (and organic carbon) and diagenetic sulfides (and organic sulfur) in the vicinity of the deposits. Geologic relationships and geochronologic evidence indicate the deposits formed during a late phase of the Yanshanian orogeny (140-75 Ma). These gold deposits share much in common with the Carlin-type gold deposits in Nevada, USA. Both occur in carbonaceous, pyritic, sedimentary rocks deposited on extended margins of Precambrian cratons. The smaller Chinese deposits are generally in more siliceous rocks and the larger Nevada deposits in more calcareous rocks. In both countries, the host rocks prior to mineralization were affected by contractional deformation that produced many of the ore-controlling structures and the deposits do not show consistent spatial or genetic relationships with epizonal plutons. However, the Nevada deposits show broad spatial and temporal relationships with shifting patterns of calc-alkaline magmatism. The ore and alteration mineral assemblages, residence of gold, geochemical signatures, paragenetic sequence, and fluid inclusions are remarkably similar. which indicates that the deposits formed from low salinity, moderately acidic, CO2- and H2S-rich fluids by similar processes at relatively shallow levels in the crust (<5 km). However, the deposits in China are associated with large Ha. Sb. As, U, and Tl deposits, which may reflect higher background abundances of these elements. Stable isotopic data suggest meteoric water evolved to become ore fluids through interactions with sedimentary rocks, although contributions of volatiles or metals from deeper levels are present in some deposits in Nevada. In both countries, the deposits appear to have formed in an area of high paleothermal gradients after a change in stress regime during the later phases of orogenic activity. C1 Chinese Acad Sci, Inst Geochem, Guiyang 550002, Peoples R China. US Geol Survey, Denver, CO 80225 USA. RP Hu, RZ (reprint author), Chinese Acad Sci, Inst Geochem, Guiyang 550002, Peoples R China. RI hu, ruizhong/C-9420-2013 NR 40 TC 58 Z9 83 U1 8 U2 55 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0026-4598 J9 MINER DEPOSITA JI Miner. Depos. PD APR PY 2002 VL 37 IS 3-4 BP 378 EP 392 DI 10.1007/s00126-001-0242-7 PG 15 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Mineralogy SC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Mineralogy GA 553YB UT WOS:000175703900007 ER PT J AU Rui, ZY Goldfarb, RJ Qiu, YM Zhou, TH Chen, RY Pirajno, F Yun, G AF Rui, ZY Goldfarb, RJ Qiu, YM Zhou, TH Chen, RY Pirajno, F Yun, G TI Paleozoic-early mesozoic gold deposits of the Xinjiang Autonomous Region, northwestern China SO MINERALIUM DEPOSITA LA English DT Article DE Allay Shan; China; gold; Tian Shan; Xinjiang ID TECTONIC EVOLUTION; CENTRAL-ASIA; SEDIMENTARY RECORD; JUNGGAR BASIN; TIEN-SHAN; NW CHINA; TIANSHAN; TARIM; MINERALIZATION; COLLAGE AB The late Paleozoic-early Mesozoic tectonic evolution of Xinjiang Autonomous Region, northwestern China provided a favorable geological setting for the formation of lode gold deposits along the sutures between a number of the major Eastern Asia cratonic blocks. These sutures are now represented by the Altay Shan, Tian Shan, and Kunlun Shan ranges, with the former two separated by the Junggar basin and the latter two by the immense Tarim basin. In northernmost Xinjiang, final growth of the Altaid orogen, southward from the Angara craton, is now recorded in the remote mid- to late Paleozoic Altay Shan. Accreted Early to Middle Devonian oceanic rock sequences contain typically small, precious-metal bearing Fe-Cu-Zn VMS deposits (e.g. Ashele). Orogenic gold deposits are widespread along the major Irtysh (e.g. Duyolanasayi, Saidi, Taerde, Kabenbulake, Akexike, Shaerbulake) and Tuergen-Hongshanzui (e.g. Hongshanzui) fault systems, as well as in structurally displaced terrane slivers of the western Junggar (e.g. Hatu) and eastern Junggar areas. Geological and geochronological constraints indicate a generally Late Carboniferous to Early Permian episode of gold deposition, which was coeval with the final stages of Altaid magmatism and large-scale, right-lateral translation along older terrane-bounding faults. The Tian Shan, an exceptionally gold-rich mountain range to the west in the Central Asian republics, is only beginning to be recognized for its gold potential in Xinjiang. In this easternmost part to the range, northerly- and southerly-directed subduction/accretion of early to mid-Paleozoic and mid- to late Paleozoic oceanic terranes, respectively, to the Precambrian Yili block (central Tian Shan) was associated with 400 to 250 Ma are magmatism and Carboniferous through Early Permian gold-forming hydrothermal events. The more significant resulting deposits in the terranes of the southern Tian Shan include the Sawayaerdun orogenic deposit along the Kyrgyzstan border and the epithermal and replacement deposits of the Kanggurtag belt to the east in the Chol Tagh range. Gold deposits of approximately the same age in the Yili block include the Axi hot springs/epithermal deposit near the Kazakhstan border and a series of small orogenic gold deposits south of Urumqi (e.g. Wangfeng). Gold-rich porphyry copper deposits (e.g. Tuwu) define important new exploration targets in the northern Tian Shan of Xinjiang. The northern foothills of the Kunlun Shan of southern Xinjiang host scattered, small placer gold deposits. Sources for the gold have not been identified. but are hypothesized to be orogenic gold veins beneath the icefields to the south. They are predicted to have formed in the Tianshuihai terrane during its early Mesozoic accretion to the amalgamated Tarim-Qaidam-Kunlun cratonic block. C1 US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Denver, CO 80225 USA. Chinese Acad Geol Sci, Inst Mineral Deposits, Beijing 100037, Peoples R China. Univ Western Australia, Dept Geol & Geophys, Ctr Global Metallogeny, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia. Great Cent Mines Ltd, S Melbourne, Vic 3205, Australia. Centaur Min & Explorat Ltd, S Melbourne, Vic 3205, Australia. Minist Land & Nat Resources, Geol Survey China, Beijing 100812, Peoples R China. Geol Survey Western Australia, Perth, WA 6004, Australia. RP Goldfarb, RJ (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, MS 964,Box 25046, Denver, CO 80225 USA. EM goldfarb@usgs.gov RI Pirajno, Franco/B-3643-2013 NR 71 TC 97 Z9 115 U1 0 U2 18 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0026-4598 J9 MINER DEPOSITA JI Miner. Depos. PD APR PY 2002 VL 37 IS 3-4 BP 393 EP 418 DI 10.1007/s00126-001-0243-6 PG 26 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Mineralogy SC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Mineralogy GA 553YB UT WOS:000175703900008 ER PT J AU Fries, JN AF Fries, JN TI Upwelling flow velocity preferences of captive adult San Marcos salamanders SO NORTH AMERICAN JOURNAL OF AQUACULTURE LA English DT Article AB San Marcos salamanders Eurycea nana probably lay their eggs within spring openings that presumably have varied How velocities. To test for a possible preference in flow velocity, adult San Marcos salamanders were placed in systems with access to tubes with upwelling flow velocities of I and 5 cm/s. Their locations were observed during daylight hours and were considered to reflect flow velocity preference. Salamanders seldom changed location during the study. There was no difference in flow-velocity preference between males and females. Salamanders avoided tuber with 5 cm/s upwelling flow velocity and displayed a slight preference (one of four comparisons significantly different) for tubes with I cm/s upwelling flow velocity over not being in tubes at all. Salamanders occupying tubes tended to stay near the bottom. It is recommended that captive breeding systems for San Marcos salamanders should include some substrate (e.g., limestone rocks) through which water flows (some in an upwelling manner) with a velocity of about 1 cm/s. C1 US Fish & Wildlife Serv, San Marcos Natl Fish Hatchery & Technol Ctr, San Marcos, TX 78666 USA. RP Fries, JN (reprint author), US Fish & Wildlife Serv, San Marcos Natl Fish Hatchery & Technol Ctr, 500 E McCarty Lane, San Marcos, TX 78666 USA. NR 8 TC 4 Z9 5 U1 1 U2 4 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA SN 1522-2055 J9 N AM J AQUACULT JI N. Am. J. Aqualcult. PD APR PY 2002 VL 64 IS 2 BP 113 EP 116 DI 10.1577/1548-8454(2002)064<0113:UFVPOC>2.0.CO;2 PG 4 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 541FR UT WOS:000174975000003 ER PT J AU Maes, RA Carmichael, GJ AF Maes, RA Carmichael, GJ TI A small-scale quarantine facility for existing fish hatcheries SO NORTH AMERICAN JOURNAL OF AQUACULTURE LA English DT Article AB A small-scale quarantine facility to hatch. rear. and house up to 100 lb of native fish using water recirculation technology was developed at the Mora National Fish Hatchery and Technology Center in Mora, New Mexico. The facility is isolated from the main hatchery and includes two types of self-contained water reuse systems. One system is small (160 gal) and was built with vertical-tray incubator and Living Stream modified I Or egg hatching arid fry rearing, The second system is large (880 gal) and houses age-0 to adult fish. The systems ha e separate chillers. biological filters. and Pumps. Both are commonly aerated and have backup oxygen and power Supplies, The quarantine facility drains to a septic system so that it needs no effluent disinfection. Although designed to hold cold's ater fishes, it is flexible in function and can easily be modified to accommodate coolwater and warmwater species. Cost estimates are included to assist in determining feasibility and construction costs on such quarantine facilities. C1 US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Mora Natl Fish Hatchery & Technol Ctr, Mora, NM 87732 USA. RP Maes, RA (reprint author), US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Mora Natl Fish Hatchery & Technol Ctr, POB 689, Mora, NM 87732 USA. NR 3 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA SN 1522-2055 J9 N AM J AQUACULT JI N. Am. J. Aqualcult. PD APR PY 2002 VL 64 IS 2 BP 136 EP 143 DI 10.1577/1548-8454(2002)064<0136:ASSQFF>2.0.CO;2 PG 8 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 541FR UT WOS:000174975000007 ER PT J AU Brenner, GJ Oboyski, PT Banko, PC AF Brenner, GJ Oboyski, PT Banko, PC TI Parasitism of Cydia spp. (Lepidoptera : Tortricidae) on Sophora chrysophylla (Fabaceae) along an elevation gradient of dry subalpine forest on Mauna Kea, Hawaii SO PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST LA English DT Article DE insecta; Cydia spp.; parasitism rates; seasonal abundance; Hawaii; alien species AB The biology and ecological importance of Hawaiian endemic Cydia spp. (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) are poorly known. Cydia larvae are an important food to palila, an endangered Hawaiian bird that inhabits Sophora woodlands on Mauna Kea, Hawaii. We quantified Cydia larval abundance in seeds of Sophora chrysophylla Salisbury (Fabaceae) and larval mortality caused by parasitism. Four new host plant associations are reported: C. crassicornis [Walsingham], C. falsifalcella [Walsingham], C. obliqua [Walsingham], and C. storeella [Walsingham]. Four parasitoid wasp species were consistently reared from larval Cydia: Calliephialtes grapholithae [Cresson], Diadegma blackburni [Cameron], Pristomerus hawaiiensis Perkins (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae), and Euderus metallicus [Ashmead] (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae). The three Ichneumonidae appear to be accidental introductions, while E. metallicus is likely to be native to Hawaii. Parasitism rates by all four wasps combined decreased with elevation from 94% at 1800 m to 20% at 2700 m. C1 US Geol Survey, Pacific Isl Ecosyst Res Ctr, Hawaii Natl Pk, HI 96718 USA. RP Brenner, GJ (reprint author), Pacific Anal LLC, POB 219, Albany, OR 97321 USA. NR 17 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 1 U2 5 PU PACIFIC COAST ENTOMOL SOC PI SAN FRANCISCO PA CALIFORNIA ACAD OF SCIENCES GOLDEN GATE PARK, SAN FRANCISCO, CA 94118 USA SN 0031-0603 J9 PAN-PAC ENTOMOL JI Pan-Pacific Entomol. PD APR PY 2002 VL 78 IS 2 BP 101 EP 109 PG 9 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 572KX UT WOS:000176774500005 ER PT J AU Colman, SM Kelts, KR Dinter, DA AF Colman, SM Kelts, KR Dinter, DA TI Depositional history and neotectonics in Great Salt Lake, Utah, from high-resolution seismic stratigraphy SO SEDIMENTARY GEOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Great Salt Lake; seismic-reflection profiles; sediments; neotectonics; paleoclimate ID BASIN AB High-resolution seismic-reflection data from Great Salt Lake show that the basinal sediment sequence is cut by numerous faults with N - S and NE - SW orientations. This faulting shows evidence of varied timing and relative offsets, but includes at least three events totaling about 12 in following the Bonneville phase of the lake (since about 13.5 ka). Several faults displace the uppermost sediments and the lake floor. Bioherm structures are present above some faults, which suggests that the faults served as conduits for sublacustrine discharge of fresh water. A shallow, fault-controlled ridge between Carrington Island and Promontory Point, underlain by a well-cemented pavement, separates the main lake into two basins. The pavement appears to be early Holocene in age and younger sediments lap onto it. Onlap-offlap relationships, reflection truncations. and morphology of the lake floor indicate a low lake, well below the present level, during the early Holocene. during which most of the basin was probably a playa. This low stand is represented by irregular reflections in seismic profiles from the deepest part of the basin. Other prominent reflectors in the profiles are correlated with lithologic changes in sediment cores related to the end of the Bonneville stage of the lake, a thick mirabilite layer in the northern basin, and the Mazama tephra. Reflections below those penetrated by sediment cores document earlier lacustrine cycles. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V All rights reserved. C1 US Geol Survey, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. Univ Minnesota, Limnol Res Ctr, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA. Univ Utah, Dept Geol & Geophys, Salt Lake City, UT 84112 USA. RP Colman, SM (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 384 Woods Hole Rd, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. NR 16 TC 23 Z9 26 U1 1 U2 9 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0037-0738 J9 SEDIMENT GEOL JI Sediment. Geol. PD APR 1 PY 2002 VL 148 IS 1-2 BP 61 EP 78 AR PII S0037-0738(01)00210-X DI 10.1016/S0037-0738(01)00210-X PG 18 WC Geology SC Geology GA 543JD UT WOS:000175097600005 ER PT J AU Rosen, MR Chague-Goff, C Eser, P Coshell, L AF Rosen, MR Chague-Goff, C Eser, P Coshell, L TI Utilisation of the sedimentological and hydrochemical dynamics of the Stump Bay Wetland along Lake Taupo, New Zealand, for the recognition of paleo-shoreline indicators SO SEDIMENTARY GEOLOGY LA English DT Article DE paleo-shoreline; groundwater; wetland; peat; iron; Lake Taupo; New Zealand AB Terrestrial sediments are generally simple to differentiate from lacustrine sediments, but the interface between the two is difficult to recognise when clean beach sand is absent. In addition, tracing the dispersal of pollutant trace metals at this interface can be a major problem because toxic and natural metal cycles often take the same path. To solve these problems, we studied the natural geochemical processes in a wetland along the shore of Lake Taupo, New Zealand to characterise the surficial sediments that could be used as indicators of shoreline processes and to determine the variability of natural metals in the system. Lake Taupo is New Zealand's largest lake, The Stump Bay Wetland is part of the South Taupo Wetland, which is situated along the southern edge of Lake Taupo and has an area of 15.4 km(2). Although much of the surrounding shoreline has been modified by human activity, the Stump Bay Wetland has retained its natural configuration. To understand the variability at the terrestrial-lacustrine inter-face, we characterised the surficial sediments using shallow cores to learn the stratigraphy and geochemical make up of the sediment using X-ray Fluorescence (XR-F) for major elements and selected metals (Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu, Ni, Ba). In addition, we installed shallow piezometers to relate the stratigraphy and geochemistry to groundwater flow and chemical composition (pH, alkalinity, dissolved Fe). Silt deposits derived from floods alternate with peat accumulations in shallow cores taken in the centre of the wetland. The reduction of ferric iron to ferrous iron controls the South Taupo wetland groundwater pH and total alkalinity. Sediment cores from the wetland have high iron concentrations (up to 15 vvt.%). The abundance of iron in the cores does not correlate with either loss on ignition (LOI) or silica abundance, indicating that the iron is derived from a combination of decay of organic matter and leaching from volcanic rock material, Concentrations of sodium, potassium and calcium and magnesium tend to increase with depth, and reflect the increasing amount of inorganic matter in the core. Sulphur concentrations in the cores are relatively low, and there is a weak correlation with LOI. Although conditions for iron sulphide precipitation are possible in the wetland sediments, it does not occur within the upper I in of the sediment. The low topographic and groundwater gradient of the wetland area has led to a close interaction between sediment build-up and the hydrochemistry of the water flowing into the lake. In particular, zones of iron-rich diagenetic alteration of sediments at the surface water-groundwater interface could be used to fix the position of the shoreline in paleo-lake studies, as long as the chemical interactions along the groundwater flow path are understood. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V All rights reserved. C1 Inst Geol & Nucl Sci, Wairakei Res Ctr, Taupo, New Zealand. GeoEnvironm Consultants, Lyttelton RD1, New Zealand. Victoria Univ Wellington, Sch Biol Sci, Wellington, New Zealand. Univ New England, Dept Geol & Geophys, Armidale, NSW 2351, Australia. RP Rosen, MR (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 333 W Nye Lane, Carson City, NV 89706 USA. RI Rosen, Michael/D-6091-2015 NR 27 TC 4 Z9 5 U1 1 U2 10 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0037-0738 J9 SEDIMENT GEOL JI Sediment. Geol. PD APR 1 PY 2002 VL 148 IS 1-2 BP 357 EP 371 AR PII S0037-0738(01)00226-3 DI 10.1016/S0037-0738(01)00226-3 PG 15 WC Geology SC Geology GA 543JD UT WOS:000175097600021 ER PT J AU McHale, MR McDonnell, JJ Mitchell, MJ Cirmo, CP AF McHale, MR McDonnell, JJ Mitchell, MJ Cirmo, CP TI A field-based study of soil water and groundwater nitrate release in an Adirondack forested watershed SO WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE Adirondack Mountains; biogeochemistry; hydrology; nitrate flushing; nitrogen saturation; watershed ID NORTHEASTERN UNITED-STATES; NORTHERN HARDWOOD FOREST; EPISODIC ACIDIFICATION; STORM RUNOFF; NEW-YORK; HYDROGRAPH SEPARATIONS; HEADWATER CATCHMENT; SPATIAL PATTERNS; SMALL STREAMS; MIXING MODEL AB [1] Nitrate (NO3-) movement was studied using a combination of isotopic, chemical, and hydrometric data within the 135 ha Archer Creek watershed in the Adirondack Mountains of New York from January 1995 to December 1996. This research was conducted to identify sources of stream water NO3- and the mechanisms that deliver NO3- to the stream to test two hypotheses: (1) Soil water NO3- concentrations are highest after dry periods and subsequently lower with each storm. (2) Stream water NO3- concentrations are controlled by groundwater during growing season low flows and by soil water during the dormant season and during storms. Antecedent moisture conditions and season had little effect on mean soil water NO3- concentrations before storms (range of 1.1-5.1 mumol L(-)1 throughout the study). High soil water NO3- concentrations (up to 136 mumol L 1) were found only at the watershed ridge top during the 1996 snowmelt and early summer. Results from isotopic hydrograph separations and chemical end-member mixing analysis showed that soil water and till groundwater dominated stream base flow and storm flow during six monitored storms. Near-stream wetland groundwater and event water contributed little to streamflow during most conditions. Near-stream groundwater contributions to streamflow were significant only during very low base flow (<0.05 mm h 1) during the summer and fall. Highest stream water NO3- concentrations coincided with peaks in the till groundwater contribution according to isotopic hydrograph separations using delta(18)O and chloride as conservative tracers. A conceptualization of streamflow generation and watershed NO3- release is described in which hillslope hollows are the principal zones of soil water and till groundwater mixing in the watershed and till groundwater is the main source of stream water NO3- during both base flow and storms. C1 SUNY Coll Environm Sci & Forestry, Fac Forestry, Syracuse, NY 13210 USA. Oregon State Univ, Dept Forest Engn, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. SUNY Coll Environm Sci & Forestry, Fac Environm & Forest Biol, Syracuse, NY 13210 USA. SUNY Coll Cortland, Dept Geol, Cortland, NY 13045 USA. RP McHale, MR (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 425 Jordan Rd, Troy, NY 12180 USA. RI McDonnell, Jeffrey/I-6400-2013 NR 53 TC 50 Z9 50 U1 0 U2 22 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0043-1397 J9 WATER RESOUR RES JI Water Resour. Res. PD APR PY 2002 VL 38 IS 4 AR 1031 DI 10.1029/2000WR000102 PG 16 WC Environmental Sciences; Limnology; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Water Resources GA 609XT UT WOS:000178932200012 ER PT J AU Rehkamper, M Frank, M Hein, JR Porcelli, D Halliday, A Ingri, J Liebetrau, V AF Rehkamper, M Frank, M Hein, JR Porcelli, D Halliday, A Ingri, J Liebetrau, V TI Thallium isotope variations in seawater and hydrogenetic, diagenetic, and hydrothermal ferromanganese deposits SO EARTH AND PLANETARY SCIENCE LETTERS LA English DT Article DE stable isotopes; isotope fractionation; thallium; ferromanganese composition; sea water ID SOURCE-MASS-SPECTROMETRY; IRON ISOTOPES; PB ISOTOPES; SECULAR VARIATION; SUBDUCTION ZONE; NORTH-ATLANTIC; DEEP-WATER; MC-ICPMS; CRUSTS; ND AB Results are presented for the first in-depth investigation of Tl isotope variations in marine materials. The Tl isotopic measurements were conducted by multiple collector-inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry for a comprehensive suite of hydrogenetic ferromanganese crusts, diagenetic Fe-Mn nodules, hydrothermal manganese deposits and seawater samples. The natural variability of Tl isotope compositions in these samples exceeds the analytical reproducibility (+/- 0.05 parts per thousand) by more than a factor of 40. Hydrogenetic Fe-Mn crusts have epsilon(205)Tl of +10 to +14, whereas seawater is characterized by values as low as -8 (epsilon(205)Tl represents the deviation of the epsilon(205)Tl/Tl-203 ratio of a sample from the NIST SRM 997 Tl isotope standard in parts per 10(4)). This similar to2parts per thousand difference in isotope composition is thought to result from the isotope fractionation that accompanies the adsorption of Tl onto ferromanganese particles. An equilibrium fractionation factor of alphasimilar to1.0021 is calculated for this process. Ferromanganese nodules and hydrothermal manganese deposits have variable Tl isotope compositions that range between the values obtained for seawater and hydrogenetic Fe-Mn crusts. The variability in epsilon(205)Tl in diagenetic nodules appears to be caused by the adsorption of TI from pore fluids, which act as a closed-system reservoir with a TI isotope composition that is inferred to be similar to seawater. Nodules with epsilon(205)Tl values similar to seawater are found if the scavenging of TI is nearly quantitative. Hydrothermal manganese deposits display a positive correlation between epsilon(205)Tl and Mn/Fe. This trend is thought to be due to the derivation of TI from distinct hydrothermal sources. Deposits with low Mn/Fe ratios and low epsilon(205)Tl are produced by the adsorption of TI from fluids that are sampled close to hydrothermal sources. Such fluids have low Mn/Fe ratios and relatively high temperatures, such that only minor isotope fractionation occurs during adsorption. Hydrothermal manganese deposits with high Mn/Fe and high epsilon(205)Tl are generated by scavenging of TI from colder, more distal hydrothermal fluids. Under such conditions, adsorption is associated with significant isotope fractionation, and this produces deposits with higher epsilon(205)Tl values coupled with high Mn/Fe. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 ETH Zurich, Inst Isotope Geol & Mineral Resources, CH-8092 Zurich, Switzerland. US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. Lulea Univ Technol, Div Appl Geol, S-95187 Lulea, Sweden. GEOMAR, D-24148 Kiel, Germany. RP Rehkamper, M (reprint author), ETH Zurich, Inst Isotope Geol & Mineral Resources, NO C61, CH-8092 Zurich, Switzerland. NR 51 TC 90 Z9 95 U1 2 U2 33 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0012-821X J9 EARTH PLANET SC LETT JI Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. PD MAR 30 PY 2002 VL 197 IS 1-2 BP 65 EP 81 AR PII S0012-821X(02)00462-4 DI 10.1016/S0012-821X(02)00462-4 PG 17 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 547HY UT WOS:000175328000006 ER PT J AU Pielke, RA Stohlgren, T Schell, L Parton, W Doesken, N Redmond, K Moeny, J McKee, T Kittel, TGF AF Pielke, RA Stohlgren, T Schell, L Parton, W Doesken, N Redmond, K Moeny, J McKee, T Kittel, TGF TI Problems in evaluating regional and local trends in temperature: An example from eastern Colorado, USA SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CLIMATOLOGY LA English DT Article DE temperature trends; weather trends; geographic anomalies; global change; regional climate ID UNITED-STATES; CLIMATE-CHANGE; VEGETATION; MAXIMUM; DEFORESTATION; CIRCULATIONS; WEATHER; NETWORK; MINIMUM; AMERICA AB We evaluated long-term trend,, in average maximum and minimum temperatures. threshold temperatures, and growing season in eastern Colorado. USA. to explore the potential shortcomings of many climate-change studies that either: ( 1) generalize regional patterns from single station,,. single seasons. or a few parameters over short duration from averaging dissimilar stations: or (2) generalize an a average regional pattern from coarse-scale general circulation models. Based on I I weather stations, some trends Acre weakly regionally consistent with previous studies of night-time temperature warming. Long-term (80 + year,,) mean minimum temperatures increased significantly ( P < 0.2) in about half the stations in winter. spring. and autumn and six Stations had significant decreases in the number of days per year with temperatures less than or equal to - 17.8 C (less than or equal to0 F), However, spatial and temporal variation in the direction of change as enormous for all the other weather parameters tested. and, in the majority of tests, few stations showed significant trend, (even at P < 0.2). n summer. four stations had significant increases and three stations had significant decreases in minimum temperature,,,. producing a strongly mixed regional signal, Trend,, in maximum temperature varied seasonally and geographically, as did trends in threshold temperature days greater than or equal to32.2 C (greater than or equal to90 F) or days greater than or equal to37.8 C (greater than or equal to100 F). There was evidence of a subregional cooling in autumn's maximum temperature,,, with five stations showing significant decreasing trends. There were many geographic anomalies where neighbouring weather stations differed greatly in the magnitude of change or where they had significant and opposite trends. We conclude that sub-regional spatial and seasonal variation cannot be ignored when evaluating the direction and magnitude of climate change, It is unlikely that one or a few weather stations are representative of regional climate trends. and equally unlikely that regionally projected climate change from coarse-scale general circulation models will accurately portray trends at sub-regional scales. However. the assessment of a group of stations for consistent more qualitative trend, (Such as the number of days less than -17.8 degreesC, such as we found) provides a reasonably robust procedure to evaluate climate trends and variability. Copyright (C) 2002 Royal Meteorological Society. C1 Colorado State Univ, Dept Atmospher Sci, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. Colorado State Univ, Midcontinent Ecol Sci Ctr, US Geol Survey, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. Colorado State Univ, Nat Resource Ecol Lab, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. Colorado State Univ, Dept Rangeland Ecosyst Sci, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. Colorado State Univ, Colorado Climate Ctr, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. Desert Res Inst, Western Reg Climate Ctr, Reno, NV 89512 USA. Canyonlands Headquarters, Moab, UT 84532 USA. Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Climate & Global Dynam Div, Boulder, CO 80307 USA. RP Pielke, RA (reprint author), Colorado State Univ, Dept Atmospher Sci, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. RI Pielke, Roger/A-5015-2009; Kittel, Timothy/F-2792-2011 OI Kittel, Timothy/0000-0002-4153-1006 NR 38 TC 57 Z9 57 U1 0 U2 8 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD PI W SUSSEX PA BAFFINS LANE CHICHESTER, W SUSSEX PO19 1UD, ENGLAND SN 0899-8418 J9 INT J CLIMATOL JI Int. J. Climatol. PD MAR 30 PY 2002 VL 22 IS 4 BP 421 EP 434 DI 10.1002/joc.706 PG 14 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 548NC UT WOS:000175393200003 ER PT J AU Paull, C Ussler, W Maher, N Greene, HG Rehder, G Lorenson, T Lee, H AF Paull, C Ussler, W Maher, N Greene, HG Rehder, G Lorenson, T Lee, H TI Pockmarks off Big Sur, California SO MARINE GEOLOGY LA English DT Article DE pockmarks; seafloor venting; pore water; continental slope ID METHANE; WATER AB A pockmark field was discovered during EM-300 multi-beam bathymetric surveys on the lower continental slope off the Big Sur coast of California. The field contains similar to 1500 pockmarks which are between 130 and 260 in in diameter, and typically are 8-12 in deep located within a 560 km(2) area. To investigate the origin of these features.. piston cores were collected from both the interior and the flanks of the pockmarks, and remotely operated vehicle observation (ROV) video and sampling transects were conducted which passed through 19 of the pockmarks. The water column within and above the pockmarks was sampled for methane concentration. Piston cores and ROV collected push cores show that the pockmark field is composed of monotonous fine silts and clays and the cores within the pockmarks are indistinguishable from those outside the pockmarks. No evidence for either sediment winnowing or diagenetic alteration suggestive of fluid venting was obtained. C-14 measurements of the organic carbon in the sediments indicate continuous sedimentation throughout the time resolution of the radiocarbon technique (similar to45000 yr BP), with a sedimentation rate of similar to 10 cm per 1000 yr both within and between the pockmarks. Concentrations of methane, dissolved inorganic carbon, sulfate, chloride, and ammonium in pore water extracted from within the cores are generally similar in composition to seawater and show little change with depth, suggesting low biogeochemical activity. These pore water chemical gradients indicate that neither significant accumulations of gas are likely to exist in the shallow subsurface (similar to 100 m) nor is active fluid advection occurring within the sampled sediments. Taken together the data indicate that these pockmarks are more than 45 000 yr old, are presently inactive, and contain no indications of earlier fluid or gas venting events. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 MBARI, Moss Landing, CA 95039 USA. US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. RP Paull, C (reprint author), MBARI, Moss Landing, CA 95039 USA. NR 25 TC 47 Z9 48 U1 2 U2 8 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0025-3227 J9 MAR GEOL JI Mar. Geol. PD MAR 30 PY 2002 VL 181 IS 4 BP 323 EP 335 AR PII S0025-3227(01)00247-X DI 10.1016/S0025-3227(01)00247-X PG 13 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Oceanography SC Geology; Oceanography GA 544XX UT WOS:000175188100001 ER PT J AU Cipriano, RC Marchant, D Jones, TE Schachte, JH AF Cipriano, RC Marchant, D Jones, TE Schachte, JH TI Practical application of disease resistance: a brook trout fishery selected for resistance to furunculosis SO AQUACULTURE LA English DT Review DE furunculosis; resistance; Aeromonas salmonicida; brook trout; Owhi; Rome; strains; hatchery; environmental; performance; catchability ID AEROMONAS-SALMONICIDA; RAINBOW-TROUT; GENETIC-VARIATION; SKIN MUCUS; SALVELINUS-FONTINALIS; BACTERIAL-INFECTION; ATLANTIC SALMON; PERFORMANCE; MECHANISMS; PROTECTION AB Selection is unwittingly influenced by nuances of fish culturists and adaptation of fish to intensive culture within artificial environments. When pathogens are present, susceptible individuals may be selectively eliminated from a population, accounting for inter-specific and intra-specific differences in susceptibility to disease. Biologists often intensify such selection to enhance resistance. Particularly important to this discourse is the selective breeding program initiated by the New York State Department of Environmental Conservation (Rome, NY, USA) to produce brown trout (Salmo salar) and brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) that are resistant to Aeromonas salmonicida. This program, specifically as it relates to brook trout, is reviewed throughout the current manuscript. In addition, we present a comparison between the performance of the Rome strain of brook trout to that of the Owhi strain of brook trout during a 17-month production cycle at the Ed Weed Fish Culture Station (Grand Isle, VT, USA) and after stocking into Vermont waters. The Owhi strain is used in recreational fisheries because it has good post-stocking survival, but these fish are sensitive to furunculosis. Our data indicated that the Rome strain had a food conversion rate of 1.3 that was slightly less than the 1.1 conversion rate of the Owhi brook trout. The growth rate measured as Monthly Temperature Units per inch (MTU/in,) among Rome brook trout (24.9 MTU/in.) was better than the Owhi brook trout (29.5 MTU/in.). Both the average length (23.6 cm) and weight (159.7 g) of individual Rome brook trout were superior to those of the Owhi strain (20.4 cm and 78.2 g, respectively). Just prior to stocking, survival within the hatchery was 84% among the Rome trout, but only 51% among the Owhi brook trout and mortality was attributed to a persistent epizootic of furunculosis. Microbiological assays indicated that the prevalence of A. salmonicida in dermal mucus attained equivalent levels within both strains of fish at different phases of the production cycle. The level of systemic infection, however, was regulated to a much greater extent by the Rome strain of brook trout throughout production. Our results indicated that the Rome brook trout strain satisfies management objectives for establishing an effective recreational brook trout fishery. Use of this strain also reduces management issues that complicate production when A. salmonicida is enzootic. Published by Elsevier Science B.V. C1 US Geol Survey, Natl Fish Hlth Res Lab, Kearneysville, WV 25430 USA. Vermont Fish & Wildlife Dept, Ed Weed State Fish Culture Stn, Grand Isle, VT USA. Vermont Fish & Wildlife Dept, Agcy Nat Resources, Waterbury, VT 05671 USA. New York State Dept Environm Conservat, Fish Dis Control Unit, Rome, NY 13440 USA. RP Cipriano, RC (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Natl Fish Hlth Res Lab, 1700 Leetown Rd, Kearneysville, WV 25430 USA. EM rocco_cipriano@usgs.gov NR 60 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 10 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0044-8486 EI 1873-5622 J9 AQUACULTURE JI Aquaculture PD MAR 29 PY 2002 VL 206 IS 1-2 SI SI BP 1 EP 17 AR PII S0044-8486(01)00863-8 DI 10.1016/S0044-8486(01)00863-8 PG 17 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 536AH UT WOS:000174678200001 ER PT J AU Ferrer, I Furlong, ET AF Ferrer, I Furlong, ET TI Accelerated solvent extraction followed by on-line solid-phase extraction coupled to ion trap LC/MS/MS for analysis of benzalkonium chlorides in sediment samples SO ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID LIQUID-CHROMATOGRAPHY; FLUID EXTRACTION; POLLUTANTS; SOXHLET; SOIL; ASE AB Benzalkonium chlorides (BACs) were successfully extracted from sediment samples using a new methodology based on accelerated solvent extraction (ASE) followed by an on-line cleanup step. The BACs were detected by liquid chromatography/ion trap mass spectrometry (LC/MS) or tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) using an electrospray interface operated in the positive ion mode. Ibis methodology combines the high efficiency of extraction provided by a pressurized fluid and the high sensitivity offered by the ion trap MS/MS. The effects of solvent type and ASE operational variables, such as temperature and pressure, were evaluated. After optimization, a mixture of acetonitrile/water (6:4 or 7:3) was found to be most efficient for extracting BACs from the sediment samples. Extraction recoveries ranged from 95 to 105% for C-12 and C-14 homologues, respectively. Total method recoveries from fortified sediment samples, using a cleanup step followed by ASE, were 85% for C(12)BAC and 79% for C(14)BAC. The methodology developed in this work provides detection limits in the subnanogram per gram range. Concentrations of BAC homologues ranged from 22 to 206 mug/kg in sediment samples from different river sites downstream from wastewater treatment plants. The high affinity of BACs for soil suggests that BACs preferentially concentrate in sediment rather than in water. C1 US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Denver, CO 80225 USA. RP Furlong, ET (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, POB 25046,MS 407, Denver, CO 80225 USA. RI Furlong, Edward/C-3999-2011; Ferrer, Imma/A-8161-2008 OI Furlong, Edward/0000-0002-7305-4603; Ferrer, Imma/0000-0002-8730-7851 NR 16 TC 72 Z9 76 U1 1 U2 21 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0003-2700 J9 ANAL CHEM JI Anal. Chem. PD MAR 15 PY 2002 VL 74 IS 6 BP 1275 EP 1280 DI 10.1021/ac010969l PG 6 WC Chemistry, Analytical SC Chemistry GA 531KQ UT WOS:000174414900009 PM 11922294 ER PT J AU Kotarba, MJ Clayton, JL Rice, DD Wagner, M AF Kotarba, MJ Clayton, JL Rice, DD Wagner, M TI Assessment of hydrocarbon source rock potential of Polish bituminous coals and carbonaceous shales SO CHEMICAL GEOLOGY LA English DT Article DE hydrocarbon potential of coals; hydrocarbon potential of carbonaceous shales source rock; Rock Eval; vitrinite reflectance; elemental composition; maceral groups; bitumen content; Polish coal basins ID SAN-JUAN BASIN; EVAL PYROLYSIS; ORGANIC-MATTER; NEW-MEXICO; OIL; GENERATION; GAS; COLORADO; RANK; USA AB We analyzed 40 coal samples and 45 carbonaceous shale samples of varying thermal maturity (vitrinite reflectance 0.59% to 4.28%) from the Upper Carboniferous coal-bearing strata of the Upper Silesian, Lower Silesian, and Lublin basins, Poland, to evaluate their potential for generation and expulsion of gaseous and liquid hydrocarbons. We evaluated source rock potential based on Rock-Eval pyrolysis yield, elemental composition (atomic H/C and O/C), and solvent extraction yields of bitumen. An attempt was made to relate maceral composition to these source rock parameters and to composition of the organic matter and likely biological precursors. A few carbonaceous shale samples contain sufficient generation potential (pyrolysis assay and elemental composition) to be considered potential source rocks, although the extractable hydrocarbon and bitumen yields are lower than those reported in previous studies for effective Type III source rocks. Most samples analysed contain insufficient capacity for generation of hydrocarbons to reach thresholds required for expulsion (primary migration) to occur. In view of these findings, it is improbable that any of the coals or carbonaceous shales at the sites sampled in our study would be capable of expelling commercial amounts of oil. Inasmuch as a few samples contained sufficient generation capacity to be considered potential source rocks, it is possible that some locations or stratigraphic zones within the coals and shales could have favourable potential, but could not be clearly delimited with the number of samples analysed in our study. Because of their high heteroatomic content and high amount of asphaltenes, the bitumens contained in the coals are less capable of generating hydrocarbons even under optimal thermal conditions than their counterpart bitumens in the shales which have a lower heteroatomic content. Published by Elsevier Science B.V. C1 Stanislaw Staszic Univ Min & Met, Dept Fossil Fuels, Fac Geol Geophys & Environm Protect, PL-30059 Krakow, Poland. US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Denver, CO 80225 USA. RP Kotarba, MJ (reprint author), Stanislaw Staszic Univ Min & Met, Dept Fossil Fuels, Fac Geol Geophys & Environm Protect, Al Mickiewicza 30, PL-30059 Krakow, Poland. NR 61 TC 36 Z9 36 U1 4 U2 8 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0009-2541 J9 CHEM GEOL JI Chem. Geol. PD MAR 15 PY 2002 VL 184 IS 1-2 BP 11 EP 35 AR PII S0009-2541(01)00350-3 DI 10.1016/S0009-2541(01)00350-3 PG 25 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 537BN UT WOS:000174737200002 ER PT J AU Mooij, WM Bennetts, RE Kitchens, WM DeAngelis, DL AF Mooij, WM Bennetts, RE Kitchens, WM DeAngelis, DL TI Exploring the effect of drought extent and interval on the Florida snail kite: interplay between spatial and temporal scales SO ECOLOGICAL MODELLING LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Annual Meeting of the Resource-Modeling-Association (RMA) CY JUN 26-30, 2000 CL WAGENINGEN, NETHERLANDS SP Resource Modeling Assoc DE conservation; everglades; Rostrhamus sociabilis; spatially explicit individual based model; habitat quality; hydrology; inundation; succession ID POPULATION-DYNAMICS; CONSERVATION; MODELS; DISPERSAL; PATTERN; ECOLOGY AB The paper aims at exploring the viability of the Florida snail kite population under various drought regimes in its wetland habitat. The population dynamics of snail kites are strongly linked with the hydrology of the system due to the dependence of this bird species on one exclusive prey species. the apple snail, which is negatively affected by a drying out of habitat. Based on empirical evidence, it has been hypothesised that the viability of the snail kite population critically depends not only on the time interval between droughts, but also on the spatial extent of these droughts. A system wide drought is likely to result in reduced reproduction and increased mortality, whereas the birds can respond to local droughts by moving to sites where conditions are still favourable. This paper explores the implications of this hypothesis by means of a spatially-explicit individual-based model. The specific aim of the model is to study in a factorial design the dynamics of the kite population in relation to two scale parameters, the temporal interval between droughts and the spatial correlation between droughts. In the model high drought frequencies led to reduced numbers of kites. Also, habitat degradation due to prolonged periods of inundation led to lower predicted numbers of kites. Another main result was that when the spatial correlation between droughts was low, the model showed little variability in the predicted numbers of kites. But when droughts occurred mostly on a system wide level, environmental stochasticity strongly increased the stochasticity in kite numbers and in the worst case the viability of the kite population was seriously threatened. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Netherlands Inst Ecol, Ctr Limnol, NL-3631 AC Nieuwersluis, Netherlands. Univ Florida, Dept Wildlife Ecol & Conservat, Florida Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. Univ Florida, US Geol Serv, Florida Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Biol Resources Div, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. Univ Miami, Dept Biol, US Geol Serv, Biol Resources Div, Coral Gables, FL 33124 USA. RP Mooij, WM (reprint author), Netherlands Inst Ecol, Ctr Limnol, Rijksstr Weg 6, NL-3631 AC Nieuwersluis, Netherlands. RI Mooij, Wolf/C-2677-2008 OI Mooij, Wolf/0000-0001-5586-8200 NR 33 TC 27 Z9 30 U1 0 U2 15 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0304-3800 J9 ECOL MODEL JI Ecol. Model. PD MAR 15 PY 2002 VL 149 IS 1-2 BP 25 EP 39 AR PII S0304-3800(01)00512-9 DI 10.1016/S0304-3800(01)00512-9 PG 15 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 539LF UT WOS:000174871000003 ER PT J AU Kolpin, DW Furlong, ET Meyer, MT Thurman, EM Zaugg, SD Barber, LB Buxton, HT AF Kolpin, DW Furlong, ET Meyer, MT Thurman, EM Zaugg, SD Barber, LB Buxton, HT TI Pharmaceuticals, hormones, and other organic wastewater contaminants in US streams, 1999-2000: A national reconnaissance SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID IN-GROUND WATER; SURFACE WATERS; DRUG RESIDUES; ANTIBIOTICS; ENVIRONMENT; PESTICIDES; SEWAGE; FISH; CIPROFLOXACIN; SPECTROMETRY AB To provide the first nationwide reconnaissance of the occurrence of pharmaceuticals, hormones, and other organic wastewater contaminants (OWCs) in water resources, the U.S. Geological Survey used five newly developed analytical methods to measure concentrations of 95 OWCs in water samples from a network of 139 streams across 30 states during 1999 and 2000. The selection of sampling sites was biased toward streams susceptible to contamination (i.e. downstream of intense urbanization and livestock production). OWCs were prevalent during this study, being found in 80% of the streams sampled. The compounds detected represent a wide range of residential, industrial, and agricultural origins and uses with 82 of the 95 OWCs being found during this study. The most frequently detected compounds were coprostanol (fecal steroid), cholesterol (plant and animal steroid), N,N-diethyltoluamide (insect repellant), caffeine (stimulant), triclosan (antimicrobial disinfectant), tri(2-chloroethyl)phosphate (fire retardant), and 4-nonylphenol (nonionic detergent metabolite). Measured concentrations for this study were generally low and rarely exceeded drinking-water guidelines, drinking-water health advisories, or aquatic-life criteria. Many compounds, however, do not have such guidelines established. The detection of multiple OWCs was common for this study, with a median of seven and as many as 38 OWCs being found in a given water sample. Little is known about the potential interactive effects (such as synergistic or antagonistic toxicity) that may occur from complex mixtures of OWCs in the environment. In addition, results of this study demonstrate the importance of obtaining data on metabolites to fully understand not only the fate and transport of OWCs in the hydrologic system but also their ultimate overall effect on human health and the environment. C1 US Geol Survey, Iowa City, IA 52244 USA. US Geol Survey, Denver, CO 80225 USA. US Geol Survey, Ocala, FL 34474 USA. US Geol Survey, Lawrence, KS 66049 USA. US Geol Survey, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. US Geol Survey, W Trenton, NJ 08628 USA. RP Kolpin, DW (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 400 S Clinton St,Box 1230, Iowa City, IA 52244 USA. RI Thurman, Earl/B-5131-2011; Furlong, Edward/C-3999-2011; OI Furlong, Edward/0000-0002-7305-4603; Meyer, Michael/0000-0001-6006-7985 NR 63 TC 4180 Z9 4425 U1 253 U2 1838 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0013-936X J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD MAR 15 PY 2002 VL 36 IS 6 BP 1202 EP 1211 DI 10.1021/es011055j PG 10 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 532EF UT WOS:000174458100009 PM 11944670 ER PT J AU Unnikrishna, PV McDonnell, JJ Kendall, C AF Unnikrishna, PV McDonnell, JJ Kendall, C TI Isotope variations in a Sierra Nevada snowpack and their relation to meltwater SO JOURNAL OF HYDROLOGY LA English DT Article DE snowmelt; environmental isotopes; watershed processes; mixing; flow paths ID HYDROGRAPH SEPARATION; ENERGY-BALANCE; AUSTRE-OKSTINDBREEN; SNOWMELT RUNOFF; STABLE ISOTOPES; COVER; ACCUMULATION; GROUNDWATER; CATCHMENT; SURFACE AB Isotopic variations in melting snow are poorly understood. We made weekly measurements at the Central Sierra Snow Laboratory, California, of snow temperature. density, water equivalent and liquid water volume to examine how physical changes within the snowpack govern meltwater delta(18)O. Snow,pack samples were extracted at 0.1 m intervals from ground level to the top of the snowpack profile between December 1991 and April 1992. Approximately 800 mm of precipitation fell during the study period with delta(18)O values between -21.35 and -4.25parts per thousand. Corresponding snowpack delta(18)O ranged from -22.25 to -6.25parts per thousand. The coefficient of variation of delta(18)O in snowpack levels decreased from -0.37 to -0.07 from winter to spring, indicating isotopic snowpack homogenization. Meltwater delta(18)O ranged from -15.30 to -8.05parts per thousand, with variations of up to 2.95parts per thousand observed within a single snowmelt episode, highlighting the need for frequent sampling. Early snowmelt originated in the lower snowpack with higher delta(18)O through ground heat flux and rainfall. After the snowpack became isothermal, infiltrating snowmelt displaced the higher delta(18)O liquid in the lower snowpack through a piston flow process. Fractionation analysis using a two-component mixing model on the isothermal snowpack indicated that delta(18)O in the initial and final half of major snowmelt was 1.30parts per thousand lower and 1.45parts per thousand higher, respectively, than the value from simple mixing. Mean snowpack delta(18)O on individual profiling days showed a steady increase from -15.15 to -12.05parts per thousand due to removal of lower delta(18)O snowmelt and addition of higher delta(18)O rainfall. Results suggest that direct sampling of snowmelt and snow cores should be undertaken to quantify tracer input compositions adequately. The snowmelt sequence also suggests that regimes of early lower delta(18)O and later higher delta(18)O melt may be modeled and used in catchment tracing studies. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 PBS&J, Dallas, TX 75240 USA. Oregon State Univ, Dept Forest Engn, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. RP Unnikrishna, PV (reprint author), PBS&J, Dallas, TX 75240 USA. NR 70 TC 46 Z9 48 U1 2 U2 19 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0022-1694 J9 J HYDROL JI J. Hydrol. PD MAR 15 PY 2002 VL 260 IS 1-4 BP 38 EP 57 DI 10.1016/S0022-1694(01)00596-0 PG 20 WC Engineering, Civil; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Engineering; Geology; Water Resources GA 527QM UT WOS:000174197900004 ER PT J AU Massei, N Lacroix, M Wang, HQ Mahler, BJ Dupont, JP AF Massei, N Lacroix, M Wang, HQ Mahler, BJ Dupont, JP TI Transport of suspended solids from a karstic to an alluvial aquifer: the role of the karst/alluvium interface SO JOURNAL OF HYDROLOGY LA English DT Article DE geologic interface; alluvium; karst; turbidity; particle transport; size distribution; contaminant vector ID LABELED CLAY; CHALK KARST; SEDIMENT; COLLOIDS; WATERS; FRANCE; SYSTEM; CAVE AB This study focuses on the coupled transport of dissolved constituents and particulates, from their infiltration on a Karst plateau to their discharge from a karst spring and their arrival at a well in an alluvial plain, Particulate markers were identified and the transport of solids was characterised in situ in porous and karstic media, based on particle size analyses, SEM, and traces. Transport from the sinkhole to the spring appeared to be dominated by flow through karst: particulate transport was apparently conservative between the two sites, and there was little difference in the overall character of the particle size distribution of the particulates infiltrating the sinkhole and of those discharging from the spring. Qualitatively, the mineralogy of the infiltrating and discharging material was similar, although at the spring an autochthonous contribution from die aquifer was noted (chalk particles eroded from the parent rock by weathering). In contrast, transport between the spring and the well appears to be affected by the overlying alluvium: particles in the water from the well, showed evidence of considerable size-sorting. Additionally, SEM images of the well samples showed the presence of particles originating from the overlying alluvial system; these particles were not found in samples from the sinkhole or the spring. The differences between the particulates discharging from the spring and the well indicate that the water pumped from the alluvial plain is coming from the Karst aquifer via the very transmissive, complex geologic interface between the underlying chalk formation and the gravel at the base of the overlying alluvial system. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Rouen, Geol Lab, UMR CNRS 6143, F-76821 Mont St Aignan, France. US Geol Survey, Austin, TX 78754 USA. RP Massei, N (reprint author), Univ Rouen, Geol Lab, UMR CNRS 6143, F-76821 Mont St Aignan, France. OI Mahler, Barbara/0000-0002-9150-9552 NR 25 TC 22 Z9 23 U1 0 U2 3 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0022-1694 J9 J HYDROL JI J. Hydrol. PD MAR 15 PY 2002 VL 260 IS 1-4 BP 88 EP 101 AR PII S0022-1694(01)00608-4 DI 10.1016/S0022-1694(01)00608-4 PG 14 WC Engineering, Civil; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Engineering; Geology; Water Resources GA 527QM UT WOS:000174197900007 ER PT J AU Capra, L Macias, JL Scott, KM Abrams, M Garduno-Monroy, VH AF Capra, L Macias, JL Scott, KM Abrams, M Garduno-Monroy, VH TI Debris avalanches and debris flows transformed from collapses in the Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt, Mexico - behavior, and implications for hazard assessment SO JOURNAL OF VOLCANOLOGY AND GEOTHERMAL RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt; debris avalanche; cohesive debris flow; hazard assessment ID PICO-DE-ORIZABA; TOLUCA VOLCANO; LATE PLEISTOCENE; MOUNT-RAINIER; DEPOSITS; NEVADO; COLIMA; POPOCATEPETL; EARTHQUAKES; EVOLUTION AB Volcanoes of the Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt (TMVB) have yielded numerous sector and flank collapses during Pleistocene and Holocene times. Sector collapses associated with magmatic activity have yielded debris avalanches with generally limited runout extent (e.g. Popocatepetl, Jocotitlan, and Colima volcanoes). In contrast, flank collapses (smaller failures not involving the volcano summit), both associated and unassociated with magmatic activity and correlating with intense hydrothermal alteration in ice-capped volcanoes, commonly have yielded highly mobile cohesive debris flows (e.g. Pico de Orizaba and Nevado de Toluca volcanoes). Collapse orientation in the TMVB is preferentially to the south and northeast, probably reflecting the tectonic regime of active E-W and NNW faults, The differing mobilities of the flows transformed from collapses have important implications for hazard assessment. Both sector and flank collapse can yield highly mobile debris flows, but this transformation is more common in the cases of the smaller failures. High mobility is related to factors such as water content and clay content of the failed material, the paleotopography, and the extent of entrainment of sediment during flow (bulking). The ratio of fall height to runout distance commonly used for hazard zonation of debris avalanches is not valid for debris flows, which are more effectively modeled with the relation inundated area to failure or flow volume coupled with the topography of the inundated area. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Nacl Autonoma Mexico, Inst Geografia, Mexico City 04510, DF, Mexico. Univ Nacl Autonoma Mexico, Inst Geofis, Mexico City, DF, Mexico. Cascades Volcano Observ, Vancouver, WA USA. CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA USA. Univ Michoacana, Morelia, Mexico. RP Capra, L (reprint author), Univ Nacl Autonoma Mexico, Inst Geografia, Mexico City 04510, DF, Mexico. EM solari@servidor.unam.mx RI Capra, Lucia/C-2371-2011; Namikawa, Laercio/C-5559-2013; Macias, Jose Luis/P-7679-2015 OI Namikawa, Laercio/0000-0001-7847-1804; Macias, Jose Luis/0000-0002-2494-9849 NR 88 TC 73 Z9 74 U1 3 U2 9 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0377-0273 J9 J VOLCANOL GEOTH RES JI J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res. PD MAR 15 PY 2002 VL 113 IS 1-2 BP 81 EP 110 AR PII S0377-0273(01)00252-9 DI 10.1016/S0377-0273(01)00252-9 PG 30 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 561LX UT WOS:000176143100006 ER PT J AU Maughan, LL Christiansen, EH Best, MG Gromme, CS Deino, AL Tingey, DG AF Maughan, LL Christiansen, EH Best, MG Gromme, CS Deino, AL Tingey, DG TI The Oligocene Lund Tuff, Great Basin, USA: a very large volume monotonous intermediate SO JOURNAL OF VOLCANOLOGY AND GEOTHERMAL RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE monotonous intermediate; crystal-rich dacite; ash-flow tuff; very large volume ignimbrite; magma chamber shape; eruptive mixing; convective mixing; equilibrium crystallization ID FISH-CANYON TUFF; MAGMA-CHAMBER GEOMETRY; WESTERN UNITED-STATES; ASH-FLOW TUFFS; VOLCANIC-ROCKS; CENTRAL ANDES; NEVADA; PETROLOGY; COLORADO; CALDERA AB Unusual monotonous intermediate ignimbrites consist of phenocryst-rich dacite that occurs as very large volume (> 1000 km(3)) deposits that lack systematic compositional zonation, comagmatic rhyolite precursors, and underlying plinian beds. They are distinct from countless, usually smaller volume, zoned rhyolite-dacite-andesite deposits that are conventionally believed to have erupted from magma chambers in which thermal and compositional gradients were established because of sidewall crystallization and associated convective fractionation. Despite their great volume, or because of it, monotonous inter-mediates have received little attention. Documentation of the stratigraphy, composition, and geologic setting of the Lund Tuff - one of four monotonous intermediate tuffs in the middle-Tertiary Great Basin ignimbrite province - provides insight into its unusual origin and, by implication, the origin of other similar monotonous intermediates. The Lund Tuff is a single cooling unit with normal magnetic polarity whose volume likely exceeded 3000 km3. It was emplaced 29.02 +/- 0.04 Ma in and around the coeval White Rock caldera which has an unextended north-south diameter of about 50 km. The tuff is monotonous in that its phenocryst assemblage is virtually uniform throughout the deposit: plagioclase > quartz approximate to hornblende > biotite > Fe-Ti oxides approximate to sanidine > titanite, zircon, and apatite. However, ratios of phenocrysts vary by as much as an order of magnitude in a manner consistent with progressive crystallization in the pre-eruption chamber. A significant range in whole-rock chemical composition (e.g., 63-71 wt% SiO2) is poorly correlated with phenocryst abundance. These compositional attributes cannot have been caused wholly by winnowing of glass from phenocrysts during eruption, as has been suggested for the monotonous intermediate Fish Canyon Tuff. Pumice fragments are also crystal-rich, and chemically and mineralogically indistinguishable from bulk tuff. We postulate that convective mixing in a sill-like magma chamber precluded development of a zoned chamber with a rhyolitic top or of a zoned pyroclastic deposit. Chemical variations in the Lund Tuff are consistent with equilibrium crystallization of a parental dacitic magma followed by eruptive mixing of compositionally diverse crystals and high-silica rhyolite vitroclasts during evacuation and emplacement. This model contrasts with the more systematic withdrawal from a bottle-shaped chamber in which sidewall crystallization creates a marked vertical compositional gradient and a substantial volume of capping-evolved rhyolite magma. Eruption at exceptionally high discharge rates precluded development of an underlying plinian deposit. The generation of the monotonous intermediate Lund magma and others like it in the middle Tertiary of the western USA reflects an unusually high flux of mantle-derived mafic magma into unusually thick and warm crust above a subducting slab of oceanic lithosphere. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Brigham Young Univ, Dept Geol, Provo, UT 84602 USA. US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. Berkeley Geochronol Ctr, Berkeley, CA 94709 USA. RP Christiansen, EH (reprint author), Brigham Young Univ, Dept Geol, Provo, UT 84602 USA. EM eric_christiansen@byu.edu RI Christiansen, Eric/A-8948-2009; OI Christiansen, Eric/0000-0002-1108-5260 NR 66 TC 50 Z9 50 U1 2 U2 10 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0377-0273 EI 1872-6097 J9 J VOLCANOL GEOTH RES JI J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res. PD MAR 15 PY 2002 VL 113 IS 1-2 BP 129 EP 157 AR PII S0377-0273(01)00256-6 DI 10.1016/S0377-0273(01)00256-6 PG 29 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 561LX UT WOS:000176143100009 ER PT J AU Clague, DA Moore, JG AF Clague, DA Moore, JG TI The proximal part of the giant submarine Wailau landslide, Molokai, Hawaii SO JOURNAL OF VOLCANOLOGY AND GEOTHERMAL RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE landslide; rejuvenated volcanism; submarine canyon; plunge pool; Hawaii ID ARCH VOLCANIC FIELD; KILAUEA VOLCANO; PETROLOGY; NORTH; AGE; KALAUPAPA; EVOLUTION; BASALTS; GEOLOGY; GROWTH AB The main break-in-slope on the northern submarine flank of Molokai at - 1500 to - 1250 m is a shoreline feature that has been only modestly modified by the Wailau landslide. Submarine canyons above the break-in-slope, including one meandering stream, were subacrially carved. Where such canyons cross the break-in-slope, plunge pools may form by erosion from bedload sediment carried down the canyons. West Molokai Volcano continued infrequent volcanic activity that formed a series of small coastal sea cliffs, now submerged, as the island subsided. Lavas exposed at the break-in-slope are subaerially erupted and emplaced tholeiitic shield lavas. Submarine rejuvenated-stage volcanic cones formed after the landslide took place and following at least 400-500 m of subsidence after the main break-in-slope had formed. The sea cliff on east Molokai is not the headwall of the landslide, nor did it form entirely by erosion. It may mark the location of a listric fault similar to the Hilina faults on present-day Kilauea Volcano. The Wailau landslide occurred about 1.5 Ma and the Kalaupapa Peninsula most likely formed 330 +/- 5 ka. Molokai is presently stable relative to sea level and has subsided no more than 30 m in the last 330 ka. At their peak, West and East Molokai stood 1.6 and 3 km above sea level. High rainfall causes high surface runoff and formation of canyons, and increases groundwater pressure that during dike intrusions may lead to flank failure. Active shield or postshield volcanism (with dikes injected along rift zones) and high rainfall appear to be two components needed to trigger the deep-seated giant Hawaiian landslides. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Monterey Bay Aquarium Res Inst, Moss Landing, CA 95039 USA. US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. RP Clague, DA (reprint author), Monterey Bay Aquarium Res Inst, 7700 Sandholdt Rd, Moss Landing, CA 95039 USA. NR 60 TC 25 Z9 26 U1 0 U2 3 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0377-0273 J9 J VOLCANOL GEOTH RES JI J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res. PD MAR 15 PY 2002 VL 113 IS 1-2 BP 259 EP 287 AR PII S0377-0273(01)00261-X DI 10.1016/S0377-0273(01)00261-X PG 29 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 561LX UT WOS:000176143100014 ER PT J AU Eittreim, SL AF Eittreim, SL TI Seafloor geology and natural environment of the Monterey Bay National Marine Sanctuary - Preface SO MARINE GEOLOGY LA English DT Editorial Material C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. RP Eittreim, SL (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 345 Middlefield Rd, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0025-3227 J9 MAR GEOL JI Mar. Geol. PD MAR 15 PY 2002 VL 181 IS 1-3 BP 1 EP 2 AR PII S0025-3227(01)00258-4 DI 10.1016/S0025-3227(01)00258-4 PG 2 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Oceanography SC Geology; Oceanography GA 543BT UT WOS:000175081800001 ER PT J AU Eittreim, SL Anima, RJ Stevenson, AJ AF Eittreim, SL Anima, RJ Stevenson, AJ TI Seafloor geology of the Monterey Bay area continental shelf SO MARINE GEOLOGY LA English DT Article DE side-scan sonar; seafloor geology; acoustic backscatter; continental shelf; Monterey Bay National Marine Sanctuary ID SANTA-CRUZ MOUNTAINS; CENTRAL CALIFORNIA; EVOLUTION; CANYON AB Acoustic swath-mapping of the greater Monterey Bay area continental shelf from Point Ano Nuevo to Point Sur reveals complex patterns of rock outcrops on the shelf. and coarse-sand bodies that occur in distinct depressions on the inner and mid-shelves, Most of the rock outcrops are erosional cuestas of dipping Tertiary rocks that make up the bedrock of the surrounding lands. A mid-shelf mud belt of Holocene sediment buries the Tertiary rocks in a continuous, 6-km-wide zone on the northern Monterey Bay shelf. Rock exposures occur on the inner shelf, near tectonically uplifting highlands, and on the outer shelf, beyond the reach of the mud depositing on the mid-shelf since the Holocene sea-level rise. The sediment-starved shelf off the Monterey Peninsula and south to Point Sur has a very thin cover of Holocene sediment, and bedrock outcrops occur across the whole shelf, with Salinian granite outcrops surrounding the Monterey Peninsula. Coarse-sand deposits occur both bounded within low-relief rippled scour depressions. and in broad sheets in areas like the Sur Platform where fine sediment sources are limited. The greatest concentrations of coarse-sand deposits occur on the southern Monterey Bay shelf and the Sur shelf. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. RP Eittreim, SL (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 345 Middlefield Rd, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. NR 49 TC 46 Z9 46 U1 0 U2 6 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0025-3227 J9 MAR GEOL JI Mar. Geol. PD MAR 15 PY 2002 VL 181 IS 1-3 BP 3 EP + AR PII S0025-3227(01)00259-6 DI 10.1016/S0025-3227(01)00259-6 PG 30 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Oceanography SC Geology; Oceanography GA 543BT UT WOS:000175081800002 ER PT J AU Anima, RJ Eittreim, SL Edwards, BD Stevenson, AJ AF Anima, RJ Eittreim, SL Edwards, BD Stevenson, AJ TI Nearshore morphology and late Quaternary geologic framework of the northern Monterey Bay Marine Sanctuary, California SO MARINE GEOLOGY LA English DT Article DE high-resolution seismic reflection; side-scanning sonar; nearshore morphology; paleo-stream channels; faulting; bedrock; unconformity; sea level rise ID SEA-LEVEL RECORD; EVOLUTION AB A combination of side-scanning sonar and high-resolution seismic reflection data image seafloor bedrock exposures and erosional features across the nearshore shelf. Sediment-filled troughs incise the inner shelf rock exposures and tie directly to modern coastal streams. The resulting bedrock geometry can be related to its resistance to erosion. Comparison of the depth of the transgressive erosional surface to recently developed sea level curves suggests a period of slow sea level rise during the early stages of post-interglacial marine transgression. The slow rise of sea level suggests an erosional episode that limited the preservation of buried paleo-channels beyond 70 in water depth. Seafloor features suggest that localized faulting in the area may have influenced the morphology of bedrock exposures and the coastline. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. RP Anima, RJ (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 345 Middlefield Rd, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. NR 42 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 1 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0025-3227 J9 MAR GEOL JI Mar. Geol. PD MAR 15 PY 2002 VL 181 IS 1-3 BP 35 EP 54 AR PII S0025-3227(01)00260-2 DI 10.1016/S0025-3227(01)00260-2 PG 20 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Oceanography SC Geology; Oceanography GA 543BT UT WOS:000175081800003 ER PT J AU Edwards, BD AF Edwards, BD TI Variations in sediment texture on the northern Monterey Bay National Marine Sanctuary continental shelf SO MARINE GEOLOGY LA English DT Article DE shelf sedimentation; mid-shelf mud belt; sediment transport; storm versus fluvial deposition ID TRANSPORT EVENTS; CALIFORNIA; MARGIN; DISPERSAL; STRESS AB The storm-protected continental shelf of Monterey Bay, part of the Monterey Bay National Marine Sanctuary, north-central California, is subject to abundant, episodic sediment input from fluvial sources. North of Monterey Bay, conditions of reduced sediment supply combined with the exposed nature of the shelf provide an effective laboratory for studying the contrasting effects of storm- versus fluvial-dominated conditions on modern sedimentation. Textural analyses performed on surface sediment samples collected from more than 380 box cores and MultiCores(TM) document the existence of a clearly defined mud belt occupying the mid-shelf throughout the region. Inshore sands combined with these mid-shelf muds represent deposits from modern sedimentation processes. In Monterey Bay, where episodic fluvial input from winter storms dominates sedimentation. the mid-shelf mud belt extends across the shelf to the shelf break. North of Monterey Bay, where sediment loads are reduced and both oceanographic and storm processes dominate, the mid-shelf mud belt is bordered by relict sediments occupying the outer shelf. In the study area, mass accumulation rates established by radiochemical studies support the contention that storm-induced along-shelf processes result in northward transport of sediment within the mud belt. The continuity of transport. however. is interrupted by topographic highs which are barriers or inhibitors to sediment transport created by wrench-style tectonics associated with the San Andreas fault system. Published by Elsevier Science B.V. C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. RP Edwards, BD (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 345 Middlefield Rd, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. NR 43 TC 37 Z9 37 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0025-3227 J9 MAR GEOL JI Mar. Geol. PD MAR 15 PY 2002 VL 181 IS 1-3 BP 83 EP 100 AR PII S0025-3227(01)00262-6 DI 10.1016/S0025-3227(01)00262-6 PG 18 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Oceanography SC Geology; Oceanography GA 543BT UT WOS:000175081800005 ER PT J AU Kvenvolden, KA Hostettler, FD Rosenbauer, RW Lorenson, TD Castle, WT Sugarman, S AF Kvenvolden, KA Hostettler, FD Rosenbauer, RW Lorenson, TD Castle, WT Sugarman, S TI Hydrocarbons in recent sediment of the Monterey Bay National Marine Sanctuary SO MARINE GEOLOGY LA English DT Article DE hydrocarbons; sediments; Monterey Bay; Monterey Formation ID PRINCE-WILLIAM-SOUND; CRUDE OILS; CALIFORNIA; ALASKA; MATURATION; STERANES; COAL AB A complex mixture of hydrocarbons is present in the recent sediment of the Monterey Bay National Marine Sanctuary. Eighteen samples from the continental shelf between San Francisco and Monterey contain aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons showing biological contributions from both marine and terrigenous sources, with the terrigenous indicators more pronounced near Monterey. Of particular interest, however. is a low-level background of petroleum-related compounds, including 28,30-bisnorhopane and 18alpha+beta(H)-oleanane. which are characteristic of many crude oils from the Monterey Formation of California. Thus, the sediments are overprinted by a regional chemical signature which may be derived from eroded Monterey Formation rocks and from onshore and offshore seeps releasing petroleum from Monterey Formation source rocks. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. Calif Dept Fish & Game, Petr Chem Lab, Rancho Cordova, CA 95670 USA. RP Kvenvolden, KA (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 345 Middlefield Rd,MS-999, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. NR 34 TC 10 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0025-3227 J9 MAR GEOL JI Mar. Geol. PD MAR 15 PY 2002 VL 181 IS 1-3 BP 101 EP 113 AR PII S0025-3227(01)00263-8 DI 10.1016/S0025-3227(01)00263-8 PG 13 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Oceanography SC Geology; Oceanography GA 543BT UT WOS:000175081800006 ER PT J AU McGann, M AF McGann, M TI Historical and modern distributions of benthic foraminifers on the continental shelf of Monterey Bay, California SO MARINE GEOLOGY LA English DT Article DE benthic foraminifers; California; Monterey Bay; modern; live ID SUBMARINE FAN; SYSTEM AB Historical (early 1930s) and modem samples provide a detailed account of the spatial distribution of benthic foraminifers on the continental shelf of Monterey Bay, California. Ten species among a total of 110 present dominated the 110 samples investigated in the historical study. A cluster analysis of the foraminiferal abundances in the historical study identified five assemblages: Inner Shelf, Middle Shelf, Outer Shelf, Southeastern Shelf and Southwestern Shelf. Specimens with calcareous tests were most prevalent in all the assemblages. A cluster analysis of the modern foraminiferal frequencies from 95 samples also defined five assemblages: Inner Shelf, Middle Shelf, Middle/Outer Shelf Arenaceous, Outer Shelf, and Southern Shelf. Although arenaceous taxa dominate much of the modern fauna, the spatial distribution of the modern assemblages is similar to that of the historical record when presumably unrecognized taxa are eliminated from the data. Both the historical and, to a greater degree, the modern foraminiferal assemblages exhibit a strong correlation with the sediment grain size distribution. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. RP McGann, M (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 345 Middlefield Rd, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. NR 69 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0025-3227 J9 MAR GEOL JI Mar. Geol. PD MAR 15 PY 2002 VL 181 IS 1-3 BP 115 EP 156 AR PII S0025-3227(01)00264-X DI 10.1016/S0025-3227(01)00264-X PG 42 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Oceanography SC Geology; Oceanography GA 543BT UT WOS:000175081800007 ER PT J AU Lewis, RC Coale, KH Edwards, BD Marot, M Douglas, JN Burton, EJ AF Lewis, RC Coale, KH Edwards, BD Marot, M Douglas, JN Burton, EJ TI Accumulation rate and mixing of shelf sediments in the Monterey Bay National Marine Sanctuary SO MARINE GEOLOGY LA English DT Article DE continental-shelf sedimentation; Monterey Bay; lead-210 geochronology ID CALIFORNIA AB The distribution of excess Pb-210 in 31 sediment cores was used to determine modern (last 100 yr) mass accumulation rates and the depth of sediment mixing on the continental shelf between Pacifica and Monterey, California, USA. Apparent mass accumulation rates average 0.27 g cm(-2) yr(-1) and range from 0.42 g cm(-2) yr(-1) to 0.12 g cm(-2) yr(-1). Accumulation rates were highest at rind-shelf water depths (60-100 m) adjacent to major rivers and near the head of the Ascension submarine canyon. Cores from water depths of less than 65 m had low. uniform Pb-210 activity profiles and sandy textures. The uppermost 5-13 cm of 15 cores had uniform Pb-210 activity profiles above a region of steadily decreasing Pb-210 activity. This phenomenon was attributed to sediment mixing. The thickness of this upper layer of uniform Pb-210 activity decreased southward from 13 cm. west of Pacifica. to less than 5 cm. near Monterey Canyon. This southward decrease may be attributed to shallower bioturbation in the southern study area. Integrated excess Pb-210 activities were generally higher where sedimentation rates were high. They were also higher with increasing distance from major rivers. Thus, sedimentation rate alone does not explain the distribution of integrated excess Pb-210 in this study area. Excess Pb-210 in the seafloor is controlled by other factors such as sediment texture, the atmospheric deposition rate of Pb-210, and the residence time of sediment particles in the water column. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. Moss Landing Marine Labs, Moss Landing, CA 95039 USA. USGS, St Petersburg, FL 33701 USA. RP Lewis, RC (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 345 Middlefield Rd,MS 999, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. NR 23 TC 35 Z9 36 U1 0 U2 4 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0025-3227 J9 MAR GEOL JI Mar. Geol. PD MAR 15 PY 2002 VL 181 IS 1-3 BP 157 EP 169 AR PII S0025-3227(01)00265-1 DI 10.1016/S0025-3227(01)00265-1 PG 13 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Oceanography SC Geology; Oceanography GA 543BT UT WOS:000175081800008 ER PT J AU Xu, JP Noble, M Eittreim, SL AF Xu, JP Noble, M Eittreim, SL TI Suspended sediment transport on the continental shelf near Davenport, California SO MARINE GEOLOGY LA English DT Article DE mooring; sediment flux; shelf; California ID NORTHERN CALIFORNIA; MONTEREY BAY; BOTTOM; DYNAMICS; CURRENTS; STRESS; EVENTS; FLUX; WAVE AB Suspended sediment transport on the shelves off Santa Cruz and Davenport, California is studied using field measurements and bottom boundary layer modeling. Strong transport events mostly occur during storms in winter; the volume of winter sediment transport is at least one order of magnitude greater than that of summer/spring transport, Rock outcrops on the inner shelf (< 40 m of water) indicates an erosional environment, but an elongated mid-shelf mud deposit evidently suggests a depositional environment on the mid-shelf. The seafloor geology appears to correlate to the poleward and offshore sediment transport pattern. This study also suggests that suspended sediment moves out of Monterey Bay, roughly along the isobaths of the northern bay. This fine material, originally from river sources, and the material from the coastal cliff erosion that is subsequently introduced to the transport system through cross-shelf sediment transport. are believed to be the sources of the mid-shelf mud deposit. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. RP Xu, JP (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 345 Middlefield Rd, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. NR 42 TC 26 Z9 26 U1 0 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0025-3227 J9 MAR GEOL JI Mar. Geol. PD MAR 15 PY 2002 VL 181 IS 1-3 BP 171 EP 193 AR PII S0025-3227(01)00266-3 DI 10.1016/S0025-3227(01)00266-3 PG 23 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Oceanography SC Geology; Oceanography GA 543BT UT WOS:000175081800009 ER PT J AU Storlazzi, CD Jaffe, BE AF Storlazzi, CD Jaffe, BE TI Flow and sediment suspension events on the inner shelf of central California SO MARINE GEOLOGY LA English DT Article DE rocky coastline; waves; currents; sediment suspension event; suspended; sediment transport; inner continental shelf ID SUSPENDED SAND CONCENTRATION; CONTINENTAL-SHELF; NORTHERN CALIFORNIA; BED ROUGHNESS; TRANSPORT EVENTS; ATLANTIC BIGHT; SHOREFACE; NEARSHORE; STRESS; WAVES AB The US Geological Survey conducted a field experiment in the late spring and early summer of 1998 off northern Santa Cruz County, California, to study sediment fluxes along the central California shelf. As part of this study. a bottom-mounted instrument package was deployed in a sediment-filled paleo-stream channel (h = 12 m) off a pocket beach to measure waves. currents, suspended-sediment concentration, temperature, salinity. and seabed-level changes. The observations of suspended-sediment concentration revealed intermittent. intense periods of sediment suspension near the bed that were associated with the passage of individual large waves or wave groups. We used an ensemble averaging technique to characterize the temporal structure of near-bed sediment suspension events (SSEs) defined as when the near-bed instantaneous concentration exceeded the mean by three standard deviations. During the 800 h of deployment, over 9500 SSEs occurred. The 3917 SSEs that began under onshore flow were found to have a different temporal structure than the 5650 events that began during offshore flow. The longer mean duration of the onshore flow events caused an average of 83% of the sediment suspended during the course of the events to be carried offshore after the reversal of flow. All of the sediment suspended during the offshore events was carried offshore due to the shorter mean duration of these events. SSEs are shown to contribute 12% on average and Lip to 95% of the total sediment suspended by mass, demonstrating the importance of these events to sediment transport in this type of environment, Suspended-sediment transport models developed for the shelf, which use the product of the mean current and the mean suspended-sediment concentration. cannot accurately model the magnitude and direction of suspended-sediment transport on this energetic inner shelf due to the lack of information regarding the instantaneous coupling between fluid flow and sediment suspension. We conclude that time-variant models must be used to accurately model suspended-sediment transport in this type of environment. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Calif Santa Cruz, US Geol Survey, Pacific Sci Ctr, Coastal Geol & Imaging Lab, Santa Cruz, CA 95064 USA. RP Storlazzi, CD (reprint author), Univ Calif Santa Cruz, US Geol Survey, Pacific Sci Ctr, Coastal Geol & Imaging Lab, 1156 High St, Santa Cruz, CA 95064 USA. RI Jaffe, Bruce/A-9979-2012; OI Jaffe, Bruce/0000-0002-8816-5920; Storlazzi, Curt/0000-0001-8057-4490 NR 45 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 3 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0025-3227 J9 MAR GEOL JI Mar. Geol. PD MAR 15 PY 2002 VL 181 IS 1-3 BP 195 EP 213 AR PII S0025-3227(01)00267-5 DI 10.1016/S0025-3227(01)00267-5 PG 19 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Oceanography SC Geology; Oceanography GA 543BT UT WOS:000175081800010 ER PT J AU Xu, JP Noble, M Eittreim, SL Rosenfeld, LK Schwing, FB Pilskaln, CH AF Xu, JP Noble, M Eittreim, SL Rosenfeld, LK Schwing, FB Pilskaln, CH TI Distribution and transport of suspended particulate matter in Monterey Canyon, California SO MARINE GEOLOGY LA English DT Article DE suspended particulate matter; transport; mooring; Monterey Canyon ID LOMA-PRIETA EARTHQUAKE; CONTINENTAL-SHELF; SETTLING VELOCITY; SIZE AB From August 1993 to August 1994, six moorings that measure current, temperature, salinity, and water clarity were deployed along the axis of Monterey Canyon to study the circulation and transport of water and suspended particulate matter through the canyon system. The moorings occupied three sites that are morphologically different: a narrow transverse section (axis width 900 m) at 1450 m water depth, a wide transverse section at 2837 m, and a third site in the fan valley axis farther offshore at 3223 m that recorded for 3 yr. In addition, CTD/transmissometer casts were conducted within and near the Monterey Canyon during four cruises. Our data show a mainly biogenic, surface turbid layer, a limited intermediate nepheloid layer, and a bottom nepheloid layer. There is a consistent presence of a turbid layer within the canyon at a water depth of about 1500 m. Tidal flow dominates at all sites, but currents above the canyon rim and within the canyon appear to belong to two distinct dynamic systems. Bottom intensification of currents plays an important role in raising the near-bottom shear stress high enough that bottom sediments are often, if not always, resuspended. Mean flow pattern suggests a convergence zone between the narrow and wide site: the near-bed (100 m above bottom where the lowest current meter was located) mean transport is down-canyon at the 1450-m site. while the near-bottom transport at the 2837-m site is up-canyon. at a smaller magnitude. Transport at the 3223-m site is dominantly NNW, cross-canyon, with periods of up-canyon flow over 3 yr. A very high-turbidity event was recorded 100 m above the canyon bottom at the narrow site. The event started very abruptly and lasted more than a week. This event was not detected at either of the deeper sites. A canyon head flushing event is likely the cause. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. USN, Postgrad Sch, Monterey, CA 93943 USA. NOAA, NMFS, Pacific Fisheries Environm Lab, Pacific Grove, CA 93950 USA. Univ Maine, Orono, ME 04469 USA. RP Xu, JP (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 345 Middlefield Rd, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. NR 33 TC 71 Z9 75 U1 2 U2 10 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0025-3227 J9 MAR GEOL JI Mar. Geol. PD MAR 15 PY 2002 VL 181 IS 1-3 BP 215 EP 234 AR PII S0025-3227(01)00268-7 DI 10.1016/S0025-3227(01)00268-7 PG 20 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Oceanography SC Geology; Oceanography GA 543BT UT WOS:000175081800011 ER PT J AU Eittreim, SL Xu, JP Noble, M Edwards, BD AF Eittreim, SL Xu, JP Noble, M Edwards, BD TI Towards a sediment budget for the Santa Cruz shelf SO MARINE GEOLOGY LA English DT Article DE continental shelf; sediment transport; sediment budget; Monterey Bay ID NORTHERN CALIFORNIA; CONTINENTAL-SHELF; TRANSPORT AB A conceptual model is presented for the northern Monterey Bay continental shelf in which coarse sediment moves southward along the coast in the littoral zone while fine sediment moves to the north by advection and diffusion along the midshelf. Data from measurements and estimates of various sediment sources and sinks show that the midshelf mudbelt is the dominant sink for fine-grained sediment introduced into Monterey Bay. The principal sources of the fine sediment are the three rivers that enter Monterey Bay: the San Lorenzo, Pajaro and Salinas rivers. Accumulation rates in the midshelf mudbelt are high relative to documented yields of rivers and cliff erosion. and also are high relative to other documented mud accumulations of the west coast continental shelves. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. RP Eittreim, SL (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 345 Middlefield Rd, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. NR 38 TC 36 Z9 36 U1 0 U2 4 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0025-3227 J9 MAR GEOL JI Mar. Geol. PD MAR 15 PY 2002 VL 181 IS 1-3 BP 235 EP 248 AR PII S0025-3227(01)00269-9 DI 10.1016/S0025-3227(01)00269-9 PG 14 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Oceanography SC Geology; Oceanography GA 543BT UT WOS:000175081800012 ER PT J AU Dingler, JR Reiss, TE AF Dingler, JR Reiss, TE TI Changes to Monterey Bay beaches from the end of the 1982-83 El Nino through the 1997-98 El Nino SO MARINE GEOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Monterey Bay; El Nino; beach erosion and accretion; beach profiles AB The shoreline of Monterey Bay, CA. USA demarcates the landward extent of the Monterey Bay National Marine Sanctuary. Along the length of that shoreline, nine beaches were profiled 34 times between 1983 and 1998. The resulting data set provides an understanding of processes that affect beach volume. width. and shape. Monterey Bay, which is open to high-energy waves generated in the Pacific Ocean, comprises a range of beach environments that respond in a dramatic way to major storms such as the anomalously large El Ninos in 1982-83 and 1997-98. This study relates the profile characteristics of the beaches to storminess, shoreline location, and geomorphic setting. Because the large El Ninos occurred at the start and end of the study. the surveys cover both periods of nearly constant beach size and periods of extreme erosion. and the data show both the extent of erosion and accretion and the nature of the transition between the two periods. Published by Elsevier Science B.V. C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. RP Dingler, JR (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 345 Middlefield Rd, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. NR 27 TC 31 Z9 31 U1 1 U2 3 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0025-3227 J9 MAR GEOL JI Mar. Geol. PD MAR 15 PY 2002 VL 181 IS 1-3 BP 249 EP 263 AR PII S0025-3227(01)00270-5 DI 10.1016/S0025-3227(01)00270-5 PG 15 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Oceanography SC Geology; Oceanography GA 543BT UT WOS:000175081800013 ER PT J AU Moore, LJ Griggs, GB AF Moore, LJ Griggs, GB TI Long-term cliff retreat and erosion hotspots along the central shores of the Monterey Bay National Marine Sanctuary SO MARINE GEOLOGY LA English DT Article DE coastal geomorphology; cliffs; erosion rates; Monterey Bay; geologic hazards; aerial photography; digital photogrammetry AB Quantification of cliff retreat rates for the southern half of Santa Cruz County. CA, USA, located within the Monterey Bay National Marine Sanctuary, using the softcopy/geographic information system (GIS) methodology results in average cliff retreat rates of 7-15 cm/yr between 1953 and 1994. The coastal dunes at the southern end of Santa Cruz County migrate seaward and landward through time and display net accretion between 1953 and 1994, which is partially due to development. In addition. three critically eroding segments of coastline with high average erosion rates ranging from 20 to 63 cm/yr are identified as erosion 'hotspots'. These locations include: Opal Cliffs, Depot Hill and Manresa. Although cliff retreat is episodic. spatially variable at the scale of meters, and the factors affecting cliff retreat vary along the Santa Cruz County coastline, there is a compensation between factors affecting retreat such that over the long-term the coastline maintains a relatively smooth configuration. The softcopy/GIS methodology significantly reduces errors inherent in the calculation of retreat rates in high-relief areas (e.g. erosion rates generated in this study are generally correct to within 10 cm) by removing errors due to relief displacement. Although the resulting root mean squared error for erosion rates is relatively small, simple projections of past erosion rates are inadequate to provide predictions of future cliff position. Improved predictions can be made for individual coastal segments by using a mean erosion rate and the standard deviation as guides to future cliff behavior in combination with an understanding of processes acting along the coastal segments in question. This methodology can be applied on any high-relief coast where retreat rates can be measured. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 US Geol Survey, Ctr Coastal Geol, St Petersburg, FL 33704 USA. Univ Calif Santa Cruz, Inst Marine Sci, Santa Cruz, CA 95064 USA. Univ Calif Santa Cruz, Dept Earth Sci, Santa Cruz, CA 95064 USA. RP Moore, LJ (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Ctr Coastal Geol, 600 4th St S, St Petersburg, FL 33704 USA. NR 14 TC 47 Z9 47 U1 2 U2 16 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0025-3227 J9 MAR GEOL JI Mar. Geol. PD MAR 15 PY 2002 VL 181 IS 1-3 BP 265 EP 283 AR PII S0025-3227(01)00271-7 DI 10.1016/S0025-3227(01)00271-7 PG 19 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Oceanography SC Geology; Oceanography GA 543BT UT WOS:000175081800014 ER PT J AU Lorenson, TD Kvenvolden, KA Hostettler, FD Rosenbauer, RJ Orange, DL Martin, JB AF Lorenson, TD Kvenvolden, KA Hostettler, FD Rosenbauer, RJ Orange, DL Martin, JB TI Hydrocarbon geochemistry of cold seeps in the Monterey Bay National Marine Sanctuary SO MARINE GEOLOGY LA English DT Article DE hydrocarbons; gases; cold seeps; sediment; Monterey Bay; National Marine Sanctuary; Monterey Formation; gammacerane; oleananc; 28,30-bisnorhopane ID PRINCE-WILLIAM-SOUND; CRUDE OILS; CALIFORNIA; SEDIMENTS; ALASKA; MATURATION; STERANES; ROCKS; COAL AB Samples from four geographically and tectonically discrete cold seeps named Clam Flat, Clamfield, Horseshoe Scarp South. and Tubeworm City, within the Monterey Bay National Marine Sanctuary were analyzed for their hydrocarbon content. The sediment contains gaseous hydrocarbons and CO2, as well as high molecular weight aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons with various combinations of thermogenic and biogenic contributions from petroleum, marine, and terrigenous sources. Of particular interest is the cold seep site at Clamfield which is characterized by the presence of thermogenic hydrocarbons including oil that can likely be correlated with oil-saturated strata at Majors Creek near Davenport, CA. USA. At Clam Flat. the evidence for thermogenic hydrocarbons is equivocal, At Horseshoe Scarp South and Tubeworm City, hydrocarbon gases, mainly methane. are likely microbial in origin. These varied sources of hydrocarbon gases highlight the diverse chemical systems that appear at cold seep communities. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. Univ Calif Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA 95064 USA. Univ Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. RP Lorenson, TD (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 345 Middlefield Rd,MS-999, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. NR 42 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 4 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0025-3227 J9 MAR GEOL JI Mar. Geol. PD MAR 15 PY 2002 VL 181 IS 1-3 BP 285 EP 304 AR PII S0025-3227(01)00272-9 DI 10.1016/S0025-3227(01)00272-9 PG 20 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Oceanography SC Geology; Oceanography GA 543BT UT WOS:000175081800015 ER PT J AU Chavez, PS Isbrecht, J Galanis, P Gabel, GL Sides, SC Soltesz, DL Ross, SL Velasco, MG AF Chavez, PS Isbrecht, J Galanis, P Gabel, GL Sides, SC Soltesz, DL Ross, SL Velasco, MG TI Processing, mosaicking and management of the Monterey Bay digital sidescan-sonar images SO MARINE GEOLOGY LA English DT Article DE sidescan; sonar; image enhancement; remote sensing; seafloor mapping; Monterey Bay AB Sidescan-sonar imaging systems with digital capabilities have now been available for approximately 20 years. In this paper we present several of the various digital image processing techniques developed by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) and used to apply intensity/radiometric and geometric corrections. as well as enhance and digitally mosaic, sidescan-sonar images of the Monterey Bay, region. New software run by a WWW server was designed and implemented to allow very large image data sets. such as the digital mosaic. to be easily viewed interactively. including the ability to roam throughout the digital mosaic at the web site in either compressed or full 1-m resolution. The processing is separated into the two different stages: preprocessing and information extraction. In the preprocessing stage. sensor-specific algorithms are applied to correct for both geometric and intensity/radiometric distortions introduced by the sensor. This is followed by digital mosaicking of the track-line strips into quadrangle format which can be used as input to either visual or digital image analysis and interpretation, An automatic seam removal procedure was used in combination with an interactive digital feathering/stenciling procedure to help minimize tone or seam matching problems between image strips from adjacent track-lines. The sidescan-sonar image processing package is part of the USGS Mini Image Processing System (MIPS) and has been designed to process data collected by any 'generic' digital sidescan-sonar imaging system. The USGS MIPS software, developed over the last 20 years as a public domain package, is available on the at: http://terraweb.wr.usgs.gov/trs/software.html. Published by Elsevier Science B.V. C1 US Geol Survey, Flagstaff, AZ 86001 USA. US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. RP Chavez, PS (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 2255 N Gemini Dr, Flagstaff, AZ 86001 USA. NR 19 TC 14 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 3 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0025-3227 J9 MAR GEOL JI Mar. Geol. PD MAR 15 PY 2002 VL 181 IS 1-3 BP 305 EP 315 AR PII S0025-3227(01)00273-0 DI 10.1016/S0025-3227(01)00273-0 PG 11 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Oceanography SC Geology; Oceanography GA 543BT UT WOS:000175081800016 ER PT J AU Wong, FL Eittreim, SL AF Wong, FL Eittreim, SL TI Continental shelf GIS for the Monterey Bay National Marine Sanctuary SO MARINE GEOLOGY LA English DT Article DE continental shelf; Geographic Information Systems; Monterey Bay; ocean floor AB A marine sanctuary is an environment where the interests of science and society meet. Land and marine managers need access to the best scientific data available that describe the environment and environmental processes in sanctuaries. The sidescan sonar imagery, bathymetry, sample analyses and other data discussed in the papers in this volume have been made available as a U.S. Geological Survey CDROM publication. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. RP Wong, FL (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 345 Middlefield Rd, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. NR 22 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0025-3227 J9 MAR GEOL JI Mar. Geol. PD MAR 15 PY 2002 VL 181 IS 1-3 BP 317 EP 321 AR PII S0025-3227(01)00274-2 DI 10.1016/S0025-3227(01)00274-2 PG 5 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Oceanography SC Geology; Oceanography GA 543BT UT WOS:000175081800017 ER PT J AU Sipkin, SA Bufe, CG Zirbes, MD AF Sipkin, SA Bufe, CG Zirbes, MD TI Moment-tensor solutions estimated using optimal filter theory: global seismicity, 2000 SO PHYSICS OF THE EARTH AND PLANETARY INTERIORS LA English DT Article DE earthquakes; moment-tensor solutions; optimal filter theory; seismicity ID EARTHQUAKE SOURCE PARAMETERS; WAVEFORM DATA; INVERSION AB Moment-tensor solutions, estimated using optimal filter theory, are listed for 324 moderate-to-large size earthquakes that occurred during the year 2000. Published by Elsevier Science B.V. C1 US Geol Survey, DFC, Denver, CO 80225 USA. RP Sipkin, SA (reprint author), US Geol Survey, DFC, MS 967,Box 25046, Denver, CO 80225 USA. NR 17 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0031-9201 J9 PHYS EARTH PLANET IN JI Phys. Earth Planet. Inter. PD MAR 15 PY 2002 VL 130 IS 1-2 BP 129 EP 142 AR PII S0031-9201(02)00002-X DI 10.1016/S0031-9201(02)00002-X PG 14 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 533LU UT WOS:000174532100009 ER PT J AU Ellis, AS Johnson, TM Bullen, TD AF Ellis, AS Johnson, TM Bullen, TD TI Chromium isotopes and the fate of hexavalent chromium in the environment SO SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID REDUCTION; GROUNDWATER; CR(VI) AB Measurements of chromium (Cr) stable-isotope fractionation in laboratory experiments and natural waters show that lighter isotopes reacted preferentially during Cr(VI) reduction by magnetite and sediments. The Cr-53/Cr-52 ratio of the product was 3.4 +/- 0.1 per mil less than that of the reactant. Cr-53/Cr-52 shifts in water samples indicate the extent of reduction, a critical process that renders toxic Cr(VI) in the environment immobile and less toxic. C1 Univ Illinois, Dept Geol, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. US Geol Survey, Div Water Resources, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. RP Johnson, TM (reprint author), Univ Illinois, Dept Geol, 245 Nat Hist Bldg, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. RI Johnson, Thomas/A-2740-2008 OI Johnson, Thomas/0000-0003-1620-1408 NR 21 TC 190 Z9 201 U1 9 U2 99 PU AMER ASSOC ADVANCEMENT SCIENCE PI WASHINGTON PA 1200 NEW YORK AVE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 USA SN 0036-8075 J9 SCIENCE JI Science PD MAR 15 PY 2002 VL 295 IS 5562 BP 2060 EP 2062 DI 10.1126/science.1068368 PG 3 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 532AY UT WOS:000174450500044 PM 11896274 ER PT J AU Kucklick, JR Struntz, WDJ Becker, PR York, GW O'Hara, TM Bohonowych, JE AF Kucklick, JR Struntz, WDJ Becker, PR York, GW O'Hara, TM Bohonowych, JE TI Persistent organochlorine pollutants in ringed seals and polar bears collected from northern Alaska SO SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article DE ringed seal; polar bear; Alaska; Arctic; persistent organochlorine pollutants; organochlorines; bioaccumulation ID POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYL CONGENERS; MARINE FOOD-CHAINS; PHOCA-HISPIDA; URSUS-MARITIMUS; NORTHWEST-TERRITORIES; CONTAMINANT LEVELS; TEMPORAL TRENDS; BOWHEAD WHALES; PESTICIDES; BLUBBER AB Blubber samples from ringed seal (Phoca hispida; n = 8) and polar bear subcutaneous fat (Ursus maritimus; n = 5) were collected near Barrow, Alaska in 1996 as part of the Alaska Marine Mammal Tissue Archival Project (AMMTAP) and retained in the National Biomonitoring Specimen Bank at the National Institute of Standards and Technology in Gaithersburg, Maryland (USA). The samples were analyzed for a variety of persistent organochlorine pollutants (POPs) including polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), hexachlorocyclohexanes (HCHs), chlordane and metabolites, hexachlorobenzene (HCB) and DDTs and metabolites. The geometric mean, on a wet mass basis, of SigmaPCBs (sum of 29 congeners and congener groups) were 732 +/- 282 ng/g (1 S.D.) in seals and 3395 +/- 1442 ng/g in polar bears. The geometric mean of SigmaDDTs, SigmaHCHs (alpha-, beta- and gamma- HCH) and HCB concentrations (wet mass basis) in seals and bears were 562 +/- 261 ng/g vs. 74.8 +/- 39 ng/g, 380 +/- 213 ng/g vs. 515 ng/g, and 17.4 +/- 10.1 ng/g vs. 183 +/- 153 ng/g, respectively. The geometric mean sum of chlordane (Sigmachlordane, sum of cis- and trans-chlordane, cis- and trans-nonachlor, oxychlordane and heptachlor epoxide) and dieldrin concentrations in ringed seals and polar bears were 753 +/- 617 ng/g vs. 720 +/- 315 ng/g and 38.6 +/- 22.8 ng/g vs. 130 +/- 65 ng/g, respectively. Apparent bioaccumulation factors (polar bear/ringed seal POP concentrations) were lower in the animals sampled near Barrow, Alaska than in those from locations in the Canadian Arctic. This suggests that polar bears are also preying on marine mammals from lower trophic levels than the ringed seals with correspondingly lower organochlorine levels, such as bowhead whale carcasses. PCB congener patterns in the samples demonstrated the metabolism of certain PCB congeners in the polar bear relative to the ringed seal in agreement with previous studies. Regional comparisons of animals collected in Alaska and Arctic Canada are presented. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Analyt Chem, Charleston, SC 29412 USA. US Geol Survey, Alaska BIol Sci Ctr, Anchorage, AK 99503 USA. Dept Wildlife Management, Barrow, AK 99723 USA. Univ Calif Davis, Dept Environm Toxicol, Davis, CA 95616 USA. RP Kucklick, JR (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Analyt Chem, 219 Ft Johnson Rd, Charleston, SC 29412 USA. EM john.kucklick@nist.gov NR 38 TC 79 Z9 80 U1 0 U2 40 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0048-9697 EI 1879-1026 J9 SCI TOTAL ENVIRON JI Sci. Total Environ. PD MAR 15 PY 2002 VL 287 IS 1-2 BP 45 EP 59 AR PII S0048-9697(01)00997-4 DI 10.1016/S0048-9697(01)00997-4 PG 15 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 525MW UT WOS:000174076400005 PM 11885579 ER PT J AU Davis, AS Gray, LB Clague, DA Hein, JR AF Davis, AS Gray, LB Clague, DA Hein, JR TI The Line Islands revisited: New Ar-40/Ar-39 geochronologic evidence for episodes of volcanism due to lithospheric extension SO GEOCHEMISTRY GEOPHYSICS GEOSYSTEMS LA English DT Article DE Central Pacific; Line Islands; Mesozoic volcanism; geochronology; igneous petrology; trace elements; 1035 geochemistry : geochronology; 3640 mineralogy and petrology : igneous petrology; 3670 mineralogy and petrology : minor and trace element composition; 9609 information related to geologic time : mesozoic ID HOT-SPOT HYPOTHESIS; FERROMANGANESE CRUSTS; ISOTOPE GEOCHEMISTRY; CENTRAL PACIFIC; MANTLE; AGE; SEAMOUNTS; PLATE; EARTH; DYNAMICS AB [1] New Ar-40/Ar-39 ages of mineral separates and whole rock samples from nine volcanic edifices in the northern Line Islands region, between latitudes 20degreesN and 6degreesN, are incompatible with single or multiple hot spot models. Instead, two major episodes of volcanism, each lasting similar to5 Ma and separated by similar to8 Ma, occurred synchronously over long distances, not just along the main chain but also at nonaligned edifices. Volcanism during the older episode (81-86 Ma) extended over a distance of at least 1200 km along the eastern part of the complex seamount chain. Volcanism during the younger episode (68-73 Ma) was concentrated in the western part of the chain and may have extended over a distance of >4000 km. Chemical analyses of 68 samples represent a compositionally diverse suite, including tholeiitic, transitional, and alkalic basalt, strongly alkalic basanite and nephelinite, and alkalic differentiates ranging from hawaiite to trachyte. The most diverse assemblage of rocks was recovered from a cross-trending seamount chain south of Johnston Atoll. Although compositions of rocks from the two volcanic episodes overlap, compositions from the younger episode generally are more alkalic and include a larger proportion of highly differentiated compositions. None of the samples from the older episode, but many from the younger one, contain hydrous mineral phases such as amphibole and biotite. Extensive coeval volcanism along major segments of the chain is compatible with decompressional melting of heterogeneous mantle due to diffuse lithospheric extension along pre-existing zones of weakness. Episodes of volcanism are probably related to broad upwarping of the Superswell region in the eastern South Pacific, where these lavas originated. C1 Monterey Bay Aquarium Res Inst, Moss Landing, CA 95039 USA. Drake Marine Consulting, Ben Lomond, CA 95005 USA. US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. RP Davis, AS (reprint author), Monterey Bay Aquarium Res Inst, 7700 Sandholdt Rd, Moss Landing, CA 95039 USA. EM davisa@mbari.org; LBG2DD@earthlink.net; clague@mbari.org; jhein@usgs.gov NR 67 TC 22 Z9 24 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 1525-2027 J9 GEOCHEM GEOPHY GEOSY JI Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst. PD MAR 14 PY 2002 VL 3 AR 1018 DI 10.1029/2001GC000190 PG 28 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 530VF UT WOS:000174379100001 ER PT J AU Waldhauser, F Ellsworth, WL AF Waldhauser, F Ellsworth, WL TI Fault structure and mechanics of the Hayward Fault, California, from double-difference earthquake locations SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SOLID EARTH LA English DT Article DE Hayward Fault; seismicity; earthquake relocation; fault structure; fault mechanics ID SAN-ANDREAS FAULT; LOMA-PRIETA EARTHQUAKE; CREEP RESPONSE; SLIP; MICROEARTHQUAKES; RECURRENCE; STRESS; SEISMICITY; PARKFIELD; RUPTURE AB [1] The relationship between small-magnitude seismicity and large-scale crustal faulting along the Hayward Fault, California, is investigated using a double-difference (DD) earthquake location algorithm. We used the DD method to determine high-resolution hypocenter locations of the seismicity that occurred between 1967 and 1998. The DD technique incorporates catalog travel time data and relative P and S wave arrival time measurements from waveform cross correlation to solve for the hypocentral separation between events. The relocated seismicity reveals a narrow, near-vertical fault zone at most locations. This zone follows the Hayward Fault along its northern half and then diverges from it to the east near San Leandro, forming the Mission trend. The relocated seismicity is consistent with the idea that slip from the Calaveras Fault is transferred over the Mission trend onto the northern Hayward Fault. The Mission trend is not clearly associated with any mapped active fault as it continues to the south and joins the Calaveras Fault at Calaveras Reservoir. In some locations, discrete structures adjacent to the main trace are seen, features that were previously hidden in the uncertainty of the network locations. The fine structure of the seismicity suggests that the fault surface on the northern Hayward Fault is curved or that the events occur on several substructures. Near San Leandro, where the more westerly striking trend of the Mission seismicity intersects with the surface trace of the (aseismic) southern Hayward Fault, the seismicity remains diffuse after relocation, with strong variation in focal mechanisms between adjacent events indicating a highly fractured zone of deformation. The seismicity is highly organized in space, especially on the northern Hayward Fault, where it forms horizontal, slip-parallel streaks of hypocenters of only a few tens of meters width, bounded by areas almost absent of seismic activity. During the interval from 1984 to 1998, when digital waveforms are available, we find that fewer than 6.5% of the earthquakes can be classified as repeating earthquakes, events that rupture the same fault patch more than one time. These most commonly are located in the shallow creeping part of the fault, or within the streaks at greater depth. The slow repeat rate of 2-3 times within the 15-year observation period for events with magnitudes around M = 1.5 is indicative of a low slip rate or a high stress drop. The absence of microearthquakes over large, contiguous areas of the northern Hayward Fault plane in the depth interval from similar to5 to 10 km and the concentrations of seismicity at these depths suggest that the aseismic regions are either locked or retarded and are storing strain energy for release in future large-magnitude earthquakes. C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. RP Waldhauser, F (reprint author), Columbia Univ, Lamont Doherty Earth Observ, 61 Route 9W, Palisades, NY 10964 USA. EM felixw@ldeo.columbia.edu; ellsworth@usgs.gov NR 50 TC 94 Z9 97 U1 2 U2 12 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-9313 EI 2169-9356 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-SOL EA JI J. Geophys. Res.-Solid Earth PD MAR 10 PY 2002 VL 107 IS B3 AR 2054 DI 10.1029/2000JB000084 PG 17 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 609MQ UT WOS:000178909900004 ER PT J AU Holland, JN DeAngelis, DL Bronstein, JL AF Holland, JN DeAngelis, DL Bronstein, JL TI Population dynamics and mutualism: Functional responses of benefits and costs SO AMERICAN NATURALIST LA English DT Article DE benefits and costs; density dependence; functional response; mutualism; population dynamics; stability ID PREDATOR-PREY; LOPHOCEREUS-SCHOTTII; DENSITY-DEPENDENCE; ANT ASSOCIATION; UPIGA-VIRESCENS; YUCCA MOTHS; MODELS; SEED; POLLINATION; STABILITY AB We develop an approach for studying population dynamics resulting from mutualism by employing functional responses based on density-dependent benefits and costs. These functional responses express how the population growth rate of a mutualist is modified by the density of its partner. We present several possible dependencies of gross benefits and costs, and hence net effects, to a mutualist as functions of the density of its partner. Net effects to mutualists are likely a monotonically saturating or unimodal function of the density of their partner. We show that fundamental differences in the growth, limitation, and dynamics of a population can occur when net effects to that population change linearly, unimodally, or in a saturating fashion. We use the mutualism between senita cactus and its pollinating seed-eating moth as an example to show the influence of different benefit and cost functional responses on population dynamics and stability of mutualisms. We investigated two mechanisms that may alter this mutualism's functional responses: distribution of eggs among flowers and fruit abortion. Differences in how benefits and costs vary with density can alter the stability of this mutualism. In particular, fruit abortion may allow for a stable equilibrium where none could otherwise exist. C1 Univ Arizona, Dept Ecol & Evolutionary Biol, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. Univ Miami, Dept Biol, US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Coral Gables, FL 33124 USA. RP Holland, JN (reprint author), Univ Arizona, Dept Ecol & Evolutionary Biol, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. NR 66 TC 122 Z9 124 U1 5 U2 62 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 1427 E 60TH ST, CHICAGO, IL 60637-2954 USA SN 0003-0147 J9 AM NAT JI Am. Nat. PD MAR PY 2002 VL 159 IS 3 BP 231 EP 244 DI 10.1086/338510 PG 14 WC Ecology; Evolutionary Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Evolutionary Biology GA 522DA UT WOS:000173879400002 PM 18707376 ER PT J AU Garamszegi, LZ Boulinier, T Moller, AP Torok, J Michl, G Nichols, JD AF Garamszegi, LZ Boulinier, T Moller, AP Torok, J Michl, G Nichols, JD TI The estimation of size and change in composition of avian song repertoires SO ANIMAL BEHAVIOUR LA English DT Editorial Material ID CAPTURE PROBABILITIES VARY; ESTIMATING POPULATION-SIZE; SPECIES RICHNESS; RECAPTURE MODELS; ANIMAL COMMUNITIES; ROBUST ESTIMATION; NUMBER; EXTRAPOLATION; HETEROGENEITY; INFERENCE C1 Univ Paris 06, Lab Ecol Evolut Parasitaire, CNRS UMR 7103, F-75252 Paris 5, France. Eotvos Lorand Univ, Dept Systemat Zool & Ecol, Behav Ecol Grp, H-1364 Budapest, Hungary. Univ Paris 06, CNRS UMR 7625, Ecol Lab, F-75252 Paris 05, France. US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, Reston, VA 22092 USA. RP Univ Paris 06, Lab Ecol Evolut Parasitaire, CNRS UMR 7103, Bat A,Case 237,7eme Etage,7 Quai St Bernard, F-75252 Paris 5, France. EM laszlo.garamszegi@snv.jussieu.fr RI Garamszegi, Laszlo/B-5089-2011; Garamszegi, Laszlo/M-1488-2015; Torok, Janos/C-6144-2008; OI Garamszegi, Laszlo/0000-0001-8920-2183; Torok, Janos/0000-0002-4799-5522; Boulinier, Thierry/0000-0002-5898-7667 NR 41 TC 26 Z9 27 U1 0 U2 9 PU ACADEMIC PRESS LTD- ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI LONDON PA 24-28 OVAL RD, LONDON NW1 7DX, ENGLAND SN 0003-3472 EI 1095-8282 J9 ANIM BEHAV JI Anim. Behav. PD MAR PY 2002 VL 63 BP 623 EP 630 DI 10.1006/anbe.2001.1906 PN 3 PG 8 WC Behavioral Sciences; Zoology SC Behavioral Sciences; Zoology GA 548MH UT WOS:000175391400025 ER PT J AU Sandu, SI Boardman, GD Watten, BJ Brazil, BL AF Sandu, SI Boardman, GD Watten, BJ Brazil, BL TI Factors influencing the nitrification efficiency of fluidized bed filter with a plastic bead medium SO AQUACULTURAL ENGINEERING LA English DT Article DE nitrification; plastic bead medium; upflow bead filter; aquaculture; recirculating system ID STEADY-STATE; BIOFILM; CULTURE; PERFORMANCE; SYSTEMS; DESIGN AB The performance of fluidized bed nitrification filters charged with 2 x 4 ABS plastic beads (specific gravity 1.06) was evaluated. Three unique bed-height to diameter ratios were established, in triplicate, using column diameters of 12.7, 15.2 and 17.8 cm. Filters received water spiked with recycled nutrients and ammonia (TAN), from one of the three 500 1 feed tank system. With daily ammonia loading fixed at 8.6 g per system, TAN removal increased with column diameter at each of four tests hydraulic loading rates (6, 8, 10 and 12 Lpm). TAN in recirculated water (influent) rose from 0.5 to 1.0 mg/l as ammonia loading increased from 180 mg/m(2)-day to 360 mg/m(2)-day. When hydraulic loading was axed at 12 Lpm, TAN removal (%) was maximized with ammonia loadings ranging from 225 to 270 mg/m(2)-day. Biofilm thickness increased with ammonia loading, but decreased with increased hydraulic loading rates. Fluidized beds of ABS plastic beads were effective in reducing energy costs (head loss) of water treatment. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Virginia Polytech Inst & State Univ, Dept Wildlife & Fisheries, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA. Virginia Polytech Inst & State Univ, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA. US Geol Survey, Biol Resource Div, LeeTown Sci Ctr, Kearneysville, WV USA. ARS, USDA, Kearneysville, WV 25430 USA. RP Sandu, SI (reprint author), Virginia Polytech Inst & State Univ, Dept Wildlife & Fisheries, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA. EM ssandu@vt.edu RI Lucas, Elizabeth/E-2733-2010 NR 31 TC 24 Z9 35 U1 0 U2 4 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0144-8609 J9 AQUACULT ENG JI Aquac. Eng. PD MAR PY 2002 VL 26 IS 1 BP 41 EP 59 AR PII S0144-8609(02)00003-1 DI 10.1016/S0144-8609(02)00003-1 PG 19 WC Agricultural Engineering; Fisheries SC Agriculture; Fisheries GA 543HQ UT WOS:000175095900004 ER PT J AU Yang, PJ Foote, D Alyokhin, AV Lenz, L Messing, RH AF Yang, PJ Foote, D Alyokhin, AV Lenz, L Messing, RH TI Distribution and abundance of mymarid parasitoids (Hymenoptera : Mymaridae) of Sophonia rufofascia Kuoh and Kuoh (Homoptera : Cicadellidae) in Hawaii SO BIOLOGICAL CONTROL LA English DT Article DE two-spotted leafhopper; mymarid; parasitoid; biological control AB The abundance of mymarid parasitoids attacking the two-spotted leafhopper (Sophonia rufofascia [Kuoh and Kuoh]), a polyphagous pest recently adventive to Hawaii, was monitored using yellow sticky cards deployed in several areas on the islands of Kauai and Hawaii. The yellow cards captured Chaetomymar sp. nr bagicha Narayanan, Subba Rao, & Kaur and Schizophragma bicolor (Dozier), both adventive species, and Polynema sp. Haliday, which is endemic to Hawaii (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae). The former two species were most abundant at all sites. On Kauai, there was a negative correlation between the captures of C. sp. nr bagicha and those of Polynema sp. Throughout the season, the increase in parasitoid numbers generally followed the increase in leafhopper numbers. C. sp. nr. bagicha and S. bicolor showed distinct habitat preferences. Removal of Myrica faya Aiton, an invasive weed that is a highly preferred two-spotted leafhopper host, decreased the overall numbers of captured parasitoids, but led to a twofold increase in the ratio of trapped parasitoids/hosts in weed-free areas. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science (USA). C1 Univ Hawaii, PEPS, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. USGS, Biol Resources Div, Kilauea Expt Stn, Hawaii Volcano Natl Pk, HI 96718 USA. Univ Hawaii, Kauai Agr Res Ctr, Kapaa, HI 96746 USA. RP Alyokhin, AV (reprint author), Univ Maine, Dept Biol Sci, 5722 Deering Hall, Orono, ME 04469 USA. NR 24 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 1 U2 3 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 1049-9644 J9 BIOL CONTROL JI Biol. Control PD MAR PY 2002 VL 23 IS 3 BP 237 EP 244 DI 10.1006/bcon.2001.1017 PG 8 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Entomology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Entomology GA 530JQ UT WOS:000174354900004 ER PT J AU Eversman, S Wetmore, CM Glew, K Bennett, JP AF Eversman, S Wetmore, CM Glew, K Bennett, JP TI Patterns of lichen diversity in Yellowstone National Park SO BRYOLOGIST LA English DT Article ID SWAN VALLEY; MONTANA; COMMUNITIES; FORESTS; BRYOPHYTE; FIRE; SUCCESSION; CANADA; USA AB We here report 359 species in 103 genera front Yellowstone National Park. We found 71.3% of the total number of species in Picea engelmannii forests and 57.4% of the total number in Pseudotsuga menziesii stands. This compares to 42.3% of the species in Pinus contorta and 37.0% of the species in Pinus contorta/Pinus albicaulis stands. The presence of old Pseudotsuga menziesii and mature Picea engelinannii indicates that the forests have not burned for at least 300 yr, contributing to higher lichen diversity. The drier lodgepole pine and whitebark pine forests burn more frequently than every 300 yr and have fewer microhabitats for lichen growth. Species with thalli large enough to identify are beginning to recolonize substrates burned in the 1988 fires. Bryoria fremontii and Letharia vulpina exhibit levels of mercury, and sulfur higher than those in other specimens in the region. C1 Montana State Univ, Dept Ecol, Bozeman, MT 59717 USA. Univ Minnesota, Dept Plant Biol, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. Univ Puget Sound, Dept Biol, Tacoma, WA 98416 USA. Univ Wisconsin, Inst Environm Studies, Madison, WI 53706 USA. US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Madison, WI 53705 USA. RP Eversman, S (reprint author), Montana State Univ, Dept Ecol, Bozeman, MT 59717 USA. NR 46 TC 12 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 6 PU AMER BRYOLOGICAL LICHENOLOGICAL SOCIETY INC PI FAIRFAX PA C/O JAMES D LAWREY, GEORGE MASON UNIV, DEPT BIOLOGY MSN 3E1, FAIRFAX, VA 22030 USA SN 0007-2745 J9 BRYOLOGIST JI Bryologist PD SPR PY 2002 VL 105 IS 1 BP 27 EP 42 DI 10.1639/0007-2745(2002)105[0027:POLDIY]2.0.CO;2 PG 16 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 533CK UT WOS:000174511700003 ER PT J AU Talbot, SS Talbot, SL Thomson, JW Daniels, FJA Schofield, WB AF Talbot, SS Talbot, SL Thomson, JW Daniels, FJA Schofield, WB TI Lichens from Simeonof wilderness, Shumagin Islands, southwestern Alaska SO BRYOLOGIST LA English DT Article ID GENUS CALOPLACA; PENINSULA; REGIONS; CANADA AB One hundred eighty-eight taxa of lichens are reported from Simeonof Island in the Shumagin Islands of southwestern Alaska. Wide-ranging arctic-alpine and boreal species dominate the lichens; a coastal element is moderately represented, while amphi-Beringian species form a minor element. The lichen component of Empetrum nigrum dwarf shrub heath, the dominant vegetation type, was analyzed to identify the most frequently occurring lichens within this community. C1 US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Anchorage, AK 99503 USA. US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Alaska Sci Ctr, Anchorage, AK 99503 USA. Univ Wisconsin, Dept Bot, Madison, WI 53706 USA. Univ Munster, Inst Plant Ecol, D-48143 Munster, Germany. Univ British Columbia, Dept Bot, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada. RP Talbot, SS (reprint author), US Fish & Wildlife Serv, 1011 E Tudor Rd, Anchorage, AK 99503 USA. RI Talbot, Sandra/C-9433-2011 NR 36 TC 4 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER BRYOLOGICAL LICHENOLOGICAL SOCIETY INC PI FAIRFAX PA C/O JAMES D LAWREY, GEORGE MASON UNIV, DEPT BIOLOGY MSN 3E1, FAIRFAX, VA 22030 USA SN 0007-2745 J9 BRYOLOGIST JI Bryologist PD SPR PY 2002 VL 105 IS 1 BP 111 EP 121 DI 10.1639/0007-2745(2002)105[0111:LFSWSI]2.0.CO;2 PG 11 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 533CK UT WOS:000174511700013 ER PT J AU Griffith, LA McCabe, PJ Williams, CA AF Griffith, LA McCabe, PJ Williams, CA TI Foreword - Fluvial systems through space and time: from source to sea SO BULLETIN OF CANADIAN PETROLEUM GEOLOGY LA English DT Editorial Material C1 EnCana Corp, Calgary, AB T2P 2S5, Canada. US Geol Survey, Fed Ctr MS 939, Denver, CO 80225 USA. Husky Energy, Calgary, AB T2P 3G7, Canada. RP Griffith, LA (reprint author), EnCana Corp, 150-9 Ave SW, Calgary, AB T2P 2S5, Canada. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU CANADIAN SOC PETROL GEOLOGISTS PI CALGARY PA 505, 206 - 7TH AVE SW, CALGARY, ALBERTA T2P 0W7, CANADA SN 0007-4802 J9 B CAN PETROL GEOL JI Bull. Can. Pet. Geol. PD MAR PY 2002 VL 50 IS 1 BP 1 EP 2 DI 10.2113/gscpgbull.50.1.1 PG 2 WC Energy & Fuels; Engineering, Petroleum; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Energy & Fuels; Engineering; Geology GA 575TY UT WOS:000176965600001 ER PT J AU Bowerman, WW Mehne, CJ Best, DA Refsal, KR Lombardini, S Bridges, WC AF Bowerman, WW Mehne, CJ Best, DA Refsal, KR Lombardini, S Bridges, WC TI Adrenal corticotropin hormone and nestling bald eagle corticosterone levels SO BULLETIN OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article ID DUCKS ANAS-PLATYRHYNCHOS; PLASMA; AGE; PETROLEUM; TURKEYS; STRESS C1 Clemson Univ, Dept Environm Toxicol, Pendleton, SC 29670 USA. Anim Clin, Kalamazoo, MI 49004 USA. US Fish & Wildlife Serv, E Lansing, MI 48823 USA. Michigan State Univ, Coll Vet Med, Anim Hlth Diagnost Lab, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA. Clemson Univ, Dept Expt Stat, Poole Agr Ctr F148, Clemson, SC 29634 USA. RP Bowerman, WW (reprint author), Clemson Univ, Dept Environm Toxicol, POB 509, Pendleton, SC 29670 USA. NR 16 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 3 U2 9 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0007-4861 J9 B ENVIRON CONTAM TOX JI Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. PD MAR PY 2002 VL 68 IS 3 BP 355 EP 360 DI 10.1007/s00128-001-0261-1 PG 6 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA 523QT UT WOS:000173967000007 PM 11993809 ER PT J AU Earle, PS AF Earle, PS TI Origins of high-frequency scattered waves near PKKP from large aperture seismic array data SO BULLETIN OF THE SEISMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA LA English DT Article ID CORE-MANTLE BOUNDARY; INNER-CORE; SCALE HETEROGENEITY; EARTHS MANTLE; PARTIAL MELT; PRECURSORS; PKP; INHOMOGENEITIES; ATTENUATION AB This article identifies the likely origin of 1-Hz scattered waves in the vicinity of PKKP by comparing measurements of slowness and onset time to ray-theoretical predictions. The measurements are obtained from slant stacks of Large Aperture Seismic Array (LASA) data from 36 earthquakes and six explosions in the range 30degrees-116degrees. Three types of scattered waves explain the main features seen in the stacks, including: P scattered to PKP near the Earth's surface (P.PKP), PKKP scattered near its core-mantle-boundary (CMB) reflection point (PK.KP), and SKKP scattered near its CMB reflection point (SK.KP). The LASA stacks image the amplitude and slowness variations of the scattered waves with time. They also show where these waves can be detected and where they are free from contaminating arrivals. SK.KP waves rise above the noise approximately 100 sec before the onset time of the main SKKP arrival near 113degrees. Observations of PK.KP span 30degrees-100degrees. However, at distances greater than 50degrees they suffer from P.PKP contamination. At distances less than 40 the PKKP last for about 280 sec. This is approximately 130 sec longer than the maximum ray-theoretical prediction for waves scattered at the CMB, indicating a possible combination of near-surface scattering and contributions from the overlying mantle. C1 US Geol Survey, Natl Earthquake Informat Ctr, Denver, CO 80225 USA. RP Earle, PS (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Natl Earthquake Informat Ctr, MS 966,Box 25046,DFC, Denver, CO 80225 USA. NR 31 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 0 PU SEISMOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI EL CERRITO PA PLAZA PROFESSIONAL BLDG, SUITE 201, EL CERRITO, CA 94530 USA SN 0037-1106 J9 B SEISMOL SOC AM JI Bull. Seismol. Soc. Amer. PD MAR PY 2002 VL 92 IS 2 BP 751 EP 760 DI 10.1785/0120010169 PG 10 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 547ER UT WOS:000175320500018 ER PT J AU Borcherdt, RD AF Borcherdt, RD TI Empirical evidence for acceleration-dependent amplification factors SO BULLETIN OF THE SEISMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA LA English DT Article ID NONLINEAR SEDIMENT RESPONSE; 1994 NORTHRIDGE; EARTHQUAKE; CALIFORNIA AB Site-specific amplification factors, F-a and F-v used in current U.S. building codes decrease with increasing base acceleration level as implied by the Loma Prieta earthquake at 0.1g and extrapolated using numerical models and laboratory results. The Northridge earthquake recordings of 17 January 1994 and subsequent geotechnical data permit empirical estimates of amplification at base acceleration levels up to 0.5g. Distance measures and normalization procedures used to infer amplification ratios from soil-rock pairs in predetermined azimuth-distance bins significantly influence the dependence of amplification estimates on base acceleration. Factors inferred using a hypocentral distance norm do not show a statistically significant dependence on base acceleration. Factors inferred using norms implied by the attenuation functions of Abrahamson and Silva show a statistically significant decrease with increasing base acceleration. The decrease is statistically more significant for stiff clay and sandy soil (site class D) sites than for stiffer sites underlain by gravely soils and soft rock (site class C). The decrease in amplification with increasing base acceleration is more pronounced for the short-period amplification factor, F-a, than for the midperiod factor, F-v. C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. RP Borcherdt, RD (reprint author), US Geol Survey, MS 977,345 Middlefield Rd, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. NR 38 TC 28 Z9 29 U1 0 U2 1 PU SEISMOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI EL CERRITO PA PLAZA PROFESSIONAL BLDG, SUITE 201, EL CERRITO, CA 94530 USA SN 0037-1106 J9 B SEISMOL SOC AM JI Bull. Seismol. Soc. Amer. PD MAR PY 2002 VL 92 IS 2 BP 761 EP 782 DI 10.1785/0120010170 PG 22 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 547ER UT WOS:000175320500019 ER PT J AU Hartzell, S Leeds, A Frankel, A Williams, RA Odum, J Stephenson, W Silva, W AF Hartzell, S Leeds, A Frankel, A Williams, RA Odum, J Stephenson, W Silva, W TI Simulation of broadband ground motion including nonlinear soil effects for a magnitude 6.5 earthquake on the Seattle fault, Seattle, Washington SO BULLETIN OF THE SEISMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA LA English DT Article ID 1994 NORTHRIDGE EARTHQUAKE; HIGH-FREQUENCY RADIATION; PUGET-SOUND; SOURCE PARAMETERS; RUPTURE VELOCITY; SITE RESPONSE; RAY THEORY; CALIFORNIA; REGION; VARIABILITY AB The Seattle fault poses a significant seismic hazard to the city of Seattle, Washington. A hybrid, low-frequency, high-frequency method is used to calculate broadband (0-20 Hz) ground-motion time histories for a M 6.5 earthquake on the Seattle fault. Low frequencies (<1 Hz) are calculated using a deterministic approach and finite difference in a 3D velocity model. High frequencies (>1 Hz) are calculated by a stochastic method that uses a fractal subevent size distribution to give an omega(-2) displacement spectrum. Time histories are calculated for a grid of stations and then corrected for the local site response using a classification scheme based on the surficial geology. Average shear-wave velocity profiles are developed for six surficial geologic units: artificial fill, modified land, Esperance sand, Lawton clay, till, and Tertiary sandstone. These profiles together with other soil parameters are used to compare linear, equivalent-linear, and nonlinear predictions of ground motion in the frequency band 0-15 Hz. Linear site-response corrections are found to yield unreasonably large ground motions. Equivalent-linear and nonlinear calculations give peak values similar to the 1994 Northridge, California, earthquake and those predicted by regression relationships. Ground-motion variance is estimated for (1) randomization of the velocity profiles, (2) variation in source parameters, and (3) choice of nonlinear model. Within the limits of the models tested, the results are found to be most sensitive to the nonlinear model and soil parameters, notably the overconsolidation ratio. C1 US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Denver, CO 80225 USA. Pacific Engn & Anal, El Cerrito, CA 94530 USA. RP US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Box 25046 MS 966, Denver, CO 80225 USA. NR 80 TC 29 Z9 29 U1 1 U2 4 PU SEISMOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI ALBANY PA 400 EVELYN AVE, SUITE 201, ALBANY, CA 94706-1375 USA SN 0037-1106 EI 1943-3573 J9 B SEISMOL SOC AM JI Bull. Seismol. Soc. Amer. PD MAR PY 2002 VL 92 IS 2 BP 831 EP 853 DI 10.1785/0120010114 PG 23 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 547ER UT WOS:000175320500023 ER PT J AU Newhall, CG Hoblitt, RP AF Newhall, CG Hoblitt, RP TI Constructing event trees for volcanic crises SO BULLETIN OF VOLCANOLOGY LA English DT Review DE acceptable risk; probability; Bayesian; event tree; volcanic hazards; volcanic risk ID FLUIDIZED GRANULAR MASSES; SOUFRIERE HILLS VOLCANO; MOUNT ST-HELENS; PYROCLASTIC FLOWS; ASH FLOWS; HISTORICAL ERUPTIONS; TENSILE FAULTS; STEADY-STATE; HALF-SPACE; RISK AB Event trees are useful frameworks for discussing probabilities of possible outcomes of volcanic unrest. Each branch of the tree leads from a necessary prior event to a more specific outcome, e.g., from an eruption to a pyroclastic flow. Where volcanic processes are poorly understood, probability estimates might be purely empirical - utilizing observations of past and current activity and an assumption that the future will mimic the past or follow a present trend. If processes are better understood, probabilities might be estimated from a theoretical model, either subjectively or by numerical simulations. Use of Bayes' theorem aids in the estimation of how fresh unrest raises (or lowers) the probabilities of eruptions. Use of event trees during volcanic crises can help volcanologists to critically review their analysis of hazard, and help officials and individuals to compare volcanic risks with more familiar risks. Trees also emphasize the inherently probabilistic nature of volcano forecasts, with multiple possible outcomes. C1 Univ Washington, US Geol Survey, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. US Geol Survey, Hawaii Natl Pk, HI 96718 USA. RP Newhall, CG (reprint author), Univ Washington, US Geol Survey, Box 351310, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. EM cnewhall@usgs.gov NR 115 TC 124 Z9 124 U1 1 U2 15 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0258-8900 J9 B VOLCANOL JI Bull. Volcanol. PD MAR PY 2002 VL 64 IS 1 BP 3 EP 20 DI 10.1007/s004450100173 PG 18 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 538HV UT WOS:000174810300001 ER PT J AU Fleskes, JP Gilmer, DS Jarvis, RL AF Fleskes, JP Gilmer, DS Jarvis, RL TI Distribution of female northern pintails in relation to hunting and location of hunted and non-hunted habitats in the Grassland Ecological Area, California SO CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME LA English DT Article ID DUCKS AB To provide baseline information and better understand distribution of northern pintails (Anas acuta) in relation to hunting and distribution of hunted and non-hunted habitats in the Grassland Ecological Area (EA), we radio-tagged 191 Hatch-Year(HY) and 228 After-Hatch-Year (AHY) female pintails in the San Joaquin Valley and tracked their movements in the Grassland EA during September-March 1991-94. We investigated how the relative importance of public (National Wildlife Refuges [NWRs], California Department of Fish and Game Wildlife Areas [WAs])vs. private areas (e.g., waterfowl hunting clubs [Clubs]), use of individual areas, and night destinations from specific day-use areas varied with in and among winters and with pintail age and capture location. Overall, 64% of day and 85% of night pintail locations in the Grassland EA were on private areas. Day use of private areas was greater during nonhunting weeks (73% of all locations) and nonshoot days of hunting weeks (62% of all locations) than during shoot days (17% of all locations), when most pintails used public area sanctuaries. The effect of hunting lingered but faded, with use of private areas I day after hunting slightly less than 2 days after hunting (57% vs. 66%). Use of private areas on nights during nonhunting weeks and after nonshoot days of hunting weeks was identical (86%). Night use after shoot days was lower (79%), although the difference was significant only during the opening week of hunting. AHY females stayed on sanctuaries at a higher rate at dusk on shoot days and used the East Grassland (EGL) more than HY females. Use of private areas during the hunting season declined in 1993-94, possibly because newly-restored public area habitats attracted pintails. Night use of private areas during nonhunting weeks was lowest during 1991-92, the year drought prevented summer irrigations, and probably reduced food production on most private but few public wetlands. San Luis NWR was the most important shoot day sanctuary but Kesterson NWR use increased after wetlands in its sanctuary were restored. Merced NWR was the only public area receiving high use at night during the hunting season. Most pintails that left Merced NWR at night flew to South Clubs rather than to closer East or North Clubs. Few pintails from Kesterson NWR flew to South Clubs at night but San Luis NWR and Los Banos WA pintails used both North and South Clubs at night. The percentage of San Luis NWR pintails going to South Clubs increased after the first hunting interval, except in 1993, when 10% instead went to newly restored Salt Slough WA watergrass (Echinochloa crusgalli) marsh. Pintails were more likely to use areas during hunting season that they frequented during August October before hunting began, indicating that early habitat conditions influenced pintail use later in winter. Pintail distribution changed among intervals and years in response to changing hunting pressure and distribution of hunted and nonhunted habitats. Our data can serve as a baseline to evaluate response of pintails to changes in habitat management in the Grassland EA. C1 US Geol Survey, Western Ecol Res Ctr, Dixon, CA 95620 USA. Oregon State Univ, Dept Fish & Wildlife, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. RP Fleskes, JP (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Western Ecol Res Ctr, 6924 Tremont Rd, Dixon, CA 95620 USA. EM joe_fleskes@usgs.gov NR 27 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 2 U2 7 PU CALIF FISH AND GAME EDITOR PI SACRAMENTO PA 1416 NINTH ST, SACRAMENTO, CA 95814 USA SN 0008-1078 J9 CALIF FISH GAME JI Calif. Fish Game PD SPR PY 2002 VL 88 IS 2 BP 75 EP 94 PG 20 WC Fisheries; Zoology SC Fisheries; Zoology GA 773LP UT WOS:000188925500004 ER PT J AU Strauss, EA Mitchell, NL Lamberti, GA AF Strauss, EA Mitchell, NL Lamberti, GA TI Factors regulating nitrification in aquatic sediments: effects of organic carbon, nitrogen availability, and pH SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FISHERIES AND AQUATIC SCIENCES LA English DT Article ID HYPORHEIC ZONE; STREAM; TEMPERATURE; AMMONIA; RATES; SOIL; REACTOR; WATERS; CREEK; SCALE AB We investigated the response in nitrification to organic carbon (C) availability, the interactive effects of the C: nitrogen (N) ratio and organic N availability, and differing pH in sediments from several streams in the upper midwestern United States. In addition, we surveyed 36 streams to assess variability in sediment nitrification rates. Labile dissolved organic carbon (DOC) additions of 30 mg C.L(-1) (as acetate) to stream sediments reduced nitrification rates (P<0.003), but lower concentration additions or dilution of ambient DOC concentration had no effect on nitrification. C:N and organic N availability strongly interacted to affect nitrification (P<0.0001), with N availability increasing nitrification most at lower C:N. Nitrification was also strongly influenced by pH (P<0.002), with maximum rates occurring at pH 7.5. A multiple regression model developed from the stream survey consisted of five variables (stream temperature, pH, conductivity, DOC concentration, and total extractable NH(4)(+)) and explained 60% of the variation observed in nitrification. Our results suggest that nitrification is regulated by several variables, with NH(4)(+) availability and pH being the most important. Organic C is likely important at regulating nitrification only under high environmental C:N conditions and if most available C is relatively labile. C1 Univ Notre Dame, Dept Biol Sci, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA. RP Strauss, EA (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Upper Midw Environm Sci Ctr, 2630 Fanta Reed Rd, La Crosse, WI 54603 USA. EM eric_strauss@usgs.gov RI Strauss, Eric/G-3368-2013 OI Strauss, Eric/0000-0002-3134-2535 NR 36 TC 56 Z9 65 U1 5 U2 38 PU CANADIAN SCIENCE PUBLISHING, NRC RESEARCH PRESS PI OTTAWA PA 1200 MONTREAL ROAD, BUILDING M-55, OTTAWA, ON K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0706-652X J9 CAN J FISH AQUAT SCI JI Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. PD MAR PY 2002 VL 59 IS 3 BP 554 EP 563 DI 10.1139/F02-032 PG 10 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 548CE UT WOS:000175370300015 ER PT J AU Raines, GL AF Raines, GL TI Description and comparison of geologic maps with FRAGSTATS - a spatial statistics program SO COMPUTERS & GEOSCIENCES LA English DT Article DE GIS; spatial statistics; arcview; spatial modeling; geosciences AB FRAGSTATS is a public-domain GIS implementation of a set of spatial statistics that address a fundamental problem in GIS applications. description and comparison of maps. The spatial statistics from the 1 :2.500.000-scale United States geologic map of Nevada. the central United States. and the northeastern United States quantify the differences in complexity and variability between these three geologic terranes. Nevada is defined by a large number of patches of small size and low size variability. whereas the Central area has a small number of patches with smaller relative size variability. All three areas have similar map-unit shape complexity with Nevada having the lowest. Based on the density of edges. the areas can be ranked from highest to lowest, as Nevada. Central. and Northeast. The Shannon diversity index ranks the areas from highest to longest. as Northeast. Nevada, and Central. but the Shannon evenness index ranks them from highest to lowest. as Northeast. Central. and Nevada. These rankings may reflect the influence of folding in the Northeast and Central areas as opposed to basin and range extension in Nevada. The core areas statistic ranks the areas for spatial accuracy from highest to lowest, as Central, Northeast, and Nevada. with Northeast and Nevada being similar. For a scale comparison. the FRAGSTATS statistics quantify the increased complexity and spatial accuracy that is inherent in going from small- to larger-scale maps. For example for 1 : -1 00,000-1 :500.000-scale maps of Nevada. respectively. the area weighted fractal dimension increases from 1.1 to 1.18. and the total core areas index almost doubles from 39.09 to 63.38. In addition, the fractal dimensions discriminate lithology and tectonic terranes. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Nevada, Mackay Sch Mines, US Geol Survey, Reno, NV 89557 USA. RP Raines, GL (reprint author), Univ Nevada, Mackay Sch Mines, US Geol Survey, MS 176, Reno, NV 89557 USA. NR 13 TC 31 Z9 37 U1 2 U2 12 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0098-3004 J9 COMPUT GEOSCI-UK JI Comput. Geosci. PD MAR PY 2002 VL 28 IS 2 BP 169 EP 177 AR PII S0098-3004(01)00030-9 DI 10.1016/S0098-3004(01)00030-9 PG 9 WC Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Computer Science; Geology GA 525WY UT WOS:000174098100003 ER PT J AU Cochrane, GR Lafferty, KD AF Cochrane, GR Lafferty, KD TI Use of acoustic classification of sidescan sonar data for mapping benthic habitat in the Northern Channel Islands, California SO CONTINENTAL SHELF RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE marine geology; benthic habitat; sidescan sonar; seafloor mapping; white abalone; USA; California; Channel Islands ID MANAGEMENT AB Highly reflective seafloor features imaged by sidescan sonar in nearshore waters off the Northern Channel Islands (California, USA) have been observed in subsequent submersible dives to be areas of thin sand covering bedrock. Adjacent areas of rocky seafloor, suitable as habitat for endangered species of abalone and rockfish, and encrusting organisms, cannot be differentiated from the areas of thin sand on the basis of acoustic backscatter i.e. grey level) alone. We found second-order textural analysis of sidescan sonar data useful to differentiate the bottom types where data is not degraded by near-range distortion (caused by slant-range and ground-range corrections), and where data is not degraded by far-range signal attenuation. Hand editing based on submersible observations is necessary to completely convert the sidescan sonar image to a bottom character classification map suitable for habitat mapping. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 USGS, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. Univ Calif Santa Barbara, USGS, BRD Marine Sci Inst, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA. RP USGS, MS-999,345 Middlefield Rd, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. RI Lafferty, Kevin/B-3888-2009 OI Lafferty, Kevin/0000-0001-7583-4593 NR 15 TC 56 Z9 57 U1 0 U2 12 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0278-4343 EI 1873-6955 J9 CONT SHELF RES JI Cont. Shelf Res. PD MAR PY 2002 VL 22 IS 5 BP 683 EP 690 AR PII S0278-4343(02)00089-9 DI 10.1016/S0278-4343(01)00089-9 PG 8 WC Oceanography SC Oceanography GA 550MW UT WOS:000175507700001 ER PT J AU Thullen, JS Sartoris, JJ Walton, WE AF Thullen, JS Sartoris, JJ Walton, WE TI Effects of vegetation management in constructed wetland treatment cells on water quality and mosquito production SO ECOLOGICAL ENGINEERING LA English DT Article DE wetland plant management; constructed treatment wetland; free water surface wetland; California bulrush (Schoenoplectus californicus or Scirpus californicus); mosquito production; hemi-marsh; ammonia nitrogen removal ID DISSOLVED ORGANIC-CARBON; DOMESTIC WASTE-WATER; SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA; EMERGENT MACROPHYTES; ARTIFICIAL WETLANDS; NITROGEN REMOVAL; NITRATE REMOVAL; AQUATIC PLANTS; RESPONSES; SYSTEMS AB The impact of three vegetation management strategies on wetland treatment function and mosquito production was assessed in eight free water surface wetland test cells in southern California during 1998-1999. The effectiveness of the strategies to limit bulrush Schoenoplectus californicus culm density within the cells was also investigated. Removing accumulated emergent biomass and physically limiting the area in which vegetation could reestablish, significantly improved the ammonia-nitrogen removal efficiency of the wetland cells, which received an ammonia-dominated municipal wastewater effluent (average loading rate = 9.88 kg.ha per day NH4-N). We determined that interspersing open water with emergent vegetation is critical for maintaining the wetland's treatment capability, particularly for systems high in NH4-N. Burning aboveground plant parts and thinning rhizomes only temporarily curtailed vegetation proliferation in shallow zones, whereas creating hummocks surrounded by deeper water kept open water areas interspersed throughout the stands of emergent vegetation, the strategy was also effective in reducing mosquito production. Decreasing vegetation biomass reduced mosquito refuge areas while increasing mosquito predator habitat. Therefore, the combined goals of water quality improvement and mosquito management were achieved by managing the spatial pattern of emergent vegetation to mimic an early successional growth stage, i.e. actively growing plants interspersed with open water. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 US Geol Survey, Midcontinent Ecol Sci Ctr, Denver, CO 80225 USA. Univ Calif Riverside, Dept Entomol, Riverside, CA 92521 USA. RP Thullen, JS (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Midcontinent Ecol Sci Ctr, POB 25007,D-8220, Denver, CO 80225 USA. NR 75 TC 67 Z9 73 U1 4 U2 27 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0925-8574 J9 ECOL ENG JI Ecol. Eng. PD MAR PY 2002 VL 18 IS 4 BP 441 EP 457 AR PII S0925-8574(01)00105-7 DI 10.1016/S0925-8574(01)00105-7 PG 17 WC Ecology; Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Engineering GA 555TZ UT WOS:000175810500004 ER PT J AU McDowell, RW Sharpley, AN Chalmers, AT AF McDowell, RW Sharpley, AN Chalmers, AT TI Land use and flow regime effects on phosphorus chemical dynamics in the fluvial sediment of the Winooski River, Vermont SO ECOLOGICAL ENGINEERING LA English DT Article DE phosphate; bioavailability; hydrological conditions; confluence; land use ID SOLUBLE PHOSPHORUS; SOIL TEST; RUNOFF; TRANSPORT; SYSTEMS; EROSION; BASINS; PAPER AB In the last century, fourfold increase in phosphorus (P) loadings to Lake Champlain. Vermont (VT). USA. have led to nuisance levels of algal growth occurring, more often, To better understand the transport. storage. and cycling of within the lake's catchment. we examined the Chemistry. bioavailability and processes controlling sediment P release to waters of the Winooski River. VT, the largest tributary to Lake Champlain. Iron-oxide strip P (algal-bioavailable P) of the river, sediments adjacent to agricultural land (3.6 mg kg(-1)) as greater (P < 0.05) than adjacent to forested land (2.4 mg kg(-1)). When compared among flow regimes. impoundment (731 mg kg(-1)) and reservoir sediments (803 mg kg(-1)) had greater total P concentrations than river sediment (462 mg kg(-1)). This was attributed to more lines (< 63 mum) in impoundments and reservoirs (64%) than in river sediments (33%), which also decreased the ability of impoundment-sediments to release P to solution and thereby be a sink for P. Although land use and flow regime influenced whether Winooski River sediments acted as a sink oil Source of P to Lake Champlain. long-term remedial strategies Cor the catchment should Continue to focus on decreasing P losses in agricultural and urban runoff. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 USDA ARS, Pasture Syst & Watershed Management Res Unit, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. USGS, Montpelier, VT 05601 USA. RP McDowell, RW (reprint author), USDA ARS, Pasture Syst & Watershed Management Res Unit, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. OI McDowell, Richard/0000-0003-3911-4825 NR 30 TC 29 Z9 31 U1 3 U2 19 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0925-8574 J9 ECOL ENG JI Ecol. Eng. PD MAR PY 2002 VL 18 IS 4 BP 477 EP 487 AR PII S0925-8574(01)00108-2 DI 10.1016/S0925-8574(01)00108-2 PG 11 WC Ecology; Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Engineering GA 555TZ UT WOS:000175810500007 ER EF