FN Thomson Reuters Web of Science™ VR 1.0 PT J AU Forsyth, DW Harmon, N Scheirer, DS Duncan, RA AF Forsyth, Donald W. Harmon, Nicholas Scheirer, Daniel S. Duncan, Robert A. TI Distribution of recent volcanism and the morphology of seamounts and ridges in the GLIMPSE study area: Implications for the lithospheric cracking hypothesis for the origin of intraplate, non-hot spot volcanic chains SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SOLID EARTH LA English DT Article ID EAST PACIFIC RISE; CURRENT PLATE MOTIONS; 19 DEGREES S; THERMAL CONTRACTION; SATELLITE ALTIMETRY; DIFFUSE EXTENSION; MANTLE CONVECTION; MELT EXPERIMENT; MIDOCEAN RIDGE; BENEATH AB [ 1] Lithospheric cracking by remotely applied stresses or thermoelastic stresses has been suggested to be the mechanism responsible for the formation of intraplate volcanic ridges in the Pacific that clearly do not form above fixed hot spots. As part of the Gravity Lineations Intraplate Melting Petrology and Seismic Expedition ( GLIMPSE) project designed to investigate the origin of these features, we have mapped two volcanic chains that are actively forming to the west of the East Pacific Rise using multibeam echo sounding and side-scan sonar. Side-scan sonar reveals the distribution of rough seafloor corresponding to recent, unsedimented lava flows. In the Hotu Matua volcanic complex, recent flows and volcanic edifices are distributed over a region 450 km long and up to 65 km wide, with an apparent, irregular age progression from older flows in the west to younger in the east. The 550-km-long Southern Cross Seamount/ Sojourn Ridge/ Brown Ridge chain appears to have been recently active only at its eastern end near the East Pacific Rise. A third region of recent flows is found 120 km north of Southern Cross Seamount in seafloor approximately 9 Myr old. No indication of lithospheric extension in the form of faulting or graben formation paralleling the trend of the volcanic chains is found in the vicinity of recent flows or anywhere else in the study area. Thermoelastic cracking could be a factor in the formation of a few small, very narrow volcanic ridges, but most of the volcanic activity is broadly distributed in wide swaths with no indication of formation along narrow cracks. The Sojourn and Brown chains appear to begin as distributed zones of small seamounts that later develop into segmented ridges, perhaps under the influence of membrane stresses from self-loading. We suggest that the linear volcanic chains are created by moving melting anomalies in the asthenosphere and that lithospheric cracking plays at most a secondary role. C1 Brown Univ, Dept Geol Sci, Providence, RI 02912 USA. Oregon State Univ, Coll Ocean & Atmospher Sci, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. RP Forsyth, DW (reprint author), US Geol Survey, MS 989,345 Middlefield Rd, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. EM donald_forsyth@brown.edu RI Duncan, Robert/A-2168-2013 NR 48 TC 18 Z9 18 U1 1 U2 7 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0148-0227 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-SOL EA JI J. Geophys. Res.-Solid Earth PD NOV 25 PY 2006 VL 111 IS B11 AR B11407 DI 10.1029/2005JB004075 PG 19 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 110HY UT WOS:000242370300002 ER PT J AU Dean, WE Zheng, Y Ortiz, JD van Geen, A AF Dean, Walter E. Zheng, Yan Ortiz, Joseph D. van Geen, Alexander TI Sediment Cd and Mo accumulation in the oxygen-minimum zone off western Baja California linked to global climate over the past 52 kyr SO PALEOCEANOGRAPHY LA English DT Article ID SANTA-BARBARA BASIN; ORGANIC-CARBON PRESERVATION; NORTHEAST PACIFIC WATERS; CONTINENTAL-MARGIN; MARINE-SEDIMENTS; PRODUCTIVITY VARIATIONS; ENHANCED PRESERVATION; SUBOXIC SEDIMENTS; NITROGEN ISOTOPE; LATE PLEISTOCENE AB [ 1] Concentrations of organic carbon (orgC), cadmium (Cd), and molybdenum (Mo) were measured in two sediment cores raised from depths of 430 and 700 m within the oxygen-minimum zone (OMZ) off southern Baja California at a temporal resolution of similar to 0.5 kyr over the past 52 kyr. These records are supplemented with diffuse spectral reflectance (DSR) measurements obtained on board ship soon after collection at a resolution of similar to 0.05 kyr. In the core from 700 m depth, a component extracted from the DSR data and the three geochemical proxies generally vary in concert with each other and over a wide range ( 4 - 22% orgC; 1 - 40 mg/kg Cd; 5 120 mg/kg Mo). Intervals of increased orgC, Cd, and Mo accumulation generally correspond to warm periods recorded in the oxygen-isotopic composition of Greenland ice, with the exception of the Bolling/Allerod which is only weakly expressed off Baja California. Concentrations of the biogenic proxies are higher in the core from 430 m depth, but erratic sediment accumulation before 15 ka precludes dating of the older intervals that are laminated and contain elevated orgC, Cd, and Mo concentrations. The new data provide further evidence of an intimate teleconnection between global climate and the intensity of the OMZ and/or productivity along the western margin of North America. On the basis of a comparison with Cd and Mo records collected elsewhere in the region, we conclude that productivity may actually have varied off southern Baja California by no more than a factor of 2 over the past 52 kyr. C1 US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Denver, CO 80225 USA. CUNY Queens Coll, Sch Earth & Environm Sci, Flushing, NY 11367 USA. Columbia Univ, Lamont Doherty Earth Observ, Palisades, NY 10964 USA. Kent State Univ, Dept Geol, Kent, OH 44242 USA. RP Dean, WE (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Box 25046,MS 980, Denver, CO 80225 USA. EM avangeen@ldeo.columbia.edu RI Ortiz, Joseph/E-1144-2011 OI Ortiz, Joseph/0000-0002-6583-3850 NR 68 TC 34 Z9 36 U1 0 U2 5 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0883-8305 J9 PALEOCEANOGRAPHY JI Paleoceanography PD NOV 25 PY 2006 VL 21 IS 4 AR PA4209 DI 10.1029/2005PA001239 PG 13 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Oceanography; Paleontology SC Geology; Oceanography; Paleontology GA 110ID UT WOS:000242370800001 ER PT J AU Schupp, CA McNinch, JE List, JH AF Schupp, Courtney A. McNinch, Jesse E. List, Jeffrey H. TI Nearshore shore-oblique bars, gravel outcrops, and their correlation to shoreline change SO MARINE GEOLOGY LA English DT Article DE nearshore morphodynamics; North Carolina; sediment distribution; storm response; shore-oblique bars; shoreline variability ID INNER-CONTINENTAL-SHELF; RIPPLED SCOUR DEPRESSIONS; NORTH-CAROLINA; GEOLOGIC FRAMEWORK; WRIGHTSVILLE BEACH; SORTED BEDFORMS; TIDAL INLETS; OUTER BANKS; EVOLUTION; USA AB This study demonstrates the physical concurrence of shore-oblique bars and gravel outcrops in the surf zone along the northern Outer Banks of North Carolina. These subaqueous features are spatially correlated with shoreline change at a range of temporal and spatial scales. Previous studies have noted the existence of beach-surf zone interactions, but in general, relationships between nearshore geological features and coastal change are poorly understood. These new findings should be considered when exploring coastal zone dynamics and developing predictive engineering models. The surf zone and nearshore region of the Outer Banks is predominantly planar and sandy, but there are several discrete regions with shore-oblique bars and interspersed gravel outcrops. These bar fields have relief up to 3 in, are several kilometers wide, and were relatively stationary over a 1.5 year survey period; however, the shoreward component of the bar field does exhibit change during this time frame. All gravel outcrops observed in the study region, a 40 km longshore length, were located adjacent to a shore-oblique bar, in a trough that had width and length similar to that of the associated bar. Seismic surveys show that the outcrops are part of a gravel stratum underlying the active surface sand layer. Cross-correlation analyses demonstrate high correlation of monthly and multi-decadal shoreline change rates with the adjacent surf-zone bathymetry and sediment distribution. Regionally, areas with shore-oblique bars and gravel outcrops are correlated with on-shore areas of high short-term shoreline variability and high long-term shoreline change rates. The major peaks in long-term shoreline erosion are onshore of shore-oblique bars, but not all areas with high rates of long-term shoreline change are associated with sbore-oblique bars and troughs. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V All rights reserved. C1 Coll William & Mary, Virginia Inst Marine Sci, Gloucester Point, VA 23062 USA. Assateague Island Natl Seashore, Berlin, MD 21811 USA. US Geol Survey, Coastal & Marine Geol Program, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. RP McNinch, JE (reprint author), Coll William & Mary, Virginia Inst Marine Sci, 1208 Greate Rd, Gloucester Point, VA 23062 USA. EM Courtney_Schupp@nps.gov; mcninch@vims.edu; jlist@usgs.gov NR 64 TC 36 Z9 38 U1 0 U2 11 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0025-3227 J9 MAR GEOL JI Mar. Geol. PD NOV 23 PY 2006 VL 233 IS 1-4 BP 63 EP 79 DI 10.1016/j.margeo.2006.08.007 PG 17 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Oceanography SC Geology; Oceanography GA 109TS UT WOS:000242332300005 ER PT J AU Iverson, RM Dzurisin, D Gardner, CA Gerlach, TM LaHusen, RG Lisowski, M Major, JJ Malone, SD Messerich, JA Moran, SC Pallister, JS Qamar, AI Schilling, SP Vallance, JW AF Iverson, Richard M. Dzurisin, Daniel Gardner, Cynthia A. Gerlach, Terrence M. LaHusen, Richard G. Lisowski, Michael Major, Jon J. Malone, Stephen D. Messerich, James A. Moran, Seth C. Pallister, John S. Qamar, Anthony I. Schilling, Steven P. Vallance, James W. TI Dynamics of seismogenic volcanic extrusion at Mount St Helens in 2004-05 SO NATURE LA English DT Article ID ANDESITE VOLCANOS; MAGMATIC SYSTEM; ERUPTIONS; SEISMICITY; WASHINGTON; MODEL AB The 2004-05 eruption of Mount St Helens exhibited sustained, near-equilibrium behaviour characterized by relatively steady extrusion of a solid dacite plug and nearly periodic shallow earthquakes. Here we present a diverse data set to support our hypothesis that these earthquakes resulted from stick-slip motion along the margins of the plug as it was forced incrementally upwards by ascending, solidifying, gas-poor magma. We formalize this hypothesis with a dynamical model that reveals a strong analogy between behaviour of the magma-plug system and that of a variably damped oscillator. Modelled stick-slip oscillations have properties that help constrain the balance of forces governing the earthquakes and eruption, and they imply that magma pressure never deviated much from the steady equilibrium pressure. We infer that the volcano was probably poised in a near-eruptive equilibrium state long before the onset of the 2004-05 eruption. C1 US Geol Survey, Cascades Volcano Observ, Vancouver, WA 98683 USA. Univ Washington, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Lakewood, CO 80225 USA. RP Iverson, RM (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Cascades Volcano Observ, 1300 SE Cardinal Ct 100, Vancouver, WA 98683 USA. EM riverson@usgs.gov; dzurisin@usgs.gov; cgardner@usgs.gov OI Major, Jon/0000-0003-2449-4466 NR 29 TC 88 Z9 88 U1 0 U2 13 PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP PI LONDON PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND SN 0028-0836 J9 NATURE JI Nature PD NOV 23 PY 2006 VL 444 IS 7118 BP 439 EP 443 DI 10.1038/nature05322 PG 5 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 108BQ UT WOS:000242215700037 PM 17122849 ER PT J AU Tan, ZX Liu, SG Johnston, CA Liu, JX Tieszen, LL AF Tan, Zhengxi Liu, Shuguang Johnston, Carol A. Liu, Jinxun Tieszen, Larry L. TI Analysis of ecosystem controls on soil carbon source-sink relationships in the northwest Great Plains SO GLOBAL BIOGEOCHEMICAL CYCLES LA English DT Article ID LAND-USE CHANGE; ORGANIC-MATTER; IDENTIFYING ASSOCIATIONS; SITE VARIABLES; CLIMATE-CHANGE; UNITED-STATES; LONG-TERM; GRASSLAND; SEQUESTRATION; DYNAMICS AB [1] Our ability to forecast the role of ecosystem processes in mitigating global greenhouse effects relies on understanding the driving forces on terrestrial C dynamics. This study evaluated the controls on soil organic C (SOC) changes from 1973 to 2000 in the northwest Great Plains. SOC source-sink relationships were quantified using the General Ensemble Biogeochemical Modeling System ( GEMS) based on 40 randomly located 10 x 10 km(2) sample blocks. These sample blocks were aggregated into cropland, grassland, and forestland groups based on land cover composition within each sample block. Canonical correlation analysis indicated that SOC source- sink relationship from 1973 to 2000 was significantly related to the land cover type while the change rates mainly depended on the baseline SOC level and annual precipitation. Of all selected driving factors, the baseline SOC and nitrogen levels controlled the SOC change rates for the forestland and cropland groups, while annual precipitation determined the C source- sink relationship for the grassland group in which noticeable SOC sink strength was attributed to the conversion from cropped area to grass cover. Canonical correlation analysis also showed that grassland ecosystems are more complicated than others in the ecoregion, which may be difficult to identify on a field scale. Current model simulations need further adjustments to the model input variables for the grass cover-dominated ecosystems in the ecoregion. C1 USGS Ctr Earth Resources Observ & Sci, SAIC, Sioux Falls, SD 57198 USA. S Dakota Ctr Biocomplex Studies, Brookings, SD 57007 USA. RP Tan, ZX (reprint author), USGS Ctr Earth Resources Observ & Sci, SAIC, Sioux Falls, SD 57198 USA. EM ztan@usgs.gov OI Tan, Zhengxi/0000-0002-4136-0921; Johnston, Carol/0000-0002-9663-5048 NR 33 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 11 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0886-6236 J9 GLOBAL BIOGEOCHEM CY JI Glob. Biogeochem. Cycle PD NOV 22 PY 2006 VL 20 IS 4 AR GB4012 DI 10.1029/2005GB002610 PG 9 WC Environmental Sciences; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Geology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 110HE UT WOS:000242368300001 ER PT J AU Arvidson, RE Poulet, F Morris, RV Bibring, JP Bell, JF Squyres, SW Christensen, PR Bellucci, G Gondet, B Ehlmann, BL Farrand, WH Fergason, RL Golombek, M Griffes, JL Grotzinger, J Guinness, EA Herkenhoff, KE Johnson, JR Klingelhofer, G Langevin, Y Ming, D Seelos, K Sullivan, RJ Ward, JG Wiseman, SM Wolff, M AF Arvidson, R. E. Poulet, F. Morris, R. V. Bibring, J. -P. Bell, J. F., III Squyres, S. W. Christensen, P. R. Bellucci, G. Gondet, B. Ehlmann, B. L. Farrand, W. H. Fergason, R. L. Golombek, M. Griffes, J. L. Grotzinger, J. Guinness, E. A. Herkenhoff, K. E. Johnson, J. R. Klingelhoefer, G. Langevin, Y. Ming, D. Seelos, K. Sullivan, R. J. Ward, J. G. Wiseman, S. M. Wolff, M. TI Nature and origin of the hematite-bearing plains of Terra Meridiani based on analyses of orbital and Mars Exploration rover data sets SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-PLANETS LA English DT Article ID THERMAL EMISSION SPECTROMETER; OPPORTUNITY ROVER; MOSSBAUER SPECTROMETER; SPECTRAL REFLECTANCE; SURFACE-COMPOSITION; MINERAL MIXTURES; ODYSSEY MISSION; BURNS FORMATION; LANDING SITE; MINI-TES AB The similar to 5 km of traverses and observations completed by the Opportunity rover from Endurance crater to the Fruitbasket outcrop show that the Meridiani plains consist of sulfate-rich sedimentary rocks that are largely covered by poorly-sorted basaltic aeolian sands and a lag of granule-sized hematitic concretions. Orbital reflectance spectra obtained by Mars Express OMEGA over this region are dominated by pyroxene, plagioclase feldspar, crystalline hematite (i.e., concretions), and nano-phase iron oxide dust signatures, consistent with Pancam and Mini-TES observations. Mossbauer Spectrometer observations indicate more olivine than observed with the other instruments, consistent with preferential optical obscuration of olivine features in mixtures with pyroxene and dust. Orbital data covering bright plains located several kilometers to the south of the landing site expose a smaller areal abundance of hematite, more dust, and a larger areal extent of outcrop compared to plains proximal to the landing site. Low-albedo, low-thermal-inertia, windswept plains located several hundred kilometers to the south of the landing site are predicted from OMEGA data to have more hematite and fine-grained olivine grains exposed as compared to the landing site. Low calcium pyroxene dominates spectral signatures from the cratered highlands to the south of Opportunity. A regional-scale model is presented for the formation of the plains explored by Opportunity, based on a rising ground water table late in the Noachian Era that trapped and altered local materials and aeolian basaltic sands. Cessation of this aqueous process led to dominance of aeolian processes and formation of the current configuration of the plains. C1 Washington Univ, Dept Earth & Planetary Sci, St Louis, MO 63130 USA. Univ Paris 11, Inst Astrophys Spatiale, F-91405 Orsay, France. NASA, Lyndon B Johnson Space Ctr, Houston, TX 77058 USA. Cornell Univ, Dept Astron, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. Arizona State Univ, Dept Geol Sci, Tempe, AZ 85287 USA. Ist Nazl Astrofis, Ist Fis Spazio Interplanetario, I-00133 Rome, Italy. Univ Oxford, Sch Geog & Environm, Oxford OX1 3QY, England. Space Sci Inst, Boulder, CO 80301 USA. Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. CALTECH, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. US Geol Survey, Flagstaff, AZ 86001 USA. Johannes Gutenberg Univ Mainz, Inst Anorgan & Analyt Chem, D-55128 Mainz, Germany. RP Arvidson, RE (reprint author), Washington Univ, Dept Earth & Planetary Sci, Campus Box 1167,1 Brookngs Dr, St Louis, MO 63130 USA. EM arvidson@wunder.wustl.edu RI Seelos, Kimberly/F-4647-2015; Johnson, Jeffrey/F-3972-2015; OI Seelos, Kimberly/0000-0001-7236-0580; Bellucci, Giancarlo/0000-0003-0867-8679 NR 65 TC 99 Z9 100 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-9097 EI 2169-9100 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-PLANET JI J. Geophys. Res.-Planets PD NOV 22 PY 2006 VL 111 IS E12 AR E12S08 DI 10.1029/2006JE002728 PG 19 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 110HU UT WOS:000242369900001 ER PT J AU Cisneros-Heredia, DF Mcdiarmid, RW AF Cisneros-Heredia, Diego F. Mcdiarmid, Roy W. TI Review of the taxonomy and conservation status of the Ecuadorian Glassfrog Centrolenella puyoensis Flores & McDiarmid (Amphibia : Anura : Centrolenidae) SO ZOOTAXA LA English DT Article DE Cochranella puyoensis n. comb.; distributional range; conservation status; Ecuador ID BIOGEOGRAPHY AB The Glassfrog Centrolenella puyoensis Flores & McDiarmid is a taxon known only from the female holotype, and recently placed in the genus Centrolene due to its supposed close relationship with Centrolene mariae (Duellman & Toft). Herein we report new material of puyoensis, including adult male specimens previously unknown. We propose the new combination Cochranella puyoensis (Flores & McDiarmid) n. comb., in recognition of the state of the humeral crista ventralis in males of this species, which lack a humeral spine. The hypothesis of relationships between three species, including puyoensis, proposed as the mariae species-group is questioned as it was based on phenetic rather than derived characters. We present new data that extend the distributional range of Cochranella puyoensis, and define its range along the Foothill Evergreen forests from 400 m to 1000 m above sea level in the provinces of Napo, Orellana, and Pastaza. New data presented herein also permit a re-evaluation of the conservation status of the species, previously classified under the IUCN category of Critically Endangered. We recommend that Cochranella puyoensis be reclassified as "Endangered": EN B1ab(i, ii, iii)+ 2ab(i, ii, iii); based on a better understanding of the presence of the species, its occupancy area, number of known localities, and habitat quality status. C1 Univ San Francisco Quito, Coll Biol & Environm Sci, Quito, Ecuador. Smithsonian Inst, Museum Natl Hist Nat, Res Training Program, Washington, DC 20560 USA. US Geol Survey, Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, Museum Natl Hist Nat, Washington, DC 20013 USA. RP Cisneros-Heredia, DF (reprint author), Univ San Francisco Quito, Coll Biol & Environm Sci, Cailla Postal 17, Quito, Ecuador. EM diegofrancisco@cisneros-heredia.org; mcdiarmr@si.edu RI Cisneros-Heredia, Diego/D-1744-2011 OI Cisneros-Heredia, Diego/0000-0002-6132-2738 NR 27 TC 8 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 0 PU MAGNOLIA PRESS PI AUCKLAND PA PO BOX 41383, AUCKLAND, ST LUKES 1030, NEW ZEALAND SN 1175-5326 EI 1175-5334 J9 ZOOTAXA JI Zootaxa PD NOV 20 PY 2006 IS 1361 BP 21 EP 31 PG 11 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA 108CS UT WOS:000242218500002 ER PT J AU Yanites, BJ Webb, RH Griffiths, PG Magirl, CS AF Yanites, Brian J. Webb, Robert H. Griffiths, Peter G. Magirl, Christopher S. TI Debris flow deposition and reworking by the Colorado River in Grand Canyon, Arizona SO WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID DIGITAL PHOTOGRAMMETRY; EROSION THRESHOLDS; GREEN RIVER; FLOODS; ENTRAINMENT; SENSITIVITY; MAGNITUDE; MOUNTAINS; TRANSPORT; FANS AB [1] Flow regulation by large dams affects downstream flow competence and channel maintenance. Debris flows from 740 tributaries in Grand Canyon, Arizona, transport coarse-grained sediment onto debris fans adjacent to the Colorado River. These debris fans constrict the river to form rapids and are reworked during river flows that entrain particles and transport them downstream. Beginning in 1963, flood control operations of Glen Canyon Dam limited the potential for reworking of aggraded debris fans. We analyzed change in debris fans at the mouths of 75-Mile and Monument Creeks using photogrammetry of aerial photography taken from 1965 to 2000 and supplemented with ground surveys performed from 1987 to 2005. Our results quantify the debris fan aggradation that resulted from debris flows from 1984 to 2003. Volume, area, and river constriction increased at both debris fans. Profiles of the two debris fans show that net aggradation occurred in the middle of debris fans at stages above maximum dam releases, and surface shape shifted from concave to convex. Dam releases above power plant capacity partially reworked both debris fans, although reworking removed much less sediment than what was added by debris flow deposition. Large dam releases would be required to create additional reworking to limit the rate of debris fan aggradation in Grand Canyon. C1 Univ Colorado, Dept Geol Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. US Geol Survey, Tucson, AZ 85719 USA. RP Yanites, BJ (reprint author), Univ Colorado, Dept Geol Sci, Campus Box 399,2200 Colorado Ave, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. EM brian.yanites@colorado.edu RI Yanites, Brian/B-5632-2012; OI Magirl, Christopher/0000-0002-9922-6549 NR 46 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 10 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0043-1397 J9 WATER RESOUR RES JI Water Resour. Res. PD NOV 18 PY 2006 VL 42 IS 11 AR W11411 DI 10.1029/2005WR004847 PG 16 WC Environmental Sciences; Limnology; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Water Resources GA 107OG UT WOS:000242180300003 ER PT J AU Nyst, M Nishimura, T Pollitz, FF Thatcher, W AF Nyst, M. Nishimura, T. Pollitz, F. F. Thatcher, W. TI The 1923 Kanto earthquake reevaluated using a newly augmented geodetic data set SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SOLID EARTH LA English DT Article ID JAPAN TRIPLE JUNCTION; LOCAL STRONG MOTIONS; CRUSTAL DEFORMATION; TRIANGULATION DATA; BOSO PENINSULA; TENSILE FAULTS; TOKAI DISTRICT; HALF-SPACE; MS 8.2; PLATE AB [ 1] This study revisits the mechanism of the 1923 M(s) = 7.9 Kanto earthquake in Japan. We derive a new source model and use it to assess quantitative and qualitative aspects of the accommodation of plate motion in the Kanto region. We use a new geodetic data set that consists of displacements from leveling and angle changes from triangulation measurements obtained in surveys between 1883 and 1927. Two unique aspects of our analysis are the inclusion of a large number of second-order triangulation measurements and the application of a correction to remove interseismic deformation. The geometry of the fault planes is adopted from a recent seismic reflection study of the Kanto region. We evaluate the minimum complexity necessary in the model to fit the data optimally. Our final uniform-slip elastic dislocation model consists of two adjacent approximate to 20 degrees dipping low-angle planes accommodating reverse dextral slip of 6.0 m on the larger, eastern plane and 9.5 m on the smaller, western plane with azimuths of 163 degrees and 121 degrees, respectively. The earthquake was located in the Sagami trough, where the Philippine Sea plate subducts under Honshu. Compared to the highly oblique angle of plate convergence, the coseismic slip on the large fault plane has a more orthogonal orientation to the strike of the plate boundary, suggesting that slip partitioning plays a role in accommodation of plate motion. What other structure is involved in the partitioning is unclear. Uplift records of marine coastal terraces in Sagami Bay document 7500 years of earthquake activity and predict average recurrence intervals of 400 years for events with vertical displacement profiles similar to those of the 1923 earthquake. This means that the average slip deficit per recurrence interval is similar to 50% of the relative plate convergence. These findings of plate motion partitioning and slip deficit lead us to suggest that instead of a simple recurrence model with characteristic earthquakes, additional mechanisms are necessary to describe the accommodation of deformation in the Kanto region. So far, obvious candidates for these alternative mechanisms have not been discovered. C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. Minist Construct, Geog Survey Inst, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305, Japan. RP Nyst, M (reprint author), Risk Management Solut Inc, 7015 Gateway Blvd, Newark, CA 94560 USA. EM mnyst@rms.com RI Nishimura, Takuya/G-2789-2013 NR 57 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0148-0227 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-SOL EA JI J. Geophys. Res.-Solid Earth PD NOV 17 PY 2006 VL 111 IS B11 AR B11306 DI 10.1029/2005JB003628 PG 16 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 107NL UT WOS:000242178200001 ER PT J AU Randerson, JT Liu, H Flanner, MG Chambers, SD Jin, Y Hess, PG Pfister, G Mack, MC Treseder, KK Welp, LR Chapin, FS Harden, JW Goulden, ML Lyons, E Neff, JC Schuur, EAG Zender, CS AF Randerson, J. T. Liu, H. Flanner, M. G. Chambers, S. D. Jin, Y. Hess, P. G. Pfister, G. Mack, M. C. Treseder, K. K. Welp, L. R. Chapin, F. S. Harden, J. W. Goulden, M. L. Lyons, E. Neff, J. C. Schuur, E. A. G. Zender, C. S. TI The impact of boreal forest fire on climate warming SO SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID GREENHOUSE GASES; GLOBAL CLIMATE; ALBEDO; AEROSOLS; SNOW; ATMOSPHERE; VEGETATION; MODEL AB We report measurements and analysis of a boreal forest fire, integrating the effects of greenhouse gases, aerosols, black carbon deposition on snow and sea ice, and postfire changes in surface albedo. The net effect of all agents was to increase radiative forcing during the first year ( 34 +/- 31 Watts per square meter of burned area), but to decrease radiative forcing when averaged over an 80-year fire cycle (- 2.3 +/- 2.2 Watts per square meter) because multidecadal increases in surface albedo had a larger impact than fire-emitted greenhouse gases. This result implies that future increases in boreal fire may not accelerate climate warming. C1 Univ Calif Irvine, Dept Earth Syst Sci, Irvine, CA 92697 USA. Jackson State Univ, Dept Phys Atmospher Sci & Gen Sci, Jackson, MS 39217 USA. Australian Nucl Sci & Technol Org, Environm Div, Menai, NSW 2234, Australia. Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Div Atmospher Chem, Boulder, CO 80301 USA. Univ Florida, Dept Bot, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. CALTECH, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. Univ Alaska, Inst Arctic Biol, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA. US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. Univ Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Randerson, JT (reprint author), Univ Calif Irvine, Dept Earth Syst Sci, Irvine, CA 92697 USA. EM jranders@uci.edu RI Pfister, Gabriele/A-9349-2008; Flanner, Mark/C-6139-2011; Neff, Jason/A-1211-2012; Zender, Charles/D-4485-2012; Treseder, Kathleen/E-5148-2011; Hess, Peter/M-3145-2015; OI Flanner, Mark/0000-0003-4012-174X; Zender, Charles/0000-0003-0129-8024; Hess, Peter/0000-0003-2439-3796; Chapin III, F Stuart/0000-0002-2558-9910; NEFF, JASON/0000-0002-8290-1472 NR 33 TC 332 Z9 338 U1 12 U2 143 PU AMER ASSOC ADVANCEMENT SCIENCE PI WASHINGTON PA 1200 NEW YORK AVE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 USA SN 0036-8075 EI 1095-9203 J9 SCIENCE JI Science PD NOV 17 PY 2006 VL 314 IS 5802 BP 1130 EP 1132 DI 10.1126/science.1132075 PG 3 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 105PW UT WOS:000242045800040 PM 17110574 ER PT J AU Moisen, GG Edwards, TC Osborne, PE AF Moisen, Gretchen G. Edwards, Thomas C., Jr. Osborne, Patrick E. TI Further advances in predicting species distributions SO ECOLOGICAL MODELLING LA English DT Editorial Material ID MODELS; ORDINATION C1 USDA Forest Serv, Rocky Mt Res Stn, Ogden, UT 84401 USA. Utah State Univ, USGS Utah Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Coll Nat Resources, Logan, UT 84322 USA. Univ Southampton, Ctr Environm Sci, Sch Civil Engn & Environm, Southampton SO17 1BJ, Hants, England. RP Moisen, GG (reprint author), USDA Forest Serv, Rocky Mt Res Stn, 507 25th St, Ogden, UT 84401 USA. EM gmoisen@fs.fed.us NR 22 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 3 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0304-3800 J9 ECOL MODEL JI Ecol. Model. PD NOV 16 PY 2006 VL 199 IS 2 BP 129 EP 131 DI 10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2006.05.015 PG 3 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 104XV UT WOS:000241994800001 ER PT J AU Edwards, TC Cutler, DR Zimmermann, NE Geiser, L Moisen, GG AF Edwards, Thomas C., Jr. Cutler, D. Richard Zimmermann, Niklaus E. Geiser, Linda Moisen, Gretchen G. TI Effects of sample survey design on the accuracy of classification tree models in species distribution models SO ECOLOGICAL MODELLING LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 2nd Workshop on Advances in Predictive Species Distribution Models CY 2004 CL Riederalp, SWITZERLAND DE model accuracy; sample survey; study design; classification trees; lichens; accuracy assessment; probability samples; non-probability samples ID GENERALIZED ADDITIVE-MODELS; NEW-SOUTH-WALES; NATURAL-RESOURCES; SIERRA-NEVADA; HABITAT; RARE; CONSERVATION; INFORMATION; CALIFORNIA; INFERENCE AB We evaluated the effects of probabilistic (hereafter DESIGN) and non-probabilistic (PURPOSIVE) sample surveys on resultant classification tree models for predicting the presence of four lichen species in the Pacific Northwest, USA. Models derived from both survey forms were assessed using an independent data set (EVALUATION). Measures of accuracy as gauged by resubstitution rates were similar for each lichen species irrespective of the underlying sample survey form. Cross-validation estimates of prediction accuracies were lower than resubstitution accuracies for all species and both design types, and in all cases were closer to the true prediction accuracies based on the EVALUATION data set. We argue that greater emphasis should be placed on calculating and reporting cross-validation accuracy rates rather than simple resubstitution accuracy rates. Evaluation of the DESIGN and PURPOSIVE tree models on the EVALUATION data set shows significantly lower prediction accuracy for the PURPOSIVE tree models relative to the DESIGN models, indicating that non-probabilistic sample surveys may generate models with limited predictive capability. These differences were consistent across all four lichen species, with 11 of the 12 possible species and sample survey type comparisons having significantly lower accuracy rates. Some differences in accuracy were as large as 50%. The classification tree structures also differed considerably both among and within the modelled species, depending on the sample survey form. Overlap in the predictor variables selected by the DESIGN and PURPOSIVE tree models ranged from only 20% to 38%, indicating the classification trees fit the two evaluated survey forms on different sets of predictor variables. The magnitude of these differences in predictor variables throws doubt on ecological interpretation derived from prediction models based on non-probabilistic sample surveys. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Utah State Univ, USGS Utah Cooperat Res Unit, Coll Nat Resources, Logan, UT 84322 USA. Utah State Univ, Dept Math & Stat, Logan, UT 84322 USA. Swiss Fed Res Inst WSL, Dept Landscape Res, CH-8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerland. USDA Forest Serv, Siuslaw Natl Forest, Corvallis, OR 97339 USA. USDA Forest Serv, Rocky Mt Res Stn, Ogden, UT 84401 USA. RP Edwards, TC (reprint author), Utah State Univ, USGS Utah Cooperat Res Unit, Coll Nat Resources, 5290 Old Main Hill, Logan, UT 84322 USA. EM tce@nr.usu.edu RI Zimmermann, Niklaus/A-4276-2008 OI Zimmermann, Niklaus/0000-0003-3099-9604 NR 48 TC 57 Z9 59 U1 0 U2 14 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0304-3800 J9 ECOL MODEL JI Ecol. Model. PD NOV 16 PY 2006 VL 199 IS 2 BP 132 EP 141 DI 10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2006.05.016 PG 10 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 104XV UT WOS:000241994800002 ER PT J AU Moisen, GG Freeman, EA Blackard, JA Frescino, TS Zimmermann, NE Edwards, TC AF Moisen, Gretchen G. Freeman, Elizabeth A. Blackard, Jock A. Frescino, Tracey S. Zimmermann, Niklaus E. Edwards, Thomas C., Jr. TI Predicting tree species presence and basal area in Utah: A comparison of stochastic gradient boosting, generalized additive models, and tree-based methods SO ECOLOGICAL MODELLING LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 2nd Workshop on Advances in Predictive Species Distribution Models CY 2004 CL Riederalp, SWITZERLAND DE species presence; predictive mapping; forest inventory; GAMs; classification trees; regression trees; See5; Cubist; stochastic gradient boosting ID LAND-COVER CLASSIFICATION; THEMATIC MAPPER DATA; REMOTELY-SENSED DATA; SPATIAL PREDICTION; REGRESSION TREE; LINEAR-MODELS; UNITED-STATES; PLANT ECOLOGY; FOREST; DISTRIBUTIONS AB Many efforts are underway to produce broad-scale forest attribute maps by modelling forest class and structure variables collected in forest inventories as functions of satellite-based and biophysical information. Typically, variants of classification and regression trees implemented in Rulequest's (c) See5 and Cubist (for binary and continuous responses, respectively) are the tools of choice in many of these applications. These tools are widely used in large remote sensing applications, but are not easily interpretable, do not have ties with survey estimation methods, and use proprietary unpublished algorithms. Consequently, three alternative modelling techniques were compared for mapping presence and basal area of 13 species located in the mountain ranges of Utah, USA. The modelling techniques compared included the widely used See5/Cubist, generalized additive models (GAMs), and stochastic gradient boosting (SGB). Model performance was evaluated using independent test data sets. Evaluation criteria for mapping species presence included specificity, sensitivity, Kappa, and area under the curve (AUC). Evaluation criteria for the continuous basal area variables included correlation and relative mean squared error. For predicting species presence (setting thresholds to maximize Kappa), SGB had higher values for the majority of the species for specificity and Kappa, while GAMs had higher values for the majority of the species for sensitivity. In evaluating resultant AUC values, GAM and/or SGB models had significantly better results than the See5 models where significant differences could be detected between models. For nine out of 13 species, basal area prediction results for all modelling techniques were poor (correlations less than 0.5 and relative mean squared errors greater than 0.8), but SGB provided the most stable predictions in these instances. SGB and Cubist performed equally well for modelling basal area for three species with moderate prediction success, while all three modelling tools produced comparably good predictions (correlation of 0.68 and relative mean squared error of 0.56) for one species. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 USDA Forest Serv, Rocky Mt Res Stn, Ogden, UT 84401 USA. Swiss Fed Res Inst WSL, Dept Landscape Res, CH-8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerland. Utah State Univ, USGS Utah Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Coll Nat Resources, Logan, UT 84322 USA. RP Moisen, GG (reprint author), USDA Forest Serv, Rocky Mt Res Stn, 507 25th St, Ogden, UT 84401 USA. EM gmoisen@fs.fed.us RI anzhi, yue/A-8609-2012; Zimmermann, Niklaus/A-4276-2008 OI Zimmermann, Niklaus/0000-0003-3099-9604 NR 68 TC 92 Z9 99 U1 4 U2 31 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0304-3800 EI 1872-7026 J9 ECOL MODEL JI Ecol. Model. PD NOV 16 PY 2006 VL 199 IS 2 BP 176 EP 187 DI 10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2006.05.021 PG 12 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 104XV UT WOS:000241994800006 ER PT J AU Rao, VV Sain, K Reddy, PR Mooney, WD AF Rao, V. Vijaya Sain, Kalachand Reddy, P. R. Mooney, Walter D. TI Crustal structure and tectonics of the northern part of the Southern Granulite Terrane, India SO EARTH AND PLANETARY SCIENCE LETTERS LA English DT Article DE granulite facies metamorphism; collision fabric; subduction; shear zone; suture; seismic reflection ID SEISMIC-REFLECTION PROFILES; KAPUSKASING UPLIFT; VELOCITY STRUCTURE; CONTINENTAL-CRUST; SUPERIOR PROVINCE; TRANSITION ZONE; DHARWAR CRATON; ARCHEAN CRUST; ND ISOTOPES; TAMIL-NADU AB Deep seismic reflection studies investigating the exposed Archean lower continental crust of the Southern Granulite Terrane, India, yield important constraints on the nature and evolution of the deep crust, including the formation and exhumation of granulites. Seismic reflection images along the Kuppam-Bhavani profile reveal a band of reflections that dip southward from 10.5 to 15.0 s two-way-time (TWT), across a distance of 50 km. The bottom of these reflections beneath the Dharwar craton is interpreted as the Moho. Further south, another reflection band dipping northward is observed. These bands of reflectivity constitute a divergent reflection fabric that converges at the Moho boundary observed at the Mettur shear zone. Reflection fabrics that intersect at a steep angle are interpreted as a collisional signature due to the convergence of crustal blocks, which we infer resulted in crustal thickening and the formation of granulites. Anomalous gravity and magnetic signatures are also observed across the Mettur shear zone. The gravity model derived from the Bouguer gravity data corroborates seismic results. The tectonic regime and seismic reflection profiles are combined in a 3-D representation that illustrates our evidence for palco-subduction at a collision zone. The structural dissimilarities and geophysical anomalies suggest that the Mettur shear zone is a suture between the Dharwar craton in the north and another crustal block in the south. This study contributes significantly to our understanding of the operation of Archean plate tectonics, here inferred to involve collision and subduction. Furthermore, it provides an important link between the Gondwanaland and global granulite evolution occurring throughout the late Archean. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Natl Geophys Res Inst, Hyderabad 500007, Andhra Pradesh, India. US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. RP Mooney, WD (reprint author), Natl Geophys Res Inst, Uppal Rd, Hyderabad 500007, Andhra Pradesh, India. EM mooney@usgs.gov NR 49 TC 28 Z9 28 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0012-821X EI 1385-013X J9 EARTH PLANET SC LETT JI Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. PD NOV 15 PY 2006 VL 251 IS 1-2 BP 90 EP 103 DI 10.1016/j.epsl.2006.08.029 PG 14 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 109HJ UT WOS:000242298500008 ER PT J AU Van Metre, PC Horowitz, AJ Mahler, BJ Foreman, WT Fuller, CC Burkhardt, MR Elrick, KA Furlong, ET Skrobialowski, SC Smith, JJ Wilson, JT Zaugg, SD AF Van Metre, Peter C. Horowitz, Arthur J. Mahler, Barbara J. Foreman, William T. Fuller, Christopher C. Burkhardt, Mark R. Elrick, Kent A. Furlong, Edward T. Skrobialowski, Stanley C. Smith, James J. Wilson, Jennifer T. Zaugg, Stephen D. TI Effects of Hurricanes Katrina and Rita on the chemistry of bottom sediments in Lake Pontchartrain, Louisiana, USA SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID HYDROPHOBIC ORGANIC CONTAMINANTS; SUSPENDED SEDIMENT; UNITED-STATES; NEW-ORLEANS; URBAN; RIVER; METALS; GEOCHEMISTRY; FLUXES; TRENDS AB The effects of Hurricanes Katrina and Rita and the subsequent unwatering of New Orleans, Louisiana, on the sediment chemistry of Lake Pontchartrain were evaluated by chemical analysis of samples of street mud and suspended and bottom sediments. The highest concentrations of urban-related elements and compounds (e.g., Pb, Zn, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, and chlordane) in bottom sediments exceeded median concentrations in U. S. urban lakes and sediment-quality guidelines. The extent of the elevated concentrations was limited, however, to within a few hundred meters of the mouth of the 17th Street Canal, similar to results of historical assessments. Chemical and radionuclide analysis of pre- and post-Hurricane Rita samples indicates that remobilization of near-shore sediment by lake currents and storms is an ongoing process. The effects of Hurricanes Katrina and Rita on the sediment chemistry of Lake Pontchartrain are limited spatially and are most likely transitory. C1 US Geol Survey, Austin, TX USA. US Geol Survey, Atlanta, GA USA. US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Lakewood, CO 80225 USA. US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. US Geol Survey, Baton Rouge, LA USA. RP Van Metre, PC (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 8027 Exchange Dr, Austin, TX USA. EM pcvanmet@usgs.gov RI Furlong, Edward/C-3999-2011; OI Furlong, Edward/0000-0002-7305-4603; Fuller, Christopher/0000-0002-2354-8074; Wilson, Jennifer/0000-0003-4481-6354; Mahler, Barbara/0000-0002-9150-9552; Van Metre, Peter/0000-0001-7564-9814 NR 38 TC 17 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 5 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0013-936X J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD NOV 15 PY 2006 VL 40 IS 22 BP 6894 EP 6902 DI 10.1021/es060933g PG 9 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 104FJ UT WOS:000241941700008 PM 17153992 ER PT J AU Su, YH Zhu, YG Sheng, G Chiou, CT AF Su, Yu-Hong Zhu, Yong-Guan Sheng, Guangyao Chiou, Cary T. TI Linear adsorption of nonionic organic compounds from water onto hydrophilic minerals: Silica and alumina SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID CLAY-MINERALS; SORPTION; SEDIMENTS; SURFACES; SOILS; THERMODYNAMICS; PESTICIDES; EQUILIBRIA; POLAR; MODEL AB To characterize the linear adsorption phenomena in aqueous nonionic organic solute-mineral systems, the adsorption isotherms of some low-molecular-weight nonpolar nonionic solutes (1,2,3-trichlorobenzene, lindane, phenanthrene, and pyrene) and polar nonionic solutes (1,3-dinitrobenzene and 2,4-dinitrotoluene) from single- and binary-solute solutions on hydrophilic silica and alumina were established. Toward this objective, the influences of temperature, ionic strength, and pH on adsorption were also determined. It is found that linear adsorption exhibits low exothermic heats and practically no adsorptive competition. The solute-solid configuration and the adsorptive force consistent with these effects were hypothesized. For nonpolar solutes, the adsorption occurs presumably by London (dispersion) forces onto a water film above the mineral surface. For polar solutes, the adsorption is also assisted by polar-group interactions. The reduced adsorptive forces of solutes with hydrophilic minerals due to physical separation by the water film and the low fractions of the water-film surface covered by solutes offer a theoretical basis for linear solute adsorption, low exothermic heats, and no adsorptive competition. The postulated adsorptive forces are supported by observations that ionic strength or pH poses no effect on the adsorption of nonpolar solutes while it exhibits a significant effect on the uptake of polar solutes. C1 US Geol Survey, Fed Ctr, Denver, CO 80225 USA. Chinese Acad Sci, Res Ctr Ecoenvironm Sci, Beijing 100085, Peoples R China. Xinjiang Univ, Dept Chem, Xinjiang 830046, Peoples R China. Univ Arkansas, Dept Crop Soil & Environm Sci, Fayetteville, AR 72701 USA. Natl Cheng Kung Univ, Dept Environm Engn, Tainan 70101, Taiwan. Natl Cheng Kung Univ, Sustainable Environm Res Ctr, Tainan 70101, Taiwan. RP Chiou, CT (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Fed Ctr, Box 25046,MS 408, Denver, CO 80225 USA. EM carychio@ncku.edu.tw RI Zhu, Yong-Guan/A-1412-2009; Chiou, Cary/C-3203-2013 OI Zhu, Yong-Guan/0000-0003-3861-8482; NR 33 TC 31 Z9 39 U1 2 U2 46 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0013-936X J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD NOV 15 PY 2006 VL 40 IS 22 BP 6949 EP 6954 DI 10.1021/es0609809 PG 6 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 104FJ UT WOS:000241941700016 PM 17154000 ER PT J AU Rosenberry, DO Glaser, PH Siegel, DI AF Rosenberry, Donald O. Glaser, Paul H. Siegel, Donald I. TI The hydrology of northern peatlands as affected by biogenic gas: current developments and research needs SO HYDROLOGICAL PROCESSES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 31st Annual Meeting of the Hydrology Section of the Canadian-Geophysical-Union CY MAY 08-10, 2005 CL Banff, CANADA SP Canadian Geophys Union, Hydrol Sect DE peatlands; methane; carbon dioxide; ebullition; hydrology ID CANADIAN WETLAND HYDROLOGY; DISSOLVED ORGANIC-CARBON; LOST RIVER PEATLAND; HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY; MINNESOTA PEATLANDS; METHANE PRODUCTION; GROUNDWATER-FLOW; OMBROTROPHIC BOG; CLIMATIC-CHANGE; ENTRAPPED AIR AB Recent research indicates that accumulation and release of biogenic gas from northern peatlands may substantially affect future climate. Sudden release of free-phase gas bubbles into the atmosphere may preclude the conversion of methane to carbon dioxide in the uppermost oxic layer of the peat, resulting in greater contribution of methane to the atmosphere than is currently estimated. The hydrology of these peatlands also affects and is affected by this process, especially when gas is released suddenly and episodically. Indirect hydrological evidence indicates that ebullitive gas releases are relatively frequent in some peatlands and time-averaged rates may be significantly greater than diffusive releases. Estimates of free-phase gas contained in peat have ranged from 0 to nearly 20% of the peat volume. Abrupt changes in the volume of gas may alter hydraulic gradients and movement of water and solutes in peat, which in turn could alter composition and fluxes of the gas. Peat surfaces also move vertically and horizontally in response to accumulation and release of free-phase gas. Future research should address the distribution, temporal variability, and relative significance of ebullition in peatlands and the consequent hydrological responses to these gas-emission events. Copyright (c) 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. C1 US Geol Survey, Lakewood, CO 80225 USA. Univ Minnesota, Dept Geol & Geophys, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA. Syracuse Univ, Dept Earth Sci, Syracuse, NY 13244 USA. RP Rosenberry, DO (reprint author), US Geol Survey, MS 413,Bldg 53,DFC, Lakewood, CO 80225 USA. EM rosenber@usgs.gov RI Rosenberry, Donald/C-2241-2013; OI Rosenberry, Donald/0000-0003-0681-5641 NR 72 TC 46 Z9 46 U1 1 U2 12 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 0885-6087 J9 HYDROL PROCESS JI Hydrol. Process. PD NOV 15 PY 2006 VL 20 IS 17 BP 3601 EP 3610 DI 10.1002/hyp.6377 PG 10 WC Water Resources SC Water Resources GA 108ER UT WOS:000242223600003 ER PT J AU Long, AJ Putnam, LD AF Long, Andrew J. Putnam, Larry D. TI Translating CFC-based piston ages into probability density functions of ground-water age in karst SO JOURNAL OF HYDROLOGY LA English DT Article DE karst aquifer; carbonate aquifer; age dating; age distributions; chlorofluorocarbons; CFC; ground-water tracers; probability density functions ID ENVIRONMENTAL TRACERS; SHALLOW GROUNDWATER; MATRIX DIFFUSION; BLACK-HILLS; CHLOROFLUOROCARBONS; FLOW; AQUIFER; SYSTEMS; MODELS; TIME AB Temporal age distributions are equivalent to probability density functions (PDFs) of transit time. The type and shape of a PDF provides important information related to groundwater mixing at the well or spring and the complex nature of flow networks in karst aquifers. Chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) concentrations measured for samples from 12 locations in the karstic Madison aquifer were used to evaluate the suitability of various PDF types for this aquifer. Parameters of PDFs could not be estimated within acceptable confidence intervals for any of the individual sites. Therefore, metrics derived from CFC-based apparent ages were used to evaluate results of PDF modeling in a more general approach. The ranges of these metrics were established as criteria against which families of PDFs could be evaluated for their applicability to different parts of the aquifer. Seven PDF types, including five unimodal and two bimodal models, were evaluated. Model results indicate that unimodal models may be applicable to areas close to conduits that have younger piston (i.e., apparent) ages and that bimodal models probably are applicable to areas farther from conduits that have older piston ages. The two components of a bimodal PDF are interpreted as representing conduit and diffuse flow, and transit times of as much as two decades may separate these PDF components. Areas near conduits may be dominated by conduit flow, whereas areas farther from conduits having bimodal distributions probably have good hydraulic connection to both diffuse and conduit flow. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 US Geol Survey, Rapid City, SD 57702 USA. RP Long, AJ (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 1608 Mt View Rd, Rapid City, SD 57702 USA. EM ajlong@usgs.gov; ldputnam@usgs.gov RI Long, Andrew/A-9204-2008 OI Long, Andrew/0000-0001-7385-8081 NR 32 TC 19 Z9 20 U1 0 U2 7 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0022-1694 J9 J HYDROL JI J. Hydrol. PD NOV 15 PY 2006 VL 330 IS 3-4 BP 735 EP 747 DI 10.1016/j.jhydrot.2006.05.004 PG 13 WC Engineering, Civil; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Engineering; Geology; Water Resources GA 105IN UT WOS:000242023700028 ER PT J AU Solum, JG Hickman, SH Lockner, DA Moore, DE van der Pluijm, BA Schleicher, AM Evans, JP AF Solum, John G. Hickman, Stephen H. Lockner, David A. Moore, Diane E. van der Pluijm, Ben A. Schleicher, Anja M. Evans, James P. TI Mineralogical characterization of protolith and fault rocks from the SAFOD Main Hole SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article ID SAN-ANDREAS FAULT; SOUTHERN-CALIFORNIA; PUNCHBOWL FAULT; CAJON PASS; SERPENTINITE GOUGE; MECHANISMS; STRENGTH; SYSTEM; FLUIDS AB Washed cuttings provide a continuous record of the rocks encountered during drilling of the main hole of the San Andreas Fault Observatory at Depth (SAFOD). Both protolith and fault rocks exhibit a wide variety of mineral assemblages that reflect variations in some combination of lithology, P-T conditions, deformation mechanisms, and fluid composition and abundance. Regions of distinct neomineralization bounded by faults may record alteration associated with fluid reservoirs confined by faults. In addition, both smectites occurring as mixed-layer phases and serpentine minerals are found in association with active strands of the San Andreas Fault that were intersected during drilling, although their rheological influence is not yet fully known. Faults containing these mineralogical phases are prime candidates for continuous coring during Phase 3 of SAFOD drilling in the summer of 2007. C1 US Geol Survey, Earthquake Hazards Team, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. Univ Michigan, Dept Geol Sci, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. Utah State Univ, Dept Geol, Logan, UT 84322 USA. RP Solum, JG (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Earthquake Hazards Team, 345 Middlefield Rd,MS 977, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. EM jsolum@usgs.gov RI van der Pluijm, Ben/A-8985-2008 OI van der Pluijm, Ben/0000-0001-7737-2791 NR 31 TC 55 Z9 56 U1 0 U2 10 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0094-8276 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD NOV 9 PY 2006 VL 33 IS 21 AR L21314 DI 10.1029/2006GL027285 PG 5 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 104TT UT WOS:000241983000003 ER PT J AU Eberhart-Philips, D Christensen, DH Brocher, TM Hansen, R Ruppert, NA Haeussler, PJ Abers, GA AF Eberhart-Philips, Donna Christensen, Douglas H. Brocher, Thomas M. Hansen, Roger Ruppert, Natalia A. Haeussler, Peter J. Abers, Geoffrey A. TI Imaging the transition from Aleutian subduction to Yakutat collision in central Alaska, with local earthquakes and active source data SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SOLID EARTH LA English DT Review ID PRINCE-WILLIAM-SOUND; SOUTH-CENTRAL ALASKA; SEISMIC-REFLECTION REFRACTION; NORTH-AMERICAN PLATE; COPPER RIVER-BASIN; V-P/V-S; 3-DIMENSIONAL CRUSTAL STRUCTURE; WRANGELL VOLCANIC FIELD; DENALI FAULT EARTHQUAKE; SPURR MAGMATIC SYSTEM AB In southern and central Alaska the subduction and active volcanism of the Aleutian subduction zone give way to a broad plate boundary zone with mountain building and strike-slip faulting, where the Yakutat terrane joins the subducting Pacific plate. The interplay of these tectonic elements can be best understood by considering the entire region in three dimensions. We image three-dimensional seismic velocity using abundant local earthquakes, supplemented by active source data. Crustal low-velocity correlates with basins. The Denali fault zone is a dominant feature with a change in crustal thickness across the fault. A relatively high-velocity subducted slab and a low-velocity mantle wedge are observed, and high V(p)/V(s) beneath the active volcanic systems, which indicates focusing of partial melt. North of Cook Inlet, the subducted Yakutat slab is characterized by a thick low-velocity, high-V(p)/V(s) crust. High-velocity material above the Yakutat slab may represent a residual older slab, which inhibits vertical flow of Yakutat subduction fluids. Alternate lateral flow allows Yakutat subduction fluids to contribute to Cook Inlet volcanism and the Wrangell volcanic field. The apparent northeast edge of the subducted Yakutat slab is southwest of the Wrangell volcanics, which have adakitic composition consistent with melting of this Yakutat slab edge. In the mantle, the Yakutat slab is subducting with the Pacific plate, while at shallower depths the Yakutat slab overthrusts the shallow Pacific plate along the Transition fault. This region of crustal doubling within the shallow slab is associated with extremely strong plate coupling and the primary asperity of the M(w) 9.2 great 1964 earthquake. C1 US Geol Survey, Anchorage, AK 99508 USA. GNS Sci, Dunedin, New Zealand. Univ Alaska, Inst Geophys, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA. US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. Boston Univ, Dept Earth Sci, Boston, MA 02215 USA. RP Eberhart-Philips, D (reprint author), Inst Geol & Nucl Sci, Private Bag 1930, Dunedin 9020, New Zealand. EM d.eberhart@gns.cri.nz OI Brocher, Thomas/0000-0002-9740-839X; Haeussler, Peter/0000-0002-1503-6247 NR 137 TC 103 Z9 103 U1 0 U2 22 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0148-0227 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-SOL EA JI J. Geophys. Res.-Solid Earth PD NOV 8 PY 2006 VL 111 IS B11 AR B11303 DI 10.1029/2005JB004240 PG 31 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 104US UT WOS:000241985700002 ER PT J AU Lafferty, KD AF Lafferty, Kevin D. TI Can the common brain parasite, Toxoplasma gondii, influence human culture? SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY B-BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES LA English DT Article DE personality; nations; masculinity; neuroticism; uncertainty avoidance ID NOVELTY SEEKING; PREGNANT-WOMEN; RISK-FACTORS; PERSONALITY CHANGES; DECREASED LEVEL; INFECTION; PREVALENCE; POPULATION; ANTIBODIES; DOPAMINE AB The latent prevalence of a long-lived and common brain parasite, Toxoplasma gondii, explains a statistically significant portion of the variance in aggregate neuroticisin among populations, as well as in the 'neurotic' cultural dimensions of sex roles and uncertainty avoidance. Spurious or non-causal correlations between aggregate personality and aspects of climate and culture that influence T gondii transmission could also drive these patterns. A link between culture and T gondii hypothetically results from a behavioural manipulation that the parasite uses to increase its transmission to the next host in the life cycle: a cat. While latent toxoplasmosis is usually benign, the parasite's subtle effect on individual personality appears to alter the aggregate personality at the population level. Drivers of the geographical variation in the prevalence of this parasite include the effects of climate on the persistence of infectious stages in soil, the cultural practices of food preparation and cats as pets. Some variation in culture, therefore, may ultimately be related to how climate affects the distribution of T gondii, though the results only explain a fraction of the variation in two of the four cultural dimensions, suggesting that if T gondii does influence human culture, it is only one among many factors. C1 Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Inst Marine Sci, Western Ecol Res Ctr, US Geol Survey, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA. RP Lafferty, KD (reprint author), Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Inst Marine Sci, Western Ecol Res Ctr, US Geol Survey, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA. EM lafferty@lifesci.ucsb.edu RI Lafferty, Kevin/B-3888-2009 OI Lafferty, Kevin/0000-0001-7583-4593 NR 53 TC 51 Z9 56 U1 7 U2 55 PU ROYAL SOCIETY PI LONDON PA 6-9 CARLTON HOUSE TERRACE, LONDON SW1Y 5AG, ENGLAND SN 0962-8452 J9 P R SOC B JI Proc. R. Soc. B-Biol. Sci. PD NOV 7 PY 2006 VL 273 IS 1602 BP 2749 EP 2755 DI 10.1098/rspb.2006.3641 PG 7 WC Biology; Ecology; Evolutionary Biology SC Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Evolutionary Biology GA 099WS UT WOS:000241628500009 PM 17015323 ER PT J AU Schwehr, K Tauxe, L Driscoll, N Lee, H AF Schwehr, Kurt Tauxe, Lisa Driscoll, Neal Lee, Homa TI Detecting compaction disequilibrium with anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility SO GEOCHEMISTRY GEOPHYSICS GEOSYSTEMS LA English DT Article DE anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility; submarine landslides; slope failure; apparent overconsolidation; geomagnetism and paleomagnetism : magnetic fabrics and anisotropy; marine geology and geophysics : continental shelf and slope processes; marine geology and geophysics : submarine landslides ID SANTA-BARBARA CHANNEL; CALIFORNIA CONTINENTAL BORDERLAND; ALTERNATING-FIELD DEMAGNETIZATION; SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA; MARINE-SEDIMENTS; SLOPE FAILURE; GYROREMANENT MAGNETIZATION; SUBMARINE LANDSLIDES; VARVE FORMATION; CURRENT SYSTEM AB In clay-rich sediment, microstructures and macrostructures influence how sediments deform when under stress. When lithology is fairly constant, anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility (AMS) can be a simple technique for measuring the relative consolidation state of sediment, which reflects the sediment burial history. AMS can reveal areas of high water content and apparent overconsolidation associated with unconformities where sediment overburden has been removed. Many other methods for testing consolidation and water content are destructive and invasive, whereas AMS provides a nondestructive means to focus on areas for additional geotechnical study. In zones where the magnetic minerals are undergoing diagenesis, AMS should not be used for detecting compaction state. By utilizing AMS in the Santa Barbara Basin, we were able to identify one clear unconformity and eight zones of high water content in three cores. With the addition of susceptibility, anhysteretic remanent magnetization, and isothermal remanent magnetization rock magnetic techniques, we excluded 3 out of 11 zones from being compaction disequilibria. The AMS signals for these three zones are the result of diagenesis, coring deformation, and burrows. In addition, using AMS eigenvectors, we are able to accurately show the direction of maximum compression for the accumulation zone of the Gaviota Slide. C1 Univ Calif San Diego, Scripps Inst Oceanog, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA. US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. RP Schwehr, K (reprint author), Ctr Coastal & Ocean Mapping, Chase Ocean Engn Lab, 24 Colovos Rd, Durham, NH 03824 USA. EM kurt@ccom.unh.edu; ltauxe@ucsd.edu; ndriscoll@ucsd.edu; hjlee@usgs.gov NR 63 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 1525-2027 J9 GEOCHEM GEOPHY GEOSY JI Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst. PD NOV 3 PY 2006 VL 7 AR Q11002 DI 10.1029/2006GC001378 PG 18 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 103DI UT WOS:000241865500002 ER PT J AU Casier, JG Berra, I Olempska, E Sandberg, C Preat, A AF Casier, Jean-Georges Berra, Ivan Olempska, Ewa Sandberg, Charles Preat, Alain TI Ostracods and facies of the Early and Middle Frasnian at Devils Gate in Nevada: Relationship to the Alamo event SO ACTA PALAEONTOLOGICA POLONICA LA English DT Article DE Ostracoda; conodonts; sedimentology; palaeoecology; Frasnian; Alamo event; Pilot Basin; Nevada ID SOUTHERN NEVADA; MASS EXTINCTION; IMPACT BRECCIA; USA; SECTION; SEDIMENTOLOGY; EXAMPLE; WALES AB In order to document the Alamo Event and to investigate its influence on shallow-marine environments, we undertook a study of ostracods, conodonts, and analysis of the sedimentology of the lower member of the type Devils Gate Limestone. Six major carbonate microfacies (MF1-MF6) ranging from open-marine environments below storm wave base to pre-evaporitic supratidal lagoons were recognized. The sedimentological study detected no important sedimentological changes during the Alamo Event; only an influx of detrital material and lithoclasts indicate that an unusual event had occurred. Ostracods are generally rare or absent in the lower member of the Devils Gate Limestone, and only 2,000 carapaces, valves and fragments were extracted; from these some 26 taxa were identified. Two new species, Voronina? eureka and Serenida dorsoplicata are proposed. The ostracods belong to the Eifelian Mega-Assemblage and their distribution was influenced by strong salinity variations. Because of the rarity and low diversity of ostracods and conodonts in samples collected from the lower part of the lower member of the Devils Gate Limestone it is not adequate to demonstrate conclusively an extinction event close to the Alamo Event Bed. Nevertheless the greater abundance and diversity of ostracods above this bed seems to indicate that the Alamo Event did not result in significant extinction of ostracod taxa in this shallow water setting. The ostracod fauna present in the lower member of the Devils Gate Limestone suggests faunal exchanges between Nevada and the Russian Platform via the Western Canadian platform. C1 Inst Royal Sci Nat Belgique, Dept Paleontol, B-1000 Brussels, Belgium. Inst Paleobiol PAN, PL-00818 Warsaw, Poland. Univ Libre Bruxelles, Dept Sci Terre & Environm, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium. US Geol Survey, Fed Ctr, Denver, CO 80225 USA. RP Casier, JG (reprint author), Inst Royal Sci Nat Belgique, Dept Paleontol, 29 rue Vautier, B-1000 Brussels, Belgium. EM casier@naturalsciences.be; iberra@ulb.ac.be; olempska@twarda.pan.pl; sandberg@usgs.gov; apreat@ulb.ac.be NR 91 TC 10 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 2 PU INST PALEOBIOLOGII PAN PI WARSAW PA UL TWARDA 51/55, 00-818 WARSAW, POLAND SN 0567-7920 J9 ACTA PALAEONTOL POL JI Acta Palaeontol. Pol. PD NOV PY 2006 VL 51 IS 4 BP 813 EP 828 PG 16 WC Paleontology SC Paleontology GA 120WH UT WOS:000243116700012 ER PT J AU Mattinson, CG Wooden, JL Liou, JG Bird, DK Wu, CL AF Mattinson, C. G. Wooden, J. L. Liou, J. G. Bird, D. K. Wu, C. L. TI Age and duration of eclogite-facies metamorphism, North Qaidam HP/UHP terrane, western China SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF SCIENCE LA English DT Review ID HIGH-PRESSURE ROCKS; NORTHEASTERN TIBETAN PLATEAU; U-PB GEOCHRONOLOGY; NW CHINA; CONTINENTAL-CRUST; ZIRCON GEOCHRONOLOGY; RAPID EXHUMATION; SUBDUCTION ZONES; DIAMOND-BEARING; GNEISS REGION AB Amphibolite-facies para-and orthogneisses near Dulan, at the southeast end of the North Qaidam terrane, enclose minor eclogite and peridotite which record ultra-high pressure (UHP) metamorphism associated with the Early Paleozoic continental collision of the Qilian and Qaidam microplates. Field relations and coesite inclusions in zircons from paragneiss suggest that felsic, mafic, and ultramalic rocks all experienced UHP metamorphism and a common amphibolite-facies retrogression. SHRIMP-RG U-Pb and REE analyses of zircons from four eclogites yield weighted mean ages of 449 to 422 Ma, and REE patterns (flat HREE, no Eu anomaly) and inclusions of garnet, omphacite, and rutile indicate these ages record eclogite-facies metamorphism. The coherent field relations of these samples, and the similar range of individual ages in each sample suggests that the similar to 25 m.y. age range reflects the duration of eclogite-facies conditions in the studied samples. Analyses from zircon cores in one sample yield scattered 4M to 474 Ma ages, reflecting partial overlap on rims, and constrain the minimum age of eclogite protolith crystallization. Inclusions of Th + REE-rich epidote, and zircon REE patterns are consistent with prograde metamorphic growth. In the Luliang Shan, approximately 350 km northwest in the North Qaidaim terrane, ages interpreted to record eclogite-facies metamorphism of eclogite and garnet peridotite are as old as 495 Ma and as young as 414 Ma, which suggests that processes responsible for extended high-pressure residence are not restricted to the Dulan region. Evidence of prolonged eclogite-facies metamorphism in HP/UHP localities in the Northeast Greenland eclogite province, the Western Gneiss Region of Norway, and the western Alps suggests that long eclogite-facies residence may be globally significant in continental subduction/collision zones. C1 Stanford Univ, Dept Geol & Environm Sci, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. Chinese Acad Geol Sci, Inst Geol, Beijing 100037, Peoples R China. RP Mattinson, CG (reprint author), Stanford Univ, Dept Geol & Environm Sci, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. EM cgm@pangea.stanford.edu NR 104 TC 103 Z9 126 U1 2 U2 11 PU AMER JOURNAL SCIENCE PI NEW HAVEN PA YALE UNIV, PO BOX 208109, NEW HAVEN, CT 06520-8109 USA SN 0002-9599 J9 AM J SCI JI Am. J. Sci. PD NOV PY 2006 VL 306 IS 9 BP 683 EP 711 DI 10.2475/09.2006.01 PG 29 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 135FM UT WOS:000244139500001 ER PT J AU Donlan, CJ Berger, J Bock, CE Bock, JH Burney, DA Estes, JA Foreman, D Martin, PS Roemer, GW Smith, FA Soule, ME Greene, HW AF Donlan, C. Josh Berger, Joel Bock, Carl E. Bock, Jane H. Burney, David A. Estes, James A. Foreman, Dave Martin, Paul S. Roemer, Gary W. Smith, Felisa A. Soule, Michael E. Greene, Harry W. TI Pleistocene rewilding: An optimistic agenda for twenty-first century conservation SO AMERICAN NATURALIST LA English DT Review DE carnivores; ecological history; megafauna; predation; reintroduction; taxon substitutions ID LATE QUATERNARY EXTINCTION; YELLOWSTONE-NATIONAL-PARK; LYME-DISEASE RISK; LION PANTHERA-LEO; CLIMATE-CHANGE; NORTH-AMERICA; MEGAFAUNAL EXTINCTION; MITOCHONDRIAL GENOME; NAMIBIAN FARMLANDS; CALIFORNIA CONDORS AB Large vertebrates are strong interactors in food webs, yet they were lost from most ecosystems after the dispersal of modern humans from Africa and Eurasia. We call for restoration of missing ecological functions and evolutionary potential of lost North American megafauna using extant conspecifics and related taxa. We refer to this restoration as Pleistocene rewilding; it is conceived as carefully managed ecosystem manipulations whereby costs and benefits are objectively addressed on a case-by-case and locality-by-locality basis. Pleistocene rewilding would deliberately promote large, long-lived species over pest and weed assemblages, facilitate the persistence and ecological effectiveness of megafauna on a global scale, and broaden the underlying premise of conservation from managing extinction to encompass restoring ecological and evolutionary processes. Pleistocene rewilding can begin immediately with species such as Bolson tortoises and feral horses and continue through the coming decades with elephants and Holarctic lions. Our exemplar taxa would contribute biological, economic, and cultural benefits to North America. Owners of large tracts of private land in the central and western United States could be the first to implement this restoration. Risks of Pleistocene rewilding include the possibility of altered disease ecology and associated human health implications, as well as unexpected ecological and sociopolitical consequences of reintroductions. Establishment of programs to monitor suites of species interactions and their consequences for biodiversity and ecosystem health will be a significant challenge. Secure fencing would be a major economic cost, and social challenges will include acceptance of predation as an overriding natural process and the incorporation of pre-Columbian ecological frameworks into conservation strategies. C1 Cornell Univ, Dept Ecol & Evolutionary Biol, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. Wildlife Conservat Soc, Teton Field Off, N Amer Program, Teton Valley, ID 83455 USA. Univ Colorado, Dept Ecol & Evolutionary Biol, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Fordham Univ, Dept Biol Sci, Bronx, NY 10458 USA. Natl Trop Bot Garden, Kalaheo, HI 96741 USA. Univ Calif Santa Cruz, US Geol Survey, Santa Cruz, CA 95060 USA. Rewilding Inst, Albuquerque, NM 87192 USA. Univ Arizona, Desert Lab, Dept Geosci, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. New Mexico State Univ, Dept Fisheries & Wildlife Sci, Las Cruces, NM 88003 USA. Univ New Mexico, Dept Biol, Albuquerque, NM 87131 USA. RP Donlan, CJ (reprint author), Cornell Univ, Dept Ecol & Evolutionary Biol, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. EM cjd34@cornell.edu; jberger@wcs.org; carl.bock@colorado.edu; jane.bock@colorado.edu; dburney@ntbg.org; jestes@ucsc.edu; eltigredave@comcast.net; pmartin@geo.arizona.edu; groemer@nmsu.edu; fasmith@unm.edu; rewild@co.tds.net; hwg5@cornell.edu NR 263 TC 96 Z9 99 U1 73 U2 368 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 1427 E 60TH ST, CHICAGO, IL 60637-2954 USA SN 0003-0147 EI 1537-5323 J9 AM NAT JI Am. Nat. PD NOV PY 2006 VL 168 IS 5 BP 660 EP 681 PG 22 WC Ecology; Evolutionary Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Evolutionary Biology GA 105GR UT WOS:000242018900007 ER PT J AU Whitman, RL Nevers, MB Byappanahalli, MN AF Whitman, Richard L. Nevers, Meredith B. Byappanahalli, Muruleedhara N. TI Examination of the watershed-wide distribution of Escherichia coli along southern Lake Michigan: an integrated approach SO APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID ENVIRONMENTAL SOURCE; SOIL BACTERIA; CONTAMINATION; SEDIMENTS; SURVIVAL; STREAMS; BEACH; SAND; PERSISTENCE; ENTEROCOCCI AB Recent research has highlighted the occurrence of Escherichia coli in natural habitats not directly influenced by sewage inputs. Most studies on E. coli in recreational water typically focus on discernible sources (e.g., effluent discharge and runoff) and fall short of integrating riparian, nearshore, onshore, and outfall sources. An integrated "beachshed" approach that links E. coli inputs and interactions would be helpful to understand the difference between background loading and sewage pollution; to develop more accurate predictive models; and to understand the differences between potential, net, and apparent culturable E. coli. The objective of this study was to examine the interrelatedness of E. coli occurrence from various coastal watershed components along southern Lake Michigan. The study shows that once established in forest soil, E. coli can persist throughout the year, potentially acting as a continuous non-point source of E. coli to nearby streams. Year-round background stream loading of E. coli can influence beach water quality. E. coli is present in highly variable counts in beach sand to depths just below the water table and to distances at least 5 In inland from the shore, providing a large potential area of input to beach water. In summary, E. coli in the fluvial-lacustrine system may be stored in forest soils, sediments surrounding springs, bank seeps, stream margins and pools, foreshore sand, and surface groundwater. While rainfall events may increase E. coli counts in the foreshore sand and lake water, concentrations quickly decline to prerain concentrations. Onshore winds cause an increase in E. coli in shallow nearshore water, likely resulting from resuspension of E. coli-laden beach sand. When examining indicator bacteria source, flux, and context, the entire "beachshed" as a dynamic interacting system should be considered. C1 US Geol Survey, Great Lakes Sci Ctr, Porter, IN 46304 USA. RP Whitman, RL (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Great Lakes Sci Ctr, 1100 N Mineral Springs Rd, Porter, IN 46304 USA. EM rwhitman@usgs.gov OI Nevers, Meredith/0000-0001-6963-6734 NR 42 TC 62 Z9 62 U1 4 U2 22 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1752 N ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036-2904 USA SN 0099-2240 J9 APPL ENVIRON MICROB JI Appl. Environ. Microbiol. PD NOV PY 2006 VL 72 IS 11 BP 7301 EP 7310 DI 10.1128/AEM.00454-06 PG 10 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology GA 105BH UT WOS:000242003800054 PM 16980417 ER PT J AU Gray, JE Hines, ME AF Gray, John E. Hines, Mark E. TI Mercury: Distribution, transport, and geochemical and microbial transformations from natural and anthropogenic sources - Preface SO APPLIED GEOCHEMISTRY LA English DT Editorial Material ID HEALTH-RISKS C1 US Geol Survey, Lakewood, CO 80225 USA. Univ Massachusetts, Dept Biol Sci, Lowell, MA 01854 USA. RP Gray, JE (reprint author), US Geol Survey, POB 25046,MS 973, Lakewood, CO 80225 USA. EM jgray@usgs.gov; mark_hines@uml.edu NR 12 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 1 U2 7 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0883-2927 J9 APPL GEOCHEM JI Appl. Geochem. PD NOV PY 2006 VL 21 IS 11 BP 1819 EP 1820 DI 10.1016/j.apgeochem.2006.09.001 PG 2 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 109AU UT WOS:000242281100001 ER PT J AU Kolker, A Senior, CL Quick, JC AF Kolker, Allan Senior, Constance L. Quick, Jeffrey C. TI Mercury in coal and the impact of coal quality on mercury emissions from combustion systems SO APPLIED GEOCHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID FIRED POWER-PLANTS; FLY-ASH; TRACE-ELEMENTS; FLUE-GAS; CARBON; SPECIATION; KENTUCKY; CAPTURE; OXIDATION; MODES AB The proportion of Hg in coal feedstock that is emitted by stack gases of utility power stations is a complex function of coal chemistry and properties, combustion conditions, and the positioning and type of air pollution control devices employed. Mercury in bituminous coal is found primarily within Fe-sulfides, whereas lower rank coal tends to have a greater proportion of organic-bound Hg. Preparation of bituminous coal to reduce S generally reduces input Hg relative to in-ground concentrations, but the amount of this reduction varies according to the fraction of Hg in sulfides and the efficiency of sulfide removal. The mode of occurrence of Hg in coal does not directly affect the speciation of Hg in the combustion flue gas. However, other constituents in the coal, notably Cl and S, and the combustion characteristics of the coal, influence the species of Hg that are formed in the flue gas and enter air pollution control devices. The formation of gaseous oxidized Hg or particulate-bound Hg occurs post-combustion; these forms of Hg can be in part captured in the air pollution control devices that exist on coal-fired boilers, without modification. For a given coal type, the capture efficiency of Hg by pollution control systems varies according to type of device and the conditions of its deployment. For bituminous coal, on average, more than 60% of Hg in flue gas is captured by fabric filter (FF) and flue-gas desulfurization (FGD) systems. Key variables affecting performance for Hg control include Cl and S content of the coal, the positioning (hot side vs. cold side) of the system, and the amount of unburned C in coal ash. Knowledge of coal quality parameters and their effect on the performance of air pollution control devices allows optimization of Hg capture co-benefit. (c) 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 US Geol Survey, Eastern Energy Resources Team, Reston, VA 20192 USA. React Engn Int, Salt Lake City, UT 84101 USA. Utah Geol Survey, Salt Lake City, UT 84114 USA. RP Kolker, A (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Eastern Energy Resources Team, 956 Natl Ctr, Reston, VA 20192 USA. EM akolker@usgs.gov NR 72 TC 61 Z9 73 U1 4 U2 38 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0883-2927 J9 APPL GEOCHEM JI Appl. Geochem. PD NOV PY 2006 VL 21 IS 11 BP 1821 EP 1836 DI 10.1016/j.apgeochem.2006.08.001 PG 16 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 109AU UT WOS:000242281100002 ER PT J AU King, SA Behnke, S Slack, K Krabbenhoft, DP Nordstrom, DK Burr, MD Striegl, RG AF King, Susan A. Behnke, Sabrina Slack, Kim Krabbenhoft, David P. Nordstrom, D. Kirk Burr, Mark D. Striegl, Robert G. TI Mercury in water and biomass of microbial communities in hot springs of Yellowstone National Park, USA SO APPLIED GEOCHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID GRADIENT GEL-ELECTROPHORESIS; SULFATE-REDUCING BACTERIA; SPECIATION; SEDIMENTS; NEVADA; DEGRADATION; ENVIRONMENT; EVERGLADES; POTENTIALS; DIVERSITY AB Ultra-clean sampling methods and approaches typically used in pristine environments were applied to quantify concentrations of Hg species in water and microbial biomass from hot springs of Yellowstone National Park, features that are geologically enriched with Hg. Microbial populations of chemically-diverse hot springs were also characterized using modern methods in molecular biology as the initial step toward ongoing work linking Hg speciation with microbial processes. Molecular methods (amplification of environmental DNA using 16S rDNA primers, cloning, denatured gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) screening of clone libraries, and sequencing of representative clones) were used to examine the dominant members of microbial communities in hot springs. Total Hg (THg), monomethylated Hg (MeHg), pH, temperature, and other parameters influential to Hg speciation and microbial ecology are reported for hot springs water and associated microbial mats. Several hot springs indicate the presence of MeHg in microbial mats with concentrations ranging from 1 to 10 ng g(-1) (dry weight). Concentrations of THg in mats ranged from 4.9 to 120,000 ng g(-1) (dry weight). Combined data from surveys of geothermal water, lakes, and streams show that aqueous THg concentrations range from 1 to 600 ng L-1. Species and concentrations of THg in mats and water vary significantly between hot springs, as do the microorganisms found at each site. (c) 2006 Published by Elsevier Ltd. C1 Montana State Univ, Dept Chem Engn, Bozeman, MT 59717 USA. Montana State Univ, Biol Therapy Inst, Bozeman, MT 59717 USA. Montana State Univ, Ctr Biofilm Engn, Bozeman, MT 59717 USA. US Geol Survey, Middleton, WI 53562 USA. US Geol Survey, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Lakewood, CO 80225 USA. RP King, SA (reprint author), Montana State Univ, Dept Chem Engn, 318 Cobleigh Hall, Bozeman, MT 59717 USA. EM susan_king63@msn.com NR 33 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 1 U2 9 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0883-2927 J9 APPL GEOCHEM JI Appl. Geochem. PD NOV PY 2006 VL 21 IS 11 BP 1868 EP 1879 DI 10.1016/j.apgeochem.2006.08.004 PG 12 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 109AU UT WOS:000242281100005 ER PT J AU Ridley, WI Stetson, SJ AF Ridley, W. Ian Stetson, Sarah J. TI A review of isotopic composition as an indicator of the natural and anthropogenic behavior of mercury SO APPLIED GEOCHEMISTRY LA English DT Review ID PLASMA-MASS SPECTROMETRY; ACID-INSOLUBLE RESIDUES; WATER SEDIMENT SEQUENCE; MC-ICP-MS; ATMOSPHERIC MERCURY; HG-196/HG-202 RATIO; IRON-METEORITES; SIKHOTE ALIN; HG; HG-202 AB There are seven stable isotopes of Hg that can be fractionated as a result of inorganic and organic interactions. Important inorganic reactions involve speciation changes resulting from variations in environmental redox conditions, and phase changes resulting from variations in temperature and/or atmospheric pressure. Important organic reactions include methylation and demethylation, reactions that are bacterially mediated, and complexing with organic anions in soils. The measurement of Hg isotopes by multi-collector-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (MC-ICP-MS) is now sufficiently precise and sensitive that it is potentially possible to develop the systematics of Hg isotopic fractionation. This provides an opportunity to evaluate the utility of Hg isotopes in identifying source processes, transport mechanisms, and sinks. New values are provided for, Hg-201/Hg-198, Hg-200/Hg-198, Hg-199/Hg-198 for three standard materials (IRMM-AE639, SRM 1641c, SRM 3133) that can be used to make inter-laboratory data comparisons, and these values are tabulated with published isotopic information. Overall, the isotopic data for these standards agree to approximately 0.2 parts per thousand. The paper reviews Hg isotope studies that deal with hydrothermal ore deposits, sediments, coal and organic complexing. (c) 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Colorado Sch Mines, Dept Chem & Geochem, Golden, CO 80401 USA. USGS, Mineral Resources Program, Denver Fed Ctr, Lakewood, CO 80225 USA. RP Stetson, SJ (reprint author), Colorado Sch Mines, Dept Chem & Geochem, 1500 Illianois St, Golden, CO 80401 USA. EM sstetson@usgs.gov OI Stetson, Sarah/0000-0002-4930-4748 NR 52 TC 32 Z9 33 U1 2 U2 40 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0883-2927 J9 APPL GEOCHEM JI Appl. Geochem. PD NOV PY 2006 VL 21 IS 11 BP 1889 EP 1899 DI 10.1016/j.apgeochem.2006.08.006 PG 11 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 109AU UT WOS:000242281100007 ER PT J AU Gray, JE Hines, ME Biester, H AF Gray, John E. Hines, Mark E. Biester, Harald TI Mercury methylation influenced by areas of past mercury mining in the Terlingua district, Southwest Texas, USA SO APPLIED GEOCHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID MINE; SEDIMENTS; SPECIATION; WATER; ECOSYSTEMS; DRAINAGE; SLOVENIA; SPAIN; RIVER AB Speciation and microbial transformation of Hg was studied in mine waste from abandoned Hg mines in SW Texas to evaluate the potential for methyl-Hg production and degradation in mine wastes. In mine waste samples, total Hg, ionic Hg2+, Hg-0, methyl-Hg, organic C, and total S concentrations were measured, various Hg compounds were identified using thermal desorption pyrolysis, and potential rates of Hg methylation and methyl-Hg demethylation were determined using isotopic-tracer methods. These data are the first reported for Hg mines in this region. Total Hg and methyl-Hg concentrations were also determined in stream sediment collected downstream from two of the mines to evaluate transport of Hg and methylation in surrounding ecosystems. Mine waste contains total Hg and methyl-Hg concentrations as high as 19,000 mu g/g and 1500 ng/g, respectively, which are among the highest concentrations reported at Hg mines worldwide. Pyrolysis analyses show that mine waste contains variable amounts of cinnabar, metacinnabar, Hg-0 and Hg sorbed onto particles. Methyl-Hg concentrations in mine waste correlate positively with ionic Hg2+ organic C, and total S, which are geochemical parameters that influence processes of Hg cycling and methylation. Net methylation rates were as high as 11,000 ng/g/day, indicating significant microbial Hg methylation at some sites, especially in samples collected inside retorts. Microbially-mediated methyl-Hg demethylation was also observed in many samples, but where both methylation and dentethylation were found, the potential rate of methylation was faster. Total Hg concentrations in stream sediment samples were generally below the probable effect concentration of 1.06 pg/g, the Hg concentration above which harmful effects are likely to be observed in sediment dwelling organisms; whereas total Hg concentrations in mine waste samples were found to exceed this concentration, although this is a sediment quality guideline and is not directly applicable to mine waste. Although total Hg and methyl-Hg concentrations are locally high in some mine waste samples, little Hg appears to be exported from these Hg mines in stream sediment primarily due to the and climate and lack of precipitation and mine runoff in this region. (c) 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 US Geol Survey, Lakewood, CO 80225 USA. Univ Massachusetts, Dept Biol Sci, Lowell, MA 01854 USA. Univ Heidelberg, Inst Environm Geochem, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany. RP Gray, JE (reprint author), US Geol Survey, POB 25046,MS 973, Lakewood, CO 80225 USA. EM jgray@usgs.gov NR 29 TC 30 Z9 34 U1 1 U2 11 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0883-2927 J9 APPL GEOCHEM JI Appl. Geochem. PD NOV PY 2006 VL 21 IS 11 BP 1940 EP 1954 DI 10.1016/j.apgeochem.2006.08.016 PG 15 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 109AU UT WOS:000242281100011 ER PT J AU van Diggelen, R Middleton, B Bakker, J Grootjans, A Wassen, M AF van Diggelen, Rudy Middleton, Beth Bakker, Jan Grootjans, Ab Wassen, Martin TI Fens and floodplains of the temperate zone: Present status, threats, conservation and restoration SO APPLIED VEGETATION SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE biodiversity; diversity; river floodplain; species richness; water table; wetland ID VEGETATION SUCCESSION; SPECIES RICHNESS; LANDSCAPE; MEADOWS; PEAT; MANAGEMENT; DISPERSAL; NITROGEN; WETLANDS; FLUXES AB This Special Feature focuses on lowland fens and flood plains. In this introduction we discuss the most important mire-related terms, present status, threats and conservation and restoration attempts. Floodplains and especially lowland fens are rare and vulnerable ecosystems. They are highly threatened all over the world because of direct conversion to agricultural land and especially the lack of appropriate management and altered catchment hydrology. Finally we present a framework for the conservation and restoration of these ecosystems. This consists of (1) optimising abiotic conditions; (2) safeguarding propagule availability of the target species; (3) creating and maintaining conditions for (re)establishment of these species, and (4) appropriate management to keep the conditions suitable. C1 Univ Groningen, Community & Conservat Ecol Grp, NL-9750 AA Haren, Netherlands. US Geol Survey, Natl Wetlands Res Ctr, Lafayette, LA 70506 USA. Univ Utrecht, Copernicus Inst Sustainable Dev & Innovat Environ, NL-3508 TC Utrecht, Netherlands. RP van Diggelen, R (reprint author), Univ Groningen, Community & Conservat Ecol Grp, POB 14, NL-9750 AA Haren, Netherlands. EM r.van.diggelen@rug.nl RI Wassen, Martin/L-9228-2013; Grootjans, Ab/I-1638-2012 OI Wassen, Martin/0000-0002-9735-2103; NR 57 TC 74 Z9 80 U1 9 U2 61 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ USA SN 1402-2001 EI 1654-109X J9 APPL VEG SCI JI Appl. Veg. Sci. PD NOV PY 2006 VL 9 IS 2 BP 157 EP 162 DI 10.1658/1402-2001(2006)9[157:FAFOTT]2.0.CO;2 PG 6 WC Plant Sciences; Ecology; Forestry SC Plant Sciences; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Forestry GA 133ZO UT WOS:000244052600001 ER PT J AU Middleton, B van Diggelen, R Jensen, K AF Middleton, Beth van Diggelen, Rudy Jensen, Kai TI Seed dispersal in fens SO APPLIED VEGETATION SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE adhesive dispersal; biodiversity; cattle; conservation biology; fragmentation; invasive plant; island biogeography; polychory; seed bank; zoochory ID POPULATION GENETIC CONSEQUENCES; LONG-DISTANCE DISPERSAL; HABITAT FRAGMENTATION; CALCAREOUS GRASSLANDS; PRAIRIE WETLANDS; SWERTIA-PERENNIS; LARGE HERBIVORES; TOPSOIL REMOVAL; RESTORATION; BANKS AB Question: How does seed dispersal reduce fen isolation and contribute to biodiversity? Location: European and North American fens. Methods: This paper reviews the literature on seed dispersal to fens. Results: Landscape fragmentation may reduce dispersal opportunities thereby isolating fens and reducing genetic exchange. Species in fragmented wetlands may have lower reproductive success, which can lead to biodiversity loss. While fens may have always been relatively isolated from each other, they have become increasingly fragmented in modem times within agricultural and urban landscapes in both Europe and North America. Dispersal by water, animals and wind has been hampered by changes related to development in landscapes surrounding fens. Because the seeds of certain species are long-lived in the seed bank, frequent episodes of dispersal are not always necessary to maintain the biodiversity of fens. However, of particular concern to restoration is that some dominant species, such as the tussock sedge Carex stricta, may not disperse readily between fens. Conclusions: Knowledge of seed dispersal can be used to maintain and restore the biodiversity of fens in fragmented landscapes. Given that development has fragmented landscapes and that this situation is not likely to change, the dispersal of seeds might be enhanced by moving hay or cattle from fens to damaged sites, or by reestablishing lost hydrological connections. C1 USGS Natl Wetlands Res Ctr, Lafayette, LA 70506 USA. Univ Groningen, Community & Conservat Ecol Grp, NL-9750 AA Haren, Netherlands. Univ Hamburg, Bioctr Klein Flottbek, Populat & Vegetat Ecol Grp, D-22609 Hamburg, Germany. RP Middleton, B (reprint author), USGS Natl Wetlands Res Ctr, 700 Cajundome Blvd, Lafayette, LA 70506 USA. EM beth_middleton@usgs.gov; r.van.diggelen@rug.nl; kai.jensen@botanik.uni-hamburg.de RI Jensen, Kai/L-6657-2015 NR 74 TC 21 Z9 23 U1 1 U2 21 PU OPULUS PRESS UPPSALA AB PI GRANGARDE PA GAMLA VAGEN 40, S-770 13 GRANGARDE, SWEDEN SN 1402-2001 J9 APPL VEG SCI JI Appl. Veg. Sci. PD NOV PY 2006 VL 9 IS 2 BP 279 EP 284 DI 10.1658/1402-2001(2006)9[279:SDIF]2.0.CO;2 PG 6 WC Plant Sciences; Ecology; Forestry SC Plant Sciences; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Forestry GA 133ZO UT WOS:000244052600014 ER PT J AU Middleton, BA Holsten, B van Diggelen, R AF Middleton, Beth A. Holsten, Bettina van Diggelen, Rudy TI Biodiversity management of fens and fen meadows by grazing, cutting and burning SO APPLIED VEGETATION SCIENCE LA English DT Review DE cattle grazing; fire; mowing; plant species richness; sedge meadow ID PLANT-SPECIES RICHNESS; VEGETATION DYNAMICS; NATIONAL-PARK; LAND-USE; CALCAREOUS GRASSLANDS; NITROGEN DYNAMICS; LARGE HERBIVORES; SEED-DISPERSAL; SEDGE MEADOWS; CATTLE AB Question: Can the biodiversity of fens in Europe and North America be maintained through the use of grazing (especially cattle grazing), fire, and/or cutting? Location: European and North American fens. Methods: This paper is a review of the literature on the effects of grazing, fire and cutting on fens, to explore the relationship between management and biodiversity in fens. Results: A reduction of cattle grazing, mowing and burning in fens has led to a reduction in biodiversity in fens. The vegetation of abandoned fens shifts to trees and shrubs after 10-15 years, which shade the smaller and rarer species of these wetlands. While careful use of fire is used to manage fens in North America, it is not widely used in European fens, perhaps because the peat of drained fens may catch fire. Cattle grazing cannot be considered a natural disturbance in North America, since cattle did not evolve on that continent. In Europe, cattle do not generally graze in unaltered fens, but they do use slightly drained fen meadows. Conclusions: Three approaches have been used to control the dominance of tall woody and herbaceous species in abandoned fens, including the re-introduction of cattle, mowing, and burning. Overgrazing results in a permanent reduction in biodiversity, therefore cattle re-introduction must be approached cautiously. In Europe, but not in North America, mowing has been an important management tool, and mowing has been successful in maintaining species richness, particularly in fens that have been mowed annually for centuries. Fire has been the most common and successful management tool in North America although it is not effective in removing shrubs that have become large. Because the problems and solutions are similar, the literature of both European and North American fen management can be analyzed to better assess the management of fens on both continents. Many management questions require further study and these are listed in the paper. C1 USGS Natl Wetlands Res Ctr, Lafayette, LA 70506 USA. Univ Kiel, Okol Zentrum, D-24118 Kiel, Germany. Univ Groningen, Community & Conservat Ecol Grp, NL-9750 AA Haren, Netherlands. RP Middleton, BA (reprint author), USGS Natl Wetlands Res Ctr, 700 Cajundome Blvd, Lafayette, LA 70506 USA. EM beth_middleton@usgs.gov; bholsten@ecology.uni-kiel.de; r.van.diggelen@rug.nl OI Middleton, Beth/0000-0002-1220-2326 NR 103 TC 62 Z9 67 U1 14 U2 89 PU OPULUS PRESS UPPSALA AB PI GRANGARDE PA GAMLA VAGEN 40, S-770 13 GRANGARDE, SWEDEN SN 1402-2001 J9 APPL VEG SCI JI Appl. Veg. Sci. PD NOV PY 2006 VL 9 IS 2 BP 307 EP 316 DI 10.1658/1402-2001(2006)9[307:BMOFAF]2.0.CO;2 PG 10 WC Plant Sciences; Ecology; Forestry SC Plant Sciences; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Forestry GA 133ZO UT WOS:000244052600017 ER PT J AU Gooding, MP Newton, TJ Bartsch, MR Hornbuckle, KC AF Gooding, M. P. Newton, T. J. Bartsch, M. R. Hornbuckle, K. C. TI Toxicity of synthetic musks to early life stages of the freshwater mussel Lampsilis cardium SO ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article ID POLYCYCLIC MUSKS; WASTE-WATER; HUMAN-MILK; DEFENSE SYSTEMS; FRAGRANCES; EXPOSURE; CONTAMINANTS; UNIONIDAE; AMMONIA; HHCB AB Polycyclic musk fragrances are common additives to many consumer products. As a result of their widespread use and slow degradation rates, they are widely found in aquatic environments. This study reports on the lethal and sublethal toxicity of the polycyclic musks AHTN (Tonalide (R)) and HHCB (Galaxolide (R)) to glochidial (larval) and juvenile life stages of the freshwater mussel Lampsilis cardium (Rafinesque, 1820). In glochidia, 24-h median lethal concentrations (LC50s) ranged from 454 to 850 mu g AHTN/L and from 1000 to > 1750 mu g HHCB/L (water solubility). Results for 48-h tests were similar to the 24-h tests. In 96-h tests with juveniles, we did not observe a dose-response relation between mortality and either musk. However, the growth rate was reduced by musk exposure. The median effective concentrations (EC50s, based on growth) were highly variable and ranged from 108 to 1034 mu g AHTN/L and 153 to 831 mu g HHCB/L. While all adverse effects occurred at concentrations that are much greater than those reported in natural waters (low mu g/L to ng/L), these results indicate the potential for adverse effects on these long-lived organisms from exposure to synthetic musk fragrances. C1 Univ Iowa, Ctr Global & Reg Environm Res, Iowa Adv Technol Labs 424, Iowa City, IA 52242 USA. US Geol Survey, Upper Midw Environm Sci Ctr, La Crosse, WI 54603 USA. Univ Iowa, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Iowa City, IA 52242 USA. RP Hornbuckle, KC (reprint author), Univ Iowa, Ctr Global & Reg Environm Res, Iowa Adv Technol Labs 424, Iowa City, IA 52242 USA. EM keri-hornbuckle@uiowa.edu RI Hornbuckle, Keri/A-8155-2008; OI Hornbuckle, Keri/0000-0002-3478-3221; Bartsch, Michelle/0000-0002-9571-5564; Newton, Teresa/0000-0001-9351-5852 FU NIEHS NIH HHS [P42 ES013661, P42 ES013661-01A19006] NR 37 TC 27 Z9 34 U1 4 U2 32 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING STREET, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0090-4341 J9 ARCH ENVIRON CON TOX JI Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. PD NOV PY 2006 VL 51 IS 4 BP 549 EP 558 DI 10.1007/s00244-005-0223-4 PG 10 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA 094TW UT WOS:000241263000010 PM 16944041 ER PT J AU Carr, RS Biedenbach, JM Nipper, M AF Carr, R. S. Biedenbach, J. M. Nipper, M. TI Influence of potentially confounding factors on sea urchin porewater toxicity tests SO ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article ID SEDIMENT QUALITY; MARINE; BAY; RECRUITMENT; ARBACIA; INFAUNA; TEXAS; EGG AB The influence of potentially confounding factors has been identified as a concern for interpreting sea urchin porewater toxicity test data. The results from > 40 sediment-quality assessment surveys using early-life stages of the sea urchin Arbacia punctulata were compiled and examined to determine acceptable ranges of natural variables such as pH, ammonia, and dissolved organic carbon on the fertilization and embryological development endpoints. In addition, laboratory experiments were also conducted with A. punctulata and compared with information from the literature. Pore water with pH as low as 6.9 is an unlikely contributor to toxicity for the fertilization and embryological development tests with A. punctulata. Other species of sea urchin have narrower pH tolerance ranges. Ammonia is rarely a contributing factor in pore water toxicity tests using the fertilization endpoint, but the embryological development endpoint may be influenced by ammonia concentrations commonly found in porewater samples. Therefore, ammonia needs to be considered when interpreting results for the embryological development test. Humic acid does not affect sea urchin fertilization at saturation concentrations, but it could have an effect on the embryological development endpoint at near-saturation concentrations. There was no correlation between sediment total organic carbon concentrations and porewater dissolved organic carbon concentrations. Because of the potential for many varying substances to activate parthenogenesis in sea urchin eggs, it is recommended that a no-sperm control be included with every fertilization test treatment. C1 US Geol Survey, Ctr Environm Res & Conservat, Marine Ecotoxicol Res Stn, Corpus Christi, TX 78412 USA. Texas A&M Univ, Ctr Coastal Studies, Corpus Christi, TX 78412 USA. RP Carr, RS (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Ctr Environm Res & Conservat, Marine Ecotoxicol Res Stn, 6300 Ocean Dr, Corpus Christi, TX 78412 USA. EM scott_carr@usgs.gov NR 37 TC 32 Z9 32 U1 0 U2 11 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING STREET, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0090-4341 J9 ARCH ENVIRON CON TOX JI Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. PD NOV PY 2006 VL 51 IS 4 BP 573 EP 579 DI 10.1007/s00244-006-0009-3 PG 7 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA 094TW UT WOS:000241263000013 PM 16988866 ER PT J AU Hinck, JE Schmitt, CJ Echols, KR May, TW Orazio, CE Tillitt, DE AF Hinck, Jo Ellen Schmitt, Christopher J. Echols, Kathy R. May, Tom W. Orazio, Carl E. Tillitt, Donald E. TI Environmental contaminants in fish and their associated risk to piscivorous wildlife in the Yukon River Basin, Alaska SO ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article ID PLANAR HALOGENATED HYDROCARBONS; TROUT SALVELINUS-NAMAYCUSH; EARLY-LIFE STAGES; FRESH-WATER; TEMPORAL TRENDS; LAKE TROUT; TOXAPHENE RESIDUES; SELENIUM TOXICITY; DIETARY EXPOSURE; RAINBOW-TROUT AB Organochlorine chemical residues and elemental contaminants were measured in northern pike (Esox lucius), longnose sucker (Catostomus catostomus), and burbot (Lota lota) from 10 sites in the Yukon River Basin (YRB) during 2002. Contaminant concentrations were compared to historical YRB data and to toxicity thresholds for fish and piscivorous wildlife from the scientific literature. A risk analysis was conducted to screen for potential hazards to piscivorous wildlife for contaminants that exceeded literature-based toxicity thresholds. Concentrations of total DDT (sum of p,p'-homologs; 1.09-13.6 ng/g), total chlordane (0.67-7.5 ng/g), dieldrin (< 0.16-0.6 ng/g), toxaphene (< 11-34 ng/g), total PCBs (< 20-87 ng/g), TCDD-EQ (<= 1.7 pg/g), arsenic (0.03-1.95 mu g/g), cadmium (< 0.02-0.12 mu g/g), copper (0.41-1.49 mu g/g), and lead (< 0.21-0.27 mu g/g) did not exceed toxicity thresholds for growth and reproduction in YRB fish. Concentrations of mercury (0.08-0.65 mu g/g), selenium (0.23-0.85 mu g/g), and zinc (11-56 mu g/g) exceeded toxicity thresholds in one or more samples and were included in the risk analysis for piscivorous wildlife. No effect hazard concentrations (NEHCs) and low effect hazard concentrations (LEHCs), derived from literature-based toxicity reference values and avian and mammalian life history parameters, were calculated for mercury, selenium, and zinc. Mercury concentrations in YRB fish exceeded the NEHCs for all bird and small mammal models, which indicated that mercury concentrations in fish may represent a risk to piscivorous wildlife throughout the YRB. Low risk to piscivorous wildlife was associated with selenium and zinc concentrations in YRB fish. Selenium and zinc concentrations exceeded the NEHCs and LEHCs for only the small bird model. These results indicate that mercury should continue to be monitored and assessed in Alaskan fish and wildlife. C1 US Geol Survey, Columbia Environm Res Ctr, Columbia, MO 65201 USA. RP Hinck, JE (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Columbia Environm Res Ctr, 4200 New Haven Rd, Columbia, MO 65201 USA. EM jhinck@usgs.gov NR 84 TC 27 Z9 27 U1 4 U2 23 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING STREET, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0090-4341 J9 ARCH ENVIRON CON TOX JI Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. PD NOV PY 2006 VL 51 IS 4 BP 661 EP 672 DI 10.1007/s00244-005-0310-6 PG 12 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA 094TW UT WOS:000241263000024 PM 17009129 ER PT J AU Hothem, RL Crayon, JJ Law, MA AF Hothem, R. L. Crayon, J. J. Law, M. A. TI Effects of contaminants on reproductive success of aquatic birds nesting at Edwards Air Force Base, California SO ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article ID CROWNED NIGHT-HERONS; SAN-FRANCISCO BAY; SELENIUM; MERCURY; EGGS; PREDATION; RESIDUES; NEVADA; USA AB Contamination by organochlorine pesticides (OCs), polychlorinated biphenyls, metals, and trace elements at Edwards Air Force Base (EAFB), located in the Mojave Desert, could adversely affect nesting aquatic birds, especially at the sewage lagoons that comprise Piute Ponds. Estimates of avian reproduction, in conjunction with analyses of eggs and avian foods for contaminant residues, may indicate the potential for negative effects on avian populations. From 1996 to 1999, we conducted studies at the Piute Ponds area of EAFB to evaluate the impacts of contaminants on nesting birds. Avian reproduction was evaluated in 1999. Eggs were collected for chemical analyses in 1996 and 1999, and African clawed frogs (Xenopus laevis), a likely food source, were collected for chemical analyses in 1998. Avian species occupying the higher trophic levels-black-crowned night-heron (Nycticorax nycticorax), white-faced ibis (Plegadis chihi), and American avocet (Recurvirostra americana)-generally bioaccumulated higher concentrations of contaminants in their eggs. Reproductive success and egg hatchability of night-herons and white-faced ibises in the Piute Ponds were similar to results observed at other western colonies. Deformities were observed in only one embryo in this study, but concentrations of contaminants evaluated in this ibis embryo were considered insufficient to have caused the deformities. Because clawed frogs, a primary prey item for night-herons at Piute Ponds, had no detectable levels of any OCs, it is likely that OCs found in night-heron eggs were acquired from the wintering grounds rather than from EAFB. The presence of isomers of dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) in ibis eggs indicated recent exposure, but invertebrates used for food by ibises were not sampled at Piute Ponds, and conclusions about the source of OCs in ibis eggs could not be made. Concentrations of contaminants in random and failed eggs of individual species were not different, and we concluded that contaminants did not cause the observed egg failures. C1 US Geol Survey, Dixon Field Stn, Western Ecol Res Ctr, Dixon, CA 95620 USA. Calif Dept Fish & Game, Bermuda Dunes, CA 92203 USA. RP Hothem, RL (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Dixon Field Stn, Western Ecol Res Ctr, 6924 Tremont Rd, Dixon, CA 95620 USA. EM roger_hothem@usgs.gov NR 31 TC 3 Z9 4 U1 1 U2 16 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING STREET, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0090-4341 J9 ARCH ENVIRON CON TOX JI Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. PD NOV PY 2006 VL 51 IS 4 BP 711 EP 719 DI 10.1007/s00244-005-0226-1 PG 9 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA 094TW UT WOS:000241263000029 PM 16998635 ER PT J AU Gough, LP Eppinger, RG Briggs, PH Giles, S AF Gough, Larry P. Eppinger, Robert G. Briggs, Paul H. Giles, Stuart TI Biogeochemical characterization of an undisturbed highly acidic, metal-rich bryophyte habitat, East-Central Alaska, USA SO ARCTIC ANTARCTIC AND ALPINE RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID MINNESOTA AB We report on the geochemistry of soil and bryophyte-laden sediment and on the biogeochemistry of willows growing in an undisturbed volcanogenic massive sulfide deposit in the Alaska Range ecoregion of east-central Alaska. We also describe an unusual bryophyte assemblage found growing in the acidic metal-rich waters that drain the area. Ferricrete-cemented silty alluvial sediments within seeps and streams are covered with the liverwort Gymnocolea inflata whereas the mosses Polytrichum commune and P. juniperinum inhabit the area adjacent to the water and within the splash zone. Both the liverwort-encrusted sediment and Polytrichum thalli have high concentrations of major and trace metal cations (e.g., Al, As, Cu, Fe, Hg, La, Mn, Pb, and Zn). Soils in the area do not reflect the geochemical signature of the mineral deposit and we postulate they are influenced by the chemistry of eolian sediments derived from outside the deposit area. The willow, Salix pulchra, growing mostly within and adjacent to the larger streams, has much higher concentrations of Al, As, Cd, Cr, Fe, La, Pb, and Zn when compared to the same species collected in non-mineralized areas of Alaska. The Cd levels are especially high and are shown to exceed, by an order of magnitude, levels demonstrated to be toxic to ptarmigan in Colorado. Willow, growing in this naturally occurring metal-rich Red Mountain alteration zone, may adversely affect the health of browsing animals. C1 US Geol Survey, Natl Ctr, Reston, VA 20192 USA. US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Lakewood, CO 80225 USA. RP Gough, LP (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Natl Ctr, MS 954, Reston, VA 20192 USA. EM lgough@usgs.gov; eppinger@usgs.gov; sgiles@usgs.gov NR 38 TC 8 Z9 9 U1 2 U2 7 PU INST ARCTIC ALPINE RES PI BOULDER PA UNIV COLORADO, BOULDER, CO 80309 USA SN 1523-0430 J9 ARCT ANTARCT ALP RES JI Arct. Antarct. Alp. Res. PD NOV PY 2006 VL 38 IS 4 BP 522 EP 529 DI 10.1657/1523-0430(2006)38[522:BCOAUH]2.0.CO;2 PG 8 WC Environmental Sciences; Geography, Physical SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Physical Geography GA 112ET UT WOS:000242509200005 ER PT J AU Josberger, EG Shuchman, RA Meadows, GA Savage, S Payne, J AF Josberger, Edward G. Shuchman, Robert A. Meadows, Guy A. Savage, Sean Payne, John TI Hydrography and circulation of ice-marginal lakes at Bering Glacier, Alaska, USA SO ARCTIC ANTARCTIC AND ALPINE RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID SEA-LEVEL CHANGES; WATER; GULF; DISCHARGE; TERMINUS; HISTORY; MODEL AB An extensive suite of physical oceanographic, remotely sensed, and water quality measurements, collected from 2001 through 2004 in two ice-marginal lakes at Bering Glacier, Alaska-Berg Lake and Vitus Lake-show that each has a unique circulation controlled by their specific physical forcing within the glacial system. Conductivity profiles from Berg Lake, perched 135 in a.s.l., show no salt in the lake, but the temperature profiles indicate an apparently unstable situation, the 4 degrees C density maximum is located at 10 m depth, not at the bottom of the lake (90 m depth). Subglacial discharge from the Steller Glacier into the bottom of the lake must inject a suspended sediment load sufficient to marginally stabilize the water column throughout the lake. In Vitus Lake, terminus positions derived from satellite imagery show that the glacier terminus rapidly retreated from 1995 to the present resulting in a substantial expansion of the volume of Vitus Lake. Conductivity and temperature profiles from the tidally influenced Vitus Lake show a complex four-layer system with diluted (similar to 50%) seawater in the bottom of the lake. This lake has a complex vertical structure that is the result of convection generated by ice melting in salt stratification within the lake, and freshwater entering the lake from beneath water, the glacier and surface runoff. Four consecutive years, from 2001 to 2004, of these observations in Vitus Lake show little change in the deep temperature and salinity conditions, indicating limited deep water renewal. The combination of the lake level measurements with discharge measurements, through a tidal cycle, by an acoustic Doppler Current Profiler (ADCP) deployed in the Seal River, which drains the entire Bering system, showed a strong tidal influence but no seawater entry into Vitus Lake. The ADCP measurements combined with lake level measurements established a relationship between lake level and discharge, which when integrated over a tidal cycle, gives a tidally averaged discharge ranging from 1310 to 1510 m(3) s(-1). C1 US Geol Survey, Washington Water Sci Ctr, Tacoma, WA 98402 USA. Altarum Inst, Ann Arbor, MI 48113 USA. Univ Michigan, Dept Naval Architecture & Marine Engn, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. Bur Land Management, Anchorage, AK 99513 USA. RP Josberger, EG (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Washington Water Sci Ctr, 1201 Pacific Ave,Suite 600, Tacoma, WA 98402 USA. EM ejosberg@usgs.gov NR 26 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 5 PU INST ARCTIC ALPINE RES PI BOULDER PA UNIV COLORADO, BOULDER, CO 80309 USA SN 1523-0430 J9 ARCT ANTARCT ALP RES JI Arct. Antarct. Alp. Res. PD NOV PY 2006 VL 38 IS 4 BP 547 EP 560 DI 10.1657/1523-0430(2006)38[547:HACOIL]2.0.CO;2 PG 14 WC Environmental Sciences; Geography, Physical SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Physical Geography GA 112ET UT WOS:000242509200008 ER PT J AU Triska, FJ Pringle, CM Duff, JH Avanzino, RJ Ramirez, A Ardon, M Jackman, AP AF Triska, Frank J. Pringle, Catherine M. Duff, John H. Avanzino, Ronald J. Ramirez, Alonso Ardon, Marcelo Jackman, Alan P. TI Soluble reactive phosphorus transport and retention in tropical, rainforest streams draining a volcanic and geothermally active landscape in Costa rica. : Long-term concentration patterns, pore water environment and response to ENSO events SO BIOGEOCHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE phosphorus; retention; sorption; SRP; streams; tropical; TP; transport; volcanic; ENSO ID WOODLAND STREAM; DYNAMICS; ECOSYSTEM; RELEASE; TEMPERATURE; GROUNDWATER; ENRICHMENT; NUTRIENTS; SEDIMENTS; NITROGEN AB Soluble reactive phosphorus (SRP) transport/retention was determined at four sites in three rainforest streams draining La Selva Biological Station, Costa Rica. La Selva is located at the base of the last remaining intact rainforest transect from similar to 30 m above sea level to 3000 m along the entire Caribbean slope of Central America. Steam SRP levels can be naturally high there due to regional, geothermal groundwater discharged at ambient temperature. Monitoring since 1988 has revealed distinctive long-term differences in background SRP and total P (TP) for three streams in close proximity, and identified the impact of ENSO (El Nino Southern Oscillation) events on SRP-enriched reaches. Mean interannual SRP concentrations (+/- standard deviation) were 89 +/- 53 mu g/l in the Salto (1988-1996), 21 +/- 39 mu g/l in the Pantano (1988-1998), and 26 +/- 35 mu g/l in the Sabalo (1988-1996). After January, 1997 the separate upland-lowland contributions to discharge and SRP load were determined monthly in the Salto. SRP in Upper Salto was low (19 +/- 8 mu g/l, 1997-2002) until enriched at the upland-lowland transition by regional groundwater. Mean SRP concentration in Lower Salto (108 +/- 104 mu g/l) was typically highest February-April, the driest months, and lowest July-September, the wettest. SRP concentration was positively correlated to the inverse of discharge in Lower Salto when ENSO data were omitted (1992 and 1998-1999), but not in the Upper Salto, Pantano, or Sabalo. TP was positively correlated to the inverse of discharge in all three streams when ENSO data were omitted. High SRP springs and seeps along the Lower Salto contributed 36% of discharge but 85% of SRP export 1997-2001. Annual SRP flux from the total Salto watershed (1997-2001) averaged 2.9 kg/ha year, but only 0.6 kg/ha year from the Upper Salto. A dye tracer injection showed that pore water environments were distinctly different between Upper and Lower Salto. Upper Salto had high surface water-pore water exchange, high dissolved oxygen, low SRP, and low conductivity similar to surface water, and Lower Salto had low surface water-pore water exchange, low dissolved oxygen, high SRP, and high conductivity reflecting geothermal groundwater influence. SRP export from the Salto was controlled by regional groundwater transfer, which in similar volcanic settings could be a significant P source. However, ENSO events modified the SRP concentration in the Salto suggesting that long-term monitoring is required to understand underlying SRP dynamics and P flux to downstream communities. C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. Univ Georgia, Inst Ecol, Athens, GA 30602 USA. Univ Calif Davis, Dept Chem Engn, Davis, CA 95616 USA. Univ Puerto Rico, Inst Trop Syst Studies, San Juan, PR 00936 USA. RP Triska, FJ (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 345 Middlefield Rd,MS 439, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. EM fjtriska@usgs.gov RI Ramirez, Alonso/E-4462-2012; Pringle, Catherine/I-1841-2012; OI Ramirez, Alonso/0000-0001-9985-5719; Ardon, Marcelo/0000-0001-7275-2672 NR 41 TC 10 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 6 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0168-2563 J9 BIOGEOCHEMISTRY JI Biogeochemistry PD NOV PY 2006 VL 81 IS 2 BP 131 EP 143 DI 10.1007/s10533-006-9026-6 PG 13 WC Environmental Sciences; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Geology GA 097NO UT WOS:000241454900001 ER PT J AU Triska, F Pringle, CM Duff, JH Avanzino, RJ Zellweger, G AF Triska, Frank Pringle, Catherine M. Duff, John H. Avanzino, Ronald J. Zellweger, Gary TI Soluble reactive phosphorus (SRP) transport and retention in tropical, rain forest streams draining a volcanic landscape in Costa Rica: in situ SRP amendment to streams and laboratory studies SO BIOGEOCHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE Costa Rica; nutrients; phosphorus; rain forest; SRP; streams; TP; tropical ID GROWTH-RATE RESPONSES; WOODLAND STREAM; UPTAKE LENGTH; DYNAMICS; ECOSYSTEM; SEDIMENT; WATER; TRANSFORMATION; GROUNDWATER; ENRICHMENT AB Soluble reactive phosphorus (SRP) transport/retention was determined in two rain forest streams (Salto, Pantano) draining La Selva Biological Station, Costa Rica. There, SRP levels can be naturally high due to groundwater enriched by geothermal activity within the surfically dormant volcanic landscape, and subsequently discharged at ambient temperature. Combined field and laboratory approaches simulated high but natural geothermal SRP input with the objective of estimating the magnitude of amended SRP retention within high and low SRP settings and determining the underlying mechanisms of SRP retention. First, we examined short-term SRP retention/transport using combined SRP-conservative tracer additions at high natural in situ concentrations. Second, we attempted to observe a DIN response during SRP amendment as an indicator of biological uptake. Third, we determined SRP release/retention using laboratory sediment assays under control and biologically inhibited conditions. Short-term in situ tracer-SRP additions indicated retention in both naturally high and low SRP reaches. Retention of added SRP mass in Upper Salto (low SRP) was 17% (7.5 mg-P m(-2) h(-1)), and 20% (10.9 mg-P m(-2) h(-1)) in Lower Salto (high SRP). No DIN response in either nitrate or ammonium was observed. Laboratory assays using fresh Lower Salto sediments indicated SRP release (15.4 +/- 5.9 mu g-P g dry wt.(-1) h(-1)), when incubated in filter sterilized Salto water at ambient P concentration, but retention when incubated in filter sterilized river water amended to 2.0 mg SRP l(-1) (233.2 +/- 5.8 mu g-P g dry wt.(-1) h(-1)). SRP uptake/release was similar in both control- and biocide-treated sediments indicating predominantly abiotic retention. High SRP retention even under biologically saturated conditions, absence of a DIN response to amendment, patterns of desorption following amendment, and similar patterns of retention and release under control and biologically inhibited conditions all indicated predominantly abiotic P flux. C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. Univ Georgia, Inst Ecol, Athens, GA 30602 USA. RP Triska, F (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 345 Middlefield Rd, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. EM fjtriska@usgs.gov RI Pringle, Catherine/I-1841-2012 NR 41 TC 5 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 6 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0168-2563 J9 BIOGEOCHEMISTRY JI Biogeochemistry PD NOV PY 2006 VL 81 IS 2 BP 145 EP 157 DI 10.1007/s10533-006-9048-0 PG 13 WC Environmental Sciences; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Geology GA 097NO UT WOS:000241454900002 ER PT J AU Gutreuter, S Vallazza, JM Knights, BC AF Gutreuter, Steve Vallazza, Jon M. Knights, Brent C. TI Persistent disturbance by commercial navigation alters the relative abundance of channel-dwelling fishes in a large river SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FISHERIES AND AQUATIC SCIENCES LA English DT Article ID SPECIES-DIVERSITY; LOWLAND RIVERS; RESTORATION; POPULATIONS; STRATEGIES; MORTALITY; MODEL; DISTRIBUTIONS; FLOODPLAINS; POSITION AB We provide the first evidence for chronic effects of disturbance by commercial vessels on the spatial distribution and abundance of fishes in the channels of a large river. Most of the world's large rivers are intensively managed to satisfy increasing demands for commercial shipping, but little research has been conducted to identify and alleviate any adverse consequences of commercial navigation. We used a combination of a gradient sampling design incorporating quasicontrol areas with Akaike's information criterion (AIC)-weighted model averaging to estimate effects of disturbances by commercial vessels on fishes in the upper Mississippi River. Species density, which mainly measured species evenness, decreased with increasing disturbance frequency. The most abundant species - gizzard shad (Dorosoma cepedianum) and freshwater drum (Aplodinotus grunniens) - and the less abundant shovelnose sturgeon (Scaphirhynchus platorhynchus) and flathead catfish (Pylodictis olivaris) were seemingly unaffected by traffic disturbance. In contrast, the relative abundance of the toothed herrings (Hiodon spp.), redhorses (Moxostoma spp.), buffaloes (Ictiobus spp.), channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus), sauger (Sander canadensis), and white bass (Morone chrysops) decreased with increasing traffic in the navigation channel. We hypothesized that the combination of alteration of hydraulic features within navigation channels and rehabilitation of secondary channels might benefit channel-dependent species. C1 US Geol Survey, Upper Midw Environm Sci Ctr, La Crosse, WI 54603 USA. RP Gutreuter, S (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Upper Midw Environm Sci Ctr, 2630 Fanta Reed Rd, La Crosse, WI 54603 USA. EM sgutreuter@usgs.gov NR 61 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 1 U2 15 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA-N R C RESEARCH PRESS PI OTTAWA PA BUILDING M 55, OTTAWA, ON K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0706-652X J9 CAN J FISH AQUAT SCI JI Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. PD NOV PY 2006 VL 63 IS 11 BP 2418 EP 2433 DI 10.1139/F06-129 PG 16 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 104NL UT WOS:000241965000003 ER PT J AU Bunnell, DB Madenjian, CP Claramunt, RM AF Bunnell, David B. Madenjian, Charles P. Claramunt, Randall M. TI Long-term changes of the Lake Michigan fish community following the reduction of exotic alewife (Alosa pseudoharengus) SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FISHERIES AND AQUATIC SCIENCES LA English DT Article ID MUSSEL DREISSENA-POLYMORPHA; GREAT-LAKES; YELLOW PERCH; ALPINE LAKE; TROUT; RECRUITMENT; PREDATION; RECOVERY; REMOVAL; ONTARIO AB We used our long-term annual bottom trawl survey (1973-2004) in Lake Michigan to reveal the response of the native fish community to the biological control of a dominant exotic fish, alewife (Alosa pseudoharengus), as well as to changes in total phosphorus and salmonine biomass. Through nonmetric multidimensional scaling, we documented a 1970s community largely dominated by alewife, and then a shift to a community dominated by several native species during the 1980s through 1990s, when alewife remained at relatively low levels. We argue that the recovery of burbot (Lota lota), deepwater sculpin (Myoxocephalus thompsonii), and yellow perch (Perca flavescens) was partially or fully aided by the alewife reduction. We argue that changes in phosphorus or salmonines were not directly related to abundance increases of native species. An additional community shift occurred during 1999-2004, which coincided with a reduction in species richness and total fish biomass in our trawl. The mechanisms underlying this latest shift may be related to reductions in nutrients, but further research is required. The restoration of the native fish community has been incomplete, however, as emerald shiner (Notropis atherinioides), cisco (Coregonus artedii), and lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush) have yet to demonstrate recovery. C1 USGS Great Lakes Sci Ctr, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA. Michigan Dept Nat Resources, Charlevoix Fisheries Res Stn, Charlevoix, MI 49720 USA. RP Bunnell, DB (reprint author), USGS Great Lakes Sci Ctr, 1451 Green Rd, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA. EM dbunnell@usgs.gov OI Bunnell, David/0000-0003-3521-7747 NR 73 TC 43 Z9 41 U1 3 U2 24 PU CANADIAN SCIENCE PUBLISHING, NRC RESEARCH PRESS PI OTTAWA PA 65 AURIGA DR, SUITE 203, OTTAWA, ON K2E 7W6, CANADA SN 0706-652X EI 1205-7533 J9 CAN J FISH AQUAT SCI JI Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. PD NOV PY 2006 VL 63 IS 11 BP 2434 EP 2446 DI 10.1139/F06-132 PG 13 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 104NL UT WOS:000241965000004 ER PT J AU Houser, JN AF Houser, Jeffrey N. TI Water color affects the stratification, surface temperature, heat content, and mean epilimnetic irradiance of small lakes SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FISHERIES AND AQUATIC SCIENCES LA English DT Article ID DISSOLVED ORGANIC-CARBON; CANADIAN SHIELD LAKES; MIXING DEPTHS; LIGHT CLIMATE; THERMAL STRUCTURE; SOUTHERN FINLAND; FOREST LAKES; PHYTOPLANKTON; NUTRIENTS; PHOSPHORUS AB The effects of water color on lake stratification, mean epilimnetic irradiance, and lake temperature dynamics were examined in small, north-temperate lakes that differed widely in water color (1.5-19.8 m(-1)). Among these lakes, colored lakes differed from clear lakes in the following ways: (i) the epilimnia were shallower and colder, and mean epilimnetic irradiance was reduced; (ii) the diel temperature cycles were more pronounced; (iii) whole-lake heat accumulation during stratification was reduced. The depth of the epilimnion ranged from 2.5 m in the clearest lake to 0.75 m in the most colored lake, and 91% of the variation in epilimnetic depth was explained by water color. Summer mean morning epilimnetic temperature was similar to 2 degrees C cooler in the most colored lake compared with the clearest lake. In clear lakes, the diel temperature range (1.4 +/- 0.7 degrees C) was significantly (p = 0.01) less than that in the most colored lake (2.1 +/- 1.0 degrees C). Change in whole-lake heat content was negatively correlated with water color. Increasing water color decreased light penetration more than thermocline depth, leading to reduced mean epilimnetic irradiance in the colored lakes. Thus, in these small lakes, water color significantly affected temperature, thermocline depth, and light climate. C1 Univ Wisconsin, Ctr Limnol, Madison, WI 53706 USA. RP Houser, JN (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Upper Midw Environm Sci Ctr, 2630 Fanta Reed Rd, La Crosse, WI 54603 USA. EM jhouser@usgs.gov OI Houser, Jeffrey/0000-0003-3295-3132 NR 49 TC 44 Z9 46 U1 3 U2 39 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA-N R C RESEARCH PRESS PI OTTAWA PA BUILDING M 55, OTTAWA, ON K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0706-652X J9 CAN J FISH AQUAT SCI JI Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. PD NOV PY 2006 VL 63 IS 11 BP 2447 EP 2455 DI 10.1139/F06-131 PG 9 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 104NL UT WOS:000241965000005 ER PT J AU Elfrink, B Hanes, DM Ruessink, BG AF Elfrink, Berry Hanes, Daniel M. Ruessink, B. G. TI Parameterization and simulation of near bed orbital velocities under irregular waves in shallow water SO COASTAL ENGINEERING LA English DT Article DE wave orbital velocity; wave height distribution; wave skewness; sediment transport ID SURFACE GRAVITY-WAVES; MODEL; TRANSPORT; NEARSHORE; BREAKING; BEACH AB A set of empirical formulations is derived that describe important wave properties in shallow water as functions of commonly used parameters such as wave height, wave period, local water depth and local bed slope. These wave properties include time varying near-bed orbital velocities and statistical properties such as the distribution of wave height and wave period. Empirical expressions of characteristic wave parameters are derived on the basis of extensive analysis of field data using recently developed evolutionary algorithms. The field data covered a wide range of wave conditions, though there were few conditions with wave periods greater than 15 s. Comparison with field measurements showed good agreement both on a time scale of a single wave period as well as time averaged velocity moments. (C) 2006 Elsevier BY All rights reserved. C1 DHI Water & Environm, Coastal & Estuarine Dept, DK-2970 Horsholm, Denmark. USGS, Pacific Sci Ctr, Santa Cruz, CA 95060 USA. Univ Utrecht, IMAU, Fac Geosci, Dept Phys Geog, NL-3508 TC Utrecht, Netherlands. RP Elfrink, B (reprint author), DHI Water & Environm, Coastal & Estuarine Dept, Agern Alle 5, DK-2970 Horsholm, Denmark. EM bre@dhi.dk; dhanes@usgs.gov; g.ruessink@geo.uu.nl NR 29 TC 40 Z9 40 U1 0 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0378-3839 J9 COAST ENG JI Coast. Eng. PD NOV PY 2006 VL 53 IS 11 BP 915 EP 927 DI 10.1016/j.coastaleng.2006.06.002 PG 13 WC Engineering, Civil; Engineering, Ocean SC Engineering GA 105DE UT WOS:000242008700003 ER PT J AU Feigl, KL Thatcher, W AF Feigl, Kurt L. Thatcher, Wayne TI Geodetic observations of post-seismic transients in the context of the earthquake deformation cycle SO COMPTES RENDUS GEOSCIENCE LA English DT Review DE GPS; INSAR; rheology; crustal strain; fault; seismotectonics ID GREVENA GREECE EARTHQUAKE; STRIKE-SLIP-FAULT; 17 AUGUST 1999; CURRENT PLATE MOTIONS; ELASTIC HALF-SPACE; 1989 LOMA-PRIETA; PORE FLUID-FLOW; CLARKE ET-AL; SAR INTERFEROMETRY; PERMANENT SCATTERERS AB Satellite geodetic techniques that can measure displacements with millimeter-level accuracy reveal transient signals in the deformation fields produced by both moderate and large earthquakes. These post-seismic signals exhibit characteristic time scales ranging from weeks to decades and distance scales from hundreds of meters to hundreds of kilometers. By considering them in the context of the earthquake deformation cycle, we can test hypotheses about the processes driving them and constrain the rheology of the lithosphere. We discuss three broad categories of mechanism: afterslip in the plane of the co-seismic rupture (analogous to a rubber eraser), fluid flow in the fault zone (analogous to a water-laden sponge), and ductile flow in a weak substrate (analogous to a pot of honey). C1 CNRS, Dynam Terr & Planetaire, UMR 5562, F-31400 Toulouse, France. US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. RP Feigl, KL (reprint author), CNRS, Dynam Terr & Planetaire, UMR 5562, 14 Av Edouard Belin, F-31400 Toulouse, France. EM feigl@wisc.edu; thatcher@usgs.gov NR 120 TC 21 Z9 22 U1 0 U2 5 PU ELSEVIER FRANCE-EDITIONS SCIENTIFIQUES MEDICALES ELSEVIER PI PARIS PA 23 RUE LINOIS, 75724 PARIS, FRANCE SN 1631-0713 EI 1778-7025 J9 CR GEOSCI JI C. R. Geosci. PD NOV-DEC PY 2006 VL 338 IS 14-15 BP 1012 EP 1028 DI 10.1016/j.crte.2006.06.006 PG 17 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 116GX UT WOS:000242791600008 ER PT J AU Vander Werf, EA Burt, MD Rohrer, JL Mosher, SM AF Vander Werf, Eric A. Burt, Matthew D. Rohrer, Joby L. Mosher, Stephen M. TI Distribution and prevalence of mosquito-borne diseases in O'ahu 'Elepaio SO CONDOR LA English DT Article DE Chasiempis sandwichensis; disease; 'Elepaio; Hawai'i; malaria; mosquito; pox virus ID MAUNA-LOA VOLCANO; AVIAN MALARIA; HAWAIIAN BIRDS; EPIZOOTIOLOGY; PATHOGENICITY; POX AB The endemic Hawaiian avifauna is one of the most imperiled on earth, and diseases have been one of the most serious causes of species declines. From 1995-2005, we mist-netted and banded 266 endangered O'ahu 'Elepaio (Chasiempis sandwichensis ibidis) from 27 sites, examined them for visible symptoms of avian pox virus (Poxvirus avium), and screened blood samples for avian malaria (Plasmodium relictum). Pox-like lesions and malaria were found in all 'Elepaio populations on O'ahu; no parts of the island were free of these mosquito-borne diseases. Each year, 20% +/- 4% of 'Elepaic, had active lesions likely caused by pox and an additional 16% +/- 4% had deformities and missing toes indicative of healed pox lesions. Prevalence of malaria was 87% over all years combined. Pox prevalence varied among years and was associated with annual rainfall, presumably due to greater abundance of mosquito breeding sites in wet years. Rainfall amounts at least as high as those associated with pox epizootics in 1996 and 2004 have occurred in 13 years since 1947, or once every 4.5 years. Severity of infection varied considerably among birds, and infections involving three or more toes, the feet, or the head were less common in birds with healed lesions than those with active lesions, suggesting such infections resulted in mortality more often. Disease resistance may be evolving in some areas, but 'Elepaio populations on O'ahu are likely to further decline. C1 US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Honolulu, HI 96850 USA. USA Garrison, Environm Div, Directorate Publ Works, Schofield Barracks, HI 96857 USA. RP Vander Werf, EA (reprint author), Pacific Rim Conservat, 320 Kupaua Pl, Honolulu, HI 96821 USA. EM eric@pacificrimconservation.org NR 29 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 2 U2 7 PU COOPER ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC PI LAWRENCE PA ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC NORTH AMER PO BOX 1897, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 USA SN 0010-5422 EI 1938-5129 J9 CONDOR JI Condor PD NOV PY 2006 VL 108 IS 4 BP 770 EP 777 DI 10.1650/0010-5422(2006)108[770:DAPOMD]2.0.CO;2 PG 8 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA 104RJ UT WOS:000241976200003 ER PT J AU Farmer, A Durbian, F AF Farmer, Adrian Durbian, Frank TI Estimating shorebird numbers at migration stopover sites SO CONDOR LA English DT Article DE Calidris melanotos; Calidris minutilla; detectability; Least Sandpiper; length of stay; migration stopover; Pectoral Sandpiper ID SPRING MIGRATION; SANDPIPERS AB We describe a method for estimating the total number of shorebirds that use a migration stopover site during spring and fall migration. We combined weekly shorebird counts with parameter estimates for detection probability, sampled proportion, and length of stay on the Squaw Creek National Wildlife Refuge. Double sampling was used to determine detection probability and estimated values varied among wetland units from a low of 0.07 to a high of 0.82. The sampled proportion of most wetland units was 100% but was lower in some of the larger units. Length of stay (measured for Pectoral [Calidris melanotos] and Least Sandpipers [C. minutilla] combined) averaged 10.0 days in spring and 3.7 days in fall. Spring shorebird numbers were approximately five times greater than fall numbers on the Refuge. Annual shorebird numbers varied among years from an estimated low in 2003 of 15 734 to a high in 2002 of 69 570. Peak daily counts during study years averaged only 12% of estimated spring totals and 4% of fall totals. An estimate of shorebird numbers based on summing weekly counts, not corrected for detection probability or sampled proportion, would have been only 21% (spring) to 31% (fall) of the total number of birds. These results reveal that peak counts and nonadjusted counts can significantly underestimate the number of shorebirds that use migration stopover sites in the midcontinent of North America. C1 US Geol Survey, Ft Collins Sci Ctr, Ft Collins, CO 80526 USA. Squaw Creek Natl Wildlife Refuge, Mound City, MO 64470 USA. RP Farmer, A (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Ft Collins Sci Ctr, 2150 Ctr Ave,Bldg C, Ft Collins, CO 80526 USA. EM adrian_farmer@usgs.gov NR 26 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 1 U2 18 PU COOPER ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC PI LAWRENCE PA ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC NORTH AMER PO BOX 1897, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 USA SN 0010-5422 J9 CONDOR JI Condor PD NOV PY 2006 VL 108 IS 4 BP 792 EP 807 DI 10.1650/0010-5422(2006)108[792:ESNAMS]2.0.CO;2 PG 16 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA 104RJ UT WOS:000241976200005 ER PT J AU Winter, M Johnson, DH Shaffer, JA AF Winter, Maiken Johnson, Douglas H. Shaffer, Jill A. TI Does body size affect a bird's sensitivity to patch size and landscape structure? SO CONDOR LA English DT Article DE body size; conservation; grassland bird; landscape; patch size; umbrella species ID UMBRELLA-SPECIES CONCEPT; TALLGRASS PRAIRIE; GRASSLAND BIRDS; AREA SENSITIVITY; NESTING SUCCESS; CONSERVATION; VEGETATION; DENSITY; SASKATCHEWAN; MINNESOTA AB Larger birds are generally more strongly affected by habitat loss and fragmentation than are smaller ones because they require more resources and thus larger habitat patches. Consequently, conservation actions often favor the creation or protection of larger over smaller patches. However, in grassland systems the boundaries between a patch and the surrounding landscape, and thus the perceived size of a patch, can be indistinct. We investigated whether eight grassland bird species with different body sizes perceived variation in patch size and landscape structure in a consistent manner. Data were collected from surveys conducted in 44 patches of northern tallgrass prairie during 1998-2001. The response to patch size was very similar among species regardless of body size (density was little affected by patch size), except in the Greater Prairie-Chicken (Tympanuchus cupido), which showed a threshold effect and was not found in patches smaller than 140 ha. In landscapes containing 0%-30% woody vegetation, smaller species responded more negatively to increases in the percentage of woody vegetation than larger species, but above an apparent threshold of 30%, larger species were not detected. Further analyses revealed that the observed variation in responses to patch size and landscape structure among species was not solely due to body size per se, but to other differences among species. These results indicate that a stringent application of concepts requiring larger habitat patches for larger species appears to limit the number of grassland habitats that can be protected and may not always be the most effective conservation strategy. C1 SUNY Coll Environm Sci & Forestry, Syracuse, NY 13210 USA. Univ Minnesota, Dept Fisheries Wildlife & Conservat Biol, US Geol Survey, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. US Geol Survey, No Prairie Wildlife Res Ctr, Jamestown, ND 58401 USA. RP Winter, M (reprint author), Cornell Univ, Ornithol Lab, 159 Sapsucker Woods Rd, Ithaca, NY 14850 USA. EM mw267@cornell.edu NR 36 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 3 U2 14 PU COOPER ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC PI LAWRENCE PA ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC NORTH AMER PO BOX 1897, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 USA SN 0010-5422 J9 CONDOR JI Condor PD NOV PY 2006 VL 108 IS 4 BP 808 EP 816 DI 10.1650/0010-5422(2006)108[808:DBSAAB]2.0.CO;2 PG 9 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA 104RJ UT WOS:000241976200006 ER PT J AU Heltzel, JM Earnst, SL AF Heltzel, Jeannie M. Earnst, Susan L. TI Factors influencing nest success of songbirds in aspen and willow riparian areas in the Great Basin SO CONDOR LA English DT Article DE aspen; brood parasitism; livestock grazing; nest success; riparian birds; willow; Yellow Warbler ID WARBLING VIREOS; SITE SELECTION; PREDATION; HABITAT; BIRDS; POPULATION; LANDSCAPE; CONCEALMENT; ECOSYSTEMS; PARASITISM AB Recent studies have examined the effects of livestock grazing, agriculture, and human habitation on nest predation and brood parasitism in riparian areas in the western United States. However, we know little about factors influencing nest success in riparian areas lacking such anthropogenic influences, in part because the influences are so pervasive. We studied riparian bird communities in a 115 000 ha wildlife refuge where livestock grazing was discontinued > 10 years ago, and which has little nearby agriculture or human habitation. We monitored nests on 24 aspen (Populus tremuloides) and 10 willow (Salix spp.) plots. Brood parasitism rates were substantially lower than at other western sites and did not differ between aspen and willow habitats. Nest success in aspen was relatively high compared to that reported for other western sites and higher than in willow. Predators may have been able to find nests more efficiently in willow than in aspen because territory densities were higher in willow (40 versus 30 pairs per ha, respectively), because willow had less structural heterogeneity, or both. We did not find strong evidence that nest success was influenced by aspen patch size or distance to riparian edge, indicating that even small aspen patches provide valuable nesting habitat. Weather was an important cause of nest failure, particularly at higher elevations during late-spring snowstorms. Our results indicate that riparian areas without major anthropogenic impacts, especially aspen stands, constitute high-quality breeding habitat and warrant conservation focus. C1 US Geol Survey, Forest & Rangeland Ecosyst Sci Ctr, Boise, ID 83716 USA. RP Earnst, SL (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Forest & Rangeland Ecosyst Sci Ctr, 970 Lusk St, Boise, ID 83716 USA. EM susan_earnst@usgs.gov NR 59 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 3 U2 22 PU COOPER ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC PI LAWRENCE PA ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC NORTH AMER PO BOX 1897, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 USA SN 0010-5422 EI 1938-5129 J9 CONDOR JI Condor PD NOV PY 2006 VL 108 IS 4 BP 842 EP 855 DI 10.1650/0010-5422(2006)108[842:FINSOS]2.0.CO;2 PG 14 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA 104RJ UT WOS:000241976200009 ER PT J AU Phillips, LM Powell, AN Rexstad, EA AF Phillips, Laura M. Powell, Abby N. Rexstad, Eric A. TI Large-scale movements and habitat characteristics of King Eiders throughout the nonbreeding period SO CONDOR LA English DT Article DE distribution; habitat; migration; satellite telemetry; Somateria spectabilis; wing molt; wintering ID YUKON-KUSKOKWIM DELTA; NORTHERN BERING-SEA; SOMATERIA-SPECTABILIS; SPECTACLED EIDERS; COMMON EIDERS; CHUKCHI SEAS; STELLERS EIDERS; WEST GREENLAND; BODY-COMPOSITION; SITE FIDELITY AB King Eiders (Somateria spectabilis) breeding in western Canada and Alaska molt wing feathers and spend the winter in remote areas of the Bering Sea, precluding direct observation. To characterize timing of migration and habitat used by King Eiders during the nonbreeding period, we collected location data for 60 individuals (27 females and 33 males) over three years from satellite telemetry and utilized oceanographic information obtained by remote sensing. Male King Eiders dispersed from breeding areas, arrived at wing molt sites, and dispersed from wing molt sites earlier than females in all years. Males arriving earlier at wing molt sites molted flight feathers at higher latitudes. Distributions of molt and winter locations did not differ by sex or among years. Of the variables considered for analysis, distance to shore, water depth, and salinity appeared to best describe King Eider habitat throughout the nonbreeding period. King Eiders were located closer to shore, in shallower water with lower salinity than random locations. During the winter, lower ice concentrations were also associated with King Eider locations. This study provides some of the first large-scale descriptions of King Eider migration and habitat outside the breeding season. C1 Univ Alaska Fairbanks, Dept Biol & Wildlife, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA. Univ Alaska Fairbanks, US Geol Survey, Alaska Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA. Univ Alaska Fairbanks, Inst Arctic Biol, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA. RP Phillips, LM (reprint author), Denali Natl Pk & Preserve, POB 9, Denali Park, AK 99755 USA. EM laura_phillips@nps.gov OI Powell, Abby/0000-0002-9783-134X; Rexstad, Eric/0000-0002-4323-8161 NR 72 TC 25 Z9 27 U1 1 U2 9 PU COOPER ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC PI LAWRENCE PA ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC NORTH AMER PO BOX 1897, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 USA SN 0010-5422 J9 CONDOR JI Condor PD NOV PY 2006 VL 108 IS 4 BP 887 EP 900 DI 10.1650/0010-5422(2006)108[887:LMAHCO]2.0.CO;2 PG 14 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA 104RJ UT WOS:000241976200013 ER PT J AU Flint, PL Morse, JA Grand, JB Moran, CL AF Flint, Paul L. Morse, Julie A. Grand, J. Barry Moran, Christine L. TI Correlated growth and survival of juvenile Spectacled Eiders: Evidence of habitat limitation? SO CONDOR LA English DT Article DE duckling growth; duckling survival; habitat limitation; hatching date; salinity; Somateria fischeri; Spectacled Eider ID SOMATERIA-MOLLISSIMA DUCKLINGS; BRANT BRANTA-BERNICLA; YUKON-KUSKOKWIM DELTA; BLACK BRANT; MALLARD DUCKLINGS; EGG SIZE; ALASKA; RATES; WATER; GOLDENEYE AB We studied the growth and survival of Spectacled Eider (Somateria fischeri) ducklings to 30 days of age along the lower Kashunuk River on the Yukon-Kuskokwim Delta from 1995 to 2000. We replicated this study at a second site, Kigigak Island, in 1999 and 2000. Age-adjusted estimates of duckling mass and survival at 30 days posthatching were highly variable. Duckling survival was consistently higher on Kigigak Island in 1999 and 2000, averaging 67%, while survival on the Kashunuk River averaged 45% during the same time period. Duckling survival was negatively related to hatching date. At the Kashunuk River site our data supported models that indicated age-adjusted mass varied with habitat type and declined with hatching date. Ducklings from Kashunuk River were heavier in 1999, while ducklings from Kigigak Island were heavier in 2000. However, we found a positive correlation between 30-day duckling survival and age-adjusted mass, suggesting a localized environmental effect on both parameters. We conclude that predation may be the proximate mechanism of mortality, but habitat conditions are likely the ultimate factors influencing duckling survival. Geographic variation in rates of duckling survival and apparent growth suggest that spatial heterogeneity in population vital rates is occurring at multiple levels. C1 US Geol Survey, Alsaka Sci Ctr, Anchorage, AK 99503 USA. US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Yukon Delta Natl Wildlife Refuge, Bethel, AK 99559 USA. RP Flint, PL (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Alsaka Sci Ctr, 1011 E Tudor Rd, Anchorage, AK 99503 USA. EM paul_flint@usgs.gov OI Flint, Paul/0000-0002-8758-6993 NR 42 TC 7 Z9 9 U1 1 U2 7 PU COOPER ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC PI LAWRENCE PA ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC NORTH AMER PO BOX 1897, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 USA SN 0010-5422 J9 CONDOR JI Condor PD NOV PY 2006 VL 108 IS 4 BP 901 EP 911 DI 10.1650/0010-5422(2006)108[901:CGASOJ]2.0.CO;2 PG 11 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA 104RJ UT WOS:000241976200014 ER PT J AU Hupp, JW Schmutz, JA Ely, CR AF Hupp, Jerry W. Schmutz, Joel A. Ely, Craig R. TI The prelaying interval of Emperor Geese on the Yukon-Kuskokwim Delta, Alaska SO CONDOR LA English DT Article DE arctic geese; Chen canagica; Emperor Goose; migration; nesting; rapid follicle growth; Yukon-Kuskokwim Delta ID GREATER SNOW GEESE; WHITE-FRONTED GEESE; CANADA GEESE; CLUTCH SIZE; PERCUTANEOUS ANTENNAS; SEASONAL DECLINE; REPRODUCTION; FOOD; RADIOTRANSMITTERS; MIGRATION AB We marked 136 female Emperor Geese (Chen canagica) in western Alaska with VHF or satellite (PTT) transmitters from 1999 to 2003 to monitor their spring arrival and nest initiation dates on the Yukon Delta, and to estimate prelaying interval lengths once at the nesting area. Ninety-two females with functional transmitters returned to the Yukon Delta in the spring after they were marked, and we located the nests of 35 of these individuals. Prelaying intervals were influenced by when snow melted in the spring and individual arrival dates on the Yukon Delta. The median prelaying interval was 15 days (range = 12-19 days) in a year when snow melted relatively late, and 11 days (range = 416 days) in two warmer years when snow melted earlier. In years when snow melted earlier, prelaying intervals of < 12 days for 11 of 15 females suggested they initiated rapid follicle development on spring staging areas. The prelaying interval declined by approximately 0.4 days and nest initiation date increased approximately 0.5 days for each day a female delayed her arrival. Thus, females that arrived first on the Yukon Delta had prelaying intervals up to four days longer, yet they nested up to five days earlier, than females that arrived last. The proximity of spring staging areas on the Alaska Peninsula to nesting areas on the Yukon Delta may enable Emperor Geese to alter timing of follicle development depending on annual conditions, and to invest nutrients acquired from both areas in eggs during their formation. Plasticity in timing of follicle development is likely advantageous in a variable environment where melting of snow cover in the spring can vary by 2-3 weeks annually. C1 US Geol Survey, Alaska Sci Ctr, Anchorage, AK 99503 USA. RP Hupp, JW (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Alaska Sci Ctr, 1011 E Tudor Rd, Anchorage, AK 99503 USA. EM jerry_hupp@usgs.gov NR 44 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 6 PU COOPER ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC PI LAWRENCE PA ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC NORTH AMER PO BOX 1897, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 USA SN 0010-5422 J9 CONDOR JI Condor PD NOV PY 2006 VL 108 IS 4 BP 912 EP 924 DI 10.1650/0010-5422(2006)108[912:TPIOEG]2.0.CO;2 PG 13 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA 104RJ UT WOS:000241976200015 ER PT J AU Ogston, AS Kineke, GC Sherwood, CR AF Ogston, A. S. Kineke, G. C. Sherwood, C. R. TI Special issue in honor of Richard W. Sternberg's contributions to marine sedimentology SO CONTINENTAL SHELF RESEARCH LA English DT Biographical-Item C1 Univ Washington, Sch Oceanog, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. Boston Coll, Dept Geol & Geophys, Chestnut Hill, MA 02467 USA. US Geol Survey, Wood Hole Sci Ctr, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. RP Ogston, AS (reprint author), Univ Washington, Sch Oceanog, Box 357940, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. EM ogston@ocean.washington.edu NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0278-4343 J9 CONT SHELF RES JI Cont. Shelf Res. PD NOV PY 2006 VL 26 IS 17-18 BP 1989 EP 1993 DI 10.1016/j.csr.2006.07.007 PG 5 WC Oceanography SC Oceanography GA 109UE UT WOS:000242333600001 ER PT J AU Sherwood, CR Lacy, JR Voulgaris, G AF Sherwood, Christopher R. Lacy, Jessica R. Voulgaris, George TI Shear velocity estimates on the inner shelf off Grays Harbor, Washington, USA SO CONTINENTAL SHELF RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE inner shelf; bottom stress; turbulence; sediment-induced stratification; sediment transport; sediment resuspension ID BOTTOM BOUNDARY-LAYER; INERTIAL DISSIPATION METHOD; CONTINENTAL-SHELF; TURBULENCE MEASUREMENTS; BED ROUGHNESS; FLUX MEASUREMENTS; DRAG COEFFICIENT; REYNOLDS-NUMBERS; SEABED STRESSES; KINETIC-ENERGY AB Shear velocity was estimated from current measurements near the bottom off Grays Harbor, Washington between May 4 and June 6, 2001 under mostly wave-dominated conditions. A downward-looking pulse-coherent acoustic Doppler profiler (PCADP) and two acoustic-Doppler velocimeters (field version; ADVFs) were deployed on a tripod at 9-m water depth. Measurements from these instruments were used to estimate shear velocity with (1) a modified eddy-correlation (EC) technique, (2) the log-profile (LP) method, and (3) a dissipation-rate method. Although values produced by the three methods agreed reasonably well (within their broad ranges of uncertainty), there were important systematic differences. Estimates from the EC method were generally lowest, followed by those from the inertial-dissipation method. The LP method produced the highest values and the greatest scatter. We show that these results are consistent with boundary-layer theory when sediment-induced stratification is present. The EC method provides the most fundamental estimate of kinematic stress near the bottom, and stratification causes the LP method to overestimate bottom stress. These results remind us that the methods are not equivalent and that comparison among sites and with models should be made carefully. (c) 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 US Geol Survey, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. US Geol Survey, Santa Cruz, CA USA. Univ S Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208 USA. RP Sherwood, CR (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 384 Wood Hole Rd, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. EM csherwood@usgs.gov; jlacy@usgs.gov; gvoulgaris@geol.sc.edu RI Voulgaris, George/A-7593-2014 OI Voulgaris, George/0000-0002-0667-8870 NR 53 TC 29 Z9 31 U1 3 U2 11 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0278-4343 J9 CONT SHELF RES JI Cont. Shelf Res. PD NOV PY 2006 VL 26 IS 17-18 BP 1995 EP 2018 DI 10.1016/j.csr.2006.07.025 PG 24 WC Oceanography SC Oceanography GA 109UE UT WOS:000242333600003 ER PT J AU Butman, B Alexander, PS Scotti, A Beardsley, RC Anderson, SP AF Butman, B. Alexander, P. S. Scotti, A. Beardsley, R. C. Anderson, S. P. TI Large internal waves in Massachusetts Bay transport sediments offshore SO CONTINENTAL SHELF RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE internal waves; sediment transport; Massachusetts Bay; Stellwagen Bank ID CONTINENTAL-SHELF; SOLITARY WAVES; TIDAL BORES; RESUSPENSION; ELEVATION; PACKETS; SAR AB A field experiment was carried out in Massachusetts Bay in August 1998 to assess the role of large-amplitude internal waves (LIWs) in resuspending bottom sediments. The field experiment consisted of a four-element moored array extending from just west of Stellwagen Bank (90-m water depth) across Stellwagen Basin (85- and 50-m water depth) to the coast (24-m water depth). The LIWs were observed in packets of 5-10 waves, had periods of 5-10 min and wavelengths of 200-400 m, and caused downward excursions of the thermocline of as much as 30 m. At the 85-m site, the current measured 1 in above bottom (mab) typically increased from near 0 to 0.2 m/s offshore in a few minutes upon arrival of the LIWs. At the 50-m site, the near-bottom offshore flow measured 6 mab increased from about 0.1 to 0.4-0.6 m/s upon arrival of the LIWs and remained offshore in the bottom layer for 1-2 h. The near-bottom currents associated with the LIWs, in concert with the tidal currents, were directed offshore and sufficient to resuspend the bottom sediments at both the 50- and 85-m sites. When LIWs are present, they may resuspend sediments for as long as 5 hours each tidal cycle as they travel westward across Stellwagen Basin. At 85-m water depth, resuspension associated with LIWs is estimated to occur for about 0.4 days each summer, about the same amount of time as caused by surface waves. Published by Elsevier Ltd. C1 US Geol Survey, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. Integrated Stat, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. Woods Hole Oceanog Inst, Dept Phys Oceanog, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. RP Butman, B (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 384 Woods Hole Rd, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. EM bbutman@usgs.gov; palexander@usgs.gov; ascotti@une.edu; rbeardsley@whoi.edu; steve@horizonmarine.com RI Dalyander, Soupy/E-9830-2013; OI Scotti, Alberto/0000-0001-8283-3070; Dalyander, P. Soupy/0000-0001-9583-0872 NR 35 TC 29 Z9 30 U1 2 U2 6 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0278-4343 J9 CONT SHELF RES JI Cont. Shelf Res. PD NOV PY 2006 VL 26 IS 17-18 BP 2029 EP 2049 DI 10.1016/j.csr.2006.07.022 PG 21 WC Oceanography SC Oceanography GA 109UE UT WOS:000242333600005 ER PT J AU Johnson, DH AF Johnson, Douglas H. TI The many faces of replication SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Analysis of Unreplicated Experiments CY 2005 CL Salt Lake City, UT SP Oregon State Univ ID ENVIRONMENTAL-IMPACT ASSESSMENT; PSEUDOREPLICATION; METAANALYSIS; STATISTICS; ECOLOGY; FIELD AB Replication is one of the three cornerstones of inference from experimental studies, the other two being control and randomization. In fact, replication is essential for the benefits of randomization to apply. In addition to ordinary replication, the repetition of treatments within a study, two other levels of replication have been identified. Pseudoreplication, a termed coined by Stuart Hurlbert, generally involves making multiple measurements on experiment units (which is commendable) and treating them as if they reflected independent responses to treatment (which is erroneous). Metareplication is a higher level of replication in which entire studies are repeated. Scientists are too much concerned about analysis of data within studies and too little concerned about the repeatability of findings from studies conducted under a variety of conditions. Findings that are consistent among studies performed at different locations at different times with different investigators using different methods are likely to be robust and reliable. C1 Univ Minnesota, US Geol Survey, Prairie & No Wildlife Res Ctr, Dept Fisheries Wildlife & Conservat Biol, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. RP Johnson, DH (reprint author), Univ Minnesota, US Geol Survey, Prairie & No Wildlife Res Ctr, Dept Fisheries Wildlife & Conservat Biol, 204 Hodson Hall,1980 Folwell Ave, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. EM douglas_h_johnson@usgs.gov NR 30 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 2 U2 12 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0011-183X J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD NOV-DEC PY 2006 VL 46 IS 6 BP 2486 EP 2491 DI 10.2135/cropsci2006.04.0277 PG 6 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 117HI UT WOS:000242863500023 ER PT J AU Madej, MA Eschenbach, EA Diaz, C Teasley, R Baker, K AF Madej, Mary Ann Eschenbach, Elizabeth A. Diaz, Carlos Teasley, Rebecca Baker, Kristine TI Optimization strategies for sediment reduction practices on roads in steep, forested terrain SO EARTH SURFACE PROCESSES AND LANDFORMS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Joint International Geomorphology Conference CY AUG, 2004 CL Glasgow, SCOTLAND DE sediment delivery; dynamic programming; genetic algorithm; road removal; erosion control; forest roads; California ID EROSION; CATCHMENT; PATHWAYS; REMOVAL; NETWORK; OREGON AB Many forested steeplands in the western United States display a legacy of disturbances due to timber harvest, mining or wildfires, for example. Such disturbances have caused accelerated hillslope erosion, leading to increased sedimentation in fish-bearing streams. Several restoration techniques have been implemented to address these problems in mountain catchments, many of which involve the removal of abandoned roads and re-establishing drainage networks across road prisms. With limited restoration funds to be applied across large catchments, land managers are faced with deciding which areas and problems should be treated first, and by which technique, in order to design the most effective and cost-effective sediment reduction strategy. Currently most restoration is conducted on a site-specific scale according to uniform treatment policies. To create catchment-scale policies for restoration, we developed two optimization models - dynamic programming and genetic algorithms - to determine the most cost-effective treatment level for roads and stream crossings in a pilot study basin with approximately 700 road segments and crossings. These models considered the trade-offs between the cost and effectiveness of different restoration strategies to minimize the predicted erosion from all forest roads within a catchment, while meeting a specified budget constraint. The optimal sediment reduction strategies developed by these models performed much better than two strategies of uniform erosion control which are commonly applied to road erosion problems by land managers, with sediment savings increased by an additional 48 to 80 per cent. These optimization models can be used to formulate the most cost-effective restoration policy for sediment reduction on a catchment scale. Thus, cost savings can be applied to further restoration work within the catchment. Nevertheless, the models are based on erosion rates measured on past restoration sites, and need to be updated as additional monitoring studies evaluate long-term basin response to erosion control treatments. Copyright (c) 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. C1 US Geol Survey, Western Ecol Res Ctr, Arcata, CA 95521 USA. Humboldt State Univ, Arcata, CA 95521 USA. Univ Amherst, Amherst, MA USA. RP Madej, MA (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Western Ecol Res Ctr, 1655 Heindon Rd, Arcata, CA 95521 USA. EM mary-ann-madej@usgs.gov NR 29 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 3 U2 8 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD PI CHICHESTER PA THE ATRIUM, SOUTHERN GATE, CHICHESTER PO19 8SQ, W SUSSEX, ENGLAND SN 0197-9337 J9 EARTH SURF PROC LAND JI Earth Surf. Process. Landf. PD NOV PY 2006 VL 31 IS 13 BP 1643 EP 1656 DI 10.1002/esp.1436 PG 14 WC Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Physical Geography; Geology GA 108EN UT WOS:000242223200005 ER PT J AU Celebi, M AF Celebi, Mehmet TI Recorded earthquake responses from the integrated seismic monitoring network of the Atwood Building, Anchorage, Alaska SO EARTHQUAKE SPECTRA LA English DT Article AB An integrated seismic monitoring system with a total of 53 channels of accelerometers is now operating in and at the nearby free-field site of the 20-story steel-framed Atwood Building in highly seismic Anchorage, Alaska. The building has a single-story basement and a reinforced concrete foundation without piles. The monitoring system comprises a 32-channel structural array and a 21-channel site array. Accelerometers are deployed on 10 levels of the building to assess translational, torsional, and rocking motions, interstory drift (displacement) between selected pairs of adjacent floors, and average drift between floors. The site array, located approximately a city block from the building, comprises seven triaxial accelerometers, one at the surface and six in boreholes ranging in depths from 15 to 200 feet (similar to 5-60 meters). The arrays have already recorded low-amplitude shaking responses of the building and the site caused by numerous earthquakes at distances ranging from tens to a couple of hundred kilometers. Data from an earthquake that occurred 186 km away traces the propagation of waves from the deepest borehole to the roof of the building in approximately 0.5 seconds. Fundamental structural frequencies [0.58 Hz (NS) and 0.47 Hz (EW)], low damping percentages (2-4%), mode coupling, and beating effects are identified. The fundamental site frequency at approximately 1.5 Hz is close to the second modal frequencies (1.83 Hz NS and 1.43 EW) of the building, which may cause resonance of the building. Additional earthquakes prove repeatability of these characteristics; however, stronger shaking may alter these conclusions. C1 US Geol Survey, Earthquake Hazards Team, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. RP Celebi, M (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Earthquake Hazards Team, 345 Middlefield Rd, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. NR 17 TC 18 Z9 18 U1 1 U2 3 PU EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING RESEARCH INSTITUTE PI OAKLAND PA 499 14TH ST, STE 320, OAKLAND, CA 94612-1934 USA SN 8755-2930 J9 EARTHQ SPECTRA JI Earthq. Spectra PD NOV PY 2006 VL 22 IS 4 BP 847 EP 864 DI 10.1193/1.2359702 PG 18 WC Engineering, Civil; Engineering, Geological SC Engineering GA 111KS UT WOS:000242451000001 ER PT J AU Moilanen, A Runge, MC Elith, J Tyre, A Carmel, Y Fegraus, E Wintle, BA Burgman, M Ben-Haim, Y AF Moilanen, Atte Runge, Michael C. Elith, Jane Tyre, Andrew Carmel, Yohay Fegraus, Eric Wintle, Brendan A. Burgman, Mark Ben-Haim, Yakov TI Planning for robust reserve networks using uncertainty analysis SO ECOLOGICAL MODELLING LA English DT Article DE reserve selection; site selection algorithm; conservation planning; uncertainty analysis; information-gap decision theory ID SPECIES DISTRIBUTION; SELECTION ALGORITHMS; HABITAT LOSS; CONSERVATION; MODELS; DESIGN; BIODIVERSITY; PERSISTENCE; EXTINCTION; AREAS AB Planning land-use for biodiversity conservation frequently involves computer-assisted reserve selection algorithms. Typically such algorithms operate on matrices of species presence-absence in sites, or on species-specific distributions of model predicted probabilities of occurrence in grid cells. There are practically always errors in input data-erroneous species presence-absence data, structural and parametric uncertainty in predictive habitat models, and lack of correspondence between temporal presence and long-run persistence. Despite these uncertainties, typical reserve selection methods proceed as if there is no uncertainty in the data or models. Having two conservation options of apparently equal biological value, one would prefer the option whose value is relatively insensitive to errors in planning inputs. In this work we show how uncertainty analysis for reserve planning can be implemented within a framework of information-gap decision theory, generating reserve designs that are robust to uncertainty. Consideration of uncertainty involves modifications to the typical objective functions used in reserve selection. Search for robust-optimal reserve structures can still be implemented via typical reserve selection optimization techniques, including stepwise heuristics, integer-programming and stochastic global search. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Helsinki, Dept Biol & Environm Sci, Metapopulat Res Grp, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland. USGS Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, Laurel, MD 20708 USA. Univ Melbourne, Sch Bot, Parkville, Vic 3010, Australia. Univ Nebraska, Sch Nat Resources Sci, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. Technion Israel Inst Technol, Fac Mech Engn, IL-32000 Haifa, Israel. NCEAS, Santa Barbara, CA 93101 USA. RP Moilanen, A (reprint author), Univ Helsinki, Dept Biol & Environm Sci, Metapopulat Res Grp, POB 65, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland. EM atte.moilanen@helsinki.fi; michael_runge@usgs.gov; j.elith@unimelb.edu.au; atyre2@unl.edu; yohay@tx.technion.ac.il; fegraus@nceas.ucsb.edu; brendanw@unimelb.edu.au; markab@unimelb.edu.au; yakov@techunix.technion.ac.il RI Moilanen, Atte/A-5005-2011; Runge, Michael/E-7331-2011; Carmel, Yohay/G-4362-2011; Elith, Jane/F-2022-2015 OI Runge, Michael/0000-0002-8081-536X; Carmel, Yohay/0000-0002-5883-0184; Elith, Jane/0000-0002-8706-0326 NR 38 TC 56 Z9 57 U1 2 U2 21 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0304-3800 J9 ECOL MODEL JI Ecol. Model. PD NOV 1 PY 2006 VL 199 IS 1 BP 115 EP 124 DI 10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2006.07.004 PG 10 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 096YP UT WOS:000241413200011 ER PT J AU Willard, DA Bernhardt, CE Holmes, CW Landacre, B Marot, M AF Willard, Debra A. Bernhardt, Christopher E. Holmes, Charles W. Landacre, Bryan Marot, Marci TI Response of everglades tree islands to environmental change SO ECOLOGICAL MONOGRAPHS LA English DT Article DE climate; drought; Everglades; Florida, USA; Intertropical Convergence Zone; Little Ice Age; paleoecology; pollen; spores; tree islands; wetlands ID FLORIDA EVERGLADES; MAYA CIVILIZATION; CLIMATE; VARIABILITY; LOWLANDS; COLLAPSE; MEXICO; PEAT AB Tree islands are centers of biodiversity within the Florida Everglades, USA, but the factors controlling their distribution, formation, and development are poorly understood. We use pollen assemblages from tree islands throughout the greater Everglades ecosystem to reconstruct the timing of tree island formation, patterns of development, and response to specific climatic and environmental stressors. These data indicate that fixed (teardrop-shaped) and strand tree islands developed well before substantial human alteration of the system, with initial tree island vegetation in place between 3500 and 500 calibrated years before present (cal yr BP), depending on the location in the Everglades wetland. Tree island development appears to have been triggered by regional- to global-scale climatic events at similar to 2800 cal yr BP, 1600-1500 cal yr BP, 1200-1000 cal yr BP (early Medieval Warm Period), and 500-200 cal yr BP (Little Ice Age). These periods correspond to drought intervals documented in Central and South America and periods of southward displacement of the Intertropical Convergence Zone. The records indicate a coherence of climate patterns in both subtropical North America and the Northern Hemisphere Neotropics. Water management practices of the 20th century altered plant communities and size of tree islands throughout the Everglades. Responses range from loss of tree islands due to artificially long hydroperiods and deep water to expansion of tree islands after flow reductions. These data provide evidence for the rapidity of tree island response to specific hydrologic change and facilitate prediction of the response to future changes associated with Everglades restoration plans. C1 US Geol Survey, 926A Natl Ctr, Reston, VA 20192 USA. US Geol Survey, St Petersburg, FL 33071 USA. RP Willard, DA (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 926A Natl Ctr, Reston, VA 20192 USA. EM dwillard@usgs.gov NR 45 TC 46 Z9 46 U1 1 U2 15 PU ECOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 1707 H ST NW, STE 400, WASHINGTON, DC 20006-3915 USA SN 0012-9615 J9 ECOL MONOGR JI Ecol. Monogr. PD NOV PY 2006 VL 76 IS 4 BP 565 EP 583 DI 10.1890/0012-9615(2006)076[0565:ROETIT]2.0.CO;2 PG 19 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 104VS UT WOS:000241989300006 ER PT J AU Karanth, KU Nichols, JD Kumar, NS Hines, JE AF Karanth, K. Ullas Nichols, James D. Kumar, N. Samba Hines, James E. TI Assessing tiger population dynamics using photographic capture-recapture sampling SO ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE camera-trapping; capture-recapture; carnivores; demographic parameters; elusive species; macroecology; noninvasive surveys; Panthera tigris; population modeling; robust design; tigers; trend estimation ID PANTHERA-TIGRIS; STATISTICAL-INFERENCE; MODEL SELECTION; MARKED ANIMALS; ROBUST DESIGN; CAMERA-TRAP; SURVIVAL; PREY; PARAMETERS; DENSITIES AB Although wide-ranging, elusive, large carnivore species, such as the tiger, are of scientific and conservation interest, rigorous inferences about their population dynamics are scarce because of methodological problems of sampling populations at the required spatial and temporal scales. We report the application of a rigorous, noninvasive method for assessing tiger population dynamics to test model-based predictions about population viability. We obtained photographic capture histories for 74 individual tigers during a nine-year study involving 5725 trap-nights of effort. These data were modeled under a likelihood-based, "robust design'' capture-recapture analytic framework. We explicitly modeled and estimated ecological parameters such as time-specific abundance, density, survival, recruitment, temporary emigration, and transience, using models that incorporated effects of factors such as individual heterogeneity, trap-response, and time on probabilities of photo-capturing tigers. The model estimated a random temporary emigration parameter of gamma '' = gamma ' = 0.10 +/- 0.069 ( values are estimated mean +/- SE). When scaled to an annual basis, tiger survival rates were estimated at S = 0.77 +/- 0.051, and the estimated probability that a newly caught animal was a transient was tau = 0.18 +/- 0.11. During the period when the sampled area was of constant size, the estimated population size N-t varied from 17 +/- 1.7 to 31 +/- 2.1 tigers, with a geometric mean rate of annual population change estimated as gamma = 1.03 +/- 0.020, representing a 3% annual increase. The estimated recruitment of new animals, B-t, varied from 0 +/- 3.0 to 14 +/- 2.9 tigers. Population density estimates, D, ranged from 7.33 +/- 0.8 tigers/100 km(2) to 21.73 +/- 1.7 tigers/100 km(2) during the study. Thus, despite substantial annual losses and temporal variation in recruitment, the tiger density remained at relatively high levels in Nagarahole. Our results are consistent with the hypothesis that protected wild tiger populations can remain healthy despite heavy mortalities because of their inherently high reproductive potential. The ability to model the entire photographic capture history data set and incorporate reduced-parameter models led to estimates of mean annual population change that were sufficiently precise to be useful. This efficient, noninvasive sampling approach can be used to rigorously investigate the population dynamics of tigers and other elusive, rare, wide-ranging animal species in which individuals can be identified from photographs or other means. C1 Wildlife Conservat Soc, India Program, Ctr Wildlife Studies, Bangalore 560042, Karnataka, India. US Geol Survey, Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, Laurel, MD 20708 USA. RP Karanth, KU (reprint author), Wildlife Conservat Soc, India Program, Ctr Wildlife Studies, 26-2 Aga Abbas Ali Rd,Apt 403, Bangalore 560042, Karnataka, India. EM ukaranth@wcs.org NR 43 TC 141 Z9 157 U1 8 U2 104 PU ECOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 1990 M STREET NW, STE 700, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0012-9658 EI 1939-9170 J9 ECOLOGY JI Ecology PD NOV PY 2006 VL 87 IS 11 BP 2925 EP 2937 DI 10.1890/0012-9658(2006)87[2925:ATPDUP]2.0.CO;2 PG 13 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 108BK UT WOS:000242214800024 PM 17168036 ER PT J AU Rockwell, BW Cunningham, CG Breit, GN Rye, RO AF Rockwell, Barnaby W. Cunningham, Charles G. Breit, George N. Rye, Robert O. TI Spectroscopic mapping of the White Horse alunite deposit, Marysvale Volcanic Field, Utah: Evidence of a magmatic component SO ECONOMIC GEOLOGY LA English DT Article ID STABLE-ISOTOPE GEOCHEMISTRY; WEST-CENTRAL UTAH; SULFATE MINERALS; SYSTEMS; KAOLINITE; DICKITE; ORIGINS; VAPOR AB Previous studies have demonstrated that the replacement alunite deposits just north of the town of Marvsvale, Utah, USA, were formed primarily by low-temperature (100 degrees-170 degrees C), steam-heated processes near the early Miocene paleoground surface, immediately above convecting hydrothermal plumes. Pyrite-bearing propylitically altered rocks occur mainly beneath the steam-heated alunite and represent the sulfidized feeder zone of the H2S-dominated hydrothermal fluids, the oxidation of which at higher levels led to the formation of the alunite. Maps of surface mineralogy at the White Horse deposit generated from Airborne Visible/Infrared Imaging Spectrometer (ANVIRIS) data were used in conjunction with X-ray diffraction studies of field samples to test the accuracy and precision of AVIRIS-based mineral mapping of altered rocks and demonstrate the utility of spectroscopic mapping for ore deposit characterization. The mineral maps identified multiple core zones of alunite that grade laterally outward to kaolinite. Surrounding the core zones are dominantly propylitically altered rocks containing illite, montmorillonite, and chlorite, with minor pyrite, kaolinite, gypsum, and remnant potassium feldspar from the parent rhyodacitic ash-flow tuff. The ANVIRIS mapping also identified fracture zones expressed by ridge-forming selvages of quartz + dickite + kaolinite that form a crude ring around the advanced argillic core zones. Laboratory analyses identified the aluminum phosphate-sulfate (APS) minerals woodhouseite and svanbergite in one sample from these dickite-bearing argillic selvages. Reflectance spectroscopy determined that the outer edges of the selvages contain more dickite than do the medial regions. The quartz + dickite kaolinite APS-mineral selvages demonstrate that fracture control of replacement processes is more prevalent away from the advanced argillic core zones. Although not exposed at the White Horse deposit, pyrophyllite ordered illite was identified using ANVIRIS in localized, superimposed conduits within propylitically altered rocks in nearby alteration systems of similar age and genesis that have been eroded to deeper levels. The fracture zones bearing pyrophyllite, illite, dickite, natroalunite, and/or APS minerals indicate a magmatic component in the dominantly steam-heated system. C1 US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Denver, CO 80225 USA. US Geol Survey, Reston, VA 20192 USA. RP Rockwell, BW (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Box 25046, Denver, CO 80225 USA. EM barnabyyr@usgs.gov NR 39 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 1 U2 5 PU SOC ECONOMIC GEOLOGISTS, INC PI LITTLETON PA 7811 SCHAFFER PARKWAY, LITTLETON, CO 80127 USA SN 0361-0128 J9 ECON GEOL JI Econ. Geol. PD NOV PY 2006 VL 101 IS 7 BP 1377 EP 1395 DI 10.2113/gsecongeo.101.7.1377 PG 19 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 137GV UT WOS:000244282000004 ER PT J AU Chapin, FS Woodwell, GM Randerson, JT Rastetter, EB Lovett, GM Baldocchi, DD Clark, DA Harmon, ME Schimel, DS Valentini, R Wirth, C Aber, JD Cole, JJ Goulden, ML Harden, JW Heimann, M Howarth, RW Matson, PA McGuire, AD Melillo, JM Mooney, HA Neff, JC Houghton, RA Pace, ML Ryan, MG Running, SW Sala, OE Schlesinger, WH Schulze, ED AF Chapin, F. S., III Woodwell, G. M. Randerson, J. T. Rastetter, E. B. Lovett, G. M. Baldocchi, D. D. Clark, D. A. Harmon, M. E. Schimel, D. S. Valentini, R. Wirth, C. Aber, J. D. Cole, J. J. Goulden, M. L. Harden, J. W. Heimann, M. Howarth, R. W. Matson, P. A. McGuire, A. D. Melillo, J. M. Mooney, H. A. Neff, J. C. Houghton, R. A. Pace, M. L. Ryan, M. G. Running, S. W. Sala, O. E. Schlesinger, W. H. Schulze, E. -D. TI Reconciling carbon-cycle concepts, terminology, and methods SO ECOSYSTEMS LA English DT Article DE net ecosystem production; net ecosystem carbon balance; gross primary production; ecosystem respiration; autotrophic respiration; heterotrophic respiration; net ecosystem exchange; net biome production; net primary production ID TERRESTRIAL ECOSYSTEMS; ATMOSPHERIC CO2; ORGANIC-CARBON; PRIMARY PRODUCTIVITY; ENERGY-FLOW; SALT-MARSH; METABOLISM; FORESTS; CLIMATE; PHOTOSYNTHESIS AB Recent projections of climatic change have focused a great deal of scientific and public attention on patterns of carbon (C) cycling as well as its controls, particularly the factors that determine whether an ecosystem is a net source or sink of atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2). Net ecosystem production (NEP), a central concept in C-cycling research, has been used by scientists to represent two different concepts. We propose that NEP be restricted to just one of its two original definitions-the imbalance between gross primary production (GPP) and ecosystem respiration (ER). We further propose that a new term-net ecosystem carbon balance (NECB)-be applied to the net rate of C accumulation in (or loss from [negative sign]) ecosystems. Net ecosystem carbon balance differs from NEP when C fluxes other than C fixation and respiration occur, or when inorganic C enters or leaves in dissolved form. These fluxes include the leaching loss or lateral transfer of C from the ecosystem; the emission of volatile organic C, methane, and carbon monoxide; and the release of soot and CO2 from fire. Carbon fluxes in addition to NEP are particularly important determinants of NECB over long time scales. However, even over short time scales, they are important in ecosystems such as streams, estuaries, wetlands, and cities. Recent technological advances have led to a diversity of approaches to the measurement of C fluxes at different temporal and spatial scales. These approaches frequently capture different components of NEP or NECB and can therefore be compared across scales only by carefully specifying the fluxes included in the measurements. By explicitly identifying the fluxes that comprise NECB and other components of the C cycle, such as net ecosystem exchange (NEE) and net biome production (NBP), we can provide a less ambiguous framework for understanding and communicating recent changes in the global C cycle. C1 Univ Alaska Fairbanks, Inst Arctic Biol, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA. Woods Hole Res Ctr, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. Univ Calif Irvine, Dept Earth Syst Sci, Irvine, CA 92697 USA. Marine Biol Lab, Ctr Ecosyst, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. Inst Ecosyst Studies, Millbrook, NY 12545 USA. Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Environm Sci Policy & Management, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. Univ Missouri, Dept Biol, St Louis, MO 63121 USA. Oregon State Univ, Dept Forest Sci, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Univ Tuscia, Dept Forest Sci & Environm, I-01100 Viterbo, Italy. Max Planck Inst Biogeochem, D-07701 Jena, Germany. Univ New Hampshire, Complex Syst Res Ctr, Durham, NH 03824 USA. US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. Cornell Univ, Dept Ecol & Evolutionary Biol, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. Stanford Univ, Dept Geol & Environm Sci, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. Univ Alaska Fairbanks, US Geol Survey, Alaska Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA. Stanford Univ, Dept Biol Sci, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. Univ Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. USDA Forest Serv, Rocky Mt Res Stn, Ft Collins, CO 80526 USA. Brown Univ, Dept Ecol & Evolutionary Biol, Providence, RI 02912 USA. Duke Univ, Nicholas Sch Environm & Earth, Durham, NC 27708 USA. RP Chapin, FS (reprint author), Univ Alaska Fairbanks, Inst Arctic Biol, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA. EM ferry.chapin@uaf.edu RI Ryan, Michael/A-9805-2008; Goulden, Michael/B-9934-2008; Neff, Jason/A-1211-2012; Valentini, Riccardo/D-1226-2010; Lovett, Gary/H-3800-2013; Schulze, Ernst-Detlef/K-9627-2014; Baldocchi, Dennis/A-1625-2009; Heimann, Martin/H-7807-2016; OI Rastetter, Edward/0000-0002-8620-5431; NEFF, JASON/0000-0002-8290-1472; Ryan, Michael/0000-0002-2500-6738; Valentini, Riccardo/0000-0002-6756-5634; Lovett, Gary/0000-0002-8411-8027; Pace, Michael/0000-0001-5945-6131; Baldocchi, Dennis/0000-0003-3496-4919; Heimann, Martin/0000-0001-6296-5113; Chapin III, F Stuart/0000-0002-2558-9910 NR 58 TC 353 Z9 367 U1 33 U2 323 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 1432-9840 EI 1435-0629 J9 ECOSYSTEMS JI Ecosystems PD NOV PY 2006 VL 9 IS 7 BP 1041 EP 1050 DI 10.1007/s10021-005-0105-7 PG 10 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 109UO UT WOS:000242334600001 ER PT J AU Bartkow, ME Kennedy, KE Huckins, JN Holling, N Komarova, T Muller, JF AF Bartkow, Michael E. Kennedy, Karen E. Huckins, James N. Holling, Neil Komarova, Tatiana Mueller, Jochen F. TI Photodegradation of polyaromatic hydrocarbons in passive air samplers: Field testing different deployment chambers SO ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION LA English DT Article DE performance reference compounds; monitoring; photosensitive; semipermeable membrane devices; SPMDs ID SEMIPERMEABLE-MEMBRANE DEVICES; PERSISTENT ORGANIC POLLUTANTS; ORGANOCHLORINE PESTICIDES; POLYCHLORINATED-BIPHENYLS; PAHS; TRENDS; SPMDS AB Semi-permeable membrane devices (SPMDs) were loaded with deuterated anthracene and pyrene as performance reference compounds (PRCs) and deployed at a test site in four different chambers (open and closed box chamber, bowl chamber and cage chamber) for 29 days. The losses of PRCs and the uptake of polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) from the ambient air were quantified. UV-B levels measured in each deployment chamber indicated that SPMDs would be exposed to the most UV-B in the cage chamber and open box chamber. Significantly less PAHs were quantified in SPMDs deployed in the cage chamber and open box chamber compared to samplers from the other two chambers, suggesting that photodegradation of PAHs had occurred. The loss of PRCs confirmed these results but also showed that photodegradation was occurring in the closed box chamber. The bowl chamber appears to provide the best protection from the influence of direct photodegradation. (c) 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Queensland, Natl Res Ctr Environm Toxicol, Coopers Plains, Qld 4108, Australia. US Geol Survey, CERC, Columbia, MO 65201 USA. Queensland Hlth & Sci Serv, Queensland Hlth, Coopers Plains, Qld 4108, Australia. RP Bartkow, ME (reprint author), Univ Queensland, Natl Res Ctr Environm Toxicol, Coopers Plains, Qld 4108, Australia. EM m.bartkow@uq.edu.au RI Mueller, Jochen/C-6241-2008; Kennedy, Karen/A-9980-2011; OI Mueller, Jochen/0000-0002-0000-1973 NR 19 TC 23 Z9 24 U1 4 U2 26 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0269-7491 J9 ENVIRON POLLUT JI Environ. Pollut. PD NOV PY 2006 VL 144 IS 2 BP 371 EP 376 DI 10.1016/j.envpol.2005.12.050 PG 6 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 099EG UT WOS:000241574700003 PM 16554113 ER PT J AU Hobbelen, PHF Koolhaas, JE van Gestel, CAM AF Hobbelen, P. H. F. Koolhaas, J. E. van Gestel, C. A. M. TI Bioaccumulation of heavy metals in the earthworms Lumbricus rubellus and Aporrectodea caliginosa in relation to total and available metal concentrations in field soils SO ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION LA English DT Article DE bioaccumulation; heavy metals; flood plains; detritivores; consumption ID ORGANIC-MATTER; DENDRODRILUS-RUBIDUS; CONTAMINATED SOILS; SMELTING COMPLEX; EISENIA-ANDREI; POLLUTED SOILS; ZINC; COPPER; ACCUMULATION; CADMIUM AB The aim of this study was to determine important metal pools for bioaccumulation by the earthworms Lumbricus rubellus and Aporrectodea caliginosa in soils with high binding capacity. Cd, Cu and Zn concentrations in soil, pore water and CaCl(2) extracts of soil, in leaves of the plant species Urtica dioica and in earthworms were determined at 15 field sites constituting a gradient in metal pollution. Variations in the Cu and Cd concentrations in L. rubellus and Cu concentrations in A. caliginosa were best explained by total soil concentrations, while variation in Cd concentration in A. caliginosa was best explained by pore water concentrations. Zn concentrations in L. rubellus and A. caliginosa were not significantly correlated to any determined variable. It is concluded that despite low availability, earthworms in floodplain soils contain elevated concentrations of Cu and Cd, suggesting that uptake takes place not only from the soluble metal concentrations. (c) 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Vrije Univ Amsterdam, Fac Earth & Life Sci, Dept Anim Ecol, NL-1081 HV Amsterdam, Netherlands. RP Hobbelen, PHF (reprint author), USGS, NWHC, 6006 Schroeder Rd, Madison, WI 53711 USA. EM phobbelen@usgs.gov RI Guzman Bernardo, Francisco Javier/E-4183-2010 OI Guzman Bernardo, Francisco Javier/0000-0002-2210-8309 NR 45 TC 94 Z9 101 U1 4 U2 38 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0269-7491 J9 ENVIRON POLLUT JI Environ. Pollut. PD NOV PY 2006 VL 144 IS 2 BP 639 EP 646 DI 10.1016/j.envpol.2006.01.019 PG 8 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 099EG UT WOS:000241574700033 PM 16530310 ER PT J AU Corsi, SR Harwell, GR Geis, SW Bergman, D AF Corsi, Steven R. Harwell, Glenn R. Geis, Steven W. Bergman, Daniel TI Impacts of aircraft deicer and anti-icer runoff on receiving waters from Dallas/Fort Worth International Airport, Texas, USA SO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE dissolved oxygen; ethylene glycol; propylene glycol; aircraft deicer; aquatic toxicity ID RUNWAY DEICERS; TOXICITY; NONYLPHENOL; ETHOXYLATES; INHIBITION; COMPONENTS; MILWAUKEE; WISCONSIN; ADDITIVES; GROWTH AB From October 2002 to April 2004, data were collected from Dallas/Fort Worth (DFW) International Airport (TX, USA) outfalls and receiving waters (Trigg Lake and Big Bear Creek) to document the magnitude and potential effects of aircraft deicer and anti-icer fluid (ADAF) runoff on water quality. Glycol concentrations at outfalls ranged from less than 18 to 23,800 mg/L, whereas concentrations in Big Bear Creek were less because of dilution, dispersion, and degradation, ranging from less than 18 to 230 mg/L. Annual loading results indicate that 10 and 35% of what was applied to aircraft was discharged to Big Bear Creek in 2003 and 2004, respectively. Glycol that entered Trigg Lake was diluted and degraded before reaching the lake outlet. Dissolved oxygen (DO) concentrations at airport outfalls sometimes were low (< 2.0 mg/L) but typical of what was measured in an urban reference stream. In comparison, the DO concentration at Trigg Lake monitoring sites was consistently greater than 5.5 mg/L during the monitoring period, probably because of the installation of aerators in the lake by DFW personnel. The DO concentration in Big Bear Creek was very similar at sites upstream and downstream of airport influence (> 5.0 mg/L). Results of toxicity tests indicate that effects on Ceriodaphnia dubia, Pimephales promelas, and Selanastrum capricornutum are influenced by type IV ADAF (anti-icer), not just type I ADAF (deicer) as is more commonly assumed. C1 US Geol Survey, Middleton, WI 53562 USA. US Geol Survey, Ft Worth, TX 76133 USA. Wisconsin State Lab Hyg, Madison, WI 53718 USA. Dallas Fort Worth Int Airport, Environm Affairs Dept, Airport, TX 75261 USA. RP Corsi, SR (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 8505 Res Way, Middleton, WI 53562 USA. EM srcorsi@usgs.gov NR 31 TC 10 Z9 12 U1 3 U2 10 PU SETAC PI PENSACOLA PA 1010 NORTH 12TH AVE, PENSACOLA, FL 32501-3367 USA SN 0730-7268 J9 ENVIRON TOXICOL CHEM JI Environ. Toxicol. Chem. PD NOV PY 2006 VL 25 IS 11 BP 2890 EP 2900 DI 10.1897/06-100R.1 PG 11 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA 095LJ UT WOS:000241308900012 PM 17089712 ER PT J AU Yang, XA Meier, J Chang, L Rowan, M Baumann, PC AF Yang, Xuan Meier, John Chang, Lina Rowan, Michael Baumann, Paul C. TI DNA damage and external lesions in brown bullheads (Ameiurus nebulosus) from contaminated habitats SO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE comet assay; DNA damage; brown bullheads; biomarker; external lesions ID LAKE ERIE TRIBUTARIES; COMET ASSAY; TUMORS; FISH; EXPOSURE; WATER; RIVER; CARP AB The Comet assay was used to compare levels of DNA damage in brown bullheads (Ameiurus nebulosus) collected from three known contaminated locations, the Cuyahoga River (OH, USA), Ashtabula River (OH, USA; both tributaries to Lake Eric, USA), and Ashumet Pond (Cape Cod, MA, USA), with brown bullheads collected from three paired reference sites, Old Woman Creek (OH, USA), Conneaut River (OH, USA; both tributaries to Lake Erie), and Great Herring Pond (mainland MA, USA), respectively. Blood was sampled from each fish, and the Comet assay was conducted on erythrocytes. The assay results demonstrate that fish from the three contaminated sites each suffered higher DNA damage compared with fish from their respective reference sites. The results also show that the genetic damage was associated with the occurrence of external lesions and deformities in fish. The Comet assay is sufficiently sensitive to detect exposure of natural fish populations to environmental levels of genotoxic contaminants. C1 US EPA, Cincinnati, OH 45628 USA. Cuyahoga Community Coll, Highland Hills, OH 44122 USA. US Geol Survey, Columbus, OH 43210 USA. Ohio State Univ, Sch Nat Resources, Columbus, OH 43210 USA. RP Meier, J (reprint author), US EPA, 26 W ML King Dr, Cincinnati, OH 45628 USA. EM meier.john@epa.gov NR 18 TC 9 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 1 PU SETAC PI PENSACOLA PA 1010 NORTH 12TH AVE, PENSACOLA, FL 32501-3367 USA SN 0730-7268 J9 ENVIRON TOXICOL CHEM JI Environ. Toxicol. Chem. PD NOV PY 2006 VL 25 IS 11 BP 3035 EP 3038 DI 10.1897/05-706R.1 PG 4 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA 095LJ UT WOS:000241308900028 PM 17089728 ER PT J AU Gibb, H Kozlov, K Kolker, A Centeno, J Conko, K AF Gibb, H. Kozlov, K. Kolker, A. Centeno, J. Conko, K. TI Assessment of the feasibility of conducting a health effects study in a mercury-rich area of Ukraine SO EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT ISEE/ISEA 2006 Conference CY 2006 CL Paris, FRANCE SP ISEE, ISEA C1 Sci Int, Alexandria, VA USA. Ukraine Inst Occupat Hlth, Kiev, Ukraine. US Geol Survey, Reston, VA 22092 USA. Armed Forces Inst Pathol, Washington, DC 20306 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 1044-3983 J9 EPIDEMIOLOGY JI Epidemiology PD NOV PY 2006 VL 17 IS 6 SU S BP S490 EP S490 DI 10.1097/00001648-200611001-01314 PG 1 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 097JL UT WOS:000241443402335 ER PT J AU Nordstrom, KF Jackson, NL Smith, DR Weber, RG AF Nordstrom, Karl F. Jackson, Nancy L. Smith, David R. Weber, Richard G. TI Transport of horseshoe crab eggs by waves and swash on an estuarine beach: Implications for foraging shorebirds SO ESTUARINE COASTAL AND SHELF SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE horseshoe crab eggs; estuarine beach; Delaware Bay; shorebirds; wave runup; wrack ID DELAWARE BAY; LIMULUS-POLYPHEMUS; SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA; SEDIMENT TRANSPORT; MIGRANT SHOREBIRDS; SITE SELECTION; SANDY BEACHES; GRAIN-SIZE; RED KNOTS; LARVAE AB The abundance of horseshoe crab eggs in the swash zone and remaining on the beach after tide levels fall was evaluated to identify how numbers of eggs available to shorebirds differ with fluctuations in spawning numbers of horseshoe crabs, wave energies and beach elevation changes. Field data were gathered 1-6 June 2004 at Slaughter Beach on the west side of Delaware Bay, USA. Counts of spawning crabs and process data from a pressure transducer and an anemometer and wind vane were related to number of eggs, embryos and larvae taken at depth and on the surface of the foreshore and in the active swash zone using a streamer trap. Beach elevation changes and depths of sediment activation were used to determine the potential for buried eggs to be exhumed by waves and swash. Mean significant wave heights during high water levels ranged from 0.08 to 0.40 m. Spawning counts were low (50-140 females km(-1)) when wave heights were low; no spawning occurred when wave heights were high. Vegetative litter (wrack) on the beach provides local traps for eggs, making more eggs available for shorebirds. Accumulation of litter on days when wave energy is low increases the probability that eggs will remain on the surface. High wave energies transport more eggs in the swash, but these eggs are dispersed or buried, and fewer eggs remain on the beach. Peaks in the number of eggs in the swash uprush occur during tidal rise and around time of high tide. The number of eggs in transport decreases during falling tide. Many more eggs move in the active swash zone than are found on the beach after water level falls, increasing the efficiency of bird foraging in the swash. Greater numbers of eggs in the swash during rising tide than falling tide and fewer eggs at lower elevations on the beach, imply that foraging becomes less productive as the tide falls and may help account for the tendency of shorebirds to feed on rising tides rather than on failing or low tides on days when no spawning occurs. (c) 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Rutgers State Univ, Inst Marine & Coastal Sci, New Brunswick, NJ 08901 USA. New Jersey Inst Technol, Dept Chem & Environm Sci, Newark, NJ 07102 USA. US Geol Survey, Leetown Sci Ctr, Kearneysville, WV 25430 USA. Delaware Natl Estuarine Res Reserve, Dover, DE 19901 USA. RP Nordstrom, KF (reprint author), Rutgers State Univ, Inst Marine & Coastal Sci, 71 Dudley Rd, New Brunswick, NJ 08901 USA. EM nordstro@marine.rutgers.edu NR 29 TC 19 Z9 19 U1 1 U2 7 PU ACADEMIC PRESS LTD ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI LONDON PA 24-28 OVAL RD, LONDON NW1 7DX, ENGLAND SN 0272-7714 J9 ESTUAR COAST SHELF S JI Estuar. Coast. Shelf Sci. PD NOV PY 2006 VL 70 IS 3 BP 438 EP 448 DI 10.1016/j.ecss.2006.06.027 PG 11 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography SC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA 103YS UT WOS:000241923700009 ER PT J AU Franssen, NR Gido, KB Guy, CS Tripe, JA Shrank, SJ Strakosh, TR Bertrand, KN Franssen, CM Pitts, KL Paukert, CP AF Franssen, Nathan R. Gido, Keith B. Guy, Christopher S. Tripe, Jeff A. Shrank, Sally J. Strakosh, Timothy R. Bertrand, Katie N. Franssen, Courtney M. Pitts, Kristen L. Paukert, Craig P. TI Effects of floods on fish assemblages in an intermittent prairie stream SO FRESHWATER BIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE colonisation; drought; fish dispersal; stream connectivity; temporal variation ID COMMUNITY STRUCTURE; TEMPORAL PATTERNS; HEADWATER STREAMS; OZARK STREAM; HABITAT; VARIABILITY; ORGANIZATION; RESISTANCE; STABILITY; MOVEMENT AB 1. Floods are major disturbances to stream ecosystems that can kill or displace organisms and modify habitats. Many studies have reported changes in fish assemblages after a single flood, but few studies have evaluated the importance of timing and intensity of floods on long-term fish assemblage dynamics. 2. We used a 10-year dataset to evaluate the effects of floods on fishes in Kings Creek, an intermittent prairie stream in north-eastern, Kansas, U.S.A. Samples were collected seasonally at two perennial headwater sites (1995-2005) and one perennial downstream flowing site (1997-2005) allowing us to evaluate the effects of floods at different locations within a watershed. In addition, four surveys during 2003 and 2004 sampled 3-5 km of stream between the long-term study sites to evaluate the use of intermittent reaches of this stream. 3. Because of higher discharge and bed scouring at the downstream site, we predicted that the fish assemblage would have lowered species richness and abundance following floods. In contrast, we expected increased species richness and abundance at headwater sites because floods increase stream connectivity and create the potential for colonisation from downstream reaches. 4. Akaike Information Criteria (AIC) was used to select among candidate regression models that predicted species richness and abundance based on Julian date, time since floods, season and physical habitat at each site. At the downstream site, AIC weightings suggested Julian date was the best predictor of fish assemblage structure, but no model explained > 16% of the variation in species richness or community structure. Variation explained by Julian date was primarily attributed to a long-term pattern of declining abundance of common species. At the headwater sites, there was not a single candidate model selected to predict total species abundance and assemblage structure. AIC weightings suggested variation in assemblage structure was associated with either Julian date or local habitat characteristics. 5. Fishes rapidly colonised isolated or dry habitats following floods. This was evidenced by the occurrence of fishes in intermittent reaches and the positive association between maximum daily discharge and colonisation events at both headwater sites. 6. Our study suggests floods allow dispersal into intermittent habitats with little or no downstream displacement of fishes. Movement of fishes among habitats during flooding highlights the importance of maintaining connectivity of stream networks of low to medium order prairie streams. C1 Kansas State Univ, Dept Biol, Manhattan, KS 66506 USA. Montana State Univ, Dept Ecol, Montana Cooperat Fishery Res Unit, US Geol Survey, Bozeman, MT 59717 USA. USA, Corps Engineers, Ft Worth Dist, TX USA. Univ Oklahoma, Dept Zool, Norman, OK 73019 USA. Kansas State Univ, Kansas Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, US Geol Survey, Manhattan, KS 66506 USA. RP Franssen, NR (reprint author), Sam Noble Oklahoma Museum Nat Hist, 2401 Chautaugua Ave, Norman, OK 73072 USA. EM nrfranssen@gmail.com RI Bertrand, Katie/A-5902-2012; Gido, Keith/B-5151-2013; OI Bertrand, Katie/0000-0001-8453-6758; Bouska, Kristen/0000-0002-4115-2313 NR 44 TC 46 Z9 47 U1 1 U2 22 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING PI OXFORD PA 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DQ, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0046-5070 J9 FRESHWATER BIOL JI Freshw. Biol. PD NOV PY 2006 VL 51 IS 11 BP 2072 EP 2086 DI 10.1111/j.1365-2427.2006.01640.x PG 15 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 093TA UT WOS:000241190900008 ER PT J AU Bacon, CR Lanphere, MA AF Bacon, Charles R. Lanphere, Marvin A. TI Eruptive history and geochronology of Mount Mazama and the Crater Lake region, Oregon SO GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA BULLETIN LA English DT Article DE geochronology; volcanology; argon; calderas; arc volcanism; Crater Lake; Mount Mazama ID CALCALKALINE MAGMA CHAMBER; SAN-PEDRO COMPLEX; VOLCANIC FIELD; CASCADE RANGE; NEW-ZEALAND; BRITISH-COLUMBIA; RADIOCARBON AGES; WESTERN MEXICO; CHILEAN ANDES; TEPHRA LAYERS AB Geologic mapping, K-Ar, and Ar-40/Ar-39 age determinations, supplemented by paleomagnetic measurements and geochemical data, are used to quantify the Quaternary volcanic history of the Crater Lake region in order to define processes and conditions that led to voluminous explosive eruptions. The Cascade arc volcano known as Mount Mazama collapsed during its climactic eruption of similar to 50 km(3) of mainly rhyodacitic magma similar to 7700 yr ago to form Crater Lake caldera. The Mazama edifice was constructed on a Pleistocene silicic lava field, amidst monogenetic and shield volcanoes ranging from basalt to andesite similar to parental magmas for Mount Mazama. Between 420 ka and 35 ka, Mazama produced medium-K andesite and dacite in 2:1 proportion. The edifice was built in many episodes; some of the more voluminous occurred approximately coeval with volcanic pulses in the surrounding region, and some were possibly related to deglaciation following marine oxygen isotope stages (MIS) 12, 10, 8, 6, 5.2, and 2. Magmas as evolved as dacite erupted many times, commonly associated with or following voluminous andesite effusion. Establishment of the climactic magma chamber was under way when the first preclimactic rhyodacites vented ca. 27 ka. The silicic melt volume then grew incrementally at an average rate of 2.5 km(3) k.y.(-1) for nearly 20 k.y. The climactic eruption exhausted the rhyodacitic magma and brought up crystal-rich andesitic magma, malic cumulate mush, and wall-rock granodiorite. Postcaldera volcanism produced 4 km(3) of andesite during the first 200500 yr after collapse, followed at ca. 4800 yr B.P. by 0.07 km(3) of rhyodacite. The average eruption rate for all Mazama products was similar to 0.4 km(3) k.y.(-1), but major edifice construction episodes had rates of similar to 0.8 km(3) k.y.(-1). The longterm eruption rate for regional monogenetic and shield volcanoes was similar to 0.07km(3)k.y.(-1), but only similar to 0.02 km(3) k.y.(-1) when the two major shields are excluded. Plutonic xenoliths and evidence for crystallization differentiation imply that the amount of magma intruded beneath Mount Mazama is several times that which has been erupted. The eruptive and intrusive history reflects competition between (1) crystallization driven by degassing and hydrothermal cooling and (2) thermal input from a regional magma flux focused at Mazama. Before ca. 30 ka, relatively small volumes of nonerupted derivative magma crystallized to form a composite pluton because the upper crust had not been heated sufficiently to sustain voluminous convecting crystal-poor melt. Subsequently, and perhaps not coincidentally, during MIS 2, a large volume of eruptible silicic magma accumulated in the climactic chamber, probably because of heating associated with mantle input to the roots of the system as suggested by eruption of unusually primitive magnesian basaltic andesite and tholefite west of Mazama. C1 US Geol Survey, Volcano Hazards Team, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. RP Bacon, CR (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Volcano Hazards Team, MS 910,345 Middlefield Rd, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. EM cbacon@usgs.gov NR 80 TC 69 Z9 70 U1 0 U2 36 PU GEOLOGICAL SOC AMERICA, INC PI BOULDER PA PO BOX 9140, BOULDER, CO 80301-9140 USA SN 0016-7606 J9 GEOL SOC AM BULL JI Geol. Soc. Am. Bull. PD NOV-DEC PY 2006 VL 118 IS 11-12 BP 1331 EP 1359 DI 10.1130/B25906.1 PG 29 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 100YS UT WOS:000241706700004 ER PT J AU Farris, DW Haeussler, P Friedman, R Paterson, SR Saltus, RW Ayuso, R AF Farris, David W. Haeussler, Peter Friedman, Richard Paterson, Scott R. Saltus, R. W. Ayuso, Robert TI Emplacement of the Kodiak batholith and slab-window migration SO GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA BULLETIN LA English DT Article DE slab window; pluton displacement; Alaska; Kodiak; tectonics; ridge subduction ID RIDGE-TRENCH ENCOUNTER; ALASKA FORE-ARC; SOUTHERN ALASKA; ACCRETIONARY COMPLEX; METAMORPHIC COMPLEX; CHUGACH-MOUNTAINS; SUBDUCTION; ISLANDS; EVOLUTION; CONSEQUENCES AB The Kodiak batholith is one of the largest, most elongate intrusive bodies in the forearc Sanak-Baranof plutonic belt located in southern Alaska. This belt is interpreted to have formed during the subduction of an oceanic spreading center and the associated migration of a slab window. Individual plutons of the Kodiak batholith track the location and evolution of the underlying slab window. Six U/Pb zircon ages from the axis of the batholith exhibit a northeastward-decreasing age progression of 59.2 +/- 0.2 Ma at the southwest end to 58.4 +/- 0.2 Ma at the northeast tip. The trench-parallel rate of age progression is within error of the average slab-window migration rate for the entire Sanak-Baranof belt (similar to 19 cm/yr). Structural relationships, U/Pb ages, and a model of new gravity data indicate that magma from the Kodiak batholith ascended 5-10 km as a northeastward-younging series of 1-8-km-diameter viscoelastic diapirs. Individual plutons ascended by multiple emplacement mechanisms including downward flow, collapse of wall rock, stoping, and diking. Stokes flow xenolith calculations suggest ascent rates of 5-100 m/yr and an effective magmatic viscosity of approximate to 10(7)-10(8) Pa s. Pre-existing structural or lithologic heterogeneities did not dominantly control the location of the main batholith. Instead, its location was determined by migration of the slab window at depth. C1 Univ So Calif, Dept Earth Sci, Los Angeles, CA 90089 USA. US Geol Survey, Anchorage, AK 99508 USA. Univ British Columbia, Dept Earth & Ocean Sci, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada. US Geol Survey, Denver, CO 80225 USA. US Geol Survey, Reston, VA 20192 USA. RP Farris, DW (reprint author), Univ So Calif, Dept Earth Sci, 3651 Trousdale Ave, Los Angeles, CA 90089 USA. EM dfarris@earth.usc.edu OI Haeussler, Peter/0000-0002-1503-6247 NR 50 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 1 U2 5 PU GEOLOGICAL SOC AMERICA, INC PI BOULDER PA PO BOX 9140, BOULDER, CO 80301-9140 USA SN 0016-7606 J9 GEOL SOC AM BULL JI Geol. Soc. Am. Bull. PD NOV-DEC PY 2006 VL 118 IS 11-12 BP 1360 EP 1376 DI 10.1130/B25718.1 PG 17 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 100YS UT WOS:000241706700005 ER PT J AU Moore, JG Schweickert, RA Robinson, JE Lahren, MM Kitts, CA AF Moore, James G. Schweickert, Richard A. Robinson, Joel E. Lahren, Mary M. Kitts, Christopher A. TI Tsunami-generated boulder ridges in Lake Tahoe, California-Nevada SO GEOLOGY LA English DT Article DE landslide; tsunami; Lake Tahoe ID HISTORY; RANGE AB An array of east-trending ridges 1-2 m high and up to 2 kin long occurs on the Tahoe City shelf, a submerged wave-cut bench < 15 m deep in the northwest sector of the lake. The shelf is just north of the amphitheater of the giant subaqueous 10 km(3) McKinney Bay landslide, which originated on the west wall of Lake Tahoe. Images from a submersible camera show that the ridges are composed of loose piles of boulders and cobbles that lie directly on poorly consolidated, fine-bedded lake beds deposited in an ancestral Lake Tahoe. Dredge hauls from landslide distal blocks, as well as from the walls of the re-entrant of the landslide, recovered similar lake sediments. The McKinney Bay landslide generated strong currents, which rearranged previous glacial-derived debris into giant ripples creating the boulder ridges. The uncollapsed part of the sediment bench, including the Tahoe City shelf, poses a hazard because it may fail again, producing a landslide and damaging waves. C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. Univ Nevada, Dept Geol Sci, Reno, NV 89557 USA. Santa Clara Univ, Robot Syst Lab, Santa Clara, CA 95053 USA. RP Moore, JG (reprint author), US Geol Survey, MS 910, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. NR 17 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 1 U2 6 PU GEOLOGICAL SOC AMERICA, INC PI BOULDER PA PO BOX 9140, BOULDER, CO 80301-9140 USA SN 0091-7613 J9 GEOLOGY JI Geology PD NOV PY 2006 VL 34 IS 11 BP 965 EP 968 DI 10.1130/G22643A.1 PG 4 WC Geology SC Geology GA 100YT UT WOS:000241706800018 ER PT J AU Pollitz, F AF Pollitz, F. TI Body-wave traveltime and amplitude shifts from asymptotic travelling wave coupling SO GEOPHYSICAL JOURNAL INTERNATIONAL LA English DT Article DE body waves; Born approximation; scattering; travelling waves; traveltime; wave propagation ID LATERAL HETEROGENEITY; FRECHET KERNELS; SURFACE-WAVES; NORMAL-MODES; FREQUENCY; SCATTERING; INVERSION; MANTLE; EARTH AB We explore the sensitivity of finite-frequency body-wave traveltimes and amplitudes to perturbations in 3-D seismic velocity structure relative to a spherically symmetric model. Using the approach of coupled travelling wave theory, we consider the effect of a structural perturbation on an isolated portion of the seismogram. By convolving the spectrum of the differential seismogram with the spectrum of a narrow window taper, and using a Taylor's series expansion for wavenumber as a function of frequency on a mode dispersion branch, we derive semi-analytic expressions for the sensitivity kernels. Far-field effects of wave interactions with the free surface or internal discontinuities are implicitly included, as are wave conversions upon scattering. The kernels may be computed rapidly for the purpose of structural inversions. We give examples of traveltime sensitivity kernels for regional wave propagation at 1 Hz. For the direct SV wave in a simple crustal velocity model, they are generally complicated because of interfering waves generated by interactions with the free surface and the Mohorovicic discontinuity. A large part of the interference effects may be eliminated by restricting the travelling wave basis set to those waves within a certain range of horizontal phase velocity. C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. RP Pollitz, F (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 345 Middlefield Rd, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. EM fpollitz@usgs.gov NR 24 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 2 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING PI OXFORD PA 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DQ, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0956-540X J9 GEOPHYS J INT JI Geophys. J. Int. PD NOV PY 2006 VL 167 IS 2 BP 705 EP 736 DI 10.1111/j.1365-246X.2006.03095.x PG 32 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 101UR UT WOS:000241766800023 ER PT J AU Lee, MW AF Lee, Myung W. TI A simple method of predicting S-wave velocity SO GEOPHYSICS LA English DT Article ID ROCKS; ATTENUATION; MODEL AB Prediction of shear-wave velocity plays an important role in seismic modeling, amplitude analysis with offset, and other exploration applications. This paper presents a method for predicting S-wave velocity from the P-wave velocity on the basis of the moduli of dry rock. Elastic velocities of water-saturated sediments at low frequencies can be predicted from the moduli of dry rock by using Gassmann's equation; hence, if the moduli of dry rock can be estimated from P-wave velocities, then S-wave velocities easily can be predicted from the moduli. Dry rock bulk modulus can be related to the shear modulus through a compaction constant. The numerical results indicate that the predicted S-wave velocities for consolidated and unconsolidated sediments agree well with measured velocities if differential pressure is greater than approximately 5 MPa. An advantage of this method is that there are no adjustable parameters to be chosen, such as the pore-aspect ratios required in some other methods. The predicted S-wave velocity depends only on the measured P-wave velocity and porosity. C1 US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Lakewood, CO 80225 USA. RP Lee, MW (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Box 25046,MS-939, Lakewood, CO 80225 USA. EM mlee@usgs.gov NR 14 TC 11 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 3 PU SOC EXPLORATION GEOPHYSICISTS PI TULSA PA 8801 S YALE ST, TULSA, OK 74137 USA SN 0016-8033 J9 GEOPHYSICS JI Geophysics PD NOV-DEC PY 2006 VL 71 IS 6 BP F161 EP F164 DI 10.1190/1.2357833 PG 4 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 113LE UT WOS:000242598600021 ER PT J AU Haines, SS Pride, SR AF Haines, Seth S. Pride, Steven R. TI Seismoelectric numerical modeling on a grid SO GEOPHYSICS LA English DT Article ID POROUS-MEDIA; FIELD-MEASUREMENTS; WAVE-EQUATIONS; BOUNDARY AB Our finite-difference algorithm provides a new method for simulating how seismic waves in arbitrarily heterogeneous porous media generate electric fields through an electrokinetic mechanism called seismoelectric coupling. As the first step in our simulations, we calculate relative pore-fluid/grain-matrix displacement by using existing poroelastic theory. We then calculate the electric current resulting from the grain/fluid displacement by using seismoelectric coupling theory. This electrofiltration current acts as a source term in Poisson's equation, which then allows us to calculate the electric potential distribution. We can safely neglect induction effects in our simulations because the model area is within the electrostatic near field for the depth of investigation (tens to hundreds of meters) and the frequency ranges (10 Hz to 1 kHz) of interest for shallow seismoelectric surveys. We can independently calculate the electric-potential distribution for each time step in the poroelastic simulation without loss of accuracy because electro-osmotic feedback (fluid flow that is perturbed by generated electric fields) is at least 105 times smaller than flow that is driven by fluid-pressure gradients and matrix acceleration, and is therefore negligible. Our simulations demonstrate that, distinct from seismic reflections, the seismoelectric interface response from a thin layer (at least as thin as one-twentieth of the seismic wavelength) is considerably stronger than the response from a single interface. We find that the interface response amplitude decreases as the lateral extent of a layer decreases below the width of the first Fresnel zone. We conclude, on the basis of our modeling results and of field results published elsewhere, that downhole and/or crosswell survey geometries and time-lapse applications are particularly well suited to the seismoelectric method. C1 US Geol Survey, Lakewood, CO 80225 USA. Stanford Univ, Dept Geophys, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. Lawrence Berkeley Natl Lab, Div Earth Sci, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. RP Haines, SS (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Box 25046,Ms 964, Lakewood, CO 80225 USA. EM shaines@usgs.gov; srpride@lbl.gov NR 30 TC 32 Z9 33 U1 0 U2 4 PU SOC EXPLORATION GEOPHYSICISTS PI TULSA PA 8801 S YALE ST, TULSA, OK 74137 USA SN 0016-8033 J9 GEOPHYSICS JI Geophysics PD NOV-DEC PY 2006 VL 71 IS 6 BP N57 EP N65 DI 10.1190/1.2357789 PG 9 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 113LE UT WOS:000242598600041 ER PT J AU Hinze, W Coakley, B Hildenbrand, T Keller, GR Li, X Plouff, D Ravat, D Webring, M AF Hinze, William Coakley, Bernard Hildenbrand, Thomas Keller, G. Randy Li, Xiong Plouff, Donald Ravat, Dhananjay Webring, Michael TI On "New standards for reducing gravity data: The North American gravity database" (W. J. Hinze et al., 2005, Geophysics, 70, J25-J32) - Reply to the discussion SO GEOPHYSICS LA English DT Editorial Material C1 Purdue Univ, Dept Earth & Atmospher Sci, W Lafayette, IN 47906 USA. Univ Alaska Fairbanks, Dept Geol & Geophys, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA. US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. Univ Oklahoma, Sch Geol & Geophys, Norman, OK 73019 USA. Fugro Roberrson Inc, Houston, TX 77081 USA. So Illinois Univ, Dept Geol, Carbondale, IL 62901 USA. US Geol Survey, Denver, CO 80225 USA. RP Hinze, W (reprint author), Purdue Univ, Dept Earth & Atmospher Sci, 30 Book Hollow Lane, W Lafayette, IN 47906 USA. EM bima@insightbb.com; Bernard.coakley@gi.alaska.edu; tom@usgs.gov; keller@geo.utep.edu; xli@fugro.com; plouff@usgs.gov; ravat@geo.siu.edu; mwebring@usgs.gov NR 4 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 3 PU SOC EXPLORATION GEOPHYSICISTS PI TULSA PA 8801 S YALE ST, TULSA, OK 74137 USA SN 0016-8033 J9 GEOPHYSICS JI Geophysics PD NOV-DEC PY 2006 VL 71 IS 6 BP X32 EP X33 DI 10.1190/1.2361085 PG 2 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 113LE UT WOS:000242598600065 ER PT J AU Bird, KJ Houseknecht, DW AF Bird, Kenneth J. Houseknecht, David W. TI Sizing up oil on Alaska's North Slope SO GEOTIMES LA English DT Article C1 USGS, Energy Program, Menlo Pk, CA USA. RP Bird, KJ (reprint author), USGS, Energy Program, Menlo Pk, CA USA. EM kbird@usgs.gov; dhouse@usgs.gov NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER GEOLOGICAL INST PI ALEXANDRIA PA 4220 KING ST, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22302-1507 USA SN 0016-8556 J9 GEOTIMES JI Geotimes PD NOV PY 2006 VL 51 IS 11 BP 24 EP 27 PG 4 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 104AT UT WOS:000241929000017 ER PT J AU Davey, CA Pielke, RA Gallo, KP AF Davey, Christopher A. Pielke, Roger A., Sr. Gallo, Kevin P. TI Differences between near-surface equivalent temperature and temperature trends for the Eastern United States - Equivalent temperature as an alternative measure of heat content SO GLOBAL AND PLANETARY CHANGE LA English DT Article DE climate change; heating trends; near-surface air temperature; moist enthalpy; equivalent temperature; microclimate ID LAND-USE CHANGE; AIR-TEMPERATURE; CLIMATE; COVER; SATELLITE; STATIONS; NETWORK; IMPACT; URBAN AB There is currently much attention being given to the observed increase in near-surface air temperatures during the last century. The proper investigation of heating trends, however, requires that we include surface heat content to monitor this aspect of the climate system. Changes in heat content of the Earth's climate are not fully described by temperature alone. Moist enthalpy or, alternatively, equivalent temperature, is more sensitive to surface vegetation properties than is air temperature and therefore more accurately depicts surface heating trends. The microclimates evident at many surface observation sites highlight the influence of land surface characteristics on local surface heating trends. Temperature and equivalent temperature trend differences from 1982-1997 are examined for surface sites in the Eastern U.S. Overall trend differences at the surface indicate equivalent temperature trends are relatively warmer than temperature trends in the Eastern U.S. Seasonally, equivalent temperature trends are relatively warmer than temperature trends in winter and are relatively cooler in the fall. These patterns, however, vary widely from site to site, so local microclimate is very important. (C) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Colorado State Univ, Dept Atmospher Sci, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. NOAA, NESDIS, Camp Springs, MD USA. USGS Earth Resources Observ Syst Data Ctr, Sioux Falls, SD USA. RP Davey, CA (reprint author), Colorado State Univ, Dept Atmospher Sci, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. EM davey@cira.colostate.edu RI Pielke, Roger/A-5015-2009; Gallo, Kevin P./F-5588-2010 NR 36 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 1 U2 6 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0921-8181 EI 1872-6364 J9 GLOBAL PLANET CHANGE JI Glob. Planet. Change PD NOV PY 2006 VL 54 IS 1-2 BP 19 EP 32 DI 10.1016/j.gloplacha.2005.11.002 PG 14 WC Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Physical Geography; Geology GA 112PP UT WOS:000242539300003 ER PT J AU Zheng, CM Poeter, E Hill, M Doherty, J AF Zheng, Chunmiao Poeter, Eileen Hill, Mary Doherty, John TI Foreword: Understanding through modeling SO GROUND WATER LA English DT Editorial Material C1 Univ Alabama, Dept Geol Sci, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487 USA. Colorado Sch Mines, Int Ground Water Modeling Ctr, Golden, CO 80401 USA. US Geol Survey, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. Watermark Numer Comp, Corinda 4075, Australia. RP Zheng, CM (reprint author), Univ Alabama, Dept Geol Sci, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487 USA. EM czheng@ua.edu; epoeter@mines.edu; mchill@usgs.gov; johndoherty@ozemail.com.au RI Zheng, Chunmiao/I-5257-2014 OI Zheng, Chunmiao/0000-0001-5839-1305 NR 1 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 1 U2 12 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING PI OXFORD PA 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DQ, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0017-467X J9 GROUND WATER JI Ground Water PD NOV-DEC PY 2006 VL 44 IS 6 BP 769 EP 770 DI 10.1111/j.1745-6584.2006.00270.X PG 2 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Geology; Water Resources GA 099UU UT WOS:000241622600001 ER PT J AU Barlow, PM Harbaugh, AW AF Barlow, Paul M. Harbaugh, Arlen W. TI USGS directions in MODFLOW development SO GROUND WATER LA English DT Article C1 US Geol Survey, Off Ground Water, Natl Ctr, Reston, VA 20192 USA. RP Barlow, PM (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Off Ground Water, Natl Ctr, 12201 Sunrise Valley Dr,MS 411, Reston, VA 20192 USA. EM pbarlow@usgs.gov; harbaugh@usgs.gar NR 18 TC 14 Z9 15 U1 1 U2 9 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING PI OXFORD PA 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DQ, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0017-467X J9 GROUND WATER JI Ground Water PD NOV-DEC PY 2006 VL 44 IS 6 BP 771 EP 774 DI 10.1111/j.1745-6584.2006.00260.x PG 4 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Geology; Water Resources GA 099UU UT WOS:000241622600002 PM 17087746 ER PT J AU Hill, MC AF Hill, Mary C. TI The practical use of simplicity in developing ground water models SO GROUND WATER LA English DT Article ID TRANSPORT; FLOW AB The advantages of starting with simple models and building complexity slowly can be significant in the development of ground water models. In many circumstances, simpler models are characterized by fewer defined parameters and shorter execution times. In this work, the number of parameters is used as the primary measure of simplicity and complexity; the advantages of shorter execution times also are considered. The ideas are presented in the context of constructing ground water models but are applicable to many fields. Simplicity first is put in perspective as part of the entire modeling process using 14 guidelines for effective model calibration. It is noted that neither very simple nor very complex models generally produce the most accurate predictions and that determining the appropriate level of complexity is an ill-defined process. It is suggested that a thorough evaluation of observation errors is essential to model development. Finally, specific ways are discussed to design useful ground water models that have fewer parameters and shorter execution times. C1 US Geol Survey, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RP Hill, MC (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. EM mchill@usgs.gov NR 33 TC 56 Z9 57 U1 0 U2 16 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PUBLISHING, INC PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 0017-467X J9 GROUND WATER JI Ground Water PD NOV-DEC PY 2006 VL 44 IS 6 BP 775 EP 781 DI 10.1111/j.1745-6584.2006.00227.x PG 7 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Geology; Water Resources GA 099UU UT WOS:000241622600003 PM 17087747 ER PT J AU Mehl, S Hill, MC Leake, SA AF Mehl, Steffen Hill, Mary C. Leake, Stanley A. TI Comparison of local grid refinement methods for MODFLOW SO GROUND WATER LA English DT Article ID DIFFERENCE GROUNDWATER MODELS; WATER FLOW MODELS; SHARED NODES; ERRORS AB Many ground water modeling efforts use a finite-difference method to solve the ground water flow equation, and many of these models require a relatively fine-grid discretization to accurately represent the selected process in limited areas of interest. Use of a fine grid over the entire domain can be computationally prohibitive; using a variably spaced grid can lead to cells with a large aspect ratio and refinement in areas where detail is not needed. One solution is to use local-grid refinement (LGR) whereby the grid is only refined in the area of interest. This work reviews some LGR methods and identifies advantages and drawbacks in test cases using MODFLOW-2000. The first test case is two dimensional and heterogeneous; the second is three dimensional and includes interaction with a meandering river. Results include simulations using a uniform fine grid, a variably spaced grid, a traditional method of LGR without feedback, and a new shared node method with feedback. Discrepancies from the solution obtained with the uniform fine grid are investigated. For the models tested, the traditional one-way coupled approaches produced discrepancies in head up to 6.8% and discrepancies in cell-to-cell fluxes up to 7.1%, while the new method has head and cell-to-cell flux discrepancies of 0.089% and 0.14%, respectively. Additional results highlight the accuracy, flexibility, and CPU time trade-off of these methods and demonstrate how the new method can be successfully implemented to model surface water-ground water interactions. C1 US Geol Survey, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. US Geol Survey, Tucson, AZ 85719 USA. RP Mehl, S (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 3215 Marine St, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. EM swmehl@usgs.gov; mchill@usgs.gov; saleake@usgs.gov NR 15 TC 19 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 13 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING PI OXFORD PA 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DQ, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0017-467X J9 GROUND WATER JI Ground Water PD NOV-DEC PY 2006 VL 44 IS 6 BP 792 EP 796 DI 10.1111/j.1745-6584.2005.00192.x PG 5 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Geology; Water Resources GA 099UU UT WOS:000241622600006 PM 17087750 ER PT J AU Fleckenstein, JH Niswonger, RG Fogg, GE AF Fleckenstein, Jan H. Niswonger, Richard G. Fogg, Graham E. TI River-aquifer interactions, geologic heterogeneity, and low-flow management SO GROUND WATER LA English DT Article ID TRANSITION-PROBABILITY GEOSTATISTICS; RESTORE FALL FLOWS; SURFACE-WATER; SPATIAL VARIABILITY; GROUNDWATER-FLOW; CONJUNCTIVE USE; COSUMNES RIVER; STREAM; MODEL; SYSTEM AB Low river flows are commonly controlled by river-aquifer exchange, the magnitude of which is governed by hydraulic properties of both aquifer and aquitard materials beneath the river. Low flows are often important ecologically. Numerical simulations were used to assess how textural heterogeneity of an alluvial system influences river seepage and low flows. The Cosumnes River in California was used as a test case. Declining fall flows in the Cosumnes River have threatened Chinook salmon runs. A ground water-surface water model for the lower river basin was developed, which incorporates detailed geostatistical simulations of aquifer heterogeneity. Six different realizations of heterogeneity and a homogenous model were run for a 3-year period. Net annual seepage from the river was found to be similar among the models. However, spatial distribution of seepage along the channel, water table configuration and the level of local connection, and disconnection between the river and aquifer showed strong variations among the different heterogeneous models. Most importantly, the heterogeneous models suggest that river seepage losses can be reduced by local reconnections, even when the regional water table remains well below the riverbed. The percentage of river channel responsible for 50% of total river seepage ranged from 10% to 26% in the heterogeneous models as opposed to 23% in the homogeneous model. Differences in seepage between the models resulted in up to 13 d difference in the number of days the river was open for salmon migration during the critical fall months in one given year. C1 Univ Bayreuth, Dept Hydrol, Bayreuth, Germany. Univ Calif Davis, Dept Land Air & Water Resources, Davis, CA 95616 USA. US Geol Survey, Carson City, NV 89706 USA. Univ Calif Davis, Dept Geol, Davis, CA 95616 USA. RP Fleckenstein, JH (reprint author), Univ Bayreuth, Dept Hydrol, POB 101251, Bayreuth, Germany. EM jan.fleckenstein@uni-bayreuth.de; rniswon@usgs.gov; gefogg@ucdavis.edu RI Fleckenstein, Jan/B-1382-2014 OI Fleckenstein, Jan/0000-0001-7213-9448 NR 62 TC 108 Z9 110 U1 3 U2 59 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 0017-467X J9 GROUND WATER JI Ground Water PD NOV-DEC PY 2006 VL 44 IS 6 BP 837 EP 852 DI 10.1111/j.1745-6584.2006.00190.x PG 16 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Geology; Water Resources GA 099UU UT WOS:000241622600012 PM 17087756 ER PT J AU Papoulias, DM Chapman, D Tillitt, DE AF Papoulias, D. M. Chapman, D. Tillitt, D. E. TI Reproductive condition and occurrence of intersex in bighead carp and silver carp in the Missouri River SO HYDROBIOLOGIA LA English DT Article DE bighead carp; intersex; Missouri River; reproduction; silver carp ID CYPRINUS-CARPIO; COMMON CARP; LAKE MEAD; FEMINIZATION; MORPHOLOGY; ENDOCRINE; NEVADA; SITES AB Little is known about the reproductive biology of the exotic bighead carp Hypophthalmichthys nobilis and silver carp Hypophthalmichthys molitrix in the Missouri River. In order to fill this gap in understanding, herein is described the reproductive condition of these Asian carps. Evidence is presented which indicates that bighead and silver carp in the Missouri River have a protracted spawning period that extends from early spring through fall and some individual bighead and silver carp are spawning multiple times during a reproductive season. Although bighead and silver carps are successfully maturing and spawning in the Missouri River some reproductive abnormalities such as intersex, atresia, and sterility were observed. Knowledge of the reproductive activity of these invasive carps may be useful to resource managers tasked with their control. Furthermore, the reproductive abnormalities observed should be considered when evaluating the environmental condition of the Missouri River relative to supporting a healthy fish fauna. C1 US Geol Survey, Columbia Environm Res Ctr, Columbia, MO 65201 USA. RP Papoulias, DM (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Columbia Environm Res Ctr, 4200 New Haven Rd, Columbia, MO 65201 USA. EM dpapoulias@usgs.gov NR 16 TC 21 Z9 22 U1 3 U2 23 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0018-8158 J9 HYDROBIOLOGIA JI Hydrobiologia PD NOV PY 2006 VL 571 BP 355 EP 360 DI 10.1007/s10750-006-0260-7 PG 6 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 081HS UT WOS:000240308500027 ER PT J AU Morris, JM Farag, AM Nimick, DA Meyer, JS AF Morris, Jeffrey M. Farag, Aida M. Nimick, David A. Meyer, Joseph S. TI Light-mediated Zn uptake in photosynthetic biofilm SO HYDROBIOLOGIA LA English DT Article DE biofilm; diel metal cycling; light; pH; temperature; zinc ID FRESH-WATER; ZINC; MONTANA; CADMIUM; PH; PERIPHYTON; METALS; NICKEL; CREEK; ALGAE AB Our experiments conducted under controlled laboratory conditions demonstrate diel uptake and release of zinc (Zn) in lab-cultured biofilm exposed to Zn concentrations that are present in some mining-impacted streams (1-2 mg Zn/l). Specifically, at constant pH, temperature, and aqueous Zn concentrations in the exposure water, biofilm accumulated Zn during the light periods of the photocycle and released Zn during the dark periods of the photocycle. The range of Zn uptake measured in biofilm during one light period in these laboratory experiments (0.6-8.3 mg Zn/g dw biofilm) encompassed the estimated Zn uptake (1.5-3.7 mg Zn/g dw biofilm) necessary to attribute aqueous diel Zn cycling in a mining-impacted stream in Montana (High Ore Creek) to uptake in biofilm. This is relevant to in situ studies of diel Zn cycling because we controlled three important parameters that naturally fluctuate daily in the field, thus demonstrating the potential for biofilm to remove large percentages of Zn from some mining-impacted streams. Researchers, modelers, regulators, and reclamation teams working in metals-contaminated streams should be aware of diel metal cycling, because the highest Zn concentrations (and therefore, perhaps the most toxic conditions) in the water column might occur at night, and the greatest exposure of grazers of phototrophs to dietborne Zn might occur during daylight hours. C1 Univ Wyoming, Dept Zool & Physiol, Laramie, WY 82071 USA. US Geol Survey, Jackson, WY USA. US Geol Survey, Helena, MT USA. Western Res Inst, Laramie, WY 82072 USA. RP Morris, JM (reprint author), Univ Wyoming, Dept Zool & Physiol, Laramie, WY 82071 USA. EM jmorris@uwyo.edu OI Nimick, David/0000-0002-8532-9192 NR 17 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 7 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0018-8158 J9 HYDROBIOLOGIA JI Hydrobiologia PD NOV PY 2006 VL 571 BP 361 EP 371 DI 10.1007/s10750-006-0261-6 PG 11 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 081HS UT WOS:000240308500028 ER PT J AU Hanson, RT Dettinger, MD Newhouse, MW AF Hanson, R. T. Dettinger, M. D. Newhouse, M. W. TI Relations between climatic variability and hydrologic time series from four alluvial basins across the southwestern United States SO HYDROGEOLOGY JOURNAL LA English DT Article DE groundwater/surface-water relations; groundwater statistics; climate; climatic variability; United States ID OSCILLATION AB Hydrologic time series of groundwater levels, streamflow, precipitation, and tree-ring indices from four alluvial basins in the southwestern United States were spectrally analyzed, and then frequency components were reconstructed to isolate variability due to climatic variations on four time scales. Reconstructed components (RCs), from each time series, were compared to climatic indices like the Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO), North American Monsoon (NAM), and El Niho-Southern Oscillation (ENSO), to reveal that as much as 80% of RC variation can be correlated with climate variations on corresponding time scales. In most cases, the hydrologic RCs lag behind the climate indices by 1-36 months. In all four basins, PDO-like components were the largest contributors to cyclic hydrologic variability. Generally, California time series have more variation associated with PDO and ENSO than the Arizona series, and Arizona basins have more variation associated with NAM. ENSO cycles were present in all four basins but were the largest relative contributors in southeastern Arizona. Ground-water levels show a wide range of climate responses that can be correlated from well to well in the various basins, with climate responses found in unconfined and confined aquifers from pumping centers to mountain fronts. C1 US Geol Survey, Calif Water Sci Ctr, San Diego, CA 92101 USA. USGS, Scripps Inst Oceanog, Div Climate Res, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA. RP Hanson, RT (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Calif Water Sci Ctr, 4165 Spruance Rd,Suite 200, San Diego, CA 92101 USA. EM rthanson@usgs.gov; mddettin@usgs.gov NR 29 TC 42 Z9 42 U1 0 U2 20 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING STREET, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 1431-2174 J9 HYDROGEOL J JI Hydrogeol. J. PD NOV PY 2006 VL 14 IS 7 BP 1122 EP 1146 DI 10.1007/s10040-006-0067-7 PG 25 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Geology; Water Resources GA 120RR UT WOS:000243104100004 ER PT J AU Doctor, DH Alexander, EC Petric, M Kogovsek, J Urbanc, J Lojen, S Stichler, W AF Doctor, Daniel H. Alexander, E. Calvin, Jr. Petric, Metka Kogovsek, Janja Urbanc, Janko Lojen, Sonja Stichler, Willibald TI Quantification of karst aquifer discharge components during storm events through end-member mixing analysis using natural chemistry and stable isotopes as tracers SO HYDROGEOLOGY JOURNAL LA English DT Article DE hydrochemistry; stable isotopes; statistical modeling; groundwater/surface-water relations ID CARBON-DIOXIDE; WATER; USA; TERRAIN; SYSTEMS; INDIANA; FLOW AB Karst aquifer components that contribute to the discharge of a water supply well in the Classical Karst (Kras) region (Italy/Slovenia) were quantitatively estimated during storm events. Results show that water released from storage within the epikarst may comprise as much as two-thirds of conduit flow in a karst aquifer following rainfall. Principal components analysis (PCA) and end-member mixing analysis (EMMA) were perfort-ned using major ion chemistry and the stable isotopes of water (delta O-18, delta H-2) and of dissolved inorganic carbon (delta C-13(DIC)) to estimate mixing proportions among three sources: (1) allogenic river recharge, (2) autogenic recharge, and (3) an anthropogenic component stored within the epikarst. The sinking river most influences the chemical composition of the water-supply well under low-flow conditions; however, this proportion changes rapidly during recharge events. C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. Univ Minnesota, Dept Geol & Geophys, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA. Karst Res Inst, Postojna, Slovenia. Geol Survey Slovenia, Ljubljana, Slovenia. Jozef Stefan Inst, Ljubljana, Slovenia. GSF, Inst Hydrol, Neuherberg, Germany. RP Doctor, DH (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 345 Middlefield Rd, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. EM dhdoctor@usgs.gov OI Lojen, Sonja/0000-0001-8267-4372 NR 50 TC 42 Z9 43 U1 0 U2 26 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING STREET, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 1431-2174 J9 HYDROGEOL J JI Hydrogeol. J. PD NOV PY 2006 VL 14 IS 7 BP 1171 EP 1191 DI 10.1016/s10040-006-0031-6 PG 21 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Geology; Water Resources GA 120RR UT WOS:000243104100007 ER PT J AU Thompson, AR Nisbet, RM Schmitt, RJ AF Thompson, Andrew R. Nisbet, Roger M. Schmitt, Russell J. TI Dynamics of mutualist populations that are demographically open SO JOURNAL OF ANIMAL ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE differential equation; marine mutualism; population dynamics; terrestrial mutualism; theoretical model ID POSITIVE INTERACTIONS; LIMITED RECRUITMENT; SELECTIVE HERBIVORE; SINK ENVIRONMENTS; CORAL-REEFS; ASSOCIATION; MODEL; FISH; COMMUNITIES; COEXISTENCE AB 1. Few theoretical studies have examined the impact of immigration and emigration on mutualist population dynamics, but a recent empirical study (A.R. Thompson Oecologia, 143, 61-69) on mutualistic fish and shrimp showed that immigration can prevent population collapse, and that intraspecific competition for a mutualistic partner can curb population expansion. To understand in a theoretical context the implications of these results, and to assess their generality, we present a two-species model that accounts explicitly for immigration and emigration, as well as distinguishing the impacts of mutualism on birth rates, death rates and habitat acquisition. 2. The model confirms that immigration can stabilize mutualistic populations, and predicts that high immigration, along with enhanced reproduction and/or reduced mortality through mutualism, can cause population sizes to increase until habitat availability curbs further expansion. 3. We explore in detail the effects of different forms of habitat limitation on mutualistic populations. Habitat availability commonly limits the density of both populations if mutualists acquire shelter independently. If a mutualist depends on a partner for habitat, densities of that mutualist are capped by the amount of space provided by that partner. The density of the shelter-provider is limited by the environment. 4. If a mutualism solely augments reproduction, and most locally produced individuals leave the focal patch, then the mutualism will have a minimal effect on local dynamics. If the mutualism operates by reducing rates of death or enhancing habitat availability, and there is at least some immigration, then mutualism will affect local dynamics. This finding may be particularly relevant in marine systems, where there is high variability (among species and locations) in the extent to which progeny disperse from natal locations. 5. Overall, our results demonstrate that the consequences of immigration and emigration for the dynamics of mutualists depend strongly on which demographic rate is influenced by mutualism. 6. By relating our model to a variety of terrestrial and aquatic systems, we provide a general framework to guide future empirical studies of the dynamics of mutualistic populations. C1 US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Carlsbad, CA 92011 USA. Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Dept Ecol Evolut & Marine Biol, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA. RP Thompson, AR (reprint author), US Fish & Wildlife Serv, 6010 Hidden Valley Rd, Carlsbad, CA 92011 USA. EM andrew2112@yahoo.com RI Nisbet, Roger/B-6951-2014 NR 69 TC 24 Z9 24 U1 6 U2 29 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 0021-8790 J9 J ANIM ECOL JI J. Anim. Ecol. PD NOV PY 2006 VL 75 IS 6 BP 1239 EP 1251 DI 10.1111/j.1365-2656.2006.01145.x PG 13 WC Ecology; Zoology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Zoology GA 093HI UT WOS:000241158600002 PM 17032356 ER PT J AU Benson, LV Hattori, EM Taylor, HE Poulson, SR Jolie, EA AF Benson, L. V. Hattori, E. M. Taylor, H. E. Poulson, S. R. Jolie, E. A. TI Isotope sourcing of prehistoric willow and tule textiles recovered from western Great Basin rock shelters and caves - proof of concept SO JOURNAL OF ARCHAEOLOGICAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE Lahontan Basin; Lovelock Wickerware; textiles; isotopes ID SURFACE-WATER SYSTEM; PYRAMID LAKE; STABLE ISOTOPES; CHACO CANYON; NEW-MEXICO; CALIBRATION; CALIFORNIA; HYDROGEN; NEVADA; OXYGEN AB Isotope and trace-metal analyses were used to determine the origin of plants used to manufacture prehistoric textiles (basketry and matting) from archaeological sites in the western Great Basin. Research focused on strontium (Sr-87/Sr-86) and oxygen (O-18/O-16) isotope ratios of willow (Salix sp.) and tule (Schoenoplectus sp.), the dominant raw materials in Great Basin textiles. The oxygen-isotope data indicated that the willow and tule used to produce the textiles were harvested from the banks of rivers or in marshes characterized by flowing water and not from lakes or sinks. The strontium-isotope data were useful in showing which plants came from the Humboldt River and which came from rivers headed in the Sierra Nevada. Published by Elsevier Ltd. C1 USGS, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. Nevada State Museum, Carson City, NV 89701 USA. Univ Nevada, Dept Geol Sci & Engn, Reno, NV 89557 USA. Univ New Mexico, Dept Anthropol, Albuquerque, NM 87131 USA. RP Benson, LV (reprint author), USGS, Suite E127,3215 Marine St, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. EM lbenson@usgs.gov RI Jolie, Edward/B-3329-2009 NR 27 TC 23 Z9 23 U1 0 U2 11 PU ACADEMIC PRESS LTD ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI LONDON PA 24-28 OVAL RD, LONDON NW1 7DX, ENGLAND SN 0305-4403 J9 J ARCHAEOL SCI JI J. Archaeol. Sci. PD NOV PY 2006 VL 33 IS 11 BP 1588 EP 1599 DI 10.1016/j.jas.2006.02.012 PG 12 WC Anthropology; Archaeology; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Anthropology; Archaeology; Geology GA 084QG UT WOS:000240548900010 ER PT J AU Reheis, MC AF Reheis, M. C. TI A 16-year record of eolian dust in Southern Nevada and California, USA: Controls on dust generation and accumulation SO JOURNAL OF ARID ENVIRONMENTS LA English DT Article DE dust; wind erosion; dust source; playa; ground water; ENSO ID SOUTHWESTERN UNITED-STATES; OWENS DRY LAKE; SOURCE AREA; SOIL PARTICLES; AEOLIAN DUST; WIND EROSION; DESERT SOILS; BLOWING DUST; HIGH-PLAINS; DEPOSITION AB An ongoing project monitors modern dust accumulation in the and southwestern United States to (1) determine the rate and composition of dust inputs to soils and (2) relate dust accumulation to weather patterns to help predict the effects of climate change on dust production and accumulation. The 16-year records of 35 dust-trap sites in the eastern Mojave Desert and southern Great Basin reveal how generation and accumulation of dust, including the silt-clay, carbonate, and soluble-salt fractions, is affected by the amount and seasonal distribution of rainfall and the behavior of different source types (alluvium, dry playas, and wet playas). Accumulation rates (fluxes) of the silt-clay fraction of dust, including carbonates, range from about 2-20 g/m(2)/yr. Average rates are higher in the southern part of the study area (south of latitude 36.5 degrees N) and annually fluctuate over a larger range than rates in the northern part of the area. Sites throughout the study area show peaks in dust flux in the 1984-1985 sampling period and again in 1997-1999; northern sites also show increased flux in 1987-1988 and southern sites in 1989-1991. These peaks of dust flux correspond with both La Nina (dry) conditions and with strong El Nino (wet) periods. The accumulation rates of different components of mineral dusts fluctuate differently. For example, soluble-salt flux increases in 1987-1988, coincident with a moderate El Nino event, and increases very strongly in 1997-1999, overlapping with a strong El Nino event. Both of these high-rainfall winters were preceded and accompanied by strong summer rains. In contrast, little or no change in soluble-salt flux occurred during other periods of high winter rainfall but little Summer rain, e.g. 1992-1995. The differences between northern vs. southern sites and between sites with playa dust sources vs. alluvial dust sources indicate that regional differences in the response of precipitation and vegetation growth to ENSO influence and differences in the response of source types control dust production and accumulation. A major factor is the hydrologic condition of surface sediments. The silt-clay and soluble-salt fluxes increased during the El Nino events of 1987-1988 and 1997-1998 at sites close to "wet" playas with shallow depths to groundwater (< 10 m), consistent with the concept that active evaporative concentration of salts disrupts surface crusts and increases the susceptibility of surface sediment to deflation. The silt-clay flux also increased during drought periods (1989-1991, 1995-1997) at sites downwind of alluvial sources and "dry" playas with deeper groundwater (< 10 m). These increases are probably related to the die-off of drought-stressed vegetation on alluvial sediments, and in some cases to local runoff events that deliver fresh sediment to playa margins and distal portions of alluvial fans. (c) 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 US Geol Survey, Denver, CO 80225 USA. RP Reheis, MC (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Denver, CO 80225 USA. EM mreheis@usgs.gov NR 66 TC 79 Z9 81 U1 2 U2 26 PU ACADEMIC PRESS LTD- ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI LONDON PA 24-28 OVAL RD, LONDON NW1 7DX, ENGLAND SN 0140-1963 EI 1095-922X J9 J ARID ENVIRON JI J. Arid. Environ. PD NOV PY 2006 VL 67 IS 3 BP 487 EP 520 DI 10.1016/j.jaridenv.2006.03.006 PG 34 WC Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 096VB UT WOS:000241403800010 ER PT J AU Katzner, TE Bragin, EA Knick, ST Smith, AT AF Katzner, Todd E. Bragin, Evgeny A. Knick, Steven T. Smith, Andrew T. TI Spatial structure in the diet of imperial eagles Aquila heliaca in Kazakhstan SO JOURNAL OF AVIAN BIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID SNOWSHOE HARE CYCLE; LONG-EARED OWLS; FUNCTIONAL-RESPONSE; REPRODUCTIVE OUTPUT; GOLDEN EAGLES; PREY; POPULATION; CHRYSAETOS; SQUIRRELS; DENSITIES AB We evaluated the relationship between spatial variability in prey and food habits of eastern imperial eagles Aquila heliaca at a 90,000 ha national nature reserve in north-central Kazakhstan. Eagle diet varied greatly within the population and the spatial structure of eagle diet within the population varied according to the scale of measurement. Patterns in dietary response were inconsistent with expectations if either ontogenetic imprinting or competition determined diet choice, but they met expectations if functional response determined diet. Eagles nesting near a high-density prey resource used that resource almost exclusively. In contrast, in locations with no single high-density prey species, eagles' diet was more diverse. Our results demonstrate that spatial structuring of diet of vertebrate predators can provide important insight into the mechanisms that drive dietary decisions. C1 Arizona State Univ, Sch Life Sci, Tempe, AZ 85287 USA. Naurzum Nat Nat Reserve, Dept Sci, Naurzumski Raijon 459730, Dokuchaevka, Russia. USGS, Forest & Rangeland Ecosyst Sci Ctr, Boise, ID 83706 USA. RP Katzner, TE (reprint author), Arizona State Univ, Sch Life Sci, POB 874501, Tempe, AZ 85287 USA. EM todd.katzner@aviary.org OI Katzner, Todd/0000-0003-4503-8435 NR 50 TC 9 Z9 11 U1 1 U2 4 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING PI OXFORD PA 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DQ, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0908-8857 J9 J AVIAN BIOL JI J. Avian Biol. PD NOV PY 2006 VL 37 IS 6 BP 594 EP 600 DI 10.1111/j.2006.0908-8857.03617.x PG 7 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA 101GT UT WOS:000241730000008 ER PT J AU Joseph, L Wilke, T Ten Have, J Chesser, RT AF Joseph, Leo Wilke, Thomas Ten Have, Jose Chesser, R. Terry TI Implications of mitochondrial DNA polyphyly in two ecologically undifferentiated but morphologically distinct migratory birds, the masked and white-browed woodswallows Artamus spp. of inland Australia SO JOURNAL OF AVIAN BIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID POPULATION-GROWTH; EVOLUTION; POLYMORPHISM; DIVERSITY; SELECTION; PHYLOGEOGRAPHY; HYBRIDIZATION; POMATOSTOMUS; RELIABILITY; SYSTEMATICS AB The white-browed woodswallow Artamus superciliosus and masked woodswallow A. personatus (Passeriformes: Artamidae) are members of Australia's diverse arid- and semi-arid zone avifauna. Widely sympatric and among Australia's relatively few obligate long-distance temperate-tropical migrants, the two are well differentiated morphologically but not ecologically and vocally. They are pair breeders unlike other Artamus species, which are at least facultative cooperative breeders. For these reasons they are an excellent case in which to use molecular data in integrative study of their evolution from ecological and biogeographical perspectives. We used mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) to test whether they are each other's closest relatives, whether they evolved migration independently, whether they have molecular signatures of population expansions like some other Australian arid zone birds, and to estimate the timing of any inferred population expansions. Their mtDNAs are monophyletic with respect to other species of Artamus but polyphyletic with respect to each other. The two species appear not to have evolved migration independently of each other but their morphological and mtDNA evolution have been strongly decoupled. Some level of hybridization and introgression cannot be dismissed outright as being involved in their mtDNA polyphyly but incomplete sorting of their most recent common ancestor's mtDNA is a simpler explanation consistent with their ecology. Bayesian phylogenetic inference and analyses of diversity within the two species (n=77) with conventional diversity statistics, statistical parsimony, and tests for population expansion vs stability (Tajima's D, Fu's Fs and Ramos-Onsin and Rozas's R-2) all favour recent population increases. However, a non-starlike network suggests expansion(s) relatively early in the Pleistocene. Repeated population bottlenecks corresponding with multiple peaks of Pleistocene aridity could explain our findings, which add a new dimension to accruing data on the effects of Pleistocene aridity on the Australian biota. C1 Acad Nat Sci Philadelphia, Dept Ornithol, Philadelphia, PA 19103 USA. Univ Giessen, IFZ, D-35392 Giessen, Germany. CSIRO, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia. USGS, PWRC, Smithsonian Inst, Museum Natl Hist Nat,Div Birds,MRC 116, Washington, DC 20013 USA. RP Joseph, L (reprint author), Acad Nat Sci Philadelphia, Dept Ornithol, 1900 Benjamin Franklin Pkwy, Philadelphia, PA 19103 USA. EM Leo.Joseph@csiro.au RI Joseph, Leo/F-9235-2010; Wilke, Thomas/G-1517-2012 OI Wilke, Thomas/0000-0001-8263-7758 NR 75 TC 20 Z9 21 U1 3 U2 5 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING PI OXFORD PA 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DQ, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0908-8857 J9 J AVIAN BIOL JI J. Avian Biol. PD NOV PY 2006 VL 37 IS 6 BP 625 EP 636 DI 10.1111/j.0908-8857.2006.03767.x PG 12 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA 101GT UT WOS:000241730000012 ER PT J AU Ellis, DH Lish, JW Kery, M Redpath, SM AF Ellis, David H. Lish, James W. Kery, Marc Redpath, Stephen M. TI Short-term oscillations in avian molt intensity: evidence from the golden eagle Aquila chrysaetos SO JOURNAL OF AVIAN BIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID WHITE-CROWNED SPARROWS; BIRDS AB From a year-long study of molt in the golden eagle Aquila chrysaetos, we recorded 2069 contour feathers replaced in 137 d (6 May-19 September). Very few contour feathers were lost outside this period. From precise daily counts of feathers lost, and using time series analysis, we identified short-term fluctuations (i.e., 19-d subcycles) around a midsummer peak (i.e., a left-skewed normal distribution). Because these subcycles have never before been reported and because the physiological basis for many aspects of avian molt is poorly known, we offer only hypothetical explanations for the controls responsible for the subcycles. C1 USGS, SW Biol Sci Ctr, Sonora Desert Res Stn, Oracle, AZ 85623 USA. Oklahoma State Univ, Ctr Vet Hlth Sci, Dept Physiol, Stillwater, OK 74079 USA. Swiss Ornithol Inst, CH-6204 Sempach, Switzerland. Ctr Ecol & Hydrol, Banchory, Aberdeen, Scotland. RP Ellis, DH (reprint author), USGS, SW Biol Sci Ctr, Sonora Desert Res Stn, HC 1 Box 4420, Oracle, AZ 85623 USA. EM dcellis@theriver.com RI Redpath, Steve/B-4640-2012 OI Redpath, Steve/0000-0001-5399-9477 NR 15 TC 4 Z9 5 U1 1 U2 5 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING PI OXFORD PA 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DQ, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0908-8857 J9 J AVIAN BIOL JI J. Avian Biol. PD NOV PY 2006 VL 37 IS 6 BP 642 EP 644 PG 3 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA 101GT UT WOS:000241730000014 ER PT J AU Hohn, R Isenbeck-Schroter, M Kent, DB Davis, JA Jakobsen, R Jann, S Niedan, V Scholz, C Stadler, S Tretner, A AF Hoehn, R. Isenbeck-Schroeter, M. Kent, D. B. Davis, J. A. Jakobsen, R. Jann, S. Niedan, V. Scholz, C. Stadler, S. Tretner, A. TI Tracer test with As(V) under variable redox conditions controlling arsenic transport in the presence of elevated ferrous iron concentrations SO JOURNAL OF CONTAMINANT HYDROLOGY LA English DT Article DE arsenic; transport; oxidation-reduction; adsorption; retardation; arsenate; arsenite ID BACTERIAL DISSIMILATORY REDUCTION; ACID-MINE DRAINAGE; CONTAMINATED AQUIFERS; ADSORPTION REACTIONS; NITRATE REDUCTION; SANDY AQUIFER; MONO LAKE; CAPE-COD; GROUNDWATER; SEDIMENTS AB To study transport and reactions of arsenic under field conditions, a small-scale tracer test was performed in an anoxic, iron-reducing zone of a sandy aquifer at the USGS research site on Cape Cod, Massachusetts, USA. For four weeks, a stream of groundwater with added As(V) (6.7 mu M) and bromide (1.6 mM), was injected in order to observe the reduction of As(V) to As(Ill). Breakthrough of bromide (Br(-)), As(V), and As(Ill) as well as additional parameters characterizing the geochemical conditions was observed at various locations downstream of the injection well over a period of 104 days. After a short lag period, nitrate and dissolved oxygen from the injectate oxidized ferrous iron and As(V) became bound to the freshly formed hydrous iron oxides. Approximately one week after terminating the injection, anoxic conditions had been reestablished and increases in As(III) concentrations were observed within I on of the injection. During the observation period, As(III) and As(V) were transported to a distance of 4.5 m downgradient indicating significant retardation by sorption processes for both species. Sediment assays as well as elevated concentrations of hydrogen reflected the presence of As(V) reducing microorganisms. Thus, microbial As(V) reduction was thought to be one major process driving the release of As(Ill) during the tracer test in the Cape Cod aquifer. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Heidelberg, Inst Environm Geochem, Heidelberg, Germany. US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. Tech Univ Denmark, E&R, DK-2800 Lyngby, Denmark. Tech Univ Munich, Inst Soil Sci, D-8000 Munich, Germany. Tech Univ Bergakad Freiberg, Freiberg, Germany. GeoForsch Zentrum, Potsdam, Germany. GEOS Freiberg Ingn Gessellsch Mbh, Freiberg, Germany. RP Isenbeck-Schroter, M (reprint author), Univ Heidelberg, Inst Environm Geochem, Bergheimer Str 58, Heidelberg, Germany. EM mischroe@ugc.uni-heidelberg.de RI Stadler, Susanne/I-8311-2012; Jakobsen, Rasmus/D-7585-2013 OI Jakobsen, Rasmus/0000-0003-1882-2961 NR 70 TC 28 Z9 28 U1 1 U2 19 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0169-7722 J9 J CONTAM HYDROL JI J. Contam. Hydrol. PD NOV PY 2006 VL 88 IS 1-2 BP 36 EP 54 DI 10.1016/j.jconhyd.2006.06.001 PG 19 WC Environmental Sciences; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Geology; Water Resources GA 109OK UT WOS:000242317700003 PM 16945450 ER PT J AU Juracek, KE Ziegler, AC AF Juracek, Kyle E. Ziegler, Andrew C. TI The legacy of leaded gasoline in bottom sediment of small rural reservoirs SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY LA English DT Article ID TRACE-ELEMENT CONCENTRATIONS; ANTHROPOGENIC LEAD; TRAFFIC VOLUME; UNITED-STATES; HIGHWAYS; CONTAMINATION; ZINC; SOIL; ACCUMULATION; VEGETATION AB The historical and ongoing lead (Pb) contamination caused by the 20th-century use of leaded gasoline was investigated by an analysis of bottom sediment in eight small rural reservoirs in eastern Kansas, USA. For the reservoirs that were completed before or during the period of maximum Pb emissions from vehicles (i.e., the 1940s through the early 1980s) and that had a major highway in the basin, increased Pb concentrations reflected the pattern of historical leaded gasoline use. For at least some of these reservoirs, residual Pb is still being delivered from the basins. There was no evidence of increased Pb deposition for the reservoirs completed after the period of peak Pb emissions and (or) located in relatively remote areas with little or no highway traffic. Results indicated that several factors affected the magnitude and variability of Pb concentrations in reservoir sediment including traffic volume, reservoir age, and basin size. The increased Pb concentrations at four reservoirs exceeded the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency threshold-effects level (30.2 mg kg(-1)) and frequently exceeded a consensus-based threshold-effects concentration (35.8 mg kg(-1)) for possible adverse biological effects. For two reservoirs it was estimated that it will take at least 20 to 70 yr for Pb in the newly deposited sediment to return to baseline (pre-1920s) concentrations (30 mg kg(-1)) following the phase out of leaded gasoline. The buried sediment with elevated Pb concentrations may pose a future environmental concern if the reservoirs are dredged, the dams are removed, or the dams fail. C1 US Geol Survey, Lawrence, KS 66049 USA. RP Juracek, KE (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 4821 Quail Crest Pl, Lawrence, KS 66049 USA. EM kjuracek@usgs.gov NR 52 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0047-2425 J9 J ENVIRON QUAL JI J. Environ. Qual. PD NOV-DEC PY 2006 VL 35 IS 6 BP 2092 EP 2102 DI 10.2134/jeq2006.0128 PG 11 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 106XM UT WOS:000242135300015 PM 17071878 ER PT J AU Darby, BJ Housman, DC Zaki, AM Shamout, Y Adl, SM Belnap, J Neher, DA AF Darby, Brian J. Housman, David C. Zaki, Amr M. Shamout, Yassein Adl, Sina M. Belnap, Jayne Neher, Deborah A. TI Effects of altered temperature and precipitation on desert protozoa associated with biological soil crusts SO JOURNAL OF EUKARYOTIC MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Chihuahuan desert; climate change; Colorado Plateau; environmental stress; soil fauna; soil food webs; thermotolerance ID COLORADO PLATEAU; WIND EROSION; NITROGEN; PLANTS; DISTURBANCE; METABOLISM; WOODLANDS; COMMUNITY AB Biological soil crusts are diverse assemblages of bacteria, cyanobacteria, algae, fungi, lichens, and mosses that cover much of arid land soils. The objective of this study was to quantify protozoa associated with biological soil crusts and test the response of protozoa to increased temperature and precipitation as is predicted by some global climate models. Protozoa were more abundant when associated with cyanobacteria/lichen crusts than with cyanobacteria crusts alone. Amoebae, flagellates, and ciliates originating from the Colorado Plateau desert (cool desert, primarily winter precipitation) declined 50-, 10-, and 100-fold, respectively, when moved in field mesocosms to the Chihuahuan Desert (hot desert, primarily summer rain). However, this was not observed in protozoa collected from the Chihuahuan Desert and moved to the Sonoran desert (hot desert, also summer rain, but warmer than Chihuahuan Desert). Protozoa in culture began to encyst at 37 degrees C. Cysts survived the upper end of daily temperatures (37-55 degrees C), and could be stimulated to excyst if temperatures were reduced to 15 degrees C or lower. Results from this study suggest that cool desert protozoa are influenced negatively by increased summer precipitation during excessive summer temperatures, and that desert protozoa may be adapted to a specific desert's temperature and precipitation regime. C1 Univ Toledo, Dept Earth Ecol & Environm Sci, Toledo, OH 43606 USA. US Geol Survey, Canyonlands Field Stn, Moab 84532, UT USA. Dalhousie Univ, Dept Biol, Halifax, NS B3H 3J5, Canada. RP Darby, BJ (reprint author), Univ Vermont, Dept Plant & Soil Sci, Burlington, VT 05405 USA. EM bdarby@uvm.edu RI Adl, Sina/R-3187-2016 NR 40 TC 14 Z9 15 U1 2 U2 24 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PUBLISHING, INC PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 1066-5234 J9 J EUKARYOT MICROBIOL JI J. Eukaryot. Microbiol. PD NOV-DEC PY 2006 VL 53 IS 6 BP 507 EP 514 DI 10.1111/j.1550-7408.2006.00134.x PG 8 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA 107TP UT WOS:000242194200012 PM 17123415 ER PT J AU Miller, MP Haig, SM Wagner, RS AF Miller, Mark P. Haig, Susan M. Wagner, R. Steven TI Phylogeography and spatial genetic structure of the Southern torrent salamander: Implications for conservation and management SO JOURNAL OF HEREDITY LA English DT Article ID RHYACOTRITON-VARIEGATUS; CLADISTIC-ANALYSIS; GROWTH FORESTS; LIFE-HISTORY; POPULATION; AUTOCORRELATION; EVOLUTIONARY; AMPHIBIANS; PATTERNS; OREGON AB The Southern torrent salamander (Rhyacotriton variegatus) was recently found not warranted for listing under the US Endangered Species Act due to lack of information regarding population fragmentation and gene flow. Found in small-order streams associated with late-successional coniferous forests of the US Pacific Northwest, threats to their persistence include disturbance related to timber harvest activities. We conducted a study of genetic diversity throughout this species' range to 1) identify major phylogenetic lineages and phylogeographic barriers and 2) elucidate regional patterns of population genetic and spatial phylogeographic structure. Cytochrome b sequence variation was examined for 189 individuals from 72 localities. We identified 3 major lineages corresponding to nonoverlapping geographic regions: a northern California clade, a central Oregon clade, and a northern Oregon clade. The Yaquina River may be a phylogeographic barrier between the northern Oregon and central Oregon clades, whereas the Smith River in northern California appears to correspond to the discontinuity between the central Oregon and northern California clades. Spatial analyses of genetic variation within regions encompassing major clades indicated that the extent of genetic structure is comparable among regions. We discuss our results in the context of conservation efforts for Southern torrent salamanders. C1 Cent Washington Univ, Dept Biol Sci, Ellensburg, WA 98926 USA. Utah State Univ, Dept Biol, Logan, UT 84322 USA. US Geol Survey, Forest & Rangeland Ecosyst Sci Ctr, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. Oregon State Univ, Genet Program, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. RP Wagner, RS (reprint author), Cent Washington Univ, Dept Biol Sci, Ellensburg, WA 98926 USA. EM wagners@cwu.edu RI Miller, Mark/A-5488-2011 NR 53 TC 19 Z9 19 U1 2 U2 8 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS INC PI CARY PA JOURNALS DEPT, 2001 EVANS RD, CARY, NC 27513 USA SN 0022-1503 J9 J HERED JI J. Hered. PD NOV-DEC PY 2006 VL 97 IS 6 BP 561 EP 570 DI 10.1093/jhered/esl038 PG 10 WC Evolutionary Biology; Genetics & Heredity SC Evolutionary Biology; Genetics & Heredity GA 120FF UT WOS:000243069200004 PM 17135462 ER PT J AU Carlsson, J Morrison, CL Reece, KS AF Carlsson, Jens Morrison, Cheryl L. Reece, Kimberly S. TI Wild and aquaculture populations of the eastern oyster compared using microsatellites SO JOURNAL OF HEREDITY LA English DT Article ID HETEROZYGOTE DEFICIENCY; CHESAPEAKE BAY; NULL ALLELES; LOCI AB Five new microsatellite markers were developed for the eastern oyster (Crassostrea virginica), and allelic variability was compared between a wild Chesapeake Bay population (James River) and a hatchery strain (DEBY (TM)). All loci amplified readily and demonstrated allelic variability with the number of alleles ranging from 16 to 36 in the wild population and from 11 to 19 in the DEBY (TM) strain. Average observed and expected heterozygosities were estimated at 0.66 and 0.80 in the hatchery sample. The corresponding estimates were 0.91 and 0.75 in the wild sample. Results indicated lower genetic variability in the DEBY (TM) strain and significant genetic differentiation between the wild population and hatchery strain. These microsatellite loci will prove valuable for future population genetic studies and in tracking of hatchery strains used in restoration. C1 Coll William & Mary, Sch Marine Sci, Virginia Inst Marine Sci, Gloucester Point, VA 23062 USA. US Geol Survey, BRD, Aquat Ecol Barnach, Kearneysville, WV 25430 USA. RP Carlsson, J (reprint author), Coll William & Mary, Sch Marine Sci, Virginia Inst Marine Sci, POB 1346, Gloucester Point, VA 23062 USA. EM jc@vims.edu OI Carlsson, Jens/0000-0002-9262-5627 NR 23 TC 21 Z9 26 U1 1 U2 12 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS INC PI CARY PA JOURNALS DEPT, 2001 EVANS RD, CARY, NC 27513 USA SN 0022-1503 J9 J HERED JI J. Hered. PD NOV-DEC PY 2006 VL 97 IS 6 BP 595 EP 598 DI 10.1093/jhered/esl034 PG 4 WC Evolutionary Biology; Genetics & Heredity SC Evolutionary Biology; Genetics & Heredity GA 120FF UT WOS:000243069200007 PM 17071849 ER PT J AU Mixson, TR Campbell, SR Gill, JS Ginsberg, HS Reichard, MV Schulze, TL Dasch, GA AF Mixson, Tonya R. Campbell, Scotr R. Gill, James S. Ginsberg, Howard S. Reichard, Mason V. Schulze, Terry L. Dasch, Gregory A. TI Prevalence of Ehrlichia, Borrelia, and Rickettsial agents in Amblyomma americanum (Acari : Ixodidae) collected from nine states SO JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Amblyomma americanum; Ehrlichia; Rickettsia; Borrelia ID LYME-DISEASE SPIROCHETE; LONE-STAR TICKS; UNITED-STATES; NEW-YORK; IXODES-SCAPULARIS; SOUTH-CAROLINA; CHAFFEENSIS; EWINGII; BURGDORFERI; INFECTION AB Ambyomma antericanum (L.) (Acari: Ixodidae) is an aggressive tick that feeds on humans during all postembryonic life stages. In many regions of the United States, it is the tick most commonly found attached to humans. Public health interest has grown recently, due to the recognition of new human pathogens transmitted by A. antericanum and the expanding distribution of the tick. A. americanum is a vector of several bacteria pathogenic to humans. Ehrlichia chaffeensis and Ehrlichia ewingii cause moderate-to-severe febrile illness. "Rickettsia amblyommii," a member of the spotted fever group Rickettsia, also has recently been implicated as a possible human pathogen based on serologic evidence from persons recovering from illness after a tick bite. We have determined the prevalence of infection of Ehrlichia chaffeensis, E. ewingii, "Borrelia lonestari," and R. amblyommii within A. americanum ticks from 29 sites in nine states. Overall infection prevalences were 4.7% for E. chaffeensis (range, 0-27%), 3.5% for E. ewingii (range, 0-18.6%), 2.5% for B. lonestari (range, 0-12.2%), and 41.2% for R. amblyommii (range, 0-84.0%). In addition, 87 ticks (4.3%) were infected with two or more bacteria. This report documents new distribution records for E. ewingii, B. lonestari, and R. amblyommii and underscores the nonhomogeneous distribution of pathogen foci of infection. Additional surveillance throughout the range of A. antericanum is warranted to increase physician and public awareness of the risk of disease to humans from exposure to the agents transmitted by this tick. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Viral & Rickettsial Zoonosis Branch, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Suffolk Cty Dept Hlth Serv, Arthropod Borne Dis Lab, Yaphank, NY 11980 USA. Univ Iowa, Hyg Lab, Iowa City, IA 52242 USA. Univ Rhode Isl, USGS Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, Kingston, RI 02881 USA. Oklahoma State Univ, Coll Vet Med, Dept Vet Pathobiol, Stillwater, OK 74078 USA. Freehold Area Hlth Dept, Freehold, NJ 07728 USA. RP Mixson, TR (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Viral & Rickettsial Zoonosis Branch, 1600 Clifton Rd,MS G13, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. EM zdy0@cdc.gov NR 53 TC 95 Z9 95 U1 1 U2 24 PU ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY AMERICA PI LANHAM PA 10001 DEREKWOOD LANE, STE 100, LANHAM, MD 20706-4876 USA SN 0022-2585 J9 J MED ENTOMOL JI J. Med. Entomol. PD NOV PY 2006 VL 43 IS 6 BP 1261 EP 1268 DI 10.1603/0022-2585(2006)43[1261:POEBAR]2.0.CO;2 PG 8 WC Entomology; Veterinary Sciences SC Entomology; Veterinary Sciences GA 104BP UT WOS:000241931200022 PM 17162962 ER PT J AU Lowenstern, JB Charlier, BLA Clynne, MA Wooden, JL AF Lowenstern, J. B. Charlier, B. L. A. Clynne, M. A. Wooden, J. L. TI Extreme U-Th disequilibrium in rift-related basalts, rhyolites and granophyric granite and the timescale of rhyolite generation, intrusion and crystallization at Alid volcanic center, Eritrea SO JOURNAL OF PETROLOGY LA English DT Article DE U-series; zircon; ion microprobe; volcano; geochronology ID TRACE-ELEMENT; U-238-TH-230 DISEQUILIBRIUM; FRACTIONAL CRYSTALLIZATION; PERALKALINE RHYOLITES; SERIES DISEQUILIBRIA; YELLOWSTONE CALDERA; MAGMATIC EVOLUTION; MELT GENERATION; RESIDENCE TIMES; ION MICROPROBE AB Rhyolite pumices and co-erupted granophyric (granite) xenoliths yield evidence for rapid magma generation and crystallization prior to their eruption at 15.2 +/- 2.9 ka at the Alid volcanic center in the Danikil Depression, Eritrea. Whole-rock U and Th isotopic analyses show Th-230 excesses up to 50% in basalts < 10 000 years old from the surrounding Oss lava fields. The 15 ka rhyolites also have 30-40% Th-230 excesses. Similarity in U-Th disequilibrium, and in Sr, Nd, and Pb isotopic values, implies that the rhyolites are mostly differentiated from the local basaltic magma. Given the (Th-230/Th-232) ratio of the young basalts, and presumably the underlying mantle, the (Th-230/Th-232) ratio of the rhyolites upon eruption could be generated by in situ decay in about 50 000 years. Limited (similar to 5%) assimilation of old crust would hasten the lowering of (Th-230/Th-232) and allow the process to take place in as little as 30 000 years. Final crystallization of the Alid granophyre occurred rapidly and at shallow depths at similar to 20-25 ka, as confirmed by analyses of mineral separates and ion microprobe data on individual zircons. Evidently, 30 000-50 000 years were required for extraction of basalt from its mantle source region, subsequent crystallization and melt extraction to form silicic magmas, and final crystallization of the shallow intrusion. The granophyre was then ejected during eruption of the comagmatic rhyolites. C1 US Geol Survey, Volcano Hazards Team, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. Open Univ, Dept Earth Sci, Milton Keynes MK7 6AA, Bucks, England. US Geol Survey, Earth Surface Proc Team, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. RP Lowenstern, JB (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Volcano Hazards Team, Mail Stop 910,345 Middlefield Rd, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. EM jlwnstrn@usgs.gov RI Charlier, Bruce/A-7548-2012; OI Lowenstern, Jacob/0000-0003-0464-7779 NR 48 TC 27 Z9 27 U1 1 U2 3 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS PI OXFORD PA GREAT CLARENDON ST, OXFORD OX2 6DP, ENGLAND SN 0022-3530 EI 1460-2415 J9 J PETROL JI J. Petrol. PD NOV PY 2006 VL 47 IS 11 BP 2105 EP 2122 DI 10.1093/petrology/egl038 PG 18 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 097DI UT WOS:000241426400002 ER PT J AU Ryan, HF Noble, MA AF Ryan, Holly F. Noble, Marlene A. TI Alongshore wind forcing of coastal sea level as a function of frequency SO JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL OCEANOGRAPHY LA English DT Article ID WEST-COAST; NORTH-AMERICA; LARGE-SCALE; EL-NINO; CALIFORNIA COAST; UNITED-STATES; SUMMER 1973; PACIFIC; COEFFICIENTS; VARIABILITY AB The amplitude of the frequency response function between coastal alongshore wind stress and adjusted sea level anomalies along the west coast of the United States increases linearly as a function of the logarithm (log(10)) of the period for time scales up to at least 60, and possibly 100, days. The amplitude of the frequency response function increases even more rapidly at longer periods out to at least 5 yr. At the shortest periods, the amplitude of the frequency response function is small because sea level is forced only by the local component of the wind field. The regional wind field, which controls the wind-forced response in sea level for periods between 20 and 100 days, not only has much broader spatial scales than the local wind, but also propagates along the coast in the same direction as continental shelf waves. Hence, it has a stronger coupling to and an increased frequency response for sea level. At periods of a year or more, observed coastal sea level fluctuations are not only forced by the regional winds, but also by joint correlations among the larger-scale climatic patterns associated with El Nino. Therefore, the amplitude of the frequency response function is large, despite the fact that the energy in the coastal wind field is relatively small. These data show that the coastal sea level response to wind stress forcing along the west coast of the United States changes in a consistent and predictable pattern over a very broad range of frequencies with time scales from a few days to several years. C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. RP Ryan, HF (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 345 Middlefield Rd,MS 999, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. EM hryan@usgs.gov NR 27 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0022-3670 J9 J PHYS OCEANOGR JI J. Phys. Oceanogr. PD NOV PY 2006 VL 36 IS 11 BP 2173 EP 2184 DI 10.1175/JPO2972.1 PG 12 WC Oceanography SC Oceanography GA 113SV UT WOS:000242618500013 ER PT J AU Petersen, A Vondracek, B AF Petersen, A. Vondracek, B. TI Water quality in retation to vegetative buffers around sinkholes in karst terrain SO JOURNAL OF SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION LA English DT Article DE filter strips; nitrogen; phosphorus; pollutants; runoff; sediment ID GRASS FILTER STRIPS; RIPARIAN BUFFERS; SEDIMENT REMOVAL; LOAD REDUCTION; SIMULATED RAIN; RUNOFF WATER; PHOSPHORUS; NITROGEN; POLLUTION; NUTRIENT AB There are approximately 8,340 mapped sinkholes in karst terrain of southeast Minnesota. Most sinkholes are adjacent to row crops that likely contribute pollutants to surface waters and aquifers. Vegetated buffers can improve water quality by reducing sediment, fertilizers, pesticides, and other potential contaminants from runoff, and may benefit water quality when placed around sinkholes. We evaluated sediment, nitrogen, phosphorus, and runoff for buffers from 2.5 to 30 m (8.3 to 98 ft) wide with a spreadsheet model. We found buffers 30 m (98 ft) wide may reduce pollution by 80 percent, although buffers 15 m (49 ft) wide may be most cost effective. Buffers could contribute to goals of reducing sediment, nitrogen, and phosphorus loads in Minnesota waters. Buffers 15 m (49 ft) wide around all sinkholes would retire approximately 436 ha (1,077 ac) of land from production and cost approximately $260,000 yr(-1) based on Conservation Reserve Program payments, while requiring <14 percent of the budget of the program for groundwater protection in southeast Minnesota. C1 Univ Minnesota, US Geol Survey, Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. RP Petersen, A (reprint author), Montana Fish Wildlife & Parks, Bozeman, MT USA. NR 82 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 1 U2 9 PU SOIL WATER CONSERVATION SOC PI ANKENY PA 945 SW ANKENY RD, ANKENY, IA 50023-9723 USA SN 0022-4561 J9 J SOIL WATER CONSERV JI J. Soil Water Conserv. PD NOV-DEC PY 2006 VL 61 IS 6 BP 380 EP 390 PG 11 WC Ecology; Soil Science; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Agriculture; Water Resources GA 119MX UT WOS:000243017500008 ER PT J AU Carrasco-Nunez, G Diaz-Castellon, R Siebert, L Hubbard, B Sheridan, MF Rodriguez, SR AF Carrasco-Nunez, Gerardo Diaz-Castellon, Rodolfo Siebert, Lee Hubbard, Bernard Sheridan, Michael F. Rodriguez, Sergio Raul TI Multiple edifice-collapse events in the Eastern Mexican Volcanic Belt: The role of sloping substrate and implications for hazard assessment SO JOURNAL OF VOLCANOLOGY AND GEOTHERMAL RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE edifice collapse; debris avalanche; instability; volcanic hazards; Mexican Volcanic Belt ID DEBRIS-AVALANCHE DEPOSIT; MOUNT-RAINIER; FUTURE HAZARDS; CASITA VOLCANO; SOURCE AREAS; LAHAR; FLOW; ARC; CITLALTEPETL; PLEISTOCENE AB The Citlaltepetl-Cofre de Perote volcanic chain forms an important physiographic barrier that separates the Central Altiplano (2500 masl) from the Gulf Coastal Plain (GCP) (1300 masl). The abrupt eastward drop in relief between these provinces gives rise to unstable conditions and consequent gravitational collapse of large volcanic edifices built at the edge of the Altiplano. Eastward sloping substrate, caused by the irregular configuration of the basement rocks, is the dominant factor that controls the direction of collapsing sectors in all major volcanoes in the region to be preferentially towards the GCP. These collapses produced voluminous debris avalanches and lahars that inundated the well-developed drainages and elastic aprons that characterize the Coastal Plain. Large catastrophic collapses from Ciflaltepetl, Las Cumbres, and Cofre de Perote volcanoes are well documented in the geologic record. Some of the avalanches and transformed flows have exceptionally long runouts and reach the Gulf of Mexico traveling more than 120 km from their source. So far, no direct evidence has been found for magmatic activity associated with the initiation of these catastrophic flank-collapses. Apparently, instability of the volcanic edifices has been strongly favored by very intense hydrothermal alteration, abrupt topographic change, and intense fracturing. In addition to the eastward slope of the substrate, the reactivation of pre-volcanic basement structures during the Late Tertiary, and the E-W to ENE-SSW oriented regional stress regimes may have played an important role in the preferential movement direction of the avalanches and flows. In addition to magmatic-hydrothermal processes, high amounts of rainfall in the area is another factor that enhances alteration and eventually weakens the rocks. It is very likely that seismic activity may be the principal triggering mechanism that caused the flank collapse of large volcanic edifices in the Eastern Mexican Volcanic Belt. However, critical pore water pressure from extraordinary amounts of rainfall associated with hurricanes or other meteorological perturbation cannot be ruled out, particularly for smaller volume collapses. There are examples in the area of small seismogenic debris flows that have occurred in historical times, showing that these processes are not uncommon. Assessing the stability conditions of major volcanic edifices that have experienced catastrophic sector collapses is crucial for forecasting future events. This is particularly true for the Eastern Mexican Volcanic Belt, where in many cases no magmatic activity was associated with the collapse. Therefore, edifice failure could occur again without any precursory warning. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Nacl Autonoma Mexico, Ctr Geociencias, Queretaro 76230, Mexico. Smithsonian Inst, Global Volcanism Program, Washington, DC 20013 USA. US Geol Survey, Reston, VA USA. SUNY Buffalo, Dept Geol, Buffalo, NY 14260 USA. Inst Geol, Mexico City 04510, DF, Mexico. Univ Veracruzana, Ctr Ciencias Tierra, Xalapa 91090, Veracruz, Mexico. RP Carrasco-Nunez, G (reprint author), Univ Nacl Autonoma Mexico, Ctr Geociencias, Campus Juriquilla, Queretaro 76230, Mexico. EM gerardoc@geociencias.unam.mx NR 85 TC 25 Z9 28 U1 1 U2 8 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0377-0273 J9 J VOLCANOL GEOTH RES JI J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res. PD NOV 1 PY 2006 VL 158 IS 1-2 BP 151 EP 176 DI 10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2006.04.025 PG 26 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 107ZB UT WOS:000242208400011 ER PT J AU Watrous, KS Donovan, TM Mickey, RM Darling, SR Hicks, AC Von Oettingen, SL AF Watrous, Kristen S. Donovan, Therese M. Mickey, Ruth M. Darling, Scott R. Hicks, Alan C. Von Oettingen, Susanna L. TI Predicting minimum habitat characteristics for the Indiana bat in the Champlain Valley SO JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 90th Annual Meeting of the Ecological-Society-of-America/9th International Congress of Ecology CY AUG, 2005 CL Montreal, CANADA SP Ecol Soc Amer DE habitat model; Indiana bat; minimum habitat requirements; Myotis sodalis; New York; partitioned Mahalanobis distance; radiotelemetry; Vermont ID MYOTIS-SODALIS; SUMMER HABITAT; MODEL; GIS AB Predicting potential habitat across a landscape for rare species is extremely challenging. However, partitioned Mahalanobis D-2 methods avoid pitfalls commonly encountered when surveying rare species by using data collected only at known species locations. Minimum habitat requirements are then determined by examining a principal components analysis to find consistent habitat characteristics across known locations. We used partitioned D-2 methods to examine minimum habitat requirements of Indiana bats (Myotis soclalis) in the Champlain Valley of Vermont and New York, USA, across 7 spatial scales and map potential habitat for the species throughout the same area. We radiotracked 24 female Indiana bats to their roost trees and across their nighttime foraging areas to collect habitat characteristics at 7 spatial scales: 1) roost trees, 2) 0.1-ha circularplots surrounding the roost trees, 3) home ranges, and 4-7) 0.5-km, 1-km, 2-km, and 3-km buffers surrounding the roost tree. Roost trees (n = 50) typically were tall, dead, large-diameter trees with exfoliating bark, located at low elevations and close to water. Trees surrounding roosts typically were smaller in diameter and shorter in height, but they had greater soundness than the roost trees. We documented 14 home ranges in areas of diverse, patchy land cover types that were close to water with east-facing aspects. Across all landscape extents, area of forest within roost-tree buffers and the aspect across those buffers were the most consistent features. Predictive maps indicated that suitable habitat ranged from 4.7-8.1% of the area examined within the Champlain Valley. These habitat models further understanding of Indiana bat summer habitat by indicating minimum habitat characteristics at multiple scales and can be used to aid management decisions by highlighting potential habitat. Nonetheless, information on juvenile production and recruitment is lacking; therefore, assessments of Indiana bat habitat quality in the region are still incomplete. C1 Univ Vermont, Cooperat Wildlife Res Unit, Burlington, VT 05405 USA. Univ Vermont, Cooperat Wildlife Res Unit, Burlington, VT 05405 USA. Univ Vermont, Vermont Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, US Geol Survey, Burlington, VT 05405 USA. Univ Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405 USA. Vermont Dept Fish & Wildlife, Rutland, VT 05701 USA. New York State Dept Environm Conservat, Albany, NY 12333 USA. US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Concord, NH 03301 USA. RP Watrous, KS (reprint author), Univ Vermont, Cooperat Wildlife Res Unit, Burlington, VT 05405 USA. EM kristen.watrous@uvm.edu NR 37 TC 23 Z9 23 U1 2 U2 27 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ USA SN 0022-541X EI 1937-2817 J9 J WILDLIFE MANAGE JI J. Wildl. Manage. PD NOV PY 2006 VL 70 IS 5 BP 1228 EP 1237 DI 10.2193/0022-541X(2006)70[1228:PMHCFT]2.0.CO;2 PG 10 WC Ecology; Zoology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Zoology GA 118HJ UT WOS:000242932700008 ER PT J AU Otis, DL AF Otis, David L. TI Mourning dove hunting regulation strategy based on annual harvest statistics and banding data SO JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 90th Annual Meeting of the Ecological-Society-of-America/9th International Congress of Ecology CY AUG, 2005 CL Montreal, CANADA SP Ecol Soc Amer DE harvest strategy; harvest survey; hunting regulations; mourning dove; population estimate; population growth rate; power; process variation; Zenaida macroura ID NATURAL-POPULATIONS; DENSITY-DEPENDENCE; MANAGEMENT AB Although managers should strive to base game bird harvest management strategies on mechanistic population models, monitoring programs required to build and continuously update these models may not be in place. Alternatively, if estimates of total harvest and harvest rates are available, then population estimates derived from these harvest data can serve as the basis for making hunting regulation decisions based on population growth rates derived from these estimates. A present a statistically rigorous approach for regulation decision-making using a hypothesis-testing framework and an assumed framework of 3 hunting regulation alternatives. I illustrate and evaluate the technique with historical data on the mid-continent mallard (Anas platyrhynchos) population. I evaluate the statistical properties of the hypothesis-testing framework using the best available data on mourning doves (Zenaida macroura). I use these results to discuss practical implementation of the technique as an interim harvest strategy for mourning doves until reliable mechanistic population models and associated monitoring programs are developed. C1 Iowa State Univ, US Geol Survey, Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Ames, IA 50011 USA. RP Otis, DL (reprint author), Iowa State Univ, US Geol Survey, Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Ames, IA 50011 USA. EM dotis@iastate.edu NR 22 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 1 U2 7 PU WILDLIFE SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2197 USA SN 0022-541X J9 J WILDLIFE MANAGE JI J. Wildl. Manage. PD NOV PY 2006 VL 70 IS 5 BP 1302 EP 1307 DI 10.2193/0022-541X(2006)70[1302:MDHRSB]2.0.CO;2 PG 6 WC Ecology; Zoology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Zoology GA 118HJ UT WOS:000242932700016 ER PT J AU Evans, SB Mech, LD White, PJ Sargeant, GA AF Evans, Shaney B. Mech, L. David White, P. J. Sargeant, Glen A. TI Survival of adult female elk in Yellowstone following wolf restoration SO JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 90th Annual Meeting of the Ecological-Society-of-America/9th International Congress of Ecology CY AUG, 2005 CL Montreal, CANADA SP Ecol Soc Amer DE Canis lupus; Cervus elaphus; elk; hunting; mortality; predator-prey; radiotelemetry; survival; wolves; Yellowstone ID GLACIER-NATIONAL-PARK; WINTER PREY SELECTION; WOLVES; POPULATION; PREDATION; MANAGEMENT; CLIMATE; RATES; AREA AB Counts of northern Yellowstone elk (Cervus elaphus) in northwestern Wyoming and adjacent Montana, USA, have decreased at an average rate of 6-8% per year since wolves (Canis lupus) were reintroduced in 1995. Population growth rates of elk are typically sensitive to variations in adult female survival; populations that are stable or increasing exhibit high adult female survival. We used survival records for 85 radiocollared adult female elk 1-19 years old to estimate annual survival from March 2000 to February 2004. Weighted average annual survival rates were approximately 0.83 (95% CI = 0.77-0.89) for females 1-15 years old and 0.80 (95% CI = 0.73-0.86) for all females. Our estimates were much lower than the rate of 0.99 observed during 1969-1975 when fewer elk were harvested by hunters, wolves were not present, and other predators were less numerous. Of 33 documented deaths included in our analysis, we attributed 11 to hunter harvest, 14 to predation (10 wolf, 2 unknown, 1 cougar [Puma concolor], and 1 bear [Ursus sp.]), 6 to unknown causes, and 2 to winter-kill. Most deaths occurred from December through March. Estimates of cause-specific annual mortality rates were 0.09 (0.05-0.14) for all predators, 0.08 (0.04-0.13) for hunting, and 0.07 (0.03-0.11) for wolves specifically. Wolf-killed elk were typically older (median = 12 yr) than hunter-killed elk (median = 9 yr, P = 0.03). However, elk that winter outside the park where they were exposed to hunting were also younger (median = 7 yr) than elk that we did not observe outside the park (median = 9 yr, P < 0.01). Consequently, differences in ages of elk killed by wolves and hunters may reflect characteristics of elk exposed to various causes of mortality, as well as differences in susceptibility. Unless survival rates of adult females increase, elk numbers are likely to continue declining. Hunter harvest is the only cause of mortality that is amenable to management at the present time. C1 Univ Minnesota, Dept Fisheries Wildlife & Conservat Biol, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. Prairie & No Wildlife Res Ctr, US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Jamestown, ND USA. Yellowstone Natl Pk, Natl Pk Serv, Mammoth, WY 82190 USA. Prairie & No Wildlife Res Ctr, US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Jamestown, ND 58401 USA. RP Evans, SB (reprint author), Univ Minnesota, Dept Fisheries Wildlife & Conservat Biol, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. EM mechx002@umn.edu NR 53 TC 29 Z9 31 U1 1 U2 35 PU WILDLIFE SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2197 USA SN 0022-541X J9 J WILDLIFE MANAGE JI J. Wildl. Manage. PD NOV PY 2006 VL 70 IS 5 BP 1372 EP 1378 DI 10.2193/0022-541X(2006)70[1372:SOAFEI]2.0.CO;2 PG 7 WC Ecology; Zoology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Zoology GA 118HJ UT WOS:000242932700024 ER PT J AU Krapu, GL Pietz, PJ Brandt, DA Cox, RR AF Krapu, Gary L. Pietz, Pamela J. Brandt, David A. Cox, Robert R., Jr. TI Mallard brood movements, wetland use, and duckling survival during and following a prairie drought SO JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 90th Annual Meeting of the Ecological-Society-of-America/9th International Congress of Ecology CY AUG, 2005 CL Montreal, CANADA SP Ecol Soc Amer DE Anas platyrhynchos; brood movements; duckling survival; mallard; minimum daily temperature; model; mortality; North Dakota; Prairie Pothole Region; predation; radiotelemetry; rain; seasonal wetlands; wetland use ID NESTING DABBLING DUCKS; SOUTHWESTERN MANITOBA; CANVASBACK DUCKLINGS; POTHOLE LANDSCAPES; WATER CONDITIONS; HATCHING DATE; NORTH-DAKOTA; RECRUITMENT; PATTERNS; GADWALL AB We used radiotelemetry to study mallard (Anas platyrhynchos) brood movements, wetland use, and duckling survival during a major drought (1988-1992) and during the first 2 years of the subsequent wet period (1993-1994) at 4 51-km(2) sites in prairie pothole landscapes in eastern North Dakota, USA. About two-thirds of 69 radiomarked mallard broods initiated moves from the nest to water before noon, and all left the nest during daylight. On average, broods used fewer wetlands, but moved greater distances during the dry period than the wet period. Broods of all ages were more likely to make inter-wetland moves during the wet period and probabilities of inter-wetland moves decreased as duckling age increased, especially during the dry period. Brood use of seasonal wetlands nearly doubled from 22% to 43% and use of semi-permanent wetlands declined from 73% to 50% from the dry to the wet period. Eighty-one of 150 radiomarked ducklings died during 1, 604 exposure days. We evaluated survival models containing variables related to water conditions, weather, duckling age, and hatch date. Model-averaged risk ratios indicated that, on any given date, radiomarked ducklings were 1.5 (95% CI = 0.8-2.8) times more likely to die when the percentage of seasonal basins containing water (INETSEAS) was < 18% than when INETSEAS was > 40%. An interaction between duckling age and occurrence of rain on the current or 2 previous days indicated that rain effects were pronounced when ducklings were 0-7 days old but negligible when they were 8-30 days old. The TMIN (mean daily minimum temperature on the current and 2 previous days) effects generally were consistent between duckling age classes, and the risk of duckling death increased 9.3% for each VC decrease in TMIN across both age classes. Overall, the 30-day survival rate of ducklings equipped with radiotransmitters was about 0.23 lower than the survival rate of those without radiotransmitters. Unmarked ducklings were 7.6 (95% Cl = 2.7-21.3) times more likely to die on any given day when WETSEAS was < 18% than when WETSEAS was > 40%. Higher duckling survival and increased use of seasonal wetlands during the wet period suggest that mallard production will benefit from programs that conserve and restore seasonal wetland habitat. Given adverse effects of low temperatures on duckling survival, managers may want to include this stochastic variable in models used to predict annual production of mallards in the Prairie Pothole Region. C1 Prairie & No Wildlife Res Ctr, US Geol Survey, Jamestown, ND 58401 USA. RP Krapu, GL (reprint author), Prairie & No Wildlife Res Ctr, US Geol Survey, Jamestown, ND 58401 USA. EM gary_krapu@usgs.gov NR 60 TC 18 Z9 22 U1 0 U2 11 PU WILDLIFE SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2197 USA SN 0022-541X J9 J WILDLIFE MANAGE JI J. Wildl. Manage. PD NOV PY 2006 VL 70 IS 5 BP 1436 EP 1444 DI 10.2193/0022-541X(2006)70[1436:MBMWUA]2.0.CO;2 PG 9 WC Ecology; Zoology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Zoology GA 118HJ UT WOS:000242932700030 ER PT J AU Mech, LD AF Mech, L. D. TI Estimated age structure of wolves in northeastern Minnesota SO JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 90th Annual Meeting of the Ecological-Society-of-America/9th International Congress of Ecology CY AUG, 2005 CL Montreal, CANADA SP Ecol Soc Amer DE age; Canis lupus; demographics; mortality; population dynamics; survival; turnover; wolf ID GRAY WOLVES; PRODUCTIVITY C1 Prairie & No Wildlife Res Ctr, US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Discipline, Jamestown, ND USA. RP Mech, LD (reprint author), Univ Minnesota, Raptor Ctr, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. EM david_mech@usgs.gov NR 21 TC 8 Z9 10 U1 3 U2 18 PU WILDLIFE SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2197 USA SN 0022-541X J9 J WILDLIFE MANAGE JI J. Wildl. Manage. PD NOV PY 2006 VL 70 IS 5 BP 1481 EP 1483 DI 10.2193/0022-541X(2006)70[1481:EASOWI]2.0.CO;2 PG 3 WC Ecology; Zoology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Zoology GA 118HJ UT WOS:000242932700037 ER PT J AU Waldrop, MP Firestone, MK AF Waldrop, M. P. Firestone, M. K. TI Response of microbial community composition and function to soil climate change SO MICROBIAL ECOLOGY LA English DT Article ID CALIFORNIA ANNUAL GRASSLAND; NITROGEN DYNAMICS; MODEL ECOSYSTEM; OLD-FIELD; DIVERSITY; CARBON; PLANT; OAK; MICROORGANISMS; TEMPERATURE AB Soil microbial communities mediate critical ecosystem carbon and nutrient cycles. How microbial communities will respond to changes in vegetation and climate, however, are not well understood. We reciprocally transplanted soil cores from under oak canopies and adjacent open grasslands in a California oak-grassland ecosystem to determine how microbial communities respond to changes in the soil environment and the potential consequences for the cycling of carbon. Every 3 months for up to 2 years, we monitored microbial community composition using phospholipid fatty acid analysis (PLFA), microbial biomass, respiration rates, microbial enzyme activities, and the activity of microbial groups by quantifying C-13 uptake from a universal substrate (pyruvate) into PLFA biomarkers. Soil in the open grassland experienced higher maximum temperatures and lower soil water content than soil under the oak canopies. Soil microbial communities in soil under oak canopies were more sensitive to environmental change than those in adjacent soil from the open grassland. Oak canopy soil communities changed rapidly when cores were transplanted into the open grassland soil environment, but grassland soil communities did not change when transplanted into the oak canopy environment. Similarly, microbial biomass, enzyme activities, and microbial respiration decreased when microbial communities were transplanted from the oak canopy soils to the grassland environment, but not when the grassland communities were transplanted to the oak canopy environment. These data support the hypothesis that microbial community composition and function is altered when microbes are exposed to new extremes in environmental conditions; that is, environmental conditions outside of their "life history" envelopes. C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Environm Sci Policy & Management, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. RP Waldrop, MP (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 345 Middlefield Rd, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. EM mwaldrop@usgs.gov RI yang, lixia/D-7815-2011; OI Waldrop, Mark/0000-0003-1829-7140 NR 32 TC 115 Z9 120 U1 9 U2 105 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING STREET, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0095-3628 J9 MICROB ECOL JI Microb. Ecol. PD NOV PY 2006 VL 52 IS 4 BP 716 EP 724 DI 10.1007/s00248-006-9103-3 PG 9 WC Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Microbiology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Microbiology GA 114IR UT WOS:000242660400013 PM 17061172 ER PT J AU Keyghobadi, N LaPointe, D Fleischer, RC Fonseca, DM AF Keyghobadi, Nusha LaPointe, Dennis Fleischer, Robert C. Fonseca, Dina M. TI Fine-scale population genetic structure of a wildlife disease vector: the southern house mosquito on the island of Hawaii SO MOLECULAR ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE avian malaria; Culex quinquefasciatus; elevation; gene flow; Hawaii; isolation by distance; microsatellite; mosquito; population structure ID MAUNA-LOA VOLCANO; AVIAN MALARIA; CULEX-PIPIENS; MULTIPLE INTRODUCTIONS; MICROSATELLITE MARKERS; DROSOPHILA-ROBUSTA; BORNE DISEASES; CLIMATE-CHANGE; AEDES-AEGYPTI; CULICIDAE AB The southern house mosquito, Culex quinquefasciatus, is a widespread tropical and subtropical disease vector. In the Hawaiian Islands, where it was introduced accidentally almost two centuries ago, it is considered the primary vector of avian malaria and pox. Avian malaria in particular has contributed to the extinction and endangerment of Hawaii's native avifauna, and has altered the altitudinal distribution of native bird populations. We examined the population genetic structure of Cx. quinquefasciatus on the island of Hawaii at a smaller spatial scale than has previously been attempted, with particular emphasis on the effects of elevation on population genetic structure. We found significant genetic differentiation among populations and patterns of isolation by distance within the island. Elevation per se did not have a limiting effect on gene flow; however, there was significantly lower genetic diversity among populations at mid elevations compared to those at low elevations. A recent sample taken from just above the predicted upper altitudinal distribution of Cx. quinquefasciatus on the island of Hawaii was confirmed as being a temporary summer population and appeared to consist of individuals from more than one source population. Our results indicate effects of elevation gradients on genetic structure that are consistent with known effects of elevation on population dynamics of this disease vector. C1 Smithsonian Inst, Genet Program, Washington, DC 20008 USA. US Geol Survey, Pacific Isl Ecosyst Res Ctr, Hawaii Natl Pk, HI 96718 USA. RP Keyghobadi, N (reprint author), Univ Western Ontario, Dept Biol, London, ON N6A 5B7, Canada. EM nkeyghob@uwo.ca RI Fonseca, Dina/B-9951-2011; OI Fonseca, Dina/0000-0003-4726-7100; LaPointe, Dennis/0000-0002-6323-263X FU NIGMS NIH HHS [R01GM063258] NR 57 TC 19 Z9 19 U1 2 U2 16 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING PI OXFORD PA 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DQ, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0962-1083 J9 MOL ECOL JI Mol. Ecol. PD NOV PY 2006 VL 15 IS 13 BP 3919 EP 3930 DI 10.1111/j.1365-294X.2006.03069.x PG 12 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Ecology; Evolutionary Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Evolutionary Biology GA 096PH UT WOS:000241388800005 PM 17054493 ER PT J AU Edison, TW Wahl, DH Diana, MJ Philipp, DP Austen, DJ AF Edison, Timothy W. Wahl, David H. Diana, Matthew J. Philipp, David P. Austen, Douglas J. TI Angler opinion of potential bluegill regulations on Illinois lakes: Effects of angler demographics and bluegill population size structure SO NORTH AMERICAN JOURNAL OF FISHERIES MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article ID LEPOMIS-MACROCHIRUS; MANAGEMENT; FISHERMEN; SPECIALIZATION; CONSUMPTION; LARGEMOUTH; WILDLIFE; GROWTH; LENGTH; BASS AB Bluegills Lepomis macrochirus are an important sport as well as food fish, but harvest regulations do not currently exist on most lakes throughout the United States. A self-administered survey was used to provide insight into angler attitude toward potential new bluegill harvest regulations (including catch-and-release-only fishing, no-fishing zones, daily bag limits, and minimum size limits) designed to increase the number of bluegills 150 mm or larger. Angler surveys were conducted at six lakes in Illinois, three of which contained bluegill populations that were categorized as stunted (few fish greater than 150 mm) and three as quality (fish greater than 180 mm were abundant). Anglers showed greatest support for catch-and-release fishing (during the spawning season), a 6-in minimum size limit, and use of a daily bag limit of 10. Anglers showed a less positive response to 7- and 8-in minimum size limits, a 25-fish daily bag limit, catch-and-release fishing for the entire year, and no-fishing zones (one-fourth of the lake) during the spawning season. Proposed regulations receiving negative responses were no-fishing zones (one-half of the lake) for either the entire year or just during spawning season. Angler willingness to support regulations was affected by bluegill size structure as there was greater acceptance 011 stunted than on quality lakes. Importance of catching fish, distance driven to a lake, and size of hometown all influenced support for regulations. Less-experienced anglers showed greater support for regulations than more highly experienced anglers. Anglers fishing for food and sport showed less support for regulations than anglers fishing for sport alone. No differences existed in the opinion of anglers based on the species of fish they were targeting. Information on support for various regulations and identification of different angler groups will aid management decisions for bluegill populations and help guide education efforts. C1 Illinois Nat Hist Survey, Kaskaskia Biol Stn, Ctr Aquat Ecol & Conservat, Sullivan, IL 61951 USA. Univ Illinois, Dept Anim Sci, Champaign, IL 61820 USA. Illinois Dept Nat Resources, Springfield, IL 62702 USA. RP Edison, TW (reprint author), US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Missouri Private Lands Off, 551 Joe Jones Blvd, W Plains, MO 65775 USA. EM tim.edison@mdc.mo.gov NR 51 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 1 U2 14 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT STREET, STE 850, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 0275-5947 EI 1548-8675 J9 N AM J FISH MANAGE JI North Am. J. Fish Manage. PD NOV PY 2006 VL 26 IS 4 BP 800 EP 811 DI 10.1577/M04-020.1 PG 12 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 119JR UT WOS:000243009100003 ER PT J AU Schramm, HL Walters, AR Grizzle, JM Beck, BH Hanson, LA Rees, SB AF Schramm, Harold L., Jr. Walters, Aaron R. Grizzle, John M. Beck, Benjamin H. Hanson, Larry A. Rees, Steven B. TI Effects of live-well conditions on mortality and largemouth bass virus prevalence in largemouth bass caught during summer tournaments SO NORTH AMERICAN JOURNAL OF FISHERIES MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article ID RELEASE ANGLING TOURNAMENTS; BLACK BASS; SUSCEPTIBILITY; TRANSMISSION; RESERVOIR; IMPACTS; FISH AB We evaluated the effect of improved live-well conditions and the interaction of tournament stress and largemouth bass virus (LMBV) on tournament-associated mortality of largemouth bass Micropterus salmoides caught during 12 summer tournaments. Improvements in live-well conditions (reduction in water temperature by 2-5 degrees C; addition of NaCl; continuous aeration) significantly reduced initial mortality of largemouth bass from 7% to 3% (F-1.11= 10.29, P < 0.0 1). However, postrelease mortality of fish held for 5 d in net-pens or raceways was not reduced by the improved live-well conditions and averaged 76% for all tournament fish (F-1.11=0.09, P=0.77). The percentage of angler-caught fish infected with LMBV at the end of tournaments (14%) was significantly higher (P = 0.05) than the percentage infected in the general population (7%). The percentage of LMBV-infected fish increased during the post-tournament retention period to 64% for fish from live wells with improved conditions and 70% for fish from control live wells. Reference fish collected by electrofishing and held with tournament fish for 5 d also had high mortality (59%) and LMBV prevalence (47%), but these variables were significantly lower than those for tournament fish (mortality: F-2.30 = 3.63, P = 0.04; prevalence [Cochran-Mantel-Haenszel test]: P < 0.01). Many of the fish also had bacterial diseases during the post-tournament period, so the effect of LMBV on postrelease mortality could not be determined. However, the higher postrelease mortality of tournament and reference fish in our study relative to that observed in previous tournaments on lakes presumed free of LMBV suggests that this newly discovered pathogen influences measurement of post-tournament mortality. Increases in LMBV prevalence after typical fishing tournaments without prolonged post-tournament fish confinement will probably be lower than those we observed, but further research on the effects of LMBV on fish released from tournaments is warranted. C1 US Geol Survey, Mississippi Cooperat Fish & Wildklife Res Unit, Mississippi State, MS 39762 USA. Mississippi State Univ, Dept Wildlife & Fisheries, Mississippi State, MS 39762 USA. Auburn Univ, Dept Fisheries & Allied Aquacultures, SE Cooperat Fish Dis Project, Auburn, AL 36849 USA. Mississippi State Univ, Coll Vet Med, Mississippi State, MS 39762 USA. RP Schramm, HL (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Mississippi Cooperat Fish & Wildklife Res Unit, Mississippi State, MS 39762 USA. EM hschramm@cfr.msstate.edu NR 38 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 8 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA SN 0275-5947 J9 N AM J FISH MANAGE JI North Am. J. Fish Manage. PD NOV PY 2006 VL 26 IS 4 BP 812 EP 825 DI 10.1577/M04-210.1 PG 14 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 119JR UT WOS:000243009100004 ER PT J AU Schramm, HL Davis, JG AF Schramm, Harold L., Jr. Davis, Jonathan G. TI Survival of largemouth bass from populations infected with largemouth bass virus and subjected to simulated tournament conditions SO NORTH AMERICAN JOURNAL OF FISHERIES MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article ID RELEASE ANGLING TOURNAMENTS; BLACK BASS; MORTALITY AB Mortality was measured for largemouth bass Micropterus salmoides in simulated tournaments conducted at 26 degrees C to determine whether an easily accomplished live-well management protocol reduced mortality. Treatment fish, which received the live-well management protocol, were held for 8 h in live wells at 23 degrees C with water containing more than 5 mg of dissolved oxygen/L and 0.3% salt (NaCl). Control fish, were confined for 8 h in live wells at 26 degrees C (ambient temperature) with dissolved oxygen fluctuating from 3 to 5 mg/L and no salt, which simulated the live-well management practices used by largemouth bass tournament anglers. Mortality after live-well confinement was 0% for both treatment and control fish, and mortality during the first 24 It after the simulated tournaments was 2.5%. Mortality of fish observed for up to 5 d after the simulated tournaments was high for treatment fish (mean = 75%; SE = 16%) and control fish (mean = 85%; SE = 11%), and we conclude that the treatment conditions did not reduce postrelease mortality. We suggest that the unusually high posttoumament mortality was related to largemouth bass virus infections. C1 US Geol Survey, Mississippi Cooperat Fish & Woldlife Res Unit, Mississippi State, MS 39762 USA. Mississippi State Univ, Sci & Technol Res Ctr, Stennis Space Ctr, MS 39529 USA. RP Schramm, HL (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Mississippi Cooperat Fish & Woldlife Res Unit, Mississippi State, MS 39762 USA. EM hschramm@cfr.msstate.edu NR 19 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 1 U2 4 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA SN 0275-5947 J9 N AM J FISH MANAGE JI North Am. J. Fish Manage. PD NOV PY 2006 VL 26 IS 4 BP 826 EP 832 DI 10.1577/M04-211.1 PG 7 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 119JR UT WOS:000243009100005 ER PT J AU Sakaris, PC Irwin, ER Jolley, JC Harrison, D AF Sakaris, Peter C. Irwin, Elise R. Jolley, Jeffrey C. Harrison, Donald TI Comparison of native and introduced flathead catfish populations in Alabama and Georgia: Growth, mortality, and management SO NORTH AMERICAN JOURNAL OF FISHERIES MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article ID AGE; RIVERS; OLIVARIS AB We compared growth of flathead catfish Pylodictis olivaris from two native populations in Alabama (Coosa and Tallapoosa rivers) and two introduced populations in Georgia (Ocmulgee and Satilla rivers). We also compared mortality rates and potential outcomes of various management regimes (minimum length limits [MLLs]) among the populations. Total length-log(10)(age) regression slopes for introduced fish were higher than those for native fish, and von Bertalanffy growth coefficients (K) were greater for introduced fish (Ocmulgee: 0.195; Satilla: 0.201) than for native individuals (Coosa: 0.057; Tallapoosa: 0.059). Therefore, introduced flathead catfish grew more rapidly than those in their native range. Mortality (instantaneous mortality rate, Z) was higher in the Satilla River population (Z=-0.602) than in the Ocmulgee River (Z = -0.227) and Coosa River (Z = -0.156) populations. However, fish in the Satilla River population had been introduced for only 10 years and presumably did not reach their theoretical maximum age, potentially biasing the mortality estimate for that population. Simulation of management regimes in Fishery Analyses and Simulation Tools software predicted that maximum biomass of flathead catfish in the Ocmulgee (1,668 kg) and Satilla (1, 137 kg) rivers was substantially larger than that in the Coosa (873 kg) and Tallapoosa (768 kg) populations. However, increased exploitation rates in the Oemulgee and Satilla River populations resulted in dramatic declines in overall biomass, especially at lower MLLs (254 and 356 mm, respectively). Therefore, in systems where introduced flathead catfish represent an important recreational fishery but have dramatically reduced the abundance of native fishes through predation, minimal protection is recommended. We contend that rapid growth of introduced flathead catfish has major implications for their management and the conservation of native fishes. C1 Auburn Univ, Alabama Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, US Geol Survey, Auburn, AL 36849 USA. Georgia Dept Nat Resources, Waycross, GA 31502 USA. RP Sakaris, PC (reprint author), So Polytech State Univ, Dept Biol Chem & Phys, Marietta, GA 30060 USA. EM psakaris@spsu.edu NR 25 TC 21 Z9 21 U1 0 U2 10 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 325 CHESTNUT ST, SUITE 800, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 0275-5947 J9 N AM J FISH MANAGE JI North Am. J. Fish Manage. PD NOV PY 2006 VL 26 IS 4 BP 867 EP 874 DI 10.1557/M05-135.1 PG 8 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 119JR UT WOS:000243009100010 ER PT J AU Tiffan, KF Garland, RD Rondorf, DW AF Tiffan, Kenneth F. Garland, Rodney D. Rondorf, Dennis W. TI Predicted changes in subyearling fall Chinook salmon rearing and migratory habitat under two drawdown scenarios for John Day Reservoir, Columbia River SO NORTH AMERICAN JOURNAL OF FISHERIES MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article ID JUVENILE SALMONIDS; SNAKE RIVER; ONCORHYNCHUS-TSHAWYTSCHA; NORTHERN SQUAWFISH; PREDATION; IMPOUNDMENTS; BEHAVIOR AB We evaluated the potential effects of two different drawdown scenarios on rearing and migration habitat of subyearling fall Chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha in John Day Reservoir on the Columbia River. We compared habitats at normal operating pool elevation with habitats at drawdown to spillway crest elevation and drawdown to the historical natural river elevation for two flows (4,417 and 8,495 m(3)/s). Using two-dimensional hydrodynamic modeling and a predictive habitat model, we determined the quantity and spatial distribution of rearing habitat and predicted water velocities. We predicted that the most habitat area would occur under normal pool elevation, but 93% of habitat was located in the upper third of the reservoir. Although less habitat area was predicted under drawdown to the spillway crest and the natural river, it was distributed more homogeneously throughout the study area. Habitat connectivity, patch size, and percent of suitable shoreline were greatest under drawdown to the natural river elevation. Mean cross-sectional water velocity and the variation in velocity increased with increasing level of reservoir drawdown. Water velocities under drawdown to the natural river were about twice as high as those under drawdown to spillway crest and five times higher than those under normal pool. The variability in water velocity, which may provide cues to fish migration, was highest under drawdown to the natural river and lowest under normal pool elevation. The extent to which different drawdown scenarios would be effective in John Day Reservoir depends in part on restoring normative riverine processes. C1 US Geol Survey, Western Fisheries Res Ctr, Columbia River Res Lab, Cook, WA 98605 USA. RP Tiffan, KF (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Western Fisheries Res Ctr, Columbia River Res Lab, 5501A Cook Underwood Rd, Cook, WA 98605 USA. EM ken_tiffan@usgs.gov OI Tiffan, Kenneth/0000-0002-5831-2846 NR 48 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA SN 0275-5947 J9 N AM J FISH MANAGE JI North Am. J. Fish Manage. PD NOV PY 2006 VL 26 IS 4 BP 894 EP 907 DI 10.1557/M06-018.1 PG 14 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 119JR UT WOS:000243009100013 ER PT J AU Sweka, JA Legault, CM Beland, KF Trial, J Millard, MJ AF Sweka, John A. Legault, Christopher M. Beland, Kenneth F. Trial, Joan Millard, Michael J. TI Evaluation of removal sampling for basinwide assessment of Atlantic salmon SO NORTH AMERICAN JOURNAL OF FISHERIES MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article ID ANIMAL POPULATIONS; STREAMS; SIZE AB Removal estimators for stream fish abundance are widely used but can result in biased population estimates at the site level. We conducted computer simulations to examine how the Carle and Strub (1978) estimator, coupled with variation in catchability, influences the accuracy of population estimates at the site level. Site-level population estimates were then used to examine what effect potential bias in the population estimate at a site had on basinwide abundance estimates. Historic electrofishing data collected from Atlantic salmon Salmo solar in the Narraguagus River, Maine, were used as the baseline for construction of these simulations. At the site level, mean percent bias of population estimates was -23% when catchability was low (0.30-0.40) and when the true population was low (1-20 fish). Bias was reduced as the true population size increased and catchability increased. The negative bias at the site level affected total population estimates for the entire river basin. Under current sampling methodology in the Narraguagus River, basinwide population estimates are probably 11-17% lower than the true population. Confidence intervals (95%) would be expected to cover the true population between 65% and 79% of the time. Increasing the amount of sampling had little effect on the negative bias of basinwide population estimates but did reduce the error around the estimate, as expected. These results should serve as a reference point for gauging the effectiveness of current sampling efforts in providing reliable estimates of Atlantic salmon parr in the Narraguagus River. The methodology employed by this simulation study can also be applied to other Atlantic salmon rivers to evaluate current sampling programs. C1 US Fish & Wildlife Serv, NE Fishery Ctr, Lamar, PA 16848 USA. Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NE Fisheries Sci Ctr, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. Maine Atlantic Salmon Commiss, Bangor, ME 04401 USA. RP Sweka, JA (reprint author), US Fish & Wildlife Serv, NE Fishery Ctr, POB 75,308 Washington Ave, Lamar, PA 16848 USA. EM John_Sweka@fws.gov NR 23 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 1 U2 4 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT STREET, STE 850, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 0275-5947 EI 1548-8675 J9 N AM J FISH MANAGE JI North Am. J. Fish Manage. PD NOV PY 2006 VL 26 IS 4 BP 995 EP 1002 DI 10.1577/M05-079.1 PG 8 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 119JR UT WOS:000243009100025 ER PT J AU Quist, MC Gerow, KG Bower, MR Hubert, WA AF Quist, Michael C. Gerow, Kenneth G. Bower, Michael R. Hubert, Wayne A. TI Random versus fixed-site sampling when monitoring relative abundance of fishes in headwater streams of the upper Colorado River basin SO NORTH AMERICAN JOURNAL OF FISHERIES MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article ID CUTTHROAT TROUT; NATIVE FISHES; CONSERVATION; COMMUNITIES; BARRIERS; BROWN AB Native fishes of the upper Colorado River basin (UCRB) have declined in distribution and abundance due to habitat degradation and interactions with normative fishes. Consequently, monitoring populations of both native and normative fishes is important for conservation of native species. We used data collected from Muddy Creek, Wyoming (2003-2004), to compare sample size estimates using a random and a fixed-site sampling design to monitor changes in catch per unit effort (CPUE) of native bluchead suckers Catostomus discobolus, flannelmouth suckers C. latipinnis, roundtail chub Gila robusta, and speckled dace Rhinichthys osculus, as well as normative creek chub Semotilus atromaculatus and white suckers C. commersonii. When one-pass backpack electrofishing was used, detection of 10% or 25% changes in CPUE (fish/100 in) at 60% statistical power required 50-1,000 randomly sampled reaches among species regardless of sampling design. However, use of a fixed-site sampling design with 25-50 reaches greatly enhanced the ability to detect changes in CPUE. The addition of seining did not appreciably reduce required effort. When detection of 25-50% changes in CPUE of native and normative fishes is acceptable, we recommend establishment of 25-50 fixed reaches sampled by one-pass electrofishing in Muddy Creek. Because Muddy Creek has habitat and fish assemblages characteristic of other headwater streams in the UCRB, our results are likely to apply to many other streams in the basin. C1 Univ Wyoming, Dept Stat, Dept 3332, Laramie, WY 82071 USA. US Bur Land Management, Rawlins, WY 82301 USA. Univ Wyoming, US Geol Survey, Wyoming Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Dept 3166, Laramie, WY 82071 USA. RP Quist, MC (reprint author), Iowa State Univ Sci & Technol, Dept Nat Resource Ecol & Management, 339 Sci 2, Ames, IA 50011 USA. EM mcquist@iastate.edu NR 35 TC 14 Z9 16 U1 2 U2 13 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA SN 0275-5947 J9 N AM J FISH MANAGE JI North Am. J. Fish Manage. PD NOV PY 2006 VL 26 IS 4 BP 1011 EP 1019 DI 10.1577/M05-153.1 PG 9 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 119JR UT WOS:000243009100027 ER PT J AU Young, SP Isely, JJ AF Young, Shawn P. Isely, J. Jeffery TI Posttournament survival and dispersal of adult striped bass SO NORTH AMERICAN JOURNAL OF FISHERIES MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article ID RELEASE ANGLING TOURNAMENTS; PHYSIOLOGICAL-RESPONSES; LARGEMOUTH BASS; SOUTH-CAROLINA; HABITAT USE; MOVEMENT; MORTALITY; RESERVOIR; WATER AB We conducted a telemetry study from November 2004 to June 2005 at J. Strom Thurmond Reservoir in South Carolina and Georgia to quantify posttournament survival of striped bass and their dispersal from tournament weigh-in sites. During November-December 2004, 30 adult striped bass weighing 1.0-10.0 kg were angled, held in "striped bass tube" live-holding systems for 2-5 h, transported to a predetermined weigh-in and release site, and surgically implanted with telemetry transmitters. All striped bass survived transport, recovered from the surgical procedure, and were immediately released. The postrelease survival rate after 120 d was 87%. Surviving striped bass dispersed from the release site within 2-9 d. Fifty-four percent returned to their capture sites. Capture, holding, displacement, and weigh-in appeared to have no long-term adverse affects on behavior. Live release of striped bass may now be a viable option after tournaments during periods of cool water temperatures. C1 Clemson Univ, S Carolina Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, US Geol Survey, Clemson, SC 29634 USA. Clemson Univ, Dept Forestry & Nat Resources, Clemson, SC 29634 USA. RP Isely, JJ (reprint author), Clemson Univ, S Carolina Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, US Geol Survey, Clemson, SC 29634 USA. EM jisely@clemson.edu NR 19 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 1 U2 3 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA SN 0275-5947 J9 N AM J FISH MANAGE JI North Am. J. Fish Manage. PD NOV PY 2006 VL 26 IS 4 BP 1030 EP 1033 DI 10.1577/M05-105.1 PG 4 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 119JR UT WOS:000243009100029 ER PT J AU Jones, JL AF Jones, Joseph L. TI Side channel mapping and fish habitat suitability analysis using lidar topography and orthophotography SO PHOTOGRAMMETRIC ENGINEERING AND REMOTE SENSING LA English DT Article C1 Tacoma US Geol Survey Washington Water Sci Ctr, Tacoma, WA USA. RP Jones, JL (reprint author), Tacoma US Geol Survey Washington Water Sci Ctr, Tacoma, WA USA. NR 3 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER SOC PHOTOGRAMMETRY PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 210, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2160 USA SN 0099-1112 J9 PHOTOGRAMM ENG REM S JI Photogramm. Eng. Remote Sens. PD NOV PY 2006 VL 72 IS 11 BP 1202 EP 1206 PG 5 WC Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Physical Geography; Geology; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA 102IR UT WOS:000241804700001 ER PT J AU Stohlgren, TJ Jarnevich, C Chong, GW Evangelista, PH AF Stohlgren, Thomas J. Jarnevich, Catherine Chong, Geneva W. Evangelista, Paul H. TI Scale and plant invasions: a theory of biotic acceptance SO PRESLIA LA English DT Article DE alien species dominance; biotic acceptance; diversity and invasibility; exotic plant species; multi-scale sampling ID SPECIES RICHNESS; BIOLOGICAL INVASIONS; UNITED-STATES; ALIEN PLANTS; COMMUNITY INVASIBILITY; CENTRAL GRASSLANDS; SPATIAL SCALES; DIVERSITY; PATTERNS; BIODIVERSITY AB We examined the relationship between native and alien plant species richness, cover, and estimated biomass at multiple spatial scales. The large dataset included 7051 1-m(2) subplots, 1443 10-m(2) subplots, and 727 1 00-m(2) subplots, nested in 727 1 000-m(2) plots in 37 natural vegetation types in seven states in the central United States. We found that native and alien species richness (averaged across the vegetation types) increased significantly with plot area. Furthermore, the relationship between native and alien species richness became increasingly positive and significant from the plant neigh bourhood scale (I -m(2)) to the 10-m(2), 100-m(2), and the 1000-m(2) scale where over 80% of the vegetation types had positive slopes between native and alien species richness. Both native and alien plant species may be responding to increased resource availability and/or habitat heterogeneity with increased area. We found significant positive relationships between the coefficient of variation of native cover in 1-m(2) Subplots in a vegetation type (i.e. a measure of habitat heterogeneity), and both the relative cover and relative biomass of alien plant species. At the 1000-m(2) scale, we did find weak negative relationships between native species richness and the cover, biomass, and relative cover of alien plant species. However, we found very strong positive relationships between alien species richness and the cover, relative cover, and relative biomass of alien species at regional scales. These results, along with many other field studies in natural ecosystems, show that the dominant general pattern in invasion ecology at multiple spatial scales is one of "biotic acceptance" where natural ecosystems tend to accommodate the establishment and coexistence of introduced species despite the presence and abundance of native species. C1 US Geol Survey, Ft Collins Sci Ctr, Ft Collins, CO 80526 USA. US Geol Survey, No Rocky Mt Sci Ctr, Jackson, WY 83001 USA. Colorado State Univ, Nat Resource Ecol Lab, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. RP Stohlgren, TJ (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Ft Collins Sci Ctr, 2150 Ctr St,Bldg C, Ft Collins, CO 80526 USA. EM tom_stohlgren@usgs.gov RI Evangelista, Paul/F-4801-2011; Evangelista, Paul/D-2315-2016 NR 60 TC 92 Z9 94 U1 2 U2 30 PU CZECH BOTANICAL SOC PI PRAHA 2 PA BENATSKA 2, PRAHA 2 12801, CZECH REPUBLIC SN 0032-7786 J9 PRESLIA JI Preslia PD NOV PY 2006 VL 78 IS 4 BP 405 EP 426 PG 22 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 112ON UT WOS:000242535900004 ER PT J AU Gilmanov, TG Svejcar, TJ Johnson, DA Angell, RE Saliendra, NZ Wylie, BK AF Gilmanov, Tagir G. Svejcar, Tony J. Johnson, Douglas A. Angell, Raymond E. Saliendra, Nicanor Z. Wylie, Bruce K. TI Long-term dynamics of production, respiration, and net CO2 exchange in two sagebrush-steppe ecosystems SO RANGELAND ECOLOGY & MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE CO2 flux tower measurements; gross primary production; ecosystem respiration; flux partitioning; daytime respiration; nighttime respiration; light-response function method; US Intermountain West ID CARBON-DIOXIDE EXCHANGE; GROSS PRIMARY PRODUCTION; WATER-VAPOR EXCHANGE; TEMPERATE GRASSLAND; SHORTGRASS STEPPE; FLUX MEASUREMENTS; BIOMASS DYNAMICS; EDDY COVARIANCE; BOWEN-RATIO; VEGETATION AB We present a synthesis of long-term measurements Of CO2 exchange in 2 US Intermountain West sage brush-steppe ecosystems. The locations near Burns, Oregon (1995-2001), and Dubois, Idaho (1996-2001), are part of the AgriFlux Network of the Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture. Measurements of net ecosystem CO2 exchange (F-c) during the growing season were continuously recorded at flux towers using the Bowen ratio-energy balance technique. Data were partitioned into gross primary productivity (P-g) and ecosystem respiration (R-e) using the light-response function method. Wintertime fluxes were measured during 1999/2000 and 2000/2001 and used to model fluxes in other winters. Comparison of daytime respiration derived from light-response analysis with nighttime tower measurements showed close correlation, with daytime respiration being on the average higher than nighttime respiration. Maxima of P-g and R-e at Burns were both 20 g CO2 . m(-2) . d(-1) in 1998. Maxima of P-g and R-e at Dubois were 37 and 35 g CO2 . m(-2) . d(-1), respectively, in 1997. Mean annual gross primary production at Burns was 1 111 (range 475-1 715) g CO2.m(-2) . y(-1) or about 30% lower than that at Dubois (1 602, range 963-2 162 g CO2 . m(-2). y(-1)). Across the years, both ecosystems were net sinks for atmospheric CO2 with a mean net ecosystem CO2 exchange of 82 g CO2 . m(-2). y(-1) at Burns and 253 g CO2 . m(-2). y(-1) at Dubois, but on a yearly basis either site could be a C sink or source, mostly depending on precipitation timing and amount. Total annual precipitation is not a good predictor of carbon sequestration across sites. Our results suggest that F-c should be partitioned into P-g and R-e components to allow prediction of seasonal and yearly dynamics Of CO2 fluxes. C1 S Dakota State Univ, Dept Biol & Microbiol, Brookings, SD 57007 USA. ARS, USDA, E Oregon Agr Res Ctr, Burns, OR 97720 USA. Utah State Univ, USDA ARS, Logan, UT 84322 USA. Utah State Univ, Range Res Lab, Logan, UT 84322 USA. US Forest Serv, USDA, Forestry Sci Lab, Rhinelander, WI 54501 USA. US Geol Survey, Ctr Earth Resources Observ & Sci, SAIC, Sioux Falls, SD 57198 USA. RP Gilmanov, TG (reprint author), S Dakota State Univ, Dept Biol & Microbiol, Ag Hall 304,Box 2207B, Brookings, SD 57007 USA. EM tagir.gilmanov@sdstate.edu RI Wylie, Bruce/H-3182-2014 OI Wylie, Bruce/0000-0002-7374-1083 NR 65 TC 22 Z9 23 U1 1 U2 15 PU SOC RANGE MANAGEMENT PI LAKEWOOD PA 445 UNION BLVD, STE 230, LAKEWOOD, CO 80228-1259 USA SN 1550-7424 J9 RANGELAND ECOL MANAG JI Rangel. Ecol. Manag. PD NOV PY 2006 VL 59 IS 6 BP 585 EP 599 DI 10.2111/05-198R1.1 PG 15 WC Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 111DX UT WOS:000242432700003 ER PT J AU Dominguez-Castro, F Santisteban, JI Mediavilla, R Dean, WE Lopez-Pamo, E Gil-Garcia, MJ Ruiz-Zapata, MB AF Dominguez-Castro, Fernando Santisteban, Juan Ignacio Mediavilla, Rosa Dean, Walter E. Lopez-Pamo, Enrique Gil-Garcia, Maria Jose Ruiz-Zapata, Maria Blanca TI Environmental and geochemical record of human-induced changes in C storage during the last millennium in a temperate wetland (Las Tablas de Daimiel National Park, central Spain) SO TELLUS SERIES B-CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL METEOROLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 7th International Carbon Dioxide Conference (CO2) CY SEP 25-30, 2005 CL Boulder, CO SP NOAA ID AGE CALIBRATION; SOUTHERN SPAIN; VARIABILITY; PEATLANDS; LAKES AB Las Tablas de Daimiel National Park has experienced many hydrological and ecological modifications through out its history, both of natural as well as anthropogenic origin, which have affected its carbon storage capacity and carbon fluxes. The study of those variations has been carried out by the analysis of its sedimentary record (geochemistry and pollen) and historical data. The natural changes have a wider variation range than the anthropogenic ones, show repetitive patterns and the system reacts readjusting the equilibrium among its components. Anthropogenic effects depend on the direct or indirect impact on the wetlands of change and its intensity. In addition, the anthropogenic impacts have the capacity of breaking the natural balance of the ecosystem and the internal interactions. C1 Inst Geol & Minero Espana, Direcc Geol & Geofis, Madrid 28760, Spain. Univ Complutense Madrid, Fac Ciencias Geol, Dept Estratig, E-28040 Madrid, Spain. US Geol Survey, Earth Surface Proc, Fed Ctr, Lakewood, CO 80225 USA. Inst Geol & Minero Espana, Direcc Recursos Minerales Riesgos Geol & Geoambie, Madrid 28003, Spain. Univ Alcala de Henares, Dept Geol, Madrid 28871, Spain. RP Dominguez-Castro, F (reprint author), Inst Geol & Minero Espana, Direcc Geol & Geofis, C Calera 1, Madrid 28760, Spain. EM f.dominguez@igme.es RI Gil Garcia, Maria Jose /H-1303-2015; Ruiz Zapata, Maria Blanca/H-2017-2015; Dominguez-Castro, Fernando/B-2978-2017; Santisteban, Juan/A-8887-2011 OI Dominguez-Castro, Fernando/0000-0003-3085-7040; Santisteban, Juan/0000-0001-6203-8360 NR 24 TC 12 Z9 13 U1 2 U2 14 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PUBLISHING, INC PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 0280-6509 J9 TELLUS B JI Tellus Ser. B-Chem. Phys. Meteorol. PD NOV PY 2006 VL 58 IS 5 BP 573 EP 585 DI 10.1111/j.1600-0889.2006.00211.x PG 13 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 095ZT UT WOS:000241347500022 ER PT J AU Pope, KL Blankinship, DR Fisher, M Patino, R AF Pope, Kevin L. Blankinship, David R. Fisher, Mark Patino, Reynaldo TI Status of the common snook (Centropomus undecimalis) in Texas SO TEXAS JOURNAL OF SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID FLORIDA; FISHES AB Catch data are summarized for common snook, (Centropomus undecimalis) from 1975 through 2004 from the lower Laguna Madre, the only area along the Texas coast where common snook are routinely captured. Catch rates of common snook were low (< 1 common snook per gill net set) and varied among years, as did size structure. Based on the catch rate and size structure data, the adult common snook population is characterized by low abundance and erratic recruitment (i.e., missing or extremely weak year-classes are common). Additional comments oil the status of common snook in Texas are provided. C1 [Pope, Kevin L.] Univ Nebraska, USGS Nebraska Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. Texas Parks & Wildlife Dept, Coastal Fisheries Div, Brownsville, TX 78520 USA. Texas Parks & Wildlife Dept, Coastal Fisheries Div, Rockport, TX 78382 USA. Texas Tech Univ, USGS Texas Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Lubbock, TX 79409 USA. RP Pope, KL (reprint author), Univ Nebraska, USGS Nebraska Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. EM kpope2@unl.edu RI Pope, Kevin/D-8096-2011 OI Pope, Kevin/0000-0003-1876-1687 NR 14 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 2 PU TEXAS ACAD SCI PI KERRVILLE PA CMB 6252, SCHREINER UNIV, KERRVILLE, TX 78028-5697 USA SN 0040-4403 J9 TEX J SCI JI Tex. J. Sci. PD NOV PY 2006 VL 58 IS 4 BP 325 EP 332 PG 8 WC Ecology; Zoology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Zoology GA 343HP UT WOS:000258844400004 ER PT J AU McHugh, P Budy, P AF McHugh, Peter Budy, Phaedra TI Experimental effects of nonnative brown trout on the individual- and population-level performance of native bonneville cutthroat trout SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE AMERICAN FISHERIES SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID JUVENILE ATLANTIC SALMON; FORAGING MODE SHIFT; NEW-ZEALAND STREAMS; BROOK TROUT; UNITED-STATES; NORTH-AMERICA; INTERSPECIFIC COMPETITION; SALVELINUS-FONTINALIS; STABLE-ISOTOPES; LIPID DEPLETION AB In western North America, normative trout invasions threaten the persistence of native cutthroat trout Oncorhynchus clarkii subspp. through competition, predation, and hybridization. While small-scale individual-level studies on normative-native fish interactions have helped elucidate mechanisms of impact, very few investigations have occurred at a scale consistent with that of species replacement. Thus, large-scale population-level studies are needed to understand the effects of normative fish as well as to more effectively conserve native fishes in the presence of normative fish. For this reason, we conducted an evaluation of the effects of normative brown trout Salmo trutta on the individual- and population-level performance of native cutthroat trout using a field-experimental approach. We studied local populations of cutthroat trout in the presence and absence of brown trout in long stream reaches and subsequently compared growth, condition, stable-isotope-based measures of dietary habits, movement, and survival between treatment groups. We found clear evidence for reduced cutthroat trout growth owing to the presence of brown trout. Additionally, we observed differences in cutthroat trout dietary habits based on delta C-13 signatures resulting from our experimental manipulation of brown trout abundance. Finally, brown trout suppressed cutthroat trout movement but had no apparent effect on their survival. Considering previous studies, we concluded that the individual-level effects of brown trout on cutthroat trout are scale invariant. Higher-level impacts (i.e., on movement and survival), in contrast, appear to be more sensitive to the scale at which the investigation is conducted. Overall, our results indicate that brown trout can have strong negative effects on cutthroat trout performance and should therefore be more explicitly considered in native fish conservation plans. C1 Utah State Univ, US Geol Survey, Utah Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Dept Aquat Watershed & Earth Resources,Coll Nat, Logan, UT 84322 USA. RP McHugh, P (reprint author), Utah State Univ, US Geol Survey, Utah Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Dept Aquat Watershed & Earth Resources,Coll Nat, Logan, UT 84322 USA. EM pam@cc.usu.edu RI Budy, Phaedra/B-2415-2012 NR 88 TC 24 Z9 26 U1 1 U2 13 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA SN 0002-8487 J9 T AM FISH SOC JI Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. PD NOV PY 2006 VL 135 IS 6 BP 1441 EP 1455 DI 10.1577/T05-309.1 PG 15 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 124CT UT WOS:000243345500002 ER PT J AU DeHaan, PW Libants, SV Elliott, RF Scribner, KT AF DeHaan, Patrick W. Libants, Scot V. Elliott, Robert F. Scribner, Kim T. TI Genetic population structure of remnant lake sturgeon populations in the upper Great Lakes basin SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE AMERICAN FISHERIES SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID MULTIPLE SEQUENCE ALIGNMENT; MITOCHONDRIAL-DNA VARIATION; FRESH-WATER FISHES; ACIPENSER-FULVESCENS; MICROSATELLITE LOCI; STOCK STRUCTURE; CONTROL REGION; OXYRINCHUS-DESOTOI; GREEN STURGEON; LIFE-HISTORY AB Populations of lake sturgeon Acipenser Julvescens have undergone dramatic declines in abundance and distribution in the Great Lakes basin and are a species of conservation concern throughout their range. While information regarding the genetic population structure of this species is critical for the development of effective management plans, little information currently exists. We examined both microsatellite and mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) variation as a means of estimating population genetic diversity within, and the degree of spatial population structuring among, 11 remnant lake sturgeon populations in the upper Great Lakes basin. Multiple measures of genetic diversity were consistently high across populations and were not significantly correlated with estimates of current adult population size. Despite substantial population declines, life history characteristics, including longevity and itemparity, appear to have buffered lake sturgeon populations from losses of genetic diversity. Significant levels of interpopulation variance in both microsatellite allele and mtDNA haplotype frequencies (mean genetic differentiation index = 0.055 over eight microsatellite loci; mean haplotype frequencies = 0.134 for mtDNA) were detected. Population structure is most likely a function of high levels of natal fidelity, a trend observed in other species of sturgeon Acipenser spp. We discuss the implications of these results with regard to the management and conservation of lake sturgeon in the Great Lakes. C1 US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Green Bay Fisheries Resource Off, New Franken, WI 54229 USA. Michigan State Univ, Dept Zool, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA. Michigan State Univ, Dept Fisheries & Wildlife, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA. RP DeHaan, PW (reprint author), Abernathy Fish Technol Ctr, US Fish & Wildlife Serv, 1440 Abernathy Creek Rd, Longview, WA 98632 USA. EM patrick_dehaan@fws.gov NR 62 TC 32 Z9 33 U1 1 U2 17 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA SN 0002-8487 J9 T AM FISH SOC JI Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. PD NOV PY 2006 VL 135 IS 6 BP 1478 EP 1492 DI 10.1577/T05-213.1 PG 15 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 124CT UT WOS:000243345500005 ER PT J AU Jordan, GR Klumb, RA Wanner, GA Stancill, WJ AF Jordan, George R. Klumb, Robert A. Wanner, Greg A. Stancill, Wayne J. TI Poststocking movements and habitat use of hatchery-reared juvenile pallid sturgeon in the Missouri River below Fort Randall Dam, South Dakota and Nebraska SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE AMERICAN FISHERIES SOCIETY LA English DT Article AB Telemetry was used to evaluate seasonal and diel movement patterns, general habitat use, survival, and spatial distributions of hatchery-reared juvenile pallid sturgeon Scaphirhynchus albus stocked in the Missouri River below Fort Randall Dam, South Dakota and Nebraska. Sampling occurred at about 2-week intervals during spring through fall. Of 22 ultrasonically tagged fish, 13 were intensively followed to assess hourly diel movement rates. A total of 258 relocations were made for the 22 tagged fish; 19 fish were relocated at least once, and 16 were relocated multiple times. At least 68% of tagged fish survived for 2.5 years. In 2000, fish were found mainly upstream of the stocking site, whereas in 2001 and 2002 the entire reach was used. Juveniles were found primarily in the main channel at depths exceeding 80% of the maximum channel cross-section depth, where bottom current velocities ranged from 0.1 to 0.9 m/s. Clusters of juvenile pallid sturgeon (i.e., two or more fish) within 750 m of each other were observed on 15 dates, and clusters of juveniles within 500 m of each other were observed on 10 dates. Clusters were observed during all seasons. Mean (+/- 2 SE) range of movement was significantly less in 2000 (8.3 +/- 5.8 km) than in 2001 (29.3 +/- 8.8 km) and 2002 (28.9 +/- 15.0 km). We detected no significant differences in movement rates among years, seasons, or diel periods (i.e., dawn, daytime, dusk, and night). Our study indicates that range of movements of juvenile pallid sturgeon based on shorter studies (i.e., 1 year) should be interpreted cautiously because hatchery-reared fish may not have acclimated to the riverme environment until the second year after stocking. Based on survival and distribution of juvenile pallid sturgeon throughout the study area, we conclude that this reach is suitable for recovery efforts. C1 US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Pierre, SD 57501 USA. RP Jordan, GR (reprint author), US Fish & Wildlife Serv, 2900 4th Ave N,Suite 301, Billings, MT 59101 USA. EM george_jordan@fws.gov NR 24 TC 25 Z9 26 U1 0 U2 6 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA SN 0002-8487 J9 T AM FISH SOC JI Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. PD NOV PY 2006 VL 135 IS 6 BP 1499 EP 1511 DI 10.1577/T05-201.1 PG 13 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 124CT UT WOS:000243345500007 ER PT J AU Koehler, ME Fresh, KL Beauchamp, DA Cordell, JR Simenstad, CA Seiler, DE AF Koehler, Michele E. Fresh, Kurt L. Beauchamp, David A. Cordell, Jeffery R. Simenstad, Charles A. Seiler, David E. TI Diet and bioenergetics of lake-rearing juvenile Chinook salmon in Lake Washington SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE AMERICAN FISHERIES SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID LIFE-HISTORY TYPES; ONCORHYNCHUS-TSHAWYTSCHA; BRITISH-COLUMBIA; TERRESTRIAL INVERTEBRATES; FEEDING ECOLOGY; SOCKEYE-SALMON; RIVER ESTUARY; HABITAT; GROWTH; STREAM AB Use of lake habitats by ocean-type Chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha is rare under natural conditions. We studied aspects of the trophic ecology of naturally and hatchery-produced juvenile Chinook salmon rearing in the littoral zone of highly urbanized Lake Washington in Washington State. During February through May, naturally produced juvenile Chinook salmon occupied littoral habitats and consumed mostly epibenthic prey, primarily chironomid pupae (Diptera). In June, they switched to a diet dominated by plankton. specifically Daphnia spp. This diet shift from littoral prey to limnetic prey coincided with increasing temperature, a shift by the fish from littoral to linmetic habitats, the spring bloom of Daphnia, and increasing fish size. Bioenergetics modeling for these populations estimated that naturally produced juvenile Chinook salmon had high consumption rates and were generally feeding close to their maximum ration, even after large numbers of hatchery-produced Chinook salmon entered the lake. The feeding rates, growth rates, and proportions of maximum daily ration from the modeling suggested that under current conditions, both naturally produced and hatchery-produced juvenile Chinook salmon were finding ample food in littoral habitats of Lake Washington. These results further reveal that hatchery-produced Chinook salmon did not compete with naturally produced fish and that this was probably a result of hatchery juveniles entering the lake during the spring Daphnia bloom when this prey is abundant. Our results suggest that managers should focus Chinook salmon recovery efforts in the Lake Washington basin on other aspects of the species' lake use, such as predation or disease. or on other life stages (e.g., spawning adults). C1 Univ Washington, Sch Aquat & Fisheries Sci, Seattle, WA 98105 USA. Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm Fisheries, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Natori, Miyagi 98112, Japan. Univ Washington, US Geol Survey, Washington Cooperat Fisheries & Wildlife Res Unit, Sch Aquat & Fisheries Sci, Seattle, WA 98105 USA. Washington Dept Fish & Wildlife, Fish Program, Div Sci, Olympia, WA 98501 USA. RP Koehler, ME (reprint author), Limno Tech Inc, 1326 Birch Pk Ridge, Houlton, WI 54082 USA. EM mkoehler@limno.com NR 63 TC 22 Z9 22 U1 1 U2 12 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA SN 0002-8487 J9 T AM FISH SOC JI Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. PD NOV PY 2006 VL 135 IS 6 BP 1580 EP 1591 DI 10.1577/T05-178.1 PG 12 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 124CT UT WOS:000243345500014 ER PT J AU Bestgen, KR Beyers, DW Rice, JA Haines, GB AF Bestgen, K. R. Beyers, D. W. Rice, J. A. Haines, G. B. TI Factors affecting recruitment of young Colorado pikeminnow: Synthesis of predation experiments, field studies, and individual-based modeling SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE AMERICAN FISHERIES SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID SAN-JUAN RIVER; DAILY INCREMENT DEPOSITION; GREEN RIVER; NEW-MEXICO; TEMPORAL DIMENSION; ALOSA-SAPIDISSIMA; LARVAL SURVIVAL; NONNATIVE FISH; AMERICAN SHAD; LAKE-MICHIGAN AB Predation experiments, field studies, and individual-based-model (IBM) simulations revealed factors that affected the survival and recruitment of early life stages of endangered Colorado pikeminnow Ptychocheilus lucius in the Green River basin, Utah and Colorado. Small-bodied. normative red shiners Cyprinella lutrensis attacked Colorado pikerninnow larvae an average of once per minute, and predation success approached 30% in laboratory aquaria. Attack rate was also high in mesocosm experiments; turbidity and alternative prey reduced predation success. Distributions of hatching dates derived from otolith daily increment analysis showed that large cohorts of Colorado pikerninnow larvae that hatched in the Green River in early summer had low survival to autumn and that the few survivors were fast growing. Larvae hatched in midsummer or later had higher survival. Autumn juveniles grew 12-73% faster than summer juveniles, which suggested differential mortality of slow-growing fish. The IBM simulations integrated size-dependent predator-prey relationships, Colorado pikeminnow life history information, temperature-dependent pikeminnow growth, Green River predator size-structure dynamics, seasonally variable Green River water temperatures, and turbidity and alternative prey availability effects; the simulations showed that red shiner predation interacting with environmental variables may significantly reduce age-0 pikeminnow recruitment in autumn. Recruitment and growth patterns from simulations and field observations were consistent and suggested that the IBM is useful in evaluating management scenarios. Experiments, field studies, and predictive modeling provided consistent evidence that interacting effects of predation and environmental variables, including flow fluctuations, may structure intra-annual growth and recruitment patterns of age-0 Colorado pikeminnow. Flow management to benefit growth and survival of young pikeminnow, particularly early hatching ones, and reduced normative predator abundance in Green River backwaters may enhance the Colorado pikerninnow populations. C1 Colorado State Univ, Larval Fish Lab, Dept Wildlife & Fisheries Biol, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. N Carolina State Univ, Dept Zool, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Colorado River Fishery Project, Vernal, UT 84078 USA. RP Bestgen, KR (reprint author), Colorado State Univ, Larval Fish Lab, Dept Wildlife & Fisheries Biol, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. EM kbestgen@cnr.colostate.edu NR 79 TC 32 Z9 32 U1 5 U2 21 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA SN 0002-8487 J9 T AM FISH SOC JI Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. PD NOV PY 2006 VL 135 IS 6 BP 1722 EP 1742 DI 10.1577/T05-171.1 PG 21 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 124CT UT WOS:000243345500024 ER PT J AU Kellogg, CA Griffin, DW AF Kellogg, Christina A. Griffin, Dale W. TI Aerobiology and the global transport of desert dust SO TRENDS IN ECOLOGY & EVOLUTION LA English DT Review ID AMBIENT FUNGAL SPORES; AERIAL DISPERSAL; AIRBORNE SPREAD; MOUTH-DISEASE; AFRICAN DUST; CORAL-REEFS; ASIAN DUST; SOIL DUST; BACTERIA; DIVERSITY AB Desert winds aerosolize several billion tons of soil-derived dust each year, including concentrated seasonal pulses from Africa and Asia. These transoceanic and transcontinental dust events inject a large pulse of microorganisms and pollen into the atmosphere and could therefore have a role in transporting pathogens or expanding the biogeographical range of some organisms by facilitating long-distance dispersal events. As we discuss here, whether such dispersal events are occurring is only now beginning to be investigated. Huge dust events create an atmospheric bridge over land and sea, and the microbiota contained within them could impact downwind ecosystems. Such dispersal is of interest because of the possible health effects of allergens and pathogens that might be carried with the dust. C1 US Geol Survey, St Petersburg, FL 33701 USA. RP Kellogg, CA (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 600 4th St S, St Petersburg, FL 33701 USA. EM ckellogg@usgs.gov RI Kellogg, Christina/B-3257-2009; MORENO-GRAU, STELLA/E-6540-2012; OI Kellogg, Christina/0000-0002-6492-9455 NR 61 TC 253 Z9 268 U1 10 U2 74 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE LONDON PI LONDON PA 84 THEOBALDS RD, LONDON WC1X 8RR, ENGLAND SN 0169-5347 J9 TRENDS ECOL EVOL JI Trends Ecol. Evol. PD NOV PY 2006 VL 21 IS 11 BP 638 EP 644 DI 10.1016/j.tree.2006.07.004 PG 7 WC Ecology; Evolutionary Biology; Genetics & Heredity SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Evolutionary Biology; Genetics & Heredity GA 105DQ UT WOS:000242010000009 PM 16843565 ER PT J AU King, SL Twedt, DJ Wilson, RR AF King, Sammy L. Twedt, Daniel J. Wilson, R. Randy TI The role of the Wetland Reserve Program in conservation efforts in the Mississippi River Alluvial Valley SO WILDLIFE SOCIETY BULLETIN LA English DT Article DE black bear; conservation; migratory birds; Mississippi Alluvial Valley; restoration; Ursus americanus Luteolus; Wetland Reserve Program; wetlands ID RESTORATION; REFORESTATION; WILDLIFE; PATTERNS; TRENDS; PLAIN AB The Mississippi River Alluvial Valley includes the floodplain of the Mississippi River from Cairo, Illinois, USA, to the Gulf of Mexico. Originally this region supported about 10 million ha of bottomland hardwood forests, but only about 2.8 million ha remain today. Furthermore, most of the remaining bottomland forest is highly fragmented with altered hydrologic processes. During the 1990s landscape-scale conservation planning efforts were initiated for migratory birds and the threatened Louisiana black bear (Ursus americanus luteolus). These plans call for large-scale reforestation and restoration efforts in the region, particularly on private lands. In 1990 the Food, Agriculture, Conservation and Trade Act authorized the Wetlands Reserve Program (WRP). The WRP is a voluntary program administered by the United States Department of Agriculture that provides eligible landowners with financial incentives to restore wetlands and retire marginal farmlands from agricultural production. As of 30 September 2005, over 275,700 ha have been enrolled in the program in the Mississippi River Alluvial Valley, with the greatest concentration in Louisiana, Arkansas, and Mississippi, USA. Hydrologic restoration is common an most sites, with open-water wetlands, such as moist-soil units and sloughs, constituting up to 30% of a given tract. Over 33,200 ha of open-water wetlands have been created, potentially providing over 115,000,000 duck-use days. Twenty-three of 87 forest-bird conservation areas have met or exceed care habitat goals for migratory songbirds and another 24 have met mini. mum area requirements. The WRP played an integral role in the fulfillment of these goals. Although some landscape goals have been attained, the young age of the program and forest stands, and the lack of monitoring, has limited evaluations of the program's impact on wildlife populations. C1 Louisiana State Univ, US Geol Survey, Louisiana Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA. US Geol Survey, Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, Vicksburg, MS 39180 USA. US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Jackson, MS 39213 USA. RP King, SL (reprint author), Louisiana State Univ, US Geol Survey, Louisiana Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA. EM sking16@lsu.edu OI Twedt, Daniel/0000-0003-1223-5045 NR 45 TC 49 Z9 51 U1 1 U2 24 PU WILDLIFE SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2197 USA SN 0091-7648 J9 WILDLIFE SOC B JI Wildl. Soc. Bull. PD NOV PY 2006 VL 34 IS 4 BP 914 EP 920 DI 10.2193/0091-7648(2006)34[914:TROTWR]2.0.CO;2 PG 7 WC Biodiversity Conservation SC Biodiversity & Conservation GA 121RB UT WOS:000243173600004 ER PT J AU Reynolds, RE Shaffer, TL Loesch, CR Cox, RR AF Reynolds, Ronald E. Shaffer, Terry L. Loesch, Charles R. Cox, Robert R., Jr. TI The Farm Bill and duck production in the Prairie Pothole Region: Increasing the benefits SO WILDLIFE SOCIETY BULLETIN LA English DT Article DE Conservation Reserve Program; duck; Farm Bill; Prairie Pothole Region; Swampbuster; United States Department of Agriculture ID MILLER LAKE ISLAND; NORTH-DAKOTA; NEST SUCCESS; BREEDING WATERFOWL; SELECTION; MALLARDS; HABITAT AB The Food Security Act of 1985 contained provisions that affected wildlife conservation nationwide. Two provisions that most benefited waterfowl populations in the Prairie Pothole Region (PPR) were the Conservation Reserve Program (CRP) and "Swampbuster" (wetland conservation). Permanent cover established under the CRP provides attractive nesting habitat for upland-nesting ducks that is more secure than other major habitats. Swampbuster has prevented drainage of wetlands vital to breeding duck pairs. In 2007 many CRP contracts will expire. Deliberations will begin in late 2006 regarding the next Farm Bill. The United States Department of Agriculture needs sound biological information and scientific analyses to help establish wildlife priorities in the Farm Bill. We used data from breeding duck population and wetland habitat surveys to develop models for 5 species of upland-nesting ducks and applied these models to > 2.6 million wetlands in a digital database for the PPR in North and South Dakota, USA. We used geographic information systems techniques to identify locations in the PPR where CRP cover would be accessible to the greatest number of nesting hens. We then summarized distribution of current CRP contracts relative to distribution of upland-breeding ducks. We also used our models to predict change in the breeding duck population (landscape carrying capacity) that might occur if certain wetlands were exempt from the Swampbuster provision. Our analyses showed that 75% of CRP contracts as of July 2005 were in areas accessible to high or medium numbers of breeding ducks and 25% were in areas of low populations. We suggest a method to prioritize CRP extensions and reenrollment of current contracts or target new contracts to maintain or increase duck production. Additionally, our models suggested that if the Swampbuster provision were removed from future Farm Bills and protected wetland were drained, this area of the PPR could experience a 37% decline in the waterfowl populations we studied. C1 US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Habitat & Populat Evaluat Team Off, Bismarck, ND 58501 USA. US Geol Survey, Prairie & No Wildlife Res Ctr, Jamestown, ND 58401 USA. RP Reynolds, RE (reprint author), US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Habitat & Populat Evaluat Team Off, Bismarck, ND 58501 USA. EM ron_reynolds@fws.gov NR 48 TC 35 Z9 39 U1 1 U2 31 PU WILDLIFE SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2197 USA SN 0091-7648 J9 WILDLIFE SOC B JI Wildl. Soc. Bull. PD NOV PY 2006 VL 34 IS 4 BP 963 EP 974 DI 10.2193/0091-7648(2006)34[963:TFBADP]2.0.CO;2 PG 12 WC Biodiversity Conservation SC Biodiversity & Conservation GA 121RB UT WOS:000243173600010 ER PT J AU Jonker, SA Muth, RM Organ, JF Zwick, RR Siemer, WF AF Jonker, Sandra A. Muth, Robert M. Organ, John F. Zwick, Rodney R. Siemer, William F. TI Experiences with beaver damage and attitudes of Massachusetts residents toward beaver SO WILDLIFE SOCIETY BULLETIN LA English DT Article DE attitudes; beaver; Castor canadensis; human dimensions; Massachusetts; tolerance; wildlife damage; wildlife management ID WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT ACTIONS; BEHAVIOR; ACCEPTABILITY; BELIEFS; LETHAL; ENVIRONMENTALISM; CONSERVATION; ACCEPTANCE; INTENTIONS; MIGRATION AB As stakeholder attitudes, values, and management preferences become increasingly diverse, managing human-wildlife conflicts will become more difficult. This challenge is especially evident in Massachusetts, USA, where furbearer management has been constrained by passage of a ballot initiative that outlawed use of foothold and body-gripping traps except in specific instances involving threats to human health or safety. Without regulated trapping, beaver (Castor canadensis) populations and damage attributed to them have increased. To develop an understanding of public attitudes regarding beaver-related management issues, we surveyed a random sample of Massachusetts residents in the spring of 2002 within 3 geographic regions where beaver are prevalent, as well as all individuals who submitted a beaver-related complaint to the Massachusetts Division of Fisheries and Wildlife in 1999 and 2000. We found that respondents held generally positive attitudes toward beaver. Respondents who experienced beaver-related problems tended to have less favorable or negative attitudes toward beaver than people who did not experience beaver damage. Attitudes toward beaver became increasingly negative as the severity of damage experienced by people increased. We believe continued public support for wildlife conservation will require implementation of strategies that are responsive to changing attitudes of an urban population and within social-acceptance and biological carrying capacities. C1 Cornell Univ, Dept Nat Resources, Human Dimensions Res Unit, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. Univ Massachusetts, Dept Nat Resources Conservat, Amherst, MA 01003 USA. US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Hadley, MA 01035 USA. Lyndon State Coll, Dept Resource Recreat Management, Lyndonville, VT 05851 USA. Cornell Univ, Dept Nat Resources, Human Dimensions Res Unit, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. RP Jonker, SA (reprint author), Florida Fish & Wildlife Conservat Commiss, Bear Management Program, Tallahassee, FL 32399 USA. EM sandra.jonker@MyFWC.com NR 59 TC 8 Z9 10 U1 7 U2 34 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 0091-7648 J9 WILDLIFE SOC B JI Wildl. Soc. Bull. PD NOV PY 2006 VL 34 IS 4 BP 1009 EP 1021 DI 10.2193/0091-7648(2006)34[1009:EWBDAA]2.0.CO;2 PG 13 WC Biodiversity Conservation SC Biodiversity & Conservation GA 121RB UT WOS:000243173600015 ER PT J AU Allison, NL Destefano, S AF Allison, Nichole L. Destefano, Stephen TI Equipment and techniques for nocturnal wildlife studies SO WILDLIFE SOCIETY BULLETIN LA English DT Article DE Grus americana; Grus canadensis pratensis; image enhancement or intensifiers; nightscope; night-vision equipment; nocturnal activity and behavior; sandhill crane; techniques and optics; whooping crane ID WHITE-TAILED DEER; RING-BILLED GULLS; FORAGING BEHAVIOR; MARBLED MURRELETS; TROPICAL ENVIRONMENT; NUMENIUS-PHAEOPUS; URSUS-AMERICANUS; BLACK BEARS; NIGHT; RADAR AB Many biologists speculate on the nocturnal behavior of wildlife. Night-vision technologies may provide ways to move beyond speculation to observation of nocturnal activity. Nocturnal activity data collection is often secondary to broader study objectives; consequently, techniques for such studies are poorly understood and infrequently used. We reviewed 53 papers to examine image enhancement (i.e., night vision) and assess trends in nocturnal research techniques. We also conducted a field study on nocturnal behavior of roosting cranes (Grus spp.) to evaluate equipment function and efficacy for wildlife studies. A third-generation night-vision scope greatly outperformed a pair of first-generation night-vision binoculars, and we were able to identify cranes by species and observe and record their behaviors while they were on their nocturnal roost sites. Techniques reported in the literature included use of moonlight or natural ambient light, spotlight or simulated luminosity, remote photography, surveillance radar, infrared thermal imaging, and image enhancement. With the many techniques available, scientists can select the procedure or a combination of strategies explicit to their purpose. We believe night-viewing technologies are an exceptional, nonintrusive, functional tool for wildlife ecology studies. However, even the best equipment will have problems or issues with contrast, inclement weather, and large group size and density. Regardless of the specific method used and the inherent challenges, we believe third-generation, American-manufactured night-vision equipment can provide valuable insight into the complete life history of animals and can promote a more comprehensive approach to wildlife studies. C1 Univ Massachusetts, Holdsworth Nat Resources Ctr, Massachusetts Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, US Geol Survey, Amherst, MA 01003 USA. RP Allison, NL (reprint author), Univ Massachusetts, Holdsworth Nat Resources Ctr, Massachusetts Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, US Geol Survey, Amherst, MA 01003 USA. EM nallison@forwild.umass.edu NR 62 TC 12 Z9 13 U1 2 U2 40 PU WILDLIFE SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2197 USA SN 0091-7648 J9 WILDLIFE SOC B JI Wildl. Soc. Bull. PD NOV PY 2006 VL 34 IS 4 BP 1036 EP 1044 DI 10.2193/0091-7648(2006)34[1036:EATFNW]2.0.CO;2 PG 9 WC Biodiversity Conservation SC Biodiversity & Conservation GA 121RB UT WOS:000243173600018 ER PT J AU Johnson, L Camp, RJ Brinck, KW Banko, PC AF Johnson, Luanne Camp, Richard J. Brinck, Kevin W. Banko, Paul C. TI Long-term population monitoring: Lessons learned from an endangered passerine in Hawai'i SO WILDLIFE SOCIETY BULLETIN LA English DT Article DE Hawai'i; Loxioides bailleui; palila; population monitoring; sampling methods; survey; variable circular plot ID MAUNA-KEA; PALILA; FOREST; BIRDS; CONSERVATION; ABUNDANCE; BAILLEUI AB Obtaining reliable population estimates is crucial to monitoring endangered species and developing recovery strategies. The palila (Loxioides bailleui) is an endangered seed-eating Hawaiian honeycreeper restricted to the subalpine forests of Mauna Kea, a volcano on the island of Hawaii, USA. The species is vulnerable to extinction primarily because > 90% of the population is concentrated in < 30 km(2) of habitat on the western slope of this high, dormant volcano. Annual surveys of the palila population have been conducted for ecological, legal, and other purposes since 1980. Because refinements to sampling protocols and analytical methods have evolved, we examined means of adapting the monitoring program to produce comparable estimates of abundance over the past 25-year period and into the future. We conducted variable circular plot surveys during the nonbreeding season (Jan-Mar) and this used data to obtain estimates of effective detection radius and annual density with Distance 4.0, Release 2. For comparability over the time-series, we excluded from analysis the data from new transects. We partitioned the 25-year data set (1980-1996 and 1997-2004) into 2 separate analyses because, beginning in 1997, observers received more training to reduce their tendency to estimate distances to 5-m intervals. We used geographic strata in the analysis of recent surveys because changes in habitat may have invalidated the density-based strata used previously. By adding observer and year and observer and time of day as co-variables, we improved the model fit to the 2 data sets, respectively. Annual estimates were confounded by changes in sampling methodology and analytical procedures over time. However, the addition of new transects, increased training for observers, and use of exact distance estimates instead of rounding also improved model fit. Habitat characteristics and behavior of palila that potentially influenced detection probability, sampling, analysis, and interpretation were regeneration of trees in response to reduced numbers of introduced browsing mammals, seasonally variable rates of vocalization, non-territoriality, and resource-tracking along an elevation gradient. We believe our adaptive approach to analysis and interpretation of 25 years of annual variable circular plot data could help guide similar long-term monitoring efforts. C1 Univ Hawaii Manoa, US Geol Survey, Pacific Isl Ecosyst Res Ctr, Pacific Cooperat Studies Unit,Kilauea Field Stn, Honolulu, HI 96718 USA. RP Johnson, L (reprint author), Antioch Univ New England, Keene, NH 03431 USA. EM paul_banko@usgs.gov OI Camp, Richard/0000-0001-7008-923X NR 42 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 1 U2 19 PU WILDLIFE SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2197 USA SN 0091-7648 J9 WILDLIFE SOC B JI Wildl. Soc. Bull. PD NOV PY 2006 VL 34 IS 4 BP 1055 EP 1063 DI 10.2193/0091-7648(2006)34[1055:LPMLLF]2.0.CO;2 PG 9 WC Biodiversity Conservation SC Biodiversity & Conservation GA 121RB UT WOS:000243173600021 ER PT J AU Handel, CM Pajot, LM Talbot, SL Sage, GK AF Handel, Colleen M. Pajot, Lisa M. Talbot, Sandra L. Sage, George K. TI Use of buccal swabs for sampling DNA from nestling and adult birds SO WILDLIFE SOCIETY BULLETIN LA English DT Article DE black-capped chickadee; boreal chickadee; buccal swab; DNA; microsatellites; noninvasive sampling; Poecile atricapillus; Poecile hudsonica; polymerase chain reaction; population genetics; sexing ID POLYMERASE-CHAIN-REACTION; SEX-RATIO ADJUSTMENT; HUMAN GENOMIC DNA; MICROSATELLITE LOCI; BLOOD; CELLS; PCR; EXTRACTION; POLYMORPHISMS; SURVIVAL AB We evaluated the feasibility and efficiency of using swabs to collect buccal epithelial cells from small (2- to 13-g) birds as a source of DNA for genetic studies. We used commercially available buccal swab kits to collect samples from 42 adult and 39 nestling (4- to 8-day-old) black-capped chickadees (Poecile atricapillus) and from 6 4-day-old nestling boreal chickadees (P. hudsonica). We compared DNA from buccal epithelial samples to that from blood samples from the same individuals. We extracted sufficient quantities of DNA for analysis from all buccal samples, and samples remained viable even after being stored in original plastic sampling tubes at room temperature for up to 18 months. Yields were equivalent whether extracted using the proprietary quick-extraction solution provided with buccal swab kits or using a salt-extraction process with inexpensive reagents. Yields of DNA from buccal samples were consistently lower than those from blood samples, but quantities were sufficient for all analyses. Assignment of sex, based on DNA extracted from paired buccal and blood samples, was identical for all 87 birds. We found no difference in the genotypes obtained from buccal and blood samples for 12 individuals tested using 5 microsatellite loci and found perfect concordance in sequencing of an 823-base-pair segment within the control region of mitochondrial DNA for 7 individuals tested. Use of buccal swabs is highly recommended as a rapid, noninvasive technique for sampling avian genomic DNA, especially for extremely young altricial nestlings or small-bodied adults, or for any birds for which blood sampling may be impossible or stressful. C1 US Geol Survey, Alaska Sci Ctr, Anchorage, AK 99503 USA. Alaska Pacific Univ, Dept Environm Sci, Anchorage, AK 99508 USA. RP Handel, CM (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Alaska Sci Ctr, Anchorage, AK 99503 USA. EM colleen_handel@usgs.gov RI Talbot, Sandra/C-9433-2011; OI Handel, Colleen/0000-0002-0267-7408 NR 42 TC 38 Z9 42 U1 4 U2 23 PU WILDLIFE SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2197 USA SN 0091-7648 J9 WILDLIFE SOC B JI Wildl. Soc. Bull. PD NOV PY 2006 VL 34 IS 4 BP 1094 EP 1100 DI 10.2193/0091-7648(2006)34[1094:UOBSFS]2.0.CO;2 PG 7 WC Biodiversity Conservation SC Biodiversity & Conservation GA 121RB UT WOS:000243173600025 ER PT J AU Reed, JE Ballard, WB Gipson, PS Kelly, BT Krausman, PR Wallace, MC Wester, DB AF Reed, Janet E. Ballard, Warren B. Gipson, Philip S. Kelly, Brian T. Krausman, Paul R. Wallace, Mark C. Wester, David B. TI Diets of free-ranging Mexican gray wolves in Arizona and New Mexico SO WILDLIFE SOCIETY BULLETIN LA English DT Article DE Arizona; Canis latrans; Canis lupus baileyi; Cervus elaphus; coyote; diet; elk; Mexican gray wolf; New Mexico ID NATIONAL-PARK; SCAT DIAMETERS; WOLF PREDATION; CANIS-LUPUS; PREY; COYOTE; ELK; CARNIVORES; FECES AB Systematic diet studies of Mexican gray wolves (Canis lupus baileyi) were not conducted before wolves were extirpated by the late 1960s from the southwestern United States. We collected carnivore scats (n = 1,682) from the Apache and Gila national forests in Arizona and New Mexico, USA, from April 1998 through October 2001 and identified scats to species using traditional field methods, of which 251 were identified as Mexican wolf scats. We found the diet consisted of large-sized food items (92.8% percent frequency of occurrence [PFO]), primarily elk (Cervus elaphus) adults (36.6% PFO) and calves (36.2% PFO). Biomass calculations indicated that Mexican wolves consumed 414 kg of prey as represented by the scats, with elk representing 76.7% of the biomass. When comparing PFO with percent biomass, PFO calculations may have underrepresented larger food items and percent biomass may have overrepresented smaller food items. We compared the diet composition of Mexican wolf scats (n 251) to the diets reported in previous North American gray wolf (C. lupus) studies (n = 7). The high proportion of elk in Mexican wolf diets in our study area may reflect the low-density, early colonizing stage of the wolf population and elk probably being the most numerous ungulate in our study area. Our results suggested that free-ranging Mexican wolves consumed a higher proportion of large-sized prey than other North American gray wolves. Our results provide baseline diet information for a newly reestablished wolf population. C1 Texas Tech Univ, Dept Range Wildlife & Fisheries Management, Lubbock, TX 79409 USA. Kansas State Univ, US Geol Survey, Kansas Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Manhattan, KS 66506 USA. US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Montana Field Stn, Cheyenne, WY 82001 USA. Univ Arizona, Sch Renewable Nat Resources, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. RP Reed, JE (reprint author), Texas Tech Univ, Dept Range Wildlife & Fisheries Management, Lubbock, TX 79409 USA. EM warren.ballard@ttu.edu RI Wallace, Mark/A-1263-2010 NR 76 TC 13 Z9 14 U1 1 U2 25 PU WILDLIFE SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2197 USA SN 0091-7648 J9 WILDLIFE SOC B JI Wildl. Soc. Bull. PD NOV PY 2006 VL 34 IS 4 BP 1127 EP 1133 DI 10.2193/0091-7648(2006)34[1127:DOFMGW]2.0.CO;2 PG 7 WC Biodiversity Conservation SC Biodiversity & Conservation GA 121RB UT WOS:000243173600030 ER PT J AU Faulhaber, CA Perry, ND Silvy, NJ Lopez, RR Frank, PA Peterson, MJ AF Faulhaber, Craig A. Perry, Neil D. Silvy, Nova J. Lopez, Roel R. Frank, Philip A. Peterson, Markus J. TI Reintroduction of Lower Keys marsh rabbits SO WILDLIFE SOCIETY BULLETIN LA English DT Article DE Florida keys; lagomorphs; lower keys marsh rabbit; reintroduction; Sylvilagus palustris hefneri; translocation ID TRANSLOCATION; PARK AB The endangered Lower Keys marsh rabbit (LKMR; Sylvilagus palustris hefneri) exists as a metapopulation in patches of wetland habitat in the Lower Florida Keys, USA. The recovery plan for the LKMR recommends reintroducing rabbits to unoccupied but potentially suitable patches. The effectiveness of such reintroductions has not been evaluated. We translocated 12 and 7 rabbits fitted with radiotransmitters to patches of apparently suitable vegetation on Little Pine and Water Key during 2002 and 2004, respectively. Our radiotelemetry-based study monitored survival, site fidelity, and reproduction. We observed high survival (81% of known-fate rabbits on Little Pine and 100% on Water Key), fidelity to release sites (mean distance from release sites < 120 m for 12 of 15 rabbits monitored), and evidence of reproduction during the first 6 months postrelease. Our results suggest reintroductions could be an effective conservation tool for LKMRs. If reintroductions are to have broader application, however we recommend managers combine habitat management and land acquisition to bolster source populations and create additional release sites. C1 Texas A&M Univ, Dept Wildlife & Fisheries Sci, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Florida Keys Wildlife Refuges, Big Pine Key, FL 33043 USA. RP Faulhaber, CA (reprint author), Utah State Univ, Dept Wildland Resources, Logan, UT 84322 USA. EM mpeterson@tamu.edu RI Peterson, Markus/C-3303-2008 OI Peterson, Markus/0000-0001-6145-0134 NR 30 TC 8 Z9 9 U1 2 U2 11 PU WILDLIFE SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2197 USA SN 0091-7648 J9 WILDLIFE SOC B JI Wildl. Soc. Bull. PD NOV PY 2006 VL 34 IS 4 BP 1198 EP 1202 DI 10.2193/0091-7648(2006)34[1198:ROLKMR]2.0.CO;2 PG 5 WC Biodiversity Conservation SC Biodiversity & Conservation GA 121RB UT WOS:000243173600039 ER PT J AU Bender, LC AF Bender, Louis C. TI Uses of herd composition and age ratios in ungulate management SO WILDLIFE SOCIETY BULLETIN LA English DT Editorial Material DE age structure; herd composition; mortality; population ratios; productivity; recruitment; sex ratios; ungulates; wildlife management ID BLACK-TAILED DEER; COMPOSITION COUNTS; HARVEST DATA; ELK; SURVIVAL AB Wildlife managers commonly collect sex and age ratios to manage ungulate populations. This information typically is used to assess trends in population goals (e.g., bull elk [Cervus elaphus] escapement). Many managers may be unaware or underestimate the amount of information that can be derived from these commonly collected ratios. Herein, I review types of information applicable to population management that can be derived from composition ratios. This information includes mortality or survival rates, maximum sustainable mortality levels, and adult sex ratios. Further, I demonstrate the interaction of ratios with each other. Herd composition and age ratios can provide significant relevant data for population management, but care must be used in their interpretation. C1 US Geol Survey, New Mexico Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Las Cruces, NM 88003 USA. RP Bender, LC (reprint author), US Geol Survey, New Mexico Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Las Cruces, NM 88003 USA. EM lbender@nmsu.edu NR 28 TC 11 Z9 12 U1 3 U2 17 PU WILDLIFE SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2197 USA SN 0091-7648 J9 WILDLIFE SOC B JI Wildl. Soc. Bull. PD NOV PY 2006 VL 34 IS 4 BP 1225 EP 1230 DI 10.2193/0091-7648(2006)34[1225:UOHCAA]2.0.CO;2 PG 6 WC Biodiversity Conservation SC Biodiversity & Conservation GA 121RB UT WOS:000243173600045 ER PT J AU Runge, MC Johnson, FA Anderson, MG Koneff, MD Reed, ET Mott, SE AF Runge, Michael C. Johnson, Fred A. Anderson, Michael G. Koneff, Mark D. Reed, Eric T. Mott, Seth E. TI The need for coherence between waterfowl harvest and habitat management SO WILDLIFE SOCIETY BULLETIN LA English DT Editorial Material DE Adaptive Harvest Management; habitat management; maximum sustainable yield; North American Waterfowl Management Plan; waterfowl hunting ID BLACK BRANT; POPULATION; FECUNDITY AB Two of the most significant management efforts affecting waterfowl populations in North America are the North American Waterfowl Management Plan (the Plan) and Federal harvest management programs. Both the Plan and harvest management are continental in scope, involve an extensive group of stakeholders, and rely on adaptive processes of biological planning, implementation, and evaluation. The development of these programs has occurred independently, however and there has been little explicit recognition that both harvest and habitat effects should be considered for coherent management planning and evaluation. For example, the harvest strategy can affect whether population objectives of the Plan are met, irrespective of the success of the Plan's habitat conservation efforts. Conversely, habitat conservation activities under the Plan can influence harvest potential and, therefore, the amount of hunting opportunity provided. It seems increasingly clear that the Plan's waterfowl population objectives can only be useful for conservation planning and evaluation if they are accompanied by an explicit specification of the harvest strategy and environmental conditions under which they are to be achieved. This clarification also is necessary to ensure that Plan population objectives are not attained solely through the reduction of hunting opportunity. We believe then that it is imperative that these key waterfowl-management programs work to harmonize their objectives. Harvest management programs and the Plan ought to be working toward the same ends, but that is not possible so long as the mutually reinforcing relationship of these programs is obscured by ambiguities in their management objectives. C1 US Geol Survey, Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, Laurel, MD 20708 USA. US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Div Migratory Bird Management, Gainesville, FL 32653 USA. Duckc Unltd Canada, Inst Wetland & Waterfowl Res, Stonewall, MB R0C 2Z0, Canada. US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Div Migratory Bird Management, Laurel, MD 20708 USA. Canadian Wildlife Serv, Environm Canada, Migratory Birds Conservat Div, Ottawa, ON K1A 0H3, Canada. US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Div Bird Habitat Conservat, Arlington, VA 22203 USA. RP Runge, MC (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, Laurel, MD 20708 USA. EM Michael_Runge@usgs.gov RI Runge, Michael/E-7331-2011 OI Runge, Michael/0000-0002-8081-536X NR 16 TC 18 Z9 23 U1 0 U2 12 PU WILDLIFE SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2197 USA SN 0091-7648 J9 WILDLIFE SOC B JI Wildl. Soc. Bull. PD NOV PY 2006 VL 34 IS 4 BP 1231 EP 1237 DI 10.2193/0091-7648(2006)34[1231:TNFCBW]2.0.CO;2 PG 7 WC Biodiversity Conservation SC Biodiversity & Conservation GA 121RB UT WOS:000243173600046 ER PT J AU Mason, R Carpenter, LH Cox, M Devos, JC Fairchild, J Freddy, DJ Heffelfinger, JR Kahn, RH Mccorquodale, SM Pac, DF Summers, D White, GC Williams, BK AF Mason, Russ Carpenter, Len H. Cox, Michael Devos, James C. Fairchild, John Freddy, David J. Heffelfinger, Jim R. Kahn, Richard H. Mccorquodale, Scott M. Pac, David F. Summers, Danny White, Gary C. Williams, B. Kenneth TI A case for standardized ungulate surveys and data management in the western United States SO WILDLIFE SOCIETY BULLETIN LA English DT Editorial Material DE adaptive harvest management; Cervus canadensis; cooperative monitoring; elk; mule deer; Odocoileus hemionus; population surveys ID MULE DEER; AERIAL SURVEYS; IDAHO; ELK; UNCERTAINTY; SURVIVAL; COLORADO; MARK C1 Int Assoc Fish & Wildlife Agencies, Washington, DC 20001 USA. Wildlife Management Inst, Ft Collins, CO 80526 USA. Nevada Dept Wildlife, Reno, NV 89512 USA. Arizona Game & Fish Dept, Phoenix, AZ 85023 USA. Utah Div Wildlife Resources, Salt Lake City, UT 84114 USA. Colorado Div Wildlife, Ft Collins, CO 80526 USA. Washington Dept Fish & Wildlife, Yakima, WA 98902 USA. Montana Dept Fish Wildlife & Parks, Bozeman, MT 59718 USA. Colorado State Univ, Dept Fishery & Wildlife Biol, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Disciplina, Cooperat Res Unit Program, Reston, VA 20192 USA. RP Mason, R (reprint author), Int Assoc Fish & Wildlife Agencies, Washington, DC 20001 USA. EM rmason@ndow.org NR 39 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 1 U2 11 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ USA SN 1938-5463 J9 WILDLIFE SOC B JI Wildl. Soc. Bull. PD NOV PY 2006 VL 34 IS 4 BP 1238 EP 1242 DI 10.2193/0091-7648(2006)34[1238:ACFSUS]2.0.CO;2 PG 5 WC Biodiversity Conservation SC Biodiversity & Conservation GA 121RB UT WOS:000243173600047 ER PT J AU McCormick, PV Shuford, RBE Chimney, MJ AF McCormick, Paul V. Shuford, Robert B. E., III Chimney, Michael J. TI Periphyton as a potential phosphorus sink in the Everglades Nutrient Removal Project SO ECOLOGICAL ENGINEERING LA English DT Article DE algae; constructed wetland; Everglades Nutrient Removal Project; microcosm; periphyton; phosphorus ID AEROBIC DECOMPOSITION; FLORIDA EVERGLADES; AQUATIC PLANTS; WETLANDS; WATER; LAKE; DETRITUS; RELEASE; ECOSYSTEMS; RETENTION AB Phosphorus uptake and release by periphyton mats were quantified in the Everglades Nutrient Removal Project (ENRP) to evaluate the potential for periphyton P removal. Short-term P uptake rates were determined by incubating cyanobacteria (Oscillatoria princeps and Shizothrix calcicola) and Chlorophycean (primarily Rhizoclonium spp.) algal mat samples for 0.5-2 h under ambient conditions in BOD bottles spiked with soluble reactive P (SRP). Cyanobacterial mats removed P more than twice as fast (80-164 mu g P h(-1) g(-1) AFDM) as Chlorophycean mats (33-61 mu g P h(-1) g(-1) AFDM) during these incubations. In a longer term study, fiberglass cylinders were used to enclose 1.8 m(2) plots within the wetland and were dosed weekly for 7 weeks with: (1) no nutrients; (2) SRP (0.25 g p m(-2) week(-1)); or (3) SRP plus nitrate (0.42 g N m(-2) week(-1)) and ammonium (0.83gN m(-2) week(-1)). Phosphorus uptake rates by this periphyton assemblage, which was dominated by the chlorophytes Stigeoclonium spp. and Oedogonium spp., were measured weekly and were similar among nutrient treatments on most dates, indicating that the algal storage compartment for P was not saturated despite repeated P additions. Decomposition rates and P loss by cyanobacteria and Chlorophycean mats were determined by measuring biomass loss and SRP release in darkened BOD bottles over 28-42 day periods under anaerobic and aerobic conditions. First-order aerobic and anaerobic decomposition rates for cyanobacterial mats (k = 0.1095 and 0.1408 day(-1), respectively) were 4-20-fold higher than rates for Chlorophycean mats (k=0.0066 and 0.0250 day(-1), respectively) and cyanobacteria released considerably more P back to the water column. Our findings suggest that periphyton can be an important short-term sink for P in treatment wetlands and that retention is strongly affected by the taxonomic composition of the periphyton assemblage. (C) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 S Florida Water Management Dist, Everglades Div MSC4440, W Palm Beach, FL 33406 USA. S Florida Water Management Dist, STA Management Div MSC4470, W Palm Beach, FL 33406 USA. RP McCormick, PV (reprint author), USGS Leetown Sci Ctr, 11649 Leetown Rd, Kearneysville, WV 25430 USA. EM pmccormick@usgs.gov NR 47 TC 39 Z9 45 U1 2 U2 19 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0925-8574 J9 ECOL ENG JI Ecol. Eng. PD OCT 31 PY 2006 VL 27 IS 4 BP 279 EP 289 DI 10.1016/j.ecoleng.2006.05.018 PG 11 WC Ecology; Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Engineering GA 112BV UT WOS:000242501100003 ER PT J AU Clauer, N Chaudhuri, S Lewan, MD Toulkeridis, T AF Clauer, Norbert Chaudhuri, Sam Lewan, Michael D. Toulkeridis, Theofilos TI Effect of thermal maturation on the K-Ar, Rb-Sr and REE systematics of an organic-rich New Albany Shale as determined by hydrous pyrolysis SO CHEMICAL GEOLOGY LA English DT Article DE hydrous pyrolysis; Rb-Sr; K-Ar; REE; mineral-organic interactions; New Albany Shale ID PETROLEUM GENERATION AB Hydrous-pyrolysis experiments were conducted on an organic-rich Devonian-Mississippian shale, which was also leached by dilute HCl before and after pyrolysis, to identify and quantify the induced chemical and isotopic changes in the rock. The experiments significantly affect the organic-mineral organization, which plays an important role in natural interactions during diagenetic hydrocarbon maturation in source rocks. They produce 10.5% of volatiles and the amount of HCl leachables almost doubles from about 6% to 11%. The Rb-Sr and K-Ar data are significantly modified, but not just by removal of radiogenic Ar-40 and Sr-87, as described in many studies of natural samples at similar thermal and hydrous conditions. The determining reactions relate to alteration of the organic matter marked by a significant change in the heavy REEs in the HCl leachate after pyrolysis, underlining the potential effects of acidic fluids in natural environments. Pyrolysis induces also release from organics of some Sr with a very low (8)7Sr/Sr-86 ratio, as well as part of U. Both seem to have been volatilised during the experiment, whereas other metals such as Pb, Th and part of U appear to have been transferred from soluble phases into stable (silicate?) components. Increase of the K2O and radiogenic Ar-40 contents of the silicate minerals after pyrolysis is explained by removal of other elements that could only be volatilised, as the system remains strictly closed during the experiment. The observed increase in radiogenic Ar-40 implies that it was not preferentially released as a volatile gas phase when escaping the altered mineral phases. It had to be re-incorporated into newly-formed soluble phases, which is opposite to the general knowledge about the behavior of Ar in supergene natural environments. Because of the strictly closed-system conditions, hydrous-pyrolysis experiments allow to better identify and even quantify the geochemical aspects of organic-inorganic interactions, such as elemental exchanges, transfers and volatilisation, in potential source-rock shales during natural diagenetic hydrocarbon maturation. Published by Elsevier B.V. C1 ULP, CNRS, Ctr Geochim Surface, F-67084 Strasbourg, France. Kansas State Univ, Dept Geol, Manhattan, KS 66502 USA. US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Lakewood, CO 80225 USA. Univ San Francisco Quito, Ctr Geol Volcanol & Geodynam, Quito, Ecuador. RP Clauer, N (reprint author), ULP, CNRS, Ctr Geochim Surface, 1 Rue Blessig, F-67084 Strasbourg, France. EM nclauer@illite.u-strasbg.fr NR 19 TC 5 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 6 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0009-2541 EI 1878-5999 J9 CHEM GEOL JI Chem. Geol. PD OCT 30 PY 2006 VL 234 IS 1-2 BP 169 EP 177 DI 10.1016/j.chemgeo.2006.04.008 PG 9 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 097ZR UT WOS:000241489600010 ER PT J AU Reddy, MM Schuster, P Kendall, C Reddy, MB AF Reddy, Michael M. Schuster, Paul Kendall, Carol Reddy, Micaela B. TI Reply to comment on 'Characterization of surface and ground water delta O-18 seasonal variation and its use for estimating groundwater residence times' by R. E. Criss and W. E. Winston SO HYDROLOGICAL PROCESSES LA English DT Editorial Material ID NORTH CENTRAL MINNESOTA; CLOSED-BASIN LAKE; ISOTOPE HYDROLOGY; CATCHMENTS C1 US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Div Water Resources, Lakewood, CO 80225 USA. US Geol Survey, Div Water Resources, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. US Geol Survey, Div Water Resources, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. RP Reddy, MM (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Div Water Resources, MS 418, Lakewood, CO 80225 USA. EM mmreddy@usgs.gov NR 16 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 7 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD PI CHICHESTER PA THE ATRIUM, SOUTHERN GATE, CHICHESTER PO19 8SQ, W SUSSEX, ENGLAND SN 0885-6087 J9 HYDROL PROCESS JI Hydrol. Process. PD OCT 30 PY 2006 VL 20 IS 16 BP 3573 EP 3578 DI 10.1002/hyp.6516 PG 6 WC Water Resources SC Water Resources GA 101PG UT WOS:000241752100010 ER PT J AU Rose, WI Millard, GA Mather, TA Hunton, DE Anderson, B Oppenheimer, C Thornton, BF Gerlach, TM Viggiano, AA Kondo, Y Miller, TM Ballenthin, JO AF Rose, William I. Millard, Genevieve A. Mather, Tamsin A. Hunton, Donald E. Anderson, Bruce Oppenheimer, Clive Thornton, Brett F. Gerlach, Terrence M. Viggiano, Albert A. Kondo, Yutaka Miller, Thomas M. Ballenthin, John O. TI Atmospheric chemistry of a 33-34 hour old volcanic cloud from Hekla Volcano (Iceland): Insights from direct sampling and the application of chemical box modeling SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article ID ARCTIC LOWER STRATOSPHERE; MT ST-HELENS; OZONE DEPLETION; NITRIC-ACID; SULFATE AEROSOL; GAS EMISSIONS; 2000 ERUPTION; NITROGEN; WINTER; SIMULATIONS AB [ 1] On 28 February 2000, a volcanic cloud from Hekla volcano, Iceland, was serendipitously sampled by a DC-8 research aircraft during the SAGE III Ozone Loss and Validation Experiment ( SOLVE I). It was encountered at night at 10.4 km above sea level ( in the lower stratosphere) and 33 - 34 hours after emission. The cloud is readily identified by abundant SO2 ( <= 1 ppmv), HCl ( <= 70 ppbv), HF ( <= 60 ppbv), and particles ( which may have included fine silicate ash). We compare observed and modeled cloud compositions to understand its chemical evolution. Abundances of sulfur and halogen species indicate some oxidation of sulfur gases but limited scavenging and removal of halides. Chemical modeling suggests that cloud concentrations of water vapor and nitric acid promoted polar stratospheric cloud (PSC) formation at 201 - 203 K, yielding ice, nitric acid trihydrate (NAT), sulfuric acid tetrahydrate ( SAT), and liquid ternary solution H2SO4/H2O/HNO3 (STS) particles. We show that these volcanically induced PSCs, especially the ice and NAT particles, activated volcanogenic halogens in the cloud producing > 2 ppbv ClOx. This would have destroyed ozone during an earlier period of daylight, consistent with the very low levels of ozone observed. This combination of volcanogenic PSCs and chlorine destroyed ozone at much faster rates than other PSCs that Arctic winter. Elevated levels of HNO3 and NOy in the cloud can be explained by atmospheric nitrogen fixation in the eruption column due to high temperatures and/or volcanic lightning. However, observed elevated levels of HOx remain unexplained given that the cloud was sampled at night. C1 Michigan Technol Univ, Houghton, MI 49931 USA. Univ Cambridge, Dept Earth Sci, Cambridge CB2 3EQ, England. USAF, Res Lab, Hanscom AFB, MA 01731 USA. NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. Univ Cambridge, Dept Geog, Cambridge CB2 3EN, England. Univ Colorado, Program Atmospher & Ocean Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. US Geol Survey, Cascades Volcano Observ, Vancouver, WA 98683 USA. Univ Tokyo, Adv Sci & Technol Res Ctr, Meguro Ku, Tokyo 1538904, Japan. RP Rose, WI (reprint author), Michigan Technol Univ, Houghton, MI 49931 USA. EM raman@mtu.edu RI Rose, William/A-7923-2009; Mather, Tamsin/A-7604-2011; Kondo, Yutaka/D-1459-2012; Oppenheimer, Clive/G-9881-2013 OI Mather, Tamsin/0000-0003-4259-7303; Oppenheimer, Clive/0000-0003-4506-7260 NR 66 TC 59 Z9 59 U1 1 U2 40 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD OCT 24 PY 2006 VL 111 IS D20 AR D20206 DI 10.1029/2005JD006872 PG 17 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 100WG UT WOS:000241700300001 ER PT J AU Snyder, NP Wright, SA Alpers, CN Flint, LE Holmes, CW Rubin, DM AF Snyder, Noah P. Wright, Scott A. Alpers, Charles N. Flint, Lorraine E. Holmes, Charles W. Rubin, David M. TI Reconstructing depositional processes and history from reservoir stratigraphy: Englebright Lake, Yuba River, northern California SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-EARTH SURFACE LA English DT Article ID TURBIDITY CURRENTS; SEDIMENT; NEVADA; RADIONUCLIDES; DAMS AB [1] Reservoirs provide the opportunity to link watershed history with its stratigraphic record. We analyze sediment cores from a northern California reservoir in the context of hydrologic history, watershed management, and depositional processes. Observations of recent depositional patterns, sediment-transport calculations, and Cs-137 geochronology support a conceptual model in which the reservoir delta progrades during floods of short duration (days) and is modified during prolonged (weeks to months) drawdowns that rework topset beds and transport sand from topsets to foresets. Sediment coarser than 0.25-0.5 mm deposits in foresets and topsets, and finer material falls out of suspension as bottomset beds. Simple hydraulic calculations indicate that fine sand (0.063-0.5 mm) is transported into the distal bottomset area only during floods. The overall stratigraphy suggests that two phases of delta building occurred in the reservoir. The first, from dam construction in 1940 to 1970, was heavily influenced by annual, prolonged >20 m drawdowns of the water level. The second, built on top of the first, reflects sedimentation from 1970 to 2002 when the influence of drawdowns was less. Sedimentation rates in the central part of the reservoir have declined similar to 25% since 1970, likely reflecting a combination of fewer large floods, changes in watershed management, and winnowing of stored hydraulic mining sediment. C1 Boston Coll, Dept Geol & Geophys, Chestnut Hill, MA 02467 USA. US Geol Survey, Flagstaff, AZ 86001 USA. US Geol Survey, Sacramento, CA USA. US Geol Survey, St Petersburg, FL USA. US Geol Survey, Santa Cruz, CA USA. RP Snyder, NP (reprint author), Boston Coll, Dept Geol & Geophys, 140 Commonwealth Ave, Chestnut Hill, MA 02467 USA. EM noah.snyder@bc.edu OI Alpers, Charles/0000-0001-6945-7365 NR 33 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 5 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0148-0227 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-EARTH JI J. Geophys. Res.-Earth Surf. PD OCT 20 PY 2006 VL 111 IS F4 AR F04003 DI 10.1029/2005JF000451 PG 16 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 100UW UT WOS:000241695900001 ER PT J AU Holmgren, CA Betancourt, JL Rylander, KA AF Holmgren, Camille A. Betancourt, Julio L. Rylander, Kate A. TI A 36,000-yr vegetation history from the Peloncillo Mountains, southeastern Arizona, USA SO PALAEOGEOGRAPHY PALAEOCLIMATOLOGY PALAEOECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Chihuahuan Desert; packrat middens; Pleistocene; Holocene; macrofossils; pollen ID SOUTHWESTERN UNITED-STATES; SANTA-BARBARA BASIN; NORTHERN CHIHUAHUAN DESERT; LATE QUATERNARY LACUSTRINE; NEW-MEXICO; PALEOCLIMATIC SIGNIFICANCE; SOUTHERN ARIZONA; CLIMATE-CHANGE; HOLOCENE VEGETATION; FUNCTIONAL TYPES AB A 36,200 cal yr B.P. vegetation history was developed from macrofossils and pollen from 55 packrat middens from 1287 to 1442 m elevation in the Peloncillo Mountains of southeasternmost Arizona, USA. Today, these elevations are dominated by semidesert grassland with a mixture of Chihuahuan and Sonoran Desert shrubs, including an eastern disjunct population of jojoba (Simmondsia chinensis). From 36,200 to 15,410 cal yr B.P., rocky areas just above large, pluvial lakes that occupied what are now dry playas supported Pinus edulis, Juniperus osteosperma, Juniperus cf coahuilensis, Quercus cf. turbinella and a rich understory of summer-flowering C(4) annuals and grasses, indicating abundant summer rains and mild winters. After similar to 15,410 cal yr B.P., P edulis declined in abundance and disappeared briefly at 13,925 call yr B.P., coincident with expansion of more xeric species and paleohydrological evidence for regional aridity during the Bolling-Allerod warm interval. P. edulis rebounded briefly during the Younger Dryas at 12,405 cal yr B.P. before disappearing along with other mesic woodland species sometime after 12, 100 cal yr B.P. The few middens dating from the early to middle Holocene (10,000-4000 yr B.P.) indicate wetter conditions than today at 7790 cal yr B.P. followed by a general drying trend. The 35 middens from the late Holocene detail the sequential arrival of desertscrub species as vegetation became more modem in character. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Calif State Univ Long Beach, Dept Geog, Long Beach, CA 90840 USA. US Geol Survey, Desert Lab, Tucson, AZ 85745 USA. RP Holmgren, CA (reprint author), Calif State Univ Long Beach, Dept Geog, 1250 Bellflower Blvd, Long Beach, CA 90840 USA. EM cholmgre@csulb.edu RI Munguia-Vega, Adrian/G-8417-2012 NR 73 TC 30 Z9 30 U1 0 U2 14 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0031-0182 J9 PALAEOGEOGR PALAEOCL JI Paleogeogr. Paleoclimatol. Paleoecol. PD OCT 19 PY 2006 VL 240 IS 3-4 BP 405 EP 422 DI 10.1016/j.palaeo.2006.02.017 PG 18 WC Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Paleontology SC Physical Geography; Geology; Paleontology GA 097FB UT WOS:000241431200003 ER PT J AU Yuan, FS Linsley, BK Howe, SS Lund, SP McGeehin, JP AF Yuan, Fasong Linsley, Braddock K. Howe, Stephen S. Lund, Steve P. McGeehin, John P. TI Late Holocene lake-level fluctuations in Walker Lake, Nevada, USA SO PALAEOGEOGRAPHY PALAEOCLIMATOLOGY PALAEOECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Late Holocene; sediment; stable isotope; paleoclimate; Walker Lake; Sierra Nevada ID SIERRA-NEVADA; MAGNETIC-SUSCEPTIBILITY; PYRAMID LAKE; CALIFORNIA; CLIMATE; PRECIPITATION; PACIFIC; SYSTEMS; BASIN; RIVER AB Walker Lake, a hydrologically closed, saline, and alkaline lake, is situated along the western margin of the Great Basin in Nevada of the western United States. Analyses of the magnetic susceptibility (chi), total inorganic carbon (TIC), and oxygen isotopic composition (delta O-18) of carbonate sediments including ostracode shells (Limnocythere ceriotuberosa) from Walker Lake allow us to extend the sediment record of lake-level fluctuations back to 2700 years B.P. There are approximately five major stages over the course of the late Holocene hydrologic evolution in Walker Lake: an early lowstand (> 2400 years B.P.), a lake-filling period (similar to 2400 to similar to 1000 years B.P.), a lake-level lowering period during the Medieval Warm Period (MWP) (similar to 1000 to similar to 600 years B.P.), a relatively wet period (similar to 600 to similar to 100 years B.P.), and the anthropogenically induced lake-level lowering period (< 100 years B.P.). The most pronounced lowstand of Walker Lake occurred at similar to 2400 years B.P., as indicated by the relatively high values of delta O-18. This is generally in agreement with the previous lower resolution paleoclimate results from Walker Lake, but contrasts with the sediment records from adjacent Pyramid Lake and Siesta Lake. The pronounced lowstand suggests that the Walker River that fills Walker Lake may have partially diverted into the Carson Sink through the Adrian paleochannel between 2700 to 1400 years B.P. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Texas A&M Univ, Agr Res & Extens Ctr, El Paso, TX 79927 USA. SUNY Albany, Dept Earth & Atmospher Sci, Albany, NY 12222 USA. Univ So Calif, Dept Earth Sci, Los Angeles, CA 90089 USA. US Geol Survey, Reston, VA 20192 USA. RP Yuan, FS (reprint author), Texas A&M Univ, Agr Res & Extens Ctr, 1380 A&M Circle, El Paso, TX 79927 USA. EM fyuan@tamu.edu OI Yuan, Fasong/0000-0001-8079-280X NR 33 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 1 U2 10 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0031-0182 J9 PALAEOGEOGR PALAEOCL JI Paleogeogr. Paleoclimatol. Paleoecol. PD OCT 19 PY 2006 VL 240 IS 3-4 BP 497 EP 507 DI 10.1016/j.palaeo.2006.03.003 PG 11 WC Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Paleontology SC Physical Geography; Geology; Paleontology GA 097FB UT WOS:000241431200008 ER PT J AU Johnson, JR Sohl-Dickstein, J Grundy, WM Arvidson, RE Bell, J Christensen, P Graff, T Guinness, EA Kinch, K Morris, R Shepard, MK AF Johnson, Jeffrey R. Sohl-Dickstein, Jascha Grundy, William M. Arvidson, Raymond E. Bell, James, III Christensen, Phil Graff, Trevor Guinness, Edward A. Kinch, Kjartan Morris, Richard Shepard, Michael K. TI Radiative transfer modeling of dust-coated Pancam calibration target materials: Laboratory visible/near-infrared spectrogoniometry SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-PLANETS LA English DT Article ID PATHFINDER LANDING SITE; MARS PATHFINDER; PHOTOMETRIC PROPERTIES; GUSEV CRATER; SCATTERING PROPERTIES; QUANTITATIVE-ANALYSIS; INDIVIDUAL PARTICLES; MARTIAN ATMOSPHERE; SOLAR WAVELENGTHS; SPIRIT ROVER AB [ 1] Laboratory visible/near-infrared multispectral observations of Mars Exploration Rover Pancam calibration target materials coated with different thicknesses of Mars spectral analog dust were acquired under variable illumination geometries using the Bloomsburg University Goniometer. The data were fit with a two-layer radiative transfer model that combines a Hapke formulation for the dust with measured values of the substrate interpolated using a He-Torrance approach. We first determined the single-scattering albedo, phase function, opposition effect width, and amplitude for the dust using the entire data set ( six coating thicknesses, three substrates, four wavelengths, and phase angles 3 degrees - 117 degrees). The dust exhibited single-scattering albedo values similar to other Mars analog soils and to Mars Pathfinder dust and a dominantly forward scattering behavior whose scattering lobe became narrower at longer wavelengths. Opacity values for each dust thickness corresponded well to those predicted from the particles sizes of the Mars analog dust. We then restricted the number of substrates, dust thicknesses, and incidence angles input to the model. The results suggest that the dust properties are best characterized when using substrates whose reflectances are brighter and darker than those of the deposited dust and data that span a wide range of dust thicknesses. The model also determined the dust photometric properties relatively well despite limitations placed on the range of incidence angles. The model presented here will help determine the photometric properties of dust deposited on the MER rovers and to track the multiple episodes of dust deposition and erosion that have occurred at both landing sites. C1 US Geol Survey, Flagstaff, AZ 86001 USA. Washington Univ, Dept Earth & Planetary Sci, St Louis, MO 63130 USA. Cornell Univ, Dept Astron, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. Arizona State Univ, Dept Geol Sci, Tempe, AZ 85287 USA. Lowell Observ, Flagstaff, AZ 86001 USA. NASA, Lyndon B Johnson Space Ctr, Houston, TX 77058 USA. Bloomsburg Univ, Dept Geol & Geosci, Bloomsburg, PA 17815 USA. RP Johnson, JR (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 2255 N Gemini Dr, Flagstaff, AZ 86001 USA. EM jrjohnson@usgs.gov RI Johnson, Jeffrey/F-3972-2015; Kinch, Kjartan/C-5742-2015; Hayes, Alexander/P-2024-2014; Seelos, Frank/C-7875-2016; Lemmon, Mark/E-9983-2010 OI Soderblom, Jason/0000-0003-3715-6407; Kinch, Kjartan/0000-0002-4629-8880; Hayes, Alexander/0000-0001-6397-2630; Seelos, Frank/0000-0001-9721-941X; Lemmon, Mark/0000-0002-4504-5136 NR 74 TC 58 Z9 59 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-9097 EI 2169-9100 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-PLANET JI J. Geophys. Res.-Planets PD OCT 18 PY 2006 VL 111 IS E12 AR E12S07 DI 10.1029/2005JE002658 PG 22 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 100VB UT WOS:000241696500001 ER PT J AU Idowu, AD Dasgupta, PK Zhang, GF Toda, K Garbarino, JR AF Idowu, Ademola D. Dasgupta, Purnendu K. Zhang, Genfa Toda, Kei Garbarino, John R. TI A gas-phase chemiluminescence-based analyzer for waterborne arsenic SO ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID ATOMIC-ABSORPTION SPECTROMETRY; ICP-MS DETECTION; HYDRIDE GENERATION; NATURAL-WATERS; CHEMI-LUMINESCENCE; ARSINE GENERATION; DRINKING-WATER; FLOW-ANALYSIS; SPECIAL-ISSUE; GROUNDWATER AB We show a practical sequential injection/ zone fluidics-based analyzer that measures waterborne arsenic. The approach is capable of differentiating between inorganic As(III) and As(V). The principle is based on generating AsH3 from the sample in a confined chamber by borohydride reduction at controlled pH, sparging the chamber to drive the AsH3 to a small reflective cell located atop a photomultiplier tube, allowing it to react with ozone generated from ambient air, and measuring the intense chemiluminescence that results. Arsine generation and removal from solution results in isolation from the sample matrix, avoiding the pitfalls encountered in some solution-based analysis techniques. The differential determination of As( III) and As( V) is based on the different pH dependence of the reducibility of these species to AsH3. At pH <= 1, both As( III) and As( V) are quantitatively converted to arsine in the presence of NaBH4. At a pH of 4- 5, only As( III) is converted to arsine. In the present form, the limit of detection (S/N = 3) is 0.05 mu g/L As at pH <= 1 and 0.09 mu g/L As( III) at pH similar to 4- 5 for a 3-mL sample. The analyzer is intrinsically automated and requires 4 min per determination. It is also possible to determine As( III) first at pH 4.5 and then determine the remaining As in a sequential manner; this requires 6 min. There are no significant practical interferences. A new borohydride solution formulation permits month-long reagent stability. C1 Texas Tech Univ, Dept Chem & Biochem, Lubbock, TX 79409 USA. US Geol Survey, Natl Water Qual Lab, Denver Fed Ctr, Denver, CO 80225 USA. Kumamoto Univ, Dept Sci, Kumamoto 8608555, Japan. RP Dasgupta, PK (reprint author), Univ Texas, Dept Chem & Biochem, Arlington, TX 76019 USA. EM Dasgupta@uta.edu NR 72 TC 39 Z9 40 U1 1 U2 13 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0003-2700 J9 ANAL CHEM JI Anal. Chem. PD OCT 15 PY 2006 VL 78 IS 20 BP 7088 EP 7097 DI 10.1021/ac061439y PG 10 WC Chemistry, Analytical SC Chemistry GA 094DO UT WOS:000241219800003 PM 17037907 ER PT J AU Pluhar, CJ Coe, RS Lewis, JC Monastero, FC Glen, JMG AF Pluhar, Christopher J. Coe, Robert S. Lewis, Jonathan C. Monastero, Francis C. Glen, Jonathan M. G. TI Fault block kinematics at a releasing stepover of the Eastern California shear zone: Partitioning of rotation style in and around the Coso geothermal area and nascent metamorphic core complex SO EARTH AND PLANETARY SCIENCE LETTERS LA English DT Article DE Eastern California shear zone; Walker Lane Belt; Coso volcanic field; Wild Horse Mesa; China Lake; paleomagnetism; vertical-axis rotation; metamorphic core complex; kinematics; Pliocene ID PALEOMAGNETIC DATA; MOJAVE-DESERT; RANGE; BASIN; TRANSTENSION; DEFORMATION; VALLEY; MOTION; MODEL AB Pliocene lavas and sediments of Wild Horse Mesa in the Coso Range, CA exhibit clockwise vertical-axis rotation of fault-bounded blocks. This indicates localization of one strand of the Eastern California shear zone/Walker Lane Belt within a large-scale, transtensional, dextral, releasing stepover. We measured rotations paleomagnetically relative to two different reference frames. At two localities we averaged secular variation through sedimentary sections to reveal rotation or its absence relative to paleogeographic north. Where sediments are lacking we used areally-extensive lava flows from individual cooling units or short eruptive episodes to measure the relative rotation of localities by comparing their paleomagnetic remanence directions to one another. At the western edge of Wild Horse Mesa the fanglomerate member of the Coso Formation (c.a. 3 Ma) exhibits between 8.4 degrees +/- 7.8 degrees and 26.2 degrees +/- 9.0 degrees (two endmember models of a continuum) absolute clockwise rotation. Within Wild Horse Mesa, 33.5 Ma lavas at 5 different localities exhibit about 12.0 degrees +/- 4.6 degrees (weighted mean) clockwise rotation relative to the margins of the area, a result statistically indistinguishable from the absolute rotation. Hence the segment of the Eastern California shear zone passing through Wild Horse Mesa has caused vertical axis rotation of fault-bounded blocks as part of the overall dextral shear strain. The magnitude of block rotation at Wild Horse Mesa suggests that rotation has accommodated: 1) 1.5 km of dextral shear the area's bounding faults and 2) 2 km of extension perpendicular to the Coso Wash normal fault during this same period. This corresponds to 13-25% extension across the mesa. In contrast to Wild Horse Mesa, the opposite (western) side of the trace of the Coso Wash normal fault hosts the Coso geothermal area and what Monastero et al. [F.C. Monastero, A.M. Katzenstein, J.S. Miller, JR. Unruh, M.C. Adams, K. Richards-Dinger, The Coso geothermal field: a nascent metamorphic core complex, Geol. Soc. Amer. Bull. 117 (2005) 1534-1553.] characterize as a nascent metamorphic core complex. Consistent with upper plate disruption above a detachment, surface rocks (i.e. the upper plate of the detachment system) at the Coso geothermal area are tilted westward. However they appear to exhibit no detectable rotation. Thus, C1 Univ Calif Santa Cruz, Dept Earth Sci, Santa Cruz, CA 95064 USA. Indiana Univ Penn, Indiana, PA 15705 USA. Naval Air Warfare Ctr, Geothermal Program Off, China Lake, CA 93555 USA. Berkeley Geochronol Ctr, Berkeley, CA 94709 USA. US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. RP Pluhar, CJ (reprint author), Univ Calif Santa Cruz, Dept Earth Sci, 1156 High St, Santa Cruz, CA 95064 USA. EM cpluhar@pmc.ucsc.edu OI Lewis, Jonathan/0000-0002-6986-6094 NR 49 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 4 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0012-821X EI 1385-013X J9 EARTH PLANET SC LETT JI Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. PD OCT 15 PY 2006 VL 250 IS 1-2 BP 134 EP 163 DI 10.1016/j.epsl.2006.07.034 PG 30 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 105RV UT WOS:000242050900011 ER PT J AU Wiener, JG Knights, BC Sandheinrich, MB Jeremiason, JD Brigham, ME Engstrom, DR Woodruff, LG Cannon, WF Balogh, SJ AF Wiener, J. G. Knights, B. C. Sandheinrich, M. B. Jeremiason, J. D. Brigham, M. E. Engstrom, D. R. Woodruff, L. G. Cannon, W. F. Balogh, S. J. TI Mercury in soils, lakes, and fish in Voyageurs National Park (Minnesota): Importance of atmospheric deposition and ecosystem factors SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID DISSOLVED ORGANIC-CARBON; CANADIAN SHIELD LAKES; METHYL MERCURY; WATERSHED CHARACTERISTICS; CIRCUMNEUTRAL LAKES; ADIRONDACK LAKES; NEW-YORK; METHYLMERCURY; SEDIMENTS; FLUXES AB Concentrations of methylmercury in game fish from many interior lakes in Voyageurs National Park (MN, U. S. A.) substantially exceed criteria for the protection of human health. We assessed the importance of atmospheric and geologic sources of mercury to interior lakes and watersheds within the Park and identified ecosystem factors associated with variation in methylmercury contamination of lacustrine food webs. Geologic sources of mercury were small, based on analyses of underlying bedrock and C-horizon soils, and nearly all mercury in the O- and A-horizon soils was derived from atmospheric deposition. Analyses of dated sediment cores from five lakes showed that most (63% +/- 13%) of the mercury accumulated in lake sediments during the 1900s was from anthropogenic sources. Contamination of food webs was assessed by analysis of whole, 1-year-old yellow perch (Perca flavescens), a regionally important prey fish. The concentrations of total mercury in yellow perch and of methylmercury in lake water varied substantially among lakes, reflecting the influence of ecosystem processes and variables that affect the microbial production and abundance of methylmercury. Models developed with the information-theoretic approach (Akaike Information Criteria) identified lake water pH, dissolved sulfate, and total organic carbon (an indicator of wetland influence) as factors influencing methylmercury concentrations in lake water and fish. We conclude that nearly all of the mercury in fish in this seemingly pristine landscape was derived from atmospheric deposition, that most of this bioaccumulated mercury was from anthropogenic sources, and that both watershed and lacustrine factors exert important controls on the bioaccumulation of methylmercury. C1 Univ Wisconsin, River Studies Ctr, La Crosse, WI 54601 USA. US Geol Survey, Upper Midw Environm Sci Ctr, La Crosse, WI 54603 USA. Gustavus Adolphus Coll, Dept Chem, St Peter, MN 56082 USA. US Geol Survey, Water Sci Ctr Minnesota, Mounds View, MN 55112 USA. St Croix Watershed Res Stn, St Croix, MN 55047 USA. US Geol Survey, Natl Ctr, Reston, VA 20192 USA. Metropolitan Council Environm Serv, St Paul, MN 55106 USA. RP Wiener, JG (reprint author), Univ Wisconsin, River Studies Ctr, La Crosse, WI 54601 USA. EM wiener.jame@uwlax.edu OI Brigham, Mark/0000-0001-7412-6800 NR 72 TC 115 Z9 119 U1 4 U2 48 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0013-936X J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD OCT 15 PY 2006 VL 40 IS 20 BP 6261 EP 6268 DI 10.1021/es060822h PG 8 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 093TM UT WOS:000241192600017 PM 17120551 ER PT J AU Amrani, A Said-Ahamed, W Lewan, MD Aizenshtat, Z AF Amrani, Alon Said-Ahamed, Ward Lewan, Michael D. Aizenshtat, Zeev TI Experiments on delta S-34 mixing between organic and inorganic sulfur species during thermal maturation SO GEOCHIMICA ET COSMOCHIMICA ACTA LA English DT Article ID THERMOCHEMICAL SULFATE REDUCTION; BOHAI BAY BASIN; SOUR GAS ACCUMULATION; HYDROUS PYROLYSIS; GEOCHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS; RICH GEOMACROMOLECULES; LABORATORY EXPERIMENTS; ISOTOPIC COMPOSITION; POLYSULFIDE ANIONS; MARINE-SEDIMENTS AB Reduced sulfur species were studied to constrain isotopic exchange-mixing with synthetic polysulfide cross-linked macromolecules (PCLM), model sulfur containing molecules and natural sulfur-rich kerogen, asphalt and oil of the Dead Sea area. PCLM represents protokerogens that are rich in sulfur and thermally unstable. Mixing rates of PCLM with HS(aq)- (added as (NH4)(2)S-(aq)) at low to moderate temperatures (50-200 degrees C) are rapid. Elemental sulfur and H2S(gas) fully mix isotopes with PCLM during pyrolysis conditions at 200 degrees C. During these reactions significant structural changes of the PCLM occur to form polysulfide dimers, thiolanes and thiophenes. As pyrolysis temperatures or reaction times increase, the PCLM thermal products are transformed to more aromatic sulfur compounds. Isotopic mixing rates increase with increasing pyrolysis temperature and time. Polysulfide bonds (S-S) in the PCLM are responsible for most of these structural and isotopic changes because of their low stability. Conversely, sulfur isotope mixing does not occur between dibenzothiophene (aromatic S) or hexadecanthiol (C-SH) and HS(aq)- at 200 degrees C after 48 h. This shows that rates of sulfur isotope mixing are strongly dependent on the functionality of the sulfur in the organic matter. The order of isotopic mixing rates for organic matter is kerogen > asphalt > oil, which is inverse to their sulfur thermal stability. Asphalt and oil with more refractory sulfur show significantly lower isotopes mixing rates than the kerogen with more labile sulfur. Based on the findings of the present study we suggest that sulfur isotopes mixing can occur from early diagenesis into catagenesis and result in isotopic homogenization of the inorganic and organic reduced sulfur pools. (c) 2006 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. C1 Hebrew Univ Jerusalem, Casali Inst Appl Chem, IL-91904 Jerusalem, Israel. Hebrew Univ Jerusalem, Dept Organ Chem, IL-91904 Jerusalem, Israel. US Geol Survey, Denver, CO 80225 USA. RP Aizenshtat, Z (reprint author), Hebrew Univ Jerusalem, Casali Inst Appl Chem, IL-91904 Jerusalem, Israel. EM zeev@vms.huji.ac.il NR 67 TC 20 Z9 22 U1 1 U2 8 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0016-7037 J9 GEOCHIM COSMOCHIM AC JI Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta PD OCT 15 PY 2006 VL 70 IS 20 BP 5146 EP 5161 DI 10.1016/j.gca.2006.07.030 PG 16 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 101SK UT WOS:000241760600006 ER PT J AU Belnap, J AF Belnap, Jayne TI The potential roles of biological soil crusts in dryland hydrologic cycles SO HYDROLOGICAL PROCESSES LA English DT Article DE arid; desert; infiltration; microbiotic crusts; runoff; semiarid; water cycles; water erosion ID DEGRADED SEMIARID WOODLAND; RAIN-IMPACTED FLOW; MICROBIOTIC CRUSTS; COLORADO PLATEAU; CRYPTOGAM COVER; WESTERN-NEGEV; SANDY SOILS; PHYSICAL-PROPERTIES; SURFACE CONDITION; PLANT SUCCESSION AB Biological soil crusts (BSCs) are the dominant living cover in many drylands of the world. They possess many features that can influence different aspects of local hydrologic cycles, including soil porosity, absorptivity, roughness, aggregate stability, texture, pore formation, and water retention. The influence of biological soil crusts on these factors depends on their internal and external structure, which varies with climate, soil, and disturbance history. This paper presents the different types of biological soil crusts, discusses how crust type likely influences various aspects of the hydrologic cycle, and reviews what is known and not known about the influence of biological crusts on sediment production and water infiltration versus runoff in various drylands around the world. Most studies examining the effect of biological soil crusts on local hydrology are done by comparing undisturbed sites with those recently disturbed by the researchers. Unfortunately, this greatly complicates interpretation of the results. Applied disturbances alter many soil features such as soil texture, roughness, aggregate stability, physical crusting, porosity, and bulk density in ways that would not necessarily be the same if crusts were not naturally present. Combined, these studies show little agreement on how biological crusts affect water infiltration or runoff. However, when studies are separated by biological crust type and utilize naturally occurring differences among these types, results indicate that biological crusts in hyperarid regions reduce infiltration and increase runoff, have mixed effects in and regions, and increase infiltration and reduce runoff in semiarid cool and cold drylands. However, more studies are needed before broad generalizations can be made on how biological crusts affect infiltration and runoff. We especially need studies that control for sub-surface soil features such as bulk density, micro- and macropores, and biological crust structure. Unlike the mixed effects of biological crusts on infiltration and runoff among regions, almost all studies show that biological crusts reduce sediment production, regardless of crust or dryland type. Published in 2006 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. C1 US Geol Survey, SW Biol Sci Ctr, Canyonlands Res Stn, Moab, UT 84532 USA. RP Belnap, J (reprint author), US Geol Survey, SW Biol Sci Ctr, Canyonlands Res Stn, 2290 S West Resource Blvd, Moab, UT 84532 USA. EM jayne_belnap@usgs.gov NR 86 TC 221 Z9 247 U1 22 U2 160 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD PI CHICHESTER PA THE ATRIUM, SOUTHERN GATE, CHICHESTER PO19 8SQ, W SUSSEX, ENGLAND SN 0885-6087 J9 HYDROL PROCESS JI Hydrol. Process. PD OCT 15 PY 2006 VL 20 IS 15 BP 3159 EP 3178 DI 10.1002/hyp.6325 PG 20 WC Water Resources SC Water Resources GA 097PP UT WOS:000241460700002 ER PT J AU Scanlon, BR Keese, KE Flint, AL Flint, LE Gaye, CB Edmunds, WM Simmers, I AF Scanlon, Bridget R. Keese, Kelley E. Flint, Alan L. Flint, Lorraine E. Gaye, Cheikh B. Edmunds, W. Michael Simmers, Ian TI Global synthesis of groundwater recharge in semiarid and arid regions SO HYDROLOGICAL PROCESSES LA English DT Review DE groundwater recharge; water resources; climate variability; land use/land cover change ID SOIL-WATER MOVEMENT; NINO SOUTHERN-OSCILLATION; WESTERN UNITED-STATES; CHLORIDE-MASS-BALANCE; NORTH CHINA PLAIN; LONG-TERM RISE; DESERT VADOSE ZONES; UNSATURATED-ZONE; EL-NINO; LAND-USE AB Global synthesis of the findings from similar to 140 recharge study areas in semiarid and and regions provides important information on recharge rates, controls, and processes, which are critical for sustainable water development. Water resource evaluation, dryland salinity assessment (Australia), and radioactive waste disposal (US) are among the primary goals of many of these recharge studies. The chloride mass balance (CMB) technique is widely used to estimate recharge. Average recharge rates estimated over large areas (40-374 000 km(2)) range from 0.2 to 35 mm. year(-1), representing 0.1-5% of long-term average annual precipitation. Extreme local variability in recharge, with rates up to similar to 720 m year(-1), results from focussed recharge beneath ephemeral streams and lakes and preferential flow mostly in fractured systems. System response to climate variability and land use/land cover (LU/LC) changes is archived in unsaturated zone tracer profiles and in groundwater level fluctuations. Inter-annual climate variability related to El Nino Southern Oscillation (ENSO) results in up to three times higher recharge in regions within the SW US during periods of frequent El Ninos (1977-1998) relative to periods dominated by La Ninas (1941-1957). Enhanced recharge related to ENSO is also documented in Argentina. Climate variability at decadal to century scales recorded in chloride profiles in Africa results in recharge rates of 30 mm year(-1) during the Sahel drought (1970-1986) to 150 mm year(-1) during non-drought periods. Variations in climate at millennial scales in the SW US changed systems from recharge during the Pleistocene glacial period ( : 10 000 years ago) to discharge during the Holocene semiarid period. LU/LC changes such as deforestation in Australia increased recharge up to about 2 orders of magnitude. Changes from natural grassland and shrublands to dryland (rain-fed) agriculture altered systems from discharge (evapotranspiration, ET) to recharge in the SW US. The impact of LU change was much greater than climate variability in Niger (Africa), where replacement of savanna by crops increased recharge by about an order of magnitude even during severe droughts. Sensitivity of recharge to LU/LC changes suggests that recharge may be controlled through management of LU. In irrigated areas, recharge varies from 10 to 485 mm year-1, representing 1-25% of irrigation plus precipitation. However, irrigation pumpage in groundwater-fed irrigated areas greatly exceeds recharge rates, resulting in groundwater mining. Increased recharge related to cultivation has mobilized salts that accumulated in the unsaturated zone over millennia, resulting in widespread groundwater and surface water contamination, particularly in Australia. The synthesis of recharge rates provided in this study contains valuable information for developing sustainable groundwater resource programmes within the context of climate variability and LU/LC change. Copyright (C) 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. C1 Univ Texas, Bur Econ Geol, Jackson Sch Geosci, Austin, TX 78713 USA. US Geol Survey, Sacramento, CA 95819 USA. Univ Cheikh Anta Diop, Dept Geol, Dakar, Senegal. Univ Oxford, Ctr Environm, Oxford Ctr Water Res, Oxford OX1 3QY, England. Vrije Univ Amsterdam, Fac Earth & Life Sci, Amsterdam, Netherlands. RP Scanlon, BR (reprint author), Univ Texas, Bur Econ Geol, Jackson Sch Geosci, Austin, TX 78713 USA. EM bridget.scanlon@beg.utexas.edu RI Scanlon, Bridget/A-3105-2009 OI Scanlon, Bridget/0000-0002-1234-4199 NR 160 TC 288 Z9 303 U1 35 U2 245 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD PI CHICHESTER PA THE ATRIUM, SOUTHERN GATE, CHICHESTER PO19 8SQ, W SUSSEX, ENGLAND SN 0885-6087 J9 HYDROL PROCESS JI Hydrol. Process. PD OCT 15 PY 2006 VL 20 IS 15 BP 3335 EP 3370 DI 10.1002/hyp.6335 PG 36 WC Water Resources SC Water Resources GA 097PP UT WOS:000241460700012 ER PT J AU Konrad, CP AF Konrad, Christopher P. TI Location and timing of river-aquifer exchanges in six tributaries to the Columbia River in the Pacific Northwest of the United States SO JOURNAL OF HYDROLOGY LA English DT Article DE streamflow; base-flow; ground-water; ground-water and surface-water interaction; stream-aquifer system; Columbia River ID TRANSIENT STORAGE; WILLAMETTE RIVER; HYPORHEIC FLOW; STREAM; OREGON; EQUATION; BASIN AB The flow of water between rivers and contiguous aquifers influences the quantity and quality of water resources, particularly in regions where precipitation and runoff are unevenly distributed through the year, such as the Columbia Basin (CB) in northwestern United States. Investigations of basin hydrogeology and gains and losses of streamflow for six rivers in the CB were reviewed to characterize general patterns in the timing and location of river-aquifer exchanges at a reach-scale (0.5-150 km) and to identify geologic and geomorphic features associated with the largest exchanges. Ground-water discharge to each river, or the gain in streamflow, was concentrated spatially: more than one-half of the total gains along each river segment were contributed from reaches that represented no more than 30% of the total segment length with the largest and most concentrated gains in rivers in volcanic terrains. Fluvial recharge of aquifers, or losses of streamflow, was largest in rivers in sedimentary basins where unconsolidated sediments form shallow aquifers. Three types of geologic or geomorphic features were associated with the largest exchanges: (1) changes in the thickness of unconsolidated aquifers; (2) contacts between lithologic units that represent contrasts in permeability; and (3) channel forms that increase the hydraulic gradient or cross-sectional area of flow paths between a river and shallow ground-water. The down-valley component of ground-water flow and its vertical convergence on or divergence from a riverbed account for large streamflow gains in some reaches and contrast with the common assumption of lateral ground-water discharge to a river that penetrates completely through the aquifer. Increased ground-water discharge was observed during high-flow periods in reaches of four rivers indicating that changes in ground-water levels can be more important than stage fluctuations in regulating the direction and magnitude of river-aquifer exchanges and that assumptions about ground-water discharge during high flow periods used for base-flow separation must be verified. Given the variety of geologic terrains in the CB, the spatial and temporal patterns of river-aquifer exchanges provide a framework for investigations in other regions that includes a focus on reaches where the largest exchanges are likely to occur, integration of ground-water and surface-water data, and verification of assumptions regarding ground-water flow direction and temporal variation of exchanges. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 US Geol Survey, Tacoma, WA 98402 USA. RP Konrad, CP (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 1201 Pacific Ave,Suite 600, Tacoma, WA 98402 USA. EM cpkonrad@usgs.gov OI Konrad, Christopher/0000-0002-7354-547X NR 49 TC 28 Z9 28 U1 0 U2 16 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0022-1694 J9 J HYDROL JI J. Hydrol. PD OCT 15 PY 2006 VL 329 IS 3-4 BP 444 EP 470 DI 10.1016/j.jhydrol.2006.02.028 PG 27 WC Engineering, Civil; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Engineering; Geology; Water Resources GA 095GC UT WOS:000241295200009 ER PT J AU Gu, YX Belair, S Mahfouf, JF Deblonde, G AF Gu, Yingxin Belair, Stephane Mahfouf, Jean-Francois Deblonde, Godelieve TI Optimal interpolation analysis of leaf area index using MODIS data SO REMOTE SENSING OF ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article DE leaf area index; data analysis; MODIS; vegetation; atmospheric and environmental models; remote sensing ID PHOTOSYNTHETICALLY ACTIVE RADIATION; ABSORBED PAR; MISR DATA; ALGORITHM; FRACTION; CLIMATE; MODEL; IMPLEMENTATION; ASSIMILATION; VALIDATION AB A simple data analysis technique for vegetation leaf area index (LAI) using Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) data is presented. The objective is to generate LAI data that is appropriate for numerical weather prediction. A series of techniques and procedures which includes data quality control, time-series data smoothing, and simple data analysis is applied. The LAI analysis is an optimal combination of the MODIS observations and derived climatology, depending on their associated errors sigma(o) and sigma(c). The "best estimate" LAI is derived from a simple three-point smoothing technique combined with a selection of maximum LAI (after data quality control) values to ensure a higher quality. The LAI climatology is a time smoothed mean value of the "best estimate" LAI during the years of 2002-2004. The observation error is obtained by comparing the MODIS observed LAI with the "best estimate" of the LAI, and the climatological error is obtained by comparing the "best estimate" of LAI with the climatological LAI value. The LAI analysis is the result of a weighting between these two errors. Demonstration of the method described in this paper is presented for the 15-km grid of Meteorological Service of Canada (MSC)'s regional version of the numerical weather prediction model. The final LAI analyses have a relatively smooth temporal evolution, which makes them more appropriate for environmental prediction than the original MODIS LAI observation data. They are also more realistic than the LAI data currently used operationally at the MSC which is based on land-cover databases. (c) 2006 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. C1 Meteorol Serv Canada, Meteorol Res Branch, Dorval, PQ, Canada. RP Gu, YX (reprint author), USGS Ctr Earth Resources Observat & Sci EROS, Sioux Falls, SD 57198 USA. EM ygu@usgs.gov OI Gu, Yingxin/0000-0002-3544-1856 NR 27 TC 30 Z9 33 U1 2 U2 9 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 360 PARK AVE SOUTH, NEW YORK, NY 10010-1710 USA SN 0034-4257 EI 1879-0704 J9 REMOTE SENS ENVIRON JI Remote Sens. Environ. PD OCT 15 PY 2006 VL 104 IS 3 BP 283 EP 296 DI 10.1016/j.rse.2006.04.021 PG 14 WC Environmental Sciences; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA 092ER UT WOS:000241080300003 ER PT J AU Gungle, B Krider, EP AF Gungle, Bruce Krider, E. Philip TI Cloud-to-ground lightning and surface rainfall in warm-season Florida thunderstorms SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article ID MESOSCALE CONVECTIVE SYSTEM; CENTRAL UNITED-STATES; KENNEDY-SPACE-CENTER; THUNDERCLOUD PARAMETERS; RADAR REFLECTIVITY; FLASH-FLOOD; PRECIPITATION; STORM; SATELLITE; DISTRIBUTIONS AB Relationships between cloud-to-ground (CG) lightning and surface rainfall have been examined in nine isolated, warm-season thunderstorms on the east coast of central Florida. CG flashes and the associated rain volumes were measured as a function of time in storm-centered reference frames that followed each storm over a network of rain gauges. Values of the storm-average rain volume per CG flash ranged from 0.70 x 10(4) to 6.4 x 10(4) m(3)/CG flash, with a mean (and standard deviation) of 2.6 x 10(4) +/- 2.1 x 10(4) m(3)/CG flash. Values of the rain volume concurrent with CG flashes ranged from 0.11 x 10(4) to 4.9 x 10(4) m(3)/CG flash with a mean of 2.1 x 10(4) +/- 2.0 x 10(4) m(3)/CG flash. The lag-time between the peak CG flash rate and the peak rainfall rate (using 5 min bins), and the results of a lag correlation analysis, show that surface rainfall tends to follow the lightning (positive lag) by up to 20 min in six storms. In one storm the rainfall preceded the lightning by 5 min, and two storms had nonsignificant lags. Values of the lagged rain volume concurrent with CG flashes ranged from 0.43 x 10(4) to 4.9 x 10(4) m(3)/CG flash, and the mean was 1.9 x 10(4) +/- 1.7 x 10(4) m(3)/CG flash. For the five storms that produced 12 or more flashes and had significant lags, a plot of the optimum lag time versus the total number of CG flashes shows a linear trend (R-2 = 0.56). The number of storms is limited, but the lag results do indicate that large storms tend to have longer lags. A linear fit to the lagged rain volume vs. the number of concurrent CG flashes has a slope of 1.9 x 10(4) m(3)/CG flash (R-2 = 0.83). We conclude that warm-season Florida thunderstorms produce a roughly constant rain volume per CG flash and that CG lightning can be used to estimate the location and intensity of convective rainfall in that weather regime. C1 Univ Arizona, Inst Atmospher Phys, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. RP Gungle, B (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Water Resources Discipline, Tucson, AZ 85719 USA. EM krider@atmo.arizona.edu OI Gungle, Bruce/0000-0001-6406-1206 NR 84 TC 20 Z9 23 U1 0 U2 6 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD OCT 11 PY 2006 VL 111 IS D19 AR D19203 DI 10.1029/2005JD006802 PG 15 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 095GQ UT WOS:000241296600002 ER PT J AU Hatch, CE Fisher, AT Revenaugh, JS Constantz, J Ruehl, C AF Hatch, Christine E. Fisher, Andrew T. Revenaugh, Justin S. Constantz, Jim Ruehl, Chris TI Quantifying surface water-groundwater interactions using time series analysis of streambed thermal records: Method development SO WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID SOLUTE TRANSPORT; TRANSIENT STORAGE; CLIMATE-CHANGE; FIELD-SCALE; HEAT-FLOW; TEMPERATURE; CONDUCTIVITY; DISPERSION; EXCHANGE; RIVER AB We present a method for determining streambed seepage rates using time series thermal data. The new method is based on quantifying changes in phase and amplitude of temperature variations between pairs of subsurface sensors. For a reasonable range of streambed thermal properties and sensor spacings the time series method should allow reliable estimation of seepage rates for a range of at least +/- 10 m d(-1) (+/- 1.2 x 10(-2) m s(-1)), with amplitude variations being most sensitive at low flow rates and phase variations retaining sensitivity out to much higher rates. Compared to forward modeling, the new method requires less observational data and less setup and data handling and is faster, particularly when interpreting many long data sets. The time series method is insensitive to streambed scour and sedimentation, which allows for application under a wide range of flow conditions and allows time series estimation of variable streambed hydraulic conductivity. This new approach should facilitate wider use of thermal methods and improve understanding of the complex spatial and temporal dynamics of surface water-groundwater interactions. C1 Univ Calif Santa Cruz, Dept Earth & Planetary Sci, Santa Cruz, CA 95064 USA. Univ Calif Santa Cruz, Inst Geophys & Planetary Phys, Santa Cruz, CA 95064 USA. Univ Minnesota, Dept Geol & Geophys, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA. US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. RP Hatch, CE (reprint author), Univ Calif Santa Cruz, Dept Earth & Planetary Sci, E&MS A232,1156 High St, Santa Cruz, CA 95064 USA. EM chatch@ucsc.edu RI Ruehl, Christopher/G-5267-2011; Fisher, Andrew/A-1113-2016 NR 75 TC 192 Z9 197 U1 7 U2 100 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0043-1397 J9 WATER RESOUR RES JI Water Resour. Res. PD OCT 11 PY 2006 VL 42 IS 10 AR W10410 DI 10.1029/2005WR004787 PG 14 WC Environmental Sciences; Limnology; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Water Resources GA 095JF UT WOS:000241303300003 ER PT J AU Swarzenski, PW Orem, WH McPherson, BF Baskaran, M Wan, Y AF Swarzenski, Peter W. Orem, William H. McPherson, Benjamin F. Baskaran, Mark Wan, Yongshan TI Biogeochemical transport in the Loxahatchee River estuary, Florida: The role of submarine groundwater discharge SO MARINE CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE submarine groundwater discharge; estuarine transport; nutrient fluxes; radium isotopes; radon; electromagnetic seepage meter ID BROWN-TIDE BLOOMS; COASTAL WATERS; RADIUM ISOTOPES; TEMPORAL VARIABILITY; SUBTERRANEAN ESTUARY; ORGANIC-MATTER; CHESAPEAKE BAY; PORE-WATER; RN-222; SEEPAGE AB distributions of dissolved organic carbon (DOC), Ba, U, and a suite of naturally occurring radionuclides in the U/Th decay series (Rn-222, Ra-223,Ra-224,Ra-226,Ra-228) were studied during high- and low-discharge conditions in the Loxahatchee River estuary, Florida to examine the role of submarine groundwater discharge in estuarine transport. The fresh water endmember of this still relatively pristine estuary may reflect not only river-borne constituents, but also those advected during active groundwater/surface water (hyporheic) exchange. During both discharge conditions, Ba concentrations indicated slight non-conservative mixing. Such Ba excesses could be attributed either to submarine groundwater discharge or particle desorption processes. Estuarine dissolved organic carbon concentrations were highest at salinities closest to zero. Uranium distributions were lowest in the fresh water sites and mixed mostly conservatively with an increase in salinity. Suspended particulate matter (SPM) concentrations were generally lowest (< 5 mg L-1) close to zero salinity and increased several-fold (similar to 18 mg I. 1; low discharge) toward the seaward endmember, which may be attributed to dynamic resuspension of bottom sediments within Jupiter Inlet. Surface water-column Rn-222 activities were most elevated (> 28 dpm L 1) at the freshwater endmember of the estuary and appear to identify regions of the river most influenced by the discharge of fresh groundwater. Activities of four naturally occurring isotopes of Ra (Ra-223,Ra-224,Ra-226,Ra-228) in this estuary and select adjacent shallow groundwater wells yield mean estuarine water-mass transit times of less than 1 day; these values are in close agreement to those calculated by tidal prism and tidal frequency. Submarine groundwater discharge rates to the Loxahatchee River estuary were calculated using a tidal prism approach, an excess Ra-226 mass balance, and an electromagnetic seepage meter. Average SGD rates ranged from 1.0 to 3.8 x 10(5) m(3) d(-1) (20-74 L m(-2) d(-1)), depending on river-discharge stage. Such calculated SGD estimates, which must include both a recirculated as well as fresh water component, are in close agreement with results obtained from a first-order watershed mass balance. Average submarine groundwater discharge rates yield NH4+ and PO43- flux estimates to the Loxahatchee River estuary that range from 62.7 to 1063.1 and 69.2 to 378.5 p mol m(-2) d(-1), respectively, depending on river stage. SGD-derived nutrient flux rates are compared to yearly computed riverine total N and total P load estimates. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 USGS, St Petersburg, FL USA. USGS, Reston, VA USA. USGS, Tampa, FL USA. Wayne State Univ, Detroit, MI USA. S Florida Water Management District, Ft Lauderdale, FL USA. RP Swarzenski, PW (reprint author), USGS, St Petersburg, FL USA. EM pswarzen@usgs.gov OI Baskaran, Mark/0000-0002-2218-4328 NR 93 TC 45 Z9 45 U1 5 U2 33 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0304-4203 J9 MAR CHEM JI Mar. Chem. PD OCT 5 PY 2006 VL 101 IS 3-4 BP 248 EP 265 DI 10.1016/j.marchem.2006.03.007 PG 18 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Oceanography SC Chemistry; Oceanography GA 074YU UT WOS:000239849400009 ER PT J AU Saltus, RW Potter, CJ Phillips, JD AF Saltus, Richard W. Potter, Christopher J. Phillips, Jeffrey D. TI Crustal insights from gravity and aeromagnetic analysis: Central North Slope, Alaska SO AAPG BULLETIN LA English DT Article ID BROOKS RANGE AB Aeromagnetic and gravity data are processed and interpreted to reveal deep and shallow information about the crustal structure of the central North Slope, Alaska. Regional aeromagnetic anomalies primarily reflect deep crustal features. Regional gravity anomalies are more complex and require detailed analysis. We constrain our geophysical models with seismic data and interpretations along two transects including the Trans-Alaska Crustal Transect. Combined geophysical analysis reveals a remarkable heterogeneity of the pre-Mississippian basement. In the central North Slope, pre-Mississippian basement consists of two distinct geophysical domains. To the southwest, the basement is dense and highly magnetic; this basement is likely mafic and mechanically strong, possibly acting as a buttress to basement involvement in Brooks Range thrusting. To the northeast, the central North Slope basement consists of lower density, moderately magnetic rocks with several discrete regions (intrusions?) of more magnetic rocks. A conjugate set of geophysical trends, northwest-southeast and southwest-northeast, may be a factor in the crustal response to tectonic compression in this domain. High-resolution gravity and aeromagnetic data, where available, reflect details of shallow fault and fold structure. The maps and profile models in this report should provide useful guidelines and complementary information for regional structural studies, particularly in combination with detailed seismic reflection interpretations. Future challenges include collection of high-resolution gravity and aeromagnetic data for the entire North Slope as well as additional deep crustal information from seismic, drilling, and other complementary methods. C1 US Geol Survey, Denver, CO 80225 USA. RP Saltus, RW (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Mail Stop 964,Box 25046, Denver, CO 80225 USA. EM saltus@usgs.gov; cpotter@usgs.gov; jeff@usgs.gov NR 53 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER ASSOC PETROLEUM GEOLOGIST PI TULSA PA 1444 S BOULDER AVE, PO BOX 979, TULSA, OK 74119-3604 USA SN 0149-1423 J9 AAPG BULL JI AAPG Bull. PD OCT PY 2006 VL 90 IS 10 BP 1495 EP 1517 DI 10.1306/05090605066 PG 23 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 092ZU UT WOS:000241137600003 ER PT J AU Mitchell, CD Maher, CR AF Mitchell, Carl D. Maher, Christine R. TI Horn growth in male pronghorns Antilocapra americana: selection for precocial maturation in stochastic environments SO ACTA THERIOLOGICA LA English DT Article DE Antilocapra americana; ecology; evolution; pronghorn ID ANTLER CHARACTERISTICS; AGE AB Pronghorns Antilocapra americana (Ord, 1818), the sole member of a family unique to North America, grow rapidly and reproduce at an early age. Recent studies have found male pronghorns can grow large horns by 2 to 3 yrs of age. This pattern contrasts with many other ungulates, and it has profound implications for life history strategies. We examine 5 hypotheses that might explain precocial horn growth: (1) sampling bias, (2) nutrition, (3) phylogenetic inertia, (4) reproductive benefits conveyed by rapid horn growth alone, and (5) rapid horn growth as part of a suite of characteristics acquired due to precocial maturation. Hypotheses 1, 2 and 3 do not imply any natural selection, whereas hypotheses 4 and 5 do. We reject hypotheses 1, 2 and 4, and we cannot evaluate hypothesis 3. We conclude that hypothesis 5 most likely explains precocial maturation in male pronghorns, and mortality related to frequent, severe weather events may drive this pattern. We suggest several experiments to further examine relationships between age, size, and horn growth. C1 US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Wayan, ID 83285 USA. Univ So Maine, Dept Biol Sci, Portland, ME 04104 USA. RP Mitchell, CD (reprint author), US Fish & Wildlife Serv, 74 Grays Lake Rd, Wayan, ID 83285 USA. EM carl_mitchell@fws.gov NR 31 TC 2 Z9 3 U1 2 U2 14 PU POLISH ACAD SCIENCES PI BIALOWIEZA PA MAMMAL RESEARCH INST, 17-230 BIALOWIEZA, POLAND SN 0001-7051 J9 ACTA THERIOL JI Acta Theriol. PD OCT PY 2006 VL 51 IS 4 BP 405 EP 409 DI 10.1007/BF03195187 PG 5 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA 096QA UT WOS:000241390700008 ER PT J AU Colgan, JP Dumitru, TA Reiners, PW Wooden, JL Miller, EL AF Colgan, Joseph P. Dumitru, Trevor A. Reiners, Peter W. Wooden, Joseph L. Miller, Elizabeth L. TI Cenozoic tectonic evolution of the basin and range province in northwestern Nevada SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF SCIENCE LA English DT Review ID FISSION-TRACK THERMOCHRONOLOGY; METAMORPHIC CORE COMPLEXES; CENTRAL WASATCH MOUNTAINS; SHALLOW-ANGLE SUBDUCTION; WESTERN UNITED-STATES; PINE FOREST RANGE; SANTA-ROSA-RANGE; SIERRA-NEVADA; APATITE (U-TH)/HE; FAULT SYSTEM AB A regional synthesis of new and existing geologic and thermochronologic data document late Cretaceous-early Cenozoic regional erosion, Oligocene Miocene volcanism, and subsequent late Miocene extension of the Basin and Range Province in northwestern Nevada and northeastern California. Across an similar to 220-km-wide region between the Santa Rosa and Warner Ranges, conformable sequences of 35 to 15 Ma volcanic rocks are cut by only a single generation of high-angle normal faults that accommodated similar to 23 km of total east-west extension (similar to 12%). Fission-track, (U-Th)/He, geologic, and structural data from the Pine Forest Range show that faulting there began at 11 to 12 Ma, progressed at a relatively constant rate until at least 3 Ma, and has continued until near the present time. Extension in the Santa Rosa Range to the east took place during the same interval, although the post-6 Ma part of this history is less well constrained. Less complete constraints from adjacent ranges permit a similar timing for faulting, and we infer that extensional faulting in northwestern Nevada began everywhere at 12 Ma and has continued up to the present. Faulting in the Warner Range in northeastern California can only be constrained to have begun between 14 and 3 Ma, but may represent westward migration of Basin and Range extension during the Pliocene. Compared to the many parts of the Basin and Range in central and southern Nevada, extension in northwestern Nevada began more recently, is of lesser total magnitude, and was accommodated entirely by high-angle normal faults. Fission-track data document Late Cretaceous unroofing of Cretaceous (115-100 Ma) granitic basement rocks in northwestern Nevada, followed by a long period of relative tectonic quiescence that persisted through Oligocene and Miocene volcanism until the onset of Basin and Range extension at similar to 12 Ma. The low magnitude of extension (12%) and early Tertiary stability suggest that the modem similar to 31 km thick crust in northwestern Nevada was only slightly thicker (similar to 35 km) prior to extension at 12 Ma, and was no thicker than similar to 38 km in the Late Cretaceous. This stands in contrast to other parts of the Basin and Range, where the crust was thickened to at least 45 to 50 km by Cretaceous thrusting and subsequently thinned to similar to 30 km by large magnitude (>50%) extension. C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. Stanford Univ, Dept Geog & Environm Sci, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. Univ Arizona, Dept Geosci, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. RP Colgan, JP (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 345 Middlefield Rd,MS 901, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. EM jcolgan@usgs.gov OI Colgan, Joseph/0000-0001-6671-1436 NR 104 TC 52 Z9 54 U1 3 U2 22 PU AMER JOURNAL SCIENCE PI NEW HAVEN PA YALE UNIV, PO BOX 208109, NEW HAVEN, CT 06520-8109 USA SN 0002-9599 J9 AM J SCI JI Am. J. Sci. PD OCT PY 2006 VL 306 IS 8 BP 616 EP 654 DI 10.2475/08.2006.023 PG 39 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 117OR UT WOS:000242883100002 ER PT J AU Gronke, WK Chipps, SR Bandas, SJ Higgins, KF AF Gronke, Wendy K. Chipps, Steven R. Bandas, Sarah J. Higgins, Kenneth F. TI Reticulate melanism in western painted turtles (Chrysemys picta bellii): Exploring linkages with habitat and heating rates SO AMERICAN MIDLAND NATURALIST LA English DT Article ID PSEUDEMYS-SCRIPTA; TEMPERATURE; ELEGANS AB In western painted turtles (Chrysemys picta bellii), males often exhibit one of two morphs: (1) a reticulated form, characterized by an intricate network of dark markings on the carapace or (2) a non-reticulated form. Although several hypotheses have been proposed to explain the adaptive significance of reticulate melanism (RM) on western painted turtles, no attempts have been made to document whether RM is linked to habitat conditions or if the presence of melanism affects heating rates. To evaluate these questions, we compared the frequency of adult male turtles with RM across three different habitats: riverine (livers), lacustrine (lakes) and palustrine (wetland) habitats. Using manipulative experiments, we also tested the hypothesis that body heating rates are higher in turtles with RM. Reticulate melanism occurred on 99 (31%) of 320 male turtles captured in South Dakota from 2002 to 2003. Turtles with reticulate melanism were significantly larger than non-reticulated turtles; RM was not observed on male turtles with carapace lengths < 15 cm or weights < 360 g. The mean proportion of adult male turtles (> 15 cm carapace length) with RM was similar among river (0.54), lake (0.50) and wetland (0.64) habitats, implying that RM is not a habitat-linked trait. Heating rates for turtles with RM were similar to those measured for non-reticulated individuals. Body size, however, influenced heating rates; larger-bodied turtles with lower surface area-to-volume ratio heated more slowly than smaller turtles. Whether RM is a by-product of hormonal regulation or serves an adaptive purpose remains unclear. However, other hypotheses, especially those involving communication (e.g., courtship behavior) and/or gamete protection remain untested for western painted turtles and warrant further investigation. C1 S Dakota State Univ, US Geol Survey, S Dakota Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Brookings, SD 57007 USA. RP Chipps, SR (reprint author), S Dakota State Univ, US Geol Survey, S Dakota Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Brookings, SD 57007 USA. EM steve_chipps@sdstate.edu NR 27 TC 7 Z9 8 U1 2 U2 8 PU AMER MIDLAND NATURALIST PI NOTRE DAME PA UNIV NOTRE DAME, BOX 369, ROOM 295 GLSC, NOTRE DAME, IN 46556 USA SN 0003-0031 J9 AM MIDL NAT JI Am. Midl. Nat. PD OCT PY 2006 VL 156 IS 2 BP 289 EP 298 DI 10.1674/0003-0031(2006)156[289:RMIWPT]2.0.CO;2 PG 10 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 106OF UT WOS:000242109600007 ER PT J AU Bryan, JL Wildhaber, ML Noltie, DB AF Bryan, Janice L. Wildhaber, Mark L. Noltie, Douglas B. TI Influence of water flow on Neosho madtom (Noturus placidus) reproductive behavior SO AMERICAN MIDLAND NATURALIST LA English DT Article ID CHANNEL CATFISH; LIFE-HISTORY; HABITAT USE; STREAM; ICTALURIDAE; RIVER; POPULATIONS; PHOTOPERIOD; BIOLOGY; SUNFISH AB The Neosho madtom is a small, short-lived catfish species endemic to gravel bars of the Neosho River in Kansas, Oklahoma and Missouri, U.S.A. It spawns during summer in nesting cavities excavated in gravel. Although the species has survived dam construction within the Neosho River basin, its declining numbers resulted in it being added to the federal threatened species list in 1991. To test how water flow affects the reproductive behavior of Neosho madtoms, we compared activities of male-female pairs in static versus flowing-water aquaria. Using a behavioral catalog, we recorded their behavior sequences during randomly selected 5-min nighttime periods. For males and females, jostle and Embrace were the most performed reproductive behaviors and the jostle-Embrace-Carousel was the most performed reproductive behavior sequence. Water flow decreased the mean frequency of occurrence, percentage of time spent and mean event duration of male Nest Building. Because Neosho madtom courtship, reproduction and parental care is a complex and extended process, disturbances such as heightened river flows during the species' spawning season may negatively affect nest quality and reproductive success. C1 US Geol Survey, Columbia Environm Res Ctr, Columbia, MO 65201 USA. Univ Missouri, Sch Nat Resources, Dept Fisheries & Wildlife Sci, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. Univ Missouri, Sch Nat Resources, Dept Fisheries & Wildlife Sci, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. RP Bryan, JL (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Columbia Environm Res Ctr, 4200 New Haven Rd, Columbia, MO 65201 USA. EM jbryan@usgs.gov NR 51 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER MIDLAND NATURALIST PI NOTRE DAME PA UNIV NOTRE DAME, BOX 369, ROOM 295 GLSC, NOTRE DAME, IN 46556 USA SN 0003-0031 EI 1938-4238 J9 AM MIDL NAT JI Am. Midl. Nat. PD OCT PY 2006 VL 156 IS 2 BP 305 EP 318 DI 10.1674/0003-0031(2006)156[305:IOWFON]2.0.CO;2 PG 14 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 106OF UT WOS:000242109600009 ER PT J AU Goldsworthy, CA Bettoli, PW AF Goldsworthy, Cory A. Bettoli, Phillip W. TI Growth, body condition, reproduction and survival of stocked Barrens topminnows, Fundulus julisia (Fundulidae) SO AMERICAN MIDLAND NATURALIST LA English DT Article ID FISH; MOSQUITOFISH; TENNESSEE AB We documented the fate of 29 cohorts of propagated Barrens topminnows Fundulus julisia stocked as juveniles and adults (n(total) = 2770 fish) into 17 springheads and small ponds in middle Tennessee in 2003 and 2004. Annual mortality rates were calculated after estimating the number of individuals of each cohort remaining 1-18 mos after fish were stocked. Lighted larval fish traps were deployed at seven reintroduction sites and the Type Locale to determine whether topminnows could reproduce in the presence of the introduced-transplanted Western mosquitofish Gambusia affinis. At stocking sites harboring mosquitofish (n = 12), their density ranged from 0.4 to 66.3 mosquitofish per m(2). Annual mortality of stocked Barrens topminnows ranged from 45 to 100% and 24 cohorts experienced annual mortality greater than 95%. Mortality was not related to mosquitofish density or the mean size at stocking. The robustness of Barrens topminnows did not differ in the presence or absence of mosquitofish, suggesting that interspecific competition for food was not occurring. Larval Barrens topminnows were collected at two reintroduction sites and the Type Locale, but juvenile recruits were produced only at sites lacking mosquitofish. The findings of this study, and concurrent laboratory studies, support the hypothesis that mosquitofish predation on larval Barrens topminnows was the primary mechanism in failed reintroductions and is the greatest threat to wild and reintroduced populations of this imperiled species. C1 Tennessee Technol Univ, US Geol Survey, Tennessee Cooperat Fishery Res Unit, Cookeville, TN 38505 USA. Tennessee Technol Univ, Tennessee Cooperat Fishery Res Unit, Cookeville, TN 38505 USA. RP Bettoli, PW (reprint author), Tennessee Technol Univ, US Geol Survey, Tennessee Cooperat Fishery Res Unit, Cookeville, TN 38505 USA. EM pbettoli@tntech.edu NR 27 TC 8 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 11 PU AMER MIDLAND NATURALIST PI NOTRE DAME PA UNIV NOTRE DAME, BOX 369, ROOM 295 GLSC, NOTRE DAME, IN 46556 USA SN 0003-0031 J9 AM MIDL NAT JI Am. Midl. Nat. PD OCT PY 2006 VL 156 IS 2 BP 331 EP 343 DI 10.1674/0003-0031(2006)156[331:GBCRAS]2.0.CO;2 PG 13 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 106OF UT WOS:000242109600011 ER PT J AU Walter, WD Leslie, DM Jenks, JA AF Walter, W. David Leslie, David M., Jr. Jenks, Jonathan A. TI Response of Rocky Mountain elk (Cervus elaphus) to wind-power development SO AMERICAN MIDLAND NATURALIST LA English DT Article ID HOME-RANGE; DIETARY QUALITY; BUFFALO RIDGE; FECAL INDEXES; STABLE-ISOTOPES; BODY-SIZE; MULE DEER; NITROGEN; ECOLOGY; MINNESOTA AB Wind-power development is occurring throughout North America, but its effects on mammals are largely unexplored. Our objective was to determine response (i.e., home-range, diet quality) of Rocky Mountain elk (Cervus elaphus) to wind-power development in southwestern Oklahoma. Ten elk were radiocollared in an area of wind-power development on 31 March 2003 and were relocated bi-weekly through March 2005. Wind-power construction was initiated on 1 June 2003 and was completed by December 2003 with 45 active turbines. The largest composite home range sizes (> 80 km(2)) occurred April-June and September, regardless of the status of wind-power facility development. The smallest home range sizes (< 50 km(2)) typically occurred in October-February when elk aggregated to forage on winter wheat. No elk left the study site during the study and elk freely crossed the gravel roads used to access the wind-power facility. Carbon and nitrogen isotopes and percent nitrogen in feces suggested that wind-power development did not affect nutrition of elk during construction. Although disturbance and loss of some grassland habitat was apparent, elk were not adversely affected by wind-power development as determined by home range and dietary quality. C1 Oklahoma State Univ, Oklahoma Cooperat Fis & Wildlife Res Unit, US Geol Survey, Stillwater, OK 74078 USA. S Dakota State Univ, Dept Wildlife & Fisheries Sci, Brookings, SD 57007 USA. RP Walter, WD (reprint author), Oklahoma State Univ, Oklahoma Cooperat Fis & Wildlife Res Unit, US Geol Survey, 404 Life Sci W, Stillwater, OK 74078 USA. EM david.walter@okstate.edu RI Jenks, Jonathan/B-7321-2009 NR 54 TC 12 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 24 PU AMER MIDLAND NATURALIST PI NOTRE DAME PA UNIV NOTRE DAME, BOX 369, ROOM 295 GLSC, NOTRE DAME, IN 46556 USA SN 0003-0031 J9 AM MIDL NAT JI Am. Midl. Nat. PD OCT PY 2006 VL 156 IS 2 BP 363 EP 375 DI 10.1674/0003-0031(2006)156[363:RORMEC]2.0.CO;2 PG 13 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 106OF UT WOS:000242109600014 ER PT J AU Kauffman, MJ Maron, JL AF Kauffman, Matthew J. Maron, John L. TI Consumers limit the abundance and dynamics of a perennial shrub with a seed bank SO AMERICAN NATURALIST LA English DT Article DE herbivory; matrix models; mice; plant-consumer interactions; plant demography; voles ID PLANT-POPULATION DYNAMICS; BUSH LUPINE; OLD-FIELDS; INSECT HERBIVORY; FITNESS COMPONENTS; PREDATION; DEMOGRAPHY; TREE; RECRUITMENT; SURVIVAL AB For nearly 30 years, ecologists have argued that predators of seeds and seedlings seldom have population-level effects on plants with persistent seed banks and density-dependent seedling survival. We parameterized stage-based population models that incorporated density dependence and seed dormancy with data from a 5.5-year experiment that quantified how granivorous mice and herbivorous voles influence bush lupine (Lupinus arboreus) demography. We asked how seed dormancy and density-dependent seedling survival mediate the impacts of these consumers in dune and grassland habitats. In dune habitat, mice reduced analytical lambda (the intrinsic rate of population growth) by 39%, the equilibrium number of above-ground plants by 90%, and the seed bank by 98%; voles had minimal effects. In adjacent grasslands, mice had minimal effects, but seedling herbivory by voles reduced analytical lambda by 15% and reduced both the equilibrium number of aboveground plants and dormant seeds by 63%. A bootstrap analysis demonstrated that these consumer effects were robust to parameter uncertainty. Our results demonstrate that the quantitative strengths of seed dormancy and density-dependent seedling survival-not their mere existence-critically mediate consumer effects. This study suggests that plant population dynamics and distribution may be more strongly influenced by consumers of seeds and seedlings than is currently recognized. C1 Univ Montana, Div Biol Sci, Missoula, MT 59812 USA. RP Kauffman, MJ (reprint author), Univ Wyoming, US Geol Survey, Wyoming Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Laramie, WY 82071 USA. EM matt.kauffman@mso.umt.edu; john.maron@mso.umt.edu NR 77 TC 40 Z9 44 U1 5 U2 38 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 1427 E 60TH ST, CHICAGO, IL 60637-2954 USA SN 0003-0147 J9 AM NAT JI Am. Nat. PD OCT PY 2006 VL 168 IS 4 BP 454 EP 470 DI 10.1086/507877 PG 17 WC Ecology; Evolutionary Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Evolutionary Biology GA 089BS UT WOS:000240855500003 PM 17004218 ER PT J AU Thorup, K Fuller, M Alerstam, T Hake, M Kjellen, N Strandberg, R AF Thorup, Kasper Fuller, Mark Alerstam, Thomas Hake, Mikael Kjellen, Nils Strandberg, Roine TI Do migratory flight paths of raptors follow constant geographical or geomagnetic courses? SO ANIMAL BEHAVIOUR LA English DT Article ID OSPREYS PANDION-HALIAETUS; SATELLITE TRACKING; PEREGRINE FALCONS; OPEN-SEA; ORIENTATION; ROUTES; BIRDS; LATITUDES; RADAR; SPEED AB We tested whether routes of raptors migrating over areas with homogeneous topography follow constant geomagnetic courses more or less closely than constant geographical courses. We analysed the routes taken over land of 45 individual raptors tracked by satellite-based radiotelemetry: 25 peregrine falcons, Falco peregrinus, on autumn migration between North and South America, and seven honey buzzards, Pernis apivorus, and 13 ospreys, Pandion haliaetus, on autumn migration between Europe and Africa. Overall, migration directions showed a better agreement with constant geographical than constant geomagnetic courses. Tracks deviated significantly from constant geomagnetic courses, but were not significantly different from geographical courses. After we removed movements directed far from the mean direction, which may not be migratory movements, migration directions still showed a better agreement with constant geographical than constant geomagnetic courses, but the directions of honey buzzards and ospreys were not significantly different from constant geomagnetic courses either. That migration routes of raptors followed by satellite telemetry are in closer accordance with constant geographical compass courses than with constant geomagnetic compass courses may indicate that geographical (e.g. based on celestial cues) rather than magnetic compass mechanisms are of dominating importance for the birds' long-distance orientation. Published by Elsevier Ltd on behalf of The Association for the Study or Animal Behaviour. C1 Univ Copenhagen, Zool Museum, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark. Boise State Univ, USGS Forest & Rangeland Ecosyst Sci Ctr, Raptor Res Ctr, Boise, ID 83706 USA. Lund Univ, Dept Anim Ecol, SE-22362 Lund, Sweden. Swedish Univ Agr Sci, Wildlife Damage Ctr, Grimso Wildlife Res Stn, Dept Conservat Biol, SE-73091 Riddarhyttan, Sweden. RP Thorup, K (reprint author), Univ Copenhagen, Zool Museum, Univ Pk 15, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark. EM kthorup@snm.ku.dk RI Thorup, Kasper/A-4835-2013; publist, CMEC/C-3010-2012; publicationpage, cmec/B-4405-2017 OI Thorup, Kasper/0000-0002-0320-0601; NR 31 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 1 U2 21 PU ACADEMIC PRESS LTD ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI LONDON PA 24-28 OVAL RD, LONDON NW1 7DX, ENGLAND SN 0003-3472 J9 ANIM BEHAV JI Anim. Behav. PD OCT PY 2006 VL 72 BP 875 EP 880 DI 10.1016/j.anbehav.2006.01.028 PN 4 PG 6 WC Behavioral Sciences; Zoology SC Behavioral Sciences; Zoology GA 092OA UT WOS:000241105800016 ER PT J AU Kulp, TR Hoeft, SE Miller, LG Saltikov, C Murphy, JN Han, S Lanoil, B Oremland, RS AF Kulp, T. R. Hoeft, S. E. Miller, L. G. Saltikov, C. Murphy, J. N. Han, S. Lanoil, B. Oremland, R. S. TI Dissimilatory arsenate and sulfate reduction in sediments of two hypersaline, arsenic-rich soda lakes: Mono and Searles lakes, California SO APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID NATURAL-WATERS; MICROBIAL COMMUNITY; ANAEROBIC OXIDATION; HYDRIDE GENERATION; REDUCING BACTERIA; PUBLIC-HEALTH; SPECIATION; SULFIDE; STRATIFICATION; IRON AB A radioisotope method was devised to study bacterial respiratory reduction of arsenate in sediments. The following two arsenic-rich soda lakes in California were chosen for comparison on the basis of their different salinities: Mono Lake (similar to 90 g/liter) and Searles Lake (similar to 340 g/liter). Profiles of arsenate reduction and sulfate reduction were constructed for both lakes. Reduction of [As-73]arsenate occurred at all depth intervals in the cores from Mono Lake (rate constant [k] = 0.103 to 0.04 h(-1)) and Searles Lake (k = 0.012 to 0.002 h(-1)), and the highest activities occurred in the top sections of each core. In contrast, [S-35]sulfate reduction was measurable in Mono Lake (k = 7.6 X 10(4) to 3.2 x 10(-6) h(-1)) but not in Searles Lake. Sediment DNA was extracted, PCR amplified, and separated by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) to obtain phylogenetic markers (i.e., 16S rRNA genes) and a partial functional gene for dissimilatory arsenate reduction (arrA). The amplified arrA gene product showed a similar trend in both lakes; the signal was strongest in surface sediments and decreased to undetectable levels deeper in the sediments. More arrA gene signal was observed in Mono Lake and was detectable at a greater depth, despite the higher arsenate reduction activity observed in Searles Lake. A partial sequence (about 900 bp) was obtained for a clone (SLAS-3) that matched the dominant DGGE band found in deeper parts of the Searles Lake sample (below 3 cm), and this clone was found to be closely related to SLAS-1, a novel extremophilic arsenate respirer previously cultivated from Searles Lake. C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. Univ Calif Santa Cruz, Dept Environm Toxicol, Santa Cruz, CA 95064 USA. Univ Calif Riverside, Dept Environm Sci, Riverside, CA 92521 USA. RP Oremland, RS (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. EM roremlan@usgs.gov OI Lanoil, Brian/0000-0001-8603-8330 NR 53 TC 71 Z9 73 U1 3 U2 49 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1752 N ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036-2904 USA SN 0099-2240 J9 APPL ENVIRON MICROB JI Appl. Environ. Microbiol. PD OCT PY 2006 VL 72 IS 10 BP 6514 EP 6526 DI 10.1128/AEM.01066-06 PG 13 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology GA 093LR UT WOS:000241170300011 PM 17021200 ER PT J AU Christidis, GE Blum, AE Eberl, DD AF Christidis, George E. Blum, Alex E. Eberl, D. D. TI Influence of layer charge and charge distribution of smectites on the flow behaviour and swelling of bentonites SO APPLIED CLAY SCIENCE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Workshop on Current Knowledge on the Layer Charge of Clay Minerals CY SEP 18-19, 2004 CL Smolenice, SLOVAKIA SP Acad Sci, Inst Inorgan Chem Slovak, Integrated Ctr Adv Mat & Mole Res DE smectite; rheological properties; layer charge; low charge layers; flocculation; intermediate charge smectites ID COAGULATED COLLOIDAL SUSPENSIONS; NA-MONTMORILLONITE SUSPENSIONS; SODIUM MONTMORILLONITE; RHEOLOGICAL PROPERTIES; MILOS-ISLAND; PH; PHYLLOSILICATES; DISPERSIONS; ELECTROLYTE; THIXOTROPY AB The influence of layer charge and charge distribution of dioctahedral smectites on the rheological and swelling properties of bentonites is examined. Layer charge and charge distribution were determined by XRD using the LayerCharge program [Christidis, G.E., Eberl, D.D., 2003. Determination of layer charge characteristics of smectites. Clays Clay Miner. 51, 644-655.]. The rheological properties were determined, after sodium exchange using the optimum amount of Na2CO3, from free swelling tests. Rheological properties were determined using 6.42% suspensions according to industrial practice. In smectites with layer charges of -0.425 to -0.470 per half formula unit (phfu), layer charge is inversely correlated with free swelling, viscosity, gel strength, yield strength and thixotropic behaviour. In these smectites, the rheological properties are directly associated with the proportion of low charge layers. By contrast, in low charge and high charge smectites there is no systematic relation between layer charge or the proportion of low charge layers and rheological properties. However, low charge smectites yield more viscous suspensions and swell more than high charge smectites. The rheological properties of bentonites also are affected by the proportion of tetrahedral charge (i.e. beidellitic charge), by the existence of fine-grained minerals having clay size, such as opal-CT and to a lesser degree by the ionic strength and the pH of the suspension. A new method for classification of smectites according to the layer charge based on the XRD characteristics of smecites is proposed, that also is consistent with variations in rheological properties. In this classification scheme the term smectites with intermediate layer charge is proposed. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Tech Univ Crete, Dept Mineral Resources Engn, Khania 73100, Greece. US Geol Survey, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RP Christidis, GE (reprint author), Tech Univ Crete, Dept Mineral Resources Engn, Khania 73100, Greece. EM christid@mred.tuc.gr NR 47 TC 32 Z9 33 U1 4 U2 17 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0169-1317 EI 1872-9053 J9 APPL CLAY SCI JI Appl. Clay Sci. PD OCT PY 2006 VL 34 IS 1-4 SI SI BP 125 EP 138 DI 10.1016/j.clay.2006.05.008 PG 14 WC Chemistry, Physical; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Mineralogy SC Chemistry; Materials Science; Mineralogy GA 109PQ UT WOS:000242321100013 ER PT J AU Talbot, SL Wyllie-Echeverria, S Ward, DH Rearick, JR Sage, GK Chesney, B Phillips, RC AF Talbot, S. L. Wyllie-Echeverria, S. Ward, D. H. Rearick, J. R. Sage, G. K. Chesney, B. Phillips, R. C. TI Genetic characterization of Zostera asiatica on the Pacific Coast of North America SO AQUATIC BOTANY LA English DT Article DE Zostera marina; Z. japonica; Z. asiatica; ITS; matK ID ARABIDOPSIS-THALIANA; FLOWERING TIME; PHYLOGENETIC-RELATIONSHIPS; SEQUENCE DATA; DNA BARCODES; MARINA L.; SEAGRASSES; EELGRASS; POLYMORPHISM; POPULATIONS AB We gathered sequence information from the nuclear 5.8S rDNA gene and associated internal transcribed spacers, ITS-1 and ITS-2 (5.8S rDNA/ ITS), and the chloroplast maturase K (matK) gene, from Zostera samples collected from subfidal habitats in Monterey and Santa Barbara (Isla Vista) bays, California, to test the hypothesis that these plants are conspecific with Z asiatica Miki of Asia. Sequences from approximately 520 base pairs of the nuclear 5.8S rDNA/ITS obtained from the subtidal Monterey and Isla Vista Zostera samples were identical to homologous sequences obtained from Z marina collected from intertidal habitats in Japan, Alaska, Oregon and California. Similarly, sequences from the matK gene from the subfidal Zostera samples were identical to matK sequences obtained from Z marina collected from interfidal habitats in Japan, Alaska, Oregon and California, but differed from Z asiatica sequences accessioned into GenBank. This suggests the subtidal plants are conspecific with Z marina, not Z asiatica. However, we found that herbarium samples accessioned into the Kyoto University Herbarium, determined to be Z asiatica, yielded 5.8S rDNA/ITS sequences consistent with either Z japonica, in two cases, or Z marina, in one case. Similar results were observed for the chloroplast matK gene; we found haplotypes that were inconsistent with published matK sequences from Z asiatica collected from Japan. These results underscore the need for closer examination of the relationship between Z marina along the Pacific Coast of North America, and Z asiatica of Asia, for the retention and verification of specimens examined in scientific studies, and for assessment of the usefulness of morphological characters in the determination of taxonomic relationships within Zosteraceae. Published by Elsevier B.V. C1 US Geol Survey, Alaska Sci Ctr, Anchorage, AK 99503 USA. Univ Washington, Coll Forest Resouces, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, Long Beach, CA 90802 USA. Inst Biol So Seas, UA-99011 Crimea, Ukraine. RP Talbot, SL (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Alaska Sci Ctr, 1011 E Tudor Rd,MS 701, Anchorage, AK 99503 USA. EM sandy_talbot@usgs.gov RI Talbot, Sandra/C-9433-2011 NR 45 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 12 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0304-3770 J9 AQUAT BOT JI Aquat. Bot. PD OCT PY 2006 VL 85 IS 3 BP 169 EP 176 DI 10.1016/j.aquabot.2006.03.011 PG 8 WC Plant Sciences; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Plant Sciences; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 072YG UT WOS:000239708500001 ER PT J AU Sparling, DW Krest, S Ortiz-Santaliestra, M AF Sparling, Donald W. Krest, Sherry Ortiz-Santaliestra, Manuel TI Effects of lead-contaminated sediment on Rana sphenocephala tadpoles SO ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article ID COMPETITIVE INTERACTIONS; QUALITY GUIDELINES; ANURAN LARVAE; LEOPARD FROGS; HEAVY-METALS; CATESBEIANA; EXPOSURE; WATER; RIVER; MALFORMATIONS AB We exposed larval southern leopard frogs (Rana sphenocephala) to lead-contaminated sediments to determine the lethal and sublethal effects of this metal. Tadpoles were laboratory-raised from early free-swimming stage through metamorphosis at lead concentrations of 45, 75, 180, 540, 2360, 3940, 5520, and 7580 mg/kg dry weight in sediment. Corresponding pore water lead concentrations were 123, 227, 589, 1833, 8121, 13,579, 19,038, and 24,427 mu g/L. Tadpoles exposed to lead concentrations in sediment of 3940 mg/kg or higher died within 2 to 5 days of exposure. At lower concentrations, mortality through metamorphosis ranged from 3.5% at 45 mg/kg lead to 37% at 2360 mg/kg lead in sediment. The LC50 value for lead in sediment was 3728 mg/kg (95% CI=1315 to 72,847 mg/kg), which corresponded to 12,539 mu g/L lead in pore water (95% CI= 4000 to 35,200 mu g/L). Early growth and development were depressed at 2,360 mg/kg lead in sediment (8100 mu g/L in pore water) but differences were not evident by the time of metamorphosis. The most obvious effect of lead was its pronounced influence on skeletal development. Whereas tadpoles at 45 mg/kg lead in sediment did not display permanent abnormalities, skeletal malformations increased in frequency and severity at all higher lead concentrations. By 2360 mg/kg, 100% of surviving metamorphs displayed severe spinal problems, reduced femur and humerus lengths, deformed digits, and other bone malformations. Lead concentrations in tissues correlated positively with sediment and pore water concentrations. C1 US Geol Survey, Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, Laurel, MD USA. US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Chesapeake Bay Field Off, Annapolis, MD USA. Univ Salamanca, Dept Biol, E-37008 Salamanca, Spain. RP Sparling, DW (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, Laurel, MD USA. EM dsparl@siu.edu RI Ortiz-Santaliestra, Manuel/B-2517-2015 OI Ortiz-Santaliestra, Manuel/0000-0001-7102-0496 NR 39 TC 11 Z9 14 U1 1 U2 11 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING STREET, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0090-4341 J9 ARCH ENVIRON CON TOX JI Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. PD OCT PY 2006 VL 51 IS 3 BP 458 EP 466 DI 10.1007/s00244-005-0243-0 PG 9 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA 078JH UT WOS:000240098500018 PM 16823520 ER PT J AU Beaty, DW Buxbaum, KL AF Beaty, David W. Buxbaum, Karen L. CA MEPAG Special Regions-Science Ana TI Findings of the mars special regions science analysis group SO ASTROBIOLOGY LA English DT News Item ID GENERAL-CIRCULATION MODEL; RESOLUTION STEREO CAMERA; ORBITER LASER ALTIMETER; SOIL-WATER BALANCE; LIQUID WATER; MARTIAN GULLIES; CARBON-DIOXIDE; CLIMATE-CHANGE; DEBRIS FLOWS; HIGH OBLIQUITY C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Mars Program Off, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NASA, Washington, DC 20546 USA. No Arizona Univ, Flagstaff, AZ 86011 USA. Univ Arizona, Tucson, AZ USA. Lockheed Martin Space Syst, Denver, CO USA. Univ Washington, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. Univ Illinois, Chicago, IL USA. Malin Space Sci Syst, San Diego, CA USA. Foils Engn, Fremont, CA USA. Brown Univ, Pasadena, CA USA. Canadian Space Agcy, St Hubert, PQ, Canada. New Mexico Inst Min & Technol, Socorro, NM 87801 USA. SETI Inst, Mountain View, CA USA. Univ Nevada, Desert Res Inst, Reno, NV 89506 USA. NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. Univ Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Univ New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131 USA. Int Res Sch Planetary Sci, Pescara, Italy. Univ Calif Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA USA. Univ Florida, Kennedy Space Ctr, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. Biol Marine Lab, Woods Hole, MA USA. Carnegie Inst Sci, Washington, DC 20005 USA. US Geol Survey, Flagstaff, AZ 86001 USA. US Geol Survey, Reston, VA 22092 USA. RP Beaty, DW (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Mars Program Off, 4800 Oak Grove Dr,M-S 301-345, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM David.Beaty@jpl.nasa.gov; Karen.L.Buxbaum@jpl.nasa.gov OI Edgett, Kenneth/0000-0001-7197-5751; ORI, Gian Gabriele/0000-0002-6460-1476 NR 207 TC 48 Z9 50 U1 1 U2 9 PU MARY ANN LIEBERT, INC PI NEW ROCHELLE PA 140 HUGUENOT STREET, 3RD FL, NEW ROCHELLE, NY 10801 USA SN 1531-1074 EI 1557-8070 J9 ASTROBIOLOGY JI Astrobiology PD OCT PY 2006 VL 6 IS 5 BP 677 EP 732 PG 56 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Biology; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics; Geology GA 099ZO UT WOS:000241636900001 ER PT J AU Allen, JC Krieger, SM Walters, JR Collazo, JA AF Allen, Jennifer C. Krieger, Sharlene M. Walters, Jeffrey R. Collazo, Jaime A. TI Associations of breeding birds with fire-influenced and riparian-upland gradients in a longleaf pine ecosystem SO AUK LA English DT Article DE breeding birds; fire; longleaf pine; Pinus palustris; riparian habitat ID PRESCRIBED FIRE; COMMUNITIES; FORESTS; FLORIDA; STANDS; RESTORATION; POPULATIONS AB We determined the effects of fire history and a riparian-upland gradient on the breeding bird community at Fort Bragg Military Installation in North Carolina, one of the largest remnant areas of the endangered longleaf pine (Pinus palustris) ecosystem. Study sites were classified into two treatments: fire-intense (areas experiencing growing-season burns) and fire-suppressed (areas lacking fires). Within each treatment, bird and vegetation data were recorded at point-count stations positioned at three distances from streamhead pocosins to characterize the riparian-upland habitat gradient: 0, 75, and >= 150 m. Total bird abundance and species richness varied significantly along the riparian-upland gradient, with pocosins contributing greatly to avian biodiversity. Our data revealed strong effects of fire history and riparian-upland gradient on bird species, which we described in terms of breeding-bird assemblages. Members of the open longleaf assemblage (e.g., Red-cockaded Woodpecker [Picoides borealis], Bachman's Sparrow [Aimophila aestivalis]) were most common in fire-intense areas and at upland locations. Members of the fire-suppressed assemblage (e.g., Wood Thrush [Hylocichla mustelina], Ovenbird [Seiurus aurocapilla]) were confined to pocosins in fire-intense areas, but became more abundant in fire-suppressed areas. Members of the pocosin assemblage (e.g., Eastern Towhee [Pipilo erythropthalamus], Common Yellowthroat [Geothlypis trichas]) were largely confined to pocosins and, in some cases, were most abundant in fire-intense pocosins. Fire suppression increased structural diversity of vegetation and promoted one breeding-bird assemblage (fire-suppressed), but at the expense of two others (open longleaf, pocosin). Continued management of Fort Bragg to promote longleaf pine restoration is essential for supporting conservation of the open-longleaf bird assemblage; in addition, it will benefit the pocosin assemblage. C1 Virginia Polytech Inst & State Univ, Dept Biol, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA. N Carolina State Univ, US Geol Survey, N Carolina Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. RP Allen, JC (reprint author), 5914 Smith Stn Rd, Fredericksburg, VA 22407 USA. EM allen.jenn@adelphia.net NR 48 TC 16 Z9 17 U1 1 U2 46 PU AMER ORNITHOLOGISTS UNION PI LAWRENCE PA ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC NORTH AMER PO BOX 1897, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 USA SN 0004-8038 EI 1938-4254 J9 AUK JI AUK PD OCT PY 2006 VL 123 IS 4 BP 1110 EP 1128 DI 10.1642/0004-8038(2006)123[1110:AOBBWF]2.0.CO;2 PG 19 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA 099UO UT WOS:000241621900015 ER PT J AU Groom, JD Grubb, TC AF Groom, Jeremiah D. Grubb, Thomas C., Jr. TI Patch colonization dynamics in Carolina Chickadees (Poecile carolinensis) in a fragmented landscape: A manipulative study SO AUK LA English DT Article DE Carolina Chickadee; colonization; corridor; fragmentation; Poecile carolinensis; wind chill ID FOREST FRAGMENTS; BIRDS; POPULATIONS; DISPERSAL; WOODLAND; HABITAT; CONSERVATION; EXTINCTION; DENSITY; WEATHER AB Habitat and landscape features that influence the rate of interpatch movement and colonization may determine the likelihood that a species will persist in fragmented landscapes. We simulated patch extinction by removing Carolina Chickadees (Poecile carolinensis) from woodland fragments in an Ohio agricultural landscape in January 2002. We then monitored the woodlands to determine their dates of reoccupation and subsequent use for breeding by the birds. All woodlots were eventually reoccupied, regardless of size or degree of isolation, but woodlots in less-forested landscapes connected to other woodland by habitat corridors were reoccupied sooner than unconnected woodlots. Reoccupation was more likely to occur during periods of mild wind chill. Following reoccupation, individual Carolina Chickadees were more often temporarily absent from smaller. woodlots, which suggests that they may have used woodlots that insufficiently met foraging or breeding requirements. Carolina Chickadees were more likely to remain to breed in larger woodlots. Results indicate that habitat connectivity may affect the tendency of this species to move through a fragmented landscape. Habitat corridors may be important management tools for maintaining movement of animals between patches. C1 Ohio State Univ, Dept Evolut Ecol & Organismal Biol, Columbus, OH 43210 USA. RP Groom, JD (reprint author), US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Carlsbad Field Off, 6010 Hidden Valley Rd, Carlsbad, CA 92011 USA. EM jeremy_groom@fws.gov NR 27 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 1 U2 6 PU AMER ORNITHOLOGISTS UNION PI LAWRENCE PA ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC NORTH AMER PO BOX 1897, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 USA SN 0004-8038 J9 AUK JI AUK PD OCT PY 2006 VL 123 IS 4 BP 1149 EP 1160 DI 10.1642/0004-8038(2006)123[1149:PCDICC]2.0.CO;2 PG 12 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA 099UO UT WOS:000241621900017 ER PT J AU Alldredge, MW Pollock, KH Simons, TR AF Alldredge, Mathew W. Pollock, Kenneth H. Simons, Theodore R. TI Estimating detection probabilities from multiple-observer point counts SO AUK LA English DT Article DE bird surveys; capture-recapture; detection probability; multiple observer; point counts ID CAPTURE-RECAPTURE MODELS; POPULATION-SIZE; SINGING BEHAVIOR; BIRD SURVEYS; SONG; ANIMALS; VARY; REMOVAL; MATE AB Point counts are commonly used to obtain indices of bird population abundance. We present an independent-observer point-count method, a generalization of the dependent-observer approach, based on closed-population capture-recapture methods. The approach can incorporate individual covariates, such as detection distance, to account for individual differences in detection probabilities associated with measurable sources of variation. We demonstrate a negative bias in two-observer estimates by comparing abundance estimates from two- and four-observer point counts. Models incorporating data from four independent observers were capable of accounting for this bias. Modeling individual bird differences in detection probabilities produced abundance estimates 15-21% higher than models that did not account for individual differences, in four out of five data sets analyzed. Although independent-observer methods are expensive and impractical for large-scale applications, we believe they can provide important insights into the sources and degree of perception bias (i.e., probability of detecting an individual, given that it is available for detection) in avian point-count estimates. Therefore, they may be useful in a two-stage sampling framework to calibrate larger surveys based on single-observer estimates. C1 N Carolina State Univ, Dept Zool, US Geol Survey, N Carolina Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. N Carolina State Univ, Dept Biomath, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. N Carolina State Univ, Dept Stat, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. RP Alldredge, MW (reprint author), N Carolina State Univ, Dept Zool, US Geol Survey, N Carolina Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Campus Box 7617, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. EM mwalldre@unity.ncsu.edu NR 41 TC 43 Z9 45 U1 6 U2 25 PU AMER ORNITHOLOGISTS UNION PI LAWRENCE PA ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC NORTH AMER PO BOX 1897, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 USA SN 0004-8038 EI 1938-4254 J9 AUK JI AUK PD OCT PY 2006 VL 123 IS 4 BP 1172 EP 1182 DI 10.1642/0004-8038(2006)123[1172:EDPFMP]2.0.CO;2 PG 11 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA 099UO UT WOS:000241621900019 ER PT J AU Callaway, RM Miao, SL Guo, QF AF Callaway, Ragan M. Miao, Shi Li Guo, Qinfeng TI Are trans-Pacific invasions the new wave? SO BIOLOGICAL INVASIONS LA English DT Article DE Asia; exotic invasion; policy; prediction; regulation ID UNITED-STATES; BIOTIC INVASIONS; CHINA; PLANTS; INVASIVENESS; INFORMATION; SUCCESS; THREATS C1 Univ Montana, Div Biol Sci, Missoula, MT 59812 USA. S Florida Water Management Dist, W Palm Beach, FL 33406 USA. US Geol Survey, Jamestown, ND 58401 USA. RP Callaway, RM (reprint author), Univ Montana, Div Biol Sci, Missoula, MT 59812 USA. EM ray.callaway@mos.umt.edu NR 22 TC 5 Z9 9 U1 1 U2 2 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 1387-3547 J9 BIOL INVASIONS JI Biol. Invasions PD OCT PY 2006 VL 8 IS 7 BP 1435 EP 1437 DI 10.1007/s10530-005-5832-3 PG 3 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 099OV UT WOS:000241605600001 ER PT J AU Guo, QF AF Guo, Qinfeng TI Intercontinental biotic invasions: what can we learn from native populations and habitats? SO BIOLOGICAL INVASIONS LA English DT Article DE comparative methods; invasive species; native vs; exotic populations and habitats neo-disjunctions; trans-Pacific biotic invasions ID INCREASED COMPETITIVE ABILITY; CHINESE TALLOW TREE; GENETIC-VARIATION; SAPIUM-SEBIFERUM; GEOGRAPHICAL-DISTRIBUTION; PLANT INTRODUCTION; NORTH-AMERICA; EASTERN ASIA; INVASIVENESS; RANGES AB The effectiveness of management strategies for invasive species is often hampered by a lack of clear understanding of the factors that limit species distributions. The distribution of exotic species, especially those that are invasive, are often so dynamic that limiting factors are difficult to identify. Comparisons of exotic species between their native ranges, where they are presumably close to equilibrium with controlling factors, and their ranges in areas of introduction can circumvent this difficulty. Such studies would help identify (1) limiting factors for distributions in native ranges, (2) factors associated with a high degree of invasiveness, (3) changes in genetics and morphology since introduction, which also might contribute to invasiveness, and (4) future directions and rates of invasion as a basis for developing detection/warning systems. Findings from such comparative studies would be highly valuable for understanding the dynamics of biological invasions and for improving the effectiveness of management to prevent or control invasives. C1 US Geol Survey, Prairie & No Wildlife Res Ctr, Jamestown, ND 58401 USA. RP Guo, QF (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Prairie & No Wildlife Res Ctr, 8711 37th St SE, Jamestown, ND 58401 USA. EM qguo@usgs.gov NR 59 TC 20 Z9 21 U1 1 U2 15 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 1387-3547 J9 BIOL INVASIONS JI Biol. Invasions PD OCT PY 2006 VL 8 IS 7 BP 1451 EP 1459 DI 10.1007/s10530-005-5834-1 PG 9 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 099OV UT WOS:000241605600003 ER PT J AU Simpson, A Sellers, E Grosse, A Xie, Y AF Simpson, Annie Sellers, Elizabeth Grosse, Andrea Xie, Yan TI Essential elements of online information networks on invasive alien species SO BIOLOGICAL INVASIONS LA English DT Article DE GISIN; I3N; IABIN; NBII; ISIN; CSIS; EA-NA Network; interoperability; IAS; invasive species; invasive species databases; multinational cooperation; transborder issues; information systems; information management; distributed networks; cross-search; online AB In order to be effective, information must be placed in the proper context and organized in a manner that is logical and (preferably) standardized. Recently, invasive alien species (IAS) scientists have begun to create online networks to share their information concerning IAS prevention and control. At a special networking session at the Beijing International Symposium on Biological Invasions, an online Eastern Asia-North American IAS Information Network (EA-NA Network) was proposed. To prepare for the development of this network, and to provide models for other regional collaborations, we compare four examples of global, regional, and national online IAS information networks: the Global Invasive Species Information Network, the Invasives Information Network of the Inter-American Biodiversity Information Network, the Chinese Species Information System, and the Invasive Species Information Node of the US National Biological Information Infrastructure. We conclude that IAS networks require a common goal, dedicated leaders, effective communication, and broad endorsement, in order to obtain sustainable, long-term funding and long-term stability. They need to start small, use the experience of other networks, partner with others, and showcase benefits. Global integration and synergy among invasive species networks will succeed with contributions from both the top-down and the bottom-up. C1 US Geol Survey, Natl Biol Informat Infrastruct, Reston, VA 20192 USA. Chinese Acad Sci, Inst Zool, Beijing 100080, Peoples R China. RP Simpson, A (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Natl Biol Informat Infrastruct, Mail Stop 302,12201 Sunrise Valley Dr, Reston, VA 20192 USA. EM asimpson@usgs.gov OI Simpson, Annie/0000-0001-8338-5134 NR 27 TC 13 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 2 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 1387-3547 J9 BIOL INVASIONS JI Biol. Invasions PD OCT PY 2006 VL 8 IS 7 BP 1579 EP 1587 DI 10.1007/s10530-005-5850-1 PG 9 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 099OV UT WOS:000241605600015 ER PT J AU Bufe, CG AF Bufe, Charles G. TI Coulomb stress transfer and tectonic loading preceding the 2002 Denali fault earthquake SO BULLETIN OF THE SEISMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA LA English DT Article ID ALASKA SUBDUCTION ZONE; WILLIAM-SOUND EARTHQUAKE; SLIP DISTRIBUTION; CRUSTAL DEFORMATION; SURFACE RUPTURE; COSEISMIC SLIP; HALF-SPACE; MOTION; CONSTRAINTS; CALIFORNIA AB Pre-2002 tectonic loading and Coulomb stress transfer are modeled along the rupture zone of the M 7.9 Denali fault earthquake (DFE) and on adjacent segments of the right-lateral Denali-Totschunda fault system in central Alaska, using a three-dimensional boundary-element program. The segments modeled closely follow, for about 95 degrees, the arc of a circle of radius 375 km centered on an inferred asperity near the northeastern end of the intersection of the Patton Bay fault with the Alaskan megathrust under Prince William Sound. The loading model includes slip of 6 mm/yr below 12 km along the fault system, consistent with rotation of the Wrangell block about the asperity at a rate of about 1 degrees/m.y. as well as slip of the Pacific plate at 5 cm/yr at depth along the Fairweather-Queen Charlotte transform fault system and on the Alaska megathrust. The model is consistent with most available pre-2002 Global Positioning System (GPS) displacement rate data. Coulomb stresses induced on the Denali-Totschunda fault system (locked above 12 km) by slip at depth and by transfer from the M 9.2 Prince William Sound earthquake of 1964 dominated the changing Coulomb stress distribution along the fault. The combination of loading (similar to 70-85%) and coseismic stress transfer from the great 1964 earthquake (similar to 15-30%) were the principal post-1900 stress factors building toward strike-slip failure of the northern Denali and Totschunda segments in the M 7.9 earthquake of November 2002. Postseismic stresses transferred from the 1964 earthquake may also have been a significant factor. The M 7.2-7.4 Delta River earthquake of 1912 (Carver et al., 2004) may have delayed or advanced the timing of the DFE, depending on the details and location of its rupture. The initial subevent of the 2002 DFE earthquake was on the 40-km Susitna Glacier thrust fault at the western end of the Denali fault rupture. The Coulomb stress transferred from the 1964 earthquake moved the Susitna Glacier thrust fault uniformly away from thrust failure by about 100 kPa. The initiation of the Denali fault earthquake was advanced by transfer of 30-50 kPa of positive Coulomb stress to the Susitna Glacier fault (Anderson and Ji, 2003) by the nearby M 6.7 Nenana Mountain foreshock of 23 October 2002. The regional tectonic loading model used here suggests that the Semidi (Alaska Peninsula) segment of the megathrust that ruptured in 1938 (M 8.2) may be reloaded and approaching failure. C1 US Geol Survey, Cent Reg Geol Hazards Team, Denver, CO 80225 USA. RP Bufe, CG (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Cent Reg Geol Hazards Team, POB 25046, Denver, CO 80225 USA. NR 41 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 3 PU SEISMOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI ALBANY PA 400 EVELYN AVE, SUITE 201, ALBANY, CA 94706-1375 USA SN 0037-1106 EI 1943-3573 J9 B SEISMOL SOC AM JI Bull. Seismol. Soc. Amer. PD OCT PY 2006 VL 96 IS 5 BP 1662 EP 1674 DI 10.1785/0120050007 PG 13 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 093MR UT WOS:000241172900007 ER PT J AU Hardebeck, JL AF Hardebeck, Jeanne L. TI Homogeneity of small-scale earthquake faulting, stress, and fault strength SO BULLETIN OF THE SEISMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA LA English DT Article ID CALIFORNIA HYPOCENTER RELOCATION; FORM CROSS-CORRELATION; SAN-ANDREAS FAULT; 1989 LOMA-PRIETA; SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA; FOCAL MECHANISMS; STATION TERMS; KM DEPTH; SEISMICITY; ORIENTATIONS AB Small-scale faulting at seismogenic depths in the crust appears to be more homogeneous than previously thought. I study three new high-quality focal-mechanism datasets of small (M < similar to 3) earthquakes in southern California, the east San Francisco Bay, and the aftershock sequence of the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake. I quantify the degree of mechanism variability on a range of length scales by comparing the hypocentral distance between every pair of events and the angular difference between their focal mechanisms. Closely spaced earthquakes (interhypocentral distance = 2480 Ma. C1 Kent State Univ, Dept Geol, Kent, OH 44242 USA. Geol Survey Canada, JC Roddick Ion Microbe SHRIMP Lab 2, Ottawa, ON K1A 0E8, Canada. US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. Ohio State Univ, Dept Geol Sci, Columbus, OH 43210 USA. Univ Copenhagen, Inst Geol, DK-1350 Copenhagen, Denmark. Kent State Univ, Dept Geol, Kent, OH 44242 USA. RP Dahl, PS (reprint author), Kent State Univ, Dept Geol, Kent, OH 44242 USA. EM pdahl@kent.edu NR 96 TC 20 Z9 20 U1 2 U2 5 PU CANADIAN SCIENCE PUBLISHING, NRC RESEARCH PRESS PI OTTAWA PA 1200 MONTREAL ROAD, BUILDING M-55, OTTAWA, ON K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0008-4077 J9 CAN J EARTH SCI JI Can. J. Earth Sci. PD OCT PY 2006 VL 43 IS 10 BP 1579 EP 1600 DI 10.1139/E06-066 PG 22 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 134PN UT WOS:000244095400010 ER PT J AU Foster, DA Mueller, PA Mogk, DW Wooden, JL Vogl, JJ AF Foster, David A. Mueller, Paul A. Mogk, David W. Wooden, Joseph L. Vogl, James J. TI Proterozoic evolution of the western margin of the Wyoming craton: implications for the tectonic and magmatic evolution of the northern Rocky Mountains SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF EARTH SCIENCES LA English DT Review ID U-PB GEOCHRONOLOGY; NORTHEASTERN IDAHO BATHOLITH; METAMORPHIC CORE COMPLEX; ISOTOPIC EVIDENCE; UNITED-STATES; SOUTHWESTERN MONTANA; CRYSTALLINE BASEMENT; ARCHEAN BASEMENT; RB-SR; PROVINCE AB Defining the extent and age of basement provinces west of the exposed western margin of the Archean Wyoming craton has been elusive because of thick sedimentary cover and voluminous Cretaceous-Tertiary magmatism. U-Pb zircon geochronological data from small exposures of pre-Belt supergroup basement along the western side of the Wyoming craton, in southwestern Montana, reveal crystallization ages ranging from similar to 2.4 to similar to 1.8 Ga. Rock-forming events in the area as young as similar to 1.6 Ga are also indicated by isotopic (Nd, Pb, Sr) signatures and xenocrystic zircon populations in Cretaceous-Eocene granitoids. Most of this lithosphere is primitive, gives ages similar to 1.7-1.86 Ga, and occurs in a zone that extends west to the Neoproterozoic rifted margin of Laurentia. These data suggest that the basement west of the exposed Archean Wyoming craton contains accreted juvenile Paleoproterozoic arc-like terranes, along with a possible mafic underplate of similar age. This area is largely under the Mesoproterozoic Belt basin and intruded by the Idaho batholith. We refer to this Paleoproterozoic crust herein as the Selway terrane. The Selway terrane has been more easily reactivated and much more fertile for magma production and mineralization than the thick lithosphere of the Wyoming craton, and is of prime importance for evaluating Neoproterozoic continental reconstructions. C1 Univ Florida, Dept Geol Sci, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. Montana State Univ, Dept Earth Sci, Bozeman, MT 59717 USA. US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. RP Foster, DA (reprint author), Univ Florida, Dept Geol Sci, POB 112120, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. EM dfoster@geology.ufl.edu RI Foster, David/F-1727-2010; OI Mueller, Paul/0000-0003-2608-193X; Foster, David/0000-0002-5603-9372 NR 107 TC 76 Z9 77 U1 1 U2 15 PU CANADIAN SCIENCE PUBLISHING, NRC RESEARCH PRESS PI OTTAWA PA 1200 MONTREAL ROAD, BUILDING M-55, OTTAWA, ON K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0008-4077 EI 1480-3313 J9 CAN J EARTH SCI JI Can. J. Earth Sci. PD OCT PY 2006 VL 43 IS 10 BP 1601 EP 1619 DI 10.1139/E06-052 PG 19 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 134PN UT WOS:000244095400011 ER PT J AU Hansen, SP Choudhury, A Heisey, DM Ahumada, JA Hoffnagle, TL Cole, RA AF Hansen, S. P. Choudhury, A. Heisey, D. M. Ahumada, J. A. Hoffnagle, T. L. Cole, R. A. TI Experimental infection of the endangered bonytail chub (Gila elegans) with the Asian fish tapeworm (Bothriocephalus acheilognathi): impacts on survival, growth, and condition SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF ZOOLOGY-REVUE CANADIENNE DE ZOOLOGIE LA English DT Article ID LIVER-SOMATIC INDEX; SALVELINI CESTODA-PSEUDOPHYLLIDEA; GASTEROSTEUS-ACULEATUS L; COLORADO-RIVER-BASIN; FRESH-WATER FISHES; GRAND-CANYON; HUMPBACK CHUB; MICROPTERUS-SALMOIDES; ONCORHYNCHUS-NERKA; LARGEMOUTH BASS AB Bothriocephalus acheilognathi Yamaguti, 1934, a tapeworm known to be pathogenic to some fish species, has become established in the endangered humpback chub (Gila cypha Miller, 1964) in Grand Canyon, USA, following the tapeworm's introduction into the Colorado River system. The potential impact of this tapeworm on humpback chub was studied by exposing the closely related bonytail chub (Gila elegans Baird and Girard, 1853) to the parasite under a range of conditions that included potential stressors Of humpback Chub in their natal waters, such as abrupt temperature change and a limited food base. Survival of infected fish under low food rations was considerably lower than that of control fish, and mortality of infected fish began 20 days earlier. Growth of infected fish was significantly reduced, and negative changes in health condition indices were found. No significant negative impacts were revealed from the synergistic effects between temperature shock and infection. Bothriocephalus acheilognathi does present a potential threat to humpback chub in Grand Canyon and should be considered, along with conventional concerns involving altered flow regimes and predation, when management decisions are made concerning conservation of this endangered species. C1 US Geol Survey, Natl Wildlife Hlth Res Ctr, Madison, WI 53711 USA. St Norbert Coll, Div Nat Sci, De Pere, WI 54115 USA. Univ Hawaii, Pacific Cooperat Studies Unit, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. Arizona Game & Fish Dept, Phoenix, AZ 85023 USA. RP Cole, RA (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Natl Wildlife Hlth Res Ctr, 6006 Schroeder Rd, Madison, WI 53711 USA. EM rebecca_cole@usgs.gov NR 72 TC 22 Z9 23 U1 0 U2 7 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA-N R C RESEARCH PRESS PI OTTAWA PA BUILDING M 55, OTTAWA, ON K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0008-4301 J9 CAN J ZOOL JI Can. J. Zool.-Rev. Can. Zool. PD OCT PY 2006 VL 84 IS 10 BP 1383 EP 1394 DI 10.1139/Z06-126 PG 12 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA 121YK UT WOS:000243192700001 ER PT J AU Hossack, BR Corn, PS Fagre, DB AF Hossack, Blake R. Corn, Paul Stephen Fagre, Daniel B. TI Divergent patterns of abundance and age-class structure of headwater stream tadpoles in burned and unburned watersheds SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF ZOOLOGY-REVUE CANADIENNE DE ZOOLOGIE LA English DT Article ID FROG ASCAPHUS-TRUEI; WILDFIRE-INDUCED SEDIMENTATION; GLACIER-NATIONAL-PARK; TAILED FROG; MOVEMENT PATTERNS; AMPHIBIANS; FORESTS; FIRE; NORTHWEST; MONTANA AB Wildfire is a potential threat to many species with narrow environmental tolerances like the Rocky Mountain tailed frog (Ascaphus montanus Mittleman and Myers, 1949), which inhabits a region where the frequency and intensity of wildfires are expected to increase. We compared pre- and post-fire counts of tadpoles in eight streams in northwestern Montana to determine the effects of wildfire on A. montanits. All streams were initially sampled in 2001, 2 years before four of them burned in a large wildfire, and were resampled during the 2 years following the fire. Counts of tadpoles were similar in the two groups of streams before the fire. After the fire, tadpoles were almost twice as abundant in unburned streams than in burned streams. The fire seemed to have the greatest negative effect on abundance of age-1 tadpoles, which was reflected in the greater variation in same-stream age-class structure compared with those in unburned streams. Despite the apparent effect on tadpoles, we do not expect the wildfire to be an extirpation threat to populations in the streams that we sampled. Studies spanning a chronosequence of fires, as well as in other areas, are needed to assess the effects of fires on streams with A. montanus and to determine the severity and persistence of these effects. C1 US Geol Survey, Aldo Leopold Wilderness Res Inst, Missoula, MT 59801 USA. US Geol Survey, Glacier Field Stn, W Glacier, MT 59936 USA. RP Hossack, BR (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Aldo Leopold Wilderness Res Inst, 790 E Beckwith Ave, Missoula, MT 59801 USA. EM blake_hossack@usgs.gov NR 53 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 2 U2 13 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA-N R C RESEARCH PRESS PI OTTAWA PA BUILDING M 55, OTTAWA, ON K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0008-4301 J9 CAN J ZOOL JI Can. J. Zool.-Rev. Can. Zool. PD OCT PY 2006 VL 84 IS 10 BP 1482 EP 1488 DI 10.1139/Z06-143 PG 7 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA 121YK UT WOS:000243192700010 ER PT J AU Sarmah, AK Meyer, MT Boxall, ABA AF Sarmah, Ajit K. Meyer, Michael T. Boxall, Alistair B. A. TI A global perspective on the use, sales, exposure pathways, occurrence, fate and effects of veterinary antibiotics (VAs) in the environment SO CHEMOSPHERE LA English DT Review DE tylosin; tetracycline; sulfonamides; partitioning coefficient; biodegradation; ecotoxicity ID PERFORMANCE LIQUID-CHROMATOGRAPHY; WATER TREATMENT PLANTS; ANTIBACTERIAL AGENTS; AQUATIC ENVIRONMENT; FEEDING OPERATIONS; FISH-FARM; TETRACYCLINE ANTIBIOTICS; AEROBIC BIODEGRADATION; MACROLIDE ANTIBIOTICS; DEGRADATION-PRODUCTS AB Veterinary antibiotics (VAs) are widely used in many countries worldwide to treat disease and protect the health of animals. They are also incorporated into animal feed to improve growth rate and feed efficiency. As antibiotics are poorly adsorbed in the gut of the animals, the majority is excreted unchanged in faeces and urine. Given that land application of animal waste as a supplement to fertilizer is often a common practice in many countries, there is a growing international concern about the potential impact of antibiotic residues on the environment. Frequent use of antibiotics has also raised concerns about increased antibiotic resistance of microorganisms. We have attempted in this paper to summarize the latest information available in the literature on the use, sales, exposure pathways, environmental occurrence, fate and effects of veterinary antibiotics in animal agriculture. The review has focused on four important groups of antibiotics (tylosin, tetracycline, sulfonamides and, to a lesser extent, bacitracin) giving a background on their chemical nature, fate processes, occurrence, and effects on plants, soil organisms and bacterial community. Recognising the importance and the growing debate, the issue of antibiotic resistance due to the frequent use of antibiotics in food-producing animals is also briefly covered. The final section highlights some unresolved questions and presents a way forward on issues requiring urgent attention. (c) 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Landcare Res New Zealand Ltd, Hamilton, New Zealand. US Geol Survey, Lawrence, KS 66049 USA. York Univ, Ecochem Team, CSL, York YO41 1LZ, N Yorkshire, England. RP Sarmah, AK (reprint author), Landcare Res New Zealand Ltd, Private Bag 3127, Hamilton, New Zealand. EM sarmahA@LandcarcResearch.co.nz RI Sarmah, Ajit/E-7773-2010; Boxall, Alistair/E-5009-2010; Carneiro, Fernanda/E-9513-2013; OI Carneiro, Fernanda/0000-0001-6389-4564; Sarmah, Ajit/0000-0003-0664-2605; Meyer, Michael/0000-0001-6006-7985 NR 237 TC 1007 Z9 1187 U1 131 U2 840 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0045-6535 J9 CHEMOSPHERE JI Chemosphere PD OCT PY 2006 VL 65 IS 5 BP 725 EP 759 DI 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2006.03.026 PG 35 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 109SY UT WOS:000242330200001 PM 16677683 ER PT J AU Smith, KF Sax, DF Lafferty, KD AF Smith, Katherine F. Sax, Dov F. Lafferty, Kevin D. TI Evidence for the role of infectious disease in species extinction and endangerment SO CONSERVATION BIOLOGY LA English DT Review DE IUCN; wildlife disease ID POPULATION DECLINES; CLIMATE-CHANGE; RED LIST; THREATS; BIODIVERSITY; ECOLOGY; TERRESTRIAL; COMMUNITIES; ECOSYSTEMS; PARASITE AB Infectious disease is listed among the top five causes of global species extinctions. However, the majority of available data supporting this contention is largely anecdotal. We used the IUCN Red List of Threatened and Endangered Species and literature indexed in the ISI Web of Science to assess the role of infectious disease in global species loss. Infectious disease was listed as a contributing factor in < 4% of species extinctions known to have occurred since 1500 (833 plants and animals) and as contributing to a species' status as critically endangered in < 8% of cases (2852 critically endangered plants and animals). Although infectious diseases appear to play a minor role in global species loss, ourfindings underscore two important limitations in the available evidence: uncertainty surrounding the threats to species survival and a temporal bias in the data. Several initiatives could help overcome these obstacles, including rigorous scientific tests to determine which infectious diseases present a significant threat at the species level, recognition of the limitations associated with the lack of baseline data for the role of infectious disease in species extinctions, combining data with theory to discern the circumstances under which infectious disease is most likely to serve as an agent of extinction, and improving surveillance programs for the detection of infectious disease. An evidence-based understanding of the role of infectious disease in species extinction and endangerment will help prioritize conservation initiatives and protect global biodiversity. C1 Univ Georgia, Inst Ecol, Athens, GA 30602 USA. Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Inst Marine Sci, USGS, Channel Isl Field Stn, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA. RP Smith, KF (reprint author), Univ Georgia, Inst Ecol, Athens, GA 30602 USA. EM smithk@uga.edu RI Lafferty, Kevin/B-3888-2009 OI Lafferty, Kevin/0000-0001-7583-4593 NR 33 TC 163 Z9 175 U1 9 U2 132 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ USA SN 0888-8892 EI 1523-1739 J9 CONSERV BIOL JI Conserv. Biol. PD OCT PY 2006 VL 20 IS 5 BP 1349 EP 1357 DI 10.1111/j.1523-1739.2006.00524.x PG 9 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 091LY UT WOS:000241031600006 PM 17002752 ER PT J AU Jacobson, SK Morris, JK Sanders, JS Wiley, EN Brooks, M Bennetts, RE Percival, HF Marynowski, S AF Jacobson, Susan K. Morris, Julie K. Sanders, J. Scott Wiley, Eugene N. Brooks, Michael Bennetts, Robert E. Percival, H. Franklin Marynowski, Susan TI Understanding barriers to implementation of an adaptive land management program SO CONSERVATION BIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE adaptive management; communication; ecosystem management; organizational change; vegetation management; wildlife management ID ECOSYSTEM MANAGEMENT; INFORMATION-MANAGEMENT; CONSERVATION; SCIENCE; SCIENTISTS; DESIGN AB The Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission manages over 650,000 ha, including 26 wildlife management and environmental areas. To improve management, they developed an objective-based vegetation management (OBVM) process that focuses on desired conditions of plant communities through an adaptive management framework. Our goals were to understand potential barriers to implementing OBVM and to recommend strategies to overcome barriers. A literature review identified 47 potential barriers in six categories to implementation of adaptive and ecosystem management: logistical communication, attitudinal, institutional, conceptual, and educational. We explored these barriers through a bureau-wide survey of 90 staff involved in OBVM and personal interviews with area managers, scientists, and administrators. The survey incorporated an organizational culture assessment instrument to gauge bow institutional factors might influence OBVM implementation. The survey response rate was 69%. Logistics and communications were the greatest barriers to implementing OBVM. Respondents perceived that the agency had inadequate resources for implementing OBVM and provided inadequate information. About one-third of the respondents believed OBVM would decrease their job flexibility and perceived greater institutional barriers to the approach, The 43% of respondents who believed they would have more responsibility under OBVM also bad greater attitudinal barriers. A similar percentage of respondents reported OBVM would not give enough priority to wildlife. Staff believed that current agency culture was hierarchical but preferred a culture that would provide more flexibility for adaptive management and would foster learning from land management activities. In light of the barriers to OBVM, we recommend the following: (1) mitigation of logistical barriers by addressing real and perceived constraints of staff, funds, and other resources in a participatory manner; (2) mitigation of communication barriers through interpersonal and electronic communication channels, (3) development of an OBVM external advisory committee; and (4) adoption of characteristics of an organizational culture that promotes flexibility and learning. C1 Univ Florida, Dept Wildlife Ecol & Conservat, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. Florida Fish & Wildlife Conservat Commiss, Tallahassee, FL 32399 USA. Greater Yellowstone Network, Natl Pk Serv, Bozeman, MT 59717 USA. Univ Florida, USGS Florida Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. RP Jacobson, SK (reprint author), Univ Florida, Dept Wildlife Ecol & Conservat, POB 110430, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. EM jacobson@ufl.edu NR 48 TC 14 Z9 16 U1 1 U2 23 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING PI OXFORD PA 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DQ, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0888-8892 J9 CONSERV BIOL JI Conserv. Biol. PD OCT PY 2006 VL 20 IS 5 BP 1516 EP 1527 DI 10.1111/j.1523-1739.2006.00476.x PG 12 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 091LY UT WOS:000241031600023 PM 17002769 ER PT J AU Hare, MP Allen, SK Bloomer, P Camara, MD Carnegie, RB Murfree, J Luckenbach, M Meritt, D Morrison, C Paynter, K Reece, KS Rose, CG AF Hare, Matthew P. Allen, Standish K., Jr. Bloomer, Paulette Camara, Mark D. Carnegie, Ryan B. Murfree, Jenna Luckenbach, Mark Meritt, Donald Morrison, Cheryl Paynter, Kennedy Reece, Kimberly S. Rose, Colin G. TI A genetic test for recruitment enhancement in Chesapeake Bay oysters, Crassostrea virginica, after population supplementation with a disease tolerant strain SO CONSERVATION GENETICS LA English DT Article DE assignment test; Great Wicomico River; F1 hybrid; population enhancement; restoration ID MULTILOCUS GENOTYPE DATA; CORAL-REEF FISH; COASTAL ECOSYSTEMS; ASSIGNMENT METHODS; MITOCHONDRIAL-DNA; LARVAL RETENTION; AMERICAN OYSTER; EASTERN OYSTER; MARINE; FLOW AB Many of the methods currently employed to restore Chesapeake Bay populations of the eastern oyster, Crassostrea virginica, assume closed recruitment in certain sub-estuaries despite planktonic larval durations of 2-3 weeks. In addition, to combat parasitic disease, artificially selected disease tolerant oyster strains are being used for population supplementation. It has been impossible to fully evaluate these unconventional tactics because offspring from wild and selected broodstock are phenotypically indistinguishable. This study provides the first direct measurement of oyster recruitment enhancement by using genetic assignment tests to discriminate locally produced progeny of a selected oyster strain from progeny of wild parents. Artificially selected oysters (DEBY strain) were planted on a single reef in each of two Chesapeake Bay tributaries in 2002, but only in the Great Wicomico River (GWR) were they large enough to potentially reproduce the same year. Assignment tests based on eight microsatellite loci and mitochondrial DNA markers were applied to 1579 juvenile oysters collected throughout the GWR during the summer of 2002. Only one juvenile oyster was positively identified as an offspring of the 0.75 million DEBY oysters that were planted in the GWR, but 153 individuals (9.7%) had DEBY x wild F1 multilocus genotypes. Because oyster recruitment was high across the region in 2002, the proportionately low enhancement measured in the GWR would not otherwise have been recognized. Possible causes for low enhancement success are discussed, each bearing on untested assumptions underlying the restoration methods, and all arguing for more intensive evaluation of each component of the restoration strategy. C1 Univ Maryland, Dept Biol, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. Virginia Inst Marine Sci, Coll William & Mary, Gloucester Point, VA 23062 USA. Univ Pretoria, Dept Genet, Mol Ecol & Evolut Programme, ZA-0001 Pretoria, South Africa. Oregon State Univ, Hatfield Marine Sci Ctr, Newport, OR 97365 USA. Virginia Inst Marine Sci, Coll William & Mary, Eastern Shore Lab, Wachapreague, VA 23480 USA. Univ Maryland, Ctr Environm Sci, Horn Point Lab, Cambridge, MD 21613 USA. US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Leetown Sci Ctr, Aquat Ecol Branch, Kearneysville, WV 25430 USA. RP Hare, MP (reprint author), Univ Maryland, Dept Biol, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. EM matthare@umd.edu RI Bloomer, Paulette/F-5501-2010; Meritt, Donald/D-3857-2012; Paynter, Kennedy/F-9717-2013 NR 61 TC 13 Z9 14 U1 2 U2 14 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 1566-0621 J9 CONSERV GENET JI Conserv. Genet. PD OCT PY 2006 VL 7 IS 5 BP 717 EP 734 DI 10.1007/s10592-005-9108-3 PG 18 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Genetics & Heredity SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Genetics & Heredity GA 089BW UT WOS:000240856100007 ER PT J AU Larsen, JF AF Larsen, Jessica F. TI Rhyodacite magma storage conditions prior to the 3430 yBP caldera-forming eruption of Aniakchak volcano, Alaska SO CONTRIBUTIONS TO MINERALOGY AND PETROLOGY LA English DT Article ID HIGH-ALUMINA BASALTS; FE-TI OXIDES; ALEUTIAN ARC; PHASE-RELATIONS; H2O CONTENTS; MELT; EQUILIBRIA; TEMPERATURES; VOLATILES; NOVARUPTA AB This study presents a pre-eruptive magma storage model for the rhyodacite and andesite magmas erupted during the 3430 yBP caldera-forming eruption of Aniakchak volcano, Alaska, derived from phase equilibria experiments and petrological data. The compositions of Fe-Ti oxide pairs from the early erupted Plinian rhyodacite pumice yield core temperatures of 871-900 degrees C, with rims up to -942 degrees C, and fO(2) from -10.6 to -11.8 log units. Melt inclusions entrapped in plagioclase phenocrysts have H(2)O contents between 3 and 5 wt%, estimated by FTIR and electron microprobe volatiles by difference methods, with no detectable CO(2). Assuming water saturation, this corresponds to entrapment pressures between similar to 65 and 150 MPa. Phase equilibria results reproduce the natural phase assemblages at P(H2O) of 95-150 MPa at 870-880 degrees C, assuming water saturation. A mismatch in experimental versus natural glass SiO(2) and Al(2)O(3), and MELTS models for H(2)O-undersaturated conditions indicate that the rhyodacite may not have been H(2)O saturated. MELTS models with X(H2O) = 0.8 and P(total) of 125-150 MPa at 870-880 degrees C reproduce the natural groundmass glass Al(2)O(3) composition best, indicating the magma may have been slightly H(2)O under-saturated. Those pressures correspond to storage at 4.5-5.4 km depth in the crust. MELTS models and VBD estimates from melt inclusions in titanomagnetite grains from the andesite indicate pre-eruptive conditions of similar to 1,000 degrees C and > 110 MPa, corresponding to a minimum residence depth of similar to 4.1 km assuming water saturation or greater if the magma was H(2)O undersaturated. Previous geochemical studies indicate separate histories of the two magmas, though they retain some evidence that they are ultimately related through fractional crystallization processes. Analogous to the 1912 Novarupta magmas, the rhyodacite and andesite presumably originated within the same crystal mush zone beneath the edifice, yet were separated laterally and underwent different degrees of crustal assimilation. The andesite must have resided in close proximity, with ascent occurring in response to movement of the rhyodacite, and resulting in extensive syn-eruptive mingling. C1 Univ Alaska, Inst Geophys, Alaska Volcano Observ, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA. RP Larsen, JF (reprint author), Univ Alaska, Inst Geophys, Alaska Volcano Observ, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA. EM faust@gi.alaska.edu NR 37 TC 21 Z9 21 U1 0 U2 7 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0010-7999 J9 CONTRIB MINERAL PETR JI Contrib. Mineral. Petrol. PD OCT PY 2006 VL 152 IS 4 BP 523 EP 540 DI 10.1007/s00410-006-0121-4 PG 18 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Mineralogy SC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Mineralogy GA 084QA UT WOS:000240548000007 ER PT J AU Fuhlendorf, SD Harrell, WC Engle, DM Hamilton, RG Davis, CA Leslie, DM AF Fuhlendorf, Samuel D. Harrell, Wade C. Engle, David M. Hamilton, Robert G. Davis, Craig A. Leslie, David M., Jr. TI Should heterogeneity be the basis for conservation? Grassland bird response to fire and grazing SO ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS LA English DT Article DE conservation biology; disturbance; diversity; grassland birds; heterogeneity; Henslow's Sparrow; rangelands; Tallgrass Prairie Preserve; Oklahoma; Upland Sandpiper ID TALLGRASS PRAIRIE; SEMIARID GRASSLAND; COMMUNITY; DISTURBANCE; MANAGEMENT; DIVERSITY; ECOSYSTEM; FREQUENCY; LIVESTOCK; PATTERNS AB In tallgrass prairie, disturbances such as grazing and fire can generate patchiness across the landscape, contributing to a shifting mosaic that presumably enhances biodiversity. Grassland birds evolved within the context of this shifting mosaic, with some species restricted to one or two patch types created under spatially and temporally distinct disturbance regimes. Thus, management-driven reductions in heterogeneity may be partly responsible for declines in numbers of grassland birds. We experimentally altered spatial heterogeneity of vegetation structure within a tallgrass prairie by varying the spatial and temporal extent of fire and by allowing grazing animals to move freely among burned and unburned patches (patch treatment). We contrasted this disturbance regime with traditional agricultural management of the region that promotes homogeneity (traditional treatment). We monitored grassland bird abundance during the breeding seasons of 2001-2003 to determine the influence of altered spatial heterogeneity on the grassland bird community. Focal disturbances of patch burning and grazing that shifted through the landscape over several years resulted in a more heterogeneous pattern of vegetation than uniform application of fire and grazing. Greater spatial heterogeneity in vegetation provided greater variability in the grassland bird community. Some bird species occurred in greatest abundance within focally disturbed patches, while others occurred in relatively undisturbed patches in our patch. treatment. Henslow's Sparrow, a declining species, occurred only within the patch treatment. Upland Sandpiper and some other species were more abundant on recently disturbed patches within the same treatment. The patch burn treatment created the entire gradient of vegetation structure required to maintain a suite of grassland bird species that differ in habitat preferences. Our study demonstrated that increasing spatial and temporal heterogeneity of disturbance in grasslands increases variability in vegetation structure that results in greater variability at higher trophic levels. Thus, management that creates a shifting mosaic using spatially and temporally discrete disturbances in grasslands can be a useful tool in. conservation. In the case of North American tallgrass prairie, discrete fires that capitalize on preferential grazing behavior of large ungulates promote a shifting mosaic of habitat types that maintain biodiversity and agricultural productivity. C1 Oklahoma State Univ, Dept Plant & Soil Sci, Stillwater, OK 74078 USA. Nature Conservancy, Pawhuska, OK 74056 USA. Oklahoma State Univ, Dept Zool, Stillwater, OK 74078 USA. Oklahoma State Univ, US Geol Survey, Oklahoma Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Stillwater, OK 74078 USA. RP Fuhlendorf, SD (reprint author), Oklahoma State Univ, Dept Plant & Soil Sci, 368 AGH, Stillwater, OK 74078 USA. EM sam.fuhlendorf@okstate.edu RI Fuhlendorf, Samuel/A-2931-2011 OI Fuhlendorf, Samuel/0000-0002-8726-9402 NR 41 TC 180 Z9 187 U1 13 U2 124 PU ECOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 1990 M STREET NW, STE 700, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 1051-0761 EI 1939-5582 J9 ECOL APPL JI Ecol. Appl. PD OCT PY 2006 VL 16 IS 5 BP 1706 EP 1716 DI 10.1890/1051-0761(2006)016[1706:SHBTBF]2.0.CO;2 PG 11 WC Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 096FG UT WOS:000241362400008 PM 17069365 ER PT J AU Rupp, TS Olson, M Adams, LG Dale, BW Joly, K Henkelman, J Collins, WB Starfield, AM AF Rupp, T. Scott Olson, Mark Adams, Layne G. Dale, Bruce W. Joly, Kyle Henkelman, Jonathan Collins, William B. Starfield, Anthony M. TI Simulating the influences of various fire regimes on caribou winter habitat SO ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS LA English DT Article DE Alaskan boreal forest; ALFRESCO; caribou; fire regime; global warming; landscape modeling; Rangifer tarandus; spatially explicit; spruce woodlands; succession ID LICHEN-DOMINATED SYSTEMS; SUB-ARCTIC VEGETATION; ALASKAN BOREAL FOREST; STATE-FACTOR CONTROL; INTERIOR ALASKA; WEIBULL DISTRIBUTION; RECOVERY SEQUENCE; CLIMATIC-CHANGE; BLACK SPRUCE; ECOSYSTEM AB Caribou are an integral component of high-latitude ecosystems and represent a major subsistence food source for many northern people. The availability and quality of winter habitat is critical to sustain these caribou populations. Caribou commonly use older spruce woodlands with adequate terrestrial lichen, a preferred winter forage, in the understory. Changes in climate and fire regime pose a significant threat to the long-term sustainability of this important winter habitat. Computer simulations performed with a spatially explicit vegetation succession model (ALFRESCO) indicate that changes in the frequency and extent of fire in interior Alaska may substantially impact the abundance and quality of winter habitat for caribou. We modeled four different fire scenarios and tracked the frequency, extent, and spatial distribution of the simulated fires and associated changes to vegetation composition and distribution. Our results suggest that shorter fire frequencies (i.e., less time between recurring fires) on the winter range of the Nelchina caribou herd in eastern interior Alaska will result in large decreases of available winter habitat, relative to that currently available, in both the short and long term. A 30% shortening of the fire frequency resulted in a 3.5-fold increase in the area burned annually and an associated 41% decrease in the amount of spruce-lichen forest found on the landscape. More importantly, simulations with more frequent fires produced a relatively immature forest age structure, compared to that which currently exists; with few stands older than 100 years. This age structure is at the lower limits of stand age classes preferred by caribou from the Nelchina herd. Projected changes in fire regime due to climate warming and/or additional prescribed burning could substantially alter the winter habitat of caribou in interior Alaska and lead to changes in winter range use and/or population dynamics. C1 Univ Alaska Fairbanks, Dept Forest Sci, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA. US Geol Survey, Alaska Sci Ctr, Anchorage, AK 99503 USA. Alaska Dept Fish & Game, Palmer, AK 99645 USA. Univ Minnesota, Dept Ecol Evolut & Behav, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. RP Rupp, TS (reprint author), Univ Alaska Fairbanks, Dept Forest Sci, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA. EM scott.rupp@uaf.edu NR 70 TC 30 Z9 34 U1 8 U2 38 PU ECOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 1990 M STREET NW, STE 700, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 1051-0761 J9 ECOL APPL JI Ecol. Appl. PD OCT PY 2006 VL 16 IS 5 BP 1730 EP 1743 DI 10.1890/1051-0761(2006)016[1730:STIOVF]2.0.CO;2 PG 14 WC Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 096FG UT WOS:000241362400010 PM 17069367 ER PT J AU Syphard, AD Franklin, J Keeley, JE AF Syphard, Alexandra D. Franklin, Janet Keeley, Jon E. TI Simulating the effects of frequent fire on southern California coastal shrublands SO ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS LA English DT Article DE chaparral shrublands; coastal sage scrub; fire frequency; functional types; LANDIS; simulation modeling; southern California (USA); vegetation-type conversion ID MEDITERRANEAN VEGETATION DYNAMICS; NORTHERN BAJA-CALIFORNIA; FUNCTIONAL TYPES; SAGE SCRUB; REGIMES; DISTURBANCE; SUCCESSION; HISTORY; MANAGEMENT; MOUNTAINS AB Fire disturbance is a primary agent of change in the mediterranean-climate chaparral shrublands of southern California, USA. However, fire frequency has been steadily increasing in coastal regions due to ignitions at the growing wildland-urban interface. Although chaparral is resilient to a range of fire frequencies, successively short intervals between fires can threaten the persistence of some species, and the effects may differ according to plant functional type. California shrublands support high levels of biological diversity, including many endangered and endemic species. Therefore, it is important to understand the long-term effects of altered fire regimes on these communities. A spatially explicit simulation model of landscape disturbance and succession (LANDIS) was used to predict the effects of frequent fire on the distribution of dominant plant functional types in a study area administered by the National Park Service. Shrubs dependent on fire-cued seed germination were most sensitive to frequent fire and lost substantial cover to other functional types, including drought-deciduous subshrubs that typify coastal sage scrub and nonnative annual grasses. Shrubs that resprout were favored by higher fire frequencies and gained in extent under these treatments. Due to this potential for vegetation change, caution is advised against the widespread use of prescribed fire in the region. C1 Univ Wisconsin, Dept Forest Ecol & Management, Madison, WI 53706 USA. San Diego State Univ, Dept Geog, San Diego, CA 92182 USA. San Diego State Univ, Dept Biol, San Diego, CA 92182 USA. US Geol Survey, Western Ecol Res Ctr, Sequoia Field Stn, Three Rivers, CA 93271 USA. Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Ecol & Evolutionary Biol, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA. RP Syphard, AD (reprint author), Univ Wisconsin, Dept Forest Ecol & Management, Madison, WI 53706 USA. EM asyphard@yahoo.com NR 55 TC 49 Z9 49 U1 5 U2 61 PU ECOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 1707 H ST NW, STE 400, WASHINGTON, DC 20006-3915 USA SN 1051-0761 J9 ECOL APPL JI Ecol. Appl. PD OCT PY 2006 VL 16 IS 5 BP 1744 EP 1756 DI 10.1890/1051-0761(2006)016[1744:STEOFF]2.0.CO;2 PG 13 WC Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 096FG UT WOS:000241362400011 PM 17069368 ER PT J AU Dodd, CK Ozgul, A Oli, MK AF Dodd, C. Kenneth, Jr. Ozgul, Arpat Oli, Madan K. TI The influence of disturbance events on survival and dispersal rates of Florida box turtles SO ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS LA English DT Article DE demography; dispersal; disturbance; Florida box turtle; population growth rate; recruitment survivorship; Terrapene carolina bauri ID TERRAPENE CAROLINA BAURI; SOUTHERN APPALACHIANS; CANOPY GAPS; CHELYDRA-SERPENTINA; WIND DISTURBANCE; MARKED ANIMALS; CLIMATE-CHANGE; POPULATION; HURRICANE; FOREST AB Disturbances have the potential to cause long-term effects to ecosystem structure and function, and they may affect individual species in different ways. Long-lived vertebrates such as turtles may be at risk from such events, inasmuch as their life histories preclude rapid recovery should extensive mortality occur. We applied capture-mark-recapture models to assess disturbance effects on a population of Florida box turtles (Terrapene carolina bauri) on Egmont Key, Florida, USA. Near the midpoint of the study, a series of physical disturbances affected the island, from salt water overwash associated with several tropical storms to extensive removal of nonindigenous vegetation. These disturbances allowed us to examine demographic responses of the turtle population and to determine if they affected dispersal throughout the island. Adult survival rates did not vary significantly either between sexes or among years of the study. Survival rates did not vary significantly between juvenile and adult turtles, or among years of the study. Furthermore, neither adult nor juvenile survival rates differed significantly between pre- and post-disturbance. However, dispersal rates varied significantly among the four major study sites, and dispersal rates were higher during the pre-disturbance sampling periods compared to post-disturbance. Our results suggest few long-term effects on the demography of the turtle population. Florida box turtles responded to tropical storms and vegetation control, by moving to favorable habitats minimally affected by the disturbances and remaining there. As long as turtles and perhaps other long-lived vertebrates can disperse to non-disturbed habitat, and high levels of mortality do not occur in a population, a long life span may allow them to wait out the impact of disturbance with potentially little effect on long-term population processes. C1 US Geol Survey, Florida Integrated Sci Ctr, Gainesville, FL 32653 USA. Univ Florida, Dept Wildlife Evol & Conservat, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. RP Dodd, CK (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Florida Integrated Sci Ctr, 7920 NW 71st St, Gainesville, FL 32653 USA. EM kdodd@usgs.gov RI Ozgul, Arpat/K-2032-2012 OI Ozgul, Arpat/0000-0001-7477-2642 NR 48 TC 27 Z9 27 U1 4 U2 25 PU ECOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 1707 H ST NW, STE 400, WASHINGTON, DC 20006-3915 USA SN 1051-0761 J9 ECOL APPL JI Ecol. Appl. PD OCT PY 2006 VL 16 IS 5 BP 1936 EP 1944 DI 10.1890/1051-0761(2006)016[1936:TIODEO]2.0.CO;2 PG 9 WC Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 096FG UT WOS:000241362400027 PM 17069384 ER PT J AU Link, WA Barker, RJ AF Link, William A. Barker, Richard J. TI Model weights and the foundations of multimodel inference SO ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE AIC; Akaike's information criterion; Bayesian inference; Bayesian information criterion; Bayes factors; BIC; model averaging; model selection; Salmo trutta ID INFORMATION-THEORY; UNCERTAINTY; SELECTION; SCIENCE AB Statistical thinking in wildlife biology and ecology has been profoundly influenced by the introduction of AIC (Akaike's information criterion) as a tool for model selection and as a basis for model averaging. In this paper, we advocate the Bayesian paradigm as a broader framework for multimodel inference, one in which model averaging and model selection are naturally linked, and in which the performance of AIC-based tools is naturally evaluated. Prior model weights implicitly associated with the use of AIC are seen to highly favor complex models: in some cases, all but the most highly parameterized models in the model set are virtually ignored a priori. We suggest the usefulness of the weighted BIC (Bayesian information criterion) as a computationally simple alternative to AIC, based on explicit selection of prior model probabilities rather than acceptance of default priors associated with AIC. We note, however, that both procedures are only approximate to the use of exact Bayes factors. We discuss and illustrate technical difficulties associated with Bayes factors, and suggest approaches to avoiding these difficulties in the context of model selection for a logistic regression. Our example highlights the predisposition of AIC weighting to favor complex models and suggests a need for caution in using the BIC for computing approximate posterior model weights. C1 USGS, Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, Laurel, MD 20708 USA. Univ Otago, Dept Math & Stat, Dunedin, New Zealand. RP Link, WA (reprint author), USGS, Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, 12100 Beech Forest Rd, Laurel, MD 20708 USA. EM wlink@usgs.gov NR 22 TC 215 Z9 221 U1 6 U2 100 PU ECOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 1707 H ST NW, STE 400, WASHINGTON, DC 20006-3915 USA SN 0012-9658 J9 ECOLOGY JI Ecology PD OCT PY 2006 VL 87 IS 10 BP 2626 EP 2635 DI 10.1890/0012-9658(2006)87[2626:MWATFO]2.0.CO;2 PG 10 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 098XU UT WOS:000241557900022 PM 17089670 ER PT J AU Waldrop, MP Zak, DR Blackwood, CB Curtis, CD Tilman, D AF Waldrop, Mark P. Zak, Donald R. Blackwood, Christopher B. Curtis, Casey D. Tilman, David TI Resource availability controls fungal diversity across a plant diversity gradient SO ECOLOGY LETTERS LA English DT Article DE microbial diversity; fungal diversity; plant diversity; Cedar Creek Natural History Area; microbial biomass; resource availability; diversity-productivity hypothesis ID SOIL MICROBIAL COMMUNITIES; BACTERIAL DIVERSITY; OLD-FIELD; PRODUCTIVITY; GRASSLAND; CARBON; ECOSYSTEMS; PATTERNS; BIOMASS; MICROORGANISMS AB Despite decades of research, the ecological determinants of microbial diversity remain poorly understood. Here, we test two alternative hypotheses concerning the factors regulating fungal diversity in soil. The first states that higher levels of plant detritus production increase the supply of limiting resources (i.e. organic substrates) thereby increasing fungal diversity. Alternatively, greater plant diversity increases the range of organic substrates entering soil, thereby increasing the number of niches to be filled by a greater array of heterotrophic fungi. These two hypotheses were simultaneously examined in experimental plant communities consisting of one to 16 species that have been maintained for a decade. We used ribosomal intergenic spacer analysis (RISA), in combination with cloning and sequencing, to quantify fungal community composition and diversity within the experimental plant communities. We used soil microbial biomass as a temporally integrated measure of resource supply. Plant diversity was unrelated to fungal diversity, but fungal diversity was a unimodal function of resource supply. Canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) indicated that plant diversity showed a relationship to fungal community composition, although the occurrence of RISA bands and operational taxonomic units (OTUs) did not differ among the treatments. The relationship between fungal diversity and resource availability parallels similar relationships reported for grasslands, tropical forests, coral reefs, and other biotic communities, strongly suggesting that the same underlying mechanisms determine the diversity of organisms at multiple scales. C1 Univ Michigan, Dept Ecol & Evolutionary Biol, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. Univ Minnesota, Dept Ecol Evolut & Behav, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. Univ Michigan, Sch Nat Resources & Environm, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. RP Waldrop, MP (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 345 Middlefield Rd,MS 962, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. EM mwaldrop@usgs.gov RI Blackwood, Christopher/B-3839-2010; Zak, Donald/C-6004-2012; OI Blackwood, Christopher/0000-0001-5764-6978; Waldrop, Mark/0000-0003-1829-7140 NR 41 TC 96 Z9 98 U1 9 U2 76 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 1461-023X J9 ECOL LETT JI Ecol. Lett. PD OCT PY 2006 VL 9 IS 10 BP 1127 EP 1135 DI 10.1111/j.1461-0248.2006.00965.x PG 9 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 084UO UT WOS:000240560100005 PM 16972876 ER PT J AU Schmitt, CJ Brumbaugh, WG Linder, GL Hinck, JE AF Schmitt, Christopher J. Brumbaugh, William G. Linder, Gregory L. Hinck, Jo Ellen TI A screening-level assessment of lead, cadmium, and zinc in fish and crayfish from Northeastern Oklahoma, USA SO ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH LA English DT Article DE metals; mining; fish; crayfish; ecological risk; native Americans ID COEUR-DALENE RIVER; MINNOWS PIMEPHALES-PROMELAS; ACID DEHYDRATASE ACTIVITY; RAINBOW-TROUT; ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINANTS; MISSOURI STREAMS; MINE TAILINGS; NEOSHO MADTOM; METALS; SEDIMENTS AB The objective of this study was to evaluate potential human and ecological risks associated with metals in fish and crayfish from mining in the Tri-States Mining District (TSMD). Crayfish (Orconectes spp.) and fish of six frequently consumed species (common carp, Cyprinus carpio; channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus; flathead catfish, Pylodictis olivaris; largemouth bass, Micropterus salmoides; spotted bass, M. punctulatus; and white crappie, Pomoxis annularis) were collected in 2001-2002 from the Oklahoma waters of the Spring River (SR) and Neosho River (NR), which drain the TSMD. Samples from a mining-contaminated site in eastern Missouri and from reference sites were also analyzed. Individual fish were prepared for human consumption in the manner used locally by Native Americans (headed, eviscerated, and scaled) and analyzed for lead, cadmium, and zinc. Whole crayfish were analyzed as composite samples of 5-60 animals. Metals concentrations were typically higher in samples from sites most heavily affected by mining and lowest in reference samples. Within the TSMD, most metals concentrations were higher at sites on the SR than on the NR and were typically highest in common carp and crayfish than in other taxa. Higher concentrations and greater risk were associated with fish and crayfish from heavily contaminated SR tributaries than the SR or NR mainstems. Based on the results of this and previous studies, the human consumption of carp and crayfish could be restricted based on current criteria for lead, cadmium, and zinc, and the consumption of channel catfish could be restricted due to lead. Metals concentrations were uniformly low in Micropterus spp. and crappie and would not warrant restriction, however. Some risk to carnivorous avian wildlife from lead and zinc in TSMD fish and invertebrates was also indicated, as was risk to the fish themselves. Overall, the wildlife assessment is consistent with previously reported biological effects attributed to metals from the TSMD. The results demonstrate the potential for adverse effects in fish, wildlife, and humans and indicate that further investigation of human health and ecological risks, to include additional exposure pathways and endpoints, is warranted. C1 Columbia Univ, Environm Res Ctr, US Geol Survey, Columbia, MO 65201 USA. Columbia Univ, Environm Res Ctr, US Geol Survey, Brooks, OR 97305 USA. RP Schmitt, CJ (reprint author), Columbia Univ, Environm Res Ctr, US Geol Survey, 4200 New Haven Rd, Columbia, MO 65201 USA. EM cjschmitt@usgs.gov NR 83 TC 24 Z9 24 U1 2 U2 23 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0269-4042 J9 ENVIRON GEOCHEM HLTH JI Environ. Geochem. Health PD OCT PY 2006 VL 28 IS 5 BP 445 EP 471 DI 10.1007/s10653-006-9050-4 PG 27 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Water Resources SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Water Resources GA 089VW UT WOS:000240910600005 PM 16791710 ER PT J AU Trail, PW AF Trail, Pepper W. TI Avian mortality at oil pits in the United States: A review of the problem and efforts for its solution SO ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT LA English DT Review DE bird mortality; oil; petroleum; contaminants; E&P wastes; pollution; law enforcement; forensics; Migratory Bird Treaty Act; RCRA ID PETROLEUM; BIRDS; EGGS; TEXAS AB Oil production operations produce waste fluids that may be stored in pits, open tanks, and other sites accessible to wildlife. Birds visit these fluid-filled pits and tanks ("oil pits"), which often resemble water sources, and may become trapped and die. The US Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS) has a program to reduce these impacts by locating problem pits, documenting mortality of protected wildlife species, and seeking cleanup or corrective action at problem pits with the help of state and federal agencies regulating the oil industry. Species identification and verification of protected status for birds recovered from oil pits are performed at the USFWS National Fish and Wildlife Forensics Laboratory. From 1992 to 2005, a minimum of 2060 individual birds were identified from remains recovered from oil pits, representing 172 species from 44 families. The taxonomic and ecological diversity of these birds indicates that oil pits pose a threat to virtually all species of birds that encounter them. Ninety-two percent of identified bird remains belonged to protected species. Most remains identified at the Forensics Laboratory were from passerines, particularly ground-foraging species. Based on Forensics Laboratory and USFWS field data, oil pits currently cause the deaths of 500,000-1 million birds per year. Although law enforcement and industry efforts have produced genuine progress on this issue, oil pits remain a significant source of mortality for birds in the United States. C1 US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Natl Fish & Wildlife Forens Lab, Ashland, OR 97520 USA. RP Trail, PW (reprint author), US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Natl Fish & Wildlife Forens Lab, 1490 E Main St, Ashland, OR 97520 USA. EM pepper_trail@fws.gov NR 31 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 1 U2 14 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0364-152X EI 1432-1009 J9 ENVIRON MANAGE JI Environ. Manage. PD OCT PY 2006 VL 38 IS 4 BP 532 EP 544 DI 10.1007/s00267-005-0201-7 PG 13 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 087AN UT WOS:000240714700002 PM 16988870 ER PT J AU Custer, TW Custer, CM Goatcher, BL Melancon, MJ Matson, CW Bickham, JW AF Custer, Thomas W. Custer, Christine M. Goatcher, Buddy L. Melancon, Mark J. Matson, Cole W. Bickham, John W. TI Contaminant exposure of barn swallows nesting on Bayou D'Inde, Calcasieu Estuary, Louisiana, USA SO ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT LA English DT Article DE barn swallows; EROD activity; metals; PCBs; polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons ID TREE SWALLOWS; TACHYCINETA-BICOLOR; POLYCHLORINATED-BIPHENYLS; REPRODUCTIVE SUCCESS; GREEN BAY; FOX RIVER; SEDIMENTS; BIRDS; HYDROCARBONS; INDUCTION AB Current and historical point source discharges, storm water runoff, and accidental spills have contaminated the water, sediment, and biota within the Calcasieu Estuary in southwestern Louisiana. In 2003, barn swallow (Hirundo rustica) eggs and nestlings were collected beneath two bridges that cross Bayou d'Inde, the most contaminated waterway within the Calcasieu Estuary. Samples were also collected from a bridge over Bayou Teche, a reference site in south central Louisiana. Polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) concentrations in barn swallow eggs and nestlings were significantly higher at the downstream site on Bayou d'Inde (2.8 mu g/g PCBs in eggs and 1.5 mu g/g PCBs in nestlings) than at the other two sites (< 0.2 mu g/g PCBs in eggs and nestlings at both sites). Ethoxyresorufin-O-dealkylase activity in nestling livers was significantly higher at the downstream site on Bayou d'Inde (50 pmol/min/mg) compared to the other two locations (24 pmol/min/mg, each), probably because of exposure to PCBs. Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin and polychlorinated dibenzofuran concentrations in eggs and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in nestlings were at background concentrations at all sites. Trace element concentrations in barn swallow eggs and nestling livers were at background levels and did not differ among the three sites. A biomarker of DNA damage did not differ among sites. C1 US Geol Survey, Upper Midw Environm Sci Ctr, La Crosse, WI 54603 USA. US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Lafayette, LA 70506 USA. US Geol Survey, Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Texas A&M Univ, Dept Wildlife & Fisheries, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. RP Custer, TW (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Upper Midw Environm Sci Ctr, 2630 Fanta Reed Rd, La Crosse, WI 54603 USA. EM tcuster@usgs.gov RI Matson, Cole/F-7992-2010; Custer, Christine/H-4871-2014; OI Matson, Cole/0000-0002-6472-9357; Custer, Thomas/0000-0003-3170-6519 FU NIEHS NIH HHS [ES04917] NR 38 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 2 U2 10 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0167-6369 J9 ENVIRON MONIT ASSESS JI Environ. Monit. Assess. PD OCT PY 2006 VL 121 IS 1-3 BP 543 EP 560 DI 10.1007/s10661-005-9153-x PG 18 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 097NA UT WOS:000241453500035 PM 16779575 ER PT J AU Miller, MP McKnight, DM Cory, RM Williams, MW Runkel, RL AF Miller, Matthew P. McKnight, Diane M. Cory, Rose M. Williams, Mark W. Runkel, Robert L. TI Hyporheic exchange and fulvic acid redox reactions in an alpine stream/wetland ecosystem, Colorado front range SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID DISSOLVED ORGANIC-MATTER; GREEN LAKES VALLEY; FLUORESCENCE SPECTROSCOPY; ALPINE/SUBALPINE ECOTONE; TRANSIENT STORAGE; STREAM; NITROGEN; TRANSPORT; CARBON; ENVIRONMENTS AB The influence of hyporheic zone interactions on the redox state of fulvic acids and other redox active species was investigated in an alpine stream and adjacent wetland, which is a more reducing environment. A tracer injection experiment using bromide (Br-) was conducted in the stream system. Simulations with a transport model showed that rates of exchange between the stream and hyporheic zone were rapid (alpha approximate to 10(-3) s(-1)). Parallel factor analysis of fluorescence spectra was used to quantify the redox state of dissolved fulvic acids. The rate coefficient for oxidation of reduced fulvic acids (lambda = 6.5 x 10(-3) s(-1)) in the stream indicates that electron-transfer reactions occur over short time scales. The rate coefficients for decay of ammonium (lambda = 1.2 x 10(-3) s(-1)) and production of nitrate (lambda = -1.0 x 10(-3) s(-1)) were opposite in sign but almost equal in magnitude. Our results suggest that fulvic acids are involved in rapid electron-transfer processes in and near the stream channel and may be important in determining ecological energy flow at the catchment scale. C1 Univ Colorado, Dept Civil Environm & Architectural Engn, Inst Arct & Alpine Res, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Univ Colorado, Dept Geog, Inst Arctic & Alpine Res, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. US Geol Survey, Lakewood, CO 80225 USA. RP Miller, MP (reprint author), Univ Colorado, Dept Civil Environm & Architectural Engn, Inst Arct & Alpine Res, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. EM Matthew.P.Miller-1@Colorado.edu RI Cory, Rose/C-2277-2009; Cory, Rose/C-4198-2016; OI MCKNIGHT, DIANE/0000-0002-4171-1533; Cory, Rose/0000-0001-9867-7084; Miller, Matthew/0000-0002-2537-1823 NR 32 TC 58 Z9 59 U1 1 U2 27 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0013-936X J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD OCT 1 PY 2006 VL 40 IS 19 BP 5943 EP 5949 DI 10.1021/es060635j PG 7 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 088QK UT WOS:000240826000025 PM 17051783 ER PT J AU Melancon, MJ Kutay, AL Woodin, BR Stegemant, JJ AF Melancon, Mark J. Kutay, Amy L. Woodin, Bruce R. Stegemant, John J. TI Evaluating cytochrome p450 in lesser scaup (Aythya affinis) and tree swallow (Tachycineta bicolor) by monooxygenase activity and immunohistochemistry: Possible nonlethal assessment by skin immunohistochemistry SO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE cytochrome p450; CYP1A; immunohistochemistry; lesser scaup; tree swallow ID ARYL-HYDROCARBON HYDROXYLASE; ARACHIDONIC-ACID EPOXYGENASE; CHICK-EMBRYO LIVER; BAY CRUDE-OIL; BETA-NAPHTHOFLAVONE; 1A1 EXPRESSION; INDUCTION; PURIFICATION; 2,3,7,8-TETRACHLORODIBENZO-P-DIOXIN; MICROSOMES AB Six-month-old lesser scaup (Aythya affinis) and nestling tree swallows (Tachycineta bicolor) were injected intraperitoneally with beta-naphthoflavone (BNF) in corn oil or in vehicle alone. Liver samples were taken and stored at -80 degrees C until microsome preparation and monooxygenase assay. Skin samples were placed in buffered formalin for subsequent immunohistochemical (IHC) analysis for cytochrome P4501A (CYP1A). Lesser scaup treated with BNF at 20 or 100 mg/kg body weight showed approximately 6- to 18-fold increases in four monooxygenases (benzyloxyresorufin-O-dealkylase, ethoxyresorufin-O-dealkylase, methoxyresorufin-O-dealkylase, and pentoxyresorufin-O-dealkylase). No IHC response was observed for CYP1A in the skin of vehicle-injected ducks, whereas in the skin from BNF-treated ducks, the positive IHC response was of similar magnitude for both dose levels of BNF. Tree swallows injected with BNF at 100 mg/kg, but not at. 20 mg/kg, showed significant increases (approximately fivefold) in hepatic microsomal O-dealkylase activities. Cytochrome P4501A was undetectable by IHC response in skin from corn oil-treated swallows, but positive IHC responses were observed in the skin of one of five swallows at 20 mg/kg and four of five swallows at 100 mg/kg. Although these data do not allow construction of significant dose-response curves, the IHC responses for CYP1A in skin support the possible use of this nonlethal approach for biomonitoring contaminant exposure of birds. In addition, the CYP1A signal observed at the bases of emerging feathers suggest that these might provide less invasive sampling sites for IHC analysis of CYP1A. C1 Beltsville Agr Res Ctr E, US Geol Survey, Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, Beltsville Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Woods Hole Oceanog Inst, Dept Biol, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. RP Melancon, MJ (reprint author), Beltsville Agr Res Ctr E, US Geol Survey, Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, Beltsville Lab, 308,Room 218, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. EM mark_melancon@usgs.gov NR 33 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 2 PU SETAC PRESS PI PENSACOLA PA 1010 N 12TH AVE, PENSACOLA, FL 32501-3367 USA SN 0730-7268 J9 ENVIRON TOXICOL CHEM JI Environ. Toxicol. Chem. PD OCT PY 2006 VL 25 IS 10 BP 2613 EP 2617 DI 10.1897/2605021.1 PG 5 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA 085KK UT WOS:000240602800008 PM 17022400 ER PT J AU Norberg-King, TJ Sibley, PK Burton, GA Ingersoll, CG Kemble, NE Ireland, S Mount, DR Rowland, CD AF Norberg-King, Teresa J. Sibley, Paul K. Burton, G. Allen Ingersoll, Christopher G. Kemble, Nile E. Ireland, Scott Mount, David R. Rowland, Carolyn D. TI Interlaboratory evaluation of Hyalella azteca and Chironomus tentans short-term and long-term sediment toxicity tests SO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE sediment; interlaboratory; life cycle; toxicity; round robin ID FRESH-WATER SEDIMENT; LIFE-CYCLE TEST; CONTAMINATED SEDIMENTS; BENTHIC INVERTEBRATES; RELATIVE SENSITIVITY; OVERLYING-WATER; RENEWAL SYSTEM; WHOLE-SEDIMENT; END-POINTS; AMPHIPOD AB Methods for assessing the long-term toxicity of sediments to Hyalella azteca and Chironomus tentans can significantly enhance the capacity to assess sublethal effects of contaminated sediments through multiple endpoints. Sublethal tests allow us to begin to understand the relationship between short-term and long-term effects for toxic sediments. We present an interlaboratory evaluation with long-term and 10-d tests using control and contaminated sediments in which we assess whether proposed and existing performance criteria (test acceptability criteria [TAC]) could be achieved. Laboratories became familiar with newly developed, long-term protocols by testing two control sediments in phase 1. In phase 2, the 10-d and long-term tests were examined with several sediments. Laboratories met the TACs, but results varied depending on the test organism, test duration, and endpoints. For the long-term tests in phase 1, 66 to 100% of the laboratories consistently met the TACs for survival, growth, or reproduction using H. azteca, and 70 to 100% of the laboratories met the TACs for survival and growth, emergence, reproduction, and hatchability using C. tentans. In phase 2, fewer laboratories participated in long-term tests: 71 to 88% of the laboratories met the TAC for H. azteca, whereas 50 to 67% met the TAC for C. tentans. In the 10-d tests with H. azteca and C. tentans, 82 and 88% of the laboratories met the TAC for survival, respectively, and 80% met the TAC for C. tentans growth. For the 10-d and long-term tests, laboratories predicted similar toxicity. Overall, the interlaboratory evaluation showed good precision of the methods, appropriate endpoints were incorporated into the test protocols, and tests effectively predicted the toxicity of sediments. C1 US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, MidContinent Ecol Div, Duluth, MN 55804 USA. Univ Guelph, Dept Environm Biol, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada. Wright State Univ, Inst Environm Qual, Dayton, OH 45435 USA. US Geol Survey, Columbia Environm Res Ctr, Columbia, MO 65201 USA. US EPA, Off Water, Off Sci & Technol, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP Norberg-King, TJ (reprint author), US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, MidContinent Ecol Div, 6201 Congdon Blvd, Duluth, MN 55804 USA. EM norberg-king.teresa@epa.gov NR 39 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 1 U2 16 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 0730-7268 J9 ENVIRON TOXICOL CHEM JI Environ. Toxicol. Chem. PD OCT PY 2006 VL 25 IS 10 BP 2662 EP 2674 DI 10.1897/05-044R2.1 PG 13 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA 085KK UT WOS:000240602800015 PM 17022407 ER PT J AU Mount, DR Highland, TL Mattson, VR Dawson, TD Lott, KG Ingersoll, CG AF Mount, David R. Highland, Terry L. Mattson, Vincent R. Dawson, Timothy D. Lott, Kevin G. Ingersoll, Christopher G. TI Use of the oligochaete, Lumbriculus variegatus, as a prey organism for toxicant exposure of fish through the diet SO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE Lumbriculus variegatus; dietary exposure; fish nutrition; toxicology methods ID TROUT ONCORHYNCHUS-MYKISS; CLARK-FORK RIVER; RAINBOW-TROUT; BENTHIC INVERTEBRATES; TOXICITY; SEDIMENT; BIOACCUMULATION; CONTAMINANTS; COPPER; WATER AB The oligochaete, Lumbriculus variegatus, has several characteristics that make it desirable as a prey organism for conducting dietary exposure studies with fish. We conducted 21- and 30-d experiments with young fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas) and rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss), respectively, to determine whether a diet consisting solely of L. variegatus would support normal growth and to compare performance with standard diets (Artemia nauplii, frozen brine shrimp, or trout chow). All diets were readily accepted, and fish survived and grew well. Food conversion in both fathead minnows and rainbow trout was as high as or higher for the oligochaete diet compared with others, although this comparison is influenced by differences in ration, ingestion rate, or both. The oligochaete diet had gross nutritional analysis similar to the other diets, and meets fish nutrition guidelines for protein and essential amino acids. Methodologies and practical considerations for successfully using oligochaetes as an experimental diet are discussed. Considering their ready acceptance by fish, their apparent nutritional sufficiency, the ease of culturing large numbers, and the ease with which they can be loaded with exogenous chemicals, we believe that L. variegatus represents an excellent choice of exposure vector for exposing fish to toxicants via the diet. C1 US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Lab, Mid Continent Ecol Div, Duluth, MN 55804 USA. Wilson Environm Labs, Duluth, MN 55802 USA. US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Columbia Environm Res Ctr, Columbia, MO 65201 USA. RP Mount, DR (reprint author), US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Lab, Mid Continent Ecol Div, 6201 Congdon Blvd, Duluth, MN 55804 USA. EM mount.dave@epa.gov NR 33 TC 18 Z9 22 U1 1 U2 11 PU SETAC PI PENSACOLA PA 1010 NORTH 12TH AVE, PENSACOLA, FL 32501-3367 USA SN 0730-7268 J9 ENVIRON TOXICOL CHEM JI Environ. Toxicol. Chem. PD OCT PY 2006 VL 25 IS 10 BP 2760 EP 2767 DI 10.1897/06-138.1 PG 8 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA 085KK UT WOS:000240602800026 PM 17022418 ER PT J AU Sparling, DW Matson, C Bickham, J Doelling-Brown, P AF Sparling, Donald W. Matson, Cole Bickham, John Doelling-Brown, Paige TI Toxicity of glyphosate as Glypro (R) and LI700 to red-eared slider (Trachemys scripta elegans) embryos and early hatchlings SO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE glyphosate; red-eared sliders; trachemys; LI700; embryo ID TURTLE; HERBICIDES; TADPOLES; ROUNDUP; SEA AB More than 8.2 billion ha of cropland, gardens, and forests are treated with the herbicide glyphosate each year. Whereas the toxicity of glyphosate and associated adjuvants has been measured in other vertebrates, few, if any, studies have looked at their effects in reptiles. In some instances, management of turtle habitat requires control of successional stages through application of herbicides. Adults and juvenile turtles may be exposed directly, whereas embryos may contact the chemicals through the soil. In the present study, we exposed eggs of red-eared sliders (Trachemys scripta elegans) to single applications of herbicide ranging from 0 to 11,206 ppm wet weight of glyphosate in Glypro (R) and 0 to 678 ppm of the surfactant, LI700. Hatching success at the highest concentration was significantly lower (73%) than in other treatments (80-100%). At hatch, turtles at the highest concentration weighed less than those at other concentrations. During a 14-d holding period, we observed dose-response relationships in the ability of hatchlings to right themselves when turned on their backs. At the end of the holding period, hatchlings at the highest dose level were still lighter, and somatic indices were lower, than those in other treatments. Genetic damage, as measured by flow cytometry, increased with treatment concentration except for the highest dose. We conclude that because of the high concentrations needed to produce effects and the protection offered by several centimeters of soil or sediment, glyphosate with LI700 poses low levels of risk to red-eared slider embryos under normal field operations with regards to the endpoints measured in the present study. Carelessness in handling glyphosate or failure to follow label directions may produce adverse effects. There also is a risk that the health of turtle embryos may be affected in ways not measured in the present study. C1 So Illinois Univ, Cooperat Wildlife Res Lab, Dept Zool, Carbondale, IL 62901 USA. So Illinois Univ, Ctr Ecol, Carbondale, IL 62901 USA. Texas A&M Univ, Dept Wildlife & Fisheries Sci, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Annapolis, MD 21401 USA. RP Sparling, DW (reprint author), So Illinois Univ, Cooperat Wildlife Res Lab, Dept Zool, LS 2,MS6504, Carbondale, IL 62901 USA. EM dsparl@siu.edu RI Matson, Cole/F-7992-2010 OI Matson, Cole/0000-0002-6472-9357 NR 27 TC 28 Z9 30 U1 3 U2 20 PU SETAC PI PENSACOLA PA 1010 NORTH 12TH AVE, PENSACOLA, FL 32501-3367 USA SN 0730-7268 J9 ENVIRON TOXICOL CHEM JI Environ. Toxicol. Chem. PD OCT PY 2006 VL 25 IS 10 BP 2768 EP 2774 DI 10.1897/05-152.1 PG 7 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA 085KK UT WOS:000240602800027 PM 17022419 ER PT J AU Lasier, PJ Winger, PV Hardin, IR AF Lasier, Peter J. Winger, Parley V. Hardin, Ian R. TI Effects of hardness and alkalinity in culture and test waters on reproduction of Ceriodaphnia dubia SO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE Ceriodaphnia dubia; culture; water hardness; reproduction; anion toxicity ID TOXICITY AB Ceriodaphnia dubia were cultured in four reconstituted water formulations with hardness and alkalinity concentrations ranging from soft to the moderately hard water that is required by whole-effluent toxicity (WET) testing methods for culturing test organisms. The effects of these culture formulations alone and in combination with two levels of Cl-, SO42-, and HCO3- on reproduction of C. dubia were evaluated with the standard three-brood test. Reproduction was significantly reduced when test waters had lower hardness than culture waters. However, reproduction was not significantly different when animals cultured in low-hardness waters were exposed to moderately hard waters. The hardness of the culture water did not significantly affect the sensitivity of C. dubia to the three anions. Conversely, increased hardness in test waters significantly reduced the toxicities of Cl- and SO42-, with HCO3- toxicity following the same pattern. Alkalinity exhibited no consistent effect on Cl- and SO42- toxicity. The physiological stress of placing animals cultured in moderately hard water into softer test waters might contribute to marginal failures of otherwise nontoxic effluents. The standard WET protocol should be revised to allow the culture of C. dubia under lower hardness conditions to better represent local surface water chemistries. C1 Univ Georgia, US Geol Survey, Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, Warnell Sch Forest Resources, Athens, GA 30602 USA. Univ Georgia, Coll Family & Consumer Sci, Athens, GA 30602 USA. RP Lasier, PJ (reprint author), Univ Georgia, US Geol Survey, Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, Warnell Sch Forest Resources, Athens, GA 30602 USA. EM pete_lasier@usgs.gov NR 13 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 1 U2 12 PU SETAC PI PENSACOLA PA 1010 NORTH 12TH AVE, PENSACOLA, FL 32501-3367 USA SN 0730-7268 J9 ENVIRON TOXICOL CHEM JI Environ. Toxicol. Chem. PD OCT PY 2006 VL 25 IS 10 BP 2781 EP 2786 DI 10.1897/05-547R.1 PG 6 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA 085KK UT WOS:000240602800029 PM 17022421 ER PT J AU Lucas, LV Sereno, DM Burau, JR Schraga, TS Lopez, CB Stacey, MT Parchevsky, KV Parchevsky, VP AF Lucas, Lisa V. Sereno, Deanna M. Burau, Jon R. Schraga, Tara S. Lopez, Cary B. Stacey, Mark T. Parchevsky, Konstantin V. Parchevsky, Vladimir P. TI Intradaily variability of water quality in a shallow tidal lagoon: Mechanisms and implications SO ESTUARIES AND COASTS LA English DT Article ID GOVERNING PHYTOPLANKTON BLOOMS; FOOD WEBS; ESTUARIES; RESTORATION; ECOSYSTEMS; TRANSPORT; HABITATS; ECOLOGY; DELTA; TIME AB Although surface water quality and its underlying processes vary over time scales ranging from seconds to decades, they have historically been studied at the lower (weekly to interannual) frequencies. The aim of this study was to investigate intradaily variability of three water quality parameters in a small freshwater tidal lagoon (Mildred Island, California). High frequency time series of specific conductivity, water temperature, and chlorophyll a at two locations within the habitat were analyzed in conjunction with supporting hydrodynamic, meteorological, biological, and spatial mapping data. All three constituents exhibited large amplitude intradaily (e.g., semidiurnal tidal and diurnal) oscillations, and periodicity varied across constituents, space, and time. Like other tidal embayments, this habitat is influenced by several processes with distinct periodicities including physical controls, such as tides, solar radiation, and wind, and biological controls, such as photosynthesis, growth, and grazing. A scaling approach was developed to estimate individual process contributions to the observed variability. Scaling results were generally consistent with observations and together with detailed examination of time series and time derivatives, revealed specific mechanisms underlying the observed periodicities, including interactions between the tidal variability, heating, wind, and biology. The implications for monitoring were illustrated through subsampling of the data set. This exercise demonstrated how quantities needed by scientists and managers (e.g., mean or extreme concentrations) may be misrepresented by low frequency data and how short-duration high frequency measurements can aid in the design and interpretation of temporally coarser sampling programs. The dispersive export of chlorophyll a from the habitat exhibited a fortnightly variability corresponding to the modulation of semidiurnal tidal currents with the diurnal cycle of phytoplankton variability, demonstrating how high frequency interactions can govern long-term trends. Process identification, as through the scaling analysis here, can help us anticipate changes in system behavior and adapt our own interactions with the system. C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. Univ Calif Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. US Geol Survey, Sacramento, CA 95819 USA. NOAA, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. Stanford Univ, WW Hansen Expt Phys Lab, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. Inst Biol So Seas, UA-99011 Crimea, Ukraine. RP Lucas, LV (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 345 Middlefield Rd,MS 496, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. EM llucas@usgs.gov NR 56 TC 19 Z9 20 U1 0 U2 10 PU ESTUARINE RESEARCH FEDERATION PI PORT REPUBLIC PA 2018 DAFFODIL, PO BOX 510, PORT REPUBLIC, MD 20676 USA SN 1559-2723 J9 ESTUARIES COASTS JI Estuaries Coasts PD OCT PY 2006 VL 29 IS 5 BP 711 EP 730 PG 20 WC Environmental Sciences; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 102TY UT WOS:000241837400001 ER PT J AU Smith, DR Michels, SF AF Smith, David R. Michels, Stewart F. TI Seeing the elephant: Importance of spatial and temporal coverage in a large-scale volunteer-based program to monitor horseshoe crabs SO FISHERIES LA English DT Article ID LIMULUS-POLYPHEMUS; DELAWARE BAY; POPULATION; CONSEQUENCES; ABUNDANCE; BEHAVIOR; DECLINE AB As in John Godfrey Saxe's poem about six blind men and an elephant, conclusions drawn from a monitoring program depend critically on where and when observations are made. We examined results from the Delaware Bay horseshoe crab (Limulus polyphemus) spawning survey to evaluate the effect of spatial and temporal coverage on conclusions about spawning activity. Declines due to previously unregulated harvest triggered an increase in monitoring. Although we detected no apparent trend in bay-wide spawning activity for 1999-2005, conclusions would have differed depending on where and when observations were made. For example, spawning activity in May during the shore-bird stopover was a poor predictor of spawning activity over the whole season. Observations made only during peak spawning incorrectly suggested that spawning activity increased during 2001-2005. Trends at one place in the bay were not indicative of trends for the whole bay. Many natural resource issues begin like the blind men and the elephant with dispute partially caused by an incomplete picture of the resource. As sufficient time and funds are directed to gathering necessary data using effective sampling designs, a more complete picture can emerge. C1 US Geol Survey, Leetown Sci Ctr, Kearneysville, WV USA. Delaware Div Fish & Wildlife, Little Creek, DE USA. RP Smith, DR (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Leetown Sci Ctr, Kearneysville, WV USA. EM drsmith@usgs.gov NR 27 TC 27 Z9 28 U1 0 U2 7 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA SN 0363-2415 J9 FISHERIES JI Fisheries PD OCT PY 2006 VL 31 IS 10 BP 485 EP 491 DI 10.1577/1548-8446(2006)31[485:STE]2.0.CO;2 PG 7 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 099YN UT WOS:000241633800003 ER PT J AU Zydlewski, GB Horton, G Dubreuil, T Letcher, B Casey, S Zydlewski, J AF Zydlewski, Gayle Barbin Horton, Gregg Dubreuil, Todd Letcher, Benjamin Casey, Sean Zydlewski, Joseph TI Remote monitoring of fish in small streams: A unified approach using PIT tags SO FISHERIES LA English DT Article ID SALMON SALMO-SALAR; INTEGRATED TRANSPONDER TAGS; INDIVIDUAL-BASED APPROACH; DWELLING ATLANTIC SALMON; LIFE-HISTORY VARIATION; ANTENNA-ARRAY; SURVIVAL; GROWTH; TROUT; MOVEMENTS AB Accurate assessments of fish populations are often limited by re-observation or recapture events. Since the early 1990s, passive integrated transponders (PIT tags) have been used to understand the biology of many fish species. Until recently, PIT applications in small streams have been limited to physical recapture events. To maximize recapture probability, we constructed PIT antenna arrays in small streams to remotely detect individual fish. Experiences from two different laboratories (three case studies) allowed us to develop a unified approach to applying PIT technology for enhancing data assessments. Information on equipment, its installation, tag considerations, and array construction is provided. Theoretical and practical definitions are introduced to standardize metrics for assessing detection efficiency. We demonstrate how certain conditions (stream discharge, vibration, and ambient radio frequency noise) affect the detection efficiency and suggest that by monitoring these conditions, expectations of efficiency can be modified. We emphasize the importance of consistently estimating detection efficiency for fisheries applications. C1 Univ Maine, Sch Marine Sci, Orono, ME 04469 USA. US Geol Survey, Leetown Sci Ctr, Leetown, WV USA. SO Conte Anadromous Fish Res Ctr, Turners Falls, MA USA. Wintegra Inc, S St Paul, MN USA. US Geol Survey, Marine Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Orono, ME USA. US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Abernathy Fish Technol Ctr, Longview, WA USA. RP Zydlewski, GB (reprint author), Univ Maine, Sch Marine Sci, Orono, ME 04469 USA. EM gayle.zydlewski@umit.maine.edu NR 27 TC 80 Z9 83 U1 5 U2 39 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA SN 0363-2415 J9 FISHERIES JI Fisheries PD OCT PY 2006 VL 31 IS 10 BP 492 EP 502 DI 10.1577/1548-8446(2006)31[492:RMOFIS]2.0.CO;2 PG 11 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 099YN UT WOS:000241633800004 ER PT J AU Connelly, NA Brown, TL Hardiman, JM AF Connelly, Nancy A. Brown, Tommy L. Hardiman, Jill M. TI AFS men and women differ most in their lifestyle choices SO FISHERIES LA English DT Article AB The American Fisheries Society sponsored a survey to examine the career development choices of men and women and how they might differ by gender. A random sample of 700 men and 700 women was selected from the AFS membership database. The survey was mailed out in October 2004 and 991 questionnaires were returned for an adjusted response rate of 71%. Some differences exist between men and women in the areas of interest development, education, and employment, but the substantive differences occur in lifestyle choices. Women with a fisheries career are less likely to be married than men, even when age is controlled for, and women who are married are more likely to have dual-career considerations than their male counterparts. Among respondents without dependents in their home during their professional career, twice as many women as men think having children will adversely affect their career. For those with dependents, more than twice as many women as men said they had to put their career "on hold" because of their dependents. While AFS members do not represent all members of the fisheries profession, their experiences shed substantial light on the lifestyle choices likely faced by most members of the profession. C1 Cornell Univ, Human Dimens Res Unit, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. US Geol Survey, Columbia River Res Lab, Reston, VA 20192 USA. RP Connelly, NA (reprint author), Cornell Univ, Human Dimens Res Unit, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. EM nac4@cornell.edu NR 4 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA SN 0363-2415 J9 FISHERIES JI Fisheries PD OCT PY 2006 VL 31 IS 10 BP 503 EP 506 DI 10.1577/1548-8446(2006)31[503:AMAWDM]2.0.CO;2 PG 4 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 099YN UT WOS:000241633800005 ER PT J AU Butler, J Neuman, M Pinkard, D Kvitek, R Cochrane, G AF Butler, John Neuman, Melissa Pinkard, Deanna Kvitek, Rikk Cochrane, Guy TI The use of multibeam sonar mapping techniques to refine population estimates of the endangered white abalone (Haliotis sorenseni) SO FISHERY BULLETIN LA English DT Article ID CHANNEL-ISLANDS; CALIFORNIA; HABITAT AB Multibeam sonar mapping techniques provide detailed benthic habitat information that can be combined with the data on species-specific habitat preferences to provide highly accurate calculations of populations in a particular area. The amount of suitable habitat available for the endangered white abalone (Haliotis sorenseni) was quantified to aid in obtaining an accurate estimate of the number of remaining individuals at two offshore banks and one island site off the coast of southern California. Habitat was mapped by using multibeam sonar survey techniques and categorized by using rugosity and topographic position analysis. Abalone densities were evaluated by using a remotely operated vehicle and video transect methods. The total amount of suitable habitat at these three sites was far greater than that previously estimated. Therefore, although present estimates of white abalone densities are several orders of magnitude lower than historic estimates, the total population is likely larger than previously reported because of the additional amount of habitat surveyed in this study. C1 SW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA. Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Long Beach, CA 90802 USA. Calif State Univ, Seaside, CA 93955 USA. US Geol Serv, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. RP Butler, J (reprint author), SW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, 8604 La Jolla Shores Dr, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA. EM John.Butler@noaa.gov NR 25 TC 13 Z9 14 U1 1 U2 14 PU NATL MARINE FISHERIES SERVICE SCIENTIFIC PUBL OFFICE PI SEATTLE PA 7600 SAND POINT WAY NE BIN C15700, SEATTLE, WA 98115 USA SN 0090-0656 J9 FISH B-NOAA JI Fish. Bull. PD OCT PY 2006 VL 104 IS 4 BP 521 EP 532 PG 12 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 101QG UT WOS:000241754900004 ER PT J AU Seitz, AC Norcross, BL Wilson, D Nielsen, JL AF Seitz, Andrew C. Norcross, Brenda L. Wilson, Derek Nielsen, Jennifer L. TI Evaluating light-based geolocation for estimating demersal fish movements in high latitudes SO FISHERY BULLETIN LA English DT Article ID TUNA THUNNUS-OBESUS; ARCHIVAL TAGS; PACIFIC; HIPPOGLOSSUS; RECAPTURE; WATERS; SEA AB We evaluated light-based geolocation estimates from pop-up satellite tags in high latitudes because some of the largest fisheries in the world are in areas where this technique has not been assessed. Daily longitude and latitude were estimated by using two Wildlife Computers software programs: 1) Argos Message Processor (AMP), which summarizes light intensity data transmitted to satellites, and 2) Time Series Processor (TSP), which uses more detailed data obtained from retrieved tags. Three experiments were conducted in the northern Gulf of Alaska using tags placed on 1) Pacific halibut in outdoor aquaria, 2) a fixed mooring line at various depths and 3) wild Pacific halibut. TSP performed better than AMP because the percentage of days with geolocation estimates was greater and the mean error magnitude and bias were smaller for TSP and increased with depth for both programs; however, latitude errors were much greater than longitude errors at all depths. Light-based geolocation enabled us to discern basin-scale movements and showed that the Pacific halibut in our study remained within the Gulf of Alaska. We conclude that this technique provides a feasible method for inferring large-scale population structure for demersal fishes in high latitudes. C1 USGS, Alaska Sci Ctr, Anchorage, AK 99503 USA. Univ Alaska Fairbanks, Inst Marine Sci, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA. USGS, Biol Resources Div, Alaska Sci Ctr, Anchorage, AK 99503 USA. RP Seitz, AC (reprint author), USGS, Alaska Sci Ctr, 1011 E Tudor Rd,MS 701, Anchorage, AK 99503 USA. EM aseitz@ims.uaf.edu NR 26 TC 7 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 6 PU NATL MARINE FISHERIES SERVICE SCIENTIFIC PUBL OFFICE PI SEATTLE PA 7600 SAND POINT WAY NE BIN C15700, SEATTLE, WA 98115 USA SN 0090-0656 J9 FISH B-NOAA JI Fish. Bull. PD OCT PY 2006 VL 104 IS 4 BP 571 EP 578 PG 8 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 101QG UT WOS:000241754900009 ER PT J AU Gregg, JL Anderl, DM Kimura, DK AF Gregg, Jacob L. Anderl, Delsa M. Kimura, Daniel K. TI Improving the precision of otolith-based age estimates for Greenland halibut (Reinhardtius hippoglossoides) with preparation methods adapted for fragile sagittae SO FISHERY BULLETIN LA English DT Article ID VALIDATION; GROWTH C1 NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. US Geol Survey, Western Fisheries Res Ctr, Marrowstone Marine Field Stn, Nordland, WA 98358 USA. RP Anderl, DM (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, 7600 Sand Point Way NE, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. EM Delsa.Anderl@noaa.gov NR 17 TC 10 Z9 11 U1 1 U2 3 PU NATL MARINE FISHERIES SERVICE SCIENTIFIC PUBL OFFICE PI SEATTLE PA 7600 SAND POINT WAY NE BIN C15700, SEATTLE, WA 98115 USA SN 0090-0656 J9 FISH B-NOAA JI Fish. Bull. PD OCT PY 2006 VL 104 IS 4 BP 643 EP 648 PG 6 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 101QG UT WOS:000241754900019 ER PT J AU Greenberg, CH Otis, DL Waldrop, TA AF Greenberg, Cathryn H. Otis, David L. Waldrop, Thomas A. TI Response of white-footed mice (Peromyscus leucopus) to fire and fire surrogate fuel reduction treatments in a southern Appalachian hardwood forest SO FOREST ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE white-footed mice; Peromyscus leucopus; small mammals; fuel reduction; prescribed burn; shrub reduction; coarse woody debris ID COARSE WOODY DEBRIS; SMALL MAMMALS; POPULATIONS; ABUNDANCE; DENSITY; HABITAT; QUALITY; ACORNS; GAPS AB An experiment conducted as part of the multidisciplinary National Fire and Fire Surrogate Study was designed to determine effects of three fuel reduction techniques on small mammals and habitat structure in the southern Appalachian mountains. Four experimental units, each > 14-ha were contained within each of three replicate blocks at the Green River Game Land, Polk County, NC. Treatments were (1) prescribed burning (B); (2) mechanical felling of shrubs and small trees (M); (3) mechanical felling + burning (MB); (4) controls (C). Mechanical understory felling treatments were conducted in winter 2001-2002, and prescribed burning was conducted in March 2003. After treatment, there were fewer live trees, more snags, and greater canopy openness in MB than in other treatments. Leaf litter depth was reduced by burning in both B and MB treatments, and tall shrub cover was reduced in all fuel reduction treatments compared to C. Coarse woody debris pieces and percent cover were similar among treatments and controls. We captured 990 individuals of eight rodent species a total of 2823 times. Because white-footed mice composed > 79% of all captures, we focused on this species. Populations in experimental units increased 228% on average between 2001 and 2002, but there was no evidence of an effect of the mechanical treatment. From 2002 to 2003, all units again showed an average increase in relative population size, but increases were greater in MB than in the other treatments. Age structure and male to female ratio were not affected by the fuel reduction treatment. Average adult body weight declined from 2001 to 2002, but less so in M than in units that remained C in both years. The proportion of mice captured near coarse woody debris was similar to the proportion captured in open areas for all treatments, indicating that white-footed mice did not use coarse woody debris preferentially or change their use patterns in response to fuel reduction treatments. Land managers should understand possible effects of different fuel reduction treatments on white-footed mouse populations, as they are an important component of the fauna and food chain of deciduous southern Appalachian forests. Published by Elsevier B.V. C1 US Forest Serv, USDA, So Res Stn, Asheville, NC 28806 USA. Iowa State Univ, USGS Iowa Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Ames, IA 50011 USA. US Forest Serv, USDA, So Res Stn, Clemson, SC 29634 USA. RP Greenberg, CH (reprint author), US Forest Serv, USDA, So Res Stn, Bent Creek Expt Forest, Asheville, NC 28806 USA. EM kgreenberg@fs.fed.us NR 41 TC 12 Z9 13 U1 3 U2 14 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0378-1127 EI 1872-7042 J9 FOREST ECOL MANAG JI For. Ecol. Manage. PD OCT 1 PY 2006 VL 234 IS 1-3 BP 355 EP 362 DI 10.1016/j.foreco.2006.07.022 PG 8 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 095EW UT WOS:000241292000034 ER PT J AU Luscier, JD Thompson, WL Wilson, JM Gorham, BE Dragut, LD AF Luscier, Jason D. Thompson, William L. Wilson, John M. Gorham, Bruce E. Dragut, Lucian D. TI Using digital photographs and object-based image analysis to estimate percent ground cover in vegetation plots SO FRONTIERS IN ECOLOGY AND THE ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article ID PLANT COVER; SAMPLING TECHNIQUES AB Ground vegetation influences habitat selection and provides critical resources for survival and reproduction of animals. Researchers often employ visual methods to estimate ground cover, but these approaches may be prone to observer bias. We therefore evaluated a method using digital photographs of vegetation to objectively quantify percent ground cover of grasses, forbs, shrubs, litter, and bare ground within 90 plots of 2m(2). We carried out object-based image analysis, using a software program called eCognition, to divide photographs into different vegetation classes (based on similarities among neighboring pixels) to estimate percent ground cover for each category. We used the Kappa index of agreement (KIA) to quantify correctly classified, randomly selected segments of all images. Our KIA values indicated strong agreement (> 80%) of all vegetation categories, with an average of 90-96% (SE = 5%) of shrub, litter, forb, and grass segments classified correctly. We also created artificial plots with known percentages of each vegetation category to evaluate the accuracy of software predictions. Observed differences between true cover and eCognition estimates for each category ranged from 1 to 4%. This technique provides a repeatable and reliable way to estimate percent ground cover that allows quantification of classification accuracy. C1 Univ Arkansas, Arkansaas Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Fayetteville, AR 72701 USA. Univ Arkansas, USGS, Arkansas Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Fayetteville, AR 72701 USA. Univ Arkansas, Ctr Adv Spatial Technol, Fayetteville, AR 72701 USA. W Univ Timisoara, Dept Geog, Timisoara 300223, Romania. RP Luscier, JD (reprint author), Univ Arkansas, Dept Biol Sci, Fayetteville, AR 72701 USA. EM jluscie@uark.edu RI Dragut, Lucian/A-4126-2008; Ma, Lei/I-4597-2014 OI Dragut, Lucian/0000-0001-6729-0311; NR 19 TC 55 Z9 60 U1 1 U2 26 PU ECOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 1707 H ST NW, STE 400, WASHINGTON, DC 20006-3915 USA SN 1540-9295 J9 FRONT ECOL ENVIRON JI Front. Ecol. Environ. PD OCT PY 2006 VL 4 IS 8 BP 408 EP 413 DI 10.1890/1540-9295(2006)4[408:UDPAOI]2.0.CO;2 PG 6 WC Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 091AE UT WOS:000240997000017 ER PT J AU Crall, AW Meyerson, LA Stohlgren, TJ Jarnevich, CS Newman, GJ Graham, J AF Crall, Alycia W. Meyerson, Laura A. Stohlgren, Thomas J. Jarnevich, Catherine S. Newman, Gregory J. Graham, Jim TI Show me the numbers: what data currently exist for non-native species in the USA? SO FRONTIERS IN ECOLOGY AND THE ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Review ID UNITED-STATES; INVASIONS; THREATS; PLANTS AB Non-native species continue to be introduced to the United States from other countries via trade and transportation, creating a growing need for early detection and rapid response to new invaders. It is therefore increasingly important to synthesize existing data on non-native species abundance and distributions. However, no comprehensive analysis of existing data has been undertaken for non-native species, and there have been few efforts to improve collaboration. We therefore conducted a survey to determine what datasets currently exist for non-native species in the US from county, state, multi-state region, national, and global scales. We identified 319 datasets and collected metadata for 79% of these. Through this study, we provide a better understanding of extant non-native species datasets and identify data gaps (ie taxonomic, spatial, and temporal) to help guide future survey, research, and predictive modeling efforts. C1 Colorado State Univ, Nat Resource Ecol Lab, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. Univ Rhode Isl, Dept Nat Resources Sci, Kingston, RI 02881 USA. US Geol Survey, Ft Collins Sci Ctr, Ft Collins, CO 80526 USA. RP Crall, AW (reprint author), Colorado State Univ, Nat Resource Ecol Lab, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. EM mawaters@nrel.colostate.edu RI Graham, Jim/F-4195-2011; Meyerson, Laura/K-9013-2012; Meyerson, Laura/D-4487-2013; Newman, Greg/E-1540-2015 NR 17 TC 33 Z9 37 U1 2 U2 14 PU ECOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 1707 H ST NW, STE 400, WASHINGTON, DC 20006-3915 USA SN 1540-9295 J9 FRONT ECOL ENVIRON JI Front. Ecol. Environ. PD OCT PY 2006 VL 4 IS 8 BP 414 EP 418 DI 10.1890/1540-9295(2006)4[414:SMTNWD]2.0.CO;2 PG 5 WC Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 091AE UT WOS:000240997000018 ER PT J AU van der Pluijm, BA Vrolijk, PJ Pevear, DR Hall, CM Solum, J AF van der Pluijm, Ben A. Vrolijk, Peter J. Pevear, David R. Hall, Chris M. Solum, John TI Fault dating in the Canadian Rocky Mountains Evidence for late cretaceous and early Eocene orogenic pulses SO GEOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Rocky Mountains; Canada; faults; orogeny; geochronology; gouge ID ACCRETIONARY WEDGES; FRONT RANGES; THRUST BELTS; EVOLUTION; ALBERTA; ILLITE; MECHANICS; NORTH; BASIN; AGE AB Fault rocks from the classic Rocky Mountain foreland fold-and-thrust belt in southwestern Canada were dated by Ar analysis of clay grain-size fractions. Using X-ray diffraction quantification of the detrital and authigenic component of each fraction, these determinations give ages for individual faults in the area (illite age analysis). The resulting ages cluster around 72 and 52 Ma (here called the Rundle and McConnell pulses, respectively), challenging the traditional view of gradual forward progression of faulting and thrust-belt history of the area. The recognition of spatially and temporally restricted deformation episodes offers field support for theoretical models of critically stressed wedges, which result in geologically reasonable strain rates for the area. In addition to regional considerations, this study highlights the potential of direct dating of shallow fault rocks for our understanding of upper-crustal kinematics and regional tectonic analysis of ancient orogens. C1 Univ Michigan, Dept Geol Sci, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. ExxonMobil Upstream Res Co, Houston, TX 77252 USA. Geol Survey, Earthquake Hazards Team, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. RP van der Pluijm, BA (reprint author), 1415 Kipling St, Houston, TX 77006 USA. RI van der Pluijm, Ben/A-8985-2008 OI van der Pluijm, Ben/0000-0001-7737-2791 NR 21 TC 42 Z9 42 U1 0 U2 9 PU GEOLOGICAL SOC AMERICA, INC PI BOULDER PA PO BOX 9140, BOULDER, CO 80301-9140 USA SN 0091-7613 J9 GEOLOGY JI Geology PD OCT PY 2006 VL 34 IS 10 BP 837 EP 840 DI 10.1130/G22610.1 PG 4 WC Geology SC Geology GA 089ZK UT WOS:000240920200010 ER PT J AU Pollitz, FF Burgmann, R Banerjee, P AF Pollitz, Fred F. Burgmann, Roland Banerjee, Paramesh TI Post-seismic relaxation following the great 2004 Sumatra-Andaman earthquake on a compressible self-gravitating Earth SO GEOPHYSICAL JOURNAL INTERNATIONAL LA English DT Article DE asthenosphere; normal modes; viscoelasticity ID LAYERED SPHERICAL EARTH; UPPER-MANTLE; DEFORMATION; MODEL; FIELD; SIZE AB The M(w) greater than or similar to gamma 9.0 2004 December 26 Sumatra-Andaman and M(w) = 8.7 2005 March 28 Nias earthquakes, which collectively ruptured approximately 1800 km of the Andaman and Sunda subduction zones, are expected to be followed by vigorous viscoelastic relaxation involving both the upper and lower mantle. Because of these large spatial dimensions it is desirable to fully account for gravitational coupling effects in the relaxation process. We present a stable method of computing relaxation of a spherically-stratified, compressible and self-gravitating viscoelastic Earth following an impulsive moment release event. The solution is cast in terms of a spherical harmonic expansion of viscoelastic normal modes. For simple layered viscoelastic models, which include a low-viscosity oceanic asthenosphere, we predict substantial post-seismic effects over a region several 100s of km wide surrounding the eastern Indian Ocean. We compare observed GPS time-series from ten regional sites (mostly in Thailand and Indonesia), beginning in 2004 December, with synthetic time-series that include the coseismic and post-seismic effects of the 2004 December 26 and 2005 March 28 earthquakes. A viscosity structure involving a biviscous (Burgers body) rheology in the asthenosphere explains the pattern and amplitude of post-seismic offsets remarkably well. C1 USGS, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Earth & Planetary Sci, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. Wadia Inst Himalayan Geol, Dehra Dun 248001, Uttar Pradesh, India. RP Pollitz, FF (reprint author), USGS, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. EM fpollitz@usgs.gov NR 45 TC 91 Z9 96 U1 1 U2 12 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PUBLISHING, INC PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 0956-540X J9 GEOPHYS J INT JI Geophys. J. Int. PD OCT PY 2006 VL 167 IS 1 BP 397 EP 420 DI 10.1111/j.1365-246X.2006.03018.x PG 24 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 089ZH UT WOS:000240919900028 ER PT J AU Pollitz, FF Vergnolle, M AF Pollitz, Fred F. Vergnolle, Mathilde TI Mechanical deformation model of the western United States instantaneous strain-rate field SO GEOPHYSICAL JOURNAL INTERNATIONAL LA English DT Article DE crustal deformation; GPS; viscoelasticity ID SAN-ANDREAS-FAULT; FRANCISCO BAY AREA; CASCADIA SUBDUCTION ZONE; CALIFORNIA SHEAR ZONE; NORTH-AMERICA PLATE; SLIP RATES; SOUTHERN-CALIFORNIA; UPPER-MANTLE; STRIKE-SLIP; CENTRAL NEVADA AB We present a relationship between the long-term fault slip rates and instantaneous velocities as measured by Global Positioning System (GPS) or other geodetic measurements over a short time span. The main elements are the secularly increasing forces imposed by the bounding Pacific and Juan de Fuca (JdF) plates on the North American plate, viscoelastic relaxation following selected large earthquakes occurring on faults that are locked during their respective interseismic periods, and steady slip along creeping portions of faults in the context of a thin-plate system. In detail, the physical model allows separate treatments of faults with known geometry and slip history, faults with incomplete characterization (i.e. fault geometry but not necessarily slip history is available), creeping faults, and dislocation sources distributed between the faults. We model the western United States strain-rate field, derived from 746 GPS velocity vectors, in order to test the importance of the relaxation from historic events and characterize the tectonic forces imposed by the bounding Pacific and JdF plates. Relaxation following major earthquakes (M greater than or similar to gamma 8.0) strongly shapes the present strain-rate field over most of the plate boundary zone. Equally important are lateral shear transmitted across the Pacific-North America plate boundary along similar to 1000 km of the continental shelf, downdip forces distributed along the Cascadia subduction interface, and distributed slip in the lower lithosphere. Post-earthquake relaxation and tectonic forcing, combined with distributed deep slip, constructively interfere near the western margin of the plate boundary zone, producing locally large strain accumulation along the San Andreas fault (SAF) system. However, they destructively interfere further into the plate interior, resulting in smaller and more variable strain accumulation patterns in the eastern part of the plate boundary zone. Much of the right-lateral strain accumulation along the SAF system is systematically underpredicted by models which account only for relaxation from known large earthquakes. This strongly suggests that in addition to viscoelastic-cycle effects, steady deep slip in the lower lithosphere is needed to explain the observed strain-rate field. C1 USGS, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. RP Pollitz, FF (reprint author), USGS, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. EM fpollitz@usgs.gov RI Vergnolle, Mathilde/A-5326-2010 NR 100 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 1 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS PI OXFORD PA GREAT CLARENDON ST, OXFORD OX2 6DP, ENGLAND SN 0956-540X EI 1365-246X J9 GEOPHYS J INT JI Geophys. J. Int. PD OCT PY 2006 VL 167 IS 1 BP 421 EP 444 DI 10.1111/j.1365-246X.2006.03019.x PG 24 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 089ZH UT WOS:000240919900029 ER PT J AU Ramsey, E Lu, Z Rangoonwala, A Rykhus, R AF Ramsey, Elijah, III Lu, Zhong Rangoonwala, Amina Rykhus, Russell TI Multiple baseline radar interferometry applied to coastal land cover classification and change analyses SO GISCIENCE & REMOTE SENSING LA English DT Article ID POLARIMETRIC SAR INTERFEROMETRY; SYNTHETIC-APERTURE RADAR; THEMATIC-MAPPER; WETLANDS; IMAGERY; DECORRELATION; ATTRIBUTES; TERRAIN; SURFACE; FUSION AB ERS-1 and ERS-2 SAR data were collected in tandem over a four-month period and used to generate interferometric coherence, phase, and intensity products that we compared to a classified land cover coastal map of Big Bend, Florida. Forests displayed the highest intensity, and marshes the lowest. The intensity for fresh marsh and forests progressively shifted while saline marsh intensity variance distribution changed with the season. Intensity variability suggested instability between temporal comparisons. Forests, especially hardwoods, displayed lower coherences and marshes higher. Only marshes retained coherence after 70 days. Coherence was more responsive to land cover class than intensity and provided discrimination in winter. Phase distributions helped reveal variation in vegetation structure, identify broad land cover classes and unique within-class variations, and estimate water-level changes. C1 USGS Natl Wetlands Res Ctr, Lafayette, LA 70506 USA. USGS Ctr Earth Resources Observ & Sci, Sci Applicat Int Corp, Sioux Falls, SD 57198 USA. IAP World Serv Inc, Lafayette, LA 70506 USA. RP Ramsey, E (reprint author), USGS Natl Wetlands Res Ctr, 700 Cajundome Blvd, Lafayette, LA 70506 USA. EM elijah_ramsey@usgs.gov NR 45 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 2 U2 9 PU BELLWETHER PUBLISHING LTD PI COLUMBIA PA 8640 GUILFORD RD, STE 200, COLUMBIA, MD 21046 USA SN 1548-1603 J9 GISCI REMOTE SENS JI GISci. Remote Sens. PD OCT-DEC PY 2006 VL 43 IS 4 BP 283 EP 309 PG 27 WC Geography, Physical; Remote Sensing SC Physical Geography; Remote Sensing GA 133GE UT WOS:000244000600001 ER PT J AU Davis, SE Childers, DL Noe, GB AF Davis, Stephen E., III Childers, Daniel L. Noe, Gregory B. TI The contribution of leaching to the rapid release of nutrients and carbon in the early decay of wetland vegetation SO HYDROBIOLOGIA LA English DT Article DE leaf decomposition; organic carbon; nitrogen; phosphorus; North Inlet; Everglades ID DISSOLVED ORGANIC-MATTER; RHIZOPHORA-MANGLE; LEAF-LITTER; SPARTINA-ALTERNIFLORA; PHOSPHORUS ENRICHMENT; FLORIDA EVERGLADES; MANGROVE FOREST; DECOMPOSITION; ECOSYSTEM; RESORPTION AB Our goal was to quantify the coupled process of litter turnover and leaching as a source of nutrients and fixed carbon in oligotrophic, nutrient-limited wetlands. We conducted poisoned and non-poisoned incubations of leaf material from four different perennial wetland plants (Eleocharis spp., Cladium jamaicense, Rhizophora mangle and Spartina alterniflora) collected from different oligotrophic freshwater and estuarine wetland settings. Total phosphorus (TP) release from the P-limited Everglades plant species (Eleocharis spp., C. jamaicense and R. mangle) was much lower than TP release by the salt marsh plant S. alterniflora from N-limited North Inlet (SC). For most species and sampling times, total organic carbon (TOC) and TP leaching losses were much greater in poisoned than non-poisoned treatments, likely as a result of epiphytic microbial activity. Therefore, a substantial portion of the C and P leached from these wetland plant species was bio-available to microbial communities. Even the microbes associated with S. alterniflora from N-limited North Inlet showed indications of P-limitation early in the leaching process, as P was removed from the water column. Leaves of R. mangle released much more TOC per gram of litter than the other species, likely contributing to the greater waterborne [DOC] observed by others in the mangrove ecotone of Everglades National Park. Between the two freshwater Everglades plants, C. jamaicense leached nearly twice as much P than Eleocharis spp. In scaling this to the landscape level, our observed leaching losses combined with higher litter production of C. jamaicense compared to Eleocharis spp. resulted in a substantially greater P leaching from plant litter to the water column and epiphytic microbes. In conclusion, leaching of fresh plant litter can be an important autochthonous source of nutrients in freshwater and estuarine wetland ecosystems. C1 Texas A&M Univ, Dept Wildlife & Fisheries Sci, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. Florida Int Univ, Dept Biol Sci, Miami, FL 33199 USA. Florida Int Univ, SE Environm Res Ctr, Miami, FL 33199 USA. US Geol Survey, Natl Ctr 430, Reston, VA 20192 USA. RP Davis, SE (reprint author), Texas A&M Univ, Dept Wildlife & Fisheries Sci, MS 2258, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. EM sedavis@tamu.edu RI Noe, Gregory/A-1365-2010; OI Noe, Gregory/0000-0002-6661-2646 NR 32 TC 33 Z9 44 U1 3 U2 45 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0018-8158 J9 HYDROBIOLOGIA JI Hydrobiologia PD OCT PY 2006 VL 569 BP 87 EP 97 DI 10.1007/s10750-006-0124-1 PG 11 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 085AT UT WOS:000240576200007 ER PT J AU Krauss, KW Doyle, TW Twilley, RR Rivera-Monroy, VH Sullivan, JK AF Krauss, Ken W. Doyle, Thomas W. Twilley, Robert R. Rivera-Monroy, Victor H. Sullivan, Jason K. TI Evaluating the relative contributions of hydroperiod and soil fertility on growth of south Florida mangroves SO HYDROBIOLOGIA LA English DT Article DE Avicennia germinans; diameter increment; flooding; Laguncularia racemosa; productivity; Rhizophora mangle ID L. SEEDLING DEVELOPMENT; RHIZOPHORA MANGLE; GAS-EXCHANGE; FOREST; PHOSPHORUS; RESPONSES; PATTERNS; GRADIENT; NITROGEN; SUBSIDY AB Low and high water periods create contrasting challenges for trees inhabiting periodically flooded wetlands. Low to moderate flood durations and frequencies may bring nutrient subsidies, while greater hydroperiods can be energetically stressful because of oxygen deficiency. We tested the hypothesis that hydroperiod affects the growth of mangrove seedlings and saplings in a greenhouse experiment by varying flood duration while keeping salinity and soil fertility constant. We measured the growth of mangrove trees along a hydroperiod gradient over a two-year period by tracking fine-scale diameter increment. Greenhouse growth studies indicated that under a full range of annual flood durations (0-8760 h/year), hydroperiod alone exerted a significant influence on growth for one species, Laguncularia racemosa, when flooding was imposed for two growing seasons. Field evaluations, on the other hand, indicated that increased flood duration may provide nutrient subsidies for tree growth. Diameter growth was related curvilinearly to site hydroperiod, including flood duration and frequency, as well as to salinity and soil fertility. An analysis of soil physico-chemical parameters suggests that phosphorus fertility, which was also linked directly to hydroperiod, is likely to influence growth on south Florida mangrove sites. The physical removal of phosphorus by greater flood frequencies from upland sources and/or addition of phosphorus from tidal flooding balanced against increased soil aeration and reduced water deficits may be an extremely important growth determinant for south Florida mangroves. C1 US Geol Survey, Natl Wetlands Res Ctr, Lafayette, LA 70506 USA. Univ SW Louisiana, Ctr Ecol & Environm Technol, Lafayette, LA 70504 USA. Louisiana State Univ, Wetland Biogeochem Inst, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA. IAP World Serv Inc, Natl Wetlands Res Ctr, Lafayette, LA 70506 USA. RP Krauss, KW (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Natl Wetlands Res Ctr, Lafayette, LA 70506 USA. EM kkrauss@usgs.gov RI Rivera-Monroy, Victor/G-7329-2011 NR 43 TC 51 Z9 54 U1 2 U2 18 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0018-8158 J9 HYDROBIOLOGIA JI Hydrobiologia PD OCT PY 2006 VL 569 BP 311 EP 324 DI 10.1007/s10750-006-0139-7 PG 14 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 085AT UT WOS:000240576200022 ER PT J AU Cardona-Olarte, P Twilley, RR Krauss, KW Rivera-Monroy, V AF Cardona-Olarte, Pablo Twilley, Robert R. Krauss, Ken W. Rivera-Monroy, Victor TI Responses of neotropical mangrove seedlings grown in monoculture and mixed culture under treatments of hydroperiod and salinity SO HYDROBIOLOGIA LA English DT Article DE wetland competition; mangrove traits; flooding; Laguncularia racemosa; biomass allocation; Rhizophora mangle ID RHIZOPHORA MANGLE L.; PLANT TRAITS; BIOMASS ALLOCATION; PROPAGULE ESTABLISHMENT; SPECIES DISTRIBUTION; MINERAL-NUTRITION; AVICENNIA-MARINA; CERIOPS-TAGAL; GAS-EXCHANGE; RAIN-FOREST AB We investigated the combined effects of salinity and hydroperiod on seedlings of Rhizophora mangle and Laguncularia racemosa grown under experimental conditions of monoculture and mixed culture by using a simulated tidal system. The objective was to test hypotheses relative to species interactions to either tidal or permanent flooding at salinities of 10 or 40 g/l. Four-month-old seedlings were experimentally manipulated under these environmental conditions in two types of species interactions: (1) seedlings of the same species were grown separately in containers from September 2000 to August 2001 to evaluate intraspecific response and (2) seedlings of each species were mixed in containers to evaluate interspecific, competitive responses from August 2002 to April 2003. Overall, L. racemosa was strongly sensitive to treatment combinations while R. mangle showed little effect. Most plant responses of L. racemosa were affected by both salinity and hydroperiod, with hydroperiod inducing more effects than salinity. Compared to R. mangle, L. racemosa in all treatment combinations had higher relative growth rate, leaf area ratio, specific leaf area, stem elongation, total length of branches, net primary production, and stem height. Rhizophora mangle had higher biomass allocation to roots. Species growth differentiation was more pronounced at low salinity, with few species differences at high salinity under permanent flooding. These results suggest that under low to mild stress by hydroperiod and salinity, L. racemosa exhibits responses that favor its competitive dominance over R. mangle. This advantage, however, is strongly reduced as stress from salinity and hydroperiod increase. C1 Louisiana State Univ, Wetland Biogeochem Inst, Dept Oceanog & Coastal Sci, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA. Univ SW Louisiana, Ctr Ecol & Environm Technol, Dept Biol, Lafayette, LA 70504 USA. US Geol Survey, Natl Wetlands Res Ctr, Lafayette, LA 70506 USA. RP Twilley, RR (reprint author), Louisiana State Univ, Wetland Biogeochem Inst, Dept Oceanog & Coastal Sci, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA. EM rtwilley@lsu.edu RI Rivera-Monroy, Victor/G-7329-2011 NR 87 TC 25 Z9 27 U1 3 U2 23 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0018-8158 J9 HYDROBIOLOGIA JI Hydrobiologia PD OCT PY 2006 VL 569 BP 325 EP 341 DI 10.1007/s10750-006-0140-1 PG 17 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 085AT UT WOS:000240576200023 ER PT J AU Green, DPJ Trexler, JC Lorenz, JJ McIvor, CC Philippi, T AF Green, David P. J. Trexler, Joel C. Lorenz, Jerome J. McIvor, Carole C. Philippi, Tom TI Spatial patterns of fish communities along two estuarine gradients in southern Florida SO HYDROBIOLOGIA LA English DT Article DE community structure; freshwater marshes; habitat connectance; landscape ecology; mangroves; nutrient gradients; salinity gradients ID COASTAL-PLAIN RIVERS; EVERGLADES; WATER; CONNECTIVITY; MANAGEMENT; HABITATS; MARSHES; USA; CONSERVATION; TEMPERATURE AB In tropical and subtropical estuaries, gradients of primary productivity and salinity are generally invoked to explain patterns in community structure and standing crops of fishes. We documented spatial and temporal patterns in fish community structure and standing crops along salinity and nutrient gradients in two subtropical drainages of Everglades National Park, USA. The Shark River drains into the Gulf of Mexico and experiences diurnal tides carrying relatively nutrient enriched waters, while Taylor River is more hydrologically isolated by the oligolialine Florida Bay and experiences no discernable lunar tides. We hypothesized that the more nutrient enriched system would support higher standing crops of fishes in its mangrove zone. We collected 50 species of fish from January 2000 to April 2004 at six sampling sites spanning fresh to brackish salinities in both the Shark and Taylor River drainages. Contrary to expectations, we observed lower standing crops and density of fishes in the more nutrient rich tidal mangrove forest of the Shark River than in the less nutrient rich mangrove habitats bordering the Taylor River. Tidal mangrove habitats in the Shark River were dominated by salt-tolerant fish and displayed lower species richness than mangrove communities in the Taylor River, which included more freshwater taxa and yielded relatively higher richness. These differences were maintained even after controlling for salinity at the time of sampling. Small-scale topographic relief differs between these two systems, possibly created by tidal action in the Shark River. We propose that this difference in topography limits movement of fishes from upstream marshes into the fringing mangrove forest in the Shark River system, but not the Taylor River system. Understanding the influence of habitat structure, including connectivity, on aquatic communities is important to anticipate effects of construction and operational alternatives associated with restoration of the Everglades ecosystem. C1 Florida Int Univ, Dept Biol Sci, Miami, FL 33199 USA. Natl Audubon Soc, Tavernier Sci Ctr, Tavernier, FL USA. US Geol Survey, Florida Integrated Sci Ctr, St Petersburg, FL USA. RP Trexler, JC (reprint author), Florida Int Univ, Dept Biol Sci, Miami, FL 33199 USA. EM trexlerj@fiu.edu NR 46 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 1 U2 19 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0018-8158 J9 HYDROBIOLOGIA JI Hydrobiologia PD OCT PY 2006 VL 569 BP 387 EP 399 DI 10.1007/s10750-006-0144-x PG 13 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 085AT UT WOS:000240576200027 ER PT J AU Ward, GA Smith, TJ Whelan, KRT Doyle, TW AF Ward, Greg A. Smith, Thomas J., III Whelan, Kevin R. T. Doyle, T. W. TI Regional processes in mangrove ecosystems: spatial scaling relationships, biomass, and turnover rates following catastrophic disturbance SO HYDROBIOLOGIA LA English DT Article DE disturbance; hurricane; mangrove; mortality; recruitment; scale; structure; turnoverdisturbance; hurricane; mangrove; mortality; recruitment; scale; structure; turnover ID TROPICAL FORESTS; TREE MORTALITY; RAIN-FORESTS; SIZE; RESTORATION; REGENERATION; POPULATIONS; DYNAMICS; GEOMETRY; ECOLOGY AB Physiological processes and local-scale structural dynamics of mangroves are relatively well studied. Regional-scale processes, however, are not as well understood. Here we provide long-term data on trends in structure and forest turnover at a large scale, following hurricane damage in mangrove ecosystems of South Florida, U.S.A. Twelve mangrove vegetation plots were monitored at periodic intervals, between October 1992 and March 2005. Mangrove forests of this region are defined by a -1.5 scaling relationship between mean stem diameter and stem density, mirroring self-thinning theory for mono-specific stands. This relationship is reflected in tree size frequency scaling exponents which, through time, have exhibited trends toward a community average that is indicative of full spatial resource utilization. These trends, together with an asymptotic standing biomass accumulation, indicate that coastal mangrove ecosystems do adhere to size-structured organizing principles as described for upland tree communities. Regenerative dynamics are different between areas inside and outside of the primary wind-path of Hurricane Andrew which occurred in 1992. Forest dynamic turnover rates, however, are steady through time. This suggests that ecological, more-so than structural factors, control forest productivity. In agreement, the relative mean rate of biomass growth exhibits an inverse relationship with the seasonal range of porewater salinities. The ecosystem average in forest scaling relationships may provide a useful investigative tool of mangrove community biomass relationships, as well as offer a robust indicator of general ecosystem health for use in mangrove forest ecosystem management and restoration. C1 US Geol Survey, Florida Integrated Sci Ctr, Comp Sci Corp, St Petersburg, FL 33701 USA. Natl Pk Serv, S Florida Caribbean Inventory & Monitoring Networ, Palmetto Bay, FL 33157 USA. US Geol Survey, Natl Wetlands Res Ctr, Lafayette, LA 70506 USA. RP Smith, TJ (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Florida Integrated Sci Ctr, Comp Sci Corp, 600 4th St,S, St Petersburg, FL 33701 USA. EM Tom_J_smith@usgs.gov NR 35 TC 23 Z9 24 U1 2 U2 21 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0018-8158 J9 HYDROBIOLOGIA JI Hydrobiologia PD OCT PY 2006 VL 569 BP 517 EP 527 DI 10.1007/s10750-006-0153-9 PG 11 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 085AT UT WOS:000240576200036 ER PT J AU Davies, AG Wilson, L Matson, D Leone, G Keszthelyi, L Jaeger, W AF Davies, Ashley Gerard Wilson, Lionel Matson, Dennis Leone, Giovanni Keszthelyi, Laszlo Jaeger, Windy TI The heartbeat of the volcano: The discovery of episodic activity at Prometheus on Io SO ICARUS LA English DT Article DE Io; Jupiter, satellites; geological processes; Earth; volcanism; data reduction techniques ID INFRARED MAPPING SPECTROMETER; GALILEO NIMS DATA; JUPITERS MOON IO; KILAUEA VOLCANO; LAVA FLOWS; SILICATE VOLCANISM; ERUPTION; MAGMA; HAWAII; TEMPERATURE AB The temporal signature of thermal emission from a volcano is a valuable clue to the processes taking place both at and beneath the surface. The Galileo Near Infrared Mapping Spectrometer (NIMS) observed the volcano Prometheus, on the jovian moon Io, on multiple occasions between 1996 and 2002. The 5 micron (pm) brightness of this volcano shows considerable variation from orbit to orbit. Prometheus exhibits increases in thermal emission that indicate episodic (though non-periodic) effusive activity in a manner akin to the current Pu'u 'O'o-Kupaianaha (afterwards referred to as the Pu'u 'O'o) eruption of Kilauea, Hawai'i. The volume of material erupted during one Prometheus eruption episode (defined as the interval from minimum thermal emission to peak and back to minimum) from 6 November 1996 to 7 May 1997 is estimated to be similar to 0.8 km(3), with a peak instantaneous volumetric flux (effusion rate) of similar to 140 m(3) s(-1), and an averaged volumetric flux (eruption rate) of similar to 49 m(3) s(-1). These quantities are used to model subsurface structure, magma storage and magma supply mechanisms, and likely magma chamber depth. Prometheus appears to be supplied by magma from a relatively shallow magma chamber, with a roof at a minimum depth of similar to 2-3 km and a maximum depth of 14 km. This is a much shallower depth range than sources of supply proposed for explosive, possibly ultramafic, eruptions at Pillan and Tvashtar. As Prometheus-type effusive activity is widespread on Io, shallow magma chambers containing magma of basaltic or near-basaltic composition and density may be common. This analysis strengthens the analogy between Prometheus and Pu'u 'O'o, at least in terms of eruption style. Even though the style of eruption appears to be similar (effusive emplacement of thin, insulated, compound pahoehoe flows) the scale of activity at Prometheus greatly exceeds current activity at Pu'u 'O'o in terms of volume erupted, area covered, and magma flux. Whereas the estimated magma chamber at Prometheus dwarfs the Pu'u 'O'o magma chamber, it fits within expectations if the Pu'u 'O'o chamber were scaled for the greater volumetric flux and lower gravity of Io. Recent volumetric eruption rates derived from Galileo data for Prometheus were considerably smaller than the rate that produced the extensive flows formed in the similar to 17 years between the Voyager and Galileo missions. These smaller eruption rates, coupled with the fact that flows are not expanding laterally, may mean that the immediate heat source that generates the Prometheus plume is simultaneously running out of available volatiles and the thermal energy that drives mobilization of volatiles. This raises the question of whether the current Prometheus eruption is in its last throes. (c) 2006 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. Univ Lancaster, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, Lancashire, England. United States Geol Survey, Flagstaff, AZ 86004 USA. RP Davies, AG (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM ashley.davies@jpl.nasa.gov NR 65 TC 19 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 4 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0019-1035 J9 ICARUS JI Icarus PD OCT PY 2006 VL 184 IS 2 BP 460 EP 477 DI 10.1016/j.icarus.2006.05.012 PG 18 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 091DT UT WOS:000241007200014 ER PT J AU Elsayed, E Faisal, M Thomas, M Whelan, G Batts, W Winton, J AF Elsayed, E. Faisal, M. Thomas, M. Whelan, G. Batts, W. Winton, J. TI Isolation of viral haemorrhagic septicaemia virus from muskellunge, Esox masquinongy (Mitchill), in Lake St Clair, Michigan, USA reveals a new sublineage of the North American genotype SO JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES LA English DT Article DE genotype; Great Lakes; muskellunge; pathology; rhabdovirus; viral haemorrhagic septicaemia ID PRINCE-WILLIAM-SOUND; HERRING CLUPEA-HARENGUS; WILD JAPANESE FLOUNDER; COD GADUS-MORHUA; MARINE FISH; PARALICHTHYS-OLIVACEUS; DISTINCT LINEAGES; GLYCOPROTEIN GENE; VHS VIRUSES; RHABDOVIRUS AB Viral haemorrhagic septicaemia virus (VHSV) was isolated from muskellunge, Esox masquinongy (Mitchill), caught from the NW portion of Lake St Clair, Michigan, USA in 2003. Affected fish exhibited congestion of internal organs; the inner wall of the swim bladder was thickened and contained numerous budding, fluid-filled vesicles. A virus was isolated using fish cell lines inoculated with a homogenate of kidney and spleen tissues from affected fish. Focal areas of cell rounding and granulation appeared as early as 24 h post-inoculation and expanded rapidly to destroy the entire cell sheet by 96 h. Electron microscopy revealed virions that were 170-180 nm in length by 60-70 nm in width having a bullet-shaped morphology typical of rhabdoviruses. The virus was confirmed as VHSV by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction. Sequence analysis of the entire nucleoprotein and glycoprotein genes revealed the virus was a member of the North American genotype of VHSV; however, the isolate was sufficiently distinct to be considered a separate sublineage, suggesting its origin may have been from marine species inhabiting the eastern coastal areas of the USA or Canada. C1 US Geol Survey, Western Fisheries Res Ctr, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. Michigan State Univ, Coll Vet Med, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA. Michigan Dept Nat Resources, Lake St Clair Res Stn, Mt Clemens, MI USA. RP Winton, J (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Western Fisheries Res Ctr, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. EM jim_winton@usgs.gov NR 43 TC 138 Z9 138 U1 0 U2 10 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING PI OXFORD PA 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DQ, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0140-7775 J9 J FISH DIS JI J. Fish Dis. PD OCT PY 2006 VL 29 IS 10 BP 611 EP 619 DI 10.1111/j.1365-2761.2006.00755.x PG 9 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Veterinary Sciences SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Veterinary Sciences GA 092QE UT WOS:000241111600004 PM 17026670 ER PT J AU Hodge, DL Subleski, JJ Reynolds, DA Buschman, MD Schill, WB Burkett, MW Malyguine, AM Young, HA AF Hodge, Deborah L. Subleski, Jeff J. Reynolds, Della A. Buschman, Matthew D. Schill, William B. Burkett, Mark W. Malyguine, Anatoli M. Young, Howard A. TI The proinflammatory cytokine interleukin-18 alters multiple signaling pathways to inhibit natural killer cell death SO JOURNAL OF INTERFERON AND CYTOKINE RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID GAMMA-INDUCING FACTOR; NF-KAPPA-B; NECROSIS-FACTOR RECEPTOR; HUMAN NK CELLS; GRANZYME-B; CYTOTOXIC LYMPHOCYTES; INTERFERON-GAMMA; FAS LIGAND; MEDIATED CYTOTOXICITY; DNA FRAGMENTATION AB The proinflammatory cytokine, interleukin-18 (IL-18), is a natural killer (NK) cell activator that induces NK cell cytotoxicity and interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) expression. In this report, we define a novel role for IL-18 as an NK cell protective agent. Specifically, IL-18 prevents NK cell death initiated by different and distinct stress mechanisms. IL-18 reduces NK cell self-destruction during NK-targeted cell killing, and in the presence of staurosporin, a potent apoptotic inducer, IL-18 reduces caspase-3 activity. The critical regulatory step in this process is downstream of the mitochondrion and involves reduced cleavage and activation of caspase-9 and caspase-3. The ability of IL-18 to regulate cell survival is not limited to a caspase death pathway in that IL-18 augments tumor necrosis factor (TNF) signaling, resulting in increased and prolonged mRNA expression of c-apoptosis inhibitor 2 (cIAP2), a prosurvival factor and caspase-3 inhibitor, and TNF receptor-associated factor 1 (TRAF1), a prosurvival protein. The cumulative effects of IL-18 define a novel role for this cytokine as a molecular survival switch that functions to both decrease cell death through inhibition of the mitochondrial apoptotic pathway and enhance TNF induction of prosurvival factors. C1 NCI, Expt Immunol Lab, Canc Res Ctr, Frederick, MD 21702 USA. US Geol Survey, Natl Fish Hlth Res Lab, Leetown Sci Ctr, Kearneysville, WV 25430 USA. Sci Applicat Int Corp, Clin Serv Program, Ft Detrick, MD 21702 USA. RP Young, HA (reprint author), NCI, Expt Immunol Lab, Canc Res Ctr, 560 Chandler St,Room 31-93, Frederick, MD 21702 USA. EM youngh@ncifcrf.gov RI Young, Howard/A-6350-2008; OI Young, Howard/0000-0002-3118-5111; Schill, William/0000-0002-9217-984X FU Intramural NIH HHS; NCI NIH HHS [N01-CO-12400] NR 54 TC 15 Z9 18 U1 1 U2 3 PU MARY ANN LIEBERT INC PI NEW ROCHELLE PA 140 HUGUENOT STREET, 3RD FL, NEW ROCHELLE, NY 10801 USA SN 1079-9907 J9 J INTERF CYTOK RES JI J. Interferon Cytokine Res. PD OCT PY 2006 VL 26 IS 10 BP 706 EP 718 DI 10.1089/jir.2006.26.706 PG 13 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Cell Biology; Immunology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Cell Biology; Immunology GA 094XL UT WOS:000241272400002 PM 17032165 ER PT J AU Rodgers, JE Celebi, M AF Rodgers, Janise E. Celebi, Mehmet TI Seismic response and damage detection analyses of an instrumented steel moment-framed building SO JOURNAL OF STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING-ASCE LA English DT Article ID STRUCTURAL-SYSTEM-IDENTIFICATION; NEURAL-NETWORKS; EARTHQUAKE; BEHAVIOR AB The seismic performance of steel moment-framed buildings has been of particular interest since brittle fractures were discovered at the beam-column connections in a number of buildings following the M 6.7 Northridge earthquake of January 17, 1994. A case study of the seismic behavior of an extensively instrumented 13-story steel moment frame building located in the greater Los Angeles area of California is described herein. Response studies using frequency domain, joint time-frequency, system identification, and simple damage detection analyses are performed using an extensive strong motion dataset dating from 1971 to the present, supported by engineering drawings and results of postearthquake inspections. These studies show that the building's response is more complex than would be expected from its highly symmetrical geometry. The response is characterized by low damping in the fundamental mode, larger accelerations in the middle and lower stories than at the roof and base, extended periods of vibration after the cessation of strong input shaking, beating in the response, elliptical particle motion, and significant torsion during strong shaking at the top of the concrete piers which extend from the basement to the second floor. The analyses conducted indicate that the response of the structure was elastic in all recorded earthquakes to date, including Northridge. Also, several simple damage detection methods employed did not indicate any structural damage or connection fractures. The combination of a large, real structure and low instrumentation density precluded the application of many recently proposed advanced damage detection methods in this case study. Overall, however, the findings of this study are consistent with the limited code-compliant postearthquake intrusive inspections conducted after the Northridge earthquake, which found no connection fractures or other structural damage. C1 Geohazards Int, Palo Alto, CA 94301 USA. US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. RP Rodgers, JE (reprint author), Geohazards Int, 200 Town & Country Village, Palo Alto, CA 94301 USA. EM janise.rodgers@gmail.com NR 39 TC 12 Z9 13 U1 1 U2 8 PU ASCE-AMER SOC CIVIL ENGINEERS PI RESTON PA 1801 ALEXANDER BELL DR, RESTON, VA 20191-4400 USA SN 0733-9445 J9 J STRUCT ENG-ASCE JI J. Struct. Eng.-ASCE PD OCT PY 2006 VL 132 IS 10 BP 1543 EP 1552 DI 10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9445(2006)132:10(1543) PG 10 WC Construction & Building Technology; Engineering, Civil SC Construction & Building Technology; Engineering GA 088CW UT WOS:000240790100005 ER PT J AU Anderson, DM Rodney, MW AF Anderson, Donald M. Rodney, Mark W. TI Characterization of hydrologic conditions to support Platte River species recovery efforts SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN WATER RESOURCES ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article DE river management; hydrologic variability; water policy; water allocation; instream flow; decision making ID MANAGEMENT; WATER; FORECASTS; MODEL AB Efforts are under way to recover habitat for several threatened and endangered species in and along the Platte River in central Nebraska. A proposed recovery program for these species requires a means of characterizing "wet" versus "normal" versus "dry" hydrologic conditions in order to set corresponding Platte River instream flow targets. Methods of characterizing hydrologic conditions in real time were investigated for this purpose. Initially, 10 watershed variables were identified as potentially valuable indicators of hydrologic conditions, Ultimately, six multiple linear regression equations were developed for six periods of the year using a subset of these variables expressed as frequencies of nonexceedence. The adequacy of these equations for characterizing conditions was assessed by evaluating their historic correlation to subsequent flow in the central Platte River (1947-1994). These equations explained 54 to 82 percent of variability in the observed flow exceedences in the validation datasets, depending upon the period of year evaluated. These equations will provide initial criteria for setting applicable flow targets to determine, in real time, whether water regulation projects associated with the species recovery effort can divert or store flows without conflicting with recovery objectives. C1 US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Mt Prairie Reg Water Resources Div, Lakewood, CO 80228 USA. RP Anderson, DM (reprint author), US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Mt Prairie Reg Water Resources Div, 134 Union Blvd,Room 250, Lakewood, CO 80228 USA. EM donald_anderson@fws.gov NR 30 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER WATER RESOURCES ASSOC PI MIDDLEBURG PA 4 WEST FEDERAL ST, PO BOX 1626, MIDDLEBURG, VA 20118-1626 USA SN 1093-474X J9 J AM WATER RESOUR AS JI J. Am. Water Resour. Assoc. PD OCT PY 2006 VL 42 IS 5 BP 1391 EP 1403 DI 10.1111/j.1752-1688.2006.tb05620.x PG 13 WC Engineering, Environmental; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Engineering; Geology; Water Resources GA 103TJ UT WOS:000241909300018 ER PT J AU Pattee, OH Carpenter, JW Fritts, SH Rattner, BA Wiemeyer, SN Royle, JA Smith, MR AF Pattee, Oliver H. Carpenter, James W. Fritts, Steven H. Rattner, Barnett A. Wiemeyer, Stanley N. Royle, J. Andrew Smith, Milton R. TI Lead poisoning in captive Andean condors (Vultur gryphus) SO JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE DISEASES LA English DT Article DE Andean condors; California condors; endangered species; Gymnogyps californianus; lead poisoning; nontoxic lead substitutes; raptors; Vultur gryphus ID KESTRELS FALCO-SPARVERIUS; BALD EAGLES; CALIFORNIA CONDORS; SHOT INGESTION; TURKEY VULTURE; EXPOSURE; BLOOD; ACCUMULATION; TOXICOSIS; GOLDEN AB Elevated lead in the tissues of raptors, especially those that scavenge, is a common occurrence, and lead poisoning appears to be a significant problem in the ongoing recovery effort for California condors (Gymnogyps californianus). Elevated blood lead levels have been found in released birds, and a number of birds have died of lead poisoning. In earlier work, we dosed turkey vultures (Cathartes aura) with lead shot but found them to be a poor model for lead poisoning. In this study, we dosed four Andean condors (Valtur gryphus) with lead shot and found them to be quite sensitive, as two of the birds died and the other two exhibit signs of lead poisoning within 50 days. All lead-responsive parameters were affected, and regurgitation of dosed shot occurred only once. The response of the Andean condors appeared to mimic California condors, suggesting that once exposed to lead, the possibility of survival is poor. This is consistent with observations in the wild, where otherwise healthy birds exposed to metallic lead quickly succumb. At the very least, the release program has to maintain constant surveillance and an active lead monitoring program. C1 US Geol Survey, Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, Beltsville Lab, BARC E, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Kansas State Univ, Coll Vet Med, Dept Clin Sci, Manhattan, KS 66506 USA. US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Migratory Birds & State Programs, Lakewood, CO 80225 USA. US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Nevada Fish & Wildlife Off, Reno, NV 89502 USA. US Geol Survey, Natl Wildlife Hlth Res Ctr, Madison, WI 53711 USA. RP Pattee, OH (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, Beltsville Lab, BARC E, Bldg 308,10300 Baltimore Ave, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. EM hank_pattee@usgs.gov OI Royle, Jeffrey/0000-0003-3135-2167 NR 41 TC 27 Z9 27 U1 0 U2 16 PU WILDLIFE DISEASE ASSN, INC PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH ST, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 USA SN 0090-3558 J9 J WILDLIFE DIS JI J. Wildl. Dis. PD OCT PY 2006 VL 42 IS 4 BP 772 EP 779 PG 8 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA 132QA UT WOS:000243956100007 PM 17255443 ER PT J AU Ellison, LE O'Shea, TJ Wimsatt, J Pearce, RD Neubaum, DJ Neubaum, MA Bowen, RA AF Ellison, Laura E. O'Shea, Thomas J. Wimsatt, Jeffrey Pearce, Roger D. Neubaum, Daniel J. Neubaum, Melissa A. Bowen, Richard A. TI Sampling blood from big brown bats (Eptesicus fuscus) in the field with and without anesthesia: Impacts on survival SO JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE DISEASES LA English DT Article DE anesthesia; bats; blood; Cormack-Jolly-Seber; Eptesicus fuscus; PIT tags; survival ID MAMMALS AB Blood was collected from wild big brown bats (Eptesicus fuscus) with and without anesthesia in Fort Collins, Colorado in 2004 to assess the impacts of these procedures on short-term survival and 1-yr return rates. Short-term survival and 1-yr return rates after release were passively monitored using PIT tag detection hoops placed at selected buildings. Comparison of 14-day maximum likelihood survival estimates from bats not bled (142 adult females, 62 volant juveniles), and bats sampled for blood with anesthesia (96 adult females, 23 volant juveniles) and without anesthesia (112 adult females, 22 volant juveniles) indicated no adverse effects of either treatment (juveniles: chi(2)=53.38, df=41, P=0.09; adults: chi(2)=39.09, df=44, P=0.68). Return rates of bats one year after sampling were similar among adult female controls (75.4%, n=142, 95% CI=67.4-82.2%), females sampled for blood with anesthesia (83.0%, n=112, 95% CI=74.8-89.5%), and females sampled without anesthesia (87.5%, n=96, 95% CI=79.2-93.4%). Lack of an effect was also noted in 1-yr return rates of juvenile females. These data suggest that the use of anesthesia during sampling of blood has no advantages in terms C1 US Geol Survey, Ft Collins Sci Ctr, Ft Collins, CO 80526 USA. Univ Virginia Hlth Syst, Ctr Comparat Med, Dept Med, Charlottesville, VA 22904 USA. Univ Virginia, Dept Biol, Charlottesville, VA 22904 USA. Colorado State Univ, Dept Biomed Sci, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. Colorado State Univ, Dept Fishery & Wildlife Biol, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. RP Ellison, LE (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Ft Collins Sci Ctr, 2150 Ctr Ave Bldg C, Ft Collins, CO 80526 USA. EM Laura_Ellison@usgs.gov NR 8 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 3 U2 15 PU WILDLIFE DISEASE ASSN, INC PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH ST, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 USA SN 0090-3558 J9 J WILDLIFE DIS JI J. Wildl. Dis. PD OCT PY 2006 VL 42 IS 4 BP 849 EP 852 PG 4 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA 132QA UT WOS:000243956100018 PM 17255454 ER PT J AU Garlich-Miller, JL Quakenbush, LT Bromaghin, JF AF Garlich-Miller, Joel L. Quakenbush, Lori T. Bromaghin, Jeffrey F. TI Trends in age structure and productivity of Pacific walruses harvested in the Bering Strait region of Alaska, 1952-2002 SO MARINE MAMMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE Pacific walrus; Odobenus rosmarus divergens; harvest; age structure; productivity ID MAMMALS; GROWTH AB Pacific walruses (Odobenus rosmarus divergens) are harvested by subsistence hunters in Alaska as they migrate north through the Bering Strait in the spring. Harvest records and biological specimens have been collected from the Bering Strait communities of Little Diomede, Gambell, and Savoonga since the 1950s. Harvest levels in the Bering Strait region peaked in the late 1980s and declined thereafter; however, there was considerable variation in the size and composition of the harvests among communities and over time. The relationships among characteristics of the community harvests and the presence of temporal trends were investigated using generalized linear models. The proportion of females in the catch increased over time in all three communities, while the proportion pregnant among harvested females declined over the range of sample years. The ages of harvested walruses increased over time in all three communities through the 1980s, after which trends in age stabilized or began to decline. The age of first reproduction was significantly older for females sampled in 1975-1985 than for females sampled between 1952 and 1962 or 1992 and 1998. Factors thought to have influenced the size and composition of the catch over the past 50 yr include hunter preferences, harvest management regimes, environmental conditions, and changes in the population itself. C1 US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Fish & Ecol Serv, Anchorage, AK 99503 USA. Alaska Dept Fish & Game, Arctic Marine Mammal Program, Fairbanks, AK 99701 USA. RP Garlich-Miller, JL (reprint author), US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Fish & Ecol Serv, 1011 E Tudor Rd, Anchorage, AK 99503 USA. EM joel_garlichmiller@fws.gov; lori_quakenbush@fishgame.state.ak.us; jeffrey_bromaghin@fws.gov RI Bromaghin, Jeffrey/B-5058-2009 OI Bromaghin, Jeffrey/0000-0002-7209-9500 NR 44 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 1 U2 12 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING PI OXFORD PA 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DQ, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0824-0469 J9 MAR MAMMAL SCI JI Mar. Mamm. Sci. PD OCT PY 2006 VL 22 IS 4 BP 880 EP 896 DI 10.1111/j.1748-7692.2006.00081.x PG 17 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Zoology SC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Zoology GA 086GY UT WOS:000240663000007 ER PT J AU Bledsoe, EL Harr, KE Cichra, MF Phlips, EJ Bonde, RK Lowe, M AF Bledsoe, Erin L. Harr, Kendal E. Cichra, Mary F. Phlips, Edward J. Bonde, Robert K. Lowe, Mark TI A comparison of biofouling communities associated with free-ranging and captive florida manatees (Trichechus manatus latirostris) SO MARINE MAMMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID OSCILLATORIA-AGARDHII; DELPHINIDAE C1 Univ Florida, Dept Fisheries & Aquat Sci, Gainesville, FL 32653 USA. Univ Florida, Coll Vet Med, Gainesville, FL 32610 USA. US Geol Survey, Sirenia Project, Gainesville, FL 32601 USA. RP Bledsoe, EL (reprint author), Univ Florida, Dept Fisheries & Aquat Sci, 7922 NW 71st St, Gainesville, FL 32653 USA. EM spider4@ufl.edu OI Harr, Kendal/0000-0001-5390-3586; Bonde, Robert/0000-0001-9179-4376 NR 27 TC 7 Z9 8 U1 1 U2 6 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING PI OXFORD PA 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DQ, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0824-0469 J9 MAR MAMMAL SCI JI Mar. Mamm. Sci. PD OCT PY 2006 VL 22 IS 4 BP 997 EP 1003 DI 10.1111/j.1748-7692.2006.00053.x PG 7 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Zoology SC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Zoology GA 086GY UT WOS:000240663000015 ER PT J AU Horton, JW Ormo, J Powars, DS Gohn, GS AF Horton, J. Wright, Jr. Ormoe, Jens Powars, David S. Gohn, Gregory S. TI Chesapeake Bay impact structure: Morphology, crater fill, and relevance for impact structures on Mars SO METEORITICS & PLANETARY SCIENCE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Workshop on the Role of Volatiles and Atmospheres on Martian Impact Craters CY JUL 11-14, 2005 CL Johns Hopkins Univ Appl Phys Lab, Baltimore, MD HO Johns Hopkins Univ Appl Phys Lab ID WATER; EVENT; SEA AB The late Eocene Chesapeake Bay impact structure (CBIS) on the Atlantic margin of Virginia is one of the largest and best-preserved "wet-target" craters on Earth. It provides an accessible analog for studying impact processes in layered and wet targets on volatile-rich planets. The CBIS formed in a layered target of water, weak elastic sediments, and hard crystalline rock. The buried structure consists of a deep, filled central crater, 38 kin in width, surrounded by a shallower brim known as the annular trough. The annular trough formed partly by collapse of weak sediments, which expanded the structure to similar to 85 km in diameter. Such extensive collapse, in addition to excavation processes, can explain the "inverted sombrero" morphology observed at some craters in layered targets. The distribution of crater-fill materials in the CBIS is related to the morphology. Suevitic breccia, including pre-resurge fallback deposits, is found in the central crater. Impact-modified sediments, formed by fluidization and collapse of water-saturated sand and silt-clay, occur in the annular trough. Allogenic sediment-clast breccia, interpreted as ocean-resurge deposits, overlies the other impactites and covers the entire crater beneath a blanket of postimpact sediments. The formation of chaotic terrains on Mars is attributed to collapse due to the release of volatiles from thick layered deposits. Some flat-floored rimless depressions with chaotic infill in these terrains are impact craters that expanded by collapse farther than expected for similar-sized complex craters in solid targets. Studies of crater materials in the CBIS provide insights into processes of crater expansion on Mars and their links to volatiles. C1 US Geol Survey, Natl Ctr, Reston, VA USA. Inst Nacl Tecn Aeroespacial, Ctr Astrobiol, CSIC INTA, Madrid, Spain. RP Horton, JW (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Natl Ctr, 926A, Reston, VA USA. EM whorton@usgs.gov RI Ormo, Jens/L-9058-2014 OI Ormo, Jens/0000-0002-5810-9442 NR 42 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 3 PU METEORITICAL SOC PI FAYETTEVILLE PA DEPT CHEMISTRY/BIOCHEMISTRY, UNIV ARKANSAS, FAYETTEVILLE, AR 72701 USA SN 1086-9379 J9 METEORIT PLANET SCI JI Meteorit. Planet. Sci. PD OCT PY 2006 VL 41 IS 10 BP 1613 EP 1624 PG 12 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 098NV UT WOS:000241530500014 ER PT J AU Schmerge, D Francis, O AF Schmerge, D. Francis, O. TI Set standard deviation, repeatability and offset of absolute gravimeter A10-008 SO METROLOGIA LA English DT Article AB The set standard deviation, repeatability and offset of absolute gravimeter A10-008 were assessed at the Walferdange Underground Laboratory for Geodynamics (WULG) in Luxembourg. Analysis of the data indicates that the instrument performed within the specifications of the manufacturer. For A10-008, the average set standard deviation was (1.6 +/- 0.6) mu Gal ( 1 Gal = 1 cm s(-2)), the average repeatability was (2.9 +/- 1.5) mu Gal, and the average offset compared to absolute gravimeter FG5-216 was (3.2 +/- 3.5) mu Gal. C1 US Geol Survey, Denver, CO 80225 USA. Univ Luxembourg, Fac Sci Technol & Commun, L-1511 Luxembourg, Luxembourg. NR 9 TC 15 Z9 16 U1 1 U2 1 PU IOP PUBLISHING LTD PI BRISTOL PA TEMPLE CIRCUS, TEMPLE WAY, BRISTOL BS1 6BE, ENGLAND SN 0026-1394 J9 METROLOGIA JI Metrologia PD OCT PY 2006 VL 43 IS 5 BP 414 EP 418 DI 10.1088/0026-1394/43/5/012 PG 5 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA 102MW UT WOS:000241817300016 ER PT J AU Waldrop, MP Firestone, MK AF Waldrop, M. P. Firestone, M. K. TI Seasonal dynamics of microbial community composition and function in oak canopy and open grassland soils SO MICROBIAL ECOLOGY LA English DT Article ID OLD-FIELD; BACTERIAL; PLANT; DIVERSITY; PATTERNS; GRADIENT; NITROGEN; DECOMPOSITION; FLUCTUATIONS; PRODUCTIVITY AB Soil microbial communities are closely associated with aboveground plant communities, with multiple potential drivers of this relationship. Plants can affect available soil carbon, temperature, and water content, which each have the potential to affect microbial community composition and function. These same variables change seasonally, and thus plant control on microbial community composition may be modulated or overshadowed by annual climatic patterns. We examined microbial community composition, C cycling processes, and environmental data in California annual grassland soils from beneath oak canopies and in open grassland areas to distinguish factors controlling microbial community composition and function seasonally and in association with the two plant overstory communities. Every 3 months for up to 2 years, we monitored microbial community composition using phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) analysis, microbial biomass, respiration rates, microbial enzyme activities, and the activity of microbial groups using isotope labeling of PLFA biomarkers (C-13-PLFA). Distinct microbial communities were associated with oak canopy soils and open grassland soils and microbial communities displayed seasonal patterns from year to year. The effects of plant species and seasonal climate on microbial community composition were similar in magnitude. In this Mediterranean ecosystem, plant control of microbial community composition was primarily due to effects on soil water content, whereas the changes in microbial community composition seasonally appeared to be due, in large part, to soil temperature. Available soil carbon was not a significant control on microbial community composition. Microbial community composition (PLFA) and C-13-PLFA ordination values were strongly related to intra-annual variability in soil enzyme activities and soil respiration, but microbial biomass was not. In this Mediterranean climate, soil microclimate appeared to be the master variable controlling microbial community composition and function. C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Environm Sci Policy & Management, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. RP Waldrop, MP (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 345 Middlefield Rd,MS 962, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. EM mwaldrop@usgs.gov OI Waldrop, Mark/0000-0003-1829-7140 NR 35 TC 77 Z9 87 U1 3 U2 70 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING STREET, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0095-3628 J9 MICROB ECOL JI Microb. Ecol. PD OCT PY 2006 VL 52 IS 3 BP 470 EP 479 DI 10.1007/s00248-006-9100-6 PG 10 WC Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Microbiology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Microbiology GA 111PE UT WOS:000242464700012 PM 16909344 ER PT J AU Claiborne, LL Miller, CF Walker, BA Wooden, JL Mazdab, FK Bea, F AF Claiborne, L. Lowery Miller, C. F. Walker, B. A. Wooden, J. L. Mazdab, F. K. Bea, F. TI Tracking magmatic processes through Zr/Hf ratios in rocks and Hf and Ti zoning in zircons: An example from the Spirit Mountain batholith, Nevada SO MINERALOGICAL MAGAZINE LA English DT Article DE zircon; hafnium; zirconium; high-silica granite; Ti-in-zircon thermometry; fractionation ID CALDERA-FORMING ERUPTIONS; EFFECTIVE IONIC-RADII; RARE-EARTH ELEMENTS; LONG-VALLEY; RESIDENCE TIMES; GRANITIC MELTS; NEW-ZEALAND; NORTHWESTERN ARIZONA; IGNEOUS ZIRCON; RANGE PROVINCE AB Zirconium and HT are nearly identical geochemically, and therefore most of the crust maintains near-chondritic Zr/Hf ratios of similar to 35-40. By contrast, many high-silica rhyolites and granites have anomalously low Zr/Hf (15-30). As zircon is the primary reservoir for both Zr and Hf and preferentially incorporates Zr, crystallization of zircon controls Zr/Hf, imprinting low Zr/Hf on coexisting melt. Thus, low Zr/Hf is a unique fingerprint of effective magmatic fractionation in the crust. Age and compositional zonation in zircons themselves provide a record of the thermal and compositional histories of magmatic systems. High Hf (low Zr/Hf) in zircon zones demonstrates growth from fractionated melt, and Ti provides an estimate of temperature of crystallization (T-TiZ) (Watson and Harrison, 2005). Whole-rock Zr/Hf and zircon zonation in the Spirit Mountain batholith, Nevada, document repeated fractionation and thermal fluctuations. Ratios of Zr/Hf are similar to 30-40 for cumulates and 18-30 for high-SiO2 granites. In zircons, Hf (and U) are inversely correlated with Ti, and concentrations indicate large fluctuations in melt composition and T-TiZ (> 100 degrees C) for individual zircons. Such variations are consistent with field relations and ion-probe zircon geochronology that indicate a > 1 million year history of repeated replenishment, fractionation, and extraction of melt from crystal mush to form the low Zr/Hf high-SiO2 zone. C1 Vanderbilt Univ, Nashville, TN USA. Stanford Univ, US Geol Survey, Stanford Microisotop Analyt Ctr, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. Univ Granada, Dept Mineral & Petrol, Granada 18002, Spain. RP Claiborne, LL (reprint author), Vanderbilt Univ, SC 5717 Sci & Engn Bldg,Stevenson Ctr Dr, Nashville, TN USA. EM lily.e.lowery@vanderbilt.edu RI Bea, Fernando/G-6376-2012 OI Bea, Fernando/0000-0001-6245-2625 NR 75 TC 123 Z9 126 U1 6 U2 34 PU MINERALOGICAL SOCIETY PI LONDON PA 41 QUEENS GATE, LONDON SW7 5HR, ENGLAND SN 0026-461X J9 MINERAL MAG JI Mineral. Mag. PD OCT PY 2006 VL 70 IS 5 BP 517 EP 543 DI 10.1180/0026461067050348 PG 27 WC Mineralogy SC Mineralogy GA 134JM UT WOS:000244079300005 ER PT J AU Sager, CR Winkelman, DL AF Sager, Clifton R. Winkelman, Dana L. TI Effects of increased feeding frequency on growth of hybrid bluegill in ponds SO NORTH AMERICAN JOURNAL OF AQUACULTURE LA English DT Article ID LEPOMIS-MACROCHIRUS RAFINESQUE; AGGRESSIVE-BEHAVIOR; SALVELINUS-ALPINUS; RAINBOW-TROUT; ARCTIC CHARR; SUNFISH; FOOD; COMPETITION; SIZE; HIERARCHY AB Increased feeding frequency has been used in aquaculture to increase growth and food conversion efficiency, and recent laboratory studies have indicated that feeding frequency could be used to reduce the size variation within groups of hybrid bluegills (F-1: male bluegill Lepomis macrochirus X female green sunfish L. cyanellus). Our experiment evaluated the growth of pond-reared hybrid bluegills fed equal amounts of food either once or four times per day. We were particularly interested in reducing the size variation and increasing the percentage of harvestable-size fish (>= 110 g). After 194 d, there was no significant effect of feeding frequency on growth, food conversion efficiency, size variation, or percentage of harvestable-size fish. C1 Oklahoma State Univ, US Geol Survey, Oklahoma Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Stillwater, OK 74078 USA. RP Winkelman, DL (reprint author), Colorado State Univ, Colorado Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, 201 JVK Wagar Blsg, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. EM dlw@cnr.colostate.edu NR 24 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 2 U2 6 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA SN 1522-2055 J9 N AM J AQUACULT JI N. Am. J. Aqualcult. PD OCT PY 2006 VL 68 IS 4 BP 313 EP 316 DI 10.1577/A05-066.1 PG 4 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 118YR UT WOS:000242979900004 ER PT J AU Rach, JJ Brady, T Schreier, TM Aloisi, D AF Rach, Jeff J. Brady, Tony Schreier, Theresa M. Aloisi, Doug TI Safety of fish therapeutants to glochidia of the plain pocketbook mussel during encystment on largemouth bass SO NORTH AMERICAN JOURNAL OF AQUACULTURE LA English DT Article ID FRESH-WATER MUSSELS; UTTERBACKIA-IMBECILLIS; UNIONIDAE; BIVALVIA; TOXICITY AB Mussel biologists and fisheries managers have developed propagation techniques to duplicate the natural glochidia infestation on host fish. However, in intensive culture situations, fish diseases may threaten the survival of both fish and their attached glochidia and chemical treatments may be required to control a disease epizootic. Five therapeutants were evaluated for their safety to largemouth bass Micropterus salmoides encysted with mussel glochidia by comparing the number of sloughed glochidia in the chemical treatment groups with that of an untreated control group. Largemouth bass were infested with glochidia from the plain pocketbook mussel Lampsilis cardium and treated with 20 mg chloramine-T/L, 2 mg Cutrine/L, or 200 mg formalin/L (trial 1) and 200 mg formalin/L, 100 mg hydrogen peroxide/L, or 20,000 mg sodium chloride/L (trial 2). Chemicals were applied for 60 min (15 min in the case of sodium chloride in trial 2) once every other day, for a total of three treatments (six in the case of formalin in trial 2). After the first treatment, aquaria were siphoned each weekday to determine the number of sloughed glochidia or transformed juveniles. In trial 1, the initial mean number of glochidia per fish ranged from 257 to 294, and approximately 94% of the glochidia transformed to juveniles. In trial 2, the initial mean number of glochidia per fish ranged from 97 to 115, and approximately 91% of the glochidia transformed to juveniles. The mean percent of sloughed glochidia varied by less than 2% among all test groups in each trial. There were no significant differences (P < 0.05) in the number of sloughed glochidia or transformed juveniles among control or treatment groups in either trial. Therapeutic treatment of diseased fish with chloramine-T, Cutrine, formalin, hydrogen peroxide, or sodium chloride at the treatment regimens evaluated are viable options for enhancing the survival of fish encysted with glochidia. C1 US Geol Survey, US Dept Interior, Upper Midwest Environm Sci Ctr, La Crosse, WI 54603 USA. US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Genoa Natl Fish Hatchery, Genoa, WI 54632 USA. RP Rach, JJ (reprint author), US Geol Survey, US Dept Interior, Upper Midwest Environm Sci Ctr, 2630 Fanta Ree Rd, La Crosse, WI 54603 USA. EM jrach@usgs.gov NR 17 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 2 U2 7 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA SN 1522-2055 J9 N AM J AQUACULT JI N. Am. J. Aqualcult. PD OCT PY 2006 VL 68 IS 4 BP 348 EP 354 DI 10.1577/A05-077.1 PG 7 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 118YR UT WOS:000242979900009 ER PT J AU Glenn, RA Taylor, PW AF Glenn, Richard A. Taylor, Peter W. TI Population thinning to control furunculosis in steelhead SO NORTH AMERICAN JOURNAL OF AQUACULTURE LA English DT Article ID AEROMONAS-SALMONICIDA; CHINOOK SALMON; OXOLINIC ACID; RESISTANCE; DENSITY; SURVIVAL; GROWTH AB Furunculosis, which is caused by Aeronronas salmonicida, is a major source of mortalities at hatcheries rearing coldwater fish species, such as salmonids. Thinning and density reduction during an outbreak may be a viable method to control mortality. In this study, we tested whether a significant reduction in mortality would occur if an infected stock were split into smaller populations. A subpopulation of infected steethead Oncorhynchus mykiss was removed from a raceway and split among 12 troughs to test for mortality differences between high-density (3.99 fish/L) and low-density (1.59 fish/L) populations and between fish treated with Terramycin-medicated feed and fish given nonmedicated feed. Fish placed in the high-density troughs were 1.6 times more likely to die than those in the low-density troughs. Fish fed nonmedicated feed were 5.8 times more likely to die than those fed medicated feed. Additional observations of mortality differences between high (4.69 and 4.45 fish/L) and low densities (1.88 and 1.79 fish/L) within a raceway during furunculosis outbreaks in two separate years were also made. In both years, differences in mortality were apparent between density groups. The study showed that mortality reduction can occur when infected stocks are split into less dense populations. C1 US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Abernathy Fish Technol Ctr, Longview, WA 98632 USA. RP Glenn, RA (reprint author), US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Abernathy Fish Technol Ctr, Longview, WA 98632 USA. EM richard_glenn@fws.gov NR 19 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA SN 1522-2055 J9 N AM J AQUACULT JI N. Am. J. Aqualcult. PD OCT PY 2006 VL 68 IS 4 BP 355 EP 358 DI 10.1577/A05-086.1 PG 4 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 118YR UT WOS:000242979900010 ER PT J AU Bahn, V O'Connor, RJ Krohn, WB AF Bahn, Volker O'Connor, Raymond J. Krohn, William B. TI Effect of dispersal at range edges on the structure of species ranges SO OIKOS LA English DT Article ID POPULATION-DYNAMICS; BORDERS; PERSPECTIVES; ABUNDANCE; EVOLUTION; PATTERN AB Range edges are of particular interest to ecology because they hold key insights into the limits of the realized niche and associated population dynamics. A recent feature of Oikos summarized the state of the art on range edge ecology. While the typical question is what causes range edges, another important question is how range edges influence the distribution of abundances across a species geographic range when dispersal is present. We used a single species population dynamics model on a coupled-lattice to determine the effects of dispersal on peripheral populations as compared to populations at the core of the range. In the absence of resource gradients, the reduced neighborhood and thus lower connectivity or higher isolation among populations at the range edge alone led to significantly lower population sizes in the periphery of the range than in the core. Lower population sizes mean higher extinction risks and lower adaptability at the range edge, which could inhibit or slow range expansions, and thus effectively stabilize range edges. The strength of this effect depended on the potential population growth rate and the maximum dispersal distance. Lower potential population growth rates led to a stronger effect of dispersal resulting in a higher difference in population sizes between the two areas. The differential effect of dispersal on population sizes at the core and periphery of the range in the absence of resource gradients implies that traditional, habitat-based distribution models could result in misleading conclusions about the habitat quality in the periphery. Lower population sizes at the periphery are also relevant to conservation, because habitat removal not only eliminates populations but also creates new edges. Populations bordering these new edges may experience declines, due to their increased isolation. C1 Univ Maine, Dept Wildlife Ecol, Orono, ME 04469 USA. US Geol Survey, Maine Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Orono, ME 04469 USA. RP Bahn, V (reprint author), McGill Univ, Dept Biol, 1205 Doctor Penfield Ave,Stewart Biol Bldg, Montreal, PQ H3A 1B1, Canada. EM volker.bahn@gmx.net NR 27 TC 25 Z9 26 U1 0 U2 25 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING PI OXFORD PA 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DQ, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0030-1299 J9 OIKOS JI Oikos PD OCT PY 2006 VL 115 IS 1 BP 89 EP 96 DI 10.1111/j.2006.0030-1299.14825.x PG 8 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 091AQ UT WOS:000240998300009 ER PT J AU Craun, K AF Craun, Kari TI Recommendations on the role of airborne and commercial satellite imagery in emergency response SO PHOTOGRAMMETRIC ENGINEERING AND REMOTE SENSING LA English DT Article C1 US Geol Survey, Natl Geospatial Tech Operat Ctr, Reston, VA USA. EM kcraun@usgs.gov NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC PHOTOGRAMMETRY PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 210, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2160 USA SN 0099-1112 J9 PHOTOGRAMM ENG REM S JI Photogramm. Eng. Remote Sens. PD OCT PY 2006 VL 72 IS 10 BP 1111 EP 1113 PG 3 WC Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Physical Geography; Geology; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA 093WP UT WOS:000241201300003 ER PT J AU Markham, B Goward, S Arvidson, T Barsi, J Scaramuzza, P AF Markham, Brian Goward, Samuel Arvidson, Terry Barsi, Julia Scaramuzza, Pat TI Landsat-7 long-term acquisition plan radiometry - Evolution over time SO PHOTOGRAMMETRIC ENGINEERING AND REMOTE SENSING LA English DT Article ID IMAGERY AB The Landsat-7 Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus instrument has two selectable gains for each spectral band. In the acquisition plan, the gains were initially set to maximize the entropy in each scene. One unintended consequence of this strategy was that, at times, dense vegetation saturated band 4 and deserts saturated all bands. A revised strategy, based on a land-cover classification and sun angle thresholds, reduced saturation, but resulted in gain changes occurring within the same scene on multiple overpasses. As the gain changes cause some loss of data and difficulties for some ground processing systems, a procedure was devised to shift the gain changes to the nearest predicted cloudy scenes. The results are still not totally satisfactory as gain changes still impact some scenes and saturation still occurs, particularly in ephemerally snow-covered regions. A primary conclusion of our experience with variable gain on Landsot-7 is that such an approach should not be employed on future global monitoring missions. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Sci Syst & Applicat Inc, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. Univ Maryland, Dept Geog, Hyattsville, MD 20782 USA. Lockheed Martin, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. USGS, EROS, SAIC, TSSC,ESD,IAS, Sioux Falls, SD 57198 USA. RP Markham, B (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Sci Syst & Applicat Inc, Code 614-4, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. EM Brian.L.Markham@nasa.gov; sgoward@umd.edu; terry.arvidson@gsfc.nasa.gov; julia@ltpmail.gsfc.nasa.gov; pscar@usgs.gov RI Markham, Brian/M-4842-2013 OI Markham, Brian/0000-0002-9612-8169 NR 4 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER SOC PHOTOGRAMMETRY PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 210, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2160 USA SN 0099-1112 J9 PHOTOGRAMM ENG REM S JI Photogramm. Eng. Remote Sens. PD OCT PY 2006 VL 72 IS 10 BP 1129 EP 1135 PG 7 WC Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Physical Geography; Geology; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA 093WP UT WOS:000241201300005 ER PT J AU Goward, S Arvidson, T Williams, D Faundeen, J Irons, J Franks, S AF Goward, Samuel Arvidson, Terry Williams, Darrel Faundeen, John Irons, James Franks, Shannon TI Historical record of Landsat global coverage: Mission operations, NSLRSDA, and international cooperator stations SO PHOTOGRAMMETRIC ENGINEERING AND REMOTE SENSING LA English DT Article AB The long-term, 34+ year record of global Landsat remote sensing data is a critical resource to study the Earth system and human impacts on this system. The National Satellite Land Remote Sensing Data Archive (NSLRSDA) is charged by public law to: "maintain a permanent, comprehensive Government archive of global Landsat and other land remote sensing data for long-term monitoring and study of the changing global environment" (U.S. Congress, 1992). The advisory committee for NSLRSDA requested a detailed analysis of observation coverage within the U.S. Landsat holdings, as well as that acquired and held by International Cooperator (IC) stations. Our analyses, to date, have found gaps of varying magnitude in U.S. holdings of Landsat global coverage data, which appear to reflect technical or administrative variations in mission operations. In many cases it may be possible to partially fill these gaps in U.S. holdings through observations that were acquired and are now being held at International Cooperator stations. C1 Univ Maryland, Dept Geog, Hyattsville, MD 20782 USA. Lockheed Martin, Greenbelt, MD USA. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. USGS, EROS, Sioux Falls, SD 57198 USA. RP Goward, S (reprint author), Univ Maryland, Dept Geog, 2181 LeFrak Hall, Hyattsville, MD 20782 USA. EM sgoward@umd.edu RI Irons, James/D-8535-2012; Faundeen, John/M-2090-2015 OI Faundeen, John/0000-0003-0287-2921 NR 15 TC 59 Z9 60 U1 2 U2 8 PU AMER SOC PHOTOGRAMMETRY PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 210, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2160 USA SN 0099-1112 J9 PHOTOGRAMM ENG REM S JI Photogramm. Eng. Remote Sens. PD OCT PY 2006 VL 72 IS 10 BP 1155 EP 1169 PG 15 WC Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Physical Geography; Geology; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA 093WP UT WOS:000241201300008 ER PT J AU Jaumann, R Stephan, K Brown, RH Buratti, BJ Clark, RN McCord, TB Coradini, A Capaccioni, F Filacchione, G Cerroni, P Baines, KH Bellucci, G Bibring, JP Combes, M Cruikshank, DP Drossart, P Formisano, V Langevin, Y Matson, DL Nelson, RM Nicholson, PD Sicardy, B Sotin, C Soderbloom, LA Griffith, C Matz, KD Roatsch, T Scholten, F Porco, CC AF Jaumann, R. Stephan, K. Brown, R. H. Buratti, B. J. Clark, R. N. McCord, T. B. Coradini, A. Capaccioni, F. Filacchione, G. Cerroni, P. Baines, K. H. Bellucci, G. Bibring, J. -P. Combes, M. Cruikshank, D. P. Drossart, P. Formisano, V. Langevin, Y. Matson, D. L. Nelson, R. M. Nicholson, P. D. Sicardy, B. Sotin, C. Soderbloom, L. A. Griffith, C. Matz, K. -D. Roatsch, Th. Scholten, F. Porco, C. C. TI High-resolution CASSINI-VIMS mosaics of Titan and the icy Saturnian satellites SO PLANETARY AND SPACE SCIENCE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT General Assembly of the European-Union-of-Geosciences CY APR 24-29, 2005 CL Vienna, AUSTRIA SP European Geosci Union DE Cassini; VIMS; imaging spectroscopy; Saturnian satellites; map projection; mosaics ID ENCELADUS; JUPITER AB The Visual Infrared Mapping Spectrometer (VIMS) onboard the CASSINI spacecraft obtained new spectral data of the icy satellites of Saturn after its arrival at Saturn in June 2004. VIMS operates in a spectral range from 0.35 to 5.2 mu m, generating image cubes in which each pixel represents a spectrum consisting of 352 contiguous wavebands. As an imaging spectrometer VIMS combines the characteristics of both a spectrometer and an imaging instrument. This makes it possible to analyze the spectrum of each pixel separately and to map the spectral characteristics spatially, which is important to study the relationships between spectral information and geological and geomorphologic surface features. The spatial analysis of the spectral data requires the determination of the exact geographic position of each pixel on the specific surface and that all 352 spectral elements of each pixel show the same region of the target. We developed a method to reproject each pixel geometrically and to convert the spectral data into map projected image cubes. This method can also be applied to mosaic different VIMS observations. Based on these mosaics, maps of the spectral properties for each Saturnian satellite can be derived and attributed to geographic positions as well as to geological and geomorphologic surface features. These map-projected mosaics are the basis for all further investigations. (c) 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Inst Planetary Res, DLR, D-12489 Berlin, Germany. Univ Arizona, Dept Planetary Sci, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. Univ Arizona, LPL, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Denver, CO 80225 USA. Planetary Sci Inst, Winthrop, WA USA. CNR, Ist Fis Spazio Interplanetario, I-00137 Rome, Italy. Inst Astrofis Spaziale, Rome, Italy. Univ Paris 11, IAS, F-91405 Orsay, France. Observ Paris, F-92195 Meudon, France. NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Astrophys Branch, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. Cornell Univ, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. Univ Nantes, F-44072 Nantes 3, France. US Geol Survey, Flagstaff, AZ 86011 USA. Univ Arizona, Lunar & Planetary Lab, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. Univ Arizona, Steward Observ, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. Space Sci Inst, Boulder, CO 80301 USA. RP Jaumann, R (reprint author), Inst Planetary Res, DLR, Rutherfordstr 2, D-12489 Berlin, Germany. EM ralf.jaumann@dlr.de OI Cerroni, Priscilla/0000-0003-0239-2741; Bellucci, Giancarlo/0000-0003-0867-8679; Capaccioni, Fabrizio/0000-0003-1631-4314; Filacchione, Gianrico/0000-0001-9567-0055 NR 16 TC 21 Z9 21 U1 0 U2 1 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0032-0633 J9 PLANET SPACE SCI JI Planet Space Sci. PD OCT PY 2006 VL 54 IS 12 SI SI BP 1146 EP 1155 DI 10.1016/j.pss.2006.05.034 PG 10 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 105TW UT WOS:000242056200005 ER PT J AU Miller, ME Belnap, J Beatty, SW Reynolds, RL AF Miller, Mark E. Belnap, Jayne Beatty, Susan W. Reynolds, Richard L. TI Performance of Bromus tectorum L. in relation to soil properties, water additions, and chemical amendments in calcareous soils of southeastern Utah, USA SO PLANT AND SOIL LA English DT Article DE invasive species; magnesium; manganese; phosphorus; potassium; spatial patterns ID ORGANIC-MATTER DYNAMICS; PLANT-COMMUNITIES; COLORADO PLATEAU; CALCIFUGE HABIT; INVASION; CHEATGRASS; RESOURCES; INVASIBILITY; DEMOGRAPHY; GRASSLAND AB In drylands of southeastern Utah, USA, the invasive exotic grass Bromus tectorum L. occurs in distinct spatial patterns suggesting soil control of ecosystem susceptibility to invasion. To improve our understanding of these patterns, we examined performance of B. tectorum in relation to additions of water, KCl, MgO, and CaO at seventeen 1600 m(2) sites distributed across a calcareous soil gradient in Canyonlands National Park. Water additions resulted in a 57% increase in B. tectorum establishment. Fall establishment was significantly correlated with silt and clay content in wet plots but not in dry plots, suggesting that texture effects on B. tectorum establishment patterns may be greater in wet years than in dry years. Applications of MgO resulted in a 49% decrease in B. tectorum establishment, although MgO had no effect on whole-plot biomass at the end of the growing season. B. tectorum-soil relations were strongest during winter (December-March) when relative growth rates were negatively related to soil acid-neutralizing potential, sand and CaCO3 content, and a measure of bioavailable Mg; and positively related to silt and clay content, total N, measures of bioavailable Mn, P, and K, and a measure of magnetite indicating distributional patterns of eolian dust. As soils were persistently moist during this period, we attribute strong B. tectorum-soil patterns in winter to effects of low temperature on diffusion, microbial activity, and/or production of root exudates important for nutrient mobilization and uptake. In spring, there was a reversal in B. tectorum-soil relations such that loamy soils with higher B. tectorum densities were unfavorable for growth relative to sandy soils with higher warm-season water potentials. We conclude that resource limitations for B. tectorum in this study area shift seasonally, from water limitation of fall establishment, to nutrient limitation of winter growth, and back to water limitation of spring growth. Because study sites generally were arrayed along a hillslope gradient with downslope trends in soil vtexture and nutrient content, close B. tectorum-soil relations documented in this study indicate that a geomorphic framework is useful for understanding and predicting B. tectorum invasion patterns in dryland ecosystems of this region. C1 US Geol Survey, SW Biol Sci Ctr, Kanab, UT 84741 USA. US Geol Survey, SW Biol Sci Ctr, Moab, UT 84532 USA. Univ Colorado, Dept Geog, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. US Geol Survey, Lakewood, CO 80225 USA. RP Miller, ME (reprint author), US Geol Survey, SW Biol Sci Ctr, 190 E Ctr St, Kanab, UT 84741 USA. EM mark_miller@usus.gov NR 55 TC 44 Z9 44 U1 3 U2 24 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0032-079X J9 PLANT SOIL JI Plant Soil PD OCT PY 2006 VL 288 IS 1-2 BP 1 EP 18 DI 10.1007/s11104-006-0058-4 PG 18 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences; Soil Science SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences GA 119GS UT WOS:000243001400001 ER PT J AU Miller, ME Belnap, J Beatty, SW Webb, BL AF Miller, Mark E. Belnap, Jayne Beatty, Susan W. Webb, Bruce L. TI Effects of water additions, chemical amendments, and plants on in situ measures of nutrient bioavailability in calcareous soils of southeastern Utah, USA SO PLANT AND SOIL LA English DT Article DE Bromus tectorum; ion-exchange resin bags; nutrient dynamics; phosphorus; potassium; Stipa hymenoides ID EXCHANGE RESIN BAGS; NITROGEN LIMITATION; DESERT; PRECIPITATION; AVAILABILITY; ECOSYSTEM AB We used ion-exchange resin bags to investigate effects of water additions, chemical amendments, and plant presence on in situ measures of nutrient bioavailability in conjunction with a study examining soil controls of ecosystem invasion by the exotic annual grass Bromus tectorum L. At five dryland sites in southeastern Utah, USA, resin bags were buried in experimental plots randomly assigned to combinations of two watering treatments (wet and dry), four chemical-amendment treatments (KCl, MgO, CaO, and no amendment), and four plant treatments (B. tectorum alone, the perennial bunchgrass Stipa hymenoides R. & S. alone, B. tectorum and S. hymenoides together, and no plants). Resin bags were initially buried in September 1997; replaced in January, April, and June 1998; and removed at the end of the study in October 1998. When averaged across watering treatments, plots receiving KCl applications had lower resin-bag NO3- than plots receiving no chemical amendments during three of four measurement periods-probably due to NO3- displacement from resin bags by Cl- ions. During the January-April period, KCl application in wet plots (but not dry plots) decreased resin-bag NH4+ and increased resin-bag NO3-. This interaction effect likely resulted from displacement of NH4+ from resins by K+ ions, followed by nitrification and enhanced NO3- capture by resin bags. In plots not receiving KCl applications, resin-bag NH4+ was higher in wet plots than in dry plots during the same period. During the January-April period, resin-bag measures for carbonate-related ions HPO42-, Ca2+, and Mn2+ tended to be greater in the presence of B. tectorum than in the absence of B. tectorum. This trend was evident only in wet plots where B. tectorum densities were much higher than in dry plots. We attribute this pattern to the mobilization of carbonate-associated ions by root exudates of B. tectorum. These findings indicate the importance of considering potential indirect effects of soil amendments performed in conjunction with resource-limitation studies, and they suggest the need for further research concerning nutrient acquisition mechanisms of B. tectorum. C1 US Geol Survey, SW Biol Sci Ctr, Kanab, UT 84741 USA. US Geol Survey, SW Biol Sci Ctr, Moab, UT 84532 USA. Univ Colorado, Dept Geog, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Brigham Young Univ, Dept Plant & Anim Sci, Provo, UT 84602 USA. RP Miller, ME (reprint author), US Geol Survey, SW Biol Sci Ctr, 190 E Ctr St, Kanab, UT 84741 USA. EM mark_miller@usgs.gov NR 42 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 1 U2 11 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0032-079X J9 PLANT SOIL JI Plant Soil PD OCT PY 2006 VL 288 IS 1-2 BP 19 EP 29 DI 10.1007/s11104-006-9014-6 PG 11 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences; Soil Science SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences GA 119GS UT WOS:000243001400002 ER PT J AU Amstrup, SC Stirling, I Smith, TS Perham, C Thiemann, GW AF Amstrup, Steven C. Stirling, Ian Smith, Tom S. Perham, Craig Thiemann, Gregory W. TI Recent observations of intraspecific predation and cannibalism among polar bears in the southern Beaufort Sea SO POLAR BIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID WESTERN HUDSON-BAY; MATERNAL DEN HABITAT; URSUS-MARITIMUS; POPULATION TRENDS; NORTHERN ALASKA; BLACK BEARS; INFANTICIDE; MOVEMENTS AB Intraspecific killing has been reported among polar bears (Ursus maritimus), brown bears (U. arctos), and black bears (U. americanus). Although cannibalism is one motivation for such killings, the ecological factors mediating such events are poorly understood. Between 24 January and 10 April 2004, we confirmed three instances of intraspecific predation and cannibalism in the Beaufort Sea. One of these, the first of this type ever reported for polar bears, was a parturient female killed at her maternal den. The predating bear was hunting in a known maternal denning area and apparently discovered the den by scent. A second predation event involved an adult female and cub recently emerged from their den, and the third involved a yearling male. During 24 years of research on polar bears in the southern Beaufort Sea region of northern Alaska and 34 years in northwestern Canada, we have not seen other incidents of polar bears stalking, killing, and eating other polar bears. We hypothesize that nutritional stresses related to the longer ice-free seasons that have occurred in the Beaufort Sea in recent years may have led to the cannibalism incidents we observed in 2004. C1 US Geol Survey, Alaska Sci Ctr, Anchorage, AK 99503 USA. Canadian Wildlife Serv, Edmonton, AB T6H 3S5, Canada. US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Anchorage, AK 99503 USA. Dalhousie Univ, Dept Biol, Halifax, NS B3H 4J1, Canada. RP Amstrup, SC (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Alaska Sci Ctr, 1011 E Tudor Rd, Anchorage, AK 99503 USA. EM steven_amstrup@usgs.gov NR 41 TC 50 Z9 53 U1 4 U2 52 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0722-4060 EI 1432-2056 J9 POLAR BIOL JI Polar Biol. PD OCT PY 2006 VL 29 IS 11 BP 997 EP 1002 DI 10.1007/s00300-006-0142-5 PG 6 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 089TA UT WOS:000240902500010 ER PT J AU Kondratieff, BC Zuellig, RE Lenat, DR AF Kondratieff, Boris C. Zuellig, Robert E. Lenat, David R. TI Description of the adults of Maccaffertium lenati (Ephemeroptera : Heptageniidae), notes on its ecology and distribution, and a new North Carolina record for Isonychia arida (Ephemeroptera : Isonychiidae) SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON LA English DT Article C1 Colorado State Univ, Dept Bioagr Sci & Pest Management, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Denver, CO 80225 USA. Lenat Consulting, Raleigh, NC 27612 USA. RP Kondratieff, BC (reprint author), Colorado State Univ, Dept Bioagr Sci & Pest Management, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. EM Boris.Kondratieff@Colostate.edu; rzuellig@usgs.gov; lenatbks@mindspring.com NR 3 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU ENTOMOL SOC WASHINGTON PI WASHINGTON PA SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION DEPT ENTOMOLOGY, WASHINGTON, DC 20560 USA SN 0013-8797 J9 P ENTOMOL SOC WASH JI Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash. PD OCT PY 2006 VL 108 IS 4 BP 995 EP 997 PG 3 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 097LV UT WOS:000241450200028 ER PT J AU Owen, LA Finkel, RC Haizhou, M Barnard, PL AF Owen, Lewis A. Finkel, Robert C. Haizhou, Ma Barnard, Patrick L. TI Late Quaternary landscape evolution in the Kunlun Mountains and Qaidam Basin, Northern Tibet: A framework for examining the links between glaciation, lake level changes and alluvial fan formation SO QUATERNARY INTERNATIONAL LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 4th International Symposium on Tibetan Plateau CY AUG 04-06, 2004 CL Lhasa, PEOPLES R CHINA SP Chinese Acad Sci, Peoples Govt Tibet Autonomous Reg China, Natl Nat Sci Fdn China, China Meteorol Adm, Int Ctr Integrated Mt Dev, China Off World Wildlife Fund, Japan Res Inst Human & Nat, Int Arct Res Ctr, Natl Snow & Ice Data Ctr US, Bureau Sci & Technol Tibet Autonomous Reg, Chinese Acad Sci, Inst Tibetan Plateau Res, China Soc Tibetan Plateau, Inst Plateau Meteorol China Meteorol Adm ID COSMOGENIC NUCLIDES; PLATEAU; PLEISTOCENE; HIMALAYA; EXTENT; BE-10; LUMINESCENCE; QINGHAI; MORAINES; PAKISTAN AB The Qaidam Basin in Northern Tibet is one of the largest hyper-arid intermontane basins on Earth. Alluvial fans, pediment surfaces, shorelines and a thick succession of sediments within the basin, coupled with moraines and associated landforms in the adjacent high mountain catchments of the Kunlun Mountains, record a complex history of Late Quaternary paleoenvironmental change and landscape evolution. The region provides an ideal natural laboratory to examine the interaction between tectonics and climate within a continent-continent collision zone, and to quantify rates of landscape evolution as controlled by climate and the associated glacial and hydrological changes in hyper-arid and adjacent high-altitude environments. Geomorphic mapping, analysis of landforms and sediments, and terrestrial cosmogenic radionuclide surface exposure and optically stimulated luminescence dating serve to define the timing of formation of Late Quaternary landforms along the southern and northwestern margins of the Qaidam Basin, and in the Burhan Budai Shan of the Kunlun Mountains adjacent to the basin on the south. These dates provide a framework that suggests links between climatic amelioration, deglaciation, lake desiccation and alluvial fan evolution. At least three glacial advances are defined in the Burham Budai Shan of the Kunlun Mountains. On the northern side of this range these occurred in the penultimate glacial cycle or early in the last glacial cycle, during the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM)/Lateglacial and during the Holocene. On the south side of the range, advances occurred during the penultimate glacial cycle, MIS-3, and possibly the LGM, Lateglacial or Holocene. Several distinct phases of alluvial fan sedimentation are likewise defined. Alluvial fans formed on the southern side of the Kunlun Mountains prior to 200 ka. Ice-contact alluvial fans formed during the penultimate glacial and during MTS-3. Extensive incised alluvial fans that form the main valley fills north of the Burham Budai and extend into the Qaidam Basin are dated to similar to 30 ka. These ages suggest that there was a period of alluvial fan aggradation and valley filling that persisted until desiccation of the large lakes in the Qaidam Basin post similar to 30 ka led to base level lowering and active incision of streams into the valley fills. The continued Lateglacial and Holocene desiccation likely led to further degradation of the valley fills. Ice wedge casts in the Qaidam Basin date to similar to 15ka, indicating significant Lateglacial climatic amelioration, while Holocene loess deposits north of the Burham Bdudai suggest that aridity has increased in the region since the early Holocene. From these observations, we infer that the major landscape changes within high glaciated mountains and their adjacent hyper-arid intermontane basins, such as the Kunlun Mountains and Qaidam Basin, occur rapidly over millennial timescales during periods of climatic instability. (c) 2006 Elsevier Ltd and INQUA. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Cincinnati, Dept Geol, Cincinnati, OH 45221 USA. Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Ctr Accelerator Mass Spectrometry, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. Chinese Acad Sci, Inst Saline Lakes, Xining, Qinghai, Peoples R China. United States Geol Survey, Pacific Sci Ctr, Santa Cruz, CA 95060 USA. RP Owen, LA (reprint author), Univ Cincinnati, Dept Geol, Cincinnati, OH 45221 USA. EM lewis.owen@uc.edu NR 54 TC 86 Z9 106 U1 3 U2 29 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 1040-6182 J9 QUATERN INT JI Quat. Int. PD OCT PY 2006 VL 154 BP 73 EP 86 DI 10.1016/j.quaint.2006.02.008 PG 14 WC Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Physical Geography; Geology GA 087SH UT WOS:000240762100010 ER PT J AU Toccalino, PL Norman, JE AF Toccalino, Patricia L. Norman, Julia E. TI Health-based screening levels to evaluate US geological survey ground water quality data SO RISK ANALYSIS LA English DT Article DE HBSL; health-based screening level; human health; unregulated contaminant; water quality AB Federal and state drinking-water standards and guidelines do not exist for many contaminants analyzed by the U.S. Geological Survey's National Water-Quality Assessment Program, limiting the ability to evaluate the potential human-health relevance of water-quality findings. Health-based screening levels (HBSLs) were developed collaboratively to supplement existing drinking-water standards and guidelines as part of a six-year, multi-agency pilot study. The pilot study focused on ground water samples collected prior to treatment or blending in areas of New Jersey where groundwater is the principal source of drinking water. This article describes how HBSLs were developed and demonstrates the use of HBSLs as a tool for evaluating water-quality data in a human-health context. HBSLs were calculated using standard U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) methodologies and toxicity information. New HBSLs were calculated for 12 of 32 contaminants without existing USEPA drinking-water standards or guidelines, increasing the number of unregulated contaminants (those without maximum contaminant levels (MCLs)) with human-health benchmarks. Concentrations of 70 of the 78 detected contaminants with human-health benchmarks were less than MCLs or HBSLs, including all 12 contaminants with new HBSLs, suggesting that most contaminant concentrations were not of potential human-health concern. HBSLs were applied to a state-scale groundwater data set in this study, but HBSLs also may be applied to regional and national evaluations of water-quality data. HBSLs fulfill a critical need for federal, state, and local agencies, water utilities, and others who seek tools for evaluating the occurrence of contaminants without drinking-water standards or guidelines. C1 US Geol Survey, Sacramento, CA 95819 USA. Oregon Hlth Sci Univ, Dept Environm & Biomol Syst, Beaverton, OR USA. RP Toccalino, PL (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 6000 J St,Placer Hall, Sacramento, CA 95819 USA. EM ptocca@usgs.gov NR 28 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 1 U2 3 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING PI OXFORD PA 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DQ, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0272-4332 J9 RISK ANAL JI Risk Anal. PD OCT PY 2006 VL 26 IS 5 BP 1339 EP 1348 DI 10.1111/j.1539-6924.2006.00805.x PG 10 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Mathematics, Interdisciplinary Applications; Social Sciences, Mathematical Methods SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Mathematics; Mathematical Methods In Social Sciences GA 093VG UT WOS:000241197800018 PM 17054535 ER PT J AU Connell, L Redman, R Craig, S Rodriguez, R AF Connell, L. Redman, R. Craig, S. Rodriguez, R. TI Distribution and abundance of fungi in the soils of Taylor Valley, Antarctica SO SOIL BIOLOGY & BIOCHEMISTRY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Workshop on Synthesis of Soil Biodiversity and Ecosystem Functioning in Victoria Land, Antarctica CY APR, 2005 CL Jekyll Isl, GA DE fungi; yeast; dry valleys; Victoria Land; soil biology; Antarctica ID MCMURDO DRY VALLEYS; COMMUNITY STRUCTURE; DESERT SOILS; BIODIVERSITY; INVERTEBRATES; ECOSYSTEMS; DIVERSITY; REGION AB The occurrence and distribution of culturable fungi in Taylor Valley, Antarctica was assessed in terms of soil habitat. Soil transects throughout the valley revealed differential habitat utilization between filamentous and non-filamentous (yeast and yeast-like) fungi. In addition, there were significant differences in species distribution patterns with respect to soil pH, moisture, distance from marine coastline, carbon, chlorophyll a, salinity, elevation and solar inputs. Filamentous fungal abundance is most closely associated with habitats having higher pH, and soil moistures. These close associations were not found with yeast and yeast-like fungi demonstrating that yeast and yeast-like fungi utilize a broader range of habitat. An intensive survey of the Victoria Land is necessary to gain a better understanding of their role in soil functioning and nutrient cycling processes. (c) 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Maine, Sch Marine Sci, Orono, ME 04469 USA. US Geol Survey, WFRC, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. Univ Washington, Dept Biol, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. RP Connell, L (reprint author), Univ Maine, Sch Marine Sci, Orono, ME 04469 USA. EM laurie.connell@umit.maine.edu NR 52 TC 44 Z9 47 U1 1 U2 11 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0038-0717 J9 SOIL BIOL BIOCHEM JI Soil Biol. Biochem. PD OCT PY 2006 VL 38 IS 10 SI SI BP 3083 EP 3094 DI 10.1016/j.soilbio.2006.02.016 PG 12 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA 099HZ UT WOS:000241585600008 ER PT J AU Hu, F Sharma, B Mukhi, S Patino, R Carr, JA AF Hu, Fang Sharma, Bibek Mukhi, Sandeep Patino, Reynaldo Carr, James A. TI The colloidal thyroxine (T-4) ring as a novel biomarker of perchlorate exposure in the african clawed frog xenopus laevis SO TOXICOLOGICAL SCIENCES LA English DT Article DE perchlorate; biomarker; thyroid; amphibian; endocrine; disruption ID ENVIRONMENTALLY RELEVANT CONCENTRATIONS; AMMONIUM-PERCHLORATE; THYROID-FUNCTION; DRINKING-WATER; END-POINTS; GLAND; METAMORPHOSIS; ZEBRAFISH; TOXICITY; HISTOLOGY AB The purpose of this study was to determine if changes in colloidal thyroxine (T-4) immunoreactivity can be used as a biomarker of perchlorate exposure in amphibian thyroid tissue. Larval African clawed frogs (Xenopus laevis) were exposed to 0, 1, 8, 93, and 1131 mu g perchlorate/l for 38 and 69 days to cover the normal period of larval development and metamorphosis. The results of this study confirmed the presence of an immunoreactive colloidal T-4 ring in thyroid follicles of X. laevis and demonstrated that the intensity of this ring is reduced in a concentration-dependent manner by perchlorate exposure. The smallest effective concentration of perchlorate capable of significantly reducing colloidal T-4 ring intensity was 8 mu g perchlorate/l. The intensity of the immunoreactive colloidal T-4 ring is a more sensitive biomarker of perchlorate exposure than changes in hind limb length, forelimb emergence, tail resorption, thyrocyte hypertrophy, or colloid depletion. We conclude that the colloidal T-4 ring can be used as a sensitive biomarker of perchlorate-induced thyroid disruption in amphibians. C1 Texas Tech Univ, Dept Biol Sci, Lubbock, TX 79409 USA. Texas Tech Univ, Dept Range Wildlife & Fisheries Management, Lubbock, TX 79409 USA. Texas Tech Univ, Texas Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Lubbock, TX 79409 USA. Texas Tech Univ, Dept Environm Toxicol, Lubbock, TX 79409 USA. Texas Tech Univ, US Geol Survey, Texas Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Lubbock, TX 79409 USA. Texas Tech Univ, Dept Range Wildlife & Fisheries Management, Lubbock, TX 79409 USA. RP Carr, JA (reprint author), Texas Tech Univ, Dept Biol Sci, Lubbock, TX 79409 USA. EM james.carr@ttu.edu NR 39 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 1 U2 12 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS PI OXFORD PA GREAT CLARENDON ST, OXFORD OX2 6DP, ENGLAND SN 1096-6080 J9 TOXICOL SCI JI Toxicol. Sci. PD OCT PY 2006 VL 93 IS 2 BP 268 EP 277 DI 10.1093/toxsci/kfl053 PG 10 WC Toxicology SC Toxicology GA 084NM UT WOS:000240540000004 PM 16807283 ER PT J AU Zielinski, RA Orem, WH Simmons, KR Bohlen, PJ AF Zielinski, Robert A. Orem, William H. Simmons, Kathleen R. Bohlen, Patrick J. TI Fertilizer-derived uranium and sulfur in rangeland soil and runoff: A case study in central Florida SO WATER AIR AND SOIL POLLUTION LA English DT Article DE fertilizers; uranium; sulfur; isotopes; rangeland soil and runoff; Florida ID DECAY SERIES RADIONUCLIDES; PHOSPHORUS BUDGET; THORIUM; NITROGEN; GROUNDWATER; EVERGLADES; SEDIMENTS; PHOSPHATE; NITRATE; CARBON AB Fertilizer applications to rangeland and pastures in central Florida have potential impact on the nutrient-sensitive ecosystems of Lake Okeechobee and the Northern Everglades. To investigate the effects of fertilizer applications, three soil profiles from variably managed and improved rangeland, and four samples of surface runoff from both fertilized and unfertilized pasture were collected. In addition to determining nutrient concentrations, isotopic analyses of uranium (U) and sulfur (S) were performed to provide isotopic evidence for U derived from historically applied phosphate (P)-bearing fertilizer (U-234/U-238 activity ratio =1.0 +/- 0.05), and Sderived from recently applied ammonium sulfate fertilizer(delta(34) S=3.5permil).The distribution and mobility of fertilizer-derived U in these samples is considered to be analogous to that of fertilizer-derived phosphate.Variations of U concentrations and U-234/(238) U activity ratios in soils indicate contribution of fertilizer-derived U in the upper portions of the fertilized soil (15-}34 percent of total U). The U isotope data for runoff from the fertilized field also are consistent with some contribution from fertilizer-derived U. Parallel investigations of S showed no consistent chemical or isotopic evidence for significant fertilizer-derived sulfate in rangeland soil or runoff. Relatively abundant and isotopically variable S present in the local environment hinders detection of fertilizer-derived sulfate. The results indicate a continuing slow-release of fertilizer-derived U and, by inference, P, to the P-sensitive ecosystem, and a relatively rapid release of sulfate of possible natural origin. C1 US Geol Survey, Denver, CO 80225 USA. US Geol Survey, Reston, VA 20192 USA. MacArthur Agroecol Res Ctr, Lake Placid, FL 33852 USA. RP Zielinski, RA (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Denver, CO 80225 USA. EM rzielinski@usgs.gov NR 32 TC 18 Z9 18 U1 3 U2 21 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0049-6979 J9 WATER AIR SOIL POLL JI Water Air Soil Pollut. PD OCT PY 2006 VL 176 IS 1-4 BP 163 EP 183 DI 10.1007/s11270-006-9156-4 PG 21 WC Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Water Resources GA 081LB UT WOS:000240318000011 ER PT J AU Levine, AD Meyer, MT Kish, G AF Levine, Audrey D. Meyer, Michael T. Kish, George TI Evaluation of the persistence of micropollutants through pure-oxygen activated sludge nitrification and denitrification SO WATER ENVIRONMENT RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE reclaimed water; micropollutants; antibiotics; surfactants; fire-retardant chemicals; pesticides; fragrance compounds; hormones ID SOLID-PHASE EXTRACTION; WASTE-WATER; SEWAGE-TREATMENT; PHARMACEUTICALS; ENVIRONMENT; CHEMICALS; EFFLUENTS; PRODUCTS; AGENTS; FATE AB The persistence of pharmaceuticals, hormones, and household and industrial chemicals through a pure-oxygen activated sludge, nitrification, denitrification wastewater treatment facility was evaluated. Of the 125 micropollutants that were tested in this study, 55 compounds were detected in the untreated wastewater, and 27 compounds were detected in the disinfected effluent. The persistent compounds included surfactants, fire-retardant chemicals, pesticides, fragrance compounds, hormones, and one pharmaceutical. Physical-chemical properties of micropollutants that affected partitioning onto wastewater solids included vapor pressure and octanol-water partition coefficients. C1 Univ S Florida, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Tampa, FL 33620 USA. US Geol Survey, Organ Geochem Res Lab, Lawrence, KS USA. US Geol Survey, Tampa, FL USA. RP Levine, AD (reprint author), Univ S Florida, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, 4202 E Fowler Ave,ENB 118, Tampa, FL 33620 USA. EM Levine@eng.usf.edu OI Meyer, Michael/0000-0001-6006-7985 NR 25 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 2 U2 10 PU WATER ENVIRONMENT FEDERATION PI ALEXANDRIA PA 601 WYTHE ST, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314-1994 USA SN 1061-4303 J9 WATER ENVIRON RES JI Water Environ. Res. PD OCT PY 2006 VL 78 IS 11 BP 2276 EP 2285 DI 10.2175/106143005X82244 PG 10 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences; Limnology; Water Resources SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Water Resources GA 098TT UT WOS:000241546400013 PM 17120447 ER PT J AU Hedwall, SJ Mathiasen, RL AF Hedwall, Shaula J. Mathiasen, Robert L. TI Wildlife use of Douglas-Fir dwarf mistletoe witches' brooms in the southwest SO WESTERN NORTH AMERICAN NATURALIST LA English DT Article DE Douglas-fir dwarf mistletoe; Arceuthobium douglasii; Douglas-fir; Pseudotsuga menziesii; red squirrel; Tamiasciurus hudsonicus; Southwest ID MOUNTAINS; HABITAT AB We evaluated wildlife use of witches' brooms associated with infection by Douglas-fir dwarf mistletoe (Arceuthobium douglasii) in 6 mixed-conifer study areas in Arizona and 2 areas in New Mexico. We climbed 153 infected Douglas-firs (Pseudotsuga menziesii) and examined 706 witches' brooms for evidence of wildlife use. Even though we observed evidence of use by birds, most wildlife use was by small mammals, particularly red squirrels (Tamiasciurus hudsonicus). Red squirrels used witchcs' brooms for nesting, foraging, caching, and as latrines. Witches' brooms classified as Type II or III brooms, located close to the main bole with large platforms, and 5-10 m above the ground were, the most frequently used by red squirrels. C1 No Arizona Univ, Sch Forestry, Flagstaff, AZ 86011 USA. US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Flagstaff, AZ 86001 USA. RP Hedwall, SJ (reprint author), No Arizona Univ, Sch Forestry, Box 15018, Flagstaff, AZ 86011 USA. EM robert.mathiasen@nau.edu NR 19 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 3 U2 16 PU BRIGHAM YOUNG UNIV PI PROVO PA 290 LIFE SCIENCE MUSEUM, PROVO, UT 84602 USA SN 1527-0904 J9 WEST N AM NATURALIST JI West. North Am. Naturalist PD OCT PY 2006 VL 66 IS 4 BP 450 EP 455 DI 10.3398/1527-0904(2006)66[450:WUODDM]2.0.CO;2 PG 6 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 122HV UT WOS:000243217500006 ER PT J AU Steenhof, K Yensen, E Kochert, MN Gage, KL AF Steenhof, Karen Yensen, Eric Kochert, Michael N. Gage, Kenneth L. TI Populations and habitat relationships of mute ground squirrels in southwestern Idaho SO WESTERN NORTH AMERICAN NATURALIST LA English DT Article DE abundance; disease; drought habitat; Piute round squirrel; plague; populations; reproduction; sagebrush; Spermophilus mollis ID LIFE-HISTORY; FOOD; CONSEQUENCES; BIODIVERSITY; DEMOGRAPHY; PREDATORS; SURVIVAL; WINTER AB Piute ground squirrels (Spermophilus mollis idahoensis) are normally above ground from late January until late June or early July in the Snake River Birds of Prey National Conservation Area in southwestern Idaho. In 2002 they were rarely seen above ground after early Maya Because of the ecological importance of ground squirrels for nesting raptors and other species, we sought to determine the reasons for their early disappearance. We sampled 12 sites from January 2003 through March 2003 to determine if a population crash had occurred in 2002. Tests indicated that Piute ground squirrels had not been exposed to plague within the past year. The presence of yearlings in the population indicated that squirrels reproduced in 2002 and that at least some yearlings survived the winter. Both yearling and adult squirrels appeared to be reproducing at or above normal rates in 2003, The most plausible explanation for the early disappearance of Piute ground squirrels in 2002 is that squirrels entered seasonal torpor early in response to a late spring drought. In addition, the breeding chronology of squirrels may have shifted during the past 2 decades in response to climate change and/or habitat alteration. Shrub habitats provide a more favorable and stable environment for squirrels than grass habitats. Squirrel abundance was higher oil live-trapping grids with sagebrush than on grids dominated by grass, and squirrel masses were higher at sites dominated by shrubs and Sandberg bluegrass (Poa secunda). Densities in big sagebrush (Artemisia tridentata) were within the ranges reported for earlier years, but densities in grass were lower than previously reported. Low densities at grassland sites in 2003 support other findings that drought affects squirrels in altered grass communities more than those in native shrub habitats. Long-term shifts in ground squirrel breeding chronology may have implications for raptors that depend oil them for food. C1 USGS Snake River Fiels Stn, Forest & Rangeland Ecosyst Sci Ctr, Boise, ID 83706 USA. Albertson Coll, Dept Biol, Caldwell, ID 83605 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Vector Borne Infect Dis, Ft Collins, CO 80522 USA. RP Steenhof, K (reprint author), USGS Snake River Fiels Stn, Forest & Rangeland Ecosyst Sci Ctr, 970 Lusk St, Boise, ID 83706 USA. EM karen_steenhof@usgs.gov NR 38 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 3 U2 14 PU BRIGHAM YOUNG UNIV PI PROVO PA 290 LIFE SCIENCE MUSEUM, PROVO, UT 84602 USA SN 1527-0904 EI 1944-8341 J9 WEST N AM NATURALIST JI West. North Am. Naturalist PD OCT PY 2006 VL 66 IS 4 BP 482 EP 491 DI 10.3398/1527-0904(2006)66[482:PAHROP]2.0.CO;2 PG 10 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 122HV UT WOS:000243217500010 ER PT J AU Iverson, SA Boyd, WS Esler, D Mulcahy, DM Bowman, TD AF Iverson, S. A. Boyd, W. S. Esler, D. Mulcahy, D. M. Bowman, T. D. TI Comparison of the effects and performance of four types of radiotransmitters for use with scoters SO WILDLIFE SOCIETY BULLETIN LA English DT Article DE coelomic implant; location error; Melanitta fusca; Melanitta perspicillata; radiotelemetry; radiotransmitter retention; sea duck; surf scoter; survival; white-winged scoter ID IMPLANTED RADIO TRANSMITTERS; BLUE-WINGED TEAL; HARLEQUIN DUCKS; WILD MALLARDS; SATELLITE TRANSMITTERS; PERCUTANEOUS ANTENNAS; SURVIVAL; REPRODUCTION; TELEMETRY; BEHAVIOR AB Radiotransmitters are widely used in wildlife ecology, often providing data that cannot be collected using other methods. However, negative effects have been associated with the use of transmitters for some species. We evaluated the effects and performance of 4 radiotransmitter types for use with surf and white-winged scoters (Melanitta perspicillata and M. fusca): COEXT-coelomically implanted transmitters with external antennas, COINT-coelomically implanted transmitters with internal antennas, SUBCU -subcutaneous implants with external antennas, and PRONG-external mounts, attached by a subcutaneous anchor and glue, with external antennas. Survival was not related to radiotransmitter type during the immediate (14-d) post-release period when most deaths (8 of 12) occurred. Rates of signal disappearance (transmitters ceased to be detected in the study area) and transmitter shedding (transmitters recovered without sign of predation) were similar among types over 30- and 60-day intervals; however higher proportions of dorsally mounted radiotransmitters (SUBCU, PRONG) disappeared or were shed over course of the full 100-day monitoring period used in this study. All 4 radiotransmitter types allowed for relatively accurate location estimates, with linear error estimates (distance between actual and estimated location) averaging < 50 in when receivers were within 1 km of transmitters. However, signal strength was lower for COINT transmitters. Based on our results, we recommend COEXT transmitters for radiotelemetry studies > 2 months in duration and for satellite telemetry studies of scoters. However, SUBCU and PRONG are recommended as cost-effective alternatives in shorter-duration radiotelemetry studies. C1 Simon Fraser Univ, Ctr Wildlife Ecol, Delta, BC V4K 3N2, Canada. Pacific Wildlife Res Ctr, Canadian Wildlife Serv, Delta, BC V4K 3N2, Canada. Simon Fraser Univ, Ctr Wildlife Ecol, Delta, BC V4K 3N2, Canada. Alaska Biol Sci Ctr, United States Geol Survey, Anchorage, AK 99503 USA. US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Anchorage, AK 99503 USA. RP Iverson, SA (reprint author), Simon Fraser Univ, Ctr Wildlife Ecol, Delta, BC V4K 3N2, Canada. EM Sean.Boyd@ec.gc.ca NR 36 TC 32 Z9 33 U1 1 U2 18 PU WILDLIFE SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2197 USA SN 0091-7648 J9 WILDLIFE SOC B JI Wildl. Soc. Bull. PD OCT PY 2006 VL 34 IS 3 BP 656 EP 663 DI 10.2193/0091-7648(2006)34[656:COTEAP]2.0.CO;2 PG 8 WC Biodiversity Conservation SC Biodiversity & Conservation GA 110SF UT WOS:000242398700014 ER PT J AU Muth, RM Zwick, RR Mather, ME Organ, JF Daigle, JJ Jonker, SA AF Muth, Robert M. Zwick, Rodney R. Mather, Martha E. Organ, John F. Daigle, John J. Jonker, Sandra A. TI Unnecessary source of pain and suffering or necessary management tool: Attitudes of conservation professionals toward outlawing leghold traps SO WILDLIFE SOCIETY BULLETIN LA English DT Article DE attitudes; human dimensions; leghold traps; mail survey; trapping; values; wildlife conservation; wildlife profession ID WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT; UNITED-STATES; NEW-YORK; FUTURE; POLICY; TRAPPERS; GENDER; HUMANE AB One particularly complex issue confronting wildlife conservation is the role of regulated trapping as a management tool. Public opinion polls, recent ballot initiatives and referenda, and the continual introduction (and uneven success) of antitrapping legislation in state legislatures illustrate the intensity of public controversy surrounding trapping. Little is known, however, about the perspectives of wildlife and fisheries conservation professionals regarding traps and trapping. We conducted a survey to explore the attitudes and values of conservation professionals regarding a variety of conservation-related issues including whether to outlaw use of leghold traps. We sent a mailback questionnaire to a stratified random sample of 1,000 members each of The Wildlife Society, American Fisheries Society, North American Wildlife Enforcement Officers' Association, and Society for Conservation Biology. We achieved an 81% overall response rate. Respondents were divided on whether to outlaw leghold traps; 46% favored outlawing use of the leghold trap, 39% opposed outlawing its use, and 15% had no opinion. Those who favored outlawing leghold traps believed they cause unnecessary animal pain or stress, may harm nontargets, and are not a necessary management tool. The 3 most frequently mentioned reasons offered in support of not outlawing the leghold traps were efficiency of harvest, they are an important tool for managing furbearers, and that they did not adversely affect furbearer populations. Responses differed by organization membership, employer, gender, and whether or not respondents were a hunter and/or trapper. Our results suggest that conservation professionals may be as conflicted about use of the leghold trap as are public stakeholders. We believe our findings pose important questions that conservation professionals must consider if they are to provide the leadership to more effectively address wildlife management conflicts. C1 Univ Massachusetts, Dept Nat Resources Conservat, Amherst, MA 01003 USA. Lyndon State Coll, Dept Resources Recreat Management, Lyndonville, VT 05851 USA. Univ Massachusetts, United State Geol Survey, Massachusetts Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Amherst, MA 01003 USA. United State Fish & Wildlife Serv, Hadley, MA 01035 USA. Univ Maine, Dept Forest Management, Orono, ME 04469 USA. Florida Fish & Wildlife Conservat Commiss, Tallahassee, FL 32399 USA. RP Muth, RM (reprint author), Univ Massachusetts, Dept Nat Resources Conservat, Holdsworth Hall, Amherst, MA 01003 USA. EM rmm@forwild.umass.edu NR 43 TC 4 Z9 5 U1 1 U2 12 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ USA SN 1938-5463 J9 WILDLIFE SOC B JI Wildl. Soc. Bull. PD OCT PY 2006 VL 34 IS 3 BP 706 EP 715 DI 10.2193/0091-7648(2006)34[706:USOPAS]2.0.CO;2 PG 10 WC Biodiversity Conservation SC Biodiversity & Conservation GA 110SF UT WOS:000242398700020 ER PT J AU Page, BD Underwood, HB AF Page, Blair D. Underwood, H. Brian TI Comparing protein and energy status of winter-fed white-tailed deer SO WILDLIFE SOCIETY BULLETIN LA English DT Article DE Adirondacks; energy; Odocoileus virginianus; physiology; protein; supplemental feeding; white-tailed deer; winter ID FECAL INDEXES; DIETARY QUALITY; MULE DEER; ODOCOILEUS-VIRGINIANUS; NUTRITIONAL INDEXES; FAWNS; DIGESTIBILITY; NITROGEN; BLOOD; GROWTH AB Although nutritional status in response to controlled feeding trials has been extensively studied in captive white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus), there remains a considerable gap in understanding the influence of variable supplemental feeding protocols on free-ranging deer. Consequently, across the northern portion of the white-tailed deer range, numerous property managers are investing substantial resources into winter supplemental-feeding programs without adequate tools to assess the nutritional status of their populations. We studied the influence of a supplemental winter feeding gradient on the protein and energy status of free-ranging white-tailed deer in the Adirondack Mountains of New York. We collected blood and fecal samples from 31 captured fawns across 3 sites that varied considerably in the frequency, quantity and method of supplemental feed distribution. To facilitate population-wide comparisons, we collected fresh fecal samples off the snow at each of the 3 sites with supplemental feeding and 1 reference site where no feeding occurred. Results indicated that the method of feed distribution, in addition to quantity and frequency, can affect the nutritional status of deer. The least intensively fed population showed considerable overlap in diet quality with the unfed population in a principal components ordination, despite the substantial time and financial resources invested in the feeding program. Data from fecal samples generally denoted a gradient in diet quality and digestibility that corresponded with the availability of supplements. Our results further demonstrated that fecal nitrogen and fecal fiber, indices of dietary protein and digestibility, can be estimated using regressions of fecal pellet mass, enabling a rapid qualitative assessment of diet quality. C1 SUNY, Coll Environm Sci & Forestry, Fac Environm & Forest Biol, United State Geol Survey Patuxent Wildlife Res Ct, Syracuse, NY 13210 USA. RP Page, BD (reprint author), SUNY, Coll Environm Sci & Forestry, Fac Environm & Forest Biol, United State Geol Survey Patuxent Wildlife Res Ct, Syracuse, NY 13210 USA. EM bdpage@syr.edu NR 51 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 2 U2 12 PU WILDLIFE SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2197 USA SN 0091-7648 J9 WILDLIFE SOC B JI Wildl. Soc. Bull. PD OCT PY 2006 VL 34 IS 3 BP 716 EP 724 DI 10.2193/0091-7648(2006)34[716:CPAESO]2.0.CO;2 PG 9 WC Biodiversity Conservation SC Biodiversity & Conservation GA 110SF UT WOS:000242398700021 ER PT J AU Blanchong, JA Joly, DO Samuel, MD Langenberg, JA Rolley, RE Sausen, JF AF Blanchong, Julie A. Joly, Damien O. Samuel, Michael D. Langenberg, Julia A. Rolley, Robert E. Sausen, Janet F. TI White-tailed deer harvest from the chronic wasting disease eradication zone in south-central Wisconsin SO WILDLIFE SOCIETY BULLETIN LA English DT Article DE chronic wasting disease; deer herd reduction; harvest; Odocoileus virginianus; white-tailed deer; Wisconsin ID MULTIPLE IMPUTATION; ILLINOIS; MANAGEMENT; EFFICIENCY; DENSITY AB Chronic wasting disease (CWD) was discovered in free-ranging white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) in south-central Wisconsin in 2002. The current control method for CWD in the state is the harvest of deer from affected areas to reduce population density and lower CWD transmission. We used spatial regression methods to identify factors associated with deer harvest across south-central Wisconsin. Harvest of deer by hunters was positively related to deer density (slope=0.003, 95% CI=0.0001-0.006), the number of landowners that requested harvest permits (slope =0.071, 95% CI=0.037-0.105), and proximity to the area of highest CWD infection (slope =-0.041, 95% CI=-0.056-0.027). Concomitantly, harvest was not impacted in areas where landowners signed a petition protesting intensive deer reduction (slope = -0.00006, 95% CI=-0.0005-0.0003). Our results suggest that the success of programs designed to reduce deer populations for disease control or to reduce overabundance in Wisconsin are dependent on landowner and hunter participation. We recommend that programs or actions implemented to eradicate or mitigate the spread of CWD should monitor and assess deer population reduction and evaluate factors affecting program success to improve methods to meet management goals. C1 Univ Wisconsin, Dept Wildlife Ecol, Madison, WI 53706 USA. Univ Wisconsin, Wisconsin Cooperat Wildlife Res Unit, United State Geol Survey, Madison, WI 53706 USA. Wisconsin Dept Nat Resources, Madison, WI 53707 USA. RP Blanchong, JA (reprint author), Alberta Sustainable Resource Dev, Fish & Wildlife Div, Edmonton, AB T6H 4P2, Canada. EM jablanchong@wisc.edu NR 30 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 1 U2 12 PU WILDLIFE SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2197 USA SN 0091-7648 J9 WILDLIFE SOC B JI Wildl. Soc. Bull. PD OCT PY 2006 VL 34 IS 3 BP 725 EP 731 DI 10.2193/0091-7648(2006)34[725:WDHFTC]2.0.CO;2 PG 7 WC Biodiversity Conservation SC Biodiversity & Conservation GA 110SF UT WOS:000242398700022 ER PT J AU Udevitz, MS Shults, BS Adams, LG Kleckner, C AF Udevitz, Mark S. Shults, Brad S. Adams, Layne G. Kleckner, Chris TI Evaluation of aerial survey methods for Dall's sheep SO WILDLIFE SOCIETY BULLETIN LA English DT Article DE aerial survey; Alaska; Dall's sheep; double observer; mark-recapture; mark-resight; Ovis dalli; population estimate; sightability model; visibility bias ID SIGHTABILITY MODEL; HELICOPTER SURVEYS; VISIBILITY BIAS; MOUNTAIN SHEEP; BIGHORN SHEEP; ELK; MOOSE AB Most Dall's sheep (Ovis dalli dalli) population-monitoring efforts use intensive aerial surveys with no attempt to estimate variance or adjust for potential sightability bias. We used radiocollared sheep to assess factors that could affect sightability of Dall's sheep in standard fixed-wing and helicopter surveys and to evaluate feasibility of methods that might account for sightability bias. Work was conducted in conjunction with annual aerial surveys of Dall's sheep in the western Baird Mountains, Alaska, USA, in 2000-2003. Overall sightability was relatively high compared with other aerial wildlife surveys, with 88% of the available, marked sheep detected in our fixed-wing surveys. Total counts from helicopter surveys were not consistently larger than counts from fixed-wing surveys of the same units, and detection probabilities did not differ for the 2 aircraft types. Our results suggest that total counts from helicopter surveys cannot be used to obtain reliable estimates of detection probabilities for fixed-wing surveys. Groups containing radiocollared sheep often changed in size and composition before they could be observed by a second crew in units that were double-surveyed. Double-observer methods that require determination of which groups were detected by each observer will be infeasible unless survey procedures can be modified so that groups remain more stable between observations. Mean group sizes increased during our study period, and our logistic regression sightability model indicated that detection probabilities increased with group size. Mark-resight estimates of annual population sizes were similar to sightability-model estimates, and confidence intervals overlapped broadly. We recommend the sightability-model approach as the most effective and feasible of the alternatives we considered for monitoring Dail's sheep populations. C1 United States Geol Survey, Alaska Sci Ctr, Anchorage, AK 99503 USA. Western Arct Natl Parklands, United States Natl Pk Serv, Kotzebue, AK 99752 USA. RP Udevitz, MS (reprint author), Cent Middle Sch Sci, Anchorage, AK 99501 USA. EM mark_udevitz@usgs.gov OI Udevitz, Mark/0000-0003-4659-138X NR 32 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 1 U2 7 PU WILDLIFE SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2197 USA SN 0091-7648 J9 WILDLIFE SOC B JI Wildl. Soc. Bull. PD OCT PY 2006 VL 34 IS 3 BP 732 EP 740 DI 10.2193/0091-7648(2006)34[732:EOASMF]2.0.CO;2 PG 9 WC Biodiversity Conservation SC Biodiversity & Conservation GA 110SF UT WOS:000242398700023 ER PT J AU Jones, GP Pearlstine, LG Percival, HF AF Jones, George Pierce Pearlstine, Leonard G. Percival, H. Franklin TI An assessment of small unmanned aerial vehicles for wildlife research SO WILDLIFE SOCIETY BULLETIN LA English DT Article DE aerial land cover survey; aerial vertebrate survey; image processing; unmanned aerial vehicle; videography ID IMAGERY; COUNTS AB Aerial surveys are valuable tools for wildlife research and management However, problems with safety, cost, statistical integrity and logistics continue to impede aerial surveys from manned aircraft. The use of small, unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) may offer promise for addressing these problems and become a useful tool for many wildlife applications, such as for collecting low-altitude aerial imagery. During 2002 and 2003, we used a 1.5-m wingspan UAV equipped with autonomous control and sophisticated video equipment to test the potential usefulness of such an aircraft for wildlife research applications in Florida, USA. The UAV we used completed > 30 missions (missions averaging 13 km linear distance covered) over 2 years before finally crashing due to engine failure. The UAV captured high-quality, progressive-scan video of a number of landscapes and wildlife species (white ibis [Eudocimus albus], other white wading birds, American alligator [Alligator mississippiensis], and Florida manatee [Trichechus manatus]). The UAV system was unable to collect georeferenced imagery and was difficult to deploy in unimproved areas. The performance of the autonomous control system and the quality of the progressive-scan imagery indicated strong promise for future UAVs as useful field tools. For small UAVs to be useful as management or research tools, they should be durable, modular, electric powered, launchable and recoverable in rugged terrain, autonomously controllable, operable with minimal training, and collect georeferenced imagery. C1 Univ Florida, Sch Nat Resources & Environm, Florida Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. Univ Florida, Fort Lauderdale Res & Educ Ctr, Ft Lauderdale, FL 33314 USA. Univ Florida, Dept Wildlife Ecol & Conservat, United State Geol Survey, Florida Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. RP Jones, GP (reprint author), Univ Florida, Sch Nat Resources & Environm, Florida Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. EM percivalf@wec.ufl.edu NR 11 TC 45 Z9 49 U1 19 U2 127 PU WILDLIFE SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2197 USA SN 0091-7648 J9 WILDLIFE SOC B JI Wildl. Soc. Bull. PD OCT PY 2006 VL 34 IS 3 BP 750 EP 758 DI 10.2193/0091-7648(2006)34[750:AAOSUA]2.0.CO;2 PG 9 WC Biodiversity Conservation SC Biodiversity & Conservation GA 110SF UT WOS:000242398700025 ER PT J AU Jackson, RM Roe, JD Wangchuk, R Hunter, DO AF Jackson, Rodney M. Roe, Jerry D. Wangchuk, Rinchen Hunter, Don O. TI Estimating snow leopard population abundance using photography and capture-recapture techniques SO WILDLIFE SOCIETY BULLETIN LA English DT Article DE abundance; camera trap; capture-mark-recapture; density estimation; identification; India; photography; snow leopard; Uncia uncia ID ESTIMATE DENSITIES; TIGER DENSITIES; CRYPTIC MAMMALS; CAMERA-TRAP; RATES; INDIA; NEPAL; PREY AB Conservation and management of snow leopards (Uncia uncia) has largely relied on anecdotal evidence and presence-absence data due to their cryptic nature and the difficult terrain they inhabit. These methods generally lack the scientific rigor necessary to accurately estimate population size and monitor trends. We evaluated the use of photography in capture-mark-recapture (CMR) techniques for estimating snow leopard population abundance and density within Hemis National Park, Ladakh, India. We placed infrared camera traps along actively used travel paths, scent-sprayed rocks, and scrape sites within 16- to 30-km(2) sampling grids in successive winters during January and March 2003-2004. We used head-on, oblique, and side-view camera configurations to obtain snow leopard photographs at varying body orientations. We calculated snow leopard abundance estimates using the program CAPTURE. We obtained a total of 66 and 49 snow leopard captures resulting in 8.91 and 5.63 individuals per 100 trap-nights during 2003 and 2004, respectively. We identified snow leopards based on the distinct pelage patterns located primarily on the forelimbs, flanks, and dorsal surface of the tail. Capture probabilities ranged from 0.33 to 0.67. Density estimates ranged from 8.49 (SE = 0.22) individuals per 100 km(2) in 2003 to 4.45 (SE = 0.16) in 2004. We believe the density disparity between years is attributable to different trap density and placement rather than to an actual decline in population size. Our results suggest that photographic capture-mark-recapture sampling may be a useful tool for monitoring demographic patterns. However we believe a larger sample size would be necessary for generating a statistically robust estimate of population density and abundance based on CMR models. C1 Snow Leopard Conservancy, Sonoma, CA 95476 USA. Nomand Ecol Consulting, Hayward, CA 94542 USA. Snow Leopard Conservancy India, Ladakh 194101, Jammu & Kashmir, India. US Geol Survey, Ft Collins Sci Ctr, Ft Collins, CO 80526 USA. RP Jackson, RM (reprint author), Snow Leopard Conservancy, Sonoma, CA 95476 USA. EM uncia@vom.com NR 31 TC 83 Z9 96 U1 11 U2 86 PU WILDLIFE SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2197 USA SN 0091-7648 J9 WILDLIFE SOC B JI Wildl. Soc. Bull. PD OCT PY 2006 VL 34 IS 3 BP 772 EP 781 DI 10.2193/0091-7648(2006)34[772:ESLPAU]2.0.CO;2 PG 10 WC Biodiversity Conservation SC Biodiversity & Conservation GA 110SF UT WOS:000242398700028 ER PT J AU Graves, TA Farley, S Servheen, C AF Graves, Tabitha A. Farley, Sean Servheen, Christopher TI Frequency and distribution of highway crossings by Kenai Peninsula brown bears SO WILDLIFE SOCIETY BULLETIN LA English DT Article DE brown bear; highway; Kenai Peninsula; movement; radiotelemetry; spatial models; Ursus arctos ID GRIZZLY BEARS; HABITAT; MONTANA; ALBERTA; CANADA; ROADS AB Highway construction and expansion in bear habitat can negatively affect brown bear (Ursus arctos) populations. We analyzed radiotelemetry data from previous studies to determine the spatial and temporal distribution of brown bear crossings of the Sterling and Seward highways on the Kenai Peninsula, Alaska, USA. We compared highway crossings of actual bears to simulated bears to determine whether the highway acted as a barrier and whether crossing locations were spatially clustered. Four of 13 bears monitored crossed the highway less frequently than expected. While locations where bears crossed the highway were clustered, none of the spatial models we developed strongly explained the observed clustering. Bears were more likely to cross the highway during nighttime than daytime. When bears crossed the highway, they moved more rapidly and acutely than they did prior to or after the crossing. Further study is needed to determine the appropriate number and location for placement of highway-crossing structures in this region. C1 Univ Montana, Coll Forestry & Conservat, Missoula, MT 59812 USA. Alaska Dept Fish & Game, Div Wildlife Conservat, Anchorage, AK 99518 USA. Univ Montana, US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Coll Forestry & Conservat, Missoula, MT 59812 USA. RP Graves, TA (reprint author), Univ Montana, Coll Forestry & Conservat, Missoula, MT 59812 USA. EM tgraves@forestry.umt.edu NR 41 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 10 PU WILDLIFE SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2197 USA SN 0091-7648 J9 WILDLIFE SOC B JI Wildl. Soc. Bull. PD OCT PY 2006 VL 34 IS 3 BP 800 EP 808 DI 10.2193/0091-7648(2006)34[800:FADOHC]2.0.CO;2 PG 9 WC Biodiversity Conservation SC Biodiversity & Conservation GA 110SF UT WOS:000242398700030 ER PT J AU Holevinski, RA Malecki, RA Curtis, PD AF Holevinski, Robin A. Malecki, Richard A. Curtis, Paul D. TI Can hunting of translocated nuisance Canada geese reduce local conflicts? SO WILDLIFE SOCIETY BULLETIN LA English DT Editorial Material DE Branta canadensis; Canada geese; harvest; hunting; nuisance; translocation AB Resident Canada geese (Branta canadensis) nest or reside in the temperate latitudes of North America. In past years, translocation-the capture and subsequent release of geese at distant locations-has been used to establish resident goose populations and to reduce nuisance problems. However, with new special hunting seasons designed to target resident Canada geese, we can now evaluate translocation as a management tool when hunting is allowed at release sites. We selected 2 study sites, representative of urban and suburban locations with nuisance resident geese, in central and western New York, USA. In June 2003, we translocated 80 neck-banded adult geese, 14 radiomarked adult females, and 83 juveniles 150 km east and southwest from urban and suburban problem sites in western New York to state-owned Wildlife Management Areas. At these same capture sites, we used 151 neck-banded adult geese, 12 radiomarked females, and 100 juveniles as controls to compare dispersal movements and harvest vulnerability to translocated geese. All observations (n = 45) of translocated radiomarked geese were < 20 km from release sites, in areas where hunting was permitted. Only 25 of 538 observations (4.60%) of radiomarked geese at control sites were in areas open to hunting. The remainder of observations occurred at nonhunting locations within 10 km of control sites. More translocated adult geese (23.8%) were harvested than control geese (6.6%; chi(2) = 12,98, P = 0.0009). More translocated juvenile geese were harvested (22.9%) than juvenile controls (5.0%; chi(2) = 12.30, P = 0.0005). Only 7 (8.8%) translocated adult geese returned to the original capture sites during Canada goose hunting seasons. Translocation of adult and juvenile geese in family groups may alleviate nuisance problems at conflict sites through increased harvest, reducing the number of birds returning in subsequent years. C1 Cornell Univ, Dept Nat Resources, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. Cornell Univ, US Geol Survey, New York Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. Cornell Univ, Dept Nat Resources, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. RP Holevinski, RA (reprint author), New York State Dept Environm Conservat, Warrensburg, NY 12885 USA. EM raholevi@gw.dec.state.ny.us NR 20 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 1 U2 15 PU WILDLIFE SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2197 USA SN 0091-7648 J9 WILDLIFE SOC B JI Wildl. Soc. Bull. PD OCT PY 2006 VL 34 IS 3 BP 845 EP 849 DI 10.2193/0091-7648(2006)34[845:CHOTNC]2.0.CO;2 PG 5 WC Biodiversity Conservation SC Biodiversity & Conservation GA 110SF UT WOS:000242398700036 ER PT J AU Schulz, JH Padding, PI Millspaugh, JJ AF Schulz, John H. Padding, Paul I. Millspaugh, Joshua J. TI Will mourning dove crippling rates increase with nontoxic-shot regulations? SO WILDLIFE SOCIETY BULLETIN LA English DT Editorial Material DE crippling rates; lead toxicosis; mourning doves; Pb toxicosis; spent shot; waterfowl; Zenaida macroura ID LEAD SHOT; AVAILABILITY; INGESTION AB Increasing concerns about the exposure of mourning doves (Zenaida macroura) to spent lead shot may lead to a review of lead-shot restrictions. Policy reviews regarding current restrictions likely will involve debates about whether nontoxic-shot requirements will result in increased crippling loss of mourning doves. We evaluated waterfowl crippling rates in the United States prior to, during, and after implementation of nontoxic-shot regulations for waterfowl hunting. We use this information to make inferences about mourning dove crippling rates if nontoxic-shot regulations are enacted. We found differences in moving average crippling rates among the 3 treatment periods for ducks (F = 23.232, P < 0.001, n = 49). Prenontoxic-shot-period crippling rates were lower than 5-year phase-in period crippling rates (P = 0.043) but higher (P < 0.001) than nontoxic-shot-period crippling rates. Similarly, we observed differences in moving average crippling rates among the 3 treatment periods for geese (F = 9.385, P < 0.001, n = 49). Prenontoxic-shot- and 5-year-phase-in-period crippling rates were both greater than (P < 0.001) nontoxic-shot-period crippling rates but did not differ from one another (P = 0.299). Regardless of why the observed increases occurred in reported waterfowl crippling rates during the phase-in period, we believe the decline that followed full implementation of the nontoxic-shot regulation is of ultimate importance when considering the impacts of lead shot restrictions for mourning doves. We argue that long-term mourning dove crippling rates might not increase as evidenced from historical waterfowl data. C1 Resource Sci Ctr, Missouri Dept Conservat, Columbia, MO 65201 USA. US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Laurel, MD 20708 USA. Univ Missouri, Dept Fisheries & Wildlife Sci, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. RP Schulz, JH (reprint author), Resource Sci Ctr, Missouri Dept Conservat, Columbia, MO 65201 USA. EM John.H.Schulz@mdc.mo.gov NR 32 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 1 U2 3 PU WILDLIFE SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2197 USA SN 0091-7648 J9 WILDLIFE SOC B JI Wildl. Soc. Bull. PD OCT PY 2006 VL 34 IS 3 BP 861 EP 865 DI 10.2193/0091-7648(2006)34[861:WMDCRI]2.0.CO;2 PG 5 WC Biodiversity Conservation SC Biodiversity & Conservation GA 110SF UT WOS:000242398700040 ER PT J AU Mech, LD AF Mech, L. David TI Prediction failure of a wolf landscape model SO WILDLIFE SOCIETY BULLETIN LA English DT Article DE Canis lupus; landscape; model; recolonization; Wisconsin; wolf ID GRAY WOLF; HABITAT SUITABILITY; ROAD DENSITIES; CANIS-LUPUS; POPULATION; RESTORATION; MINNESOTA; WISCONSIN; WOLVES AB I compared 101 wolf (Canis lupus) pack territories formed in Wisconsin during 1993-2004 to the logistic regression predictive model of Mladenoff et al. (1995, 1997, 1999). Of these, 60% were located in putative habitat suitabilities < 50%, including 22% in suitabilities of 0-9%. About a third of the area with putative suitabilities, > 50% remained unoccupied by known packs after 24 years of recolonization. This model was a poor predictor of wolf re-colonizing locations in Wisconsin, apparently because it failed to consider the adaptability of wolves. Such models should be used cautiously in wolf-management or restoration plans. C1 US Geol Survey, No Prairie Wildlife Res Ctr, Jamestown, ND 58401 USA. RP Mech, LD (reprint author), Univ Minnesota, Raptor Ctr, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. EM david_mech@usgs.gov NR 28 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 2 U2 15 PU WILDLIFE SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2197 USA SN 0091-7648 J9 WILDLIFE SOC B JI Wildl. Soc. Bull. PD OCT PY 2006 VL 34 IS 3 BP 874 EP 877 DI 10.2193/0091-7648(2006)34[874:PFOAWL]2.0.CO;2 PG 4 WC Biodiversity Conservation SC Biodiversity & Conservation GA 110SF UT WOS:000242398700043 ER PT J AU Mech, LD AF Mech, L. David TI Mladenoff et al. rebut lacks supportive data SO WILDLIFE SOCIETY BULLETIN LA English DT Editorial Material DE Canis lupus; gray wolf; habitat; model; recolonization; Wisconsin ID LOGISTIC-REGRESSION; WOLF HABITAT AB I contend the Mladenoffetal. (2006) rebuttal to my article (Mech 2006), "Prediction failure of a wolf landscape model," itself fails. Mladenoff et al. (2006:878) provide no data to support their claim that the model "...continues to successfully predict wolf recolonization in Wisconsin, USA, over more than 25 years." I find this critical lack of supporting data puzzling, and it substantiates why I felt obligated to publish my original cursory analysis (Mech 2006). Prior to preparing my manuscript, I tried for several years to persuade Mladenoff at al. to conduct a Geographic Information Systems test of their model using the data available from 101 new wolf-pack territories. I believe in the absence of these data, my analysis is appropriate. C1 US Geol Survey, No Prairie Wildlife Res Ctr, Jamestown, ND 58401 USA. RP Mech, LD (reprint author), Univ Minnesota, Raptor Ctr, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. EM david_mech@usgs.gov NR 8 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 6 PU WILDLIFE SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2197 USA SN 0091-7648 J9 WILDLIFE SOC B JI Wildl. Soc. Bull. PD OCT PY 2006 VL 34 IS 3 BP 882 EP 883 DI 10.2193/0091-7648(2006)34[882:MEARLS]2.0.CO;2 PG 2 WC Biodiversity Conservation SC Biodiversity & Conservation GA 110SF UT WOS:000242398700045 ER PT J AU Mulcahy, DM AF Mulcahy, Daniel M. TI Are subcutaneous transmitters better than intracoelomic? The relevance of reporting methodology to interpreting results SO WILDLIFE SOCIETY BULLETIN LA English DT Editorial Material DE avian; dove; implantation; intracoelomic; subcutaneous; surgery; telemetry; transmitter ID RADIOTRANSMITTER ATTACHMENT TECHNIQUES; WHITE-WINGED DOVES; IMMUNE-RESPONSE; MOURNING DOVES; GREAT TITS; BODY-MASS; HEMATOCRIT; BEHAVIOR; COST; RADIOTELEMETRY AB Biologists rely on published scientific papers to increase their knowledge and to guide their future work. Papers comparing techniques can be especially influential when several options exist for accomplishing a task. In this paper, I use a recent publication comparing the effects on birds of several methods for attaching or implanting radio transmitters to illustrate the need for clear and accurate reporting of the techniques used. Because of deficiencies in methodology, in stating methodology, and in following cited methodology I argue that the conclusions drawn by the authors are not supportable. C1 US Geol Survey, Anchorage, AK 99503 USA. RP Mulcahy, DM (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Anchorage, AK 99503 USA. EM daniel_mulcahy@usgs.gov NR 38 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 2 PU WILDLIFE SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2197 USA SN 0091-7648 J9 WILDLIFE SOC B JI Wildl. Soc. Bull. PD OCT PY 2006 VL 34 IS 3 BP 884 EP 889 DI 10.2193/0091-7648(2006)34[884:ASTBTI]2.0.CO;2 PG 6 WC Biodiversity Conservation SC Biodiversity & Conservation GA 110SF UT WOS:000242398700046 ER PT J AU Xian, G Crane, M AF Xian, George Crane, Mike TI An analysis of urban thermal characteristics and associated land cover in Tampa Bay and Las Vegas using Landsat satellite data SO REMOTE SENSING OF ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article DE urban; impervious surface; radiant surface temperature; remote sensing ID REMOTELY-SENSED DATA; HEAT-ISLAND; SURFACE-TEMPERATURE; CLIMATE; IMPACT; GROWTH; AREAS; VEGETATION; HOUSTON; WEATHER AB Remote sensing data from both Landsat 5 and Landsat 7 systems were utilized to assess urban area thermal characteristics in Tampa Bay watershed of west-central Florida, and the Las Vegas valley of southern Nevada. To quantitatively determine urban land use extents and development densities, sub-pixel impervious surface areas were mapped for both areas. The urban-rural boundaries and urban development densities were defined by selecting certain imperviousness threshold values and Landsat thermal bands were used to investigate urban surface thermal patterns. Analysis results suggest that urban surface thermal characteristics and patterns can be identified through qualitatively based urban land use and development density data. Results show the urban area of the Tampa Bay watershed has a daytime heating effect (heat-source), whereas the urban surface in Las Vegas has a daytime cooling effect (heat-sink). These thermal effects strongly correlated with urban development densities where higher percent imperviousness is usually associated with higher surface temperature. Using vegetation canopy coverage information, the spatial and temporal distributions of urban impervious surface and associated thermal characteristics are demonstrated to be very useful sources in quantifying urban land use, development intensity, and urban thermal patterns. (c) 2006 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. C1 USGS, SAIC, Ctr Earth Resources Observat & Sci, Sioux Falls, SD 57198 USA. RP Xian, G (reprint author), USGS, SAIC, Ctr Earth Resources Observat & Sci, Sioux Falls, SD 57198 USA. EM xian@usgs.gov NR 34 TC 91 Z9 119 U1 10 U2 48 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 360 PARK AVE SOUTH, NEW YORK, NY 10010-1710 USA SN 0034-4257 EI 1879-0704 J9 REMOTE SENS ENVIRON JI Remote Sens. Environ. PD SEP 30 PY 2006 VL 104 IS 2 SI SI BP 147 EP 156 DI 10.1016/j.rse.2005.09.023 PG 10 WC Environmental Sciences; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA 084XF UT WOS:000240567000004 ER PT J AU Holland, JN Okuyama, T DeAngelis, DL AF Holland, J. Nathaniel Okuyama, Toshinori DeAngelis, Donald L. TI Comment on "Asymmetric coevolutionary networks facilitate biodiversity maintenance'' SO SCIENCE LA English DT Editorial Material ID STABILITY C1 Rice Univ, Dept Ecol & Evolut Biol, Houston, TX 77005 USA. Univ Miami, US Geol Survey, Florida Integrated Sci Ctr, Coral Gables, FL 33124 USA. Univ Miami, Dept Biol, Coral Gables, FL 33124 USA. RP Holland, JN (reprint author), Rice Univ, Dept Ecol & Evolut Biol, Houston, TX 77005 USA. EM jholland@rice.edu OI OKUYAMA, TOSHINORI/0000-0002-9893-4797 NR 11 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 1 U2 10 PU AMER ASSOC ADVANCEMENT SCIENCE PI WASHINGTON PA 1200 NEW YORK AVE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 USA SN 0036-8075 J9 SCIENCE JI Science PD SEP 29 PY 2006 VL 313 IS 5795 BP 1887 EP 1887 DI 10.1126/science.1129547 PG 1 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 088SU UT WOS:000240832200024 PM 17008511 ER PT J AU Rodriguez, JAP Kargel, J Crown, DA Bleamaster, LF Tanaka, KL Baker, V Miyamoto, H Dohm, JM Sasaki, S Komatsu, G AF Rodriguez, J. A. P. Kargel, Jeffrey Crown, David A. Bleamaster, Leslie F., III Tanaka, Kenneth L. Baker, Victor Miyamoto, Hideaki Dohm, James M. Sasaki, Sho Komatsu, Goro TI Headward growth of chasmata by volatile outbursts, collapse, and drainage: Evidence from Ganges chaos, Mars SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article AB The nature and significance of collapse processes in Capri, Eos, and Ganges Chasmata remain poorly understood. Using Ganges Chasma as a type locality, these chasmata are interpreted to be the result of clustering and assimilation of multiple chaotic terrains, which primarily formed by localized depressurization- induced or thermally- triggered dissociation of buried gas clathrate hydrates and explosive eruption of gas- saturated ground water. Such crustal destabilization could have been triggered by ( 1) deep fracture propagation from the Martian surface, ( 2) magmatic intrusions and associated heating and inflation- induced terrain fracturing, and/ or ( 3) climatic thaw and thinning/ weakening of the permafrost over the clathrate and gas- rich groundwater zones. Volume increases associated with release of gases contributed to the expulsion of groundwater and fluidized sediments at the surface, thereby carving the higher outflow channels peripheral to the chasmata and the lower outflow channel floors of the chasmata and outflow channels. C1 Natl Astron Observ, Mizusawa 0230861, Japan. Planetary Sci Inst, Tucson, AZ 85719 USA. Univ Arizona, Dept Hydrol & Water Resources, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. US Geol Survey, Astrogeol Team, Flagstaff, AZ 86001 USA. Univ Tokyo, Dept Geosyst Engn, Tokyo 1138656, Japan. Int Res Sch Planetary Sci, I-65127 Pescara, Italy. RP Rodriguez, JAP (reprint author), Natl Astron Observ, Mizusawa 0230861, Japan. EM alexis@psi.edu RI Miyamoto, Hideaki/B-9666-2008; Miyamoto, Hideaki/E-3381-2012; Dohm, James/A-3831-2014; Komatsu, Goro/I-7822-2012 OI Komatsu, Goro/0000-0003-4155-108X NR 17 TC 21 Z9 21 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0094-8276 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD SEP 27 PY 2006 VL 33 IS 18 AR L18203 DI 10.1029/2006GL026275 PG 5 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 090ID UT WOS:000240943500001 ER PT J AU McSween, HY Ruff, SW Morris, RV Bell, JF Herkenhoff, K Gellert, R Stockstill, KR Tornabene, LL Squyres, SW Crisp, JA Christensen, PR Mccoy, TJ Mittlefehldt, DW Schmidt, M AF McSween, H. Y. Ruff, S. W. Morris, R. V. Bell, J. F., III Herkenhoff, K. Gellert, R. Stockstill, K. R. Tornabene, L. L. Squyres, S. W. Crisp, J. A. Christensen, P. R. Mccoy, T. J. Mittlefehldt, D. W. Schmidt, M. TI Alkaline volcanic rocks from the Columbia Hills, Gusev Crater, Mars SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-PLANETS LA English DT Article ID X-RAY SPECTROMETER; CHEMICAL CLASSIFICATION; MOSSBAUER SPECTROMETER; SPIRIT ROVER; EVOLUTION; MODEL; DUST; PETROGENESIS; TERRESTRIAL; CHEMISTRY AB [ 1] Irvine, Backstay, and Wishstone are the type specimens for three classes of fine-grained or fragmental, relatively unaltered rocks with distinctive thermal emission spectra, found as float on the flanks of the Columbia Hills. Chemical analyses indicate that these rocks are mildly alkaline basalt, trachybasalt, and tephrite, respectively. Their mineralogy consists of Na- and K-rich feldspar(s), low- and high-Ca pyroxenes, ferroan olivine, Fe-Ti ( and possibly Cr) oxides, phosphate, and possibly glass. The texture of Wishstone is consistent with a pyroclastic origin, whereas Irvine and Backstay are lavas or possibly dike rocks. Chemical compositions of these rocks plot on or near liquid lines of descent for most elements calculated for Adirondack class rocks (olivine-rich basalts from the Gusev plains) at various pressures from 0.1 to 1.0 GPa. We infer that Wishstone-, Backstay-, and Irvine-class magmas may have formed by fractionation of primitive, oxidized basaltic magma similar to Adirondack-class rocks. The compositions of all these rocks reveal that the Gusev magmatic province is alkaline, distinct from the subalkaline volcanic rocks thought to dominate most of the planet's surface. The fact that differentiated volcanic rocks were not encountered on the plains prior to ascending Husband Hill may suggest a local magma source for volcanism beneath Gusev crater. C1 Univ Tennessee, Dept Earth & Planetary Sci, Knoxville, TN 37996 USA. Arizona State Univ, Dept Geol Sci, Tempe, AZ 85287 USA. NASA, Lyndon B Johnson Space Ctr, Houston, TX 77058 USA. Cornell Univ, Dept Astron, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. US Geol Survey, Astrogeol Branch, Flagstaff, AZ 86001 USA. Univ Guelph, Dept Phys, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada. Univ Hawaii Manoa, Hawaii Inst Geophys & Planetol, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. Smithsonian Inst, Dept Mineral Sci, Washington, DC 20560 USA. RP McSween, HY (reprint author), Univ Tennessee, Dept Earth & Planetary Sci, 306 Geol Sci Bldg, Knoxville, TN 37996 USA. EM mcsween@utk.edu RI Crisp, Joy/H-8287-2016 OI Crisp, Joy/0000-0002-3202-4416 NR 48 TC 82 Z9 82 U1 2 U2 20 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-9097 EI 2169-9100 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-PLANET JI J. Geophys. Res.-Planets PD SEP 23 PY 2006 VL 111 IS E9 AR E09S91 DI 10.1029/2006JE002698 PG 15 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 088RL UT WOS:000240828700001 ER PT J AU Gill, N Higgs, DA Skura, BJ Rowshandeli, M Dosanjh, BS Mann, J Gannam, AL AF Gill, Navneet Higgs, David A. Skura, Brent J. Rowshandeli, Mahmoud Dosanjh, Bakhshish S. Mann, Jason Gannam, Ann L. TI Nutritive value of partially dehulled and extruded sunflower meal for post-smolt Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) in sea water SO AQUACULTURE RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE Atlantic salmon; Salmo salar; sunflower meal; growth ID ONCORHYNCHUS-MYKISS DIETS; FISH-MEAL; SOYBEAN-MEAL; NONSTARCH POLYSACCHARIDES; PROTEIN-CONCENTRATE; AMINO-ACIDS; CHINOOK; TROUT; DIGESTIBILITY; TSHAWYTSCHA AB This study determined the digestibility of protein in partially dehulled sunflower meal (SFM) and then, as the main goal, the nutritive value of high-temperature extruded (<= 149 degrees C) partially dehulled SFM (SFM(EX)) for post-smolt Atlantic salmon Salmo salar in sea water. The digestibility study was conducted using the settling column approach ('Guelph system') for faeces collection as described by Hajen, Higgs, Beames and Dosanjh. In the nutritive value study, triplicate groups of 50 salmon (mean weight similar to 116 g) in 4000-L outdoor fibreglass tanks supplied with 25-40 L min(-1), filtered, oxygenated (dissolved oxygen, 7.0-8.5 mg L(-1)), 11-12 degrees C sea water (salinity, 29-31 g L(-1)), were fed twice daily to satiation one of five steam-pelleted dry diets that contained 422 g of digestible protein (DP) kg(-1) and similar to 16.4 MJ of digestible energy (DE) kg(-1) on a dry weight basis for 84 days. Low-temperature-dried anchovy meal (LT-AM) comprised 68.2% of the basal diet protein whereas in four test diets, SFM(EX) progressively replaced up to 33.0% of the DP provided by LT-AM in the basal diet (SFM(EX)<= 271 g kg(-1) of dry matter). Sunflower meal had 87.9% DP. Diet treatment did not significantly affect specific growth rate (1.39-1.45% day(-1)), feed efficiency (1.19-1.26), percentage of dietary protein retained (45.8-47.5), gross energy utilization (46.5-49.4%), per cent survival (96.0-99.3) or terminal whole body and muscle proximate compositions. We conclude that SFM(EX) can comprise >= 271 g kg(-1) of the dry diet or >= 22.7% of the digestible dietary protein of post-smolt Atlantic salmon in seawater without any adverse effects on their performance. C1 Univ British Columbia, Dept Fisheries & Oceans, Ctr Aquaculture & Environm Res, W Vancouver, BC V7V 1N6, Canada. Univ British Columbia, Fac Land & Food Syst Food Nutr & Hlth, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada. Ewos Canada Ltd, Surrey, BC V3W 4M8, Canada. US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Abernathy Fish Technol Ctr, Longview, WA USA. RP Higgs, DA (reprint author), Univ British Columbia, Dept Fisheries & Oceans, Ctr Aquaculture & Environm Res, 4160 Marine Dr, W Vancouver, BC V7V 1N6, Canada. EM higgsd@dfo-mpo.gc.ca NR 43 TC 20 Z9 21 U1 2 U2 15 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 1355-557X J9 AQUAC RES JI Aquac. Res. PD SEP 22 PY 2006 VL 37 IS 13 BP 1348 EP 1359 DI 10.1111/j.1365-2109.2006.01567.x PG 12 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 083YA UT WOS:000240494000011 ER PT J AU Cervelli, PF Fournier, T Freymueller, J Power, JA AF Cervelli, P. F. Fournier, T. Freymueller, J. Power, J. A. TI Ground deformation associated with the precursory unrest and early phases of the January 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article ID MOUNT ST-HELENS; SURFACE DEFORMATION; CONTINUOUS GPS; PROPAGATION; MODELS; ETNA AB On January 11, 2006 Augustine Volcano erupted after nearly 20 years of quiescence. Global Positioning System (GPS) instrumentation at Augustine, consisting of six continuously recording, telemetered receivers, measured clear precursory deformation consistent with a source of inflation or pressurization beneath the volcano's summit at a depth of around sea level. Deformation began in early summer 2005, and was preceded by a subtle, but distinct, increase in seismicity, which began in May 2005. After remaining more or less constant, deformation rates accelerated on at least three stations beginning in late November 2005. After this date, GPS data suggest the upward propagation of a small dike into the edifice, which, based on the style of deformation and high levels of gas emission, appears to have ascended to shallow levels by mid-December 2005, about four weeks before the eruption began. C1 US Geol Survey, Alaska Volcano Observ, Anchorage, AK 99508 USA. Univ Alaska Fairbanks, Inst Geophys, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA. RP Cervelli, PF (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Alaska Volcano Observ, 4200 Univ Dr, Anchorage, AK 99508 USA. EM pcervelli@usgs.gov; tfour@giseis.alaska.edu; jeff@giseis.alaska.edu; japower@usgs.gov RI Fournier, Thomas/A-9269-2008 NR 17 TC 23 Z9 24 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0094-8276 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD SEP 20 PY 2006 VL 33 IS 18 AR L18304 DI 10.1029/2006GL027219 PG 5 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 088QS UT WOS:000240826800005 ER PT J AU Dean, WE AF Dean, Walter E. TI The geochemical record of the last 17,000 years in the Guaymas Basin, Gulf of California SO CHEMICAL GEOLOGY LA English DT Article DE calcium carbonate; organic carbon; cadmium; molybdenum; Gulf of California- ID GLACIAL-INTERGLACIAL VARIABILITY; TROPICAL NORTH PACIFIC; SANTA-BARBARA BASIN; OXYGEN MINIMUM ZONE; MOLYBDENUM; SEDIMENTS; MATTER; PALEOCEANOGRAPHY; PRODUCTIVITY; INDICATORS AB Sediments deposited on the western slope of the Guaymas Basin in the central Gulf of California are composed predominantly of detrital clastic material and biogenic silica (biopal), with minor organic material (average of 2.8% organic carbon) and calcium carbonate. The CaCO(3) is derived from calcareous plankton and is highly variable ranging from 0% to 16%. In general, the CaCO(3) content of the sediments varies inversely with the biopal content, reflecting the relative abundance of calcareous and siliceous plankton in the photic zone. Siliceous plankton dominate when winds are predominantly out of the northwest producing strong upwelling. Calcareous plankton indicates weak southeasterly winds that bring warm, tropical Pacific surface water into the Gulf Based mainly on relative abundances of biopal and CaCO(3), the sediments deposited over the last 17,000 years in the western Guaymas Basin can be divided into five intervals. In general, the sediments in the intervals with high biopal and low CaCO(3) are laminated, but this is not always true. Unlike most other continental margins of the world with well-developed oxygen minimum zones where highest concentrations of organic carbon and redox-sensitive trace metals occur in laminated sediments, the laminated sediments on the anoxic slope of the western Guaymas Basin do not always have the highest concentrations of organic carbon and trace metals such as Mo and Cd. Published by Elsevier B.V. C1 US Geol Survey, Lakewood, CO 80225 USA. RP Dean, WE (reprint author), US Geol Survey, MS 980 Fed Ctr, Lakewood, CO 80225 USA. EM dean@usgs.gov NR 41 TC 14 Z9 15 U1 3 U2 8 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0009-2541 J9 CHEM GEOL JI Chem. Geol. PD SEP 15 PY 2006 VL 232 IS 3-4 BP 87 EP 98 DI 10.1016/j.chemgeo.2006.02.017 PG 12 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 079YP UT WOS:000240214100001 ER PT J AU Nelson, JS Espinosa-Perez, H Findley, LT Gilbert, CR Lea, RN Mandrak, NE Williams, JD AF Nelson, Joseph S. Espinosa-Perez, Hector Findley, Lloyd T. Gilbert, Carter R. Lea, Robert N. Mandrak, Nick E. Williams, James D. TI Common and scientific names of fishes from the United States, Canada, and Mexico (vol 3, pg 559, 2006) SO COPEIA LA English DT Correction C1 Univ Alberta, Dept Biol Sci, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E9, Canada. Natl Autonomous Univ Mexico, Colecc Ictiol, Dept Zool, Inst Biol, Mexico City 04510, DF, Mexico. Carretera Varadero Nacl, Ctr Invest Alimentac & Desarrollo, Unidad Guaymas, Sonora 85480, Mexico. Univ Florida, Florida Museum Nat Hist, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. Calif Dept Fish & Game, Monterey, CA 93940 USA. Fisheries & Oceans Canada, Great Lakes Lab Fisheries & Aquat Sci, Burlington L7R 4A6, ON, Canada. US Geol Survey, Gainesville, FL 3265 USA. RP Nelson, JS (reprint author), Univ Alberta, Dept Biol Sci, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E9, Canada. EM joe.nelson@ualberta.ca NR 4 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 3 PU AMER SOC ICHTHYOLOGISTS HERPETOLOGISTS PI CHARLESTON PA UNIV CHARLESTON, GRICE MARINE LABORATORY, 205 FORT JOHNSON RD, CHARLESTON, SC 29412 USA SN 0045-8511 J9 COPEIA JI Copeia PD SEP 15 PY 2006 IS 3 BP 559 EP 562 PG 4 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA 086DD UT WOS:000240652400026 ER PT J AU Grimm, V Berger, U Bastiansen, F Eliassen, S Ginot, V Giske, J Goss-Custard, J Grand, T Heinz, SK Huse, G Huth, A Jepsen, JU Jorgensen, C Mooij, WM Muller, B Pe'er, G Piou, C Railsback, SF Robbins, AM Robbins, MM Rossmanith, E Ruger, N Strand, E Souissi, S Stillman, RA Vabo, R Visser, U DeAngelis, DL AF Grimm, Volker Berger, Uta Bastiansen, Finn Eliassen, Sigrunn Ginot, Vincent Giske, Jarl Goss-Custard, John Grand, Tamara Heinz, Simone K. Huse, Geir Huth, Andreas Jepsen, Jane U. Jorgensen, Christian Mooij, Wolf M. Mueller, Birgit Pe'er, Guy Piou, Cyril Railsback, Steven F. Robbins, Andrew M. Robbins, Martha M. Rossmanith, Eva Rueger, Nadja Strand, Espen Souissi, Sami Stillman, Richard A. Vabo, Rune Visser, Ute DeAngelis, Donald L. TI A standard protocol for describing individual-based and agent-based models SO ECOLOGICAL MODELLING LA English DT Article DE individual-based model; agent-based model; model description; scientific communication; standardization ID FISH SCHOOLS; SIMULATION-MODELS; POPULATIONS; PERSISTENCE; BEHAVIOR; SYSTEMS; MARMOTA; SIZE AB Simulation models that describe autonomous individual organisms (individual based models, IBM) or agents (agent-based models, ABM) have become a widely used tool, not only in ecology, but also in many other disciplines dealing with complex systems made up of autonomous entities. However, there is no standard protocol for describing such simulation models, which can make them difficult to understand and to duplicate. This paper presents a proposed standard protocol, ODD, for describing IBMs and ABMs, developed and tested by 28 modellers who cover a wide range of fields within ecology. This protocol consists of three blocks (Overview, Design concepts, and Details), which are subdivided into seven elements: Purpose, State variables and scales, Process overview and scheduling, Design concepts, Initialization, Input, and Submodels. We explain which aspects of a model should be described in each element, and we present an example to illustrate the protocol in use. In addition, 19 examples are available in an Online Appendix. We consider ODD as a first step for establishing a more detailed common format of the description of IBMs and ABMs. Once initiated, the protocol will hopefully evolve as it becomes used by a sufficiently large proportion of modellers. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 UFZ Umwelfforsch Zentrum Leipzig Halle GmbH, Dept Okol Systemanal, D-04318 Leipzig, Germany. Zentrum Marine Tropenokol, D-28359 Bremen, Germany. Univ Bergen, Dept Biol, N-5020 Bergen, Norway. INRA, Biometr Unit, F-84814 Avignon 9, France. Winfrith Technol Ctr, Ctr Ecol & Hydrol, Dorchester DT2 8ZD, Dorset, England. Inst Marine Res, N-5817 Bergen, Norway. Netherlands Inst Ecol, Ctr Limnol, NL-3631 AC Nieuwersluis, Netherlands. Hebrew Univ Jerusalem, Inst Life Sci, Dept Evolut Systemat & Ecol, IL-91904 Jerusalem, Israel. Lang Railsback & Associates, Arcata, CA 95521 USA. Max Planck Inst Evolut Anthropol, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany. Univ Potsdam, Inst Biochem & Biol, D-14469 Potsdam, Germany. Univ Sci & Technol Lille, Stn Marine Wimereux, Ecosyst Complex Res Grp, CNRS,UMR 8013,ELICO, F-62930 Wimereux, France. Univ Miami, USGS, Florida Integrated Sci Ctr, Coral Gables, FL 33124 USA. Univ Miami, Dept Biol, Coral Gables, FL 33124 USA. RP Grimm, V (reprint author), UFZ Umwelfforsch Zentrum Leipzig Halle GmbH, Dept Okol Systemanal, Permoserstr 15, D-04318 Leipzig, Germany. EM volker.grimm@ufz.de RI Mooij, Wolf/C-2677-2008; Giske, Jarl/A-2402-2010; Stillman, Richard/B-6018-2009; Strand, Espen/A-4435-2013; Jorgensen, Christian/B-4453-2009; Ruger, Nadja/J-6393-2015; OI Mooij, Wolf/0000-0001-5586-8200; Giske, Jarl/0000-0001-5034-8177; Jorgensen, Christian/0000-0001-7087-4625; Ruger, Nadja/0000-0003-2371-4172; Railsback, Steven/0000-0002-5923-9847; Souissi, Sami/0000-0002-6720-0096 NR 45 TC 861 Z9 889 U1 38 U2 342 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0304-3800 J9 ECOL MODEL JI Ecol. Model. PD SEP 15 PY 2006 VL 198 IS 1-2 BP 115 EP 126 DI 10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2006.04.023 PG 12 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 088PH UT WOS:000240823100008 ER PT J AU Zhu, C Veblen, DR Blum, AE Chipera, SJ AF Zhu, Chen Veblen, David R. Blum, Alex E. Chipera, Stephen J. TI Naturally weathered feldspar surfaces in the Navajo Sandstone aquifer, Black Mesa, Arizona: Electron microscopic characterization SO GEOCHIMICA ET COSMOCHIMICA ACTA LA English DT Article ID ALBITE-WATER SYSTEM; 200 DEGREES C; BASALT-DERIVED PALEOELEVATIONS; HYDROGEN-ENRICHED LAYERS; COLORADO PLATEAU UPLIFT; PURE OU CHARGEE; LABRADORITE FELDSPAR; AQUEOUS-SOLUTIONS; HIGH-RESOLUTION; HYDROTHERMAL CONDITIONS AB Naturally weathered feldspar surfaces in the Jurassic Navajo Sandstone at Black Mesa, Arizona, was characterized with high-resolution transmission and analytical electron microscope (HRTEM-AEM) and field emission gun scanning electron microscope (FEG-SEM). Here, we report the first HRTEM observation of a 10-nm thick amorphous layer on naturally weathered K-feldspar in currently slightly alkaline groundwater. The amorphous layer is probably deficient in K and enriched in Si. In addition to the amorphous layer, the feldspar surfaces are also partially coated with tightly adhered kaolin platelets. Outside of the kaolin coatings, feldspar grains are covered with a continuous 3-5 mu m thick layer of authigenic smectite, which also coats quartz and other sediment grains. Authigenic K-feldspar overgrowth and etch pits were also found on feldspar grains. These characteristics of the aged feldspar surfaces accentuate the differences in reactivity between the freshly ground feldspar powders used in laboratory experiments and feldspar grains in natural systems, and may partially contribute to the commonly observed apparent laboratory-field dissolution rate discrepancy. At Black Mesa, feldspars in the Navajo Sandstone are dissolving at similar to 10(5) times slower than laboratory rate at comparable temperature and pH under far from equilibrium condition. The tightly adhered kaolin platelets reduce the feldspar reactive surface area, and the authigenic K-feldspar overgrowth reduces the feldspar reactivity. However, the continuous smectite coating layer does not appear to constitute a diffusion barrier. The exact role of the amorphous layer on feldspar dissolution kinetics depends on the origin of the layer (leached layer versus re-precipitated silica), which is uncertain at present. However, the nanometer thin layer can be detected only with HRTEM, and thus our study raises the possibility of its wide occurrence in geological systems. Rate laws and proposed mechanisms should consider the possibility of this amorphous layer on feldspar surface. (c) 2006 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. C1 Indiana Univ, Dept Geol Sci, Bloomington, IN 47405 USA. Johns Hopkins Univ, Dept Earth & Planetary Sci, Baltimore, MD 21218 USA. US Geol Survey, Boulder, CO 80308 USA. Los Alamos Natl Lab, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. RP Zhu, C (reprint author), Indiana Univ, Dept Geol Sci, Bloomington, IN 47405 USA. EM chenzhu@indiana.edu RI Zhu, Chen/A-5356-2010 OI Zhu, Chen/0000-0001-5374-6787 NR 82 TC 67 Z9 69 U1 2 U2 40 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0016-7037 J9 GEOCHIM COSMOCHIM AC JI Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta PD SEP 15 PY 2006 VL 70 IS 18 BP 4600 EP 4616 DI 10.1016/j.gca.2006.07.013 PG 17 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 091BS UT WOS:000241001400003 ER PT J AU Zhuang, QL Melillo, JM Sarofim, MC Kicklighter, DW McGuire, AD Felzer, BS Sokolov, A Prinn, RG Steudler, PA Hu, SM AF Zhuang, Qianlai Melillo, Jerry M. Sarofim, Marcus C. Kicklighter, David W. McGuire, A. David Felzer, Benjamin S. Sokolov, Andrei Prinn, Ronald G. Steudler, Paul A. Hu, Shaomin TI CO2 and CH4 exchanges between land ecosystems and the atmosphere in northern high latitudes over the 21st century SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article ID SOIL THERMAL DYNAMICS; CLIMATE-CHANGE; METHANE EMISSIONS; CARBON-CYCLE; TERRESTRIAL ECOSYSTEMS; WETLANDS; FIRE; SENSITIVITY; FEEDBACKS; FORESTS AB Terrestrial ecosystems of the northern high latitudes ( above 50 degrees N) exchange large amounts of CO2 and CH4 with the atmosphere each year. Here we use a process-based model to estimate the budget of CO2 and CH4 of the region for current climate conditions and for future scenarios by considering effects of permafrost dynamics, CO2 fertilization of photosynthesis and fire. We find that currently the region is a net source of carbon to the atmosphere at 276 Tg C yr(-1). We project that throughout the 21st century, the region will most likely continue as a net source of carbon and the source will increase by up to 473 Tg C yr(-1) by the end of the century compared to the current emissions. However our coupled carbon and climate model simulations show that these emissions will exert relatively small radiative forcing on global climate system compared to large amounts of anthropogenic emissions. C1 Purdue Univ, Dept Earth & Atmospher Sci, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA. Purdue Univ, Dept Agron, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA. Marine Biol Lab, Ecosyst Ctr, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. MIT, Joint Program Sci & Policy Global Change, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA. Univ Alaska, US Geol Survey, Alaska Cooperat Fis & Wildlife Res Unit, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA. RP Zhuang, QL (reprint author), Purdue Univ, Dept Earth & Atmospher Sci, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA. EM qzhuang@purdue.edu RI Zhuang, Qianlai/A-5670-2009 NR 48 TC 101 Z9 101 U1 1 U2 59 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0094-8276 EI 1944-8007 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD SEP 15 PY 2006 VL 33 IS 17 AR L17403 DI 10.1029/2006GL026972 PG 5 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 085ZK UT WOS:000240642700003 ER PT J AU Granina, LZ Callender, E AF Granina, L. Z. Callender, E. TI The role of biological uptake in iron and manganese cycling in Lake Baikal SO HYDROBIOLOGIA LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 3rd Symposium on Species in Ancient Lakes CY SEP 02-07, 2002 CL Quincy, WA DE Lake Baikal; iron; manganese; biological uptake; internal cycling; remineralization ID ELEMENTS AB The role of biological uptake in the internal cycling of Fe and Mn in Lake Baikal was quantified. Biological uptake, sedimentation consisting of the biogenic and lithogenic fluxes, and remineralization have been evaluated. The results of calculations show that about 5-10% of Fe and Mn accumulated in the lake are annually taken up by biota. More than 80% of this amount is again recycled after remineralization of biological material. At this, the biogenic fluxes of Fe and Mn are 2-4 times less compared to lithogenic ones. Thus not only is oxidation of Fe and Mn within the water column highly enriched in the oxygen that results in settling of Fe and Mn oxides, but also intensive biological uptake of these elements contributes to their fast removal from internal cycling. However, essential remineralization makes this process of minor importance to Fe and Mn cycling in Lake Baikal. C1 Russian Acad Sci, Limnol Inst, Siberian Branch, Irkutsk 664033, Russia. US Geol Survey, Reston, VA 20192 USA. RP Granina, LZ (reprint author), Russian Acad Sci, Limnol Inst, Siberian Branch, Ulan Batorskaya St 3, Irkutsk 664033, Russia. EM liba@lin.irk.ru NR 10 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0018-8158 J9 HYDROBIOLOGIA JI Hydrobiologia PD SEP 15 PY 2006 VL 568 SU 1 BP 41 EP 43 DI 10.1007/s10750-006-0336-4 PG 3 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 086QU UT WOS:000240688900007 ER PT J AU Weitz, CM Anderson, RC Bell, JF Farrand, WH Herkenhoff, KE Johnson, JR Jolliff, BL Morris, RV Squyres, SW Sullivan, RJ AF Weitz, C. M. Anderson, R. C. Bell, J. F., III Farrand, W. H. Herkenhoff, K. E. Johnson, J. R. Jolliff, B. L. Morris, R. V. Squyres, S. W. Sullivan, R. J. TI Soil grain analyses at Meridiani Planum, Mars SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-PLANETS LA English DT Article ID ROVER LANDING SITE; OPPORTUNITY ROVER; MICROSCOPIC IMAGER; BURNS FORMATION; GUSEV CRATER; SPECTROMETER; MINERALOGY; CHEMISTRY; EVOLUTION; HEMATITE AB [ 1] Grain-size analyses of the soils at Meridiani Planum have been used to identify rock sources for the grains and provide information about depositional processes under past and current conditions. Basaltic sand, dust, millimeter-size hematite-rich spherules interpreted as concretions, spherule fragments, coated partially buried spherules, basalt fragments, sedimentary outcrop fragments, and centimeter-size cobbles are concentrated on the upper surfaces of the soils as a lag deposit, while finer basaltic sands and dust dominate the underlying soils. There is a bimodal distribution of soil grain sizes with one population representing grains < 125 mu m and the other falling between 1 - 4.5 mm. Soils within craters like Eagle and Endurance show a much greater diversity of grain morphologies compared to the plains. The spherules found in the plains soils are approximately 1 - 2 mm smaller in size than those seen embedded in the outcrop rocks of Eagle and Endurance craters. The average major axis for all unfractured spherules measured in the soils and outcrop rocks is 2.87 +/- 1.18 mm, with a trend toward decreasing spherule sizes in both the soils and outcrop rocks as the rover drove southward. Wind ripples seen across the plains of Meridiani are dominated by similar size (1.3 - 1.7 mm) hematite-rich grains, and they match in size the larger grains on plains ripples at Gusev Crater. Larger clasts and centimeter-size cobbles that are scattered on the soils have several spectral and compositional types, reflecting multiple origins. The cobbles tend to concentrate within ripple troughs along the plains and in association with outcrop exposures. C1 Planetary Sci Inst, Tucson, AZ 85719 USA. CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. Cornell Univ, Dept Astron, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. Space Sci Inst, Boulder, CO 80301 USA. US Geol Survey, Flagstaff, AZ 86001 USA. Washington Univ, Dept Earth & Planetary Sci, St Louis, MO 63130 USA. NASA, Lyndon B Johnson Space Ctr, Houston, TX 77058 USA. RP Weitz, CM (reprint author), Planetary Sci Inst, 1700 E Ft Lowell,Suite 106, Tucson, AZ 85719 USA. EM weitz@psi.edu RI Johnson, Jeffrey/F-3972-2015 NR 32 TC 42 Z9 42 U1 1 U2 5 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-9097 EI 2169-9100 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-PLANET JI J. Geophys. Res.-Planets PD SEP 15 PY 2006 VL 111 IS E12 AR E12S04 DI 10.1029/2005JE002541 PG 26 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 086AU UT WOS:000240646300001 ER PT J AU Laing, KJ Zou, JI Purcell, MK Phillips, R Secombes, CJ Hansen, JD AF Laing, Kerry J. Zou, Jun J. Purcell, Maureen K. Phillips, Ruth Secombes, Christopher J. Hansen, John D. TI Evolution of the CD4 family: Teleost fish possess two divergent forms of CD4 in addition to lymphocyte activation gene-3 SO JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID TCR ALPHA-CHAIN; RAINBOW-TROUT; T-CELL; PARALICHTHYS-OLIVACEUS; JAPANESE FLOUNDER; ONCORHYNCHUS-MYKISS; CHICKEN CD4; BETA-CHAIN; EXPRESSION; CORECEPTOR AB The T cell coreceptor CD4 is a transmembrane glycoprotein belonging to the Ig superfamily and is essential for cell-mediated immunity. Two different,genes were identified in rainbow trout that resemble mammalian CD4. One (trout CD4) encodes four extracellular Ig domains reminiscent of mammalian CD4, whereas the other (CD4REL) codes for two Ig domains. Structural motifs within the amino acid sequences suggest that the two Ig domains of CD4REL duplicated to generate the four-domain molecule of CD4 and the related gene, lymphocyte activation gene-3. Here we present evidence that both of these molecules in trout are homologous to mammalian CD4 and that teleosts encode an additional CD4 family member, lymphocyte activation gene-3, which is a marker for activated T cells. The syntenic relationships of similar genes in other teleost and non-fish genomes provide evidence for the likely evolution of CD4-related molecules in vertebrates, with CD4REL likely representing the primordial form in fish. Expression of both CD4 genes is highest in the thymus and spleen, and mRNA expression of these genes is limited to surface IgM(-) lymphocytes. consistent with a role for T cell functionality. Finally, the intracellular regions of both CD4 and CD4REL possess the canonical CXC motif involved in the interaction of CD4 with p56LCK, implying that similar mechanisms for CD4(+) T cell activation are present in all vertebrates. Our results therefore raise new questions about T cell development and functionality in lower vertebrates that cannot be answered by current mammalian models and, thus, is of fundamental importance for understanding the evolution of cell-mediated immunity in gnathosomes. C1 US Geol Survey, Western Fisheries Res Ctr, Biol Resources Div, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. Washington State Univ, Sch Biol Sci, Vancouver, WA 98686 USA. Univ Aberdeen, Sch Biol Sci, Aberdeen, Scotland. Univ Washington, Dept Pathobiol, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. RP Hansen, JD (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Western Fisheries Res Ctr, Biol Resources Div, 6505 NE 65th St, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. EM jdh25@u.washington.edu RI Laing, Kerry/C-2211-2008; OI Laing, Kerry/0000-0001-9245-5325; Purcell, Maureen/0000-0003-0154-8433 FU Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council [BB/C506021/1] NR 53 TC 60 Z9 65 U1 0 U2 9 PU AMER ASSOC IMMUNOLOGISTS PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 0022-1767 J9 J IMMUNOL JI J. Immunol. PD SEP 15 PY 2006 VL 177 IS 6 BP 3939 EP 3951 PG 13 WC Immunology SC Immunology GA 083RG UT WOS:000240475300050 PM 16951357 ER PT J AU Szramek, L Gardner, JE Larsen, J AF Szramek, Lindsay Gardner, James E. Larsen, Jessica TI Degassing and microlite crystallization of basaltic andesite magma erupting at Arenal volcano, Costa Rica SO JOURNAL OF VOLCANOLOGY AND GEOTHERMAL RESEARCH LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Fall Meeting of the American-Geophysical-Union CY DEC 13-17, 2004 CL San Francisco, CA SP Amer Geophys Union DE Arenal volcano; magma ascent; experimental petrology ID MOUNT-ST-HELENS; SILICIC VOLCANISM; ASCENT; SYSTEM; FLOW; DIFFERENTIATION; PERMEABILITY; CONSTRAINTS; DYNAMICS; KINETICS AB Volcanoes can erupt explosively in Plinian style or effusively as lava flows. Most models for such ranges in activity are based on silicic magma, which may not be appropriate for less viscous basic magma. Although basic magma erupting at Arenal volcano has not varied significantly in bulk composition, the volcano has exhibited a full range in eruptive style, from Plinian activity in 1968 to Strombolian bursts to lava flows. We examined groundmass textures of samples erupted over that range of activity to investigate the controls on the variability. Microlite textures in lavas collected both hot (rapid quenched) and cold show that most samples have textures that are overprinted by crystallization as a result of cooling. Despite that overprint, microlites in the Plinian sample have unique crystal morphologies and vesicles that are much smaller and more spherical than those in the other samples. We interpret those differences as recording a change in degassing style as a result of changing ascent rate in the conduit. To constrain the potential changes in ascent rate, a limited number of decompression experiments were run at rates from 0.0013 to 0.25 MPa/s. Crystal textures and morphologies vary greatly as decompression rates change, and compared to our observed differences in the natural groundmass, it appears that magma erupted in the Plinian event decompressed between 0.0013 and 0.025 MPa/s, whereas magma erupted in non-Plinian events decompressed slower than 0.0013 MPa/s. The change in eruptive style from explosive Plinian to lava effusion thus resulted from an order of magnitude decrease in magma ascent rate. Plinian magma probably rose too quickly to allow bubbles to coalesce and allow the magma to degas efficiently, whereas at other times magma rose more slowly, which allowed bubbles to coalesce and gas to escape leading to less explosive activity. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Texas, Jackson Sch Geosci, Dept Geol Sci, Austin, TX 78712 USA. Univ Alaska Fairbanks, Dept Geol & Geophys, Fairbanks, AK USA. Univ Alaska Fairbanks, Inst Geophys, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA. Univ Alaska Fairbanks, Alaska Volcano Observ, Fairbanks, AK USA. RP Szramek, L (reprint author), Univ Texas, Jackson Sch Geosci, Dept Geol Sci, Austin, TX 78712 USA. EM szramek@mail.utexas.edu RI Gardner, James/H-1713-2011 NR 41 TC 43 Z9 43 U1 0 U2 11 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0377-0273 J9 J VOLCANOL GEOTH RES JI J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res. PD SEP 15 PY 2006 VL 157 IS 1-3 SI SI BP 182 EP 201 DI 10.1016/j.volgeores.2006.03.039 PG 20 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 088DD UT WOS:000240790800012 ER PT J AU Tsujimoto, A Nomura, R Yasuhara, M Yamazaki, H Yoshikawa, S AF Tsujimoto, Akira Nomura, Ritsuo Yasuhara, Moriaki Yamazaki, Hideo Yoshikawa, Shusaku TI Impact of eutrophication on shallow marine benthic foraminifers over the last 150 years in Osaka Bay, Japan SO MARINE MICROPALEONTOLOGY LA English DT Article DE benthic foraminifera; pollution; eutrophication; hypoxia; Osaka Bay; Japan ID SWEDISH WEST-COAST; SEDIMENT CORES; MORPHOLOGICAL ABNORMALITIES; ANTHROPOGENIC POLLUTION; ENVIRONMENTAL-CHANGES; TEMPORAL-CHANGES; OSLO FJORD; ASSEMBLAGES; ESTUARINE; RECORD AB High-resolution foraminiferal analysis was conducted on a short sediment core from the inner part of Osaka Bay, Japan. Changes in foraminiferal assemblages were associated with eutrophication, bottom water hypoxia, and changes in red tide-causing algae. Before the 1920s, the calcareous species Ammonia beccarii, and the agglutinated species Eggerella advena and Trochammina hadai were rare, but calcareous foraminifers in general were abundant. Between the 1920s and 1940s, calcareous foraminifers decreased abruptly in abundance, while A. beccarii, E. advena and T hadai increased in abundance. This faunal change corresponded in time to an increase in nutrients flowing in through the Yodo River, and bottom water hypoxia related to eutrophication. In the 1960s and 1970s, A. beccarii, E. advena and T hadai further increased in abundance to become dominant, and many calcareous foraminifers nearly disappeared, corresponding to increasing bottom water hypoxia related to the rapid increase in discharged nutrients during the high economic growth period from 1953 to 1971. After the 1990s, A. beccarii decreased rapidly in abundance and E. advena and Uvigefinella glabra increased in abundance. The main components of red tide-causing algae changed from dinoflagellates to diatoms in the 1980s through 1990s, thus there was a change in the food supply to the benthos, which may have caused the increase in abundance of E. advena and U. glabra. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Osaka City Univ, Grad Sch Sci, Div Biol & Geosci, Osaka 5588585, Japan. Shimane Univ, Fac Educ, Foraminiferal Lab, Matsue, Shimane 6908504, Japan. 926A US Geol Survey, Reston, VA 20192 USA. Kinki Univ, Dept Life Sci, Sch Sci & Engn, Higashiosaka, Osaka 5778502, Japan. RP Tsujimoto, A (reprint author), Osaka City Univ, Grad Sch Sci, Div Biol & Geosci, 3-3-138 Sugimoto, Osaka 5588585, Japan. EM tujimoto@sci.osaka-cu.ac.jp RI Yasuhara, Moriaki/A-4986-2008 OI Yasuhara, Moriaki/0000-0001-8501-4863 NR 76 TC 30 Z9 33 U1 1 U2 7 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0377-8398 J9 MAR MICROPALEONTOL JI Mar. Micropaleontol. PD SEP 15 PY 2006 VL 60 IS 4 BP 258 EP 268 DI 10.1016/j.marmicro.2006.06.001 PG 11 WC Paleontology SC Paleontology GA 085VI UT WOS:000240632100002 ER PT J AU Brock, JC Wright, CW Kuffner, IB Hernandez, R Thompson, P AF Brock, John C. Wright, C. Wayne Kuffner, Ilsa B. Hernandez, Raquel Thompson, Philip TI Airborne lidar sensing of massive stony coral colonies on patch reefs in the northern Florida reef tract SO REMOTE SENSING OF ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article DE coral reefs; remote sensing; lidar; videography AB In this study we examined the ability of the NASA Experimental Advanced Airborne Research Lidar (EAARL) to discriminate cluster zones of massive stony coral colonies on northern Florida reef tract (NFRT) patch reefs based on their topographic complexity (rugosity). Spatially dense EAARL laser submarine topographic soundings acquired in August 2002 were used to create a 1-m resolution digital rugosity map for adjacent NFRT study areas characterized by patch reefs (Region A) and diverse substratums (Region B). In both regions, sites with lidar-sensed rugosities above 1.2 were imaged by an along-track underwater videography system that incorporated the acquisition of instantaneous GPS positions. Subsequent manual interpretation of videotape segments was performed to identify substratum types that caused elevated lidar-sensed rugosity. Our study determined that massive coral colony formation, modified by subsequent physical and biological processes that breakdown patch reef framework, was the primary source of topographic complexity sensed by the EAARL in the NFRT. Sites recognized by lidar scanning to be topographically complex preferentially occurred around the margins of patch reefs, constituted a minor fraction of the reef system, and usually reflected the presence of massive coral colonies in cluster zones, or their derivatives created by mortality, bioerosion, and physical breakdown. (c) 2006 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. C1 US Geol Survey, St Petersburg, FL 33701 USA. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Wallops Isl Flight Facil, Wallops Isl, VA 23337 USA. Nova SE Univ, Natl Coral Reef Inst, Dania, FL 33004 USA. RP Brock, JC (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 600 4th St S, St Petersburg, FL 33701 USA. EM jbrock@usgs.gov RI Kuffner, Ilsa/A-6416-2008; OI Kuffner, Ilsa/0000-0001-8804-7847 NR 29 TC 42 Z9 44 U1 0 U2 12 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 360 PARK AVE SOUTH, NEW YORK, NY 10010-1710 USA SN 0034-4257 J9 REMOTE SENS ENVIRON JI Remote Sens. Environ. PD SEP 15 PY 2006 VL 104 IS 1 BP 31 EP 42 DI 10.1016/j.rse.2006.04.017 PG 12 WC Environmental Sciences; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA 081ZZ UT WOS:000240357400003 ER PT J AU Rowan, LC Schmidt, RG Mars, JC AF Rowan, Lawrence C. Schmidt, Robert G. Mars, John C. TI Distribution of hydrothermally altered rocks in the Reko Diq, Pakistan mineralized area based on spectral analysis of ASTER data SO REMOTE SENSING OF ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article DE hydrothermally altered rocks; Reko Diq; Pakistan; ASTER VNIR SWIR TIR; propylitic; argillic; phyllic; remote sensing ID SPACEBORNE THERMAL EMISSION; REFLECTION RADIOMETER ASTER; EXPLORATION; DISTRICT; CUPRITE; NEVADA; IMAGES AB The Reko Diq, Pakistan mineralized study area, approximately 10 km in diameter, is underlain by a central zone of hydrothermally altered rocks associated with Cu-Au mineralization. The surrounding country rocks are a variable mixture of unaltered volcanic rocks, fluvial deposits, and eolian quartz sand. Analysis of 15-band Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER) data of the study area, aided by laboratory spectral reflectance and spectral emittance measurements of field samples, shows that phyllically altered rocks are laterally extensive, and contain localized areas of argillically altered rocks. In the visible through shortwave-infrared (VNIR+SWIR) phyllically altered rocks are characterized by Al-OH absorption in ASTER band 6 because of molecular vibrations in muscovite, whereas argillically altered rocks have an absorption feature in band 5 resulting from alunite. Propylitically altered rocks form a peripheral zone and are present in scattered exposures within the main altered area. Chlorite and muscovite cause distinctive absorption features at 2.33 and 2.20 mu m, respectively, although less intense 2.33 mu m absorption is also present in image spectra of country rocks. Important complementary lithologic information was derived by analysis of the spectral emittance data in the 5 thermal-infrared (TIR) bands. Silicified rocks were not distinguished in the 9 VNIR+SWIR bands because of the lack of diagnostic spectral absorption features in quartz in this wavelength region. Quartz-bearing surficial deposits, as well as hydrothermally silicified rocks, were mapped in the TIR bands by using a band 13/band 12 ratio image, which is sensitive to the intensity of the quartz reststrahlen feature. Improved distinction between the quartzose surficial deposits and silicified bedrock was achieved by using matched-filter processing with TIR image spectra for reference. (c) 2006 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. C1 US Geol Survey, Natl Ctr, Reston, VA 20192 USA. RP Rowan, LC (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Natl Ctr, MS 954, Reston, VA 20192 USA. EM lrowan@usgs.gov NR 36 TC 63 Z9 66 U1 3 U2 14 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 360 PARK AVE SOUTH, NEW YORK, NY 10010-1710 USA SN 0034-4257 EI 1879-0704 J9 REMOTE SENS ENVIRON JI Remote Sens. Environ. PD SEP 15 PY 2006 VL 104 IS 1 BP 74 EP 87 DI 10.1016/j.rse.2006.05.014 PG 14 WC Environmental Sciences; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA 081ZZ UT WOS:000240357400007 ER PT J AU Griffith, CA Penteado, P Rannou, P Brown, R Boudon, V Baines, KH Clark, R Drossart, P Buratti, B Nicholson, P McKay, CP Coustenis, A Negrao, A Jaumann, R AF Griffith, C. A. Penteado, P. Rannou, P. Brown, R. Boudon, V. Baines, K. H. Clark, R. Drossart, P. Buratti, B. Nicholson, P. McKay, C. P. Coustenis, A. Negrao, A. Jaumann, R. TI Evidence for a polar ethane cloud on Titan SO SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID SURFACE; ATMOSPHERE; METHANE; TEMPERATURES; TRITON; WINDS; RAIN; N-2; ICE AB Spectra from Cassini's Visual and Infrared Mapping Spectrometer reveal the presence of a vast tropospheric cloud on Titan at latitudes 51 degrees to 68 degrees north and all longitudes observed (10 degrees to 190 degrees west). The derived characteristics indicate that this cloud is composed of ethane and forms as a result of stratospheric subsidence and the particularly cool conditions near the moon's north pole. Preferential condensation of ethane, perhaps as ice, at Titan's poles during the winters may partially explain the lack of liquid ethane oceans on Titan's surface at middle and lower latitudes. C1 Univ Arizona, Lunar & Planetary Lab, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. Univ Versailles, Serv Aeron, F-91371 Verrieres Le Buisson, France. Univ Bourgogne, Phys Lab, CNRS, UMR 5027, F-21078 Dijon, France. CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. US Geol Survey, Denver, CO 80225 USA. Observ Paris, Meudon, France. Cornell Univ, Dept Astron, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Mountain View, CA USA. Observ Astron Lisboa, P-1349018 Lisbon, Portugal. Deutsch Zentrum Luft & Raumfahrt, Inst Planetary Explorat, Oberpfaffenhofen, Germany. RP Griffith, CA (reprint author), Univ Arizona, Lunar & Planetary Lab, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. RI BOUDON, Vincent/A-4504-2010; Penteado, Paulo/F-9081-2012; RANNOU, Pascal/I-9059-2012; OI Penteado, Paulo/0000-0001-6759-2037; Negrao, Alberto/0000-0001-6042-1294 NR 34 TC 115 Z9 115 U1 1 U2 10 PU AMER ASSOC ADVANCEMENT SCIENCE PI WASHINGTON PA 1200 NEW YORK AVE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 USA SN 0036-8075 J9 SCIENCE JI Science PD SEP 15 PY 2006 VL 313 IS 5793 BP 1620 EP 1622 DI 10.1126/science.1128245 PG 3 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 083YS UT WOS:000240498900040 PM 16973876 ER PT J AU Blazer, VS Fournie, JW Wolf, JC Wolfe, MJ AF Blazer, Vicki S. Fournie, John W. Wolf, Jeffrey C. Wolfe, Marilyn J. TI Diagnostic criteria for proliferative hepatic lesions in brown bullhead Ameiurus nebulosus SO DISEASES OF AQUATIC ORGANISMS LA English DT Article DE brown bullhead; liver; neoplasia; proliferative lesions; diagnostic criteria ID LAKE ERIE TRIBUTARIES; ICTALURUS-NEBULOSUS; GREAT-LAKES; PSEUDOPLEURONECTES-AMERICANUS; AROMATIC-HYDROCARBONS; FUNDULUS-HETEROCLITUS; LIVER NEOPLASMS; WINTER FLOUNDER; NORTH-AMERICA; BOSTON HARBOR AB Brown bullhead Ameiurus nebulosus is used as indicator species for contaminant effects at areas of concern (AOC) in the Great Lakes and other areas. One of the beneficial use impairments at numerous AOC is 'fish tumors and other deformities'. An impairment occurs when the prevalence of fish tumors and other deformities exceeds those at unimpacted or control sites or when survey data confirm the presence of neoplastic or preneoplastic liver lesions in bullbead or white sucker Catostomus commersonii. Numerous surveys have been conducted over the years assessing neoplasia in these fishes, both liver and skin tumors. However, a major problem in comparing the results has been a lack of consistent criteria for evaluating histological changes in bullhead livers. As individual AOC develop and implement remedial action plans, realistic and attainable delisting targets need to be specified. For this to occur and be consistent from site to site there must be standardization of the criteria being used to evaluate specific impairments. In this report, specific diagnostic criteria are provided for both non-neoplastic and neoplastic proliferative hepatocellular and biliary lesions. These criteria should assist fish pathologists in describing and categorizing proliferative liver lesions from brown bullhead. C1 US Geol Survey, Natl Fish Hlth Res Lab, Kearneysville, WV 25430 USA. US EPA, Gulf Ecol Div, Gulf Breeze, FL 32561 USA. Registry Tumors Lower Anim, Sterling, VA 20166 USA. RP Blazer, VS (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Natl Fish Hlth Res Lab, 11649 Leetown Rd, Kearneysville, WV 25430 USA. EM vblazer@usgs.gov FU NCI NIH HHS [N02-CB-27034] NR 52 TC 24 Z9 25 U1 0 U2 10 PU INTER-RESEARCH PI OLDENDORF LUHE PA NORDBUNTE 23, D-21385 OLDENDORF LUHE, GERMANY SN 0177-5103 J9 DIS AQUAT ORGAN JI Dis. Aquat. Org. PD SEP 14 PY 2006 VL 72 IS 1 BP 19 EP 30 DI 10.3354/dao072019 PG 12 WC Fisheries; Veterinary Sciences SC Fisheries; Veterinary Sciences GA 103US UT WOS:000241912800003 PM 17067070 ER PT J AU Deviney, FA Rice, KC Hornberger, GM AF Deviney, Frank A. Rice, Karen C., Jr. Hornberger, George M. TI Time series and recurrence interval models to predict the vulnerability of streams to episodic acidification in Shenandoah National Park, Virginia SO WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID TROUT SALVELINUS-FONTINALIS; ACIDIC DEPOSITION; UNITED-STATES; NEW-YORK; FISH AB Acid rain affects headwater streams by temporarily reducing the acid-neutralizing capacity (ANC) of the water, a process termed episodic acidification. The increase in acidic components in stream water can have deleterious effects on the aquatic biota. Although acidic deposition is uniform across Shenandoah National Park (SNP) in north central Virginia, the stream water quality response during rain events varies substantially. This response is a function of the catchment's underlying geology and topography. Geologic and topographic data for SNP's 231 catchments are readily available; however, long-term measurements (tens of years) of ANC and accompanying discharge are not and would be prohibitively expensive to collect. Transfer function time series models were developed to predict hourly ANC from discharge for five SNP catchments with long-term water-quality and discharge records. Hourly ANC predictions over short time periods (<= 1 week) were averaged, and distributions of the recurrence intervals of annual water-year minimum ANC values were model-simulated for periods of 6, 24, 72, and 168 hours. The distributions were extrapolated to the rest of the SNP catchments on the basis of catchment geology and topography. On the basis of the models, large numbers of SNP streams have 6- to 168-hour periods of low-ANC values, which may stress resident fish populations. Smaller catchments are more vulnerable to episodic acidification than larger catchments underlain by the same bedrock. Catchments with similar topography and size are more vulnerable if underlain by less basaltic/carbonate bedrock. Many catchments are predicted to have successive years of low-ANC values potentially sufficient to extirpate some species. C1 Univ Virginia, Dept Environm Sci, Charlottesville, VA 22904 USA. US Geol Survey, Div Water Resources, Charlottesville, VA 22903 USA. RP Rice, KC (reprint author), Univ Virginia, Dept Environm Sci, Charlottesville, VA 22904 USA. EM kcrice@usgs.gov RI Rice, Karen/A-8945-2013; OI Rice, Karen/0000-0002-9356-5443 NR 34 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 1 U2 9 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0043-1397 J9 WATER RESOUR RES JI Water Resour. Res. PD SEP 13 PY 2006 VL 42 IS 9 AR W09405 DI 10.1029/2005WR004740 PG 14 WC Environmental Sciences; Limnology; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Water Resources GA 086BY UT WOS:000240649300001 ER PT J AU Bistodeau, TJ Barber, LB Bartell, SE Cediel, RA Grove, KJ Klaustermeier, J Woodard, JC Lee, KE Schoenfuss, HL AF Bistodeau, Travis J. Barber, Larry B. Bartell, Stephen E. Cediel, Roberto A. Grove, Kent J. Klaustermeier, Jacob Woodard, Janet C. Lee, Kathy E. Schoenfuss, Heiko L. TI Larval exposure to environmentally relevant mixtures of alkylphenolethoxylates reduces reproductive competence in male fathead minnows SO AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article DE alkylphenolethoxylates; nonylphenolethoxylates; octylphenolethoxylate; fathead minnow; reproduction; wastewater treatment plant effluent ID PERFORMANCE LIQUID-CHROMATOGRAPHY; SEWAGE-TREATMENT PLANT; PIMEPHALES-PROMELAS; AQUATIC ENVIRONMENT; WASTE-WATER; POLYETHOXYLATE SURFACTANTS; VITELLOGENIN INDUCTION; ESTROGENIC ACTIVITY; ORGANIC-CHEMICALS; BEHAVIOR AB The ubiquitous presence of nonylphenolethoxylate/octylphenolethoxylate (NPE/OPE) compounds in aquatic environments adjacent to wastewater treatment plants (WWTP) warrants an assessment of the endocrine disrupting potential of these complex mixtures on aquatic vertebrates. In this study, fathead minnow larvae were exposed for 64 days to a mixture of NPE/OPE, which closely models the NPE/OPE composition of a major metropolitan WWTP effluent. Target exposure concentrations included a total NPE/OPE mixture load of 200% of the WWTP effluent concentration (148 mu g/L), 100% of the WWTP effluent concentration (74 mu g/L) and 50% of the WWTP effluent concentration (38 mu g/L). The NPE/OPE mixture contained 0.2% 4-t-octylphenol, 2.8% 4-nonylphenol, 5.1% 4-nonylphenolmonoethoxylate, 9.3% 4-nonylphenoldiethoxylate, 0.9% 4-t-octylphenolmonoethoxylate, 3.1% 4-t-octylphenoldiethoxylate, 33.8% 4-nonylphenolmonoethoxycarboxylate, and 44.8% 4-nonylphenoldiethoxycarboxylate. An additional exposure of 5 mu g/L 4-nonylphenol (nominal) was conducted. The exposure utilized a flow-through system supplied by ground water and designed to deliver consistent concentrations of applied chemicals. Following exposure, larvae were raised to maturity. Upon sexual maturation, exposed male fish were allowed to compete with control males in a competitive spawning assay. Nest holding ability of control and exposed fish was carefully monitored for 7 days. All male fish were then sacrificed and analyzed for plasma vitellogenin, developmental changes in gonadal tissues, alterations in the development of secondary sexual characters, morphometric changes, and changes to reproductive behavior. When exposed to the 200% NPE/OPE treatment most larvae died within the first 4 weeks of exposure. Both the 100% and 50% NPE/OPE exposures caused a significant decrease in reproductive behavior, as indicated by an inability of many of the previously exposed males to acquire and hold a nest site required for reproduction. In contrast, the 5 mu g/L 4-nonylphenol exposure resulted in significantly enhanced reproductive behavior compared to that of control males and a majority of the nesting sites were held by previously exposed males. No significant change in the development of gonadal tissues was observed. The 100% NPE/OPE exposure resulted in a significant reduction in the gonadal somatic index and in the prominence of secondary sexual characteristics of exposed larvae. This study indicates that NPE/OPE mixtures have an effect on the reproductive competence of previously exposed male fathead minnows. In addition, 4-nonylphenol concentrations utilized in all exposures were below regulatory guidelines, suggesting that evaluation of 4-nonylphenol alone may not be sufficient for identifying potentially adverse effects of this suite of compounds usually found as mixtures in the aquatic environment. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 St Cloud State Univ, Dept Biol Sci, St Cloud, MN 56301 USA. US Geol Survey, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. US Geol Survey, Mounds View, MN 55112 USA. RP Schoenfuss, HL (reprint author), St Cloud State Univ, Dept Biol Sci, 720 4th Ave S, St Cloud, MN 56301 USA. EM hschoenfuss@stcloudstate.edu NR 38 TC 36 Z9 38 U1 2 U2 11 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0166-445X J9 AQUAT TOXICOL JI Aquat. Toxicol. PD SEP 12 PY 2006 VL 79 IS 3 BP 268 EP 277 DI 10.1016/j.aquatox.2006.06.015 PG 10 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Toxicology SC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Toxicology GA 084XH UT WOS:000240567200007 PM 16891002 ER PT J AU Saiki, MK Martin, BA May, TW Alpers, CN AF Saiki, Michael K. Martin, Barbara A. May, Thomas W. Alpers, Charles N. TI Mercury concentrations in two recreationally important fishes from a northern California reservoir SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 [Saiki, Michael K.; Martin, Barbara A.] US Geol Survey, Western Fisheries Res Ctr, Dixon Duty Stn, Dixon, CA 95620 USA. [May, Thomas W.] US Geol Survey, Columbia Environm Res Ctr, Columbia, MO 65201 USA. [Alpers, Charles N.] US Geol Survey, Water Resources Discipline, Sacramento, CA 95819 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 2 U2 2 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD SEP 10 PY 2006 VL 232 MA 177-AGFD BP 272 EP 272 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA V15DB UT WOS:000207781600255 ER PT J AU Hladik, ML Smalling, KL Orlando, JL Kuivila, K AF Hladik, Michelle L. Smalling, Kelly L. Orlando, James L. Kuivila, Kathryn TI Occurrence of pyrethroids in bed and suspended sediments in California SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 [Hladik, Michelle L.; Smalling, Kelly L.; Orlando, James L.; Kuivila, Kathryn] US Geol Survey, Sacramento, CA 95819 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD SEP 10 PY 2006 VL 232 MA 68-AGRO BP 457 EP 457 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA V15DB UT WOS:000207781600400 ER PT J AU Foreman, WT Majewski, MS Zamora, C Kratzer, C AF Foreman, William T. Majewski, Michael S. Zamora, Celia Kratzer, Charles TI Pesticide concentrations in rainfall and resulting runoff SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 [Foreman, William T.] US Geol Survey, Natl Water Qual Lab, Denver, CO 80225 USA. [Majewski, Michael S.; Zamora, Celia; Kratzer, Charles] US Geol Survey, Calif Water Sci Ctr, Sacramento, CA 95819 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD SEP 10 PY 2006 VL 232 MA 229-AGRO BP 461 EP 461 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA V15DB UT WOS:000207781600404 ER PT J AU Majewski, MS Zamora, C Foreman, WT Kratzer, C AF Majewski, Michael S. Zamora, Celia Foreman, William T. Kratzer, Charles TI Wet and dry atmospheric deposition of pesticides in the San Joaquin Valley, California SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 [Majewski, Michael S.; Zamora, Celia; Kratzer, Charles] US Geol Survey, Calif Water Sci Ctr, Sacramento, CA 95819 USA. [Foreman, William T.] US Geol Survey, Natl Water Qual Lab, Denver, CO 80225 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD SEP 10 PY 2006 VL 232 MA 228-AGRO BP 470 EP 470 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA V15DB UT WOS:000207781600413 ER PT J AU Primus, TM Graves, SF Johnston, JJ Howald, G Swift, C Eisemann, JD AF Primus, Thomas M. Graves, Shawna F. Johnston, John J. Howald, Gregg Swift, Catherine Eisemann, John D. TI Determination of brodifacoum in Palmyra Atoll land crab tissue SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 [Primus, Thomas M.; Graves, Shawna F.; Johnston, John J.; Eisemann, John D.] APHIS, USDA, WS, Natl Wildlife Res Ctr, Ft Collins, CO 80521 USA. [Howald, Gregg] Univ Calif Santa Cruz, Long Marine Lab, Santa Cruz, CA 95060 USA. [Swift, Catherine] US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Pacific Isl Fish & Wildlife Off, Honolulu, HI 96850 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD SEP 10 PY 2006 VL 232 MA 18-AGRO BP 503 EP 503 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA V15DB UT WOS:000207781600446 ER PT J AU Capel, PD Ohrt, AW AF Capel, Paul D. Ohrt, Andrew W. TI Modeling dry deposition of atmospheric pesticides to an agricultural watershed in Washington SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 [Capel, Paul D.] Univ Minnesota, US Geol Survey, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA. [Ohrt, Andrew W.] Univ Minnesota, Dept Civil Engn, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD SEP 10 PY 2006 VL 232 MA 204-AGRO BP 547 EP 547 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA V15DB UT WOS:000207781600490 ER PT J AU Ackerman, LK Usenko, S Hageman, KJ Campbell, DH Landers, DH Simonichi, SL AF Ackerman, Luke K. Usenko, Sascha Hageman, Kimberly J. Campbell, Donald H. Landers, Dixon H. Simonichi, Staci L. TI PBTs in high places: Western US national parks SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 [Ackerman, Luke K.; Usenko, Sascha; Hageman, Kimberly J.; Simonichi, Staci L.] Oregon State Univ, Dept Chem, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. [Campbell, Donald H.] Denver Fed Ctr, USGS WRD, Lakewood, CO 80225 USA. [Landers, Dixon H.] US EPA, Western Ecol Div, NHHERL, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. [Simonichi, Staci L.] Oregon State Univ, Dept Environm & Mol Toxicol, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. RI Ackerman, Luke/E-4597-2011; Usenko, Sascha/N-8730-2015 OI Ackerman, Luke/0000-0001-6626-3039; NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 3 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD SEP 10 PY 2006 VL 232 MA 138-ENVR BP 661 EP 661 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA V15DB UT WOS:000207781604592 ER PT J AU She, JW Holden, A Tanner, M Adelsbach, TL Schwarzbach, SE Yee, JL Thompson, CW Hooper, K AF She, Jianwen Holden, Arthur Tanner, Manon Adelsbach, Terrence L. Schwarzbach, Steven E. Yee, Julie L. Thompson, Christopher W. Hooper, Kim TI Polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) concentrations in wild avian eggs from San Francisco Bay from 2000 to 2003 SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 [She, Jianwen; Tanner, Manon] Calif Dept Tox Subst Control, Berkeley, CA 94710 USA. [Holden, Arthur; Hooper, Kim] Environm Chem Lab, Dept Tox Subst Control, Berkeley, CA 94707 USA. [Adelsbach, Terrence L.] US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Sacramento Fish & Wildlife Off, Environm Contaminants Div, Sacramento, CA 95825 USA. [Schwarzbach, Steven E.; Yee, Julie L.] USGS, Western Ecol Res Ctr, Sacramento, CA 95819 USA. [Thompson, Christopher W.] Washington Dept Fish & Wildlife, Washington, DC USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 2 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD SEP 10 PY 2006 VL 232 MA 274-ENVR BP 758 EP 758 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA V15DB UT WOS:000207781604689 ER PT J AU Bond, DL Davis, JA Zachara, JM AF Bond, Deborah L. Davis, James A. Zachara, John M. TI GEOC 20-U(VI) desorption and dissolution in a Hanford aquifer SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 [Bond, Deborah L.; Davis, James A.] US Geol Survey, Div Water Resources, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. [Zachara, John M.] Pacific NW Natl Lab, Richland, WA 99352 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD SEP 10 PY 2006 VL 232 MA 20-GEOC PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA V15DB UT WOS:000207781605368 ER PT J AU Cohn, CA Pedigo, C Plumlee, GS Schoonen, MAA AF Cohn, Corey A. Pedigo, Christopher Plumlee, Geoffrey S. Schoonen, Martin A. A. TI DSTR 17-Katrina/Rita sediment-induced formation of hydroxyl radicals and degradation of RNA SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 [Cohn, Corey A.; Schoonen, Martin A. A.] SUNY Stony Brook, Ctr Environm Mol Sci, Dept Geosci, Stony Brook, NY 11794 USA. [Pedigo, Christopher] SUNY Stony Brook, Dept Biol, Stony Brook, NY 11794 USA. [Plumlee, Geoffrey S.] US Geol Survey, Denver, CO 80225 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD SEP 10 PY 2006 VL 232 MA 17-DSTR PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA V15DB UT WOS:000207781602818 ER PT J AU Demas, CR Plumlee, GS Demcheck, DK VanMetre, PC Skrobialowski, SC Stoeckel, DM Lavoie, DL Plunkett, ML Clark, AP AF Demas, Charles R. Plumlee, Geoffrey S. Demcheck, Dennis K. VanMetre, Peter C. Skrobialowski, Stanley C. Stoeckel, Donald M. Lavoie, Dawn L. Plunkett, Michael L. Clark, Athena P. TI DSTR 12-Overview of US Geological Survey research efforts post Katrina and Rita, and future research needs from an earth- and ecological science perspective SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 [Demas, Charles R.; Demcheck, Dennis K.; Skrobialowski, Stanley C.] US Geol Survey, Louisiana Water Sci Ctr, Baton Rouge, LA 70816 USA. [Plumlee, Geoffrey S.] US Geol Survey, MS Denver Fed Ctr 964, Denver, CO 80225 USA. [VanMetre, Peter C.] US Geol Survey, Texas Water Sci Ctr, Austin, TX 78754 USA. [Stoeckel, Donald M.] US Geol Survey, Columbus, OH 43229 USA. [Lavoie, Dawn L.] US Geol Survey, Big Branch Marsh Natl Wildlife Refuge, Lacombe, LA 70445 USA. [Plunkett, Michael L.] US Geol Survey, Mississippi Water Sci Ctr, Pearl, MS 39208 USA. [Clark, Athena P.] US Geol Survey, Alabama Water Sci Ctr, AUM TechnaCtr, Montgomery, AL 36117 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD SEP 10 PY 2006 VL 232 MA 12-DSTR PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA V15DB UT WOS:000207781602792 ER PT J AU Foreman, WT Van Metre, PC Plumlee, GS Mahler, BJ Furlong, ET Burbank, TL Burkhardt, MR Madsen, JE Markovchick, DJ Skrobialowski, SC Wilson, JT Zaugg, SD AF Foreman, William T. Van Metre, Peter C. Plumlee, Geoffrey S. Mahler, Barbara J. Furlong, Edward T. Burbank, Teresa L. Burkhardt, Mark R. Madsen, James E. Markovchick, Dennis J. Skrobialowski, Stanley C. Wilson, Jennifer T. Zaugg, Steven D. TI DSTR 15-Organic contaminants in New Orleans, Louisiana, floodwater mud and Lake Pontchartrain sediment samples following hurricanes Katrina and Rita SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 [Foreman, William T.; Furlong, Edward T.; Burbank, Teresa L.; Burkhardt, Mark R.; Madsen, James E.; Markovchick, Dennis J.; Zaugg, Steven D.] US Geol Survey, Natl Water Qual Lab, Lakewood, CO 80225 USA. [Van Metre, Peter C.; Mahler, Barbara J.; Wilson, Jennifer T.] US Geol Survey, Texas Water Sci Ctr, Austin, TX 78754 USA. [Skrobialowski, Stanley C.] US Geol Survey, Louisiana Water Sci Ctr, Baton Rouge, LA 70816 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD SEP 10 PY 2006 VL 232 MA 15-DSTR PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA V15DB UT WOS:000207781602821 ER PT J AU Fuller, CC Bargar, JR Arai, Y Webb, SM De La Rosa, MP AF Fuller, Christopher C. Bargar, John R. Arai, Yuji Webb, Samuel M. De la Rosa, Myriam Perez TI GEOC 130-Role of microbial Mn oxide nanoparticles in Zn attenuation in mine-contaminated streams SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 [Fuller, Christopher C.] US Geol Survey, Div Water Resources, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. [Bargar, John R.; Webb, Samuel M.; De la Rosa, Myriam Perez] Stanford Synchrotron Radiat Lab, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. [Arai, Yuji] US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 1 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD SEP 10 PY 2006 VL 232 MA 130-GEOC PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA V15DB UT WOS:000207781605375 ER PT J AU Holloway, JM Cordova-Kreylos, AL Scow, KM AF Holloway, JoAnn M. Cordova-Kreylos, Ana Lucia Scow, Kate M. TI DSTR 22-Microbial community structure in New Orleans flood sediments deposited by hurricanes Katrina and Rita SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 [Holloway, JoAnn M.] US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Lakewood, CO 80225 USA. [Scow, Kate M.] Univ Calif Davis, Dept Land Air &Water Resources, Davis, CA 95616 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD SEP 10 PY 2006 VL 232 MA 22-DSTR PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA V15DB UT WOS:000207781602816 ER PT J AU Koenig, AE Wilson, SA AF Koenig, Alan E. Wilson, Stephen A. TI NUCL 47-Development of methods and standard reference materials for trace element analyses of geological materials by laser ablation ICP-MS SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 [Koenig, Alan E.; Wilson, Stephen A.] US Geol Survey, Mineral Resources Team, Denver Fed Ctr, Denver, CO 80225 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD SEP 10 PY 2006 VL 232 MA 47-NUCL PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA V15DB UT WOS:000207781605449 ER PT J AU Murray, J AF Murray, Jessica TI DSTR 39-Bricks and bungies, triggers and shadows or what's new in earthquake research SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 [Murray, Jessica] US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD SEP 10 PY 2006 VL 232 MA 39-DSTR PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA V15DB UT WOS:000207781602796 ER PT J AU Plumlee, GS Meeker, G Demas, CR Foreman, WT Lovelace, JK Hageman, PL Morman, SA Lamothe, PJ Sutley, S Breit, GN Brownfield, I Furlong, ET Goldstein, H Adams, M Rosenbauer, RJ Nilsen, E AF Plumlee, Geoffrey S. Meeker, Gregory Demas, Charles R. Foreman, William T. Lovelace, John K. Hageman, Philip L. Morman, Suzette A. Lamothe, Paul J. Sutley, Stephen Breit, George N. Brownfield, Isabelle Furlong, Edward T. Goldstein, Harland Adams, Monique Rosenbauer, Robert J. Nilsen, Elena TI DSTR 14-Sources, mineralogy, chemistry, environmental reactivity, and metal bioaccessibility of flood sediments deposited in the New Orleans area by hurricanes Katrina and Rita SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 [Meeker, Gregory; Brownfield, Isabelle] US Geol Survey, Denver Microbeam Lab, Denver Fed Ctr, Denver, CO 80225 USA. [Demas, Charles R.; Lovelace, John K.] US Geol Survey, Louisiana Water Sci Ctr, Baton Rouge, LA 70816 USA. [Foreman, William T.; Furlong, Edward T.] US Geol Survey, Natl Water Qual Lab, Lakewood, CO 80225 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD SEP 10 PY 2006 VL 232 MA 14-DSTR PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA V15DB UT WOS:000207781602819 ER PT J AU Smith, GJ AF Smith, Gregory J. TI DSTR 13-Biological impacts of hurricane Katrina on the Gulf Coast SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 [Smith, Gregory J.] US Geol Survey, Natl Wetlands Res Ctr, Lafayette, LA 70506 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 1 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD SEP 10 PY 2006 VL 232 MA 13-DSTR PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA V15DB UT WOS:000207781602793 ER PT J AU Tang, YZ Plumlee, GS Schoonen, MAA Reeder, RJ AF Tang, Yuanzhi Plumlee, Geoffrey S. Schoonen, Martin A. A. Reeder, Richard J. TI DSTR 16-Characterization of heterogeneous hurricane Katrina flood sediments using micro-X-ray fluorescence mapping and X-ray absorption spectroscopy SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 [Tang, Yuanzhi; Schoonen, Martin A. A.; Reeder, Richard J.] SUNY Stony Brook, Dept Geosci, Ctr Environm Mol Sci, Stony Brook, NY 11794 USA. [Plumlee, Geoffrey S.] US Geol Survey, Denver, CO 80225 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD SEP 10 PY 2006 VL 232 MA 16-DSTR PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA V15DB UT WOS:000207781602814 ER PT J AU Wang, JM Adams, CD Witt, EC Shaver, DK AF Wang, Jianmin Adams, Craig D. Witt, Emitt C., III Shaver, David K. TI DSTR 27-Chemical quality of soil and sediment samples in post-Katrina New Orleans SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 [Wang, Jianmin; Adams, Craig D.] Univ Missouri, Dept Civil Architectural & Environm Engn, Rolla, MO 65409 USA. [Witt, Emitt C., III; Shaver, David K.] USGS Midcontinent Geog Sci Ctr, Rolla, MO 65401 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD SEP 10 PY 2006 VL 232 MA 27-DSTR PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA V15DB UT WOS:000207781602801 ER PT J AU White, A AF White, Art TI GEOC 114-Lithogenic vs. biogenic controls on mineral nutrients in soil weathering environments SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 [White, Art] USGS Menlo Pk, CA, Menlo Pk, CA 94035 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 2 U2 2 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD SEP 10 PY 2006 VL 232 MA 11-GEOC PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA V15DB UT WOS:000207781605391 ER PT J AU Zhou, QL Salve, R Liu, HH Wang, JSY Hudson, D AF Zhou, Quanlin Salve, Rohit Liu, Hui-Hai Wang, Joseph S. Y. Hudson, David TI Analysis of a mesoscale infiltration and water seepage test in unsaturated fractured rock: Spatial variabilities and discrete fracture patterns SO JOURNAL OF CONTAMINANT HYDROLOGY LA English DT Article DE unsaturated flow; fractured rock; numerical modeling; heterogeneity; infiltration; seepage; field test ID BASALT VADOSE ZONE; YUCCA MOUNTAIN; CONTINUUM APPROACH; SOLUTE TRANSPORT; SINGLE FRACTURE; POROUS-MEDIA; WELDED TUFFS; FLOW; MODEL; NETWORK AB A mesoscale (21 m in flow distance) infiltration and seepage test was recently conducted in a deep, unsaturated fractured rock system at the crossover point of two underground tunnels. Water was released from a 3 m x 4 m infiltration plot on the floor of an alcove in the upper tunnel, and seepage was collected from the ceiling of a niche in the lower tunnel. Significant temporal and (particularly) spatial variabilities were observed in both measured infiltration and seepage rates. To analyze the test results, a three-dimensional unsaturated flow model was used. A column-based scheme was developed to capture heterogeneous hydraulic properties reflected by these spatial variabilities observed. Fracture permeability and van Genuchten a parameter [van Genuchten, M.T., 1980. A closed-form equation for predicting the hydraulic conductivity of unsaturated soils. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 44, 892-898] were calibrated for each rock column in the upper and lower hydrogeologic units in the test bed. The calibrated fracture properties for the infiltration and seepage zone enabled a good match between simulated and measured (spatially varying) seepage rates. The numerical model was also able to capture the general trend of the highly transient seepage processes through a discrete fracture network. The calibrated properties and measured infiltration/seepage rates were further compared with mapped discrete fracture patterns at the top and bottom boundaries. The measured infiltration rates and calibrated fracture permeability of the upper unit were found to be partially controlled by the fracture patterns on the infiltration plot (as indicated by their positive correlations with fracture density). However, no correlation could be established between measured seepage rates and density of fractures mapped on the niche ceiling. This lack of correlation indicates the complexity of (preferential) unsaturated flow within the discrete fracture network. This also indicates that continuum-based modeling of unsaturated flow in fractured rock at mesoscale or a larger scale is not necessarily conditional explicitly on discrete fracture patterns. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Div Earth Sci, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. US Geol Survey, Las Vegas, NV 89144 USA. RP Zhou, QL (reprint author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Div Earth Sci, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. EM Qlzhou@lbl.gov; R_Salve@lbl.gov; HHliu@lbl.gov; JSWang@lbl.gov; dhudson@usgs.gov RI Zhou, Quanlin/B-2455-2009 OI Zhou, Quanlin/0000-0001-6780-7536 NR 60 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 1 U2 12 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0169-7722 J9 J CONTAM HYDROL JI J. Contam. Hydrol. PD SEP 10 PY 2006 VL 87 IS 1-2 BP 96 EP 122 DI 10.1016/j.jconhyd.2006.05.001 PG 27 WC Environmental Sciences; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Geology; Water Resources GA 085DH UT WOS:000240582900006 PM 16797103 ER PT J AU Squyres, SW Knoll, AH Arvidson, RE Clark, BC Grotzinger, JP Jolliff, BL McLennan, SM Tosca, N Bell, JF Calvin, WM Farrand, WH Glotch, TD Golombek, MP Herkenhoff, KE Johnson, JR Klingelhofer, G McSween, HY Yen, AS AF Squyres, S. W. Knoll, A. H. Arvidson, R. E. Clark, B. C. Grotzinger, J. P. Jolliff, B. L. McLennan, S. M. Tosca, N. Bell, J. F., III Calvin, W. M. Farrand, W. H. Glotch, T. D. Golombek, M. P. Herkenhoff, K. E. Johnson, J. R. Klingelhoefer, G. McSween, H. Y. Yen, A. S. TI Two years at Meridiani Planum: Results from the Opportunity Rover SO SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID BURNS FORMATION; MARS; FLOWS; ENVIRONMENT; DIAGENESIS; DEPOSITS; ORIGIN AB The Mars Exploration Rover Opportunity has spent more than 2 years exploring Meridiani Planum, traveling similar to 8 kilometers and detecting features that reveal ancient environmental conditions. These include well-developed festoon ( trough) cross-lamination formed in flowing liquid water, strata with smaller and more abundant hematite-rich concretions than those seen previously, possible relict "hopper crystals'' that might reflect the formation of halite, thick weathering rinds on rock surfaces, resistant fracture fills, and networks of polygonal fractures likely caused by dehydration of sulfate salts. Chemical variations with depth show that the siliciclastic fraction of outcrop rock has undergone substantial chemical alteration from a precursor basaltic composition. Observations from microscopic to orbital scales indicate that ancient Meridiani once had abundant acidic groundwater, arid and oxidizing surface conditions, and occasional liquid flow on the surface. C1 Cornell Univ, Dept Astron, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. Harvard Univ, Bot Museum, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA. Washington Univ, Dept Earth & Planetary Sci, St Louis, MO 63031 USA. Lockheed Martin Corp, Littleton, CO 80127 USA. CALTECH, Div Geol & Planetary Sci, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. SUNY Stony Brook, Dept Geosci, Stony Brook, NY 11794 USA. Univ Nevada, Reno, NV 89557 USA. Space Sci Inst, Boulder, CO 80301 USA. CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. US Geol Survey, Flagstaff, AZ 86001 USA. Johannes Gutenberg Univ Mainz, Inst Anorgan & Analyt Chem, D-55099 Mainz, Germany. Univ Tennessee, Dept Earth & Planetary Sci, Knoxville, TN 37996 USA. RP Squyres, SW (reprint author), Cornell Univ, Dept Astron, Space Sci Bldg, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. RI Glotch, Timothy/B-6829-2008; Johnson, Jeffrey/F-3972-2015 NR 34 TC 116 Z9 116 U1 1 U2 21 PU AMER ASSOC ADVANCEMENT SCIENCE PI WASHINGTON PA 1200 NEW YORK AVE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 USA SN 0036-8075 EI 1095-9203 J9 SCIENCE JI Science PD SEP 8 PY 2006 VL 313 IS 5792 BP 1403 EP 1407 DI 10.1126/science.1130890 PG 5 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 081WQ UT WOS:000240348700033 PM 16959999 ER PT J AU Engle, MA Gustin, MS Goff, F Counce, DA Janik, CJ Bergfeld, D Rytuba, JJ AF Engle, Mark A. Gustin, Mae Sexauer Goff, Fraser Counce, Dale A. Janik, Cathy J. Bergfeld, Deborah Rytuba, James J. TI Atmospheric mercury emissions from substrates and fumaroles associated with three hydrothermal systems in the western United States SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article ID YELLOWSTONE VOLCANIC SYSTEM; REACTIVE GASEOUS MERCURY; FLUX CHAMBER MEASUREMENT; NATIONAL-PARK; CO2 EMISSIONS; LONG-VALLEY; AMBIENT AIR; SOILS; NEVADA; VAPOR AB [ 1] This paper quantifies atmospheric mercury (Hg) emissions from substrates and fumaroles associated with three hydrothermal systems: Lassen Volcanic Center, California (LVC); Yellowstone Caldera, Wyoming (YC); and Dixie Valley, Nevada ( DV). Substrate Hg fluxes were measured using field chamber methods at thermal and nonthermal sites. The highest Hg fluxes ( up to 541 ng m(-2) h(-1)) were measured at thermal active areas. Fluxes from altered and unaltered nonthermal sites were < 10 ng m(-2) h(-1) and were comparable to those measured in natural low-Hg background regions for YC and DV, and at LVC they were slightly elevated. Similarly, reactive gaseous mercury concentrations were higher in thermal active areas. Using a Geographic Information System framework for scaling, estimated area-average Hg emissions from substrates were 0.9 - 3.8 ng m(-2) h(-1) at LVC, 0.8 - 2.8 ng m(-2) h(-1) at YC, and 0.4 - 0.5 ng m(-2) h(-1) at DV. At LVC, nonthermal areas were the primary substrate source of atmospheric Hg (> 98%). At YC, substrate Hg emissions were dominated ( 50 to 90%) by acidically altered thermal areas. Substrate emissions at DV were low and primarily from nonthermal areas (66% to 75%). Fumarole emissions at LVC ( 91 - 146 kg yr(-1)) and YC (0.18 - 1.6 kg yr(-1) for Mud Volcano) were estimated by applying Hg: H2O and Hg: CO2 ratios in hydrothermal gas samples to H2O and CO2 emissions. Applying total area-average emissions from substrates and thermal features at LVC, YC, and DV to similar systems across the conterminous United States, yearly atmospheric Hg emissions from active hydrothermal systems are projected to be 1.3 - 2.1 Mg. C1 Univ Nevada, Dept Nat Resources & Environm Sci, Reno, NV 89512 USA. Los Alamos Natl Lab, EES6, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. RP Engle, MA (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Reston, VA USA. EM msg@unr.nevada.edu RI Mason, Robert/A-6829-2011; OI Engle, Mark/0000-0001-5258-7374 NR 53 TC 26 Z9 26 U1 1 U2 14 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD SEP 7 PY 2006 VL 111 IS D17 AR D17304 DI 10.1029/2005JD006563 PG 16 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 082XI UT WOS:000240420100001 ER PT J AU Squyres, SW Aharonson, O Arvidson, RE Bell, JF Christensen, PR Clark, BC Crisp, JA Farrand, W Glotch, T Golombek, MP Grant, J Grotzinger, J Herkenhoff, KE Johnson, JR Jolliff, BL Knoll, AH McLennan, SM McSween, HY Moore, JM Rice, JW Tosca, N AF Squyres, S. W. Aharonson, O. Arvidson, R. E. Bell, J. F., III Christensen, P. R. Clark, B. C. Crisp, J. A. Farrand, W. Glotch, T. Golombek, M. P. Grant, J. Grotzinger, J. Herkenhoff, K. E. Johnson, J. R. Jolliff, B. L. Knoll, A. H. McLennan, S. M. McSween, H. Y. Moore, J. M. Rice, J. W., Jr. Tosca, N. TI Bedrock formation at Meridiani Planum SO NATURE LA English DT Letter ID BURNS FORMATION; MARS; ENVIRONMENT; DIAGENESIS C1 Cornell Univ, Dept Astron, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. CALTECH, Div Geol & Planetary Sci, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. Washington Univ, Dept Earth & Planetary Sci, St Louis, MO 63130 USA. Arizona State Univ, Dept Geol Sci, Tempe, AZ 85287 USA. Lockheed Martin Corp, Littleton, CO 80127 USA. CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. Space Sci Inst, Boulder, CO 80301 USA. Smithsonian Inst, Ctr Earth & Planetary Studies, Washington, DC 20560 USA. US Geol Survey, Flagstaff, AZ 86001 USA. Harvard Univ, Bot Museum, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA. SUNY Stony Brook, Dept Geosci, Stony Brook, NY 11794 USA. Univ Tennessee, Dept Earth & Planetary Sci, Knoxville, TN 37996 USA. NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. RP Squyres, SW (reprint author), Cornell Univ, Dept Astron, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. EM squyres@astro.cornell.edu RI Johnson, Jeffrey/F-3972-2015; Crisp, Joy/H-8287-2016 OI Crisp, Joy/0000-0002-3202-4416 NR 11 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 2 PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP PI LONDON PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND SN 0028-0836 J9 NATURE JI Nature PD SEP 7 PY 2006 VL 443 IS 7107 BP E1 EP E2 DI 10.1038/nature05212 PG 2 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 081JM UT WOS:000240313900033 PM 16957684 ER PT J AU Griffin, DW Westphal, DL Gray, MA AF Griffin, Dale W. Westphal, Douglas L. Gray, Michael A. TI Airborne microorganisms in the African desert dust corridor over the mid-Atlantic ridge, Ocean Drilling Program, Leg 209 SO AEROBIOLOGIA LA English DT Article DE aerobiology; microbiology; atmospheric microbiology; atmosphere; methods; survival; oceanic ID FUNGAL SPORES; UNITED-STATES; RIBOSOMAL-RNA; UV-RADIATION; BACTERIA; DIVERSITY; SURFACE; AGAR; ENUMERATION; POPULATION AB The objective of this study was to enhance our understanding of the fate and trans-Atlantic transport of dustborne microorganisms from Northern Africa to the Caribbean and Americas, and more specifically to determine if culturable populations could be detected at a mid-ocean site, closer to the source of dust relative to land-based Caribbean sites, during the early summer months of May and June. Between the dates of 22 May and 30 June 2003, daily air samples were collected and evaluated for the presence of culturable bacterial and fungal colony-forming units (CFU). Here we report a statistically significant correlation between daily atmospheric CFU counts at a mid-ocean research site (similar to 15 degrees N, 45 degrees W) and daily desert dust concentrations as determined by the U.S. Navy's Naval Aerosol Analysis and Prediction System (NAAPS) Global Aerosol Model (Honrath et al. (2004). Journal of Geophysical Research, 109; Johnson et al. (2003). Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 17, 1063; Reid et al. (2004). Geophysical Research Letters, 31; Schollaert, Yoder, Westphal, & O'Reilly (2003). Journal of Geophysical Research, 108, 3191). C1 US Geol Survey, St Petersburg, FL 33701 USA. USN, Res Lab, Aerosol & Radiat Sect, Monterey, CA 93943 USA. RP Griffin, DW (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 600 4th St S, St Petersburg, FL 33701 USA. EM dgriffin@usgs.gov NR 45 TC 50 Z9 52 U1 0 U2 14 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0393-5965 J9 AEROBIOLOGIA JI Aerobiologia PD SEP PY 2006 VL 22 IS 3 BP 211 EP 226 DI 10.1007/s10453-006-9033-z PG 16 WC Biology; Environmental Sciences SC Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 084PX UT WOS:000240547700007 ER PT J AU Nardoto, GB Silva, S Kendall, C Ehleringer, JR Chesson, LA Ferraz, ESB Moreira, MZ Ometto, JPHB Martinelli, LA AF Nardoto, Gabriela B. Silva, Steven Kendall, Carol Ehleringer, James R. Chesson, Lesley A. Ferraz, Epaminondas S. B. Moreira, Marcelo Z. Ometto, Jean P. H. B. Martinelli, Luiz A. TI Geographical patterns of human diet derived from stable-isotope analysis of fingernails SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY LA English DT Article DE carbon; food; human nail; isotope ratios; nitrogen ID CARBON ISOTOPES; HUMAN-HAIR; MAMMALIAN HERBIVORES; NITROGEN ISOTOPES; BONE-COLLAGEN; DELTA-N-15; ANIMALS; C-13; N-15; RECONSTRUCTION AB Carbon and nitrogen isotope ratios of human fingernails were measured in 490 individuals in the western US and 273 individuals in southeastern Brazil living in urban areas, and 53 individuals living in a moderately isolated area in the central Amazon region of Brazil and consuming mostly locally grown foods. In addition, we measured the carbon and nitrogen isotope ratios of common food items to assess the extent to which these isotopic signatures remain distinct for people eating both omnivorous and vegetarian diets and living in different parts of the world, and the extent to which dietary information can be interpreted from these analyses. Fingernail delta C-13 values (mean +/- standard deviation) were -15.4 +/- 1.0 and -18.8 +/- 0.8 parts per thousand and delta N-15 values were 10.4 +/- 0.7 and 9.4 +/- 0.6%. for southeastern Brazil and western US populations, respectively. Despite opportunities for a "global supermarket" effect to swamp out carbon and nitrogen isotope ratios in these two urbanized regions of the world, differences in the fingernail isotope ratios between southeastern Brazil and western US populations persisted, and appeared to be more associated with regional agricultural and animal production practices. Omnivores and vegetarians from Brazil and the US were isotopically distinct, both within and between regions. In a comparison of fingernails of individuals from an urban city and isolated communities in the Amazonian region, the urban region was similar to southeastern Brazil, whereas individuals from isolated nonurban communities showed distinctive isotopic values consistent with their diets and with the isotopic values of local foods. Although there is a tendency for a "global supermarket" diet, carbon and nitrogen isotopes of human fingernails hold dietary information directly related to both food sources and dietary practices in a region. C1 Univ Sao Paulo, Ctr Energia Nucl Agr, Lab Ecol Isotop, BR-13416000 Piracicaba, SP, Brazil. US Geol Survey, Stable Isotope & Tritium Labs, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. Univ Utah, Dept Biol, Stable Isotope Ratio Facil Environm Res, Salt Lake City, UT 84112 USA. RP Nardoto, GB (reprint author), Univ Sao Paulo, Ctr Energia Nucl Agr, Lab Ecol Isotop, BR-13416000 Piracicaba, SP, Brazil. EM gbnardot@carpa.ciagri.usp.br RI Martinelli, Luiz/F-7870-2011; Ometto, Jean/B-3351-2013; Moreira, Marcelo/D-4622-2013; Nardoto, Gabriela/J-7459-2012 OI Martinelli, Luiz/0000-0002-7103-7551; Nardoto, Gabriela/0000-0001-8062-7417 NR 48 TC 54 Z9 55 U1 2 U2 15 PU WILEY-LISS PI HOBOKEN PA DIV JOHN WILEY & SONS INC, 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN, NJ 07030 USA SN 0002-9483 J9 AM J PHYS ANTHROPOL JI Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. PD SEP PY 2006 VL 131 IS 1 BP 137 EP 146 DI 10.1002/ajpa.20409 PG 10 WC Anthropology; Evolutionary Biology SC Anthropology; Evolutionary Biology GA 075BI UT WOS:000239856800014 PM 16552735 ER PT J AU Poore, BS Chrisman, NR AF Poore, Barbara S. Chrisman, Nicholas R. TI Order from noise: Toward a social theory of geographic information SO ANNALS OF THE ASSOCIATION OF AMERICAN GEOGRAPHERS LA English DT Review DE cybernetics; geographic information; GIScience; history of GIS ID AUTOMATED GEOGRAPHY; MATHEMATICAL-THEORY; GIS; SCIENCE; COMMUNICATION; REVOLUTION; SYSTEMS; INFRASTRUCTURE; CONSTRUCTION; CARTOGRAPHY AB In the so-called Information Age, it is surprising that the concept of information is imprecisely defined and almost taken for granted. Historic and recent geographic information science (GIScience) literature relies on two conflicting metaphors, often espoused by the same author in adjacent paragraphs. The metaphor of invariance, derived from telecommunications engineering, defines information as a thing to be transported without loss through a conduit. Another metaphor, originating in the utopian movements of the 19th century, locates information within a hierarchy of refinement - a stopping place on the path to convert mere data into higher forms of knowledge and perhaps to wisdom. Both metaphors rely on long-forgotten debates outside geography and preclude us from seeing that there are important social and ethical concerns in the relationship between geographic information technologies and society. We examine the conflicts between competing metaphors and propose a social theory of geographic information. C1 US Geol Survey, St Petersburg, FL 33701 USA. Univ Laval, Laval, PQ G1K 7P4, Canada. RP Poore, BS (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 600 4th St S, St Petersburg, FL 33701 USA. EM poore@usgs.gov; nicholas.chrisman@geoide.ulaval.ca RI Chrisman, Nicholas/B-5240-2011 OI Chrisman, Nicholas/0000-0002-6542-7561 NR 156 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 2 U2 13 PU ROUTLEDGE JOURNALS, TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD PI ABINGDON PA 4 PARK SQUARE, MILTON PARK, ABINGDON OX14 4RN, OXFORDSHIRE, ENGLAND SN 0004-5608 J9 ANN ASSOC AM GEOGR JI Ann. Assoc. Am. Geogr. PD SEP PY 2006 VL 96 IS 3 BP 508 EP 523 DI 10.1111/j.1467-8306.2006.00703.x PG 16 WC Geography SC Geography GA 080ZN UT WOS:000240287100004 ER PT J AU Robinson, GR Ayotte, JD AF Robinson, Gilpin R., Jr. Ayotte, Joseph D. TI The influence of geology and land use on arsenic in stream sediments and ground waters in New England, USA SO APPLIED GEOCHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID SPATIAL INTERPOLATORS; STATISTICS; SOILS AB Population statistics for As concentrations in rocks, sediments and ground water differ by geology and land use features in the New England region, USA. Significant sources of As in the surficial environment include both natural weathering of rocks and anthropogenic sources such as arsenical pesticides that were commonly applied to apple, blueberry and potato crops during the first half of the 20th century in the region. The variation of As in bedrock ground water wells has a strong positive correlation with geologic features at the geologic province, lithology group, and bedrock map unit levels. The variation of As in bedrock ground water wells also has a positive correlation with elevated stream sediment and rock As chemistry. Elevated As concentrations in bedrock wells do not correlate with past agricultural areas that used arsenical pesticides on crops. Stream sediments, which integrate both natural and anthropogenic sources, have a strong positive correlation of As concentrations with rock chemistry, geologic provinces and ground water chemistry, and a weaker positive correlation with past agricultural land use. Although correlation is not sufficient to demonstrate cause-and-effect, the statistics favor rock-based As as the dominant regional source of the element in stream sediments and ground water in New England. The distribution of bedrock geology features at the geologic province, lithology group and map unit level closely correlate with areas of elevated As in ground water, stream sediments, and rocks. (c) 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 US Geol Survey, Reston, VA 20192 USA. US Geol Survey, Pembroke, NH 03275 USA. RP Robinson, GR (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 954 Natl Ctr, Reston, VA 20192 USA. EM grobinso@usgs.gov NR 50 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 2 U2 10 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0883-2927 J9 APPL GEOCHEM JI Appl. Geochem. PD SEP PY 2006 VL 21 IS 9 BP 1482 EP 1497 DI 10.1016/j.apgeochem.2006.05.004 PG 16 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 092KV UT WOS:000241096400003 ER PT J AU Oden, CP Schweitzer, JS McDowell, GM AF Oden, C. P. Schweitzer, J. S. McDowell, G. M. TI The feasibility of well-logging measurements of arsenic levels using neutron-activation analysis SO APPLIED RADIATION AND ISOTOPES LA English DT Article AB Arsenic is an extremely toxic metal, which poses a significant problem in many mining environments. Arsenic contamination is also a major problem in ground and surface waters. A feasibility study was conducted to determine if neutron-activation analysis is a practical method of measuring in situ arsenic levels. The response of hypothetical well-logging tools to arsenic was simulated using a readily available Monte Carlo simulation code (MCNP). Simulations were made for probes with both hyperpure germanium (HPGe) and bismuth germanate (BGO) detectors using accelerator and isotopic neutron sources. Both sources produce similar results; however, the BGO detector is much more susceptible to spectral interference than the HPGe detector. Spectral interference from copper can preclude low-level arsenic measurements when using the BGO detector. Results show that a borehole probe could be built that would measure arsenic concentrations of 100 ppm by weight to an uncertainty of 50 ppm in about 15 min. (c) 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 US Geol Survey, Crustal Imaging & Characterizat Team, Denver, CO 80225 USA. Colorado Sch Mines, Geophys Dept, Golden, CO 80401 USA. Univ Connecticut, Dept Phys, Storrs, CT 06269 USA. Inco Tech Serv Ltd, Copper Cliff, ON POM 1N0, Canada. RP Oden, CP (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Crustal Imaging & Characterizat Team, POB 25046,MS 964, Denver, CO 80225 USA. EM coden@usgs.gov NR 19 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 1 U2 1 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0969-8043 J9 APPL RADIAT ISOTOPES JI Appl. Radiat. Isot. PD SEP PY 2006 VL 64 IS 9 BP 1074 EP 1081 DI 10.1016/j.apradiso.2006.04.007 PG 8 WC Chemistry, Inorganic & Nuclear; Nuclear Science & Technology; Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging SC Chemistry; Nuclear Science & Technology; Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging GA 081DL UT WOS:000240297300017 PM 16737819 ER PT J AU Lake, BC Lindberg, MS Schmutz, JA Anthony, RM Broerman, FJ AF Lake, Bryce C. Lindberg, Mark S. Schmutz, Joel A. Anthony, R. Michael Broerman, Fred J. TI Using videography to quantify landscape-level availability of habitat for grazers: An example with emperor geese in western Alaska SO ARCTIC LA English DT Article DE Alaska; Carex; emperor goose; Chen canagica; grazing lawn; Yukon-Kuskokwim Delta; videography ID YUKON-KUSKOKWIM DELTA; LESSER SNOW GEESE; GOOSE GOSLINGS; FOOD; VEGETATION; GROWTH; CLASSIFICATIONS; ECOSYSTEMS; SELECTION; ACCURACY AB We present a videography approach to estimating large-scale availability of grazing lawns, an important food resource used by broods of emperor geese (Chen canagica) on the Yukon-Kuskokwim Delta, Alaska. Sampling was conducted in 1999, 2003, and 2004 at six locations that encompassed similar to 40% of the North American population of breeding emperor geese. We conducted ground truthing in 2003 and 2004 to estimate how accurately grazing lawn was classified. Overall, classification accuracy for grazing lawn and non-grazing lawn habitat was greater than 91%. Availability of grazing lawns was stable among years, but varied both among and within locations. Some locations have up to three times as much available grazing lawn, which in combination with densities of geese, likely represents dramatic variation in per capita food availability. Our results suggest that videography is a useful way to sample quickly across a large region and accurately identify fine-scale habitats. We present its use for estimating the availability of a preferred food resource for emperor geese, but the method could be applied to many other cases. C1 US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Yukon Delta Natl Wildlife Refuge, Bethel, AK 99559 USA. Univ Alaska Fairbanks, Inst Arctic Biol, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA. Univ Alaska Fairbanks, Dept Biol & Wildlife, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA. US Geol Survey, Alaska Sci Ctr, Anchorage, AK 99503 USA. RP Lake, BC (reprint author), US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Yukon Delta Natl Wildlife Refuge, POB 346, Bethel, AK 99559 USA. EM Bryce_Lake@fws.gov NR 36 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 7 PU ARCTIC INST N AMER PI CALGARY PA UNIV OF CALGARY 2500 UNIVERSITY DRIVE NW 11TH FLOOR LIBRARY TOWER, CALGARY, ALBERTA T2N 1N4, CANADA SN 0004-0843 J9 ARCTIC JI Arctic PD SEP PY 2006 VL 59 IS 3 BP 252 EP 260 PG 9 WC Environmental Sciences; Geography, Physical SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Physical Geography GA 092UI UT WOS:000241122400003 ER PT J AU Andres, BA AF Andres, Brad A. TI An Arctic-breeding bird survey on the northwestern Ungava Peninsula, Quebec, Canada SO ARCTIC LA English DT Article DE Arctic birds; breeding; Canada; Quebec; shorebirds; survey AB Knowledge of breeding bird distribution and abundance in the Canadian Arctic remains rudimentary for many species, particularly for shorebirds and songbirds. To help fill this gap, randomly selected plots were surveyed on the northwestern coast of the Ungava Peninsula, Quebec, Canada, during 2002. Thirty-eight species were recorded at 34 sites, where small songbirds were much more frequent than shorebirds. Breeding waterbirds were more abundant at low elevations near the coast, and songbirds tended to be more abundant at higher elevations. A high occurrence of nesting hawks and owls was probably the result of a high lemming population. Information from the survey extended the known breeding ranges of green-winged teal, spotted sandpiper, pectoral sandpiper, dunlin, American golden-plover, Wilson's snipe, and short-eared owl. Further work on the Ungava Peninsula would likely document additional Arctic-breeding bird species. A more thorough knowledge of Arctic-breeding bird distribution will be needed to determine how species might be affected by global climate change. C1 US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Div Migratory Bird Management, Denver, CO 80225 USA. RP Andres, BA (reprint author), US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Div Migratory Bird Management, POB 25486,DFC-Parfet, Denver, CO 80225 USA. EM brad_andres@fws.gov NR 33 TC 6 Z9 7 U1 2 U2 8 PU ARCTIC INST N AMER PI CALGARY PA UNIV OF CALGARY 2500 UNIVERSITY DRIVE NW 11TH FLOOR LIBRARY TOWER, CALGARY, ALBERTA T2N 1N4, CANADA SN 0004-0843 J9 ARCTIC JI Arctic PD SEP PY 2006 VL 59 IS 3 BP 311 EP 318 PG 8 WC Environmental Sciences; Geography, Physical SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Physical Geography GA 092UI UT WOS:000241122400008 ER PT J AU Lanctot, RB Gleason, JS AF Lanctot, Richard B. Gleason, Jeffrey S. TI Alaskan oilfield development and glaucous gulls SO ARCTIC LA English DT Letter ID BEAUFORT SEA C1 US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Migratory Bird Management Div, Anchorage, AK 99503 USA. RP Lanctot, RB (reprint author), US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Migratory Bird Management Div, 1011 E Tudor Rd, Anchorage, AK 99503 USA. NR 11 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU ARCTIC INST N AMER PI CALGARY PA UNIV OF CALGARY 2500 UNIVERSITY DRIVE NW 11TH FLOOR LIBRARY TOWER, CALGARY, ALBERTA T2N 1N4, CANADA SN 0004-0843 J9 ARCTIC JI Arctic PD SEP PY 2006 VL 59 IS 3 BP 334 EP 336 PG 3 WC Environmental Sciences; Geography, Physical SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Physical Geography GA 092UI UT WOS:000241122400011 ER PT J AU Hahn, DC Nemeth, NM Edwards, E Bright, PR Komar, N AF Hahn, D. C. Nemeth, Nicole M. Edwards, Eric Bright, Patricia R. Komar, Nicholas TI Passive West Nile virus antibody transfer from maternal Eastern Screech-Owls (Megascops asio) to progeny SO AVIAN DISEASES LA English DT Article DE West Nile virus; flavivirus; bird; Eastern Screech-Owl; maternal antibody; passive transfer ID INFECTION; BIRDS AB Transovarial antibody transfer in owls has not been demonstrated for West Nile virus (WNV). We sampled chicks from captive adult WNV-antibody-positive Eastern Screech-Owls (Megascops asio) to evaluate the prevalence of transovarial maternal antibody transfer, as well as titers and duration of maternal antibodies. Twenty-four owlets aged 1 to 27 days old circulated detectable antibodies with neutralizing antibody titers ranging from 20 to 1600 (median 1:40). Demonstrating that WNV antibodies are passively transferred transovarially is important for accurate interpretation of serologic data from young birds. C1 Colorado State Univ, Anim Reprod & Biotechnol Lab, Dept Microbiol Immunol & Pathol, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. US Geol Survey, Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, Laurel, MD 20708 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Arbovirus Dis Branch, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. Wildlife Ctr Virginia, Waynesboro, VA 22980 USA. RP Nemeth, NM (reprint author), Colorado State Univ, Anim Reprod & Biotechnol Lab, Dept Microbiol Immunol & Pathol, 3801 W Rampart Rd, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. NR 9 TC 22 Z9 25 U1 0 U2 5 PU AMER ASSOC AVIAN PATHOLOGISTS PI ATHENS PA 953 COLLEGE STATION RD, ATHENS, GA 30602-4875 USA SN 0005-2086 J9 AVIAN DIS JI Avian Dis. PD SEP PY 2006 VL 50 IS 3 BP 454 EP 455 DI 10.1637/7509-012606R1.1 PG 2 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA 088DU UT WOS:000240792500024 PM 17039850 ER PT J AU Link, WA AF Link, William A. TI On identifiability in capture-recapture models - Reply SO BIOMETRICS LA English DT Editorial Material ID POPULATION-SIZE; PROBABILITIES VARY; CLOSED POPULATION; ANIMALS C1 USGS, Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, Laurel, MD 20708 USA. RP Link, WA (reprint author), USGS, Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, Laurel, MD 20708 USA. NR 11 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 6 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING PI OXFORD PA 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DQ, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0006-341X J9 BIOMETRICS JI Biometrics PD SEP PY 2006 VL 62 IS 3 BP 936 EP 939 DI 10.1111/j.1541-0420.2006.00637_2.x PG 4 WC Biology; Mathematical & Computational Biology; Statistics & Probability SC Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics; Mathematical & Computational Biology; Mathematics GA 086YE UT WOS:000240708300041 ER PT J AU Stasiuk, LD Warwick, PD Caddel, EM AF Stasiuk, Lavern D. Warwick, Peter D. Caddel, E. Matthew TI Foreword - CSPG William C. Gussow mini-conferences: Proceedings from Coal Bed Methane - Back to the Basics of Coal Geology SO BULLETIN OF CANADIAN PETROLEUM GEOLOGY LA English DT Editorial Material C1 Nat Resources Canada, Geol Survey Canada, Calgary, AB, Canada. US Geol Survey, Reston, VA 22092 USA. BP Canada, Calgary, AB, Canada. RP Stasiuk, LD (reprint author), Nat Resources Canada, Geol Survey Canada, Calgary, AB, Canada. OI Warwick, Peter/0000-0002-3152-7783 NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU CANADIAN SOC PETROL GEOLOGISTS PI CALGARY PA 505, 206 - 7TH AVE SW, CALGARY, ALBERTA T2P 0W7, CANADA SN 0007-4802 J9 B CAN PETROL GEOL JI Bull. Can. Pet. Geol. PD SEP PY 2006 VL 54 IS 3 BP 195 EP 196 DI 10.2113/gscpgbull.54.3.195 PG 2 WC Energy & Fuels; Engineering, Petroleum; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Energy & Fuels; Engineering; Geology GA 115KQ UT WOS:000242733600001 ER PT J AU Barker, CE Dallegge, T AF Barker, Charles E. Dallegge, Todd TI Secondary gas emissions during coal desorption, Marathon Grassim Oskolkoff-1 Well, Cook Inlet Basin, Alaska: implications for resource assessment SO BULLETIN OF CANADIAN PETROLEUM GEOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Mini Conference on Coal Bed Methane - Back to the Basics of Coal Geology CY MAR 09-11, 2005 CL Canmore, CANADA ID ACETATE FERMENTATION; METHANE; REDUCTION; SEDIMENTS; ARCHAEA; MARINE; ROCKS AB Cuttings samples of sub-bituminous humic coals from the Oligocene to Pliocene Tyonek Formation, Cook Inlet Basin, Alaska show secondary gas emissions whose geochemistry is consistent with renewed microbial methanogenesis during canister desorption. The renewed methanogenesis was noted after initial desorption measurements had ceased and a canister had an air and desorbed gas mixture backflow into the canister during a measurement. About a week after this event, a secondary emission of gas began and continued for over two years. The desorbed gas volume reached a new maximum, increasing the total from 3.3 to 4.9 litres, some 48% above the pre-contamination total volume. The gases released during desorption show a shift in the isotopic signature over time of methane from delta C-13(CH4) of -53.60 parts per thousand and delta D-CH4 of -312.60 parts per thousand at the first day to delta C-13(CH4) of -57.06 parts per thousand and delta D-CH4 of -375.80 parts per thousand after 809 days, when the experiment was arbitrarily stopped and the canister opened to study the coal. These isotopic data, interpreted using a Bernard Diagram, indicate a shift from a mixed thermogenic and biogenic source typical of natural gases in the coals and conventional gas reservoirs of the Cook Inlet Basin to a likely biogenic acetate-fermentation methane source. However, the appearance of CO2 during the renewed gas emissions with a delta C-13(CO2) of +26.08 to +21.72 parts per thousand, interpreted using the carbon isotope fractions found for acetate fermentation and CO2 reduction between CO2 and CH4 by Jenden and Kaplan (1986), indicates a biogenic CO2-reduction pathway may also be operative during renewed gas emission. Adding nutrients to the coal cuttings and canister water and culturing the microbial consortia under anaerobic conditions led to additional methane-rich gas generation in the laboratory. After this anaerobic culturing, ultraviolet microscopy showed that canister water contained common, fluorescent, rod-like microbes comparable to Methanobacterium sp. Scanning electron microscope investigations of the coal matrix showed several morphological types of microbes, including rod, cocci and spherical forms attached to the coal surface. These microbes apparently represent at least a portion of the microbial consortia needed to depolymerize coal, as well as to generate the observed secondary methane emission from the canister. The introduction of 48% more methane from secondary sources has a major impact on coal-bed methane resource assessments and also in determining the true, in-situ degree of methane saturation in coal-beds using isotherms. Canister and isotherm measurements that show "supersaturation" of methane may actually be the result of additional gases generated during secondary methanogenesis. C1 US Geol Survey, Lakewood, CO 80225 USA. Pinnacle Gas Resources, Sheridan, WY 82801 USA. RP Barker, CE (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Box 25046, Lakewood, CO 80225 USA. NR 59 TC 5 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 4 PU CANADIAN SOC PETROL GEOLOGISTS PI CALGARY PA 505, 206 - 7TH AVE SW, CALGARY, ALBERTA T2P 0W7, CANADA SN 0007-4802 J9 B CAN PETROL GEOL JI Bull. Can. Pet. Geol. PD SEP PY 2006 VL 54 IS 3 BP 273 EP 291 DI 10.2113/gscpgbull.54.3.273 PG 19 WC Energy & Fuels; Engineering, Petroleum; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Energy & Fuels; Engineering; Geology GA 115KQ UT WOS:000242733600006 ER PT J AU Barker, CE AF Barker, Charles E. TI Visual detection of gas shows from coal core and cuttings using liquid leak detector SO BULLETIN OF CANADIAN PETROLEUM GEOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Mini Conference on Coal Bed Methane - Back to the Basics of Coal Geology CY MAR 09-11, 2005 CL Canmore, CANADA AB Portions of core or cutting samples that have active gas shows can be identified by applying a liquid leak detector to the core surface. Although these gas shows can be caused by manmade changes to the coals' internal structure and surface of the core during the coring process, in many cases, the marked gas shows overlie changes in maceral composition, subtle fractures or coal, coal structure and so forth that seemingly are places where natural primary permeability is higher and gas shows would be favored. Given the limited time available for core description before a core is closed in a canister, using the liquid leak detector method to mark gas shows enhances core description by providing a photographic record of places of apparently increased gas flow likely related to enhanced coal permeability that cannot be easily detected otherwise. C1 US Geol Survey, Denver, CO 80225 USA. RP Barker, CE (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Denver, CO 80225 USA. NR 6 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU CANADIAN SOC PETROL GEOLOGISTS PI CALGARY PA 505, 206 - 7TH AVE SW, CALGARY, ALBERTA T2P 0W7, CANADA SN 0007-4802 J9 B CAN PETROL GEOL JI Bull. Can. Pet. Geol. PD SEP PY 2006 VL 54 IS 3 BP 292 EP 297 DI 10.2113/gscpgbull.54.3.292 PG 6 WC Energy & Fuels; Engineering, Petroleum; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Energy & Fuels; Engineering; Geology GA 115KQ UT WOS:000242733600007 ER PT J AU Borcherdt, RD Johnston, MJS Glassmoyer, G Dietel, C AF Borcherdt, Roger D. Johnston, Malcolm J. S. Glassmoyer, Gary Dietel, Christopher TI Recordings of the 2004 Parkfield earthquake on the General Earthquake Observation System array: Implications for earthquake precursors, fault rupture, and coseismic strain changes SO BULLETIN OF THE SEISMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA LA English DT Article ID CALIFORNIA EARTHQUAKE; VOLUMETRIC STRAIN; FAILURE; MODELS AB The 2004 Parkfield earthquake generated a unique set of near-field, high-resolution colocated measurements of acceleration, volumetric strain, and velocity at 11 stations in the General Earthquake Observation System (GEOS) array. The recordings indicate no precursory strain or displacement was discernable at sensitivities of 10(-11) strain and 5 x 10(-8) m 25 sec prior to the earthquake at distances of 0.5 to 12 km of fault rupture. Coherent fault-parallel and fault-normal displacement pulses, observed along the fault north of the epicenter, are consistent with model predictions for "fling," directivity, and displacement for right-lateral, strike-slip fault rupture. The fault-parallel and fault-normal pulses imply apparent rupture velocities of 2.86 +/- 0.15 and 3.03 +/- 0.24 km/sec, respectively. Unprecedented high-resolution volumetric-strain recordings on opposite sides of the fault show that dynamic strains radiated from ruptured segments of the fault are more than an order of magnitude larger than final coseismic strain offsets associated with fault slip, suggesting that dynamic radiated strain may have contributed to the triggering of failure on unruptured segments. High-resolution recordings show that coseismic strain offsets occur abruptly over time intervals of less than 10 sec near the time of arrival of the dominant radiated fault-parallel and fault-normal displacements. Subsequent measurements show that the strain offsets continue to increase by as much as 69% in 5 min and 300% in 24 hr over that measured during initial fault slip at depth. Estimates of local material parameters from simultaneous measurements of volumetric strain and acceleration confirm seismic calibration factors previously measurable in situ only at tidal periods. C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. RP Borcherdt, RD (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 345 Middlefield Rd,MS 977, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. NR 30 TC 20 Z9 21 U1 0 U2 2 PU SEISMOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI EL CERRITO PA PLAZA PROFESSIONAL BLDG, SUITE 201, EL CERRITO, CA 94530 USA SN 0037-1106 J9 B SEISMOL SOC AM JI Bull. Seismol. Soc. Amer. PD SEP PY 2006 VL 96 IS 4 SU S BP S73 EP S89 DI 10.1785/0120050827 PN B PG 17 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 084MJ UT WOS:000240536800007 ER PT J AU Fletcher, JB Spudich, P Baker, LM AF Fletcher, Jon B. Spudich, Paul Baker, Lawrence M. TI Rupture propagation of the 2004 Parkfield, California, earthquake from observations at the UPSAR SO BULLETIN OF THE SEISMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA LA English DT Article ID SUMATRA-ANDAMAN EARTHQUAKE; ARRAY; VELOCITY; SIGNALS; LENGTH; MODEL AB Using a short-baseline seismic array (U.S. Geological Survey Parkfield Dense Seismograph Array [UPSAR]) about 12 km west of the rupture initiation of the 28 September 2004 M 6.0 Parkfield, California, earthquake, we have observed the movement of the rupture front of this earthquake on the San Andreas fault. The sources of high-frequency arrivals at UPSAR, which we use to identify the rupture front, are mapped onto the San Andreas fault using their apparent velocity and back azimuth. Measurements of apparent velocity and back azimuth are calibrated using aftershocks, which have a compact source and known location. Aftershock back azimuths show considerable lateral refraction, consistent with a high-velocity ridge on the southwest side of the fault. We infer that the initial mainshock rupture velocity was approximately the Rayleigh speed (with respect to slower side of the fault), and the rupture then slowed to about 0.66 beta near the town of Parkfield after 2 sec. The last well-correlated pulse, 4 see after S, is the largest at UPSAR, and its source is near the region of large accelerations recorded by strong-motion accelerographs and close to northern extent of continuous surface fractures on the southwest fracture zone. Coincidence of sources with preshock and aftershock distributions suggests fault material properties control rupture behavior. High-frequency sources approximately correlate with the edges of asperities identified as regions of high slip derived from inversion of strong-motion waveforms. C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. RP Fletcher, JB (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 345 Middlefield Rd, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. NR 26 TC 46 Z9 47 U1 0 U2 2 PU SEISMOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI ALBANY PA 400 EVELYN AVE, SUITE 201, ALBANY, CA 94706-1375 USA SN 0037-1106 EI 1943-3573 J9 B SEISMOL SOC AM JI Bull. Seismol. Soc. Amer. PD SEP PY 2006 VL 96 IS 4 SU S BP S129 EP S142 DI 10.1785/0120050812 PN B PG 14 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 084MJ UT WOS:000240536800010 ER PT J AU Harris, RA Arrowsmith, JR AF Harris, Ruth A. Arrowsmith, J. Ramon TI Introduction to the Special Issue on the 2004 Parkfield Earthquake and the Parkfield Earthquake Prediction Experiment SO BULLETIN OF THE SEISMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA LA English DT Article ID SAN-ANDREAS-FAULT; GLOBAL POSITIONING SYSTEM; GREAT 1857 EARTHQUAKE; CALIFORNIA EARTHQUAKE; STRONG-MOTION; RUPTURE PROPAGATION; CREEPING SEGMENT; COSEISMIC STRAIN; RECURRENCE MODEL; DYNAMIC RUPTURE AB The 28 September 2004 M 6.0 Parkfield earthquake, a long-anticipated event on the San Andreas fault, is the world's best recorded earthquake to date, with state-of-the-art data obtained from geologic, geodetic, seismic, magnetic, and electrical field networks. This has allowed the preearthquake and postearthquake states of the San Andreas fault in this region to be analyzed in detail. Analyses of these data provide views into the San Andreas fault that show a complex geologic history, fault geometry, theology, and response of the nearby region to the earthquake-induced ground movement. Although aspects of San Andreas fault zone behavior in the Parkfield region can be modeled simply over geological time frames, the Parkfield Earthquake Prediction Experiment and the 2004 Parkfield earthquake indicate that predicting the fine details of future earthquakes is still a challenge. Instead of a deterministic approach, forecasting future damaging behavior, such as that caused by strong ground motions, will likely continue to require probabilistic methods. However, the Parkfield Earthquake Prediction Experiment and the 2004 Parkfield earthquake have provided ample data to understand most of what did occur in 2004, culminating in significant scientific advances. C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. Arizona State Univ, Dept Geol Sci, Tempe, AZ 85287 USA. RP Harris, RA (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 345 Middlefield Rd,MS 977, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. EM harris@usgs.gov; ramon.arrowsmith@asu.edu RI Harris, Ruth/C-4184-2013 OI Harris, Ruth/0000-0002-9247-0768 NR 85 TC 14 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 3 PU SEISMOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI ALBANY PA 400 EVELYN AVE, SUITE 201, ALBANY, CA 94706-1375 USA SN 0037-1106 EI 1943-3573 J9 B SEISMOL SOC AM JI Bull. Seismol. Soc. Amer. PD SEP PY 2006 VL 96 IS 4 SU S BP S1 EP S10 DI 10.1785/0120050831 PN B PG 10 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 084MJ UT WOS:000240536800001 ER PT J AU Johanson, IA Fielding, EJ Rolandone, F Burgmann, R AF Johanson, Ingrid A. Fielding, Eric J. Rolandone, Frederique Burgmann, Roland TI Coseismic and postseismic slip of the 2004 Parkfield earthquake from space-geodetic data SO BULLETIN OF THE SEISMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA LA English DT Article ID SAN-ANDREAS-FAULT; GLOBAL POSITIONING SYSTEM; CALIFORNIA EARTHQUAKE; SURFACE DEFORMATION; HECTOR MINE; SUBSIDENCE; INTERFEROMETRY; CREEPMETERS; RECURRENCE; PREDICTION AB We invert interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR) data jointly with campaign and continuous global positioning system (GPS) data for slip in the coseismic and postseismic periods of the 2004 Parkfield earthquake. The InSAR dataset consists of eight interferograms from data collected by the Envisat and Radarsat satellites spanning the time of the earthquake and variable amounts of the postseismic period. The two datasets complement each other, with the InSAR providing dense sampling of motion in the range direction of the satellite and the GPS providing more sparse, but three-dimensional measurements of ground motion. The model assumes exponential decay of the postseismic slip with a decay time constant of 0.087 years, determined from time series modeling of continuous GPS and creepmeter data. We find a geodetic moment magnitude of M 6.2 for a 1-day coseismic model and M-W 6.1 for the entire postseismic period. The coseismic rupture occurred mainly in two slip asperities; one near the hypocenter and the other 15-20 km north. Postseismic slip occurred on the shallow portions of the fault and near the rupture areas-of two M 5.0 aftershocks. A comparison of the geodetic slip models with seismic moment estimates suggests that the coseismic moment release of the Parkfield earthquake is as little as 25% of the total. This underlines the importance of aseismic slip in the slip budget for the Parkfield segment. C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, Berkeley Seismol Lab, Berkeley, CA 94027 USA. CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. Univ Paris 06, Lab Tecton, CNRS, UMR 7072, F-75252 Paris 05, France. RP Johanson, IA (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 345 Middlefield Rd,MS 977, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. EM ingrid@seismo.berkeley.edu RI Fielding, Eric/A-1288-2007 OI Fielding, Eric/0000-0002-6648-8067 NR 42 TC 79 Z9 79 U1 1 U2 12 PU SEISMOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI ALBANY PA 400 EVELYN AVE, SUITE 201, ALBANY, CA 94706-1375 USA SN 0037-1106 EI 1943-3573 J9 B SEISMOL SOC AM JI Bull. Seismol. Soc. Amer. PD SEP PY 2006 VL 96 IS 4 SU S BP S269 EP S282 DI 10.1785/0120050818 PN B PG 14 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 084MJ UT WOS:000240536800018 ER PT J AU Johnston, MJS Borcherdt, RD Linde, A Gladwin, MT AF Johnston, M. J. S. Borcherdt, R. D. Linde, A. Gladwin, M. T. TI Continuous borehole strain and pore pressure in the near field of the 28 September 2004 M 6.0 Parkfield, California, earthquake: Implications for nucleation, fault response, earthquake prediction, and tremor SO BULLETIN OF THE SEISMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA LA English DT Article ID SAN-ANDREAS FAULT; CRUSTAL DEFORMATION; SYSTEM; ZONE; SLIP; SEQUENCE; FRICTION; RUPTURE; LANDERS; METERS AB Near-field observations of high-precision borehole strain and pore pressure, show no indication of coherent accelerating strain or pore pressure during the weeks to seconds before the 28 September 2004 M 6.0 Parkfield earthquake. Minor changes in strain rate did occur at a few sites during the last 24 hr before the earthquake but these changes are neither significant nor have the form expected for strain during slip coalescence initiating fault failure. Seconds before the event, strain is stable at the 10(-11) level. Final prerupture nucleation slip in the hypocentral region is constrained to have a moment less than 2 x 10(12) N m (M 2.2) and a source size less than 30 m. Ground displacement data indicate similar constraints. Localized rupture nucleation and runaway precludes useful prediction of damaging earthquakes. Coseismic dynamic strains of about 10 microstrain peak-to-peak were superimposed on volumetric strain offsets of about 0.5 microstrain to the northwest of the epicenter and about 0.2 microstrain to the southeast of the epicenter, consistent with right lateral slip. Observed strain and Global Positioning System (GPS) offsets can be simply fit with 20 cm of slip between 4 and 10 km on a 20-km segment of the fault north of Gold Hill (M(0) = 7 x 10(17) N m). Variable slip inversion models using GPS data and seismic data indicate similar moments. Observed postseismic strain is 60% to 300% of the coseismic strain, indicating incomplete release of accumulated strain. No measurable change in fault zone compliance preceding or following the earthquake is indicated by stable earth tidal response. No indications of strain change accompany nonvolcanic tremor events reported prior to and following the earthquake. C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. Carnegie Inst Washington, Dept Terr Magnetism, Washington, DC 20015 USA. GTSM Technol, Brisbane, Qld 4069, Australia. RP Johnston, MJS (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 345 Middlefield Rd,MS 977, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. NR 55 TC 34 Z9 37 U1 0 U2 5 PU SEISMOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI EL CERRITO PA PLAZA PROFESSIONAL BLDG, SUITE 201, EL CERRITO, CA 94530 USA SN 0037-1106 J9 B SEISMOL SOC AM JI Bull. Seismol. Soc. Amer. PD SEP PY 2006 VL 96 IS 4 SU S BP S56 EP S72 DI 10.1785/0120050822 PN B PG 17 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 084MJ UT WOS:000240536800006 ER PT J AU Johnston, MJS Sasai, Y Egbert, GD Mueller, RJ AF Johnston, M. J. S. Sasai, Y. Egbert, G. D. Mueller, R. J. TI Seismomagnetic effects from the long-awaited 28 September 2004 M 6.0 Parkfield earthquake SO BULLETIN OF THE SEISMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA LA English DT Article ID MAGNETIC-FIELD MEASUREMENTS; SEISMIC ELECTRIC SIGNALS; ELECTROKINETIC PHENOMENA; ACTIVE FAULTS; LOMA-PRIETA; CALIFORNIA; PREDICTION; GREECE; PRECURSORS; PRECISION AB Precise measurements of local magnetic fields have been obtained with a differentially connected array of seven synchronized proton magnetometers located along 60 km of the locked-to-creeping transition region of the San Andreas fault at Parkfield, California, since 1976. The M 6.0 Parkfield earthquake on 28 September 2004, occurred within this array and generated coseismic magnetic field changes of between 0.2 and 0.5 nT at five sites in the network. No preseismic magnetic field changes exceeding background noise levels are apparent in the magnetic data during the month, week, and days before the earthquake (or expected in light of the absence of measurable precursive deformation, seismicity, or pore pressure changes). Observations of electric and magnetic fields from 0.01 to 20 Hz are also made at one site near the end of the earthquake rupture and corrected for common-mode signals from the ionosphere/magnetosphere using a second site some 115 km to the northwest along the fault. These magnetic data show no indications of unusual noise before the earthquake in the ULF band (0.01-20 Hz) as suggested may have preceded the 1989 M-L 7.1 Loma Prieta earthquake. Nor do we see electric field changes similar to those suggested to occur before earthquakes of this magnitude from data in Greece. Uniform and variable slip piezomagnetic models of the earthquake, derived from strain, displacement, and seismic data, generate magnetic field perturbations that are consistent with those observed by the magnetometer array. A higher rate of longer-term magnetic field change, consistent with increased loading in the region, is apparent since 1993. This accompanied an increased rate of secular shear strain observed on a two-color EDM network and a small network of borehole tensor strainmeters and increased seismicity dominated by three M 4.5-5 earthquakes roughly a year apart in 1992, 1993, and 1994. Models incorporating all of these data indicate increased slip at depth in the region, and this may have played a role in the final occurrence of the 28 September 2004 M 6.0 Parkfield earthquake. The absence of electric and magnetic field precursors for this, and other earthquakes with M 5-7.3 elsewhere in the San Andreas fault system, indicates useful prediction of damaging earthquakes seems unlikely using these electromagnetic data. C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. Tokyo Metropolitan Govt, Disaster Prevent Div, Tokyo 113, Japan. Oregon State Univ, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. UNAVCO, Boulder, CO 80301 USA. RP Johnston, MJS (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 345 Middlefield Rd,MS977, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. OI Egbert, Gary/0000-0003-1276-8538 NR 56 TC 19 Z9 20 U1 1 U2 4 PU SEISMOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI EL CERRITO PA PLAZA PROFESSIONAL BLDG, SUITE 201, EL CERRITO, CA 94530 USA SN 0037-1106 J9 B SEISMOL SOC AM JI Bull. Seismol. Soc. Amer. PD SEP PY 2006 VL 96 IS 4 SU S BP S206 EP S220 DI 10.1785/0120050810 PN B PG 15 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 084MJ UT WOS:000240536800014 ER PT J AU Langbein, J Murray, JR Snyder, HA AF Langbein, J. Murray, J. R. Snyder, H. A. TI Coseismic and initial postseismic deformation from the 2004 Parkfield, California, earthquake, observed by global positioning system, electronic distance meter, creepmeters, and borehole strainmeters SO BULLETIN OF THE SEISMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA LA English DT Article ID SAN-ANDREAS FAULT; GPS DATA; GEODETIC DATA; CHI-CHI; SLIP; CREEP; DISPLACEMENTS; ACCUMULATION; RECURRENCE; PREDICTION AB Global Positioning System (GPS), electronic distance meter, creepmeter, and strainmeter measurements spanning the M 6.0 Parkfield, California, earthquake are examined. Using these data from 100 sec through 9 months following the mainshock, the Omori's law, with rate inversely related to time, 1/tP and p ranging between 0.7 and 1.3, characterizes the time-dependent deformation during the postseismic period; these results are consistent with creep models for elastic solids. With an accurate function of postseismic response, the 'coseismic displacements can be estimated from the high-rate, 1-min sampling GPS; and the coseismic displacements are approximately 75% of those estimated from the daily solutions. Consequently, fault-slip models using daily solutions overestimate coseismic slip. In addition, at 2 months and at 8 months following the mainshock, postseismic displacements are modeled as slip on the San Andreas fault with a lower bound on the moment exceeding that of the coseismic moment. C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. RP Langbein, J (reprint author), US Geol Survey, MS 977 345 Middlefield Rd, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. EM langbein@usgs.gov NR 49 TC 75 Z9 75 U1 2 U2 11 PU SEISMOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI ALBANY PA 400 EVELYN AVE, SUITE 201, ALBANY, CA 94706-1375 USA SN 0037-1106 EI 1943-3573 J9 B SEISMOL SOC AM JI Bull. Seismol. Soc. Amer. PD SEP PY 2006 VL 96 IS 4 SU S BP S304 EP S320 DI 10.1785/0120050823 PN B PG 17 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 084MJ UT WOS:000240536800020 ER PT J AU Li, YG Chen, P Cochran, ES Vidale, JE Burdette, T AF Li, Yong-Gang Chen, Po Cochran, Elizabeth S. Vidale, John E. Burdette, Thomas TI Seismic evidence for rock damage and healing on the San Andreas fault associated with the 2004 M 6.0 Parkfield earthquake SO BULLETIN OF THE SEISMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA LA English DT Article ID HECTOR MINE EARTHQUAKE; 1992 M7.5 LANDERS; REPEATING EARTHQUAKES; PRESSURE SOLUTION; VELOCITY CHANGES; STICK-SLIP; CALIFORNIA; ZONE; FRICTION; MECHANISM AB We deployed a dense linear array of 45 seismometers across and along the San Andreas fault near Parkfield a week after the M 6.0 Parklield earthquake on 28 September 2004 to record fault-zone seismic waves generated by aftershocks and explosions. Seismic stations and explosions were co-sited with our previous experiment conducted in 2002. The data from repeated shots detonated in the fall of 2002 and 3 months after the 2004 M 6.0 mainshock show similar to 1.0%-1.5% decreases in seisn-iic-wave velocity within an -200-m-wide zone along the fault strike and smaller changes (0.2%-0.5%) beyond this zone, most likely due to the coseismic damage of rocks during dynamic rupture in the 2004 M 6.0 earthquake. The width of the damage zone characterized by larger velocity changes is consistent with the low-velocity waveguide model on the San Andreas fault, near Parkfield, that we derived from fault-zone trapped waves (Li et al., 2004). The damage zone is not symmetric but extends farther on the southwest side of the main fault trace. Waveform crosscorrelations for repeated aftershocks in 21 clusters, with a total of similar to 130 events, located at different depths and distances from the array site show -0.7%-1.1% increases in S-wave velocity within the fault zone in 3 months starting a week after the earthquake. The velocity recovery indicates that the damaged rock has been healing and regaining the strength through rigidity recovery with time, most likely due to the closure of cracks opened during the mainshock. We estimate that the net decrease in seismic velocities within the fault zone was at least -2.5%, caused by the 2004 M 6.0 Parktield earthquake. The healing rate was largest in the earlier stage of the postmainshock healing process. The magnitude of fault healing varies along the rupture zone, being slightly larger for the healing beneath Middle Mountain, correlating well with an area of large mapped slip. The fault healing is most prominent at depths above -7 km. C1 Univ So Calif, Dept Earth Sci, Los Angeles, CA 90089 USA. Univ Calif San Diego, Scripps Inst Oceanog, Inst Geophys & Planetary Phys, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA. Univ Calif Los Angeles, Inst Geophys & Planetary Phys, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA. US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. RP Li, YG (reprint author), Univ So Calif, Dept Earth Sci, Los Angeles, CA 90089 USA. EM ygli@usc.edu RI Chen, Po/F-7872-2010; Vidale, John/H-4965-2011 OI Vidale, John/0000-0002-3658-818X NR 57 TC 71 Z9 73 U1 3 U2 13 PU SEISMOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI EL CERRITO PA PLAZA PROFESSIONAL BLDG, SUITE 201, EL CERRITO, CA 94530 USA SN 0037-1106 J9 B SEISMOL SOC AM JI Bull. Seismol. Soc. Amer. PD SEP PY 2006 VL 96 IS 4 SU S BP S349 EP S363 DI 10.1785/0120050803 PN B PG 15 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 084MJ UT WOS:000240536800023 ER PT J AU Lienkaemper, JJ Baker, B McFarland, FS AF Lienkaemper, James J. Baker, Brett McFarland, Forrest S. TI Surface slip associated with the 2004 Parkfield, California, earthquake measured on alinement arrays SO BULLETIN OF THE SEISMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA LA English DT Article ID SAN-ANDREAS-FAULT; PREDICTION EXPERIMENT; HAYWARD FAULT; CREEP; RECURRENCE AB Although still continuing, surface slip from the 2004 Parktield earthquake as measured on alinement arrays appears to be approaching about 30-35 cm between Parkfield and Gold Hill. This includes slip along the main trace and the Southwest Fracture Zone (SWFZ). Slip here was higher in 1966 at about 40 cm. The distribution of 2004 slip appears to have a shape similar to that of the 1966 event, but final slip is expected to be lower in 2004 by about 3-15 cm, even when continuing slip is accounted for. Proportionately, this difference is most notable at the south end at Highway 46, where the 1966 event slip was 13 cm compared to the 2004 slip of 4 cm. Continuous Global Positioning System and creepmeters suggest that significant surface coseismic slip apparently occurred mainly on the SWFZ and perhaps on Middle Mountain (the latter possibly caused by shaking) (Langbein et al., 2005). Creepmeters indicate only minor (< 0.2 cm) surface coseismic slip occurred on the main trace between Parkfield and Gold Hill. We infer that 3-6 cm slip accumulated across our arrays in the first 24 hr. At Highway 46, slip appears complete, whereas the remaining sites are expected to take 2-6 years to reach their background creep rates. Following the 1966 event, afterslip at one site persisted as much as 5-10 years. The much longer recurrence intervals between the past two Parkfield earthquakes and the decreasing slip per event may suggest that larger slip deficits are now growing along the Parkfield segment. C1 US Geol Survey 977, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. ENSR Int Inc, Alameda, CA 94502 USA. RP Lienkaemper, JJ (reprint author), US Geol Survey 977, 345 Middlefield Rd, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. EM jlienk@usgs.gov NR 44 TC 25 Z9 25 U1 0 U2 2 PU SEISMOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI ALBANY PA 400 EVELYN AVE, SUITE 201, ALBANY, CA 94706-1375 USA SN 0037-1106 EI 1943-3573 J9 B SEISMOL SOC AM JI Bull. Seismol. Soc. Amer. PD SEP PY 2006 VL 96 IS 4 SU S BP S239 EP S249 DI 10.1785/0120050806 PN B PG 11 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 084MJ UT WOS:000240536800016 ER PT J AU Murray, J Langbein, J AF Murray, Jessica Langbein, John TI Slip on the San Andreas fault at Parkfield, California, over two earthquake cycles, and the implications for seismic hazard SO BULLETIN OF THE SEISMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA LA English DT Article ID 2-COLOR GEODIMETER MEASUREMENTS; HALF-SPACE; STRAIN ACCUMULATION; SURFACE SLIP; GPS DATA; DEFORMATION; MODEL; SHEAR; RECURRENCE; PRECISION AB Parktield, California, which experienced M 6.0 earthquakes in 1934, 1966, and 2004, is one of the few locales for which geodetic observations span multiple earthquake cycles. We undertake a comprehensive study of deformation over the most recent earthquake cycle and explore the results in the context of geodetic data collected prior to the 1966 event. Through joint inversion of the variety of Parkfield geodetic measurements (trilateration, two-color laser, and Global Positioning System), including previously unpublished two-color data, we estimate the spatial distribution of slip and slip rate along the San Andreas using a fault geometry based on precisely relocated seismicity. Although the three most recent Parkfield earthquakes appear complementary in their along-strike distributions of slip, they do not produce uniform strain release along strike over multiple seismic cycles. Since the 1934 earthquake, more than 1m of slip deficit has accumulated on portions of the fault that slipped in the 1966 and 2004 earthquakes, and an average of 2 m of slip deficit exists on the 33 km of the fault southeast of Gold Hill to be released in a future, perhaps larger, earthquake. It appears that the fault is capable of partially releasing stored strain in moderate earthquakes, maintaining a disequilibrium through multiple earthquake cycles. This complicates the application of simple earthquake recurrence models that assume only the strain accumulated since the most recent event is relevant to the size or timing of an upcoming earthquake. Our findings further emphasize that accumulated slip deficit is not sufficient for earthquake nucleation. C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. RP Murray, J (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 345 Middlefield Rd,MS 977, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. EM jrmurray@usgs.gov NR 59 TC 99 Z9 100 U1 2 U2 11 PU SEISMOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI ALBANY PA 400 EVELYN AVE, SUITE 201, ALBANY, CA 94706-1375 USA SN 0037-1106 EI 1943-3573 J9 B SEISMOL SOC AM JI Bull. Seismol. Soc. Amer. PD SEP PY 2006 VL 96 IS 4 SU S BP S283 EP S303 DI 10.1785/0120050820 PN B PG 21 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 084MJ UT WOS:000240536800019 ER PT J AU Rymer, MJ Tinsley, JC Treiman, JA Arrowsmith, JR Clahan, KB Rosinski, AM Bryant, WA Snyder, HA Fuis, GS Toke, NA Bawden, GW AF Rymer, Michael J. Tinsley, John C., III Treiman, Jerome A. Arrowsmith, J. Ramon Clahan, Kevin B. Rosinski, Anne M. Bryant, William A. Snyder, H. Andrew Fuis, Gary S. Toke, Nathan A. Bawden, Gerald W. TI Surface fault slip associated with the 2004 Parkfield, California, earthquake SO BULLETIN OF THE SEISMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA LA English DT Article ID STRAIN AB Surface fracturing occurred along the San Andreas fault, the subparallel Southwest Fracture Zone, and six secondary faults in association with the 28 September 2004 (M 6.0) Parkfield earthquake. Fractures formed discontinuous breaks along a 32-km-long stretch of the San Andreas fault. Sense of slip was right lateral; only locally was there a minor (1-11 mm) vertical component of slip. Right-lateral slip in the first few weeks after the event, early in its afterslip period, ranged from 1 to 44 mm. Our observations in the weeks following the earthquake indicated that the highest slip values are in the Middle Mountain area, northwest of the mainshock epicenter (creepmeter measurements indicate a similar distribution of slip). Surface slip along the San Andreas fault developed soon after the mainshock; field checks in the area near Parkfield and about 5 krn to the southeast indicated that surface slip developed more than 1 hr but generally less than 1 day after the event. Slip along the Southwest Fracture Zone developed coseismically and extended about 8 km. Sense of slip was right lateral; locally there was a minor to moderate (1-29 mm) vertical component of slip. Right-lateral slip ranged from 1 to 41 mm. Surface slip along secondary faults was right lateral; the right-lateral component of slip ranged from 3 to 5 mm. Surface slip in the 1966 and 2004 events occurred along both the San Andreas fault and the Southwest Fracture Zone. In 1966 the length of ground breakage along the San Andreas fault extended 5 km longer than that mapped in 2004. In contrast, the length of ground breakage along the Southwest Fracture Zone was the same in both events, yet the surface fractures were more continuous in 2004. Surface slip on secondary faults in 2004 indicated previously unmapped structural connections between the San Andreas fault and the Southwest Fracture Zone, further revealing aspects of the structural setting and fault interactions in the Parkfield area. C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. Calif Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. Calif Geol Survey, Los Angeles, CA 90017 USA. US Geol Survey, Paso Robles, CA 93447 USA. Calif Geol Survey, Sacramento, CA 95814 USA. Arizona State Univ, Dept Geol Sci, Tempe, AZ 85287 USA. US Geol Survey, Sacramento, CA 95819 USA. RP Rymer, MJ (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 345 Middlefield Rd,MS 977, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. EM mrymer@usgs.gov OI Fuis, Gary/0000-0002-3078-1544 NR 19 TC 36 Z9 37 U1 0 U2 3 PU SEISMOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI EL CERRITO PA PLAZA PROFESSIONAL BLDG, SUITE 201, EL CERRITO, CA 94530 USA SN 0037-1106 J9 B SEISMOL SOC AM JI Bull. Seismol. Soc. Amer. PD SEP PY 2006 VL 96 IS 4 SU S BP S11 EP S27 DI 10.1785/0120050830 PN B PG 17 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 084MJ UT WOS:000240536800002 ER PT J AU Shakal, A Haddadi, H Graizer, V Lin, K Huang, M AF Shakal, A. Haddadi, H. Graizer, V. Lin, K. Huang, M. TI Some key features of the strong-motion data from the M 6.0 Parkfield, California, earthquake of 28 September 2004 SO BULLETIN OF THE SEISMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA LA English DT Article ID SAN-ANDREAS FAULT; JUNE 27 1966; GROUND MOTION; ACCELEROGRAMS; DISLOCATION; RECORDINGS; RUPTURE; HAZARD; MODEL; WAVES AB The 2004 Parkfield, California, earthquake was recorded by an extensive set of strong-motion instruments well positioned to record details of the motion in the near-fault region, where there has previously been very little recorded data. The strong-motion measurements obtained are highly varied, with significant variations occurring over only a few kilometers. The peak accelerations in the near fault region range from 0.13g to over 1.8g (one of the highest acceleration recorded to date, exceeding the capacity of the recording instrument). The largest accelerations occurred near the northwest end of the inferred rupture zone. These motions are consistent with directivity for a fault rupturing from the hypocenter near Gold Hill toward the northwest. However, accelerations up to 0.8g were also observed in the opposite direction, at the south end of the Cholame Valley near Highway 41, consistent with bilateral rupture, with rupture southeast of the hypocenter. Several stations near and over the rupturing fault recorded relatively weak motions, consistent with seemingly paradoxical observations of low shaking damage near strike-slip faults. This event had more ground-motion observations within 10 km of the fault than many other earthquakes combined. At moderate distances peak horizontal ground acceleration (PGA) values dropped off more rapidly with distance than standard relationships. At close-in distance the wide variation of PGA suggests a distance-dependent sigma may be important to consider. The near-fault ground-motion variation is greater than that assumed in ShakeMap interpolations, based on the existing set of observed data. Higher density of stations near faults may be the only means in the near future to reduce uncertainty in the interpolations. Outside of the near-fault zone the variance is closer to that assumed. This set of data provides the first case where near-fault radiation has been observed at an adequate number of stations around the fault to allow detailed study of the fault-normal and fault-parallel motion and the near-field S-wave radiation. The fault-normal motions are significant, but they are not large at the central part of the fault, away from the ends. The fault-normal and fault-parallel motions drop off quite rapidly with distance from the fault. Analysis of directivity indicates increased values of peak velocity in the rupture direction. No such dependence is observed in the peak acceleration, except for stations close to the strike of the fault near and beyond the ends of the faulting. C1 Calif Geol Survey, Calif Strong Mot Instrumentat Program, Sacramento, CA 95814 USA. Calif Geol Survey, Seism Hazrad Assessment Program, Sacramento, CA 95814 USA. US Geol Survey, Natl Earthquake Informat Ctr, Denver Fed Ctr, Denver, CO 80225 USA. RP Shakal, A (reprint author), Calif Geol Survey, Calif Strong Mot Instrumentat Program, 801 K St, Sacramento, CA 95814 USA. NR 51 TC 33 Z9 33 U1 0 U2 2 PU SEISMOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI ALBANY PA 400 EVELYN AVE, SUITE 201, ALBANY, CA 94706-1375 USA SN 0037-1106 EI 1943-3573 J9 B SEISMOL SOC AM JI Bull. Seismol. Soc. Amer. PD SEP PY 2006 VL 96 IS 4 SU S BP S90 EP S118 DI 10.1785/0120050817 PN B PG 29 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 084MJ UT WOS:000240536800008 ER PT J AU Simpson, RW Barall, M Langbein, J Murray, JR Rymer, MJ AF Simpson, R. W. Barall, M. Langbein, J. Murray, J. R. Rymer, M. J. TI San Andreas fault geometry in the Parkfield, California, region SO BULLETIN OF THE SEISMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA LA English DT Article ID STRIKE-SLIP FAULTS; CALAVERAS FAULT; EARTHQUAKE; SYSTEM; AFTERSHOCKS; CHOLAME; RUPTURE; HAZARD AB In map view, aftershocks of the 2004 Parkfield earthquake lie along a line that forms a straighter connection between San Andreas fault segments north and south of the Parkfield reach than does the mapped trace of the fault itself. A straightedge laid on a geologic map of Central California reveals a similar to 50-km-long asymmetric northeastward warp in the Parkfield reach of the fault. The warp tapers gradually as it joins the straight, creeping segment of the San Andreas to the northwest, but bends abruptly across Cholame Valley at its southeast end to join the straight, locked segment that last ruptured in 1857. We speculate that the San Andreas fault surface near Parkfield has been deflected in its upper similar to 6 km by nonelastic behavior of upper crustal rock units. These units and the fault surface itself are warped during periods between large 1857-type earthquakes by the presence of the 1857-locked segment to the south, which buttresses intermittent coseismic and continuous aseismic slip on the Parkfield reach. Because of nonelastic behavior, the warping is not completely undone when an 1857-type event occurs, and the upper portion of the three-dimensional fault surface is slowly ratcheted into an increasingly prominent bulge. Ultimately, the fault surface probably becomes too deformed for strike-slip motion, and a new, more vertical connection to the Earth's surface takes over, perhaps along the Southwest Fracture Zone. When this happens a wedge of material currently west of the main trace will be stranded on the east side of the new main trace. C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. Invisible Software, San Jose, CA USA. RP Simpson, RW (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 345 Middlefield Rd,MS 977, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. NR 36 TC 22 Z9 23 U1 1 U2 6 PU SEISMOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI ALBANY PA 400 EVELYN AVE, SUITE 201, ALBANY, CA 94706-1375 USA SN 0037-1106 EI 1943-3573 J9 B SEISMOL SOC AM JI Bull. Seismol. Soc. Amer. PD SEP PY 2006 VL 96 IS 4 SU S BP S28 EP S37 DI 10.1785/0120050824 PN B PG 10 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 084MJ UT WOS:000240536800003 ER PT J AU Thurber, C Zhang, HJ Waldhauser, F Hardebeck, J Michael, A Eberhart-Phillips, D AF Thurber, Clifford Zhang, Haijiang Waldhauser, Felix Hardebeck, Jeanne Michael, Andrew Eberhart-Phillips, Donna TI Three-dimensional compressional wavespeed model, earthquake relocations, and focal mechanisms for the Parkfield, California, region SO BULLETIN OF THE SEISMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA LA English DT Article ID SAN-ANDREAS FAULT; VELOCITY STRUCTURE; HAYWARD FAULT; LOCATION; SLIP; TOMOGRAPHY; SEISMICITY; PREDICTION; RECURRENCE; INVERSION AB We present a new three-dimensional (3D) compressional wavespeed (V-p) model for the Parkfield region, taking advantage of the recent seismicity associated with the 2003 San Simeon and 2004 Parkfield earthquake sequences to provide increased model resolution compared to the work of Eberhart-Phillips and Michael (1993) (EPM93). Taking the EPM93 3D model as our starting model, we invert the arrival-time data from about 2100 earthquakes and 250 shots recorded on both permanent network and temporary stations in a region 130 km northeast-southwest by 120 km northwest-southeast. We include catalog picks and cross-correlation and catalog differential times in the inversion, using the double-difference tomography method of Zhang and Thurber (2003). The principal V-p features reported by EPM93 and Michelini and McEvilly (1991) are recovered, but with locally improved resolution along the San Andreas Fault (SAF) and near the active-source profiles. We image the previously identified strong wavespeed contrast (faster on the southwest side) across most of the length of the SAF, and we also improve the image of a high V-p body on the northeast side of the fault reported by EPM93. This narrow body is at about 5- to 12-km depth and extends approximately from the locked section of the SAF to the town of Parkfield. The footwall of the thrust fault responsible for the 1983 Coalinga earthquake is imaged as a northeast-dipping high wavespeed body. In between, relatively low wavespeeds (< 5 km/sec) extend to as much as 10-km depth. We use this model to derive absolute locations for about 16,000 earthquakes from 1966 to 2005 and high-precision double-difference locations for 9,000 earthquakes from 1984 to 2005, and also to determine focal mechanisms for 446 earthquakes. These earthquake locations and mechanisms show that the seismogenic fault is a simple planar structure. The aftershock sequence of the 2004 mainshock concentrates into the same structures defined by the pre-2004 seismicity, confirming earlier observations (Waldhauser et al., 2004) that the seismicity pattern at Parkfield is long lived and persists through multiple cycles of mainshocks. C1 Univ Wisconsin, Dept Geol & Geophys, Madison, WI 53706 USA. Lamont Doherty Earth Observ, Palisades, NY 10964 USA. US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. Inst Geol & Nucl Sci Ltd, Dunedin Res Ctr, Dunedin, New Zealand. RP Thurber, C (reprint author), Univ Wisconsin, Dept Geol & Geophys, 1215 W Dayton St, Madison, WI 53706 USA. RI Michael, Andrew/A-5059-2010; OI Michael, Andrew/0000-0002-2403-5019; Hardebeck, Jeanne/0000-0002-6737-7780 NR 37 TC 138 Z9 139 U1 2 U2 19 PU SEISMOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI ALBANY PA 400 EVELYN AVE, SUITE 201, ALBANY, CA 94706-1375 USA SN 0037-1106 EI 1943-3573 J9 B SEISMOL SOC AM JI Bull. Seismol. Soc. Amer. PD SEP PY 2006 VL 96 IS 4 SU S BP S38 EP S49 DI 10.1785/0120050825 PN B PG 12 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 084MJ UT WOS:000240536800004 ER PT J AU Umino, S Nonaka, M Kauahikaua, J AF Umino, Susumu Nonaka, Miyuki Kauahikaua, Jim TI Emplacement of subaerial pahoehoe lava sheet flows into water: 1990 K(u)over-barupaianaha flow of Kilauea volcano at Kaim(u)over-bar Bay, Hawai'i SO BULLETIN OF VOLCANOLOGY LA English DT Article DE pahoehoe sheet flow; submarine lava; supply rate; inflation; Kaim(u)over-bar Bay; Kilauea; Hawai'i ID BASALTIC LAVA; INFLATION; CRYSTALLIZATION; TRANSITION AB Episode 48 of the ongoing eruption of Kilauea, Hawai`i, began in July 1986 and continuously extruded lava for the next 5.5 years from a low shield, Kupaianaha. The flows in March 1990 headed for Kalapana and inundated the entire town under 15-25 m of lava by the end of August. As the flows advanced eastward, they entered into Kaimu Bay, replacing it with a plain of lava that extends 300 m beyond the original shoreline. The focus of our study is the period from August 1 to October 31, 1990, when the lava buried almost 406,820 m(2) of the 5-m deep bay. When lava encountered the sea, it flowed along the shoreline as a narrow primary lobe up to 400 m long and 100 m wide, which in turn inflated to a thickness of 5-6 m. The flow direction of the primary lobes was controlled by the submerged delta below the lavas and by damming up lavas fed at low extrusion rates. Breakout flows through circumferential and axial inflation cracks on the inflating primary lobes formed smaller secondary lobes, burying the lows between the primary lobes and hiding their original outlines. Inflated flow lobes eventually ruptured at proximal and/or distal ends as well as mid-points between the two ends, feeding new primary lobes which were emplaced along and on the shore side of the previously inflated lobes. The flow lobes mapped with the aid of aerial photographs were correlated with daily observations of the growing flow field, and 30 primary flow lobes were dated. Excluding the two repose periods that intervened while the bay was filled, enlargement of the flow field took place at a rate of 2,440-22,640 square meters per day in the bay. Lobe thickness was estimated to be up to 11 m on the basis of cross sections of selected lobes measured using optical measurement tools, measuring tape and hand level. The total flow-lobe volume added in the bay during August 1-October 31 was approximately 3.95 million m(3), giving an average supply rate of 0.86 m(3) s. C1 Univ Shizuoka, Inst Geosci, Suruga Ku, Shizuoka 4228529, Japan. Univ Tokyo, Earthquake Res Inst, Bunkyo Ku, Tokyo 1130032, Japan. US Geol Survey, Hawaiian Volcano Observ, Hawaii Natl Pk, HI 96718 USA. RP Umino, S (reprint author), Univ Shizuoka, Inst Geosci, Suruga Ku, Ohya 836, Shizuoka 4228529, Japan. EM sesumin@ipc.shizuoka.ac.jp NR 36 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 7 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING STREET, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0258-8900 J9 B VOLCANOL JI Bull. Volcanol. PD SEP PY 2006 VL 69 IS 2 BP 125 EP 139 DI 10.1007/s00445-006-0059-4 PG 15 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 075FD UT WOS:000239868200002 ER PT J AU Adams, NK Houghton, BF Hildreth, W AF Adams, Nancy K. Houghton, Bruce F. Hildreth, Wes TI Abrupt transitions during sustained explosive eruptions: examples from the 1912 eruption of Novarupta, Alaska SO BULLETIN OF VOLCANOLOGY LA English DT Article DE explosive volcanism; magma ascent and degassing; Novarupta; bubbles ID MOUNT-ST-HELENS; BUBBLE-SIZE DISTRIBUTIONS; KATMAI-NATIONAL-PARK; TEPHRA FALL DEPOSITS; VOLCANIC-ERUPTIONS; PLINIAN ERUPTIONS; PYROCLASTIC DEPOSITS; DECOMPRESSION EXPERIMENTS; VESICULATION PROCESSES; DEGASSING PROCESSES AB Plinian/ignimbrite activity stopped briefly and abruptly 16 and 45 h after commencement of the 1912 Novarupta eruption defining three episodes of explosive volcanism before finally giving way after 60 h to effusion of lava domes. We focus here on the processes leading to the termination of the second and third of these three episodes. Early erupted pumice from both episodes show a very similar range in bulk vesicularity, but the modal values markedly decrease and the vesicularity range widens toward the end of Episode III. Clasts erupted at the end of each episode represent textural extremes; at the end of Episode II, clasts have very thin glass walls and a predominance of large bubbles, whereas at the end of Episode III, clasts have thick interstices and more small bubbles. Quantitatively, all clasts have very similar vesicle size distributions which show a division in the bubble population at 30 mu m vesicle diameter and cumulative number densities ranging from 10(7)-10(9) stop cm(-3). Patterns seen in histograms of volume fraction and the trends in the vesicle size data can be explained by coalescence signatures superimposed on an interval of prolonged nucleation and free growth of bubbles. Compared to experimental data for bubble growth in silicic melts, the high 1912 number densities suggest homogeneous nucleation was a significant if not dominant mechanism of bubble nucleation in the dacitic magma. The most distinct clast populations occurred toward the end of Plinian activity preceding effusive dome growth. Distributions skewed toward small sizes, thick walls, and teardrop vesicle shapes are indicative of bubble wall collapse marking maturation of the melt and onset of processes of outgassing. The data suggest that the superficially similar pauses in the 1912 eruption which marked the ends of episodes II and III had very different causes. Through Episode III, the trend in vesicle size data reflects a progressive shift in the degassing process from rapid magma ascent and coupled gas exsolution to slower ascent with partial open-system outgassing as a precursor to effusive dome growth. No such trend is visible in the Episode II clast assemblages; we suggest that external changes involving failure of the conduit/vent walls are more likely to have effected the break in explosive activity at 45 h. C1 Univ Hawaii, Dept Geol & Geophys, SOEST, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. US Geol Survey, Volcano Hazards Program, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. RP Adams, NK (reprint author), Univ Hawaii, Dept Geol & Geophys, SOEST, 1680 East West Rd, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. EM nanadams@soest.hawaii.edu NR 86 TC 33 Z9 33 U1 3 U2 16 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0258-8900 J9 B VOLCANOL JI Bull. Volcanol. PD SEP PY 2006 VL 69 IS 2 BP 189 EP 206 DI 10.1007/s00445-006-0067-4 PG 18 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 075FD UT WOS:000239868200006 ER PT J AU Maldonado, F Budahn, JR Peters, L Unruh, DM AF Maldonado, Florian Budahn, James R. Peters, Lisa Unruh, Daniel M. TI Geology, geochronology, and geochemistry of basaltic flows of the Cat Hills, Cat Mesa, Wind Mesa, Cerro Verde, and Mesita Negra, central New Mexico SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF EARTH SCIENCES LA English DT Article ID RIO-GRANDE RIFT; LITHOSPHERE; MAGMATISM; EVOLUTION; MANTLE; ROCKS AB The geochronology, geochemistry, and isotopic compositions of basaltic flows erupted from the Cat Hills, Cat Mesa, Wind Mesa, Cerro Verde, and Mesita Negra volcanic centres in central New Mexico indicate that each of these lavas had unique origins and that the predominant mantle involved in their production was an ocean-island basalt type. The basalts from Cat Hills (0.11 Ma) and Cat Mesa (3.0 Ma) are similar in major and trace element composition, but differences in MgO contents and Pb isotopic values are attributed to a small involvement of a lower crustal component in the genesis of the Cat Mesa rocks. The Cerro Verde rock is comparable in age (0.32 Ma) to the Cat Hills lavas, but it is more radiogenic in Sr and Nd, has higher MgO contents, and has a lower La/Yb ratio. This composition is explained by the melting of an enriched mantle source, but the involvement of another crustal component cannot be disregarded. The Wind Mesa rock is characterized by similar age (4.01 Ma) and MgO contents, but it has enriched rare-earth element contents compared with the Cat Mesa samples. These are attributed to a difference in the degree of partial melting of the Cat Mesa source. The Mesita Negra rock (8.11 Ma) has distinctive geochemical and isotopic compositions that suggest a different enriched mantle and that large amounts of a crustal component were involved in generating this magma. These data imply a temporal shift in magma source regions and crustal involvement, and have been previously proposed for Rio Grande rift lavas. C1 US Geol Survey, Lakewood, CO 80225 USA. New Mexico Bur Geol & Mineral Resources, Socorro, NM 87801 USA. RP Maldonado, F (reprint author), US Geol Survey, POB 25046,MS 980, Lakewood, CO 80225 USA. EM fmaldona@usgs.gov NR 22 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 2 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA-N R C RESEARCH PRESS PI OTTAWA PA BUILDING M 55, OTTAWA, ON K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0008-4077 J9 CAN J EARTH SCI JI Can. J. Earth Sci. PD SEP PY 2006 VL 43 IS 9 BP 1251 EP 1268 DI 10.1139/E06-018 PG 18 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 110MC UT WOS:000242382000002 ER PT J AU Franklin, AB Nichols, JD Anthony, RG Burnham, KP White, GC Forsman, ED Anderson, DR AF Franklin, A. B. Nichols, J. D. Anthony, R. G. Burnham, K. P. White, G. C. Forsman, E. D. Anderson, D. R. TI Comment on "Are survival rates for northern spotted owls biased?" SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF ZOOLOGY-REVUE CANADIENNE DE ZOOLOGIE LA English DT Editorial Material ID CAPTURE-RECAPTURE DATA; MARK-RECAPTURE; DEMOGRAPHY AB Loehle et al. recently estimated survival rates from radio-telemetered northern spotted owls (Strix occidentalis caurina (Merriam, 1898)) and suggested that survival rates estimated for this species from capture-recapture studies were negatively biased, which subsequently resulted in the negatively biased estimates of rates of population change (lambda) reported by Anthony et al. (Wildl. Monogr. No. 163, pp. 1-47 (2006)). We argue that their survival estimates were inappropriate for comparison with capture-recapture estimates because (i) the manner in which they censored radio-telemetered individuals had the potential to positively bias their survival estimates, (ii) their estimates of survival were not valid for evaluating bias, and (iii) the size and distribution of their radiotelemetry study areas were sufficiently different from capture-recapture study areas to preclude comparisons. In addition, their inferences of negative bias in rates of population change estimated by Anthony et al. were incorrect and reflected a misunderstanding about those estimators. C1 USDA, APHIS, WS, Natl Wildlife Res Ctr, Ft Collins, CO 80521 USA. US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, Laurel, MD 20708 USA. Oregon State Univ, Oregon Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. Colorado State Univ, Colorado Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. Colorado State Univ, Dept Fishery & Wildlife Biol, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. USDA, US Forest Serv, Forestry Sci Lab, Corvallis, OR 97330 USA. RP Franklin, AB (reprint author), USDA, APHIS, WS, Natl Wildlife Res Ctr, 4101 La Porte Ave, Ft Collins, CO 80521 USA. EM alan.b.franklin@aphis.usda.gov RI Piper, Walter/B-7908-2009 NR 23 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 9 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA-N R C RESEARCH PRESS PI OTTAWA PA BUILDING M 55, OTTAWA, ON K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0008-4301 J9 CAN J ZOOL JI Can. J. Zool.-Rev. Can. Zool. PD SEP PY 2006 VL 84 IS 9 BP 1375 EP 1379 DI 10.1139/Z06-129 PG 5 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA 108AD UT WOS:000242211200019 ER PT J AU Robison, HL Schwartz, CC Petty, JD Brussard, PF AF Robison, Hillary L. Schwartz, Charles C. Petty, Jim D. Brussard, Peter F. TI Assessment of pesticide residues in army cutworm moths (Euxoa auxiliaris) from the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem and their potential consequences to foraging grizzly bears (Ursus arctos horribilis) SO CHEMOSPHERE LA English DT Article DE army cutworm moth (Euxoa auxiliaris); grizzly bear (Ursus arctos horribilis); pesticides; biomagnification; Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem ID ENDOCRINE-DISRUPTING CHEMICALS; IN-VITRO; ORGANOCHLORINE PESTICIDES; POLYCHLORINATED-BIPHENYLS; NORTHWEST MONTANA; AGGREGATION SITES; FEEDING-ACTIVITY; IDENTIFICATION; EXPOSURE; ASSAYS AB During summer, a grizzly bear (Ursus arctos horribilis) in the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem (GYE) (USA) can excavate and consume millions of army cutworm moths (Euxoa auxiliaris) (ACMs) that aggregate in high elevation talus. Grizzly bears in the GYE were listed as threatened by the US Fish and Wildlife Service in 1975 and were proposed for delisting in 2005. However, questions remain about key bear foods. For example, ACMs are agricultural pests and concern exists about whether they contain pesticides that could be toxic to bears. Consequently, we investigated whether ACMs contain and transport pesticides to bear foraging sites and, if so, whether these levels could be toxic to bears. In 1999 we collected and analyzed ACMs from six bear foraging sites. ACMs were screened for 32 pesticides with gas chromatography with electron capture detection (GC-ECD). Because gas chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS) can be more sensitive than GC-ECD for certain pesticides, we revisited one site in 2001 and analyzed these ACMs with GC-MS/MS. ACMs contained trace or undetectable levels of pesticides in 1999 and 2001, respectively. Based on chemical levels in ACMs and numbers of ACMs a bear can consume, we calculated the potential of chemicals to reach physiological toxicity. These calculations indicate bears do not consume physiologically toxic levels of pesticides and allay concerns they are at risk from pesticides transported by ACMs. If chemical control of ACMs changes in the future, screening new ACM samples taken from bear foraging sites may be warranted. (c) 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Montana State Univ, Forestry Sci Lab, No Rocky Mt Sci Ctr, US Geol Survey,Interagcy Grizzly Bear Study Team, Bozeman, MT 59717 USA. Univ Nevada, Program Ecol Evolut & Conserv Biol 314, Reno, NV 89557 USA. US Geol Survey, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. RP Schwartz, CC (reprint author), Montana State Univ, Forestry Sci Lab, No Rocky Mt Sci Ctr, US Geol Survey,Interagcy Grizzly Bear Study Team, Bozeman, MT 59717 USA. EM hrobison@unr.nevada.edu; chuck_schwartz@usgs.gov NR 80 TC 3 Z9 4 U1 4 U2 11 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0045-6535 J9 CHEMOSPHERE JI Chemosphere PD SEP PY 2006 VL 64 IS 10 BP 1704 EP 1712 DI 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2006.01.006 PG 9 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 086LB UT WOS:000240673700011 PM 16487567 ER PT J AU Gruia, A Moldovan, F Ilie, D Ordodi, VL Orem, WH Lerch, HE Pavlovic, N Tatu, CA Paunescu, V AF Gruia, A. Moldovan, F. Ilie, D. Ordodi, V. L. Orem, W. H. Lerch, H. E., III Pavlovic, N. Tatu, C. A. Paunescu, V TI Aristolochia clematitis and Balkan endemic nephropathy in Romania: is there a connection? SO COLLEGIUM ANTROPOLOGICUM LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Univ Med & Pjarmacy, Dept Immunol, Timisoara, Romania. US Geol Survey, Natl Ctr MS 956, Reston, VA 22092 USA. Univ Nis, Nis, Serbia. Cty Hosp, Dept Transplantat Immunol, Clin Lab, Timisoara, Romania. RI Paunescu, Virgil/C-3661-2011; Ilie, Daniela/D-7257-2015 OI Ilie, Daniela/0000-0002-0464-3199 NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU COLLEGIUM ANTROPOLOGICUM PI ZAGREB PA INST ANTHROPOLOGICAL RES, P O BOX 290, ULICA GRADA VUKOVARA 72/IV, 10000 ZAGREB, CROATIA SN 0350-6134 J9 COLLEGIUM ANTROPOL JI Coll. Anthropol. PD SEP PY 2006 VL 30 SU 1 BP 36 EP 36 PG 1 WC Anthropology SC Anthropology GA 111ID UT WOS:000242443700028 ER PT J AU Orem, W Tatu, C Pavlovic, N Bunnell, J Lerch, H Paunescu, V Ordodi, V Corum, M Bates, A AF Orem, W. Tatu, C. Pavlovic, N. Bunnell, J. Lerch, H. Paunescu, V Ordodi, V Corum, M. Bates, A. TI Health effects of toxic organic substances from coal: pandemic nephropathy SO COLLEGIUM ANTROPOLOGICUM LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Univ Med & Pharm Victor Babes, Timisoara, Romania. Univ Nis, Nish, Serbia. US Geol Survey, Reston, VA 22092 USA. RI Paunescu, Virgil/C-3661-2011 NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU COLLEGIUM ANTROPOLOGICUM PI ZAGREB PA INST ANTHROPOLOGICAL RES, P O BOX 290, ULICA GRADA VUKOVARA 72/IV, 10000 ZAGREB, CROATIA SN 0350-6134 J9 COLLEGIUM ANTROPOL JI Coll. Anthropol. PD SEP PY 2006 VL 30 SU 1 BP 46 EP 46 PG 1 WC Anthropology SC Anthropology GA 111ID UT WOS:000242443700035 ER PT J AU Pavlovic, NM Orem, WH Tatu, C Lerch, H Kostic, EN AF Pavlovic, N. M. Orem, W. H. Tatu, C. Lerch, H. Kostic, E. N. TI The role of lecithin cholesterol acyltransferase and organic substances from coal in the etiology of Balkan endemic nephropathy SO COLLEGIUM ANTROPOLOGICUM LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Med Univ, Dept Immunol, Timisoara, Romania. Univ Nis, Nish, Serbia. Inst Nephrol & Harmodialysis, Nish, Serbia. US Geol Survey, Reston, VA 22092 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU COLLEGIUM ANTROPOLOGICUM PI ZAGREB PA INST ANTHROPOLOGICAL RES, P O BOX 290, ULICA GRADA VUKOVARA 72/IV, 10000 ZAGREB, CROATIA SN 0350-6134 J9 COLLEGIUM ANTROPOL JI Coll. Anthropol. PD SEP PY 2006 VL 30 SU 1 BP 47 EP 47 PG 1 WC Anthropology SC Anthropology GA 111ID UT WOS:000242443700036 ER PT J AU Jarnevich, CS Stohlgren, TJ Barnett, D Kartesz, J AF Jarnevich, Catherine S. Stohlgren, Thomas J. Barnett, David Kartesz, John TI Filling in the gaps: modelling native species richness and invasions using spatially incomplete data SO DIVERSITY AND DISTRIBUTIONS LA English DT Article DE biodiversity; biological invasions; modelling; non-native; prediction ID UNITED-STATES; COMMUNITY STRUCTURE; PLANT DIVERSITY; BIODIVERSITY HOTSPOTS; GLOBAL PATTERNS; ALIEN PLANTS; SOUTH-AFRICA; INVASIBILITY; RESISTANCE; ECOSYSTEM AB Detailed knowledge of patterns of native species richness, an important component of biodiversity, and non-native species invasions is often lacking even though this knowledge is essential to conservation efforts. However, we cannot afford to wait for complete information on the distribution and abundance of native and harmful invasive species. Using information from counties well surveyed for plants across the USA, we developed models to fill data gaps in poorly surveyed areas by estimating the density (number of species km(-2)) of native and non-native plant species. Here, we show that native plant species density is non-random, predictable, and is the best predictor of non-native plant species density. We found that eastern agricultural sites and coastal areas are among the most invaded in terms of non-native plant species densities, and that the central USA appears to have the greatest ratio of non-native to native species. These large-scale models could also be applied to smaller spatial scales or other taxa to set priorities for conservation and invasion mitigation, prevention, and control efforts. C1 US Geol Survey, Ft Collins Sci Ctr, Ft Collins, CO 80526 USA. Colorado State Univ, Nat Resource Ecol Lab, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. Univ N Carolina, Biota N Amer Program, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. RP Jarnevich, CS (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Ft Collins Sci Ctr, 2150 Ctr Ave,Bldg C, Ft Collins, CO 80526 USA. EM catherine_jarnevich@usgs.gov NR 36 TC 15 Z9 16 U1 3 U2 15 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING PI OXFORD PA 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DQ, OXON, ENGLAND SN 1366-9516 J9 DIVERS DISTRIB JI Divers. Distrib. PD SEP PY 2006 VL 12 IS 5 BP 511 EP 520 DI 10.1111/j.1366-9516.2006.00278.x PG 10 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 074FN UT WOS:000239798200005 ER PT J AU Heisey, DM Joly, DO Messier, F AF Heisey, Dennis M. Joly, Damien O. Messier, Francois TI The fitting of general force-of-infection models to wildlife disease prevalence data SO ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE apparent prevalence; Bison bison; bovine tuberculosis; force of infection; infection hazard; infection-specific mortality hazard; left truncation; logistic regression; Mycobacterium bovis; proportional hazards models; wood buffalo ID WOOD BISON; SURVIVAL; TUBERCULOSIS; BRUCELLOSIS; MORTALITY; RATES AB Researchers and wildlife managers increasingly find themselves in situations where they must deal with infectious wildlife diseases such as chronic wasting disease, brucellosis, tuberculosis, and West Nile virus. Managers are often charged with designing and implementing control strategies, and researchers often seek to determine factors that influence and control the disease process. All of these activities require the ability to measure some indication of a disease's foothold in a population and evaluate factors affecting that foothold. The most common type of data available to managers and researchers is apparent prevalence data. Apparent disease prevalence, the proportion of animals in a sample that are positive for the disease, might seem like a natural measure of disease's foothold, but several properties, in particular, its dependency on age structure and the biasing effects of disease-associated mortality, make it less than ideal. In quantitative epidemiology, the ''force of infection,'' or infection hazard, is generally the preferred parameter for measuring a disease's foothold, and it can be viewed as the most appropriate way to ''adjust'' apparent prevalence for age structure. The typical ecology curriculum includes little exposure to quantitative epidemiological concepts such as cumulative incidence, apparent prevalence, and the force of infection. The goal of this paper is to present these basic epidemiological concepts and resulting models in an ecological context and to illustrate how they can be applied to understand and address basic epidemiological questions. We demonstrate a practical approach to solving the heretofore intractable problem of fitting general force-of-infection models to wildlife prevalence data using a generalized regression approach. We apply the procedures to Mycobacterium bovis ( bovine tuberculosis) prevalence in bison ( Bison bison) in Wood Buffalo National Park, Canada, and demonstrate strong age dependency in the force of infection as well as an increased mortality hazard in positive animals. C1 USGS, Natl Wildlife Hlth Ctr, Madison, WI 53711 USA. Wildlife Conservat Soc, Field Vet Program, Bronx, NY 10460 USA. Univ Saskatchewan, Dept Biol, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E2, Canada. RP Heisey, DM (reprint author), USGS, Natl Wildlife Hlth Ctr, Madison, WI 53711 USA. EM dheisey@usgs.gov NR 36 TC 33 Z9 33 U1 1 U2 16 PU ECOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 1707 H ST NW, STE 400, WASHINGTON, DC 20006-3915 USA SN 0012-9658 J9 ECOLOGY JI Ecology PD SEP PY 2006 VL 87 IS 9 BP 2356 EP 2365 DI 10.1890/0012-9658(2006)87[2356:TFOGFM]2.0.CO;2 PG 10 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 080MW UT WOS:000240253000025 PM 16995636 ER PT J AU Neff, JC Reynolds, R Sanford, RL Fernandez, D Lamothe, P AF Neff, J. C. Reynolds, R. Sanford, R. L., Jr. Fernandez, D. Lamothe, P. TI Controls of bedrock geochemistry on soil and plant nutrients in southeastern Utah SO ECOSYSTEMS LA English DT Article DE desert; nutrient; soil; foliar; stoichiometry; bedrock ID AFFECTING PHOSPHATE SORPTION; COLORADO PLATEAU USA; RELATIVE GROWTH-RATE; PHOSPHORUS AVAILABILITY; CHIHUAHUAN DESERT; MINERAL-NUTRITION; WILD PLANTS; CHRONOSEQUENCE; CALIFORNIA; VEGETATION AB The cold deserts of the Colorado Plateau contain numerous geologically and geochemically distinct sedimentary bedrock types. In the area near Canyonlands National Park in Southeastern Utah, geochemical variation in geologic substrates is related to the depositional environment with higher concentrations of Fe, Al, P, K, and Mg in sediments deposited in alluvial or marine environments and lower concentrations in bedrock derived from eolian sand dunes. Availability of soil nutrients to vegetation is also controlled by the formation of secondary minerals, particularly for P and Ca availability, which, in some geologic settings, appears closely related to variation of CaCO3 and Ca-phosphates in soils. However, the results of this study also indicate that P content is related to bedrock and soil Fe and Al content suggesting that the deposition history of the bedrock and the presence of P-bearing Fe and Al minerals, is important to contemporary P cycling in this region. The relation between bedrock type and exchangeable Mg and K is less clear-cut, despite large variation in bedrock concentrations of these elements. We examined soil nutrient concentrations and foliar nutrient concentration of grasses, shrubs, conifers, and forbs in four geochemically distinct field sites. All four of the functional plant groups had similar proportional responses to variation in soil nutrient availability despite large absolute differences in foliar nutrient concentrations and stoichiometry across species. Foliar P concentration (normalized to N) in particular showed relatively small variation across different geochemical settings despite large variation in soil P availability in these study sites. The limited foliar variation in bedrock-derived nutrients suggests that the dominant plant species in this dryland setting have a remarkably strong capacity to maintain foliar chemistry ratios despite large underlying differences in soil nutrient availability. C1 Univ Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Denver Fed Ctr, US Geol Survey, Lakewood, CO 80225 USA. Univ Denver, Dept Biol Sci, Denver, CO 80208 USA. RP Neff, JC (reprint author), Univ Colorado, CB 399, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. EM neffjc@colorado.edu RI Neff, Jason/A-1211-2012; OI Sanford, Robert/0000-0003-2391-9231; NEFF, JASON/0000-0002-8290-1472 NR 55 TC 23 Z9 25 U1 1 U2 17 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING STREET, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 1432-9840 J9 ECOSYSTEMS JI Ecosystems PD SEP PY 2006 VL 9 IS 6 BP 879 EP 893 DI 10.1007/s10021-005-0092-8 PG 15 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 097MY UT WOS:000241453300002 ER PT J AU Waldrop, MP Zak, DR AF Waldrop, Mark P. Zak, Donald R. TI Response of oxidative enzyme activities to nitrogen deposition affects soil concentrations of dissolved organic carbon SO ECOSYSTEMS LA English DT Article DE atmospheric nitrate deposition; dissolved organic carbon; soluble phenolics; microbial community composition; fungal biomass; ribosomal intergenic spacer analysis (RISA); intergenic transcribed space (ITS); phenol oxidase; soil enzymes ID FOREST ECOSYSTEMS; LEAF-LITTER; DECOMPOSITION; LIGNIN; MINERALIZATION; AVAILABILITY; MATTER; RESPIRATION; CELLULOSE; GROWTH AB Recent evidence suggests that atmospheric nitrate (NO3-) deposition can alter soil carbon (C) storage by directly affecting the activity of lignin-degrading soil fungi. In a laboratory experiment, we studied the direct influence of increasing soil NO3- concentration on microbial C cycling in three different ecosystems: black oak-white oak (BOWO), sugar maple-red oak (SMRO), and sugar maple-basswood (SMBW). These ecosystems span a broad range of litter biochemistry and recalcitrance; the BOWO ecosystem contains the highest litter lignin content, SMRO had intermediate lignin content, and SMBW leaf litter has the lowest lignin content. We hypothesized that increasing soil solution NO3- would reduce lignolytic activity in the BOWO ecosystem, due to a high abundance of white-rot fungi and lignin-rich leaf litter. Due to the low lignin content of litter in the SMBW, we further reasoned that the NO3- repression of lignolytic activity would be less dramatic due to a lower relative abundance of white-rot basidiomycetes; the response in the SMRO ecosystem should be intermediate. We increased soil solution NO3- concentrations in a 73-day laboratory incubation and measured microbial respiration and soil solution dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and phenolics concentrations. At the end of the incubation, we measured the activity of beta-glucosidase, N-acetyl-glucosaminidase, phenol oxidase, and peroxidase, which are extracellular enzymes involved with cellulose and lignin degradation. We quantified the fungal biomass, and we also used fungal ribosomal intergenic spacer analysis (RISA) to gain insight into fungal community composition. In the BOWO ecosystem, increasing NO3- significantly decreased oxidative enzyme activities (-30% to -54%) and increased DOC (+32% upper limit) and phenolic (+77% upper limit) concentrations. In the SMRO ecosystem, we observed a significant decrease in phenol oxidase activity (-73% lower limit) and an increase in soluble phenolic concentrations (+57% upper limit) in response to increasing NO3- in soil solution, but there was no significant change in DOC concentration. In contrast to these patterns, increasing soil solution NO3- in the SMBW soil resulted in significantly greater phenol oxidase activity (+700% upper limit) and a trend toward lower DOC production (-52% lower limit). Nitrate concentration had no effect on microbial respiration or beta-glucosidase or N-acetyl-glucosaminidase activities. Fungal abundance and basidiomycete diversity tended to be highest in the BOWO soil and lowest in the SMBW, but neither displayed a consistent response to NO3- additions. Taken together, our results demonstrate that oxidative enzyme production by microbial communities responds directly to NO3- deposition, controlling extracellular enzyme activity and DOC flux. The regulation of oxidative enzymes by different microbial communities in response to NO3- deposition highlights the fact that the composition and function of soil microbial communities directly control ecosystem-level responses to environmental change. C1 Univ Michigan, Sch Nat Resources & Environm, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. Univ Michigan, Dept Ecol & Evolutionary Biol, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. RP Waldrop, MP (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 345 Middlefield Rd,MS 962, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. EM mwaldrop@usgs.gov RI Zak, Donald/C-6004-2012; OI Waldrop, Mark/0000-0003-1829-7140 NR 36 TC 108 Z9 118 U1 5 U2 88 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING STREET, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 1432-9840 J9 ECOSYSTEMS JI Ecosystems PD SEP PY 2006 VL 9 IS 6 BP 921 EP 933 DI 10.1007/s10021-004-0149-0 PG 13 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 097MY UT WOS:000241453300005 ER PT J AU Kondratieff, BC Lechleitner, RA Zuellig, RE AF Kondratieff, B. C. Lechleitner, R. A. Zuellig, R. E. TI Additions to the stoneflies (Plecoptera) of Mount Rainier National Park, Washington, USA SO ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS LA English DT Article ID PERLODIDAE C1 Colorado State Univ, Dept Bioagr Sci & Pest Management, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. Mt Rainier Natl Pk, Ashford, WA 98304 USA. US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Lakewood, CO 80225 USA. RP Kondratieff, BC (reprint author), Colorado State Univ, Dept Bioagr Sci & Pest Management, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. EM Boris.Kondratieff@Colostate.edu; Rich_Lechleitner@nps.gov; rzuellig@usgs.gov NR 12 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 6 PU AMER ENTOMOL SOC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 1900 BENJ FRANKLIN PARKWAY, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19103-1195 USA SN 0013-872X J9 ENTOMOL NEWS JI Entomol. News PD SEP-OCT PY 2006 VL 117 IS 4 BP 461 EP 463 DI 10.3157/0013-872X(2006)117[461:ATTSPO]2.0.CO;2 PG 3 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 116XP UT WOS:000242837400021 ER PT J AU Freeman, MC Marcinek, PA AF Freeman, Mary C. Marcinek, Paula A. TI Fish assemblage responses to water withdrawals and water supply reservoirs in piedmont streams SO ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE stream fish; species richness; flow depletion; hydrologic alteration; water supply planning ID RIVER-BASIN; FRESH-WATER; CONSERVATION; HOMOGENIZATION; URBANIZATION; UNCERTAINTY; CHALLENGES; RECOVERY; USA AB Understanding effects of flow alteration on stream biota is essential to developing ecologically sustainable water supply strategies. We evaluated effects of altering flows via surface water withdrawals and instream reservoirs on stream fish assemblages, and compared effects with other hypothesized drivers of species richness and assemblage composition. We sampled fishes during three years in 28 streams used for municipal water supply in the Piedmont region of Georgia, U.S.A. Study sites had permitted average withdrawal rates that ranged from < 0.05 to > 13 times the stream's seven-day, ten-year recurrence low flow (7Q10), and were located directly downstream either from a water supply reservoir or from a withdrawal taken from an unimpounded stream. Ordination analysis of catch data showed a shift in assemblage composition at reservoir sites corresponding to dominance by habitat generalist species. Richness of fluvial specialists averaged about 3 fewer species downstream from reservoirs, and also declined as permitted withdrawal rate increased above about 0.5 to one 7Q10-equivalent of water. Reservoir presence and withdrawal rate, along with drainage area, accounted for 70% of the among-site variance in fluvial specialist richness and were better predictor variables than percent of the catchment in urban land use or average streambed sediment size. Increasing withdrawal rate also increased the odds that a site's Index of Biotic Integrity score fell below a regulatory threshold indicating biological impairment. Estimates of reservoir and withdrawal effects on stream biota could be used in predictive landscape models to support adaptive water supply planning intended to meet societal needs while conserving biological resources. C1 Univ Georgia, US Geol Survey, Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, Athens, GA 30602 USA. Univ Georgia, Inst Ecol, Athens, GA 30602 USA. RP Freeman, MC (reprint author), Univ Georgia, US Geol Survey, Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, Athens, GA 30602 USA. EM mary_freeman@usgs.gov NR 53 TC 40 Z9 40 U1 1 U2 21 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING STREET, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0364-152X J9 ENVIRON MANAGE JI Environ. Manage. PD SEP PY 2006 VL 38 IS 3 BP 435 EP 450 DI 10.1007/s00267-005-0169-3 PG 16 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 072EW UT WOS:000239657000009 PM 16688514 ER PT J AU Murdoch, PS Shanley, JB AF Murdoch, Peter S. Shanley, James B. TI Flow-specific trends in river-water quality resulting from the effects of the clean air act in three mesoscale, forested river basins in the northeastern United States through 2002 SO ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT LA English DT Article DE river water-quality trends; acid rain; trends methods; northeastern US ID NITROGEN; CHEMISTRY; PRECIPITATION; ACIDIFICATION; DEPOSITION; ECOSYSTEM AB Two new methods for assessing temporal trends in stream-solute concentrations at specific streamflow ranges were applied to long (40 to 50-year) but sparse (bi-weekly to quarterly sampling) stream-water quality data collected at three forested mesoscale basins along an atmospheric deposition gradient in the northeastern United States (one in north-central Pennsylvania, one in southeastern New York, and one in eastern Maine). The three data sets span the period since the implementation of the Clean Air Act in 1970 and its subsequent amendments. Declining sulfate (O-4(2-)) trends since the mid 1960s were identified for all 3 rivers by one or more of the 4 methods of trend detection used. Flow-specific trends were assessed by segmenting the data sets into 3-year and 6-year blocks, then determining concentration-discharge relationships for each block. Declining sulfate (O-4(2-)) trends at median flow were similar to trends determined using a Seasonal Kendall Tau test and Sen slope estimator. The trend of declining O-4(2-) concentrations differed at high, median and low flow since the mid 1980s at YWC and NR, and at high and low flow at WR, but the trends leveled or reversed at high flow from 1999 through 2002. Trends for the period of record at high flows were similar to medium- and low-flow trends for Ca2+ + Mg2+ concentrations at WR, non-significant at YWC, and were more negative at low flow than at high flow at NR; trends in nitrate (NO3-), and alkalinity (ALK) concentrations were different at different flow conditions, and in ways that are consistent with the hydrology and deposition history at each watershed. Quarterly sampling is adequate for assessing average-flow trends in the chemical parameters assessed over long time periods (similar to decades). However, with even a modest effort at sampling a range of flow conditions within each year, trends at specified flows for constituents with strong concentration-discharge relationships can be evaluated and may allow early detection of ecosystem response to climate change and pollution management strategies. C1 US Geol Survey, Troy, NY USA. US Geol Survey, Montpellier, France. RP Murdoch, PS (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Troy, NY USA. EM pmurdoch@usgs.gov NR 31 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 6 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0167-6369 J9 ENVIRON MONIT ASSESS JI Environ. Monit. Assess. PD SEP PY 2006 VL 120 IS 1-3 BP 1 EP 25 DI 10.1007/s10661-005-9028-1 PG 25 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 075MZ UT WOS:000239890400001 PM 16897528 ER PT J AU Atkinson, SF Mabe, JA AF Atkinson, Samuel F. Mabe, Jeff A. TI Near real-time monitoring and mapping of specific conductivity levels across Lake Texoma, USA SO ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT LA English DT Article DE GIS; GPS; Lake Texoma; mobile mapping; specific conductivity; water quality AB A submersible sonde equipped with a specific conductivity probe, linked with a global positioning satellite receiver was developed, deployed on a small boat, and used to map spatial and temporal variations in specific conductivity in a large reservoir. 7,695 sample points were recorded during 8 sampling trips. Specific conductivity ranged from 442,uS/cm to 3,378,uS/cm over the nine-month study. The data showed five statistically different zones in the reservoir: 2 different riverine zones, 2 different riverine transition zones, and a lacustrine zone (the main lake zone). These data were imported to a geographic information system where they were spatially interpolated to generate 8 maps showing specific conductivity levels across the entire surface of the lake. The highly dynamic nature of water quality, due to the widely differing nature of the rivers that flow into the reservoir and the effect of large inflows of fresh water during winter storms is easily captured and visualized using this approach. C1 Univ N Texas, Dept Biol Sci, Denton, TX 76203 USA. US Geol Survey, Austin, TX USA. RP Atkinson, SF (reprint author), Univ N Texas, Dept Biol Sci, Denton, TX 76203 USA. EM atkinson@unt.edu NR 19 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 4 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0167-6369 J9 ENVIRON MONIT ASSESS JI Environ. Monit. Assess. PD SEP PY 2006 VL 120 IS 1-3 BP 449 EP 460 DI 10.1007/s10661-005-9072-x PG 12 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 075MZ UT WOS:000239890400024 PM 16741798 ER PT J AU Pinkney, AE McGowan, PC AF Pinkney, Alfred E. McGowan, Peter C. TI Use of the p,p'-DDD: p,p'-DDE concentration ratio to trace contaminant migration from a hazardous waste site SO ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT LA English DT Article DE bioavailability; DDD; DDE; DDT; environmental fate; hazardous waste sites; PCBs ID RESIDUES; FISH; DDT AB For approximately 50 years, beginning in the 1920s, hazardous wastes were disposed in an 11-hectare area of the Marine Corps Base (MCB) Quantico, Virginia, USA known as the Old Landfill. Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and DDT compounds were the primary contaminants of concern. These contaminants migrated into the sediments of a 78-hectare area of the Potomac River, the Quantico Embayment. Fish tissue contamination resulted in the MCB posting signs along the embayment shoreline warning fishermen to avoid consumption. In this paper, we interpret total PCB (t-PCBs) and total DDT (t-DDT, sum of six DDT, DDD, and DDE isomers) data from monitoring studies. We use the ratio of p,p'-DDD to p,p'-DDE concentrations as a tracer to distinguish site-related from regional contamination. The median DDD/DDE ratio in Quantico Embayment sediments (3.5) was significantly higher than the median ratio (0.71) in sediments from nearby Powells Creek, used as a reference area. In general, t-PCBs and t-DDT concentrations were significantly higher in killifish (Fundulus diaphanus) and carp (Cyprinus carpio) from the Quantico Embayment compared with Powells Creek. For both species, Quantico Embayment fish had mean or median DDD/DDE ratios greater than one. Median ratios were significantly higher in Quantico Embayment (4.6) than Powells Creek (0.28) whole body carp. In contrast, t-PCBs and t-DDT in channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) fillets were similar in Quantico Embayment and Powells Creek collections, with median ratios of 0.34 and 0.26, respectively. Differences between species may be attributable to movement (carp and killifish being more localized) and feeding patterns (carp ingesting sediment while feeding). We recommend that environmental scientists use this ratio when investigating sites with DDT contamination. C1 US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Chesapeake Bay Field Off, Annapolis, MD 21401 USA. RP Pinkney, AE (reprint author), US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Chesapeake Bay Field Off, 177 Admiral Cochrane Dr, Annapolis, MD 21401 USA. EM Fred_Pinkney@fws.gov NR 28 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 1 U2 9 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0167-6369 J9 ENVIRON MONIT ASSESS JI Environ. Monit. Assess. PD SEP PY 2006 VL 120 IS 1-3 BP 559 EP 574 DI 10.1007/s10661-005-9103-7 PG 16 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 075MZ UT WOS:000239890400031 PM 16758288 ER PT J AU Ritter, K Aiken, GR Ranville, JF Bauer, M Macalady, DL AF Ritter, Kaylene Aiken, George R. Ranville, James F. Bauer, Markus Macalady, Donald L. TI Evidence for the aquatic binding of arsenate by natural organic matter-suspended Fe(III) SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID HUMIC-ACID; SURFACE COMPLEXATION; FULVIC-ACID; IRON; SORPTION; WATER; ADSORPTION; SPECIATION; PARTICLES; STABILITY AB Dialysis experiments with arsenate and three different NOM samples amended with Fe(III) showed evidence confirming the formation of aquatic arsenate-Fe(III)-NOM associations. A linear relationship was observed between the amount of complexed arsenate and the Fe(III) content of the NOM. The dialysis results were consistent with complex formation through ferric iron cations acting as bridges between the negatively charged arsenate and NOM functional groups and/or a more colloidal association, in which the arsenate is bound by suspended Fe(III)-NOM colloids. Sequential filtration experiments confirmed that a significant proportion of the iron present at all Fe/C ratios used in the dialysis experiments was colloidal in nature. These colloids may include larger NOM species that are coagulated by the presence of chelated Fe(III) and/or NOM-stabilized ferric (oxy)hydroxide colloids, and thus, the solution-phase arsenate-Fe(III)-NOM associations are at least partially colloidal in nature. C1 Colorado Sch Mines, Dept Chem & Geochem, Golden, CO 80401 USA. US Geol Survey, Water Resources Discipline, Boulder, CO USA. RP Macalady, DL (reprint author), Colorado Sch Mines, Dept Chem & Geochem, Golden, CO 80401 USA. EM dmacalad@mines.edu RI Bauer, Markus/C-9362-2009; Ranville, James/H-1428-2011; OI ranville, james/0000-0002-4347-4885 NR 38 TC 58 Z9 61 U1 7 U2 46 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0013-936X J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD SEP 1 PY 2006 VL 40 IS 17 BP 5380 EP 5387 DI 10.1021/es0519334 PG 8 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 078UP UT WOS:000240130200038 PM 16999114 ER PT J AU Hewitt, AH Cope, WG Kwak, TJ Augspurger, T Lazaro, PR Shea, D AF Hewitt, Amanda H. Cope, W. Gregory Kwak, Thomas J. Augspurger, Tom Lazaro, Peter R. Shea, Damian TI Influence of water quality and associated contaminants on survival and growth of the endangered Cape Fear shiner (Notropis mekistocholas) SO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 4th SETAC World Congress CY NOV 14-18, 2004 CL Portland, OR SP SETAC DE biomonitoring; in situ toxicity; endangered species; water quality; Cape Fear shiner ID SEMIPERMEABLE-MEMBRANE DEVICES; IN-SITU; UNITED-STATES; SEDIMENT; RIVER; TOXICITY; FISH; CONSERVATION; EXPOSURE; CORTISOL AB The Cape Fear shiner (Notropis mekistocholas) is a recently described cyprinid species endemic to the Cape Fear River Basin of North Carolina, USA. Only five populations of the fish remain; thus, it is listed as endangered by the U.S. Government. Determining habitat requirements of the Cape Fear shiner, including water quality and physical habitat, is critical to the survival and future restoration of the species. To assess water quality in the best remaining and in the historical habitats, we conducted a 28-d in situ bioassay with captively propagated Cape Fear shiners. Fish were deployed at 10 sites in three rivers, with three cages per site and 20 fish per cage. Water and sediment samples were collected and analyzed for selected metals and organic contaminants. Passive sampling devices also were deployed at each site and analyzed for organic contaminants at test termination. Fish survival, growth (as measured by an increase in total length), and contaminant accumulation were measured on completion of the bioassay. Survival of caged fish averaged 76% (range, 53-100%) and varied significantly among sites and rivers. Caged fish accumulated quantities of cadmium, mercury, polychlorinated biphenyls, and other persistent contaminants over the test duration and grew significantly at only four sites. No apparent relations were observed between exposure to or accumulation of a specific contaminant and reduced growth or survival of fish among all the sites. However, a generalized hazard assessment showed that certain sites exhibited trends in cumulative contaminant presence with reduced fish survival and growth, thereby enabling the identification of the existing riverine habitat most suitable for reintroduction or population augmentation of this endangered fish. C1 N Carolina State Univ, Dept Environm & Mol Toxicol, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. N Carolina State Univ, Dept Zool, US Geol Survey, N Carolina Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Raleigh, NC 27636 USA. RP Cope, WG (reprint author), N Carolina State Univ, Dept Environm & Mol Toxicol, Box 7633, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. EM greg_cope@ncsu.edu NR 39 TC 6 Z9 8 U1 1 U2 6 PU SETAC PI PENSACOLA PA 1010 NORTH 12TH AVE, PENSACOLA, FL 32501-3367 USA SN 0730-7268 J9 ENVIRON TOXICOL CHEM JI Environ. Toxicol. Chem. PD SEP PY 2006 VL 25 IS 9 BP 2288 EP 2298 DI 10.1897/05-569R.1 PG 11 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA 075UZ UT WOS:000239912100005 PM 16986782 ER PT J AU Valenti, TW Cherry, DS Currie, RJ Neves, RJ Jones, JW Mair, R Kane, CM AF Valenti, Theodore W. Cherry, Donald S. Currie, Rebecca J. Neves, Richard J. Jones, Jess W. Mair, Rachel Kane, Cynthia M. TI Chlorine toxicity to early life stages of freshwater mussels (Bivalvia : Unionidae) SO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE chlorine; freshwater mussels; toxicity; glochidia; juveniles ID CORBICULA-FLUMINEA; CLINCH RIVER; VIRGINIA; COMMUNITIES; DERIVATION; CRITERIA; AMMONIA; COPPER AB Chlorine (Cl) is a highly toxic, widely used halogen disinfectant that is present in point-source pollution discharges from wastewater treatment plants and industrial facilities. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency freshwater criteria for Cl are 19 mu g total residual Cl (TRC)/L as a maximum 1-h average concentration and 11 mu g TRC/L as a maximum 4-d average; however, toxicological data for unionids were not used in these calculations. To address this void in the data, we conducted acute tests with glochidia from several species and 21-d bioassays with three-month-old Epioblasma capsaeformis and three-, six-, and 12-month-old Villosa iris juveniles. The 24-h lethal concentration 50 values for glochidia were between 70 and 220 mu g TRC/L, which are 2.5 to 37 times higher than those reported in other studies for cladocerans. Significant declines in growth and survivorship were observed in the 21-d test with E. capsaeformis at 20 jig TRC/L. Lowest-observed-adverse-effects concentrations in bioassays with juvenile V. iris were higher (30-60 mu g TRC/L) but showed a significant trend of declining toxicity with increased age. Although endpoints were above water quality criteria, the long life spans of unionids and potential implications of chronic exposure to endangered juvenile mussels still warrant concern. C1 Virginia Polytech Inst & State Univ, Dept Biol, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA. Roanoke Coll, Dept Biol, Salem, VA 24153 USA. Virginia Polytech Inst & State Univ, Virginia Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, US Geol Survey, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA. US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Gloucester Point, VA 23061 USA. Virginia Polytech Inst & State Univ, Dept Fisheries & Wildlife Sci, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA. RP Valenti, TW (reprint author), Virginia Polytech Inst & State Univ, Dept Biol, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA. EM tvalenti@vt.edu NR 32 TC 20 Z9 20 U1 1 U2 10 PU SETAC PI PENSACOLA PA 1010 NORTH 12TH AVE, PENSACOLA, FL 32501-3367 USA SN 0730-7268 J9 ENVIRON TOXICOL CHEM JI Environ. Toxicol. Chem. PD SEP PY 2006 VL 25 IS 9 BP 2512 EP 2518 DI 10.1897/05-527R1.1 PG 7 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA 075UZ UT WOS:000239912100030 PM 16986807 ER PT J AU Sweet, LI Passino-Reader, DR Meier, PG Omann, GA AF Sweet, Leonard I. Passino-Reader, Dora R. Meier, Peter G. Omann, Geneva A. TI Effects of polychlorinated biphenyls, hexachlorocyclohexanes, and mercury on human neutrophil apoptosis, actin cytoskelton, and oxidative state SO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY LA English DT Article DE apoptosis; necrosis; F-actin; oxidants; immunomodulation ID HUMAN POLYMORPHONUCLEAR LEUKOCYTES; REFERENCE VALUES; GREAT-LAKES; ORGANOCHLORINE COMPOUNDS; ENVIRONMENTAL MEDICINE; ORGANIC POLLUTANTS; PHOSPHOLIPASE A(2); XENOBIOTIC AGENTS; RESPIRATORY BURST; RAT NEUTROPHILS AB Apoptosis, or programmed cell death, has been proposed as a biomarker for environmental contaminant effects. In this work, we test the hypothesis that in vitro assays of apoptosis are sensitive indicators of immunological effects of polychlorinated biphenyls, hexachlorocyclohexanes, and mercury on human neutrophils. Apoptosis, necrosis, and viability as well as the related indicators F-actin levels, and active thiol state were measured in purified human neutrophils after treatment with contaminants. Effective concentrations observed were 0.3 mu M (60 mu g/L) mercury, 750 mu g/L Aroclor 1254, and 50 mu M (14,500 mu g/L) hexachlorocylcohexanes. Concentrations of contaminants that induced apoptosis also decreased cellular F-actin levels. Active thiols were altered by mercury, but not organochlorines. Comparison of these data with levels of contaminants reported to be threats to human health indicate neutrophil apoptosis is a sensitive indicator of mercury toxicity. Published by Elsevier B.V. C1 Univ Michigan, Sch Med, Dept Surg & Biol Chem, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. VA Med Ctr, Ann Arbor, MI USA. Univ Michigan, Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Environm Hlth Sci, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. US Geol Survey, Great Lakes Sci Ctr, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA. RP Omann, GA (reprint author), 2536 Muledeer Dr, Weed, CA 96094 USA. EM gmomann@starband.net NR 94 TC 3 Z9 4 U1 1 U2 3 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 1382-6689 J9 ENVIRON TOXICOL PHAR JI Environ. Toxicol. Pharmacol. PD SEP PY 2006 VL 22 IS 2 BP 179 EP 188 DI 10.1016/j.etap.2006.03.005 PG 10 WC Environmental Sciences; Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology GA 072OY UT WOS:000239683900011 PM 21783707 ER PT J AU Jin, YG Wang, Y Henderson, C Wardlaw, BR Shen, SZ Cao, CQ AF Jin, Yugan Wang, Yue Henderson, Charles Wardlaw, Bruce R. Shen, Shuzhong Cao, Changqun TI The Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP) for the base of Changhsingian Stage (Upper Permian) SO EPISODES LA English DT Article ID TRIASSIC MAGNETOSTRATIGRAPHY; SHANXI PROVINCE; SOUTH CHINA; NORTH CHINA; ZHEJIANG; TAIYUAN; MEISHAN; AGE AB The Global Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP) for the base-Changhsingian Stage is defined at the First Appearance Datum (FAD) of the conodont Clarkina wangi within the lineage from C. longicuspidata to C. wangi at a point 88 cm above the base of the Changxing Limestone in the lower part of Bed 4 (base of 4a-2) at Meishan D section, Changxing County, Zhejiang Province, South China. This level is consistent with the first appearance of Changhsingian index fusulinid Palaeofusulina sinensis and tapashanitid ammonoids. The speciation event from Clarkina longicuspidata to C. wangi occurs just above the flooding surface of the second parasequence in the Changxing Limestone. In addition, the boundary interval is clearly recognizable by the depletion of isotopic carbon ratios and the normal polarity zone appearing above the Late Wuchiapingian reversed polarity zone. Section C, about 300 m to the west of Section D, exposes more of the upper Longtan Formation. It clearly shows the transitional nature of deposition across the Longtan/Changxing formational boundary, and thus is described as a supplementary reference section. C1 Chinese Acad Sci, Nanjing Inst Geol & Palaeontol, State Key Lab Palaeobiol & Stratig, Nanjing 210008, Peoples R China. Univ Calgary, Dept Geol & Geophys, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada. US Geol Survey, Reston, VA 22092 USA. RP Wang, Y (reprint author), Chinese Acad Sci, Nanjing Inst Geol & Palaeontol, State Key Lab Palaeobiol & Stratig, 39 E Beijing Rd, Nanjing 210008, Peoples R China. EM yuewang@nigpas.ac.cn RI Shen, Shuzhong/D-8214-2011 OI Shen, Shuzhong/0000-0001-8380-0692 NR 48 TC 33 Z9 46 U1 0 U2 10 PU INT UNION GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES PI BEIJING PA C/O ACAD GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES, 6 BAIWANZHUANG RD, PO BOX 823, BEIJING 100037, PEOPLES R CHINA SN 0705-3797 J9 EPISODES JI Episodes PD SEP PY 2006 VL 29 IS 3 BP 175 EP 182 PG 8 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 100SW UT WOS:000241690000003 ER PT J AU Sullivan, PJ Acheson, JM Angermeier, PL Faast, T Flemma, J Jones, CM Knudsen, EE Minello, TJ Secor, DH Wunderlich, R Zanetell, BA AF Sullivan, P. J. Acheson, J. M. Angermeier, P. L. Faast, T. Flemma, J. Jones, C. M. Knudsen, E. E. Minello, T. J. Secor, D. H. Wunderlich, R. Zanetell, B. A. TI Defining and implementing - Best available science for fisheries and environmental science, policy, and management SO FISHERIES LA English DT Article ID CONSERVATION BIOLOGY; VALUES; ECOLOGY AB In the United States, many of the laws governing environmental conservation and management stipulate that the best available science be used as the basis for policy and decision making. The Endangered Species Act, for example, requires that decisions on listing a species as threatened or endangered be made on the basis of the "best scientific and commercial data available." Similarly, National Standard 2 of the Magnuson-Stevens Fishery Conservation and Management Act states that conservation and management measures shall be based on "the best scientific information available." Further, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency has emphasized the role of best available science in implementing the Clean Water Act (USEPA 1997). Determining what constitutes the best available science, however, is not straightforward, and scientists, policymakers, and stakeholders often have disparate ideas on how the concept should be defined and interpreted. The American Fisheries Society and the Estuarine Research Federation established a committee to consider what determines the best available science and how it might be used to formulate natural resource policies and procedures. This synopsis examines how scientists and nonscientists perceive science, what factors affect the quality and use of science, and how changing technology and societal preferences influence the availability and application of science. Because the issues surrounding the definition of best available science surface when managers and policymakers interpret and use science, we also discuss the interface between science and policy and explore ways in which scientists, policymakers, and managers can more effectively apply science to environmental policy. C1 Cornell Univ, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. Univ Maine, Orono, ME 04469 USA. US Geol Survey, Blacksburg, VA USA. US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Portland, OR USA. Prairie Rivers Network, Champaign, IL USA. Old Dominion Univ, Norfolk, VA USA. US Geol Survey, Anchorage, AK USA. NOAA Fisheries, Galveston, TX USA. Univ Maryland, Ctr Environm Sci, Solomons, MD USA. US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Lacey, WA USA. US Dept State, Washington, DC 20520 USA. RP Sullivan, PJ (reprint author), Cornell Univ, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. RI Secor, D/D-4367-2012 OI Secor, D/0000-0001-6007-4827 NR 33 TC 19 Z9 19 U1 2 U2 19 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA SN 0363-2415 J9 FISHERIES JI Fisheries PD SEP PY 2006 VL 31 IS 9 BP 460 EP 465 PG 6 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 089HO UT WOS:000240871500011 ER PT J AU Paul, MJ Meyer, JL Couch, CA AF Paul, Michael J. Meyer, Judy L. Couch, Carol A. TI Leaf breakdown in streams differing in catchment land use SO FRESHWATER BIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE agriculture; ecosystem function; ergosterol; south-eastern US Piedmont; urbanisation ID SONORAN DESERT STREAM; LITTER BREAKDOWN; WOODLAND STREAM; AQUATIC INSECTS; NEW-ZEALAND; ECOSYSTEM; LEAVES; DECOMPOSITION; DYNAMICS; FUNGAL AB 1. The impact of changes in land use on stream ecosystem function is poorly understood. We studied leaf breakdown, a fundamental process of stream ecosystems, in streams that represent a range of catchment land use in the Piedmont physiographic province of the south-eastern United States. 2. We placed bags of chalk maple (Acer barbatum) leaves in similar-sized streams in 12 catchments of differing dominant land use: four forested, three agricultural, two suburban and three urban catchments. We measured leaf mass, invertebrate abundance and fungal biomass in leaf bags over time. 3. Leaves decayed significantly faster in agricultural (0.0465 day(-1)) and urban (0.0474 day(-1)) streams than in suburban (0.0173 day(-1)) and forested (0.0100 day(-1)) streams. Additionally, breakdown rates in the agricultural and urban streams were among the fastest reported for deciduous leaves in any stream. Nutrient concentrations in agricultural streams were significantly higher than in any other land-use type. Fungal biomass associated with leaves was significantly lower in urban streams; while shredder abundance in leaf bags was significantly higher in forested and agricultural streams than in suburban and urban streams. Storm runoff was significantly higher in urban and suburban catchments that had higher impervious surface cover than forested or agricultural catchments. 4. We propose that processes accelerating leaf breakdown in agricultural and urban streams were not the same: faster breakdown in agricultural streams was due to increased biological activity as a result of nutrient enrichment, whereas faster breakdown in urban streams was a result of physical fragmentation resulting from higher storm runoff. C1 Univ Georgia, Inst Ecol, Athens, GA 30602 USA. US Geol Survey, Norcross, GA USA. RP Paul, MJ (reprint author), Tetra Tech Inc, 400 Red Brook Blvd,Suite 200, Owings Mills, MD USA. EM michael.paul@tetratech.com RI Couch, Carol/E-8737-2011 NR 58 TC 66 Z9 72 U1 4 U2 61 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING PI OXFORD PA 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DQ, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0046-5070 J9 FRESHWATER BIOL JI Freshw. Biol. PD SEP PY 2006 VL 51 IS 9 BP 1684 EP 1695 DI 10.1111/j.1365-2427.2006.01612.x PG 12 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 074FJ UT WOS:000239797800008 ER PT J AU Liebert, AM Schreck, CB AF Liebert, Anja M. Schreck, Carl B. TI Effects of acute stress on osmoregulation, feed intake, IGF-1, and cortisol in yearling steelhead trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) during seawater adaptation SO GENERAL AND COMPARATIVE ENDOCRINOLOGY LA English DT Article DE cortisol; feed intake; IGF-1; osinoregulation; Seawater adaptation; stress ID GROWTH-FACTOR-I; SALMON SALMO-SALAR; ACUTE HANDLING STRESS; COHO SALMON; RAINBOW-TROUT; FRESH-WATER; BINDING-PROTEINS; SEA-WATER; GILL NA+,K+-ATPASE; JUVENILE RAINBOW AB Juvenile steelhead (Oncorhynchus mykiss) acclimated to freshwater (FW) were subjected for 3 It to confinement stress in FW, and subsequently saltwater (SW, 25 ppt) was introduced to all tanks. Fish were sampled immediately after the stress treatment, and 1, 7, and 14 days after introduction of SW. Electrolytes, cortisol, glucose, and lactate showed the typical stress response expected after stress treatment in FW. Fish regained osmotic balance within 24 It. Glucose concentrations were increasing throughout the experiment and lactate levels stayed elevated during the time spent in SW. Insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) did not show an immediate response to stress but after transfer to SW we detected significantly higher concentrations for control fish at days 1 and 14. The differences in IGF-1 levels between stressed and control fish are not reflected in SW adaptability but positive correlations between IGF-1 and electrolyte levels in control fish may indicate its role for osmoregulation. Confinement stress did not impair feed intake subsequently in SW, but our results suggest that feed intake was suppressed by the change of the media from FW to SW. (c) 2006 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. C1 Oregon State Univ, USGS, Oregon Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. Oregon State Univ, USGS, Dept Fisheries & Wildlife, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. RP Liebert, AM (reprint author), Folgenstr 10, D-09212 Limbach Oberfrohna, Germany. EM anjaliebert@yahoo.de NR 43 TC 27 Z9 29 U1 0 U2 11 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0016-6480 J9 GEN COMP ENDOCR JI Gen. Comp. Endocrinol. PD SEP 1 PY 2006 VL 148 IS 2 BP 195 EP 202 DI 10.1016/j.ygcen.2006.03.002 PG 8 WC Endocrinology & Metabolism SC Endocrinology & Metabolism GA 074YI UT WOS:000239848100011 PM 16677647 ER PT J AU Stock, JD Dietrich, WE AF Stock, Jonathan D. Dietrich, William E. TI Erosion of steepland valleys by debris flows SO GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA BULLETIN LA English DT Review DE geomorphology; erosion; debris; flows; river incision; landscape evolution ID OREGON COAST RANGE; TRIPLE JUNCTION REGION; GRANULAR-MATERIALS; RIVER INCISION; SPHERICAL-PARTICLES; NORTHERN CALIFORNIA; LANDSCAPE RESPONSE; BRITTLE MATERIALS; METAL POWDERS; SHEAR CELL AB Episodic debris flows scour the rock beds of many steepland valleys. Along recent debris-flow runout paths in the western United States, we have observed evidence for bedrock lowering, primarily by the impact of large particles entrained in debris flows. This evidence may persist to the point at which debris-flow deposition occurs, commonly at slopes of less than similar to 0.03-0.10. We find that debris-flow-scoured valleys have a topographic signature that is fundamentally different from that predicted by bedrock river-incision models. Much of this difference results from the fact that local valley slope shows a tendency to decrease abruptly downstream of tributaries that contribute throughgoing debris flows. The degree of weathering of valley floor bedrock may also decrease abruptly downstream of such junctions. On the basis of these observations, we hypothesize that valley slope is adjusted to the long-term frequency of debris flows, and that valleys scoured by debris flows should not be modeled using conventional bedrock river-incision laws. We use field observations to justify one possible debris-flow incision model, whose lowering rate is proportional to the integral of solid inertial normal stresses from particle impacts along the flow and the number of upvalley debris-flow sources. The model predicts that increases in incision rate caused by increases in flow event frequency and length (as flows gain material) downvalley are balanced by rate reductions from reduced inertial normal stress at lower slopes, and stronger, less weathered bedrock. These adjustments lead to a spatially uniform lowering rate. Although the proposed expression leads to equilibrium long-profiles with the correct topographic signature, the crudeness with which the debris-flow dynamics are parameterized reveals that we are far from a validated debris-flow incision law. However, the vast extent of steepland valley networks above slopes of similar to 0.03-0.10 illustrates the need to understand debris-flow incision if we hope to understand the evolution of steep topography around the world. C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. Univ Calif Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. RP Stock, JD (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 345 Middlefield Rd, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. EM jstock@usgs.gov NR 124 TC 94 Z9 94 U1 4 U2 41 PU GEOLOGICAL SOC AMERICA, INC PI BOULDER PA PO BOX 9140, BOULDER, CO 80301-9140 USA SN 0016-7606 J9 GEOL SOC AM BULL JI Geol. Soc. Am. Bull. PD SEP-OCT PY 2006 VL 118 IS 9-10 BP 1125 EP 1148 DI 10.1130/B25902.1 PG 24 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 084CE UT WOS:000240508500006 ER PT J AU Williams, B Risk, MJ Ross, SW Sulak, KJ AF Williams, B. Risk, M. J. Ross, S. W. Sulak, K. J. TI Deep-water antipatharians: Proxies of environmental change SO GEOLOGY LA English DT Article DE corals; nitrogen; carbon; stable isotopes; (210)Pb dating ID GULF-OF-MEXICO; BLACK CORAL; SEA; ABUNDANCE; OCEAN; N-15 AB Deep-water (307-697 m) antipatharian (black coral) specimens were collected from the southeastern continental slope of the United States and the north-central Gulf of Mexico. The sclero-chronology of the specimens indicates that skeletal growth takes place by formation of concentric coeval layers. We used (210)Pb to estimate radial growth rate of two specimens, and to establish that they were several centuries old. Bands were delaminated in KOH and analyzed for carbon and nitrogen stable isotopes. Carbon values ranged from -16.4 parts per thousand to -15.7 parts per thousand; the oldest specimen displayed the largest range in values. Nitrogen values ranged from 7.7 parts per thousand to 8.6 parts per thousand. Two specimens from the same location and depth had similar (15)N signatures, indicating good reproducibility between specimens. C1 Univ Quebec, Ctr Rech Geochim & Geodynam, Montreal, PQ H3C 3P8, Canada. McMaster Univ, Dept Geog & Earth Sci, Hamilton, ON L8S 4L8, Canada. Univ N Carolina, Ctr Marine Sci, Wilmington, NC 28409 USA. US Geol Survey, Ctr Aquat Resource Studies, Gainesville, FL 32653 USA. RP Williams, B (reprint author), Univ Quebec, Ctr Rech Geochim & Geodynam, CP 8888,Succursale Ctr Ville, Montreal, PQ H3C 3P8, Canada. EM williams.2789@osu.edu NR 24 TC 27 Z9 31 U1 0 U2 3 PU GEOLOGICAL SOC AMER, INC PI BOULDER PA PO BOX 9140, BOULDER, CO 80301-9140 USA SN 0091-7613 J9 GEOLOGY JI Geology PD SEP PY 2006 VL 34 IS 9 BP 773 EP 776 DI 10.1130/G22685.1 PG 4 WC Geology SC Geology GA 084AQ UT WOS:000240504300018 ER PT J AU Parsons, T Thompson, GA Cogbill, AH AF Parsons, Tom Thompson, George A. Cogbill, Allen H. TI Earthquake and volcano clustering via stress transfer at Yucca Mountain, Nevada SO GEOLOGY LA English DT Article DE earthquake; volcano; magmatism; hazard; nuclear waste repository; clustering; stress transfer; Yucca Mountain; extension; basin and range province- ID FIELD; SEISMICITY; FRAMEWORK; PATTERNS; STRAIN; REGION AB The proposed national high-level nuclear waste repository at Yucca Mountain is close to Quaternary cinder cones and faults with Quaternary slip. Volcano eruption and earthquake frequencies are low, with indications of spatial and temporal clustering, making probabilistic assessments difficult. In an effort to identify the most likely intrusion sites, we based a three-dimensional finite-element model on the expectation that faulting and basalt intrusions are sensitive to the magnitude and orientation of the least principal stress in extensional terranes. We found that in the absence of fault slip, variation in overburden pressure caused a stress state that preferentially favored intrusions at Crater Flat. However, when we allowed central Yucca Mountain faults to slip in the model, we found that magmatic clustering was not favored at Crater Flat or in the central Yucca Mountain block. Instead, we calculated that the stress field was most encouraging to intrusions near fault terminations, consistent with the location of the most recent volcanism at Yucca Mountain, the Lathrop Wells cone. We found this linked fault and magmatic system to be mutually reinforcing in the model in that Lathrop Wells feeder dike inflation favored renewed fault slip. C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. Stanford Univ, Dept Geophys, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. Los Alamos Natl Lab, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. RP Parsons, T (reprint author), US Geol Survey, MS 999, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. RI Parsons, Tom/A-3424-2008; OI Parsons, Tom/0000-0002-0582-4338 NR 30 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 2 PU GEOLOGICAL SOC AMER, INC PI BOULDER PA PO BOX 9140, BOULDER, CO 80301-9140 USA SN 0091-7613 J9 GEOLOGY JI Geology PD SEP PY 2006 VL 34 IS 9 BP 785 EP 788 DI 10.1130/G22636.1 PG 4 WC Geology SC Geology GA 084AQ UT WOS:000240504300021 ER PT J AU Zhang, GX Dong, HL Jiang, HC Xu, ZQ Eberl, DD AF Zhang, Gengxin Dong, Hailiang Jiang, Hongchen Xu, Zhiqin Eberl, Dennis D. TI Unique microbial community in drilling fluids from Chinese Continental Scientific drilling SO GEOMICROBIOLOGY JOURNAL LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT General Meeting of the American-Society-for-Microbiology CY MAY, 2004 CL New Oreland, LA SP Amer Soc Microbiol DE archaea; alkaliphilic; bacteria; CCSD; deep subsurface; drilling fluids; Fe(III) reducer; Firmicutes; thermophilic ID SP-NOV.; GEN. NOV.; DEEP SUBSURFACE; THERMOANAEROBACTER-ETHANOLICUS; DISSIMILATORY REDUCTION; ANAEROBIC BACTERIUM; MARINE-SEDIMENTS; FATTY-ACIDS; GOLD MINE; IRON AB Circulating drilling fluid is often regarded as a contamination source in investigations of subsurface microbiology. However, it also provides an opportunity to sample geological fluids at depth and to study contained microbial communities. During our study of deep subsurface microbiology of the Chinese Continental Scientific Deep drilling project, we collected 6 drilling fluid samples from a borehole from 2290 to 3350 m below the land surface. Microbial communities in these samples were characterized with cultivation-dependent and -independent techniques. Characterization of 16S rRNA genes indicated that the bacterial clone sequences related to Firmicutes became progressively dominant with increasing depth. Most sequences were related to anaerobic, thermophilic, halophilic or alkaliphilic bacteria. These habitats were consistent with the measured geochemical characteristics of the drilling fluids that have incorporated geological fluids and partly reflected the in-situ conditions. Several clone types were closely related to Thermoanaerobacter ethanolicus, Caldicellulosiruptor lactoaceticus, and Anaerobranca gottschalkii, an anaerobic metal-reducer, an extreme thermophile, and an anaerobic chemoorganotroph, respectively, with an optimal growth temperature of 50 - 68 degrees C. Seven anaerobic, thermophilic Fe(III)-reducing bacterial isolates were obtained and they were capable of reducing iron oxide and clay minerals to produce siderite, vivianite, and illite. The archaeal diversity was low. Most archaeal sequences were not related to any known cultivated species, but rather to environmental clone sequences recovered from subsurface environments. We infer that the detected microbes were derived from geological fluids at depth and their growth habitats reflected the deep subsurface conditions. These findings have important implications for microbial survival and their ecological functions in the deep subsurface. C1 Miami Univ, Dept Geol, Oxford, OH 45056 USA. Chinese Acad Geol Sci, Inst Geol, Key Lab Continental Dynam, Beijing 100037, Peoples R China. US Geol Survey, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RP Dong, HL (reprint author), Miami Univ, Dept Geol, Oxford, OH 45056 USA. EM dongh@muohio.edu RI Jiang, Hongchen/I-5838-2016 NR 60 TC 9 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 9 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 325 CHESTNUT ST, SUITE 800, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 0149-0451 J9 GEOMICROBIOL J JI Geomicrobiol. J. PD SEP PY 2006 VL 23 IS 6 BP 499 EP 514 DI 10.1080/01490450600875860 PG 16 WC Environmental Sciences; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Geology GA 093UN UT WOS:000241195900011 ER PT J AU Ivanov, J Miller, RD Lacombe, P Johnson, CD Lane, JW AF Ivanov, Julian Miller, Richard D. Lacombe, Pierre Johnson, Carole D. Lane, John W., Jr. TI Delineating a shallow fault zone and dipping bedrock strata using multichannal analysis of surface waves with a land streamer SO GEOPHYSICS LA English DT Letter AB The multichannel analysis of surface waves (MASW) seismic method was used to delineate a fault zone and gently dipping sedimentary bedrock at a site overlain by several meters of regolith. Seismic data were collected rapidly and inexpensively using a towed 30-channel land streamer and a rubberband-accelerated weight-drop seismic source. Data processed using the MASW method imaged the subsurface to a depth of about 20 m and allowed detection of the overburden, gross bedding features, and fault zone. The fault zone was characterized by a lower shear-wave velocity (V-s) than the competent bedrock, consistent with a large-scale fault, secondary fractures, and in-situ weathering. The MASW 2D V, section was further interpreted to identify dipping beds consistent with local geologic mapping. Mapping of shallow-fault zones and dipping sedimentary rock substantially extends the applications of the MASW method. C1 Univ Kansas, Kansas Geol Survey, Lawrence, KS 66047 USA. US Geol Survey, Tox Subst Hydrol Program, W Trenton, NJ 08628 USA. US Geol Survey, OGW, Branch Geophys, Storrs, CT 06269 USA. RP Ivanov, J (reprint author), Univ Kansas, Kansas Geol Survey, 1930 Constant Ave, Lawrence, KS 66047 USA. EM jivanov@kgs.ku.edu; rmiller@kgs.ku.edu; placombe@usgs.gov; cjohnson@usgs.gov; jwlane@usgs.gov NR 18 TC 33 Z9 35 U1 1 U2 3 PU SOC EXPLORATION GEOPHYSICISTS PI TULSA PA 8801 S YALE ST, TULSA, OK 74137 USA SN 0016-8033 J9 GEOPHYSICS JI Geophysics PD SEP-OCT PY 2006 VL 71 IS 5 BP A39 EP A42 DI 10.1190/1.2227521 PG 4 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 091PB UT WOS:000241039700001 ER PT J AU Ross, HE Blakely, RJ Zoback, MD AF Ross, Hannah E. Blakely, Richard J. Zoback, Mark D. TI Testing the use of aeromagnetic data for the determination of Curie depth in California SO GEOPHYSICS LA English DT Article ID ANDREAS FAULT ZONE; VALLEY FORE-ARC; HEAT-FLOW; MAGNETIC-ANOMALIES; CONTINENTAL-CRUST; SIERRA-NEVADA; UNITED-STATES; DATA SET; MODELS; DEFORMATION AB Using California as a test region, we have examined the feasibility of using Curie-isotherm depths, estimated from magnetic anomalies, as a proxy for lithospheric thermal structure. Our method follows previous studies by dividing a regional aeromagnetic database into overlapping subregions and analyzing the power-density spectrum of each subregion, but we have improved on previous studies in two important ways: We increase subregion dimensions in a stepwise manner until long-wavelength anomalies are appropriately sampled, and each subregion spectrum determined from the magnetic anomalies is manually fit with a theoretical expression that directly yields the depth to the bottom of the magnetic layer. Using this method, we have obtained Curie-isotherm depths for California that show a general inverse correlation with measured heat flow, as expected. The Coast Ranges of California are characterized by high heat flow (80-85 mW/ m(2)) and shallow Curie depths (20-30 km), whereas the Great Valley has low heat flow (less than 50 mW/m(2)) and deeper Curie depths (30-45 km). C1 Stanford Univ, Dept Geophys, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. US Geol Survey, Western Reg Earth Surfaces Proc Team, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. RP Ross, HE (reprint author), Stanford Univ, Dept Geophys, Mitchell Bldg,397 Panama Mall, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. EM hemiller@pangea.stanford.edu; blakely@usgs.gov; zoback@pangea.stanford.edu NR 50 TC 38 Z9 40 U1 0 U2 3 PU SOC EXPLORATION GEOPHYSICISTS PI TULSA PA 8801 S YALE ST, TULSA, OK 74137 USA SN 0016-8033 J9 GEOPHYSICS JI Geophysics PD SEP-OCT PY 2006 VL 71 IS 5 BP L51 EP L59 DI 10.1190/1.2335572 PG 9 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 091PB UT WOS:000241039700034 ER PT J AU Adams, EA Monroe, SA Springer, AE Blasch, KW Bills, DJ AF Adams, Eric A. Monroe, Stephen A. Springer, Abraham E. Blasch, Kyle W. Bills, Donald J. TI Electrical resistance sensors record spring flow timing, Grand Canyon, Arizona SO GROUND WATER LA English DT Article AB Springs along the south rim of the Grand Canyon, Arizona, are important ecological and cultural resources in Grand Canyon National Park and are discharge points for regional and local aquifers of the Coconino Plateau. This study evaluated the applicability of electrical resistance (ER) sensors for measuring diffuse, low-stage (< 1.0 cm) intermittent and ephemeral flow in the steep, rocky spring-fed tributaries of the south rim. ER sensors were used to conduct a baseline survey of spring flow timing at eight sites in three spring-fed tributaries in Grand Canyon. Sensors were attached to a nearly vertical rock wall at a spring outlet and were installed in alluvial and bedrock channels. Spring flow timing data inferred by the ER sensors were consistent with observations during site visits, with flow events recorded with collocated streamflow gauging stations and with local precipitation gauges. ER sensors were able to distinguish the presence of flow along nearly vertical rock surfaces with flow depths between 0.3 and 1.0 cm. Laboratory experiments confirmed the ability of the sensors to monitor the timing of diffuse flow on impervious surfaces. A comparison of flow patterns along the stream reaches and at springs identified the timing and location of perennial and intermittent flow, and periods of increased evapotranspiration. C1 Natl Pk Serv, Flagstaff, AZ 86011 USA. No Arizona Univ, Dept Geol, Flagstaff, AZ 86011 USA. US Geol Survey, Tucson, AZ 85719 USA. US Geol Survey, Flagstaff, AZ 86001 USA. RP Monroe, SA (reprint author), Natl Pk Serv, POB 5765, Flagstaff, AZ 86011 USA. EM eaa35@dana.ucc.nau.edu; stephen_monroe@nps.gov; abe.springer@nau.edu; kblasch@usgs.gov; djbills@usgs.gov NR 31 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 2 U2 8 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING PI OXFORD PA 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DQ, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0017-467X J9 GROUND WATER JI Ground Water PD SEP-OCT PY 2006 VL 44 IS 5 BP 630 EP 641 DI 10.1111/j.1745-6584.2006.00223.x PG 12 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Geology; Water Resources GA 081AJ UT WOS:000240289300004 PM 16961484 ER PT J AU Konikow, LF Hornberger, GZ AF Konikow, Leonard F. Hornberger, George Z. TI Modeling effects of multinode wells on solute transport SO GROUND WATER LA English DT Article ID FLOW; AQUIFER; BIAS AB Long-screen wells or long open boreholes with intraborehole flow potentially provide pathways for contaminants to move from one location to another in a ground water flow system. Such wells also can perturb a flow field so that the well will not provide water samples that are representative of ground water quality a short distance away from the well. A methodology is presented to accurately and efficiently simulate solute transport in ground water systems that include wells longer than the grid spacing used in a simulation model of the system and hence are connected to multiple nodes of the grid. The methods are implemented in a MODFLOW-compatible solute-transport model and use MODFLOW's Multi-Node Well Package but are generic and can be readily implemented in other solute-transport models. For nonpumping multinode wells (used to simulate open boreholes or observation wells, for example) and for low-rate pumping wells (in which the flow between the well and the ground water system is not unidirectional), a simple routing and local mixing model was developed to calculate nodal concentrations within the borehole. For high-rate pumping multinode wells (either withdrawal or injection, in which flow between the well and the ground water system is in the same direction at all well nodes), complete and instantaneous mixing in the wellbore of all inflows is assumed. C1 US Geol Survey, Reston, VA USA. RP Konikow, LF (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 431 Natl Ctr, Reston, VA USA. EM lkonikow@usgs.gov NR 20 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 1 U2 13 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING PI OXFORD PA 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DQ, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0017-467X J9 GROUND WATER JI Ground Water PD SEP-OCT PY 2006 VL 44 IS 5 BP 648 EP 660 DI 10.1111/j.1745-6584.2006.00231.x PG 13 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Geology; Water Resources GA 081AJ UT WOS:000240289300006 PM 16961486 ER PT J AU Heilweil, VM Hsieh, PA AF Heilweil, Victor M. Hsieh, Paul A. TI Determining anisotropic transmissivity using a simplified papadopulos method SO GROUND WATER LA English DT Article AB The straight-line method presented by Papadopulos requires a minimum of three observation wells for determining the transmissivity tensor of a homogeneous and anisotropic aquifer. A simplification of this method was developed for fractured aquifers where the principal directions of the transmissivity tensor are known prior to implementation, such as when fracture patterns on outcropping portions of the aquifer may be used to infer the principal directions. This new method assumes that observation wells are drilled along the two principal directions from the pumped well, thus reducing the required number of observation wells to two. This method was applied for an aquifer test in the fractured Navajo Sandstone of southwestern Utah and yielded minimum and maximum principal transmissivity values of 70 and 1800 m(2)/d, respectively, indicating an anisotropy ratio of similar to 24 to 1. C1 US Geol Survey, Salt Lake City, UT 84119 USA. US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. RP Heilweil, VM (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 2329 Orton Circle, Salt Lake City, UT 84119 USA. EM heilweil@usgs.gov; pahsieh@usgs.gov NR 9 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 4 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING PI OXFORD PA 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DQ, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0017-467X J9 GROUND WATER JI Ground Water PD SEP-OCT PY 2006 VL 44 IS 5 BP 749 EP 753 DI 10.1111/j.1745-6584.2006.00210.x PG 5 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Geology; Water Resources GA 081AJ UT WOS:000240289300017 PM 16961497 ER PT J AU Bradley, PM Chapelle, FH Landmeyer, JE AF Bradley, P. M. Chapelle, F. H. Landmeyer, J. E. TI Effect of H-2 and redox condition on biotic and abiotic MTBE transformation SO GROUND WATER MONITORING AND REMEDIATION LA English DT Article ID TERT-BUTYL ETHER; SURFACE-WATER SEDIMENTS; BEARING SOIL MINERALS; AMYL METHYL-ETHER; ANAEROBIC BIODEGRADATION; REDUCTIVE DECHLORINATION; CHLORINATED ETHYLENES; STABLE CARBON; GROUNDWATER; IRON AB Laboratory studies conducted with surface water sediment from a methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE)-contaminated site in South Carolina demonstrated that, under methanogenic conditions, [U-C-14] MTBE was transformed to C-14 tert-butyl alcohol (TBA) with no measurable production of (CO2)-C-14. Production of TBA was not attributed to the activity of methanogenic microorganisms, however, because comparable transformation of [U-C-14] MTBE to C-14-TBA also was observed in heat-sterilized controls with dissolved H-2 concentrations > 5 nM. The results suggest that the transformation of MTBE to TBA may be an abiotic process that is driven by biologically produced H-2 under in situ conditions. In contrast, mineralization of [U-C-14] MTBE to (CO2)-C-14 was completely inhibited by heat sterilization and only observed in treatments characterized by dissolved H-2 concentrations < 2 nM. These results suggest that the pathway of MTBE transformation is influenced by in situ H-2 concentrations and that in situ H-2 concentrations may be an useful indicator of MTBE transformation pathways in ground water systems. C1 US Geol Survey, Columbia, SC 29210 USA. RP Bradley, PM (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 720 Gracern Rd,Suite 129, Columbia, SC 29210 USA. EM pbradley@usgs.gov; chapelle@usgs.gov; jlandmey@usgs.gov NR 43 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 1 U2 7 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING PI OXFORD PA 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DQ, OXON, ENGLAND SN 1069-3629 J9 GROUND WATER MONIT R JI Ground Water Monit. Remediat. PD FAL PY 2006 VL 26 IS 4 BP 74 EP 81 DI 10.1111/j.1745-6592.2006.00119.x PG 8 WC Water Resources SC Water Resources GA 103VP UT WOS:000241915300004 ER PT J AU Barbaro, JR Neupane, PP AF Barbaro, Jeffrey R. Neupane, Pradumna P. TI Use of plume mapping data to estimate chlorinated solvent mass loss SO GROUND WATER MONITORING AND REMEDIATION LA English DT Article ID BIOAUGMENTATION; MINERALIZATION; DCE; VC AB Results from a plume mapping study from November 2000 through February 2001 in the sand-and-gravel surficial aquifer at Dover Air Force Base, Delaware, were used to assess the occurrence and extent of chlorinated solvent mass loss by calculating mass fluxes across two transverse cross sections and by observing changes in concentration ratios and mole fractions along a longitudinal cross section through the core of the plume. The plume mapping investigation was conducted to determine the spatial distribution of chlorinated solvents migrating from former waste disposal sites. Vertical contaminant concentration profiles were obtained with a direct-push drill rig and multilevel piezometers. These samples were supplemented with additional ground water samples collected with a minipiezometer from the bed of a perennial stream downgradient of the source areas. Results from the field program show that the plume, consisting mainly of tetrachloroethylene (PCE), trichloroethene (TCE), and cis-1,2-dichloroethene (cis-1,2-DCE), was approximately 670 m in length and 120 m in width, extended across much of the 9- to 18-m thickness of the surficial aquifer, and discharged to the stream in some areas. The analyses of the plume mapping data show that losses of the parent compounds, PCE and TCE, were negligible downgradient of the source. In contrast, losses of cis-1,2-DCE, a daughter compound, were observed in this plume. These losses very likely resulted from biodegradation, but the specific reaction mechanism could not be identified. This study demonstrates that plume mapping data can be used to estimate the occurrence and extent of chlorinated solvent mass loss from biodegradation and assess the effectiveness of natural attenuation as a remedial measure. C1 US Geol Survey, Northborough, MA 01532 USA. Apex Environm Inc, Rockville, MD 20852 USA. RP Barbaro, JR (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 10 Bearfoot Rd, Northborough, MA 01532 USA. EM jrbarbar@usgs.gov; pneupane@apexenv.com NR 18 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 2 U2 7 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING PI OXFORD PA 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DQ, OXON, ENGLAND SN 1069-3629 J9 GROUND WATER MONIT R JI Ground Water Monit. Remediat. PD FAL PY 2006 VL 26 IS 4 BP 115 EP 127 DI 10.1111/j.1745-6592.2006.00117.x PG 13 WC Water Resources SC Water Resources GA 103VP UT WOS:000241915300008 ER PT J AU Bury, RB McCallum, ML Trauth, SE Saumure, RA AF Bury, R. Bruce McCallum, Malcolm L. Trauth, Stanley E. Saumure, Raymond A. TI DAWNING OF HERPETOLOGICAL CONSERVATION AND BIOLOGY: A SPECIAL WELCOME TO YOUR NEW JOURNAL SO HERPETOLOGICAL CONSERVATION AND BIOLOGY LA English DT Editorial Material C1 [Bury, R. Bruce] USGS Forest & Rangeland Ecosyst Sci Ctr, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. [McCallum, Malcolm L.] Texas A&M Univ, Dept Biol, Texarkana, TX 75501 USA. [Trauth, Stanley E.] Arkansas State Univ, Dept Biol Sci, State Univ, AR 72467 USA. [Saumure, Raymond A.] Springs Preserve, Div Res, Las Vegas, NV 89107 USA. RP Bury, RB (reprint author), USGS Forest & Rangeland Ecosyst Sci Ctr, 3200 SW Jefferson Way, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. NR 8 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU HERPETOLOGICAL CONSERVATION & BIOLOGY PI CORVALLIS PA C/O R BRUCE BURY, USGS FOREST & RANGELAND, CORVALLIS, OR 00000 USA SN 1931-7603 J9 HERPETOL CONSERV BIO JI Herpetol. Conserv. Biol. PD SEP PY 2006 VL 1 IS 1 BP I EP III PG 3 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA V15VU UT WOS:000207830300001 ER PT J AU Bury, RB AF Bury, R. Bruce TI NATURAL HISTORY, FIELD ECOLOGY, CONSERVATION BIOLOGY AND WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT: TIME TO CONNECT THE DOTS SO HERPETOLOGICAL CONSERVATION AND BIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE conservation; field biology; herpetology; natural history; wildlife management ID FOREST BIODIVERSITY; LIZARD; TRENDS AB Natural history and field ecology are essential building blocks for successful conservation and management of herpetofauna. Thus, natural history and field ecology merit major infusions of funding and increased recognition of their importance in science and management. Others have stated matters well: (l) Academic training in natural history should receive high priority; (2) we need to integrate our work across disciplines (from molecules to communities), and use all of our knowledge toward common goals; (3) natural history is not dead but today is a flourishing enterprise; and (4) mutual respect and collaboration between disciplines best serve our own mental health as well as the future of natural history. We need to merge the best natural history, field ecological data, and biological questions with the latest advances in other fields of inquiry if we are to advance science and solve key environmental issues. It takes a scientific community and many concerned parties to save a species, let alone an ecosystem. We must connect these dots to see the big picture. C1 USGS Forest & Rangeland Ecosyst Sci Ctr, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. RP Bury, RB (reprint author), USGS Forest & Rangeland Ecosyst Sci Ctr, 3200 SW Jefferson Way, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. EM buryb@usgs.gov NR 47 TC 39 Z9 46 U1 4 U2 22 PU HERPETOLOGICAL CONSERVATION & BIOLOGY PI CORVALLIS PA C/O R BRUCE BURY, USGS FOREST & RANGELAND, CORVALLIS, OR 00000 USA SN 1931-7603 J9 HERPETOL CONSERV BIO JI Herpetol. Conserv. Biol. PD SEP PY 2006 VL 1 IS 1 BP 56 EP 61 PG 6 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA V15VU UT WOS:000207830300010 ER PT J AU Anderson, RS Hallett, DJ Berg, E Jass, RB Toney, JL de Fontaine, CS DeVolder, A AF Anderson, R. S. Hallett, D. J. Berg, E. Jass, R. B. Toney, J. L. de Fontaine, C. S. DeVolder, A. TI Holocene development of Boreal forests and fire regimes on the Kenai Lowlands of Alaska SO HOLOCENE LA English DT Article DE Boreal forest; charcoal analysis; climate change; fire history; vegetation history; Holocene; Alaska ID YELLOWSTONE-NATIONAL-PARK; PAST 21,000 YEARS; LATE-QUATERNARY; SOIL CHARCOAL; VEGETATION HISTORY; INTERIOR ALASKA; NORTH-AMERICA; NORTHWESTERN ALASKA; RADIOCARBON AGE; CLIMATE-CHANGE AB Several studies have noted a relationship between vegetation type and fire frequency, yet despite the importance of ecosystem processes such as fire the long-term relationships between disturbance, climate and vegetation type are incompletely understood. We analysed pollen, plant macrofossils and sedimentary charcoal from three lakes within the Kenai lowlands to determine postglacial relationships between disturbance, climate and vegetation for the Boreal forest of southwest Alaska. An herb tundra was established in the lowlands following deglaciation by 13 000 cal. BP. Salix, Alnus and probably Betula kenaica, expanded in the area after 10 700 cal. BP, followed by Picea glauca by 8500 cal. BP. Picea mariana became established by 4600 cal. BP. The early Holocene was probably the driest time during the postglacial, as determined by aquatic plant macrofossils and climate models. Lake levels reached near-modern conditions by at least 8000 cal. BP. Mean Fire Intervals (MFI) were longest during the shrub-herb tundra phase (138 +/- 65 yr), decreased after expansion of B. kenaica, Salix and Populus (77 +/- 49 yr) and Picea glauca (81 +/- 41 yr), and increased again with the arrival of P. mariana (130 +/- 66 yr). Unlike previous studies, our data demonstrate the highest fire frequencies during the early to mid-Holocene and less frequent fire during the late Holocene when P. mariana forests dominated the lowlands. Early Holocene forests of P. glauca and B. kenaica existed in summers that were longer and drier than today, while the increasingly wetter and cooler climates of the late Holocene probably hindered forest fire around Paradox Lake, perhaps because of less frequent summer drought. C1 No Arizona Univ, Ctr Environm Sci & Educ, Flagstaff, AZ 86011 USA. No Arizona Univ, Quaternary Sci Program, Flagstaff, AZ 86011 USA. US Fish & Willife Serv, Kenai Natl Wildlife Refuge, Soldotna, AK 99669 USA. No Arizona Univ, Dept Geol, Flagstaff, AZ 86011 USA. US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Sacramento, CA 95825 USA. RP Anderson, RS (reprint author), No Arizona Univ, Ctr Environm Sci & Educ, Box 5694, Flagstaff, AZ 86011 USA. EM Scott.Anderson@nau.edu RI Hallett, Douglas/G-4968-2011; Toney, Jaime/I-5083-2012 OI Toney, Jaime/0000-0003-3182-6887 NR 64 TC 29 Z9 29 U1 1 U2 11 PU SAGE PUBLICATIONS LTD PI LONDON PA 1 OLIVERS YARD, 55 CITY ROAD, LONDON EC1Y 1SP, ENGLAND SN 0959-6836 J9 HOLOCENE JI Holocene PD SEP PY 2006 VL 16 IS 6 BP 791 EP 803 DI 10.1191/0959683606hol966rp PG 13 WC Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Physical Geography; Geology GA 105ST UT WOS:000242053300002 ER PT J AU Michot, TC Woodin, MC Adair, SE Moser, EB AF Michot, Thomas C. Woodin, Marc C. Adair, Stephen E. Moser, E. Barry TI Diurnal time-activity budgets of redheads (Aythya americana) wintering in seagrass beds and coastal ponds in Louisiana and Texas SO HYDROBIOLOGIA LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 4th Conference on Limnology and Water Birds CY AUG 03-07, 2003 CL Sackville, CANADA SP WG Aquat Birds DE Aythya americana; behavior; birds; ducks; energy; estuaries; feeding; fresh water; Louisiana; redhead; salt water; seagrass; Texas; time-activity budgets; winter ID LOWER LAGUNA MADRE; STAGING AREA; BLACK DUCKS; BEHAVIOR; DISTURBANCE; MALLARDS; BIOMASS; FOOD AB Diurnal time-activity budgets were determined for wintering redheads (Aythya americana) from estuarine seagrass beds in Louisiana (Chandeleur Sound) and Texas (Laguna Madre) and from ponds adjacent to the Laguna Madre. Activities differed (p < 0.0001) by location, month, and diurnal time period. Resting and feeding were the most frequent activities of redheads at the two estuarine sites, whereas drinking was almost nonexistent. Birds on ponds in Texas engaged most frequently in resting and drinking, but feeding was very infrequent. Redheads from the Louisiana estuarine site rested less than birds in Texas at either the Laguna Madre or freshwater ponds. Redheads in Louisiana fed more than birds in Texas; this was partially because of weather differences (colder temperatures in Louisiana), but the location effect was still significant even when we adjusted the model for weather effects. Redheads in Louisiana showed increased resting and decreased feeding as winter progressed, but redheads in Texas did not exhibit a seasonal pattern in either resting or feeding. In Louisiana, birds maintained a high level of feeding activity during the early morning throughout the winter, whereas afternoon feeding tapered off in mid- to late-winter. Texas birds showed a shift from morning feeding in early winter to afternoon feeding in late winter. Males and females at both Chandeleur Sound and Laguna Madre showed differences in their activities, but because the absolute difference seldom exceeded 2%, biological significance is questionable. Diurnal time-activity budgets of redheads on the wintering grounds are influenced by water salinities and the use of dietary fresh water, as well as by weather conditions, tides, and perhaps vegetation differences between sites. The opportunity to osmoregulate via dietary freshwater, vs. via nasal salt glands, may have a significant effect on behavioral allocations. C1 US Geol Survey, Natl Wetlands Res Ctr, Lafayette, LA 70506 USA. Texas A&M Univ, Dept Wildlife & Fisheries Sci, Corpus Christi, TX 78412 USA. Louisiana State Univ, Dept Expt Stat, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA. RP Michot, TC (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Natl Wetlands Res Ctr, Lafayette, LA 70506 USA. EM tommy_michot@usgs.gov NR 54 TC 5 Z9 7 U1 1 U2 6 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0018-8158 J9 HYDROBIOLOGIA JI Hydrobiologia PD SEP PY 2006 VL 567 BP 113 EP 128 DI 10.1007/s10750-006-0058-7 PG 16 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 065GK UT WOS:000239147500011 ER PT J AU Woodin, MC Michot, TC AF Woodin, Marc C. Michot, Thomas C. TI Foraging behavior of redheads (Aythya americana) wintering in Texas and Louisiana SO HYDROBIOLOGIA LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 4th Conference on Limnology and Water Birds CY AUG 03-07, 2003 CL Sackville, CANADA SP WG Aquat Birds DE Aythya americana; foraging behavior; Louisiana; redhead; Texas; water depth; winter ID LOWER LAGUNA MADRE; TIME-ACTIVITY BUDGETS; GREEN-WINGED TEAL; ENERGY BUDGETS; DUCKS AYTHYA; DIVING DUCKS; SALT-GLAND; SALINITY; NEBRASKA; DEPTH AB Redheads, Aythya americana, concentrate in large numbers annually in traditional wintering areas along the western and northern rim of the Gulf of Mexico. Two of these areas are the Laguna Madre of Texas and Chandeleur Sound of Louisiana. We collected data on 54,340 activities from 103 redhead flocks in Texas and 51,650 activities from 57 redhead flocks in Louisiana. Males and females fed similarly, differing neither in levels of feeding (percent of all birds in flock that were feeding) (p > 0.90) nor in percentages of birds feeding by diving, tipping, dipping, or gleaning from the surface (p > 0.10). The foraging level of redheads in the upper Laguna Madre region was relatively constant throughout two winters. Foraging of redheads in early winter in Louisiana was significantly greater than redhead foraging in the upper Laguna Madre, but by late winter, foraging by redheads in Louisiana had declined to the same level as that shown by redheads foraging in the upper Laguna Madre. The overall foraging level of redheads from Chandeleur Sound was greater (41%) than that of redheads in the upper Laguna Madre (26%), yet it was quite similar to the 46% foraging level reported for redheads from the lower Laguna Madre. Redheads in the upper Laguna Madre region of Texas fed more by diving than did those in the Chandeleur Sound and the lower Laguna Madre. Diving increased in frequency in late winter. Greater reliance by redheads on diving in January and February indicates that the birds altered their foraging to feed in deeper water, suggesting that the large concentrations of redheads staging at this time for spring migration may have displaced some birds to alternative foraging sites. Our results imply that the most likely period for food resources to become limiting for wintering redheads is when they are staging in late winter. C1 US Geol Survey, Corpus Christi, TX 78412 USA. US Geol Survey, Natl Wetlands Res Ctr, Lafayette, LA 70506 USA. RP Woodin, MC (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Texas Gulf Coast Field Res Stn, Corpus Christi, TX 78412 USA. EM marc_woodin@usgs.gov NR 55 TC 4 Z9 5 U1 1 U2 4 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0018-8158 J9 HYDROBIOLOGIA JI Hydrobiologia PD SEP PY 2006 VL 567 BP 129 EP 141 DI 10.1007/s10750-006-0057-8 PG 13 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 065GK UT WOS:000239147500012 ER PT J AU Longcore, JR McAuley, DG Pendelton, GW Bennatti, CR Mingo, TM Stromborg, KL AF Longcore, Jerry R. McAuley, Daniel G. Pendelton, Grey W. Bennatti, Carolyn Reid Mingo, Terry M. Stromborg, Kenneth L. TI Macroinvertebrate abundance, water chemistry, and wetland characteristics affect use of wetlands by avian species in Maine SO HYDROBIOLOGIA LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 4th Conference on Limnology and Water Birds CY AUG 03-07, 2003 CL Sackville, CANADA SP WG Aquat Birds DE acidity; avian species; beaver; Castor canadensis; macroinvertebrates; water chemistry; waterfowl broods; wetland characteristics; wetland use ID BEAVER CASTOR-CANADENSIS; BLACK DUCKS; SOUTHEASTERN CANADA; ACIDIC DEPOSITION; FISH PREDATION; LAKE ACIDITY; MARSH; ACIDIFICATION; POPULATIONS; COMMUNITY AB Our objective was to determine use by avian species (e.g., piscivores, marsh birds, waterfowl, selected passerines) of 29 wetlands in areas with low (< 200 mu eq l(-1)) acid-neutralizing capacity (ANC) in southeastern Maine. We documented bird, pair, and brood use during 1982-1984 and in 1982 we sampled 10 wetlands with a sweep net to collect invertebrates. We related mean numbers of invertebrates per wetland to water chemistry, basin characteristics, and avian use of different wetland types. Shallow, beaver (Castor canadensis)-created wetlands with the highest phosphorus levels and abundant and varied macrophyte assemblages supported greater densities of macroinvertebrates and numbers of duck broods (88.3% of all broods) in contrast to deep, glacial type wetlands with sparse vegetation and lower invertebrate densities that supported fewer broods (11.7%). Low pH may have affected some acid-intolerant invertebrate taxa (i.e., Ephemeroptera), but high mean numbers of Insecta per wetland were recorded from wetlands with a pH of 5.51. Other Classes and Orders of invertebrates were more abundant on wetlands with pH > 5.51. All years combined use of wetlands by broods was greater on wetlands with pH <= 5.51 (77.4%) in contract to wetlands with pH > 5.51 that supported 21.8% of the broods. High mean brood density was associated with mean number of Insecta per wetland. For lentic wetlands created by beaver, those habitats contained vegetative structure and nutrients necessary to provide cover to support invertebrate populations that are prey of omnivore and insectivore species. The fishless status of a few wetlands may have affected use by some waterfowl species and obligate piscivores. C1 US Geol Survey, Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, Orono, ME 04469 USA. US Geol Survey, Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, Laurel, MD 20708 USA. Univ Maine, Dept Wildlife Ecol, Orono, ME 04469 USA. Univ Maine, Dept Entomol, Orono, ME 04469 USA. RP Longcore, JR (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, 5768 S Ave Annex A, Orono, ME 04469 USA. EM Jerry_Longcore@usgs.gov NR 129 TC 22 Z9 22 U1 5 U2 35 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0018-8158 J9 HYDROBIOLOGIA JI Hydrobiologia PD SEP PY 2006 VL 567 BP 143 EP 167 DI 10.1007/s10750-006-0055-x PG 25 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 065GK UT WOS:000239147500013 ER PT J AU Earnst, SL Platte, R Bond, L AF Earnst, Susan L. Platte, Robert Bond, Laura TI A landscape-scale model of yellow-billed loon (Gavia adamsii) habitat preferences in northern Alaska SO HYDROBIOLOGIA LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 4th Conference on Limnology and Water Birds CY AUG 03-07, 2003 CL Sackville, CANADA SP WG Aquat Birds DE Gavia adamsii; GIS; habitat relationship model; yellow-billed loons ID SPACEBORNE IMAGING RADAR; ARCTIC ALASKA; COMMON LOONS; WATER; LAKES; AVAILABILITY; SLOPE AB We modeled yellow-billed loon (Gavia adamsii) habitat preferences in a 23,500 km(2) area of northern Alaska using intensive aerial surveys and landscape-scale habitat descriptors. Of the 757 lakes censused, yellow-billed loons occupied 15% and Pacific loons (G. pacifica) 42%. Lake area, depth, proportion of shoreline in aquatic vegetation, shoreline complexity, hydrological connectivity (stream present within 100 m or absent), and an area-connectivity interaction were positive, significant predictors of yellow-billed loon presence in a multivariate logistic regression model, but distance to nearest river or Beaufort Sea coast were not. Predicted yellow-billed loon presence was 13 and 4.7 times more likely on deep and medium lakes, respectively, than on shallow lakes that freeze to the bottom. On small lakes (< 60 ha), predicted yellow-billed loon presence was 4.8-1.7 times more likely on lakes with hydrological connectivity than without, but connectivity was not important at most lake sizes (65-750 ha). Yellow-billed loon broods depend on fish available in the brood-rearing lake, and we suggest that a dependable supply of fish is more likely in larger lakes, those deep enough to have open water under winter ice, and those near streams. Highly convoluted shorelines and those with aquatic vegetation provide loon nesting and brood-rearing sites, as well as fish habitat. Pacific loon absence was a significant, positive predictor when added to the habitat model, indicating that yellow-billed loons were four times more likely on lakes without Pacific loons. C1 US Geol Survey, Forest & Rangeland Ecosyst Sci Ctr, Boise, ID 83706 USA. US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Migratory Bird Management, Anchorage, AK 99503 USA. Boise State Univ, Dept Inst Assessment, Boise, ID 83725 USA. RP Earnst, SL (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Forest & Rangeland Ecosyst Sci Ctr, 970 Lusk St, Boise, ID 83706 USA. EM susan_earnst@usgs.gov NR 28 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 1 U2 6 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0018-8158 J9 HYDROBIOLOGIA JI Hydrobiologia PD SEP PY 2006 VL 567 BP 227 EP 236 DI 10.1007/s10750-006-0042-2 PG 10 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 065GK UT WOS:000239147500018 ER PT J AU Takekawa, JY Miles, AK Schoellhamer, DH Athearn, ND Saiki, MK Duffy, WD Kleinschmidt, S Shellenbarger, GG Jannusch, CA AF Takekawa, J. Y. Miles, A. K. Schoellhamer, D. H. Athearn, N. D. Saiki, M. K. Duffy, W. D. Kleinschmidt, S. Shellenbarger, G. G. Jannusch, C. A. TI Trophic structure and avian communities across a salinity gradient in evaporation ponds of the San Francisco Bay estuary SO HYDROBIOLOGIA LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 4th Conference on Limnology and Water Birds CY AUG 03-07, 2003 CL Sackville, CANADA SP WG Aquat Birds DE salt evaporation ponds; waterbirds; San Francisco Bay; salt ponds ID WESTERN SANDPIPERS; WATER CHEMISTRY; TOP-DOWN; HABITAT; DETERMINANT; SHOREBIRDS; SALTPANS; BOTTOM AB Commercial salt evaporation ponds comprise a large proportion of baylands adjacent to the San Francisco Bay, a highly urbanized estuary. In the past two centuries, more than 79% of the historic tidal wetlands in this estuary have been lost. Resource management agencies have acquired more than 10 000 ha of commercial salt ponds with plans to undertake one of the largest wetland restoration projects in North America. However, these plans have created debate about the ecological importance of salt ponds for migratory bird communities in western North America. Salt ponds are unique mesohaline (5-18 g l(-1)) to hyperhaline (> 40 g l(-1)) wetlands, but little is known of their ecological structure or value. Thus, we studied decommissioned salt ponds in the North Bay of the San Francisco Bay estuary from January 1999 through November 2001. We measured water quality parameters (salinity, DO, pH, temperature), nutrient concentrations, primary productivity, zooplankton, macroinvertebrates, fish, and birds across a range of salinities from 24 to 264 g l(-1). Our studies documented how unique limnological characteristics of salt ponds were related to nutrient levels, primary productivity rates, invertebrate biomass and taxa richness, prey fish, and avian predator numbers. Salt ponds were shown to have unique trophic and physical attributes that supported large numbers of migratory birds. Therefore, managers should carefully weigh the benefits of increasing habitat for native tidal marsh species with the costs of losing these unique hypersaline systems. C1 US Geol Survey, Western Ecol Res Ctr, San Francisco Bay Estuary Field Stn, Vallejo, CA 94592 USA. US Geol Survey, Western Ecol Res Ctr, Davis, CA 95616 USA. US Geol Survey, Sacramento, CA USA. US Geol Survey, Western Ecol Res Ctr, Dixon Field Stn, Dixon, CA 95620 USA. Humboldt State Univ, US Geol Survey, Calif Cooperat Res Unit, Arcata, CA 95521 USA. RP Takekawa, JY (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Western Ecol Res Ctr, San Francisco Bay Estuary Field Stn, 505 Azuar Dr, Vallejo, CA 94592 USA. EM john_takekawa@usgs.gov NR 47 TC 29 Z9 30 U1 1 U2 23 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0018-8158 J9 HYDROBIOLOGIA JI Hydrobiologia PD SEP PY 2006 VL 567 BP 307 EP 327 DI 10.1007/s10750-006-0061-z PG 21 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 065GK UT WOS:000239147500024 ER PT J AU Toth, DJ Katz, BG AF Toth, David J. Katz, Brian G. TI Mixing of shallow and deep groundwater as indicated by the chemistry and age of karstic springs (vol 14, pg 827, 2006) SO HYDROGEOLOGY JOURNAL LA English DT Correction DE Karst; groundwater age; carbonate rocks; geochemical modeling; lumped parameter modeling ID ATLANTIC COASTAL-PLAIN; UPPER FLORIDAN AQUIFER; NITRATE CONTAMINATION; NORTHERN FLORIDA; CHLOROFLUOROCARBONS CCL3F; ENVIRONMENTAL TRACERS; CHEMICAL EVOLUTION; HYDROLOGIC TRACERS; SINKHOLE LAKE; UNITED-STATES AB Large karstic springs in east-central Florida, USA were studied using multi-tracer and geochemical modeling techniques to better understand groundwater flow paths and mixing of shallow and deep groundwater. Spring water types included Ca-HCO3 (six), Na-Cl (four), and mixed (one). The evolution of water chemistry for Ca-HCO3 spring waters was modeled by reactions of rainwater with soil organic matter, calcite, and dolomite under oxic conditions. The Na-Cl and mixed-type springs were modeled by reactions of either rainwater or Upper Floridan aquifer water with soil organic matter, calcite, and dolomite under oxic conditions and mixed with varying proportions of saline Lower Floridan aquifer water, which represented 4-53% of the total spring discharge. Multiple-tracer data-chlorofluorocarbon CFC-113, tritium (H-3), helium-3 (He-3(trit)), sulfur hexafluoride (SF6)-for four Ca-HCO3 spring waters were consistent with binary mixing curves representing water recharged during 1980 or 1990 mixing with an older (recharged before 1940) tracer-free component. Young-water mixing fractions ranged from 0.3 to 0.7. Tracer concentration data for two Na-Cl spring waters appear to be consistent with binary mixtures of 1990 water with older water recharged in 1965 or 1975. Nitrate-N concentrations are inversely related to apparent ages of spring waters, which indicated that elevated nitrate-N concentrations were likely contributed from recent recharge. C1 US Geol Survey, Tallahassee, FL USA. RP Toth, DJ (reprint author), St Johns River Water Management Dist, Palatka, FL USA. EM dtoth@srjrwmd.com NR 68 TC 7 Z9 8 U1 2 U2 16 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING STREET, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 1431-2174 J9 HYDROGEOL J JI Hydrogeol. J. PD SEP PY 2006 VL 14 IS 6 BP 1060 EP 1080 DI 10.1007/s10040-006-0099-z PG 21 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Geology; Water Resources GA 092NJ UT WOS:000241103800019 ER PT J AU Aulenbach, BT Hoopert, RP AF Aulenbach, Brent T. Hoopert, Richard P. TI The composite method: an improved method for stream-water solute load estimation SO HYDROLOGICAL PROCESSES LA English DT Article DE stream-water solute loads; water quality; trends; sample design; bootstrap experiment ID SAMPLING STRATEGIES; TRANSPORT; MODEL; FLUX AB The composite method is an alternative method for estimating stream-water solute loads, combining aspects of two commonly used methods: the regression-model method (which is used by the composite method to predict variations in concentrations between collected samples) and a period-weighted approach (which is used by the composite method to apply the residual concentrations from the regression model over time). The extensive dataset collected at the outlet of the Panola Mountain Research Watershed (PMRW) near Atlanta, Georgia, USA, was used in data analyses for illustrative purposes. A bootstrap (subsampling) experiment (using the composite method and the PMRW dataset along with various fixed-interval and large storm sampling schemes) obtained load estimates for the 8-year study period with a magnitude of the bias of less than 1%, even for estimates that included the fewest number of samples. Precisions were always <2% on a study period and annual basis, and <2% precisions were obtained for quarterly and monthly time intervals for estimates that had better sampling. The bias and precision of composite-method load estimates varies depending on the variability in the regression-model residuals, how residuals systematically deviated from the regression model over time, sampling design, and the time interval of the load estimate. The regression-model method did not estimate loads precisely during shorter time intervals, from annually to monthly, because the model could not explain short-term patterns in the observed concentrations. Load estimates using the period-weighted approach typically are biased as a result of sampling distribution and are accurate only with extensive sampling. The formulation of the composite method facilitates exploration of patterns (trends) contained in the unmodelled portion of the load. Published in 2006 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. C1 US Geol Survey, Peachtree Business Ctr, Atlanta, GA 30360 USA. RP Aulenbach, BT (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Peachtree Business Ctr, 3039 Amwiler Rd,Suite 130, Atlanta, GA 30360 USA. EM btaulenb@usgs.gov RI Aulenbach, Brent/A-5848-2008 OI Aulenbach, Brent/0000-0003-2863-1288 NR 25 TC 44 Z9 45 U1 0 U2 9 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 0885-6087 J9 HYDROL PROCESS JI Hydrol. Process. PD SEP PY 2006 VL 20 IS 14 BP 3029 EP 3047 DI 10.1002/hyp.6147 PG 19 WC Water Resources SC Water Resources GA 086GM UT WOS:000240661800008 ER PT J AU Zambrano, L Vazquez-Dominguez, E Garcia-Bedoya, D Loftus, WF Trexler, JC AF Zambrano, Luis Vazquez-Dominguez, Ella Garcia-Bedoya, Daniel Loftus, William F. Trexler, Joel C. TI Fish community structure in freshwater karstic water bodies of the Sian Ka'an Reserve in the Yucatan peninsula, Mexico SO ICHTHYOLOGICAL EXPLORATION OF FRESHWATERS LA English DT Article ID QUINTANA-ROO; CONTINENTAL FISHES; SPECIES RICHNESS; EVERGLADES; WETLAND AB We evaluated the relationship between limnetic characteristics and fish community structure (based on species richness, abundance and individual size) in contrasting but interconnected inland aquatic habitats of freshwater karstic wetlands in the Yucatan peninsula, Mexico. In the western hemisphere, freshwater karstic wetlands are found in south-eastern Mexico, northern Belize, western Cuba, Andros Island, Bahamas and the Everglades of southern Florida. Only in the Everglades have fish communities been well described. Karstic wetlands are typically oligotrophic because calcium carbonate binds phosphorus, making it relatively unavailable for plants. Fourteen permanent and seasonally flooded water bodies were sampled in both wet and dry seasons in Sian Ka'an Biosphere Reserve, in the Mexican state of Quintana Roo. Water systems were divided by morphology in four groups: cenotes with vegetation (CWV), cenotes without vegetation (CNV), wetlands (WTL), and temporal cenotes (TPC). Discriminant analysis based on physical characteristics such as turbidity, temperature, depth and oxygen confirmed that these habitats differed in characteristics known to influence fish communities. A sample-based rarefaction test showed that species richness was significantly different between water systems groups, showing that WTL and CWV had higher richness values than CNV and TPC. The most abundant fish families, Poeciliidae, Cichlidae and Characidae, differed significantly in average size among habitats and seasons. Seasonal and inter-annual variation, reflecting temporal variation in rainfall, strongly influenced the environmental differences between shallow and deep habitats, which could be linked to fish size and life cycles. Five new records of species were found for the reserve, and one new record for Quintana Roo state. C1 Univ Nacl Autonoma Mexico, Inst Biol, Mexico City 04510, DF, Mexico. Univ Nacl Autonoma Mexico, Inst Ecol, Mexico City 04510, DF, Mexico. USGS, Florida Integrated Sci Ctr, Homestead, FL 33034 USA. Florida Int Univ, Dept Biol Sci, Miami, FL 33199 USA. RP Zambrano, L (reprint author), Univ Nacl Autonoma Mexico, Inst Biol, Ciudad Univ,Apdo Postal 70-153, Mexico City 04510, DF, Mexico. EM zambrano@ibiologia.unam.mx OI Garcia-Bedoya, Daniel/0000-0002-5313-8762 NR 54 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 2 U2 12 PU VERLAG DR. FRIEDRICH PFEIL PI MUNICH PA WOLFRATSHAUSER STRASSE 27, MUNICH, D-81379, GERMANY SN 0936-9902 J9 ICHTHYOL EXPLOR FRES JI Ichthyol. Explor. Freshw. PD SEP PY 2006 VL 17 IS 3 BP 193 EP 206 PG 14 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Zoology SC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Zoology GA 107TS UT WOS:000242194500001 ER PT J AU McClintock, BT White, GC Burnham, KP AF McClintock, Brett T. White, Gary C. Burnham, Kenneth P. TI A robust design mark-resight abundance estimator allowing heterogeneity in resighting probabilities SO JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL BIOLOGICAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL STATISTICS LA English DT Article DE beta-binomial distribution; detection probability; individual heterogeneity; maximum likelihood; population size estimation; program NOREMARK; sighting surveys ID CAPTURE-RECAPTURE MODELS; CLOSED-POPULATION; MULE DEER; SIZE; INFERENCE; SELECTION; SURVIVAL; COLORADO; ANIMALS; NUMBER AB This article introduces the beta-binomial estimator (BBE), a closed-population abundance mark-resight model combining the favorable qualities of maximum likelihood theory and the allowance of individual heterogeneity in sighting probability (p). The model may be parameterized for a robust sampling design consisting of multiple primary sampling occasions where closure need not be met between primary occasions. We applied the model to brown bear data from three study areas in Alaska and compared its performance to the joint hypergeometric estimator (JHE) and Bowden's estimator (BOWE). BBE estimates suggest heterogeneity levels were non-negligible and discourage the use of JHE for these data. Compared to JHE and BOWE, confidence intervals were considerably shorter for the AlCc model-averaged BBE. To evaluate the properties of BBE relative to JHE and BOWE when sample sizes are small, simulations were performed with data from three primary occasions generated under both individual heterogeneity and temporal variation in p. All models remained consistent regardless of levels of variation in p. In terms of precision, the AIC(c) model-averaged BBE showed advantages over JHE and BOWE when heterogeneity was present and mean sighting probabilities were similar between primary occasions. Based on the conditions examined, BBE is a reliable alternative to JHE or BOWE and provides a framework for further advances in mark-resight abundance estimation. C1 Colorado State Univ, Dept Fishery & Wildlife Biol, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. US Geol Survey, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. Colorado State Univ, Colorado Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. RP McClintock, BT (reprint author), Colorado State Univ, Dept Fishery & Wildlife Biol, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. EM btm119@warnercnr.colostate.edu RI Piper, Walter/B-7908-2009 NR 40 TC 22 Z9 23 U1 1 U2 16 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 1085-7117 EI 1537-2693 J9 J AGR BIOL ENVIR ST JI J. Agric. Biol. Environ. Stat. PD SEP PY 2006 VL 11 IS 3 BP 231 EP 248 DI 10.1198/108571106X129171 PG 18 WC Biology; Mathematical & Computational Biology; Statistics & Probability SC Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics; Mathematical & Computational Biology; Mathematics GA 149ND UT WOS:000245152700001 ER PT J AU Royle, JA Dorazio, RM AF Royle, J. Andrew Dorazio, Robert M. TI Hierarchical models of animal abundance and occurrence SO JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL BIOLOGICAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL STATISTICS LA English DT Article DE Bayesian analysis; capture-recapture; empirical Bayes; multiple observer sampling; occurrence; point-count sampling; removal sampling; site occupancy ID MIXTURE-MODELS; DETECTION PROBABILITIES; BINOMIAL-DISTRIBUTION; REPLICATED COUNTS; POPULATION-SIZE; N-ESTIMATORS AB Much of animal ecology is devoted to studies of abundance and occurrence of species, based on surveys of spatially referenced sample units. These surveys frequently yield sparse counts that are contaminated by imperfect detection, making direct inference about abundance or occurrence based on observational data infeasible. This article describes a flexible hierarchical modeling framework for estimation and inference about animal abundance and occurrence from survey data that are subject to imperfect detection. Within this framework, we specify models of abundance and detectability of animals at the level of the local populations defined by the sample units. Information at the level of the local population is aggregated by specifying models that describe variation in abundance and detection among sites. We, describe likelihood-based and Bayesian methods for estimation and inference under the resulting hierarchical model. We provide two examples of the application of hierarchical models to animal survey data, the first based on removal counts of stream fish and the second based on avian quadrat counts. For both examples, we provide a Bayesian analysis of the models using the software WinBUGS. C1 US Geol Survey, Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, Laurel, MD 20708 USA. Univ Florida, US Geol Survey, Florida Integrated Sci Ctr, Dept Stat, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. RP Royle, JA (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, 12100 Beech Forest Rd, Laurel, MD 20708 USA. EM aroyle@usgs.gov; bdorazio@usgs.gov OI Royle, Jeffrey/0000-0003-3135-2167 NR 30 TC 65 Z9 67 U1 5 U2 63 PU AMER STATISTICAL ASSOC & INTERNATIONAL BIOMETRIC SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1444 I ST NW, STE 700, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 USA SN 1085-7117 J9 J AGR BIOL ENVIR ST JI J. Agric. Biol. Environ. Stat. PD SEP PY 2006 VL 11 IS 3 BP 249 EP 263 DI 10.1198/108571106X129153 PG 15 WC Biology; Mathematical & Computational Biology; Statistics & Probability SC Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics; Mathematical & Computational Biology; Mathematics GA 149ND UT WOS:000245152700002 ER PT J AU Hadley, GL Rotella, JJ Garrott, RA Nichols, JD AF Hadley, Gillian L. Rotella, Jay J. Garrott, Robert A. Nichols, James D. TI Variation in probability of first reproduction of Weddell seals SO JOURNAL OF ANIMAL ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE age-specific recruitment; life-history traits; long-lived; multistate model; pinnipeds ID CAPTURE-RECAPTURE DATA; NORTHERN ELEPHANT SEALS; AGE-SPECIFIC SURVIVAL; MCMURDO-SOUND; LEPTONYCHOTES-WEDDELLII; POPULATION-DYNAMICS; BREEDING PROBABILITIES; TEMPORAL VARIATION; LARGE HERBIVORES; SITE FIDELITY AB 1. For many species, when to begin reproduction is an important life-history decision that varies by individual and can have substantial implications for lifetime reproductive success and fitness. 2. We estimated age-specific probabilities of first-time breeding and modelled variation in these rates to determine age at first reproduction and understand why it varies in a population of Weddell seals in Erebus Bay, Antarctica. We used multistate mark-recapture modelling methods and encounter histories of 4965 known-age female seals to test predictions about age-related variation in probability of first reproduction and the effects of annual variation, cohort and population density. 3. Mean age at first reproduction in this southerly located study population (7(.)62 years of age, SD = 1(.)71) was greater than age at first reproduction for a Weddell seal population at a more northerly and typical latitude for breeding Weddell seals ( mean = 4 5 years of age). This difference suggests that age at first reproduction may be influenced by whether a population inhabits the core or periphery of its range. 4. Age at first reproduction varied from 4 to 14 years, but there was no age by which all seals recruited to the breeding population, suggesting that individual heterogeneity exists among females in this population. 5. In the best model, the probability of breeding for the first time varied by age and year, and the amount of annual variation varied with age ( average variance ratio for age-specific rates = 4(.)3%). 6. Our results affirmed the predictions of life-history theory that age at first reproduction in long-lived mammals will be sensitive to environmental variation. In terms of life-history evolution, this variability suggests that Weddell seals display flexibility in age at first reproduction in order to maximize reproductive output under varying environmental conditions. Future analyses will attempt to test predictions regarding relationships between environmental covariates and annual variation in age at first reproduction and evaluate the relationship between age at first reproduction and lifetime reproductive success. C1 Montana State Univ, Dept Ecol, Bozeman, MT 59717 USA. US Geol Survey, Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, Laurel, MD 20708 USA. RP Hadley, GL (reprint author), Montana State Univ, Dept Ecol, 310 Lewis Hall, Bozeman, MT 59717 USA. EM hadley@montana.edu NR 67 TC 48 Z9 48 U1 7 U2 27 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING PI OXFORD PA 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DQ, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0021-8790 J9 J ANIM ECOL JI J. Anim. Ecol. PD SEP PY 2006 VL 75 IS 5 BP 1058 EP 1070 DI 10.1111/j.1365-2656.2006.01118.x PG 13 WC Ecology; Zoology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Zoology GA 070IY UT WOS:000239516500003 PM 16922841 ER PT J AU Gregoire, C Joesten, PK Lane, JW AF Gregoire, C. Joesten, P. K. Lane, J. W., Jr. TI Use of borehole radar reflection logging to monitor steam-enhanced remediation in fractured limestone - results of numerical modelling and a field experiment SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED GEOPHYSICS LA English DT Article DE radar; remediation; fractures; steam-enhanced remediation ID GROUND-PENETRATING RADAR; FREQUENCY; GPR AB Ground penetrating radar is an efficient geophysical method for the detection and location of fractures and fracture zones in electrically resistive rocks. In this study, the use of down-hole (borehole) radar reflection logs to monitor the injection of steam in fractured rocks was tested as part of a field-scale, steam-enhanced remediation pilot study conducted at a fractured limestone quarry contaminated with chlorinated hydrocarbons at the former Loring Air Force Base, Limestone, Maine, USA. In support of the pilot study, borehole radar reflection logs were collected three times (before, during, and near the end of steam injection) using broadband 100 MHz electric dipole antennas. Numerical modelling was performed to predict the effect of heating on radar-frequency electromagnetic (EM) wave velocity, attenuation, and fracture reflectivity. The modelling results indicate that EM wave velocity and attenuation change substantially if heating increases the electrical conductivity of the limestone matrix. Furthermore, the net effect of heat-induced variations in fracture-fluid dielectric properties on average medium velocity is insignificant because the expected total fracture porosity is low. In contrast, changes in fracture fluid electrical conductivity can have a significant effect on EM wave attenuation and fracture reflectivity. Total replacement of water by steam in a fracture decreases fracture reflectivity of a factor of 10 and induces a change in reflected wave polarity. Based on the numerical modelling results, a reflection amplitude analysis method was developed to delineate fractures where steam has displaced water. Radar reflection logs collected during the three acquisition periods were analysed in the frequency domain to determine if steam had replaced water in the fractures (after normalizing the logs to compensate for differences in antenna performance between logging runs). Analysis of the radar reflection logs from a borehole where the temperature increased substantially during the steam injection experiment shows an increase in attenuation and a decrease in reflectivity in the vicinity of the borehole. Results of applying the reflection amplitude analysis method developed for this study indicate that steam did not totally replace the water in most of the fractures. The observed decreases in reflectivity were consistent with an increase in fracture-water temperature, rather than the presence of steam. A limiting assumption of the reflection amplitude analysis method is the requirement for complete displacement of water in a fracture by steam. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Katholieke Univ Leuven, Dept Civil Engn, B-3001 Louvain, Belgium. US Geol Survey, Branch Geophys, Storrs, CT 06269 USA. RP Gregoire, C (reprint author), Katholieke Univ Leuven, Dept Civil Engn, Kasteelpk Arenberg 40, B-3001 Louvain, Belgium. EM colette.gregoire@bwk.kuleuven.be NR 22 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 5 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0926-9851 J9 J APPL GEOPHYS JI J. Appl. Geophys. PD SEP PY 2006 VL 60 IS 1 BP 41 EP 54 DI 10.1016/j.jappgeo.2005.12.006 PG 14 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Mining & Mineral Processing SC Geology; Mining & Mineral Processing GA 081NI UT WOS:000240323900004 ER PT J AU Koel, TM Mahony, DL Kinnan, KL Rasmussen, C Hudson, CJ Murcia, S Kerans, BL AF Koel, Todd M. Mahony, Daniel L. Kinnan, Kendra L. Rasmussen, Charlotte Hudson, Crystal J. Murcia, Silvia Kerans, Billie L. TI Myxobolus cerebralis in native cutthroat trout of the yellowstone lake ecosystem SO JOURNAL OF AQUATIC ANIMAL HEALTH LA English DT Article ID SALMONID WHIRLING-DISEASE; TUBIFEX-TUBIFEX; RAINBOW-TROUT; ONCORHYNCHUS-MYKISS; WATER TEMPERATURE; LIFE-CYCLE; WILD TROUT; SUSCEPTIBILITY; INFECTION; MONTANA AB The exotic parasite Myxobolus cerebralis was first detected in native adult Yellowstone cutthroat trout Oncorhynchus clarkii bouvierii from Yellowstone Lake in 1998, seriously threatening the ecological integrity of this pristine, naturally functioning ecosystem. We immediately began to assess the prevalence and spatial extent of M. cerebralis infection in Yellowstone cutthroat trout within Yellowstone Lake and to determine the infection risk of age-0 Yellowstone cutthroat trout, the relative abundance and actinospore production of tubificid worms, and the basic environmental characteristics of tributaries. During 1999-2001, juvenile and adult Yellowstone cutthroat trout were infected throughout Yellowstone Lake; the highest prevalence (15.3-16.4%) occurred in the northern and central regions. Exposure studies in 13 streams indicated that Pelican and Clear creeks and the Yellowstone River were positive for M. cerebralis; the highest prevalence (100%) and severity was found in Pelican Creek during mid-July. Sexually mature individuals of the oligochaete Tubifex tubifex were most abundant in early summer, were genetically homogenous, and were members of a lineage known to produce moderate to high levels of M. cerebralis triactinomyxons. Only 20 of the 3,037 sampled tubificids produced actinospores after 7 d in culture, and none of the actinospores were M. cerebralis. However, one non-actinospore-producing T. tubifex from Pelican Creek tested positive for M. cerebralis by polymerase chain reaction. Stream temperatures at Pelican Creek, a fourth-order, low-gradient stream, were over 20 degrees C during the first exposure period, suggesting that T. tubifex were capable of producing triactinomyxons at elevated temperatures in the wild. Although the infection of otherwise healthy adult Yellowstone cutthroat trout within Yellowstone Lake suggests some resistance, our sentinel cage exposures indicated that this subspecies may be more susceptible to whirling disease than previous laboratory challenges have indicated, and M. cerebralis may be contributing to a significant recent decline in this population. C1 Ctr Resources Fisheries & Aquat, Sci Sect, Yellowstone Natl Pk, WY 82190 USA. US Geol Survey, Western Fisheries Res Ctr, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Bozeman Fish Hlth Ctr, Bozeman, MT 59718 USA. Montana State Univ, Dept Ecol, Bozeman, MT 59717 USA. RP Koel, TM (reprint author), Ctr Resources Fisheries & Aquat, Sci Sect, POB 168, Yellowstone Natl Pk, WY 82190 USA. EM todd_koel@nps.gov NR 62 TC 29 Z9 32 U1 3 U2 22 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA SN 0899-7659 J9 J AQUAT ANIM HEALTH JI J. Aquat. Anim. Health PD SEP PY 2006 VL 18 IS 3 BP 157 EP 175 DI 10.1577/H05-031.1 PG 19 WC Fisheries; Veterinary Sciences SC Fisheries; Veterinary Sciences GA 100RL UT WOS:000241686200001 ER PT J AU Beck, BH Bakal, RS Brunner, CJ Grizzle, JM AF Beck, Benjamin H. Bakal, Robert S. Brunner, Cindy J. Grizzle, John M. TI Virus distribution and signs of disease after immersion exposure to largemouth bass virus SO JOURNAL OF AQUATIC ANIMAL HEALTH LA English DT Article ID CELL-CULTURE; WATER; SUSCEPTIBILITY; TRANSMISSION; SENSITIVITY; INFECTION; MORTALITY AB Largemouth bass virus (LMBV) can cause a fatal disease in largemouth bass Micropterus salmoides. In previous laboratory studies, largemouth bass have been infected with LMBV by injection, gavage, cohabitation with infected fish, or immersion in water containing the virus. To determine which organs are infected by LMBV and the changes in distribution among organs over time, we immersed largemouth bass (mean weight, 79 g; mean total length, 181 mm) for 1 h in water containing LMBV (1.7 x 10(3) plaque-forming units/mL) and then necropsied fish daily for 27 d. Cell culture was used to detect LMBV in gill, liver, spleen, trunk kidney, head kidney, swim bladder, heart, brain, gonad, intestinal cecum, and intestine. Of the 225 fish exposed to LMBV, 2 fish died of undetermined causes and 5 moribund fish were necropsied. All moribund fish were observed at the water surface, had an overinflated swim bladder, were infected with LMBV, and had no other known cause of the morbidity. No signs of disease were observed in an additional 187 fish that we necropsied; although 31% of these fish were found to be infected with LMBV. Largemouth bass virus was detected in internal organs at the end of the 1-h exposure and for 24 d postexposure. The percentage of infected fish was highest 4 and 5 d after exposure, when LMBV was isolated from all fish tested. The organs that were infected varied among fish, but the swim bladder, gill, and trunk kidney were most frequently infected. Moribund fish had an average of 4.6 (range, 2-7) organs positive for LMBV, which was significantly greater (P < 0.05) than the mean of 2.3 (range, 1-7) positive organs in subclinically infected fish. Our study demonstrated that LMBV can rapidly enter largemouth bass and then decrease to below detectable levels within a month. C1 Auburn Univ, SE Cooperat Fish Dis Project, Dept Fisheries & Allied Aquacultures, Auburn, AL 36849 USA. Auburn Univ, Coll Vet Med, Dept Pathobiol, Auburn, AL 36849 USA. US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Warm Springs Reg Fish hlth Ctr, Warm Springs, GA 31830 USA. RP Grizzle, JM (reprint author), Auburn Univ, SE Cooperat Fish Dis Project, Dept Fisheries & Allied Aquacultures, Auburn, AL 36849 USA. EM grizzjm@auburn.edu NR 21 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA SN 0899-7659 J9 J AQUAT ANIM HEALTH JI J. Aquat. Anim. Health PD SEP PY 2006 VL 18 IS 3 BP 176 EP 183 DI 10.1577/H05-045.1 PG 8 WC Fisheries; Veterinary Sciences SC Fisheries; Veterinary Sciences GA 100RL UT WOS:000241686200002 ER PT J AU Hoffnagle, TL Choudhury, A Cole, RA AF Hoffnagle, Timothy L. Choudhury, Anindo Cole, Rebecca A. TI Parasitism and body condition in humpback chub from the Colorado and little Colorado Rivers, Grand Canyon, Arizona SO JOURNAL OF AQUATIC ANIMAL HEALTH LA English DT Article ID BOTHRIOCEPHALUS-ACHEILOGNATHI; FISH; TRIBUTARIES; PREVALENCE; PREDATION; ABUNDANCE; RESERVOIR; TAPEWORM AB Glen Canyon Dam has greatly altered the Colorado River in Grand Canyon. The Little Colorado River (LCR) provides a small refuge of seasonally warm and turbid water that is thought to be more suitable than the Colorado River for endangered humpback chub Gila cypha. However, the LCR has low productivity and contains normative fishes and parasites, which pose a threat to humpback chub. The Colorado River hosts a different suite of nonnative fishes and is cold and clear but more productive. We compared condition factor (K), abdominal fat index (AFI), and presence and number of two introduced pathogenic parasites (Lernaea cyprinacea and Bothriocephalus acheilognathi) between juvenile (< 150 mm total length) humpback chub from the LCR and those from the Colorado River during 1996-1999. Both K and AFI were lower and L. cyprinacea prevalence and B. acheilognathi prevalence were higher in LCR fish than in Colorado River fish for all years. Mean K and AFI were 0.622 and 0.48, respectively, in the LCR and 0.735 and 2.02, respectively, in the Colorado River, indicating that fish in the Colorado River were more robust. Mean prevalence of L. cyprinacea was 23.9% and mean intensity was 1.73 L. cyprinaceatinfected fish in the LCR, whereas prevalence was 3.2% and intensity was 1.0 L. cyprinacealinfected fish in the Colorado River. Mean prevalence of B. acheilognathi was 51.0% and mean intensity was 25.0 B. acheilognathilinfected fish in the LCR, whereas prevalence was 15.8% and intensity was 12.0 B. acheilognathilinfected fish in the Colorado River. Increased parasitism and poorer body condition in humpback chub from the LCR challenge the paradigm that warmer LCR waters are more suitable for humpback chub than the colder Colorado River and indicate the need to consider the importance and benefits of all available habitats, as well as biotic and abiotic factors, when managing endangered species and their environment. C1 Arizona Game & Fish Dept, Phoenix, AZ 85023 USA. US Geol Survey, Natl Wildlife Hlth Ctr, Madison, WI 53701 USA. RP Hoffnagle, TL (reprint author), Oregon Dept Fish & Wildlife, NE Oregon Fish Res, 203 Badgley Hall, La Grande, OR 97850 USA. EM tim.hoffnagle@eou.edu NR 39 TC 12 Z9 14 U1 2 U2 14 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA SN 0899-7659 J9 J AQUAT ANIM HEALTH JI J. Aquat. Anim. Health PD SEP PY 2006 VL 18 IS 3 BP 184 EP 193 DI 10.1577/H05-046.1 PG 10 WC Fisheries; Veterinary Sciences SC Fisheries; Veterinary Sciences GA 100RL UT WOS:000241686200003 ER PT J AU Stocking, RW Holt, RA Foott, JS Bartholomew, JL AF Stocking, Richard W. Holt, Richard A. Foott, J. Scott Bartholomew, Jerri L. TI Spatial and temporal occurrence of the salmonid parasite Ceratomyxa shasta in the Oregon-California Klamath River basin SO JOURNAL OF AQUATIC ANIMAL HEALTH LA English DT Article ID MYXOSPOREAN PARASITE; WATER TEMPERATURE; CHINOOK SALMON; MYXOBOLUS-CEREBRALIS; INFECTIVE STAGE; RAINBOW-TROUT; SUSCEPTIBILITY; HOST; RESISTANCE; EXPOSURE AB The parasite Ceratomyxa shasta has been implicated as a significant source of salmonid mortality in the lower Klamath River, California (i.e., below Iron Gate dam). A study of the prevalence of C. shasta and its geographic and temporal distribution throughout the Klamath River basin was conducted to determine when and where juvenile salmonids encounter lethal parasite doses. Susceptible rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss were exposed to C. shasta 3-4 d at seven locations in the Klamath River between Beaver Creek and Keno Reservoir in April, June, July, September, and November 2003. Individuals from a Klamath River strain of fall Chinook salmon O. tshawytscha were held in three locations in the upper Klamath River in April, June, and July. In June 2004, rainbow trout were exposed to the parasite for 4 d at 18 locations from Klamath Lake to the mouth of the Klamath River, including several major spawning tributaries; one exposure occurred in the lower Klamath River. Rainbow trout mortality due to infection for groups exposed in the upper Klamath River was lower (< 8.0%) and delayed (mean time to death, 40-110 d) in comparison with that in groups exposed in the lower Klamath River (> 98%; mean time to death, 33-36 d). Experimental fall Chinook salmon did not become infected in the upper Klamath River, but infection was detected in Chinook salmon exposed in the lower Klamath River, nearly 50% of these succumbing to infection. These dramatic differences in mortality between the upper and lower Klamath River could not be explained by differences in water temperatures during exposure and are probably a result of differences in infectious dose. Lack of infection in groups exposed in tributaries supports the hypothesis that the parasite life cycle and the invertebrate host are largely confined to the main-stem Klamath River. C1 Oregon State Univ, Ctr Fish Dis Res, Dept Microbiol, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Calif Nevada Fish Hlth Ctr, Anderson, CA 96007 USA. RP Bartholomew, JL (reprint author), Oregon State Univ, Ctr Fish Dis Res, Dept Microbiol, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. EM bartholj@science.oregonstate.edu NR 18 TC 32 Z9 32 U1 2 U2 8 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA SN 0899-7659 J9 J AQUAT ANIM HEALTH JI J. Aquat. Anim. Health PD SEP PY 2006 VL 18 IS 3 BP 194 EP 202 DI 10.1577/H05-036.1 PG 9 WC Fisheries; Veterinary Sciences SC Fisheries; Veterinary Sciences GA 100RL UT WOS:000241686200004 ER PT J AU Housman, DC Powers, HH Collins, AD Belnap, J AF Housman, D. C. Powers, H. H. Collins, A. D. Belnap, J. TI Carbon and nitrogen fixation differ between successional stages of biological soil crusts in the Colorado Plateau and Chihuahuan Desert SO JOURNAL OF ARID ENVIRONMENTS LA English DT Article DE microbiotic soil crust; chlorophyll fluorescence; acetylene reduction; photosynthesis ID FLUORESCENCE; CYCLE; UTAH AB Biological soil crusts (cyanobacteria, mosses and lichens collectively) perform essential ecosystem services, including carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) fixation. Climate and land-use change are converting later successional soil crusts to early successional soil crusts with lower C and N fixation rates. To quantify the effect of such conversions on C and N dynamics in desert ecosystems we seasonally measured diurnal fixation rates in different biological soil crusts. We classified plots on the Colorado Plateau (Canyonlands) and Chihuahuan Desert (Jornada) as early (Microcoleus) or later successional (Nostoc/Scytonema or Placidium/Collema) and measured photosynthesis (P.), nitrogenase activity (NA), and chlorophyll fluorescence (F(v)/F(m)) on metabolically active (moist) soil crusts. Later successional crusts typically had greater P(n), averaging 1.2-1.3-fold higher daily C fixation in Canyonlands and 2.4-2.8-fold higher in the Jornada. Later successional crusts also had greater NA, averaging 1.3-7.5-fold higher daily N fixation in Canyonlands and 1.3-25.0-fold higher in the Jornada. Mean daily Fv/Fm was also greater in later successional Canyonlands crusts during winter, and Jornada crusts during all seasons except summer. Together these findings indicate conversion of soil crusts back to early successional stages results in large reductions of C and N inputs into these ecosystems. Published by Elsevier Ltd. C1 US Geol Survey, Canyonlands Field Stn, Moab, UT 84532 USA. RP Housman, DC (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Canyonlands Field Stn, 2290 SW Resource Blvd, Moab, UT 84532 USA. EM dhousman@usgs.gov NR 26 TC 110 Z9 136 U1 5 U2 79 PU ACADEMIC PRESS LTD- ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI LONDON PA 24-28 OVAL RD, LONDON NW1 7DX, ENGLAND SN 0140-1963 J9 J ARID ENVIRON JI J. Arid. Environ. PD SEP PY 2006 VL 66 IS 4 BP 620 EP 634 DI 10.1016/j.jaridenv.2005.11.014 PG 15 WC Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 057LC UT WOS:000238596300002 ER PT J AU Knowles, N Dettinger, MD Cayan, DR AF Knowles, Noah Dettinger, Michael D. Cayan, Daniel R. TI Trends in snowfall versus rainfall in the Western United States SO JOURNAL OF CLIMATE LA English DT Article ID SNOWMELT RUNOFF; NORTH-AMERICA; CLIMATE; TEMPERATURE; CALIFORNIA; ACCURACY; BASIN AB The water resources of the western United States depend heavily on snowpack to store part of the wintertime precipitation into the drier summer months. A well-documented shift toward earlier runoff in recent decades has been attributed to 1) more precipitation falling as rain instead of snow and 2) earlier snowmelt. The present study addresses the former, documenting a regional trend toward smaller ratios of winter-total snowfall water equivalent (SFE) to winter-total precipitation (P) during the period 1949-2004. The trends toward reduced SFE are a response to warming across the region, with the most significant reductions occurring where winter wet-day minimum temperatures, averaged over the study period, were warmer than -5 degrees C. Most SFE reductions were associated with winter wet-day temperature increases between 0 degrees and -3 degrees C over the study period. Warmings larger than this occurred mainly at sites where the mean temperatures were cool enough that the precipitation form was less susceptible to warming trends. The trends toward reduced SFE/P ratios were most pronounced in March regionwide and in January near the West Coast, corresponding to widespread warming in these months. While mean temperatures in March were sufficiently high to allow the warming trend to produce SFE/P declines across the study region, mean January temperatures were cooler, with the result that January SFE/P impacts were restricted to the lower elevations near the West Coast. Extending the analysis back to 1920 shows that although the trends presented here may be partially attributable to interdecadal climate variability associated with the Pacific decadal oscillation, they also appear to result from still longer-term climate shifts. C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. Univ Calif San Diego, Scripps Inst Oceanog, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA. RP Knowles, N (reprint author), US Geol Survey, MS 496,345 Middlefield Rd, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. EM nknowles@usgs.gov NR 28 TC 333 Z9 340 U1 9 U2 83 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0894-8755 J9 J CLIMATE JI J. Clim. PD SEP PY 2006 VL 19 IS 18 BP 4545 EP 4559 DI 10.1175/JCLI3850.1 PG 15 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 090XI UT WOS:000240987000005 ER PT J AU Himmelstoss, EA FitzGerald, DM Rosen, PS Allen, JR AF Himmelstoss, Emily A. FitzGerald, Duncan M. Rosen, Peter S. Allen, James R. TI Bluff evolution along coastal drumlins: Boston Harbor Islands, Massachusetts SO JOURNAL OF COASTAL RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE bluff erosion; rills; gullies; wave notching; slumping; slope morphology; till ID NOVA-SCOTIA; SEA-LEVEL; EROSION; PEAT AB A series of partially drowned drumlins forms the backbone of the inner islands within Boston Harbor. The shoreline of these rounded glacial deposits is composed of actively retreating bluffs formed by continual wave attack. Comparisons of bluffs reveal variability in their height and lateral extent, as well as in the dominant mechanism causing their retreat. Two processes are responsible for bluff erosion and yield distinct bluff morphologies: (1) wave attack undercuts the bluff and causes episodic slumping, yielding planar bluff slopes, and (2) subaerial processes such as rainfall create irregular slopes characterized by rills and gullies. We propose a model of drumlin bluff evolution that is based on processes of erosion and physical characteristics such as bluff height, slope morphology, and the orientation of the bluff with respect to the long axis of the drumlin and its topographic crest. The four phases of drumlin bluff evolution consist of (1) initial formation of bluff, with retreat dominated by wave notching and slumping processes; (2) rill and gully development as bluff heights exceed 10 in and slumped sediment at bluff base inhibits wave attack; (3) return of wave notching and slumping as bluff heights decrease; and (4) final development of boulder retreat lag as last remnants of drumlin are eroded by wave action. These phases capture the important physical processes of drumlin evolution in Boston Harbor and could apply to other eroding coastal drumlin deposits. C1 Boston Univ, Dept Earth Sci, Boston, MA 02215 USA. Northeastern Univ, Dept Geol, Boston, MA 02115 USA. US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Natl Pk Serv, Boston, MA 02109 USA. RP Himmelstoss, EA (reprint author), Boston Univ, Dept Earth Sci, 685 Commonwealth Ave, Boston, MA 02215 USA. EM ehimmelstoss@usgs.gov NR 38 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 6 PU COASTAL EDUCATION & RESEARCH FOUNDATION PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH STREET, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0749-0208 J9 J COASTAL RES JI J. Coast. Res. PD SEP PY 2006 VL 22 IS 5 BP 1230 EP 1240 DI 10.2112/06A-0005.1 PG 11 WC Environmental Sciences; Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Physical Geography; Geology GA 092YD UT WOS:000241132700020 ER PT J AU Stone, WW Wilson, JT AF Stone, Wesley W. Wilson, John T. TI Preferential flow estimates to an agricultural tile drain with implications for glyphosate transport SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY LA English DT Article ID SILT LOAM SOIL; PESTICIDE; FLUME; WATER; AGRICHEMICALS; MOVEMENT; INDIANA; CHANNEL AB Agricultural subsurface drains, commonly referred to as tile drains, are potentially significant pathways for the movement of fertilizers and pesticides to streams and ditches in much of the Midwest. Preferential flow in the unsaturated zone provides a route for water and solutes to bypass the soil matrix and reach tile drains faster than predicted by traditional displacement theory. This paper uses chloride concentrations to estimate preferential flow contributions to a tile drain during two storms in May 2004. Chloride, a conservative anion, was selected as the tracer because of differences in chloride concentrations between the two sources of water to the tile drain, preferential and matrix flow. A strong correlation between specific conductance and chloride concentration provided a mechanism to estimate chloride concentrations in the tile drain throughout the storm hydrographs. A simple mixing analysis was used to identify the preferential flow component of the storm hydrograph. During two storms, preferential flow contributed 11 and 51% of total storm tile drain flow; the peak contributions, 40 and 81%, coincided with the peak tile drain flow. Positive relations between glyphosate [N-(phosphonomethyl)glycine] concentrations and preferential flow for the two storms suggest that preferential flow is an important transport pathway to the tile drain. C1 US Geol Survey, Indiana Water Sci Ctr, Indianapolis, IN 46278 USA. RP Stone, WW (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Indiana Water Sci Ctr, 5957 Lakeside Blvd, Indianapolis, IN 46278 USA. EM wwstone@usgs.gov NR 35 TC 49 Z9 50 U1 0 U2 22 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0047-2425 J9 J ENVIRON QUAL JI J. Environ. Qual. PD SEP-OCT PY 2006 VL 35 IS 5 BP 1825 EP 1835 DI 10.2134/jeq2006.0068 PG 11 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 090AY UT WOS:000240924200020 PM 16899754 ER PT J AU Ahlering, MA Johnson, DH Faaborg, J AF Ahlering, Marissa A. Johnson, Douglas H. Faaborg, John TI Conspecific attraction in a grassland bird, the Baird's Sparrow SO JOURNAL OF FIELD ORNITHOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Ammodramus bairdii; Baird's Sparrow; conspecific attraction; habitat selection; playback experiment ID BREEDING HABITAT SELECTION; PUBLIC INFORMATION; HETEROSPECIFIC ATTRACTION; CONSERVATION BIOLOGY; EMPIDONAX-MINIMUS; HIDDEN LEKS; POPULATION; FLYCATCHER; DENSITY; SITE AB Territorial songbirds generally use song to defend territories and attract mates, but conspecific song may also serve as a cue to attract other male songbirds to a breeding site. Although known to occur in some colonial and forest-associated species, only recently have investigators examined conspecific attraction in grassland species. We used a playback experiment to examine the possible role of conspecific attraction for mates searching for potentially suitable breeding habitat in a grassland specialist, the Baird's Sparrow (Ammodramus bairdii). Experimental playback plots and control plots with similar landscape and vegetation characteristics were established at two sites in North Dakota. Baird's Sparrows colonized three of six experimental plots and none of six control plots. Males on experimental plots established territories adjacent to the playback stations and were sometimes observed counter-singing with the playback of conspecific songs. Vegetation characteristics were similar on all study plots, and did not explain differences in bird density on our treatment plots. Although we found that playback of conspecific songs attracted male Baird's Sparrows to previously unoccupied, potentially suitable habitat, further. experiments are needed to examine the importance of conspecific attraction relative to other cues that birds may use, such as vegetation features. The conservation and management implications of conspecific attraction are not completely understood, but the presence of conspecifics should be considered as a potential cue in habitat selection by all species of birds. C1 Univ Missouri, Div Biol Sci, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. USGS, No Prairie Wildlife Res Ctr, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. RP Ahlering, MA (reprint author), Univ Missouri, Div Biol Sci, 225 Tucker Hall, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. EM AhleringM@missouri.edu NR 53 TC 42 Z9 44 U1 3 U2 26 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ USA SN 0273-8570 EI 1557-9263 J9 J FIELD ORNITHOL JI J. Field Ornithol. PD FAL PY 2006 VL 77 IS 4 BP 365 EP 371 DI 10.1111/j.1557-9263.2006.00066.x PG 7 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA 111HL UT WOS:000242441900003 ER PT J AU Andrei, AE Smith, LM Haukos, DA Surles, JG AF Andrei, Adrian E. Smith, Loren M. Haukos, David A. Surles, James G. TI Community composition and migration chronology of shorebirds using the saline lakes of the Southern Great Plains, USA SO JOURNAL OF FIELD ORNITHOLOGY LA English DT Article DE migration chronology; playas; saline lakes; shorebirds; Southern Great Plains ID NEW-MEXICO; TEXAS; CONSERVATION; PREDATION; BEHAVIOR; BASINS; WADERS AB Shorebirds migrating through the Southern Great Plains (SGP), USA, use freshwater playas and saline lakes as stopovers. The importance of playas is well documented, but the role of saline lakes is not clearly understood. During 2002 and 2003, we conducted surveys to determine the extent to which the saline lakes serve as stopovers. Twenty-eight species were recorded, and total seasonal abundance ranged from 6779 to 29,924 birds. Potential shorebird abundance for extant saline lakes was estimated at 37,000-71,000 shorebirds annually. American Avocets (Recurvirostra americana), Western Sandpipers (Calidris mauri), Baird's Sandpipers (C bairdi), Least Sandpipers (C minutilla), Snowy Plovers (Charadrius alexandrinus), Killdeer (Charadrius vociferus), and Wilson's Phalaropes (Phalaropus tricolor) were the most abundant species. Community composition of shorebirds differed between saline lakes and regional freshwater playas. Peak spring abundance was generally in April, whereas summer/fall migration was more protracted and shorebird abundance peaked during 6-8 weeks in August and September. Migration chronologies differed among morphologically similar species, and among representative species from different guilds. Such patterns of temporal separation permit partitioning of resources by shorebirds migrating through the SGP. The saline lakes of the SGP should be regarded as stopover sites of regional and international value. To ensure that saline lakes function as stopovers and to help maintain those unique communities that inhabit them, conservation of saline takes should focus on preserving spring flows and conserving water. C1 Texas Tech Univ, Dept Range Wildlife & Fisheries Management, Lubbock, TX 79409 USA. Texas Tech Univ, US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Dept Range Wildlife & Fisheries Management, Lubbock, TX 79409 USA. Texas Tech Univ, Dept Math & Stat, Lubbock, TX 79409 USA. RP Andrei, AE (reprint author), Texas Tech Univ, Dept Range Wildlife & Fisheries Management, Lubbock, TX 79409 USA. EM andreia@lincolnu.edu NR 38 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 2 U2 12 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING PI OXFORD PA 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DQ, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0273-8570 J9 J FIELD ORNITHOL JI J. Field Ornithol. PD FAL PY 2006 VL 77 IS 4 BP 372 EP 383 DI 10.1111/j.1557-9263.2006.00067.x PG 12 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA 111HL UT WOS:000242441900004 ER PT J AU Olsen, JB Miller, SJ Harper, K Nagler, JJ Wenburg, JK AF Olsen, J. B. Miller, S. J. Harper, K. Nagler, J. J. Wenburg, J. K. TI Contrasting sex ratios in juvenile and adult chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha (Walbaum) from south-west Alaska: sex reversal or differential survival? SO JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE chinook salmon; Oncorhynchus tshawytscha; sex-ratio bias ID GROWTH-HORMONE PSEUDOGENE; PACIFIC SALMON; COLUMBIA-RIVER; GENETIC SEX; COHO SALMON; POPULATION AB A sex-specific genetic marker (growth hormone pseudogene) and age-at-maturation data were used to infer the cause of male-biased phenotypic sex ratios in adult chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha from the Kwethluk and Tuluksak Rivers, south-west Alaska. The results showed that: (1) adult genetic and phenotypic sex ratios were similar and were male biased, (2) genetic sex ratios of pre-smolts were not male biased and (3) the average age-at-maturation for males was significantly less than for females. These results suggest that the sex ratio distortion is due to gender bias in marine survival probably related to gender differences in marine life-history strategies. (c) 2006 The Authors Journal compilation (c) 2006 The Fisheries Society of the British Isles C1 US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Conservat Genet Lab, Anchorage, AK 99503 USA. US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Kenai Fisheries Resource Off, Kenai, AK 99611 USA. Univ Idaho, Dept Biol Sci, Ctr Reprod Biol, Moscow, ID 83844 USA. RP Olsen, JB (reprint author), US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Conservat Genet Lab, 1011 E Tudor Rd, Anchorage, AK 99503 USA. EM jeffrey_olsen@fws.gov NR 17 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 2 U2 5 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING PI OXFORD PA 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DQ, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0022-1112 J9 J FISH BIOL JI J. Fish Biol. PD SEP PY 2006 VL 69 SU A BP 140 EP 144 DI 10.1111/j.1095-8649.2006.01119.x PG 5 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 096BJ UT WOS:000241351700009 ER PT J AU Kocan, R LaPatra, S Gregg, J Winton, J Hershberger, P AF Kocan, R. LaPatra, S. Gregg, J. Winton, J. Hershberger, P. TI Ichthyophonus-induced cardiac damage: a mechanism for reduced swimming stamina in salmonids SO JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES LA English DT Article DE cardiac damage; exercise; Ichthyophonus; rainbow trout; salmonid; swimming stamina ID RAINBOW-TROUT; ONCORHYNCHUS-MYKISS; OXYGEN-CONSUMPTION; CHINOOK SALMON; PERFORMANCE; HOFERI; WALBAUM; TEMPERATURE; INFECTION; EXERCISE AB Swimming stamina, measured as time-to-fatigue, was reduced by approximately two-thirds in rainbow trout experimentally infected with Ichthyophonus. Intensity of Ichthyophonus infection was most severe in cardiac muscle but multiple organs were infected to a lesser extent. The mean heart weight of infected fish was 40% greater than that of uninfected fish, the result of parasite biomass, infiltration of immune cells and fibrotic (granuloma) tissue surrounding the parasite. Diminished swimming stamina is hypothesized to be due to cardiac failure resulting from the combination of parasite-damaged heart muscle and low myocardial oxygen supply during sustained aerobic exercise. Loss of stamina in Ichthyophonus-infected salmonids could explain the poor performance previously reported for wild Chinook and sockeye salmon stocks during their spawning migration. C1 USGS BRD, Marrowstone Marine Field Stn, Nordland, WA 98358 USA. Univ Washington, Sch Aquat & Fishery Sci, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. Clear Springs Foods Inc, Buhl, ID USA. US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, W Fisheries Res Ctr, Seattle, WA USA. RP Kocan, R (reprint author), USGS BRD, Marrowstone Marine Field Stn, 616 Marrowstone Point Rd, Nordland, WA 98358 USA. EM kocan@u.washington.edu NR 25 TC 18 Z9 18 U1 5 U2 9 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING PI OXFORD PA 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DQ, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0140-7775 J9 J FISH DIS JI J. Fish Dis. PD SEP PY 2006 VL 29 IS 9 BP 521 EP 527 DI 10.1111/j.1365-2761.2006.00745.x PG 7 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Veterinary Sciences SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Veterinary Sciences GA 081BD UT WOS:000240291300002 PM 16948701 ER PT J AU Grader, M Letcher, BH AF Grader, Melissa Letcher, Benjamin H. TI Diel and seasonal variation in food habits of Atlantic salmon parr in a small stream SO JOURNAL OF FRESHWATER ECOLOGY LA English DT Article ID TROUT ONCORHYNCHUS-MYKISS; LIFE-HISTORY PATTERNS; SUB-ARCTIC RIVER; FEEDING CHRONOLOGY; BROWN TROUT; SALAR L.; SALVELINUS-FONTINALIS; STOMACH CONTENTS; NORTHERN NORWAY; PREY SELECTION AB The diel and seasonal food habits of young-of-year (YOY) and post-young-of-year (PYOY) Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) parr were assayed over the course of 11 months in the West Brook, Massachusetts USA. Gut fullness of YOY salmon did not vary significantly among months. PYOY salmon exhibited significant seasonal differences in gut fullness, with peak fullness occurring in the spring and late fall. Significant diel differences in PYOY gut fullness occurred in June and April, with peak fullness always occurring at dawn. Prey composition varied substantially among months. Dominant prey items of PYOY salmon were baetid mayflies in June, July, and August, limnephilid caddisflies in October and November, and ephemerellid mayflies in February and April. Few differences in prey composition between PYOY and YOY salmon were observed. Fish growth was unrelated to prey availability, but gut fullness explained up to 97% of growth variation across seasons. Results suggest that spring and fall are critical periods of feeding for PYOY salmon and that diet feeding intensity shifts seasonally. C1 US Geol Survey, Leetown Sci Ctr, SO Conte Anadromous Fish Res Ctr, Turners Falls, MA 01376 USA. Univ Massachusetts, Dept Nat Resources Conservat, Amherst, MA 01003 USA. RP Letcher, BH (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Leetown Sci Ctr, SO Conte Anadromous Fish Res Ctr, Turners Falls, MA 01376 USA. EM bletcher@forwild.umass.edu NR 50 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 2 U2 10 PU OIKOS PUBL INC PI LA CROSSE PA PO BOX 2558, LA CROSSE, WI 54601 USA SN 0270-5060 J9 J FRESHWATER ECOL JI J. Freshw. Ecol. PD SEP PY 2006 VL 21 IS 3 BP 503 EP 517 DI 10.1080/02705060.2006.9665028 PG 15 WC Ecology; Limnology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 071NR UT WOS:000239609400018 ER PT J AU Handley, LR Lockwood, CM Handley, N AF Handley, Lawrence R. Lockwood, Catherine M. Handley, Nathan TI Back to the basics: Lake Tahoe, California/Nevada: Geography and mathematics SO JOURNAL OF GEOGRAPHY LA English DT Article AB Back to the Basics: Lake Tahoe, Californial Nevada* continues the Wetland Education Through Maps and Aerial Photography (WETMAAP) Program of exercises on teaching foundational map reading and spatial differentiation skills. It Is the third published exercise from the Back to the Basics series developed by the WETMAAP Program. The current exercise modified is from the Lake Tahoe Back to the Basics workshop offered during the annual National Council for Geographic Education meeting. The focus of this exercise is on geography and mathematics, a unification of skills for spatial analysis and measurement. C1 US Geol Survey, NWRC, Spatial Anal Branch, Mapping Sect, Lafayette, LA USA. Chadron State Coll, Chadron, NE USA. VAImagery Lafayette, Lafayette, LA USA. RP Handley, LR (reprint author), US Geol Survey, NWRC, Spatial Anal Branch, Mapping Sect, Lafayette, LA USA. NR 3 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU NATL COUNCIL GEOGRAPHIC EDUCATION PI INDIANA PA INDIANA UNIV PENNSYLVANIA, INDIANA, PA 15705 USA SN 0022-1341 J9 J GEOGR JI J. Geogr. PD SEP-OCT PY 2006 VL 105 IS 5 BP 225 EP 230 DI 10.1080/00221340608978690 PG 6 WC Geography SC Geography GA 110ST UT WOS:000242400400005 ER PT J AU Cleveland, TG He, X Asquith, WH Fang, X Thompson, DB AF Cleveland, Theodore G. He, Xin Asquith, William H. Fang, Xing Thompson, David B. TI Instantaneous unit hydrograph evaluation for rainfall-runoff modeling of small watersheds in North and South Central Texas SO JOURNAL OF IRRIGATION AND DRAINAGE ENGINEERING-ASCE LA English DT Article DE hydrographs; rainfall; runoff; Texas ID URBAN AREA AB Data from over 1,600 storms at 91 stations in Texas are analyzed to evaluate an instantaneous unit hydrograph (IUH) model for rainfall-runoff models. The model is fit to observed data using two different merit functions: a sum of squared errors function, and an absolute error at the peak discharge time (Q(p)MAX) function. The model is compared to two other models using several criteria. Analysis suggests that the Natural Resources Conservation Service Dimensionless Unit Hydrograph, Commons' Texas hydrograph, and the Rayleigh IUH perform similarly. As the NRCS and Commons' models are tabulations, the Rayleigh model is an adequate substitute when a continuous model is necessary. The adjustable shape parameter in the Rayleigh model does not make any dramatic improvement in overall performance for these data, thus fixed shape hydrographs are adequate for these watersheds. C1 Univ Houston, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Houston, TX 77204 USA. US Geol Survey, Austin, TX 78754 USA. Lamar Univ, Dept Civil Engn, Beaumont, TX 77706 USA. Texas Tech Univ, Dept Civil Engn, Lubbock, TX 79409 USA. RP Cleveland, TG (reprint author), Univ Houston, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Houston, TX 77204 USA. EM cleveland@uh.edu; hexinbit@hotmail.com; wasquith@usgs.gov; xing.fang@lamar.edu; david.thompson@ttu.edu NR 19 TC 5 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 3 PU ASCE-AMER SOC CIVIL ENGINEERS PI RESTON PA 1801 ALEXANDER BELL DR, RESTON, VA 20191-4400 USA SN 0733-9437 J9 J IRRIG DRAIN E-ASCE JI J. Irrig. Drainage Eng-ASCE PD SEP-OCT PY 2006 VL 132 IS 5 BP 479 EP 485 DI 10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9437(2006)132:5(479) PG 7 WC Agricultural Engineering; Engineering, Civil; Water Resources SC Agriculture; Engineering; Water Resources GA 089NC UT WOS:000240886300006 ER PT J AU Strauss, EA Richardson, WB Cavanaugh, JC Bartsch, LA Kreiling, RM Standorf, AJ AF Strauss, Eric A. Richardson, William B. Cavanaugh, Jennifer C. Bartsch, Lynn A. Kreiling, Rebecca M. Standorf, Alyssa J. TI Variability and regulation of denitrification in an Upper Mississippi River backwater SO JOURNAL OF THE NORTH AMERICAN BENTHOLOGICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Article DE denitrification; large river; backwater; nitrate; nitrogen cycle ID GULF-OF-MEXICO; COUPLED NITRIFICATION-DENITRIFICATION; ESTUARINE SEDIMENTS; HYDROLOGICAL CONNECTIVITY; ENZYME-ACTIVITY; NITROGEN; NITRATE; DYNAMICS; WATER; PHOSPHORUS AB Sediments in the backwaters of the Upper Mississippi River (UMR) are highly organic and provide an optimal environment for N removal. We monitored an 8.6-ha UMR backwater site near La Crosse, Wisconsin, for nearly 3 y to assess temporal variability, seasonal trends, and the factors regulating denitrification. We measured rates of unamended denitrification (DEN) and denitrification enzyme activity (DEA) rates at ambient temperature and DEA at 30 degrees C (DEA30). Seasonal mean (+/- 1 SE) DEN rates ranged from 0.041 +/- 0.015 to 0.47 +/- 0.23 mu g N cm(-2) h(-1)and were highest in winter and lowest in autumn. Seasonal rates of DEA exhibited a different pattern with the highest rates in summer (25.6 +/- 3.4 mu g N cm(-2) h(-1)) and the lowest rates in winter (10.6 +/- 2.1 mu g N cm(-2) h(-1)). The overall mean DEA30 rate was 31.0 +/- 1.9 mu g N cm(-2) h(-1) but showed no significant seasonal pattern. Short-term (weekly) and seasonal variability exhibited by rates of DEN and DEA were best explained by water-column NO(3)(-) concentration and temperature, respectively. No environmental variables explained a significant amount of variability in DEA30. Our results suggest that nutrient (i.e., NO(3)(-)) availability and temperature are both regulators of denitrification, with NO(3)(-) concentration being the most important limiting factor in this system. The high DEN rates during winter were in response to elevated NO(3)(-) concentrations resulting from a chain reaction beginning with algal blooms creating oxic conditions that stimulated nitrification. Increasing hydrological connectivity in large rivers as a river management tool to reduce N flux to downstream areas may be beneficial. C1 Ft Hays State Univ, Dept Biol Sci, Hays, KS 67601 USA. US Geol Survey, Upper Midw Environm Sci Ctr, La Crosse, WI 54603 USA. RP Strauss, EA (reprint author), Ft Hays State Univ, Dept Biol Sci, Hays, KS 67601 USA. EM eastrauss@fhsu.edu; wrichardson@usgs.gov; jcavanaugh@usgs.gov; lbartsch@usgs.gov; rkreiling@usgs.gov; standorf@ksu.edu RI Strauss, Eric/G-3368-2013; OI Strauss, Eric/0000-0002-3134-2535; Kreiling, Rebecca/0000-0002-9295-4156 NR 38 TC 18 Z9 21 U1 5 U2 12 PU NORTH AMER BENTHOLOGICAL SOC PI LAWRENCE PA 1041 NEW HAMSPHIRE STREET, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0887-3593 J9 J N AM BENTHOL SOC JI J. N. Am. Benthol. Soc. PD SEP PY 2006 VL 25 IS 3 BP 596 EP 606 DI 10.1899/0887-3593(2006)25[596:VARODI]2.0.CO;2 PG 11 WC Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 073UV UT WOS:000239769000006 ER PT J AU Morales, Y Weber, LJ Mynett, AE Newton, TJ AF Morales, Y. Weber, L. J. Mynett, A. E. Newton, T. J. TI Effects of substrate and hydrodynamic conditions on the formation of mussel beds in a large river SO JOURNAL OF THE NORTH AMERICAN BENTHOLOGICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Article DE freshwater mussels; substrate stability; flow refuges; numerical modelling ID FRESH-WATER MUSSELS; MICROHABITAT USE; UNIONID MUSSELS; ABUNDANCE; BIVALVIA; HABITAT; ROLES AB A numerical model for simulation of freshwater mussel dynamics was used to investigate the effects of substrate and hydrodynamic conditions on the formation of mussel beds in a 10-km reach of the Upper Mississippi River (UMR). Suitable habitats for mussel survival were identified by creating a dimensionless parameter (shear stress ratio) combining shear force and substrate type. This parameter is a measure of substrate stability that could be used in many different applications. Dispersal of juvenile mussels with flow as they detach from their fish hosts was simulated by a particle-tracking mechanism that identified suitable areas for colonization with the potential to evolve into mussel beds. Simulated areas of mussel accumulation coincided with reported locations of mussel beds, and simulated densities were in the range of abundant mussel beds in other reaches of the UMR. These results, although more qualitative than quantitative, provide insight into factors influencing the formation of mussel beds in a large river. C1 Univ Birmingham, Sch Geog Earth & Environm Sci, Birmingham B15 2TT, W Midlands, England. IIHR Hydrosci & Engn, Iowa City, IA 52242 USA. WL Delft Hydraul, NL-2629 HD Delft, Netherlands. US Geol Survey, Upper Midw Environm Sci Ctr, La Crosse, WI 54603 USA. RP Morales, Y (reprint author), Univ Birmingham, Sch Geog Earth & Environm Sci, Birmingham B15 2TT, W Midlands, England. EM y.moraleschaves@bham.ac.uk; larry-weber@uiowa.edu; arthur.mynett@wldelft.nl; tnewton@usgs.gov RI Mynett, Arthur/A-9923-2012; OI Newton, Teresa/0000-0001-9351-5852 NR 43 TC 59 Z9 61 U1 3 U2 25 PU NORTH AMER BENTHOLOGICAL SOC PI LAWRENCE PA 1041 NEW HAMSPHIRE STREET, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0887-3593 J9 J N AM BENTHOL SOC JI J. N. Am. Benthol. Soc. PD SEP PY 2006 VL 25 IS 3 BP 664 EP 676 DI 10.1899/0887-3593(2006)25[664:EOSAHC]2.0.CO;2 PG 13 WC Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 073UV UT WOS:000239769000012 ER PT J AU Smith, DR AF Smith, David R. TI Survey design for detecting rare freshwater mussels SO JOURNAL OF THE NORTH AMERICAN BENTHOLOGICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Article DE unionid; probability of species detection; detectability; qualitative sampling; rare populations; species presence; timed search; occupancy ID HYDROLOGICAL VARIABILITY; VERTICAL MIGRATION; POPULATIONS; BIVALVIA; UNIONIDAE; RIVERS; AGGREGATION; COMMUNITIES; ORIENTATION; ALASMIDONTA AB A common objective when surveying freshwater mussels is to detect the presence of rare populations. In certain situations, such as when endangered or threatened species are potentially in the area of a proposed impact, the survey should be designed to ensure a high probability of detecting species presence. Linking survey design to probability of detecting species presence has been done for quantitative surveys, but commonly applied designs that are based on timed searches have not made that connection. I propose a semiquantitative survey design that links search area and search efficiency to probability of detecting species presence. The survey can be designed to protect against failing to detect populations above a threshold abundance (or density). I illustrate the design for surveys to detect clubshell (Pluerobema clava) and northern riffleshell (Epioblasma torulosa rangiana) in the Allegheny River. Monte Carlo simulation indicated that the proposed survey design performs well under a range of spatial distributions and low densities (< 0.05 m(2)) where search area is sufficient to ensure that the probability of detecting species presence is predicted to be >= 0.85. C1 US Geol Survey, Leetown Sci Ctr, Aquat Ecol Lab, Kearneysville, WV 25430 USA. RP Smith, DR (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Leetown Sci Ctr, Aquat Ecol Lab, 11649 Leetown Rd, Kearneysville, WV 25430 USA. EM drsmith@usgs.gov NR 34 TC 18 Z9 19 U1 1 U2 18 PU NORTH AMER BENTHOLOGICAL SOC PI LAWRENCE PA 1041 NEW HAMSPHIRE STREET, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0887-3593 J9 J N AM BENTHOL SOC JI J. N. Am. Benthol. Soc. PD SEP PY 2006 VL 25 IS 3 BP 701 EP 711 DI 10.1899/0887-3593(2006)25[701:SDFDRF]2.0.CO;2 PG 11 WC Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 073UV UT WOS:000239769000015 ER PT J AU Svenning, JC Engelbrecht, BMJ Kinner, DA Kursar, TA Stallard, RF Wright, SJ AF Svenning, Jens-Christian Engelbrecht, Bettina M. J. Kinner, David A. Kursar, Thomas A. Stallard, Robert F. Wright, S. Joseph TI The relative roles of environment, history and local dispersal in controlling the distributions of common tree and shrub species in a tropical forest landscape, Panama SO JOURNAL OF TROPICAL ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Barro Colorado Island; dispersal limitation; drought tolerance; environmental control; soil ID BARRO COLORADO ISLAND; RAIN-FOREST; NEOTROPICAL FOREST; RECRUITMENT LIMITATION; DEPENDENT RECRUITMENT; HABITAT ASSOCIATIONS; SCALE DISTRIBUTIONS; DIVERSITY; PATTERNS; VEGETATION AB We used regression models and information-theoretic model selection to assess the relative importance of environment. local dispersal and historical contingency as controls of the distributions of 26 common plant species in tropical forest on Barro Colorado Island (BCI), Panama. We censused eighty-eight 0.09-ha plots scattered across the landscape. Environmental control, local dispersal and historical contingency were represented by environmental variables (soil moisture, slope, soil type, distance to shore, old-forest presence), a spatial autoregressive parameter (rho), and four spatial trend variables, respectively. We built regression models, representing all combinations of the three hypotheses. for each species. The probability that the best model included the environmental variables, spatial trend variables and rho averaged 33%. 64%, and 50 % across the study species, respectively. The environmental variables, spatial trend variables. rho. and a simple intercept model received the strongest support for 4, 15, 5 and 2 species, respectively. Comparing the model results to information on species traits showed that species with strong spatial trends produced few and heavy diaspores, while species with strong soil moisture relationships were particularly drought-sensitive. In conclusion, history and local dispersal appeared to be the dominant controls of the distributions of common plant species on BCI. C1 Univ Aarhus, Dept Biol Sci, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark. Smithsonian Trop Res Inst, Balboa, Panama. Univ Kaiserslautern, Dept Plant Ecol & Systemat, D-67653 Kaiserslautern, Germany. US Geol Survey, Cent Reg Geol Hazards Team, Denver, CO 80225 USA. Univ Utah, Dept Biol, Salt Lake City, UT 84112 USA. US Geol Survey, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RP Svenning, JC (reprint author), Univ Aarhus, Dept Biol Sci, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark. EM svenning@biology.au.dk RI Svenning, Jens-Christian/C-8977-2012; Engelbrecht, Bettina/E-9914-2012; Wright, Stuart/M-3311-2013; Stallard, Robert/H-2649-2013 OI Svenning, Jens-Christian/0000-0002-3415-0862; Wright, Stuart/0000-0003-4260-5676; Stallard, Robert/0000-0001-8209-7608 NR 76 TC 14 Z9 17 U1 1 U2 13 PU CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS PI NEW YORK PA 32 AVENUE OF THE AMERICAS, NEW YORK, NY 10013-2473 USA SN 0266-4674 J9 J TROP ECOL JI J. Trop. Ecol. PD SEP PY 2006 VL 22 BP 575 EP 586 DI 10.1017/S0266467406003348 PN 5 PG 12 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 076RK UT WOS:000239975200009 ER PT J AU Mazet, JAK Hamilton, GE Dierauf, LA AF Mazet, Jonna A. K. Hamilton, Gillian E. Dierauf, Leslie A. TI Educating veterinarians for careers in free-ranging wildlife medicine and ecosystem health SO JOURNAL OF VETERINARY MEDICAL EDUCATION LA English DT Article ID ENHYDRA-LUTRIS-NEREIS; SEA OTTERS; TOXOPLASMA AB In the last 10 years, the field of zoological medicine has seen an expansive broadening into the arenas of free-ranging wildlife, conservation medicine, and ecosystem health. During the spring/summer of 2005, we prepared and disseminated a survey designed to identify training and educational needs for individuals entering the wildlife medicine and ecosystem health fields. Our data revealed that few wildlife veterinarians believe that the training they received in veterinary school adequately prepared them to acquire and succeed in their field. Wildlife veterinarians and their employers ranked mentorship with an experienced wildlife veterinarian, training in leadership and communication, courses and externships in wildlife health, and additional formal training beyond the veterinary degree as important in preparation for success. Employers, wildlife veterinarians, and job seekers alike reported that understanding and maintaining ecosystem health is a key component of the wildlife veterinarian's job description, as it is critical to protecting animal health, including human health. Today's wildlife veterinarians are a new type of transdisciplinary professional; they practice medicine in their communities and hold titles in every level of government and academia. It is time that we integrate ecosystem health into our curricula to nurture and enhance an expansive way of looking at veterinary medicine and to ensure that veterinary graduates are prepared to excel in this new and complex world, in which the health of wildlife, domestic animals, and people are interdependent. C1 Univ Calif Davis, Wildlife Hlth Ctr, Sch Vet Med, Davis, CA 95616 USA. US Geol Survey, Natl Wildlife Hlth Res Ctr, Madison, WI 53711 USA. RP Mazet, JAK (reprint author), Univ Calif Davis, Wildlife Hlth Ctr, Sch Vet Med, Davis, CA 95616 USA. EM jkmazet@ucdavis.edu NR 11 TC 8 Z9 9 U1 1 U2 13 PU UNIV TORONTO PRESS INC PI TORONTO PA JOURNALS DIVISION, 5201 DUFFERIN ST, DOWNSVIEW, TORONTO, ON M3H 5T8, CANADA SN 0748-321X J9 J VET MED EDUC JI J. Vet. Med. Educ. PD FAL PY 2006 VL 33 IS 3 BP 352 EP 360 DI 10.3138/jvme.33.3.352 PG 9 WC Education, Scientific Disciplines; Veterinary Sciences SC Education & Educational Research; Veterinary Sciences GA 099KV UT WOS:000241594300008 PM 17035206 ER PT J AU Brown, CS Luebbert, J Mulcahy, D Schamber, J Rosenberg, DH AF Brown, Corrine S. Luebbert, Joanne Mulcahy, Daniel Schamber, Jason Rosenberg, Daniel H. TI Blood lead levels of wild Steller's eiders (Polysticta stelleri) and black scoters (Melanitta nigra) in Alaska using a portable blood lead analyzer SO JOURNAL OF ZOO AND WILDLIFE MEDICINE LA English DT Article DE blood lead; portable blood lead analyzer; Steller's eider; Polysticta stelleri; black scoter; Melanitta nigra ID LOONS GAVIA-IMMER; SPECTACLED EIDERS; CONTAMINANTS; METALS; DUCKS AB Sea duck populations are declining in Alaska. The reasons for the decline are not known; environmental lead exposure is one suspected cause. Thirty wild Steller's eider ducks (Polysticta stelleri) and 40 wild black scoter ducks (Melanitta nigra) were tested for blood lead levels using a portable blood lead analyzer (LeadCare((R)); ESA, Inc., Chelmsford, Massachusetts 01824, USA). Sixty-seven and one-tenth percent of the sea ducks had undetectable blood lead levels, 30.0% had values indicating normal or background lead exposure, and 2.9% had values indicating lead exposure. None of the birds had values indicating lead toxicity, and no birds demonstrated clinical signs of toxicity. Birds in areas with higher human population density had higher blood lead levels than those in less densely populated areas. This is the first time a portable blood lead analyzer has been utilized with sea ducks in a field setting. Because it provides immediate results, it is valuable as a screening tool for investigators carrying out surgical procedures on birds in the field as well as establishing baseline blood lead data on sea ducks. Lead exposure does occur in wild sea ducks, and the study indicates that additional research is needed in order to determine the role environmental lead plays in declining sea duck populations. C1 Wild Waterbird Conservancy Inc, Grand Cane, LA 71032 USA. US Geol Survey, Alaska Biol Sci Ctr, Anchorage, AK 99503 USA. State Alaska Dept Fish & Game, Div Wildlife Conservat, Anchorage, AK 99518 USA. RP Brown, CS (reprint author), Wild Waterbird Conservancy Inc, POB 277, Grand Cane, LA 71032 USA. NR 25 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 1 U2 10 PU AMER ASSOC ZOO VETERINARIANS PI MEDIA PA 6 NORTH PENNELL ROAD, MEDIA, PA 19063 USA SN 1042-7260 J9 J ZOO WILDLIFE MED JI J. Zoo Wildl. Med. PD SEP PY 2006 VL 37 IS 3 BP 361 EP 365 DI 10.1638/05-092.1 PG 5 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA 084XC UT WOS:000240566700018 PM 17319136 ER PT J AU Salciarini, D Godt, JW Savage, WZ Conversini, P Baum, RL Michael, JA AF Salciarini, Diana Godt, Jonathan W. Savage, William Z. Conversini, Pietro Baum, Rex L. Michael, John A. TI Modeling regional initiation of rainfall-induced shallow landslides in the eastern Umbria Region of central Italy SO LANDSLIDES LA English DT Article DE debris flow; rainfall; transient model; apennines ID PORE-PRESSURE DIFFUSION; FLOW; WASHINGTON; SEATTLE; HAZARD; CREEK AB We model the rainfall-induced initiation of shallow landslides over a broad region using a deterministic approach, the Transient Rainfall Infiltration and Grid-based Slope-stability (TRIGRS) model that couples an infinite-slope stability analysis with a one-dimensional analytical solution for transient pore pressure response to rainfall infiltration. This model permits the evaluation of regional shallow landslide susceptibility in a Geographic Information System framework, and we use it to analyze susceptibility to shallow landslides in an area in the eastern Umbria Region of central Italy. As shown on a landslide inventory map produced by the Italian National Research Council, the area has been affected in the past by shallow landslides, many of which have transformed into debris flows. Input data for the TRIGRS model include time-varying rainfall, topographic slope, colluvial thickness, initial water table depth, and material strength and hydraulic properties. Because of a paucity of input data, we focus on parametric analyses to calibrate and test the model and show the effect of variation in material properties and initial water table conditions on the distribution of simulated instability in the study area in response to realistic rainfall. Comparing the results with the shallow landslide inventory map, we find more than 80% agreement between predicted shallow landslide susceptibility and the inventory, despite the paucity of input data. C1 US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Lakewood, CO 80225 USA. Univ Perugia, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, I-06125 Perugia, Italy. RP Godt, JW (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, MS 966,Box 25046, Lakewood, CO 80225 USA. EM jgodt@usgs.gov OI Salciarini, Diana/0000-0002-0085-2639; Baum, Rex/0000-0001-5337-1970 NR 41 TC 73 Z9 75 U1 3 U2 24 PU SPRINGER HEIDELBERG PI HEIDELBERG PA TIERGARTENSTRASSE 17, D-69121 HEIDELBERG, GERMANY SN 1612-510X J9 LANDSLIDES JI Landslides PD SEP PY 2006 VL 3 IS 3 BP 181 EP 194 DI 10.1007/s10346-006-0037-0 PG 14 WC Engineering, Geological; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Engineering; Geology GA 086KU UT WOS:000240673000001 ER PT J AU Kroeger, KD Cole, ML Valiela, I AF Kroeger, K. D. Cole, M. L. Valiela, I. TI Groundwater-transported dissolved organic nitrogen exports from coastal watersheds SO LIMNOLOGY AND OCEANOGRAPHY LA English DT Article ID DOMESTIC WASTE-WATER; SAND AQUIFER; WAQUOIT BAY; CAPE-COD; LAND-USE; ESTUARIES; SYSTEMS; ECOSYSTEMS; MOVEMENT; DISPOSAL AB We analyzed groundwater-transported nitrogen (N) exports from 41 watershed segments that comprised 10 Cape Cod, Massachusetts watersheds to test the hypotheses that chemical form of N exports is related to land use and to length of flow paths through watersheds. In the absence of human habitation, these glacial outwash-plain watersheds exported largely dissolved organic N (DON) but at relatively low annual rate. Addition of people to watersheds increased rates of both total dissolved N (TDN) and DON export through groundwater. Percent of TDN as DON in groundwater was negatively related to path length of groundwater through aquifers, but %DON was not significantly related to population density on the watersheds. DON was often the dominant form of N exported from the watersheds, even at high population densities. Our results suggest that natural sources are not entirely responsible for organic N exports from watersheds, but, instead, a substantial portion of anthropogenic N introduced to watersheds is exported as DON. This finding is in disagreement with previous results, which suggest that anthropogenic N is exported from watersheds largely as NO3- and that DON exported from watersheds is from natural sources. C1 Boston Univ, Marine Program, Marine Biol Lab, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. RP Kroeger, KD (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Ctr Coastal & Watershed Studies, St Petersburg, FL 33701 USA. OI Kroeger, Kevin/0000-0002-4272-2349 NR 49 TC 45 Z9 49 U1 2 U2 18 PU AMER SOC LIMNOLOGY OCEANOGRAPHY PI WACO PA 5400 BOSQUE BLVD, STE 680, WACO, TX 76710-4446 USA SN 0024-3590 J9 LIMNOL OCEANOGR JI Limnol. Oceanogr. PD SEP PY 2006 VL 51 IS 5 BP 2248 EP 2261 PG 14 WC Limnology; Oceanography SC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA 086LC UT WOS:000240673800028 ER PT J AU Downing, JA Prairie, YT Cole, JJ Duarte, CM Tranvik, LJ Striegl, RG McDowell, WH Kortelainen, P Caraco, NF Melack, JM Middelburg, JJ AF Downing, J. A. Prairie, Y. T. Cole, J. J. Duarte, C. M. Tranvik, L. J. Striegl, R. G. McDowell, W. H. Kortelainen, P. Caraco, N. F. Melack, J. M. Middelburg, J. J. TI The global abundance and size distribution of lakes, ponds, and impoundments SO LIMNOLOGY AND OCEANOGRAPHY LA English DT Article ID UNITED-STATES; RESERVOIRS; FLOODPLAIN; RIVER AB One of the major impediments to the integration of lentic ecosystems into global environmental analyses has been fragmentary data on the extent and size distribution of lakes, ponds, and impoundments. We use new data sources, enhanced spatial resolution, and new analytical approaches to provide new estimates of the global abundance of surface-water bodies. A global model based on the Pareto distribution shows that the global extent of natural lakes is twice as large as previously known (304 million lakes; 4.2 million km(2) in area) and is dominated in area by millions of water bodies smaller than 1 km(2). Similar analyses of impoundments based on inventories of large, engineered dams show that impounded waters cover approximately 0.26 million km(2). However, construction of low-tech farm impoundments is estimated to be between 0.1% and 6% of farm area worldwide, dependent upon precipitation, and represents > 77,000 km(2) globally, at present. Overall, about 4.6 million km(2) of the earth's continental "land" surface (> 3%) is covered by water. These analyses underscore the importance of explicitly considering lakes, ponds, and impoundments, especially small ones, in global analyses of rates and processes. C1 Iowa State Univ Sci & Technol, Dept Ecol Evolut & Organismal Biol, Ames, IA 50011 USA. Univ Quebec, Dept Sci Biol, Montreal, PQ H3C 3P8, Canada. Inst Ecosyst Studies, Millbrook, NY 12545 USA. Univ Illes Balears, Inst Mediterrani Estudis Avancats, CSIC, Esporles, Isl Baleares, Spain. Evolutionary Biol Ctr, Dept Ecol & Evolut, SE-75236 Uppsala, Sweden. US Geol Survey, Natl Res Program, Denver, CO 80025 USA. Univ New Hampshire, Dept Nat Resources, Durham, NH 03824 USA. Finnish Environm Inst, Helsinki 00251, Finland. Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Bren Sch Environm Sci & Management, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA. Netherlands Inst Ecol, NL-4401 NT Yerseke, Netherlands. RP Downing, JA (reprint author), Iowa State Univ Sci & Technol, Dept Ecol Evolut & Organismal Biol, 253 Bessey Hall, Ames, IA 50011 USA. RI McDowell, William/E-9767-2010; Tranvik, Lars/H-2222-2011; Middelburg, Jack/B-4951-2011; Duarte, Carlos M/A-7670-2013; Prairie, Yves/B-9108-2008 OI McDowell, William/0000-0002-8739-9047; Middelburg, Jack/0000-0003-3601-9072; Duarte, Carlos M/0000-0002-1213-1361; NR 41 TC 542 Z9 574 U1 33 U2 257 PU AMER SOC LIMNOLOGY OCEANOGRAPHY PI WACO PA 5400 BOSQUE BLVD, STE 680, WACO, TX 76710-4446 USA SN 0024-3590 J9 LIMNOL OCEANOGR JI Limnol. Oceanogr. PD SEP PY 2006 VL 51 IS 5 BP 2388 EP 2397 PG 10 WC Limnology; Oceanography SC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA 086LC UT WOS:000240673800041 ER PT J AU McCarter, RL Fodor, RV Trusdell, F AF McCarter, Renee' L. Fodor, R. V. Trusdell, Frank TI Perspectives on basaltic magma crystallization and differentiation: Lava-lake blocks erupted at Mauna Loa volcano summit, Hawaii SO LITHOS LA English DT Article DE Mauna Loa; Lava lake; gabbronorite; mineral compositions; segregation veins; cumulate texture; Kilauea Iki ID SCIENTIFIC DRILLING PROJECT; MINERAL CHEMISTRY; KEA VOLCANO; KAHOOLAWE-ISLAND; GABBROIC XENOLITHS; CUMULATE GABBROS; SUBMARINE LAVAS; PETROLOGY; OLIVINE; ROCKS AB Explosive eruptions at Mauna Loa summit ejected coarse-grained blocks (free of lava coatings) from Moku'aweoweo caldera. Most are gabbronorites and gabbros that have 0-26 vol.% olivine and 1-29 vol.% oikocrystic orthopyroxene. Some blocks are ferrogabbros and diorites with micrographic matrices, and diorite veins (<= 2 cm) cross-cut some gabbronorites and gabbros. One block is an open-textured dunite. The MgO of the gabbronorites and gabbros ranges similar to 7-21 wt.%. Those with MgO > 10 wt.% have some incompatible-element abundances (Zr, Y, REE; positive Eu anomalies) lower than those in Mauna Loa lavas of comparable MgO; gabbros (MgO < 10 wt. %) generally overlap lava compositions. Olivines range Fo(83-58), clinopyroxenes have Mg#s similar to 83-62, and orthopyroxene Mg#s are 84-63 - all evolved beyond the mineral-Mg#s of Mauna Loa lavas. Plagioclase is An(75-50). Ferrogabbro and diorite blocks have similar to 3-5 wt.% MgO (TiO2 3.2-5.4%; K2O 0.8-1.3%; La 16-27 ppm), and a diorite vein is the most evolved (SiO2 59%, K2O 1.5%, La 38 ppm). They have clinopyroxene Mg#s 67-46, and plagioclase An(57-40). The open-textured dunite has olivine similar to Fo(83.5). Seven isotope ratios are Sr-87/Sr-86 0.70394-0.70374 and Nd-143/Nd-144 0.51293-0.51286, and identify the suite as belonging to the Mauna Loa system. Gabbronorites and gabbros originated in solidification zones of Moku'aweoweo lava lakes where they acquired orthocumulate textures and incompatible-element depletions. These features suggest deeper and slower cooling lakes than the lava lake paradigm, Kilauea Iki, which is basalt and picrite. Clinopyroxene geobarometry suggests crystallization at < 1 kbar P. Highly evolved mineral Mg#s, <75, are largely explained by cumulus phases exposed to evolving intercumulus liquids causing compositional 'shifts.' Ferrogabbro and diorite represent segregation veins from differentiated intercumulus liquids filter pressed into rigid zones of cooling lakes. Clinopyroxene geobarometry suggests <300 bar P. Open-textured dunite represents olivine-melt mush, precursor to vertical olivine-rich bodies (as in Kilauea Iki). Its Fo(83.5) identifies the most primitive lake magma as similar to 8.3 wt.% MgO. Mass balancing and MELTS show that such a magma could have yielded both ferrogabbro and diorite by >= 50% fractional crystallization, but under different fO(2): 10 years at study sites on Gulf of Alaska shores distant from the spill's origin. These sites were contaminated by "oil mousse", which persists in these settings due to armoring of underlying sediments and their included oil beneath boulders. The boulder-armored beaches that we resampled in 1999 showed continued contamination by subsurface oil, despite their exposure to moderate to high wave energies. Significant declines in surface oil cover occurred at all study sites. In contrast, mousse has persisted under boulders in amounts similar to what was present in 1994 and probably in 1989. Especially striking is the general lack of weathering of this subsurface oil over the last decade. Oil at five of the six armored-beach sites 10 years after the spill is compositionally similar to 11-day old Exxon Valdez oil. Analysis of movements in the boulder-armor that covers the study beaches reveals that only minor shifts have occurred since 1994, suggesting that over the last five, and probably over the last 10 years, boulder-armors have remained largely unmoved at the study sites. These findings emphasize the importance of particular geomorphic parameters in determining stranded oil persistence. Surface armoring, combined with stranding of oil mousse, results in the unexpectedly lengthy persistence of only lightly to moderately weathered oil within otherwise high-energy wave environments. (c) 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 US Geol Survey, Alaska Sci Ctr, Anchorage, AK 99503 USA. Univ Alaska, Inst Arctic Biol, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA. NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Auke Bay Fisheries Lab, Juneau, AK 99801 USA. RP Irvine, GV (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Alaska Sci Ctr, 1011 E Tudor Rd, Anchorage, AK 99503 USA. EM gail_irvine@usgs.gov NR 33 TC 30 Z9 30 U1 1 U2 12 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0025-326X EI 1879-3363 J9 MAR POLLUT BULL JI Mar. Pollut. Bull. PD SEP PY 2006 VL 52 IS 9 BP 1011 EP 1022 DI 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2006.01.005 PG 12 WC Environmental Sciences; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 094PW UT WOS:000241252500013 PM 16524600 ER PT J AU Bothner, MH Reynolds, RL Casso, MA Storlazzi, CD Field, ME AF Bothner, Michael H. Reynolds, Richard L. Casso, Michael A. Storlazzi, Curt D. Field, Michael E. TI Quantity, composition, and source of sediment collected in sediment traps along the fringing coral reef off Molokai, Hawaii SO MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN LA English DT Article DE coral reef; sediment; sediment traps; chemical composition; magnetic properties; Molokai ID SOUTHERN MOLOKAI; FLOW; MORTALITY; FLAT AB Sediment traps were used to evaluate the frequency, cause, and relative intensity of sediment mobility/resuspension along the fringing coral reef off southern Molokai (February 2000-May 2002). Two storms with high rainfall, floods, and exceptionally high waves resulted in sediment collection rates > 1000 times higher than during non-storm periods, primarily because of sediment resuspension by waves. Based on quantity and composition of trapped sediment, floods recharged the reef flat with land-derived sediment, but had a low potential for burying coral on the fore reef when accompanied by high waves. The trapped sediments have low concentrations of anthropogenic metals. The magnetic properties of trapped sediment may provide information about the sources of land-derived sediment reaching the fore reef. The high trapping rate and low sediment cover indicate that coral surfaces on the fore reef are exposed to transient resuspended sediment, and that the traps do not measure net sediment accumulation on the reef surface. Published by Elsevier Ltd. C1 US Geol Survey, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. US Geol Survey, Denver, CO 80225 USA. US Geol Survey, Pacific Sci Ctr, Santa Cruz, CA 95060 USA. RP Bothner, MH (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 384 Woods Hole Rd, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. EM mbothner@usgs.gov OI Storlazzi, Curt/0000-0001-8057-4490 NR 28 TC 31 Z9 35 U1 2 U2 16 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0025-326X EI 1879-3363 J9 MAR POLLUT BULL JI Mar. Pollut. Bull. PD SEP PY 2006 VL 52 IS 9 BP 1034 EP 1047 DI 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2006.01.008 PG 14 WC Environmental Sciences; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 094PW UT WOS:000241252500015 PM 16545399 ER PT J AU Emsbo, P Groves, DI Hofstra, AH Bierlein, FP AF Emsbo, Poul Groves, David I. Hofstra, Albert H. Bierlein, Frank P. TI The giant Carlin gold province: a protracted interplay of orogenic, basinal, and hydrothermal processes above a lithospheric boundary SO MINERALIUM DEPOSITA LA English DT Article DE Carlin gold province; northern Nevada; sedex gold; Carlin-type; Devonian sedimentary basin; subcontinental lithospheric mantle ID WESTERN UNITED-STATES; NORTH-CENTRAL NEVADA; EOCENE MAGMATISM; JERRITT CANYON; GREAT-BASIN; DEPOSITS; TREND; GENESIS; CONSTRAINTS; EVOLUTION AB Northern Nevada hosts the only province that contains multiple world-class Carlin-type gold deposits. The first-order control on the uniqueness of this province is its anomalous far back-arc tectonic setting over the rifted North American paleocontinental margin that separates Precambrian from Phanerozoic subcontinental lithospheric mantle. Globally, most other significant gold provinces form in volcanic arcs and accreted terranes proximal to convergent margins. In northern Nevada, periodic reactivation of basement faults along this margin focused and amplified subsequent geological events. Early basement faults localized Devonian synsedimentary extension and normal faulting. These controlled the geometry of the Devonian sedimentary basin architecture and focused the discharge of basinal brines that deposited syngenetic gold along the basin margins. Inversion of these basins and faults during subsequent contraction produced the complex elongate structural culminations that characterize the anomalous mineral deposit "trends." Subsequently, these features localized repeated episodes of shallow magmatic and hydrothermal activity that also deposited some gold. During a pulse of Eocene extension, these faults focused advection of Carlin-type fluids, which had the opportunity to leach gold from gold-enriched sequences and deposit it in reactive miogeoclinal host rocks below the hydrologic seal at the Roberts Mountain thrust contact. Hence, the vast endowment of the Carlin province resulted from the conjunction of spatially superposed events localized by long-lived basement structures in a highly anomalous tectonic setting, rather than by the sole operation of special magmatic or fluid-related processes. An important indicator of the longevity of this basement control is the superposition of different gold deposit types (e.g., Sedex, porphyry, Carlin-type, epithermal, and hot spring deposits) that formed repeatedly between the Devonian and Miocene time along the trends. Interestingly, the large Cretaceous Alaska-Yukon intrusion-related gold deposits (e.g., Fort Knox) are associated with the northern extension of the same lithospheric margin in the Selwyn basin, which experienced an analogous series of geologic events. C1 US Geol Survey, Denver, CO 80225 USA. Univ Western Australia, Ctr Explorat Targeting, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia. Univ Western Australia, Tecton Special Res Ctr, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia. RP Emsbo, P (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Box 25046,MS 973, Denver, CO 80225 USA. EM pemsbo@usgs.gov NR 65 TC 34 Z9 35 U1 3 U2 29 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING STREET, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0026-4598 J9 MINER DEPOSITA JI Miner. Depos. PD SEP PY 2006 VL 41 IS 6 BP 517 EP 525 DI 10.1007/s00126-006-0085-3 PG 9 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Mineralogy SC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Mineralogy GA 097OD UT WOS:000241456400001 ER PT J AU Yigit, O Hofstra, AH Hitzman, MW Nelson, EP AF Yigit, Ozcan Hofstra, Albert H. Hitzman, Murray W. Nelson, Eric P. TI Geology and geochemistry of jasperoids from the Gold Bar district, Nevada SO MINERALIUM DEPOSITA LA English DT Article DE jasperoids; stable isotope; geochemistry; Carlin-type deposits; gold mineralization; Nevada ID OXYGEN-ISOTOPE FRACTIONATION; WESTERN UNITED-STATES; STABLE ISOTOPE; CARLIN; DEPOSITS; MINERALIZATION; LITHOGEOCHEMISTRY; MINERALS; TEXTURES; ORIGIN AB Gold Bar is one of several Carlin-type gold mining districts located in the Battle Mountain-Eureka trend, Nevada. It is composed of one main deposit, Gold Bar; five satellite deposits; and four resources that contain 1.6 Moz (50 t) of gold. All of the deposits and resources occur at the intersection of north-northwest- and northeast-trending high-angle faults in slope facies limestones of the Devonian Nevada Group exposed in windows through Ordovician basin facies siliciclastic rocks of the Roberts Mountains allochthon. Igneous intrusions and magnetic anomalies are notably absent. The Gold Bar district contains a variety of discordant and stratabound jasperoid bodies, especially along the Wall Fault zone, that were mapped and studied in some detail to identify the attributes of those most closely associated with gold ore and to constrain genetic models. Four types of jasperoids, J(0), J(1), J(2), and J(3), were distinguished on the basis of their geologic and structural settings and appearance. Field relations suggest that J(0) formed during an earl event. Petrographic observations, geochemistry, and delta(18)O values of quartz suggest it was overprinted by the hydrothermal event that produced ore-related J(1), J(2), and J(3) jasperoids and associated gold deposits. The greater amount of siliciclastic detritus present in Jo jasperoids caused them to have higher 6180 values than J(1,2,3) jasperoids hosted in underlying limestones. Ore-related jasperoids are composed of main-ore-stage replacements and late-ore-stage open-space filling quartz with variable geochemistry and an enormous range of delta(18)O values (24.5 and -3.7 parts per thousand). Jasperoids hosted in limestones with the most anomalous Au, A, Hg, +/-(As, Sb, T1) concentrations and the highest delta(18)O values are associated with the largest deposits. The 28 parts per thousand range of jasperoid delta(18)O values is best explained by mixing between an (18)O-enriched fluid and an (18)O-depleted fluid. The positive correlation between the sizes of gold deposits and the delta(18)O composition of jasperoids indicates that gold was introduced by the (18)O-enriched fluid. The lowest calculated 6180 value for water in equilibrium with late-ore-stage quartz at 200 degrees C (-15 parts per thousand) and the measured delta D value of fluid inclusion water extracted from late-ore-stage orpiment and realgar (-116 parts per thousand) indicate that the (18)O-depleted fluid was composed of relatively unexchanged meteoric water. The source of the (18)O-enriched ore fluid is not constrained. The delta(34)S values of late-ore-stage realgar, orpiment, and stibnite (5.7-15.5 parts per thousand) and barite (31.5-40.9 parts per thousand) suggest that H(2)S and sulfate were derived from sedimentary sources. Likewise, the 613 C and 6180 values of late-stage calcite (-4.8 to 1.5 parts per thousand and 11.5 to 17.4 parts per thousand, respectively) suggest that CO(2) was derived from marine limestones. Based on these data and the apparent absence of any Eocene intrusions in the district, Gold Bar may be the product of a nonmagmatic hydrothermal system. C1 Canakkale Onsekiz Mart Univ, Dept Geol Engn, TR-17020 Canakkale, Turkey. US Geol Survey, Lakewood, CO 80225 USA. Colorado Sch Mines, Dept Geol & Geol Engn, Golden, CO 80401 USA. RP Yigit, O (reprint author), Canakkale Onsekiz Mart Univ, Dept Geol Engn, TR-17020 Canakkale, Turkey. EM ozcanyigit@hotmail.com NR 53 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 1 U2 15 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0026-4598 J9 MINER DEPOSITA JI Miner. Depos. PD SEP PY 2006 VL 41 IS 6 BP 527 EP 547 DI 10.1007/s00126-006-0080-8 PG 21 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Mineralogy SC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Mineralogy GA 097OD UT WOS:000241456400002 ER PT J AU Liou, JG Tsujimori, T Chu, W Zhang, RY Wooden, JL AF Liou, J. G. Tsujimori, T. Chu, W. Zhang, R. Y. Wooden, J. L. TI Protolith and metamorphic ages of the Haiyangsuo Complex, eastern China: a non-UHP exotic tectonic slab in the Sulu ultrahigh-pressure terrane SO MINERALOGY AND PETROLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 7th International Eclogite Conference CY JUL 03-09, 2005 CL Seggau, AUSTRIA ID MINERAL INCLUSIONS; CONTINENTAL-CRUST; DABIE MOUNTAINS; CENTRAL KOREA; ROCKS; BEARING; JAPAN; EVOLUTION; SHRIMP; ZIRCON AB The Haiyangsuo Complex in the NE Sulu ultrahigh-pressure (UHP) terrane has discontinuous, coastal exposures of Late Archean gneiss with amphibolitized granulite, amphibolite, Paleoproterozoic metagabbroic intrusives, and Cretaceous granitic dikes over an area of about 15 km(2). The U-Pb SHRIMP dating of zircons indicates that the protolith age of a garnet-biotite gneiss is > 2500 Ma, whereas the granulite-facies metamorphism occurred at around 1800 Ma. A gabbroic intrusion was dated at similar to 1730 Ma, and the formation of amphibolite-facies assemblages in both metagabbro and granulite occurred at similar to 340-46OMa. Petrologic and geochronological data indicate that these various rocks show no evidence of Triassic eclogite-facies metamorphism and Neoproterozoic protolith ages that are characteristics of Sulu-Dabie HP-UHP rocks, except Neoproterozoic inherited ages from post-collisional Jurassic granitic dikes. Haiyangsuo retrograde granulites with amphibolite-facies assemblages within the gneiss preserve relict garnet formed during granulite-facies metamorphism at similar to 1.85 Ga. The Paleoproterozoic metamorphic events are almost coeval with gabbroic intrusions. The granulite-bearing gneiss unit and gabbro-dominated unit of the Haiyangsuo Complex were intruded by thin granitic dikes at about 160 Ma, which is coeval with post-collisional granitic intrusions in the Sulu terrane. We suggest that the Haiyangsuo Complex may represent a fragment of the Jiao-Liao-Ji Paleoproterozoic terrane developed at the eastern margin of the Sino-Korean basement, which was juxtaposed with the Sulu terrane prior to Jurassic granitic activity and regional deformation. C1 Stanford Univ, Dept Geol & Environm Sci, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. RP Liou, JG (reprint author), Stanford Univ, Dept Geol & Environm Sci, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. EM liou@pangea.stanford.edu RI Tsujimori, Tatsuki/D-2677-2009 OI Tsujimori, Tatsuki/0000-0001-9202-7312 NR 51 TC 18 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 4 PU SPRINGER WIEN PI WIEN PA SACHSENPLATZ 4-6, PO BOX 89, A-1201 WIEN, AUSTRIA SN 0930-0708 J9 MINER PETROL JI Mineral. Petrol. PD SEP PY 2006 VL 88 IS 1-2 BP 207 EP 226 DI 10.1007/s00710-006-0156-2 PG 20 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Mineralogy SC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Mineralogy GA 093NC UT WOS:000241174000011 ER PT J AU Mattinson, CG Wooden, JL Liou, JG Bird, DK Wu, CL AF Mattinson, C. G. Wooden, J. L. Liou, J. G. Bird, D. K. Wu, C. L. TI Geochronology and tectonic significance of Middle Proterozoic granitic orthogneiss, North Qaidam HP/UHP terrane, Western China SO MINERALOGY AND PETROLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 7th International Eclogite Conference CY JUL 03-09, 2005 CL Seggau, AUSTRIA ID NORTHEASTERN TIBETAN PLATEAU; TRACE-ELEMENT COMPOSITION; HIGH-GRADE METAMORPHISM; RARE-EARTH-ELEMENTS; U-PB AGES; NW CHINA; GARNET PERIDOTITE; JACK HILLS; ZIRCON; COMPLEX AB Amphibolite-facies para- and orthogneisses near Dulan, in the southeast part of the North Qaidam terrane, enclose minor ultra-high pressure (UHP) eclogite and peridotite. Field relations and coesite inclusions in zircons from paragneiss suggest that felsic, mafic, and ultramafic rocks all experienced UHP metamorphism and a common amphibolite-facies retrogression. Ion microprobe U-Pb and REE analyses of zircons from two granitic orthogneisses indicate magmatic crystallization at 927 +/- Ma and 921 +/- 7 Ma. Zircon rims in one of these samples yield younger ages (397-618 Ma) compatible with partial zircon recrystallization during in-situ Ordovician-Silurian eclogite-facies metamorphism previously determined from eclogite and paragneiss in this area. The similarity between a 2496 +/- 18 Ma xenocrystic core and 2.4-2.5 Ga zircon cores in the surrounding paragneiss suggests that the granites intruded the sediments or that the granite is a melt of the older basement which supplied detritus to the sediments. The magmatic ages of the granitic orthogneisses are similar to 920-930 Ma ages of (meta)granitoids described further northwest in the North Qaidam terrane and its correlative west of the Altyn Tagh fault, suggesting that these areas formed a coherent block prior to widespread Mid Proterozoic granitic magmatism. C1 Stanford Univ, Dept Geog & Environm Sci, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. Chinese Acad Geol Sci, Inst Geol, Beijing 100037, Peoples R China. RP Mattinson, CG (reprint author), Stanford Univ, Dept Geog & Environm Sci, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. EM cgm@pangea.stanford.edu NR 63 TC 27 Z9 31 U1 1 U2 5 PU SPRINGER WIEN PI WIEN PA SACHSENPLATZ 4-6, PO BOX 89, A-1201 WIEN, AUSTRIA SN 0930-0708 J9 MINER PETROL JI Mineral. Petrol. PD SEP PY 2006 VL 88 IS 1-2 BP 227 EP 241 DI 10.1007/s00710-006-0149-1 PG 15 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Mineralogy SC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Mineralogy GA 093NC UT WOS:000241174000012 ER PT J AU King, TL Eackles, MS Young, CC AF King, Tim L. Eackles, Michael S. Young, Colleen C. TI Microsatellite DNA markers for assessing phylogeographic and population structure in Preble's meadow jumping mice (Zapus hudsonius preblei) and cross-amplification among neighbouring taxa SO MOLECULAR ECOLOGY NOTES LA English DT Article DE meadow jumping mice; microsatellite DNA; phylogeographic structure; population structure; Zapus hudsonius preblei ID IDENTIFICATION AB We document the isolation and characterization of 14 tetranucleotide microsatellite DNA markers in Preble's meadow jumping mouse (Zapus hudsonius preblei). The identified markers displayed moderate levels of allelic diversity (averaging 4.9 alleles per locus) and heterozygosity (averaging 55.1%). Genotypic and allelic frequencies in a collection of 30 individuals conformed to Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium expectations and indicated no linkage disequilibrium. High levels of cross-amplification (95% overall) among neighbouring subspecies and two congeners (Zapus princeps and Zapus trinotatus) were observed. Multilocus genotypes resulting from these markers appear to provide ample genetic diversity for studies assessing individual- and population-level ecological interactions within Z. h. preblei and evolutionary relationships among neighbouring subspecies (Z. h. campestris, Z. h. intermedius, Z. h. pallidus and Z. h. luteus). C1 US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Leetown Sci Ctr, Aquat Ecol Branch, Kearneysville, WV 25430 USA. RP King, TL (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Leetown Sci Ctr, Aquat Ecol Branch, 11649 Leetown Rd, Kearneysville, WV 25430 USA. EM tlking@usgs.gov NR 7 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 2 U2 7 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING PI OXFORD PA 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DQ, OXON, ENGLAND SN 1471-8278 J9 MOL ECOL NOTES JI Mol. Ecol. Notes PD SEP PY 2006 VL 6 IS 3 BP 670 EP 673 DI 10.1111/j.1471-8286.2006.01293.x PG 4 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Ecology; Evolutionary Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Evolutionary Biology GA 073YL UT WOS:000239778600026 ER PT J AU Jozwiak, EA Andelt, WF Bailey, TN AF Jozwiak, Elizabeth A. Andelt, William F. Bailey, Theodore N. TI Accuracy of GPS and map-plotted aerial telemetry locations on the Kenai Peninsula, Alaska SO NORTHWEST SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID DIFFERENTIAL CORRECTION; BOREAL FOREST; LORAN-C; PERFORMANCE; SYSTEM; ERROR; BIAS; TRIANGULATION; HABITAT AB We compared the accuracy of aerial telemetry locations obtained with an aircraft mounted Global Positioning System (GPS) and the same locations independently determined by the observer from maximum VHF signal hand-plotted on a map. We located 12 radio collars (six visible from aircraft) in three habitats on each of six occasions on the Kenai National Wildlife Refuge, Alaska. Accuracy of GPS (x = 139.1 m, SE = 9.65) and map-plotted (x = 168.4 m, SE = 21.9) locations did not differ. Accuracy did not differ among habitat types or by visibility of the collar. Accuracy of the GPS method improved with successive trials (contrast F-1,F-5 = 20.57; P < 0.001). The pilot activated the GPS unit 1-2 see, and an average of 81.4 m (SE = 7.63), before passing over reference points indicating that test flights should be conducted before data collection to determine the optimal time to activate the GPS unit. Coordinates estimated from topographic maps and a ground-based GPS unit varied by an average of 70.5 m (range = 23.1-157.4 m), and increased with latitude (r = 0.81, F-1,F-4 = 7.62; P = 0.051). Considering our results, we recommend using GPS over map-plotting of aerial telemetry locations for analysis of large-scale animal movement patterns because of ease of use and ability to download data directly to a computer for analysis. C1 US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Kenai Natl Wildlife Refuge, Soldotna, AK 99669 USA. Colorado State Univ, Dept Fishery & Wildlife Biol, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. RP Jozwiak, EA (reprint author), US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Kenai Natl Wildlife Refuge, POB 2139, Soldotna, AK 99669 USA. EM Elizabeth_Jozwiak@fws.gov NR 31 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 5 PU WASHINGTON STATE UNIV PI PULLMAN PA PO BOX 645020, PULLMAN, WA 99164-5910 USA SN 0029-344X J9 NORTHWEST SCI JI Northwest Sci. PD FAL PY 2006 VL 80 IS 4 BP 239 EP 245 PG 7 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 135LB UT WOS:000244154000001 ER PT J AU Conway, CJ Pardieck, KL AF Conway, Courtney J. Pardieck, Keith L. TI Population trajectory of burrowing owls (Athene cunicularia) in eastern Washington SO NORTHWEST SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID BREEDING BIRD SURVEY AB Anecdotal evidence suggests that burrowing owls have declined in Washington. The Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife is currently conducting a status review for burrowing owls which will help determine whether they should be listed as threatened or endangered in the state. To provide insights into the current status of burrowing owls (Athene cunicularia), we analyzed data from the North American Breeding Bird Survey using two analytical approaches to determine their current population trajectory in eastern Washington. We used a one-sample t-test to examine whether trend estimates across all BBS routes in Washington differed from zero. We also used a mixed model analysis to estimate the rate of decline in number of burrowing owls detected between 1968 and 2005. The slope in number of burrowing owls detected was negative for 12 of the 16 BBS routes in Washington that have detected burrowing owls. Numbers of breeding burrowing owls detected in eastern Washington declined at a rate of 1.5% annually. We suggest that all BBS routes that have detected burrowing owls in past years in eastern Washington be surveyed annually and additional surveys conducted to track population trends of burrowing owls at finer spatial scales in eastern Washington. In the meantime, land management and regulatory agencies should ensure that publicly managed areas with breeding burrowing owls are not degraded and should implement education and outreach programs to promote protection of privately owned areas with breeding owls. C1 Univ Arizona, USGS, Arizona Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Sch Nat Resources, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. USGS, Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, Laurel, MD 20708 USA. RP Conway, CJ (reprint author), Univ Arizona, USGS, Arizona Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Sch Nat Resources, 104 Biol Sci E, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. EM cconway@usgs.gov NR 23 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 1 U2 10 PU WASHINGTON STATE UNIV PI PULLMAN PA PO BOX 645020, PULLMAN, WA 99164-5910 USA SN 0029-344X J9 NORTHWEST SCI JI Northwest Sci. PD FAL PY 2006 VL 80 IS 4 BP 292 EP 297 PG 6 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 135LB UT WOS:000244154000007 ER PT J AU Haskell, CA Baxter, RD Tiffan, KF AF Haskell, Craig A. Baxter, Rex D. Tiffan, Kenneth F. TI Range expansion of an exotic Siberian prawn to the lower Snake river SO NORTHWEST SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID SUBYEARLING CHINOOK SALMON; SAN-FRANCISCO BAY; COLUMBIA RIVER; SHRIMP; INVASION; RESERVOIR; DECAPODA; ESTUARY; ECOLOGY; SUCCESS C1 US Geol Survey, Western Fisheries Res Ctr, Columbia River Res Lab, Cook, WA 98605 USA. USA, Corps Engineers, Walla Walla, WA 99362 USA. RP Haskell, CA (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Western Fisheries Res Ctr, Columbia River Res Lab, 5501A Cook Underwood Rd, Cook, WA 98605 USA. EM Craig_Haskell@usgs.gov OI Tiffan, Kenneth/0000-0002-5831-2846 NR 23 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 2 PU NORTHWEST SCIENTIFIC ASSOC PI SEATTLE PA JEFFREY DUDA, USGS, WESTERN FISHERIES RES CTR, 6505 NE 65 ST, SEATTLE, WA 98115 USA SN 0029-344X J9 NORTHWEST SCI JI Northwest Sci. PD FAL PY 2006 VL 80 IS 4 BP 311 EP 316 PG 6 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 135LB UT WOS:000244154000010 ER PT J AU Eidenshink, J AF Eidenshink, Jeff TI A 16-year time series of 1 km AVHRR satellite data of the conterminous United States and Alaska SO PHOTOGRAMMETRIC ENGINEERING AND REMOTE SENSING LA English DT Article ID ATMOSPHERIC CORRECTION; ORBITAL ELEMENTS; CALIBRATION; ALGORITHM; CHANNELS; IMAGERY; OCEAN AB The U.S. Geological Survey (USGs) has developed a 16-year time series of vegetation condition information for the conterminous United States and Alaska using 1 kin Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) data. The AVHRR data have been processed using consistent methods that account for radiometric variability due to calibration uncertainty, the effects of the atmosphere on surface radiometric measurements obtained from wide field-of-view observations, and the geometric registration accuracy. The conterminous United States and Alaska data sets have an atmospheric correction for water vapor, ozone, and Rayleigh scattering and include a cloud mask derived using the Clouds from AVHRR (CLAVR) algorithm. In comparison with other AVHRR time series data sets, the conterminous United States and Alaska data are processed using similar techniques. The primary difference is that the conterminous United States and Alaska data are at 1 km resolution, while others are at 8 km resolution. The time series consists of weekly and biweekly maximum normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) composites. C1 US Geol Survey, Natl Ctr Earth Observat & Sci, Sioux Falls, SD 57198 USA. RP Eidenshink, J (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Natl Ctr Earth Observat & Sci, Sioux Falls, SD 57198 USA. EM eidenshink@usgs.gov NR 35 TC 22 Z9 22 U1 1 U2 7 PU AMER SOC PHOTOGRAMMETRY PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 210, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2160 USA SN 0099-1112 J9 PHOTOGRAMM ENG REM S JI Photogramm. Eng. Remote Sens. PD SEP PY 2006 VL 72 IS 9 BP 1027 EP 1035 PG 9 WC Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Physical Geography; Geology; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA 082KN UT WOS:000240385800005 ER PT J AU Bowers, JE AF Bowers, Janice E. TI Branch length mediates flower production and inflorescence architecture of Fouquieria splendens (ocotillo) SO PLANT ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE branch autonomy; floral display; flower production; inflorescence size ID REPRODUCTIVE EXPENDITURE; POLLINATOR AVAILABILITY; ADAPTIVE SIGNIFICANCE; CONSTRAINTS; DEMOGRAPHY; GROWTH; DESERT AB The capacity of individual branches to store water and fix carbon can have profound effects on inflorescence size and architecture, thus on floral display, pollination, and fecundity. Mixed regression was used to investigate the relation between branch length, a proxy for plant resources, and floral display of Fouquieria splendens (ocotillo), a woody, candelabraform shrub of wide distribution in arid North America. Long branches produced three times as many flowers as short branches, regardless of overall plant size. Long branches also had more complex panicles with more cymes and cyme types than short branches; thus, branch length also influenced inflorescence architecture. Within panicles, increasing the number of cymes by one unit added about two flowers, whereas increasing the number of cyme types by one unit added about 21 flowers. Because flower production is mediated by branch length, and because most plants have branches of various lengths, the floral display of individual plants necessarily encompasses a wide range of inflorescence size and structure. C1 US Geol Survey, Tucson, AZ 85745 USA. RP Bowers, JE (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 1675 W Anklam Rd, Tucson, AZ 85745 USA. EM jebowers@usgs.gov NR 24 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 2 U2 16 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 1385-0237 J9 PLANT ECOL JI Plant Ecol. PD SEP PY 2006 VL 186 IS 1 BP 87 EP 95 DI 10.1007/s11258-006-9114-7 PG 9 WC Plant Sciences; Ecology; Forestry SC Plant Sciences; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Forestry GA 072DH UT WOS:000239652300008 ER PT J AU Winograd, IJ Landwehr, JM Coplen, TB Sharp, WD Riggs, AC Ludwig, KR Kolesar, PT AF Winograd, Isaac J. Landwehr, Jurate M. Coplen, Tyler B. Sharp, Warren D. Riggs, Alan C. Ludwig, Kenneth R. Kolesar, Peter T. TI Devils Hole, Nevada, delta O-18 record extended to the mid-Holocene SO QUATERNARY RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE Late Pleistocene; Holocene; southwestern US; Nevada; Devils Hole; paleoclimate; SST; Eastern Pacific; Tropical Pacific; atmospheric teleconnection ID CALIFORNIA CURRENT SYSTEM; WESTERN UNITED-STATES; SANTA-BARBARA BASIN; SURFACE TEMPERATURE-CHANGES; LAST GLACIAL MAXIMUM; SEA-LEVEL CHANGE; 42 DEGREES N; CLIMATE-CHANGE; MILANKOVITCH THEORY; NORTH-AMERICA AB The mid-to-late Pleistocene Devils Hole delta O-18 record has been extended from 60,000 to 4500 yr ago. The new delta O-18 time series, in conjunction with the one previously published, is shown to be a proxy of Pacific Ocean sea surface temperature (SST) off the coast of California. During marine oxygen isotope stages (MIS) 2 and 6, the Devil Hole and SST time series exhibit a steady warming that began 5000 to > 10,000 yr prior to the last and penultimate deglaciations. Several possible proximate causes for this early warming are evaluated. The magnitude of the peak delta O-18 or SST during the last interglacial (LIG) is significantly greater (1 per mill and 2 to 3 degrees C, respectively) than the peak value of these parameters for the Holocene; in contrast, benthic delta O-18 records of ice volume show only a few tenths per mill difference in the peak value for these interglacials. Statistical analysis provides an estimate of the large shared information (variation) between the Devils Hole and Eastern Pacific SST time series from similar to 41 to similar to 2 degrees N and enforces the concept of a common forcing among all of these records. The extended Devils Hole record adds to evidence of the importance of uplands bordering the eastern Pacific as a source of archives for reconstructing Pacific climate variability. (c) 2006 University of Washington. All rights reserved. C1 US Geol Survey, Reston, VA 20192 USA. Berkeley Geochronol Ctr, Berkeley, CA 94709 USA. US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Lakewood, CO 80225 USA. Utah State Univ, Dept Geol, Logan, UT 84322 USA. RP Winograd, IJ (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 432 Natl Ctr, Reston, VA 20192 USA. EM ijwinogr@usgs.gov NR 81 TC 57 Z9 58 U1 4 U2 21 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0033-5894 J9 QUATERNARY RES JI Quat. Res. PD SEP PY 2006 VL 66 IS 2 BP 202 EP 212 DI 10.1016/j.yqres.2006.06.003 PG 11 WC Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Physical Geography; Geology GA 103GP UT WOS:000241874000002 ER PT J AU Barnard, PL Owen, LA Finkel, RC Asahi, K AF Barnard, Patrick L. Owen, Lewis A. Finkel, Robert C. Asahi, Katsuhiko TI Landscape response to deglaciation in a high relief, monsoon-influenced alpine environment, Langtang Himal, Nepal SO QUATERNARY SCIENCE REVIEWS LA English DT Article ID CENTRAL BRITISH-COLUMBIA; GARHWAL HIMALAYA; NORTHERN INDIA; PARAGLACIAL SEDIMENTATION; PRODUCTION-RATES; LAST GLACIATION; LAHUL-HIMALAYA; MOUNT EVEREST; ALLUVIAL FANS; NANGA PARBAT AB Significant glacial fluctuations and rapid paraglacial reworking of glacigenic sediments characterize the Middle and Late Holocene of the Langtang Khola Valley, Central Nepal Himalaya. Geomorphic mapping and beryllium-10 cosmogenic radionuclide (CRN) dating of moraines and paraglacial fans were undertaken to test the existing paraglacial fan, terrace and moraine chronologies. The new dating compares favorably with prior studies that utilized radiocarbon, adding additional support to the assumption that fan and terrace formation are strongly linked to deglaciation. Fan and terrace denudation rates are so rapid in this region, averaging similar to 33 mm/yr, that no depositional landforms older than 5 ka are preserved within 250 m of the valley floor. In this region, high rates of denudation during the Late Quaternary are driven by a combination of rapid tectonic uplift, numerous glacial fluctuations and intense weathering driven by an active monsoon climate. Extensive reworking of glacigenic sediments in Langtang during the latter half of the Holocene is consistent with studies completed in other areas of the Himalaya that are strongly influenced by the monsoon. (c) 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 US Geol Survey, Pacific Sci Ctr, Santa Cruz, CA 95060 USA. Univ Cincinnati, Dept Geol, Cincinnati, OH 45221 USA. Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. Hokkaido Univ, Grad Sch Environm Earth Sci, Sapporo, Hokkaido 0600810, Japan. RP Barnard, PL (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Pacific Sci Ctr, 400 Nat Bridges Dr, Santa Cruz, CA 95060 USA. EM pbarnard@usgs.gov NR 81 TC 32 Z9 33 U1 2 U2 6 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0277-3791 J9 QUATERNARY SCI REV JI Quat. Sci. Rev. PD SEP PY 2006 VL 25 IS 17-18 BP 2162 EP 2176 DI 10.1016/j.quascirev.2006.02.002 PG 15 WC Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Physical Geography; Geology GA 088NS UT WOS:000240819000009 ER PT J AU Bright, J Kaufman, DS Forester, RM Dean, WE AF Bright, Jordon Kaufman, Darrell S. Forester, Richard M. Dean, Walter E. TI A continuous 250,000 yr record of oxygen and carbon isotopes in ostracode and bulk-sediment carbonate from Bear Lake, Utah-Idaho SO QUATERNARY SCIENCE REVIEWS LA English DT Article ID BASIN; PALEOCLIMATE; VEGETATION; SLOVENIA; HISTORY; VALLEY AB Oxygen and carbon isotopes from a continuous, 120-m-long, carbonate-rich core from Bear Lake, Utah-Idaho, document dramatic fluctuations in the hydrologic budget of the lake over the last 250,000 yr. Isotopic analyses of bulk sediment samples capture millennial-scale variability. Ostracode calcite was analyzed from 78 levels, mainly from the upper half of the core where valves are better preserved, to compare the isotopic value of purely endogenic carbonate with the bulk sediment, which comprises both endogenic and detrital components. The long core exhibits three relatively brief intervals with abundant endogenic aragonite (50 +/- 10%) and enriched delta(18)O and delta(13)C. These intervals are interpreted as warm/dry periods when the lake retracted into a topographically closed basin. We correlate these intervals with the interglacial periods of marine oxygen-isotope stages 1, 5e, and 7a, consistent with the presently available geochronological control. During most of the time represented by the core, the lake was fresher than the modern lake, as evidenced by depleted delta(18)O and delta(13)C in bulk-sediment carbonate. (c) 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 No Arizona Univ, Dept Geol, Flagstaff, AZ 86011 USA. No Arizona Univ, Quarternary Sci program, Flagstaff, AZ 86011 USA. No Arizona Univ, Dept Environm Sci, Flagstaff, AZ 86011 USA. US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Denver, CO 80225 USA. RP Kaufman, DS (reprint author), No Arizona Univ, Dept Geol, Flagstaff, AZ 86011 USA. EM Darrell.Kaufman@nau.edu RI Kaufman, Darrell/A-2471-2008 OI Kaufman, Darrell/0000-0002-7572-1414 NR 29 TC 24 Z9 27 U1 0 U2 3 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0277-3791 J9 QUATERNARY SCI REV JI Quat. Sci. Rev. PD SEP PY 2006 VL 25 IS 17-18 BP 2258 EP 2270 DI 10.1016/j.quascirev.2005.12.011 PG 13 WC Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Physical Geography; Geology GA 088NS UT WOS:000240819000014 ER PT J AU Colman, SM Kaufman, DS Bright, J Heil, C King, JW Dean, WE Rosenbaum, JG Forester, RM Bischoff, JL Perkins, M McGeehin, JP AF Colman, S. M. Kaufman, D. S. Bright, J. Heil, C. King, J. W. Dean, W. E. Rosenbaum, J. G. Forester, R. M. Bischoff, J. L. Perkins, M. McGeehin, J. P. TI Age model for a continuous, ca 250-ka Quaternary lacustrine record from Bear Lake, Utah-Idaho SO QUATERNARY SCIENCE REVIEWS LA English DT Article ID WESTERN UNITED-STATES; GREAT-SALT-LAKE; BONNEVILLE BASIN; CLIMATE-CHANGE; FALLOUT TUFFS; SUMMER LAKE; DEVILS-HOLE; OWENS LAKE; YR BP; CALIFORNIA AB The Quaternary sediments sampled by continuous 120-m-long drill cores from Bear Lake (Utah-Idaho) comprise one of the longest lacustrine sequences recovered from an extant lake. The cores serve as a good case study for the construction of an age model for sequences that extend beyond the range of radiocarbon dating. From a variety of potential age indicators, we selected a combination of radiocarbon ages, one magnetic excursion (correlated to a standard sequence), and a single Uranium-series age to develop an initial data set. The reliability of the excursion and U-series data require consideration of their position with respect to sediments of inferred interglacial character, but not direct correlation with other paleoclimate records. Data omitted from the age model include amino acid age estimates, which have a large amount of scatter, and tephrochronology correlations, which have relatively large uncertainties. Because the initial data set was restricted to the upper half of the BL00-1 core, we inferred additional ages by direct correlation to the independently dated paleoclimate record from Devils Hole. We developed an age model for the entire core using statistical methods that consider both the uncertainties of the original data and that of the curve-fitting process, with a combination of our initial data set and the climate correlations as control points. This age model represents our best estimate of the chronology of deposition in Bear Lake. Because the age model contains assumptions about the correlation of Bear Lake to other climate records, the model cannot be used to address some paleoclimate questions, such as phase relationships with other areas. (c) 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 US Geol Survey, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. No Arizona Univ, Dept Geol, Flagstaff, AZ 86011 USA. Univ Rhode Isl, Grad Sch Oceanog, Narragansett, RI 02882 USA. US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Denver, CO 80225 USA. US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. Univ Utah, Dept Geol, Salt Lake City, UT 84112 USA. US Geol Survey, Natl Ctr, Reston, VA 20192 USA. RP Colman, SM (reprint author), Univ Minnesota, Dept Geol Sci, 2205 E 5th St, Duluth, MN 55812 USA. EM scolman@d.umn.edu RI Kaufman, Darrell/A-2471-2008 OI Kaufman, Darrell/0000-0002-7572-1414 NR 44 TC 20 Z9 20 U1 1 U2 5 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0277-3791 J9 QUATERNARY SCI REV JI Quat. Sci. Rev. PD SEP PY 2006 VL 25 IS 17-18 BP 2271 EP 2282 DI 10.1016/j.quascirev.2005.10.015 PG 12 WC Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Physical Geography; Geology GA 088NS UT WOS:000240819000015 ER PT J AU Mladinich, CS Bustos, MR Stitt, S Root, R Brown, K Anderson, GL Hager, S AF Mladinich, Carol S. Bustos, Monica Ruiz Stitt, Susan Root, Ralph Brown, Karl Anderson, Gerald L. Hager, Steve TI The use of Landsat 7 enhanced thematic mapper plus for mapping leafy spurge SO RANGELAND ECOLOGY & MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE Euphorbia esula L.; remote sensing; unsupervised classification; invasive species; Theodore Roosevelt National Park AB Euphorbia esula L. (leafy spurge) is an invasive weed that is a major problem in much of the Upper Great Plains region, including parts of Montana, South Dakota, North Dakota, Nebraska, and Wyoming. Infestations in North Dakota alone have had a serious economic impact, estimated at $87 million annually in 1991, to the state's wildlife, tourism, and agricultural economy. Leafy spurge degrades prairie and badland ecosystems by displacing native grasses and forbs. It is a major threat to protected ecosystems in many national parks, national wild lands, and state recreational areas in the region. This study explores the use of Landsat 7 Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus (Landsat) imagery and derived products as a management tool for mapping leafy spurge in Theodore Roosevelt National Park, in southwestern North Dakota. An unsupervised clustering approach was used to map leafy spurge classes and resulted in overall classification accuracies of approximately 63%. The uses of Landsat imagery did not provide the accuracy required for detailed mapping of small patches of the weed. However, it demonstrated the potential for mapping broad-scale (regional) leafy spurge occurrence. This paper offers recommendations on the suitability of Landsat imagery as a tool for use by resource managers to map and monitor leafy spurge populations over large areas. C1 US Geol Survey, RMGSC, Lakewood, CO 80225 USA. Inst Geog Nacl Expanol, Madrid, Spain. US Geol Survey, Ctr Biol Informat, Lakewood, CO 80225 USA. ARS, USDA, No Plains Agr Res Lab, Sidney, MT 59270 USA. Theodore Roosevelt Natl Pk, NPS, Medora, ND 58645 USA. RP Mladinich, CS (reprint author), US Geol Survey, RMGSC, POB 25046 MS 516, Lakewood, CO 80225 USA. EM csmladinich@usgs.gov NR 16 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 1 U2 4 PU SOC RANGE MANAGEMENT PI LAKEWOOD PA 445 UNION BLVD, STE 230, LAKEWOOD, CO 80228-1259 USA SN 1550-7424 J9 RANGELAND ECOL MANAG JI Rangel. Ecol. Manag. PD SEP PY 2006 VL 59 IS 5 BP 500 EP 506 DI 10.2111/06-027R1.1 PG 7 WC Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 090CN UT WOS:000240928300008 ER PT J AU Stitt, S Root, R Brown, K Hager, S Mladinich, C Anderson, GL Dudek, K Bustos, MR Kokaly, R AF Stitt, Susan Root, Ralph Brown, Karl Hager, Steve Mladinich, Carol Anderson, Gerald L. Dudek, Kathleen Bustos, Monica Ruiz Kokaly, Raymond TI Classification of leafy spurge with Earth Observing-1 Advanced Land Imager SO RANGELAND ECOLOGY & MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE Euphorbia esula; invasive species; noxious weeds; remote sensing ID EUPHORBIA-ESULA AB Leafy spurge (Euphorbia esula L.) is an invasive exotic plant that can completely displace native plant communities. Automated techniques for monitoring the location and extent of leafy spurge, especially if available on a seasonal basis, could add greatly to the effectiveness of control measures. As part of a larger study including multiple sensors, this study examines the utility of mapping the location and extent of leafy spurge in Theodore Roosevelt National Park using Earth Observing-1 satellite Advanced Land Imager (ALI) scanner data. An unsupervised classification methodology was used producing accuracies in the range of 59% to 66%. Existing field studies, with their associated limitations, were used for identifying class membership and accuracy assessment. This sensor could be useful for broad landscape scale mapping of leafy spurge, from which control measures could be based. C1 US Geol Survey, Rocky Mt Geog Sci Ctr, Denver, CO 80225 USA. US Geol Survey, Ctr Biol Informat, Denver, CO 80225 USA. Natl Pk Serv, Theodore Roosevelt Natl Pk, Medora, ND 58645 USA. ARS, USDA, No Plains Agr Res Lab, Sidney, MT 59270 USA. Colorado State Univ, Coll Forest Sci, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. US Geol Survey, Spect Lab, Denver, CO 80225 USA. RP Stitt, S (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Rocky Mt Geog Sci Ctr, POB 25046,MS 516, Denver, CO 80225 USA. EM susan_stitt@usgs.gov RI Kokaly, Raymond/A-6817-2017 OI Kokaly, Raymond/0000-0003-0276-7101 NR 23 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 2 PU SOC RANGE MANAGEMENT PI LAKEWOOD PA 445 UNION BLVD, STE 230, LAKEWOOD, CO 80228-1259 USA SN 1550-7424 J9 RANGELAND ECOL MANAG JI Rangel. Ecol. Manag. PD SEP PY 2006 VL 59 IS 5 BP 507 EP 511 DI 10.2111/06-052R1.1 PG 5 WC Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 090CN UT WOS:000240928300009 ER PT J AU Bowker, MA Belnap, J Miller, ME AF Bowker, Matthew A. Belnap, Jayne Miller, Mark E. TI Spatial modeling of biological soil crusts to support rangeland assessment and monitoring SO RANGELAND ECOLOGY & MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE degradation thresholds; drylands; cryptobiotic soil crusts; lichens; mosses; rangeland health ID SURFACE DISTURBANCES; DESERT; ATTRIBUTES; VEGETATION; LICHEN; DUST AB Biological soil crusts are a diverse soil surface community, prevalent in semiarid regions, which function as ecosystem engineers and perform numerous important ecosystem services. Loss of crusts has been implicated as a factor leading to accelerated soil erosion and other forms of land degradation. To support assessment and monitoring efforts aimed at ensuring the sustainability of rangeland ecosystems, managers require spatially explicit information concerning potential cover and composition of biological soil crusts. We sampled low disturbance sites in Grand Staircase-Escalante National Monument (Utah, USA) to determine the feasibility of modeling the potential cover and composition of biological soil crusts in a large area. We used classification and regression trees to model cover of four crust types (light cyanobacterial, dark cyanobacterial, moss, lichen) and 1 cyanobacterial biomass proxy (chlorophyll a), based upon a parsimonious set of GIS (Geographic Information Systems) data layers (soil types, precipitation, and elevation). Soil type was consistently the best predictor, although elevation and precipitation were both invoked in the various models. Predicted and observed values for the dark cyanobacterial, moss, and lichen models corresponded moderately well (R(2) = 0.49, 0.64, 0.55, respectively). Cover of late successional crust elements (moss + lichen + dark cyanobacterial) was also successfully modeled (R(2) = 0.64). We were less successful with models of light cyanobacterial cover (R(2) = 0.22) and chlorophyll a (R(2) = 0.09). We believe that our difficulty modeling chlorophyll a concentration is related to a severe drought and subsequent cyanobacterial mortality during the course of the study. These models provide the necessary reference conditions to facilitate the comparison between the actual cover and composition of biological soil crusts at a given site and their potential cover and composition condition so that sites in poor condition can be identified and management actions can be taken. C1 No Arizona Univ, Dept Biol Sci, Flagstaff, AZ 86011 USA. US Geol Survey, Moab, UT 84532 USA. RP Bowker, MA (reprint author), No Arizona Univ, Dept Biol Sci, Box 5640, Flagstaff, AZ 86011 USA. EM Matthew.Bowker@nau.edu NR 56 TC 21 Z9 21 U1 1 U2 35 PU SOC RANGE MANAGEMENT PI LAKEWOOD PA 445 UNION BLVD, STE 230, LAKEWOOD, CO 80228-1259 USA SN 1550-7424 J9 RANGELAND ECOL MANAG JI Rangel. Ecol. Manag. PD SEP PY 2006 VL 59 IS 5 BP 519 EP 529 DI 10.2111/05-179R1.1 PG 11 WC Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 090CN UT WOS:000240928300011 ER PT J AU Marsett, RC Qi, JG Heilman, P Biedenbender, SH Watson, MC Amer, S Weltz, M Goodrich, D Marsett, R AF Marsett, Robert C. Qi, Jiaguo Heilman, Philip Biedenbender, Sharon H. Watson, M. Carolyn Amer, Saud Weltz, Mark Goodrich, David Marsett, Roseann TI Remote sensing for grassland management in the arid Southwest SO RANGELAND ECOLOGY & MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE remote sensing; biomass; height; cover ID ADJUSTED VEGETATION INDEX; DERIVATION; RANGELANDS; DYNAMICS; COVER; MODIS AB We surveyed a group of rangeland managers in the Southwest about vegetation monitoring needs on grassland. Based on their responses, the objective of the RANGES (Rangeland Analysis Utilizing Geospatial Information Science) project was defined to be the accurate conversion of remotely sensed data (satellite imagery) to quantitative estimates of total (green and senescent) standing cover and biomass on grasslands and semidesert grasslands. Although remote sensing has been used to estimate green vegetation cover, in arid grasslands herbaceous vegetation is senescent much of the year and is not detected by current remote sensing techniques. We developed a ground truth protocol compatible with both range management requirements and Landsat's 30 m resolution imagery. The resulting ground-truth data were then used to develop image processing algorithms that quantified total herbaceous vegetation cover, height, and biomass. Cover was calculated based on a newly developed Soil Adjusted Total Vegetation Index (SATVI), and height and biomass were estimated based on reflectance in the near infrared (NIR) band. Comparison of the remotely sensed estimates with independent ground measurements produced r(2) values of 0.80, 0.85, and 0.77 and Nash Sutcliffe values of 0.78, 0.70, and 0.77 for the cover, plant height, and biomass, respectively. The approach for estimating plant height and biomass did not work for sites where forbs comprised more than 30% of total vegetative cover. The ground reconnaissance protocol and image processing techniques together offer land managers accurate and timely methods for monitoring extensive grasslands. The time-consuming requirement to collect concurrent data in the field for each image implies a need to share the high fixed costs of processing an image across multiple users to reduce the costs for individual rangeland managers. C1 RANGES LLC, Tucson, AZ 85749 USA. Michigan State Univ, Dept Geog, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA. ARS, USDA, SW Watershed Res Ctr, Tucson, AZ 85719 USA. US Forest Serv, USDA, Sierra Vista, AZ 85615 USA. Arizona Meteorol Network, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. USGS, Washington, DC 20005 USA. ARS, USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Gen Dynam Corp, Geospatial Prod Div, Tucson, AZ 85711 USA. RP Marsett, RC (reprint author), RANGES LLC, 5031 N Calle Tobosa, Tucson, AZ 85749 USA. EM rmarsett@comcast.net RI Goodrich, David/B-1763-2009 OI Goodrich, David/0000-0001-7735-1448 NR 29 TC 63 Z9 65 U1 3 U2 32 PU SOC RANGE MANAGEMENT PI LAKEWOOD PA 445 UNION BLVD, STE 230, LAKEWOOD, CO 80228-1259 USA SN 1550-7424 J9 RANGELAND ECOL MANAG JI Rangel. Ecol. Manag. PD SEP PY 2006 VL 59 IS 5 BP 530 EP 540 DI 10.2111/05-201R.1 PG 11 WC Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 090CN UT WOS:000240928300012 ER PT J AU Haskell, CA Stanford, JA AF Haskell, Craig A. Stanford, Jack A. TI Ecology of an estuarine mysid shrimp in the Columbia River (USA) SO RIVER RESEARCH AND APPLICATIONS LA English DT Article DE Neomysis mercedis mysid; John Day Reservoir; zooplankton; food web; water quality; exotic invertebrates; reservoir ecology ID POSITION MAINTENANCE BEHAVIOR; SUBYEARLING CHINOOK SALMON; NEOMYSIS-MERCEDIS HOLMES; LIFE-HISTORY; BRITISH-COLUMBIA; RELICTA; ZOOPLANKTON; LAKES; ONCORHYNCHUS; PREDATION AB The estuarine mysid, Neomysis mercedis, has colonized John Day and other run-of-the-river Reservoirs of the Columbia River, over 400 km from the estuary. In John Day Reservoir N. mercedis numbers peaked (2 m(-3)) in August in areas near the dam in association with lower water velocity and softer bottom than at the upstream sampling sites. Neomysis broods were primarily released in late spring and early fall. Gut content analysis showed that Neomysis feeds mostly on cladoceran zooplankton and rotifers in John Day Reservoir. Diel vertical migration was documented, with daytime distribution restricted to the bottom and preferentially to the soft-textured sediments in the deepest areas. Common pelagic fishes in the reservoir, especially juvenile American shad (Alosa sapidissima) and chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha), are daytime zooplankton feeders that cannot prey on Neomysis owing to mysid diel vertical migration. Thus, Neomysis has become an important food web component in John Day Reservoir. We also collected N. mercedis further upstream in Lower Granite Reservoir, where another estuarine crustacean, Corophium salmonis, also is reported, underscoring the need to better understand the role of these estuarine invertebrates in the trophic ecology of the Columbia River. Copyright (c) 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. C1 Univ Montana, Flathead Lake Biol Stn, Div Biol Sci, Polson, MT 59860 USA. US Geol Survey, Columbia River Res Lab, Cook, WA 98605 USA. RP Stanford, JA (reprint author), Univ Montana, Flathead Lake Biol Stn, Div Biol Sci, 311 Bio Stn Lane, Polson, MT 59860 USA. EM jack.stanford@umontana.edu NR 40 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 1 U2 11 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 1535-1459 J9 RIVER RES APPL JI River Res. Appl. PD SEP PY 2006 VL 22 IS 7 BP 739 EP 753 DI 10.1002/rra.927 PG 15 WC Environmental Sciences; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Water Resources GA 083TS UT WOS:000240481700002 ER PT J AU Grabowski, TB Isely, JJ AF Grabowski, Timothy B. Isely, J. Jeffery TI Seasonal and diel movements and habitat use of robust redhorses in the lower Savannah River, Georgia and South Carolina SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE AMERICAN FISHERIES SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID MOXOSTOMA-VALENCIENNESI; RESTRICTED MOVEMENT; GREATER REDHORSE; RAZORBACK SUCKER; SITE FIDELITY; STRIPED BASS; GREEN RIVER; XYRAUCHEN-TEXANUS; STREAM; FISH AB The robust redhorse Moxostoma robustum is a large riverine catostomid whose distribution is restricted to three Atlantic Slope drainages. Once presumed extinct, this species was rediscovered in 1991. Despite being the focus of conservation and recovery efforts, the robust redhorse's movements and habitat use are virtually unknown. We surgically implanted pulse-coded radio transmitters into 17 wild adults (460-690 mm total length) below the downstream-most dam on the Savannah River and into 2 fish above this darn. Individuals were located every 2 weeks from June 2002 to September 2003 and monthly thereafter to May 2005. Additionally, we located 5-10 individuals every 2 h over a 48-h period during each season. Study fish moved at least 24.7 +/- 8.4 river kilometers (rkm; mean +/- SE) per season. This movement was generally downstream except during spring. Some individuals moved downstream by as much as 195 rkm from their release sites. Seasonal migrations were correlated to seasonal changes in water temperature. Robust redhorses initiated spring upstream migrations when water temperature reached approximately 12 degrees C. Our diel tracking suggests that robust redhorses occupy small reaches of river (similar to 1.0 rkm) and are mainly active diurnally. Robust redhorses were consistently found in association with woody debris and gravel streambed sediments along the outer edge of river bends. Fish exhibited a high degree of fidelity to both overwintering and spawning areas. Our observations of long-distance seasonal migrations suggest that successful robust redhorse conservation efforts may require an ecosystem management approach. C1 Clemson Univ, Dept Biol Sci, Clemson, SC 29634 USA. Clemson Univ, US Geol Survey, S Carolina Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Clemson, SC 29634 USA. RP Grabowski, TB (reprint author), Univ Georgia, Warnell Sch Forestry & Nat Resources, Georgia Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Athens, GA 30602 USA. EM tgrabow@uga.edu NR 59 TC 28 Z9 28 U1 0 U2 11 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA SN 0002-8487 J9 T AM FISH SOC JI Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. PD SEP PY 2006 VL 135 IS 5 BP 1145 EP 1155 DI 10.1577/T05-230.1 PG 11 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 101DF UT WOS:000241718400001 ER PT J AU Milston, RH Davis, MW Parker, SJ Olla, BL Clements, S Schreck, CB AF Milston, Ruth H. Davis, Michael W. Parker, Steven J. Olla, Bori L. Clements, Shaun Schreck, Carl B. TI Characterization of the physiological stress response in lingcod SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE AMERICAN FISHERIES SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID TROUT SALMO-GAIRDNERI; JUVENILE CHINOOK SALMON; ACUTE HANDLING STRESS; YEARLING COHO SALMON; WILD RAINBOW-TROUT; EXHAUSTIVE EXERCISE; DISCARD MORTALITY; FRESH-WATER; CORTISOL; PLASMA AB The goal of this study was to describe the duration and magnitude of the physiological stress response in lingcod Ophiodon elongatus after exposure to brief handling and sublethal air stressors. The response to these stressors was determined during a 24-h recovery period by measuring concentrations of plasma cortisol, lactate, glucose, sodium, and potassium. Lingcod were subjected to brief handling followed by either a 15-min or a 45-min air stressor in the laboratory. After the 15-min stressor, an increase in cortisol or glucose could not be detected until after 5 min of recovery. Peak concentrations were measured after 30 min for cortisol and after 60 min for glucose and lactate. Glucose and lactate had returned to basal levels after 12 h, whereas cortisol did not return to basal levels until after 24 It of recovery. Immediately following a 45-min air stressor, all measured parameters were significantly elevated over levels in prestressor control fish. Cortisol concentrations tended to increase and reached a measured peak after 8 h of recovery, whereas glucose and lactate reached a measured peak after I h of recovery. Cortisol and lactate returned to basal levels within 24 h. Glucose, however, remained elevated even after 24 h of recovery. Plasma ions initially increased during the first hour of recovery, and the concentrations then declined to a level below that measured in control fish for the remainder of the 24-h recovery period. In addition, we evaluated the effect of fish size on the stress response. There was no significant difference between the stress response of smaller (41-49-cm [total length] and larger (50-67-cm) lingcod after 45 min air exposure. In general, both the magnitude and duration of the primary and secondary stress responses in lingcod are comparable to those of salmonids. C1 Oregon State Univ, Dept Fisheries & Wildlife, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. Oregon State Univ, Oregon Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. NOAA, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Fisheries Serv, Hatfield Marine Sci Ctr, Newport, OR 97365 USA. Hatfield Marine Sci Ctr, Oregon Dept Fish & Wildlife, Newport, OR 97365 USA. Oregon State Univ, Dept Fisheries & Wildlife, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. Oregon State Univ, Oregon Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. RP Milston, RH (reprint author), Oregon State Univ, Dept Fisheries & Wildlife, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. EM ruthmilston@hotmail.com NR 54 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA SN 0002-8487 J9 T AM FISH SOC JI Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. PD SEP PY 2006 VL 135 IS 5 BP 1165 EP 1174 DI 10.1577/T06-024.1 PG 10 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 101DF UT WOS:000241718400003 ER PT J AU Sergeant, CJ Beauchamp, DA AF Sergeant, Christopher J. Beauchamp, David A. TI Effects of physical habitat and ontogeny on lentic habitat preferences of juvenile Chinook salmon SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE AMERICAN FISHERIES SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID ONCORHYNCHUS-TSHAWYTSCHA; PREDATION RISK; SOCKEYE-SALMON; PACIFIC SALMON; FISHES; BEHAVIOR; PREY; RECRUITMENT; WASHINGTON; AVOIDANCE AB We experimentally tested the habitat preferences of juvenile Chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha to evaluate whether habitat availability was limited for a lake-rearing population in Lake Washington (Seattle, Washington). A segment of this population resides in shallow (< 1 m deep), nearshore areas of the lake during January-May and migrates to saltwater at age 0. During the shallow, nearshore phase, fish are exposed to varying degrees of bottom slope, substrate, and cover (e.g., overhead docks and woody debris) formed by the natural and modified shorelines of this highly urbanized system. The effects of these three habitat variables on patch use or electivity were tested in combination with ontogeny and the presence or absence of piscivores. Fry and presmolts avoided steeper bottom slopes, but presmolt responses were strongest. Responses to substrate and cover options were weak, although fry exhibited some coherent preference for finer substrates. The habitat preferences displayed by both life stages corroborated the observations from nearshore field surveys in Lake Washington. No direct effects on habitat preference from diet period or piscivore presence were evident. These results, combined with field observations, suggest that juvenile Chinook salmon may risk exposure to predation in order to utilize preferred habitat and to forage at a high rate. Therefore, nearshore habitat restoration projects aimed at increasing preferred juvenile Chinook salmon habitat should consider this risk-prone behavior. Future experiments in larger experimental arenas could clarify the importance of heterogeneous nearshore habitat and further examine predation effects on the productivity of lake-rearing juvenile Chinook salmon. C1 Univ Washington, Washington Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, US Geol Survey, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. Univ Washington, Sch Aquat & Fishery Sci, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. RP Sergeant, CJ (reprint author), Univ Washington, Washington Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, US Geol Survey, Box 355020, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. EM chris@sharedsalmonstrategy.org NR 47 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 3 U2 14 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA SN 0002-8487 J9 T AM FISH SOC JI Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. PD SEP PY 2006 VL 135 IS 5 BP 1191 EP 1204 DI 10.1577/T05-281.1 PG 14 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 101DF UT WOS:000241718400005 ER PT J AU Castro-Santos, T AF Castro-Santos, Theodore TI Modeling the effect of varying swim speeds on fish passage through velocity barriers SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE AMERICAN FISHERIES SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID TROUT SALMO-GAIRDNERI; SMALLMOUTH BASS; SOCKEYE-SALMON; POSTEXERCISE PHYSIOLOGY; ENERGETIC ADVANTAGES; SEASONAL MOVEMENTS; ATLANTIC SALMON; ADULT BARBEL; STREAM FISH; PERFORMANCE AB The distance fish can swim through zones of high-velocity flow is an important factor limiting the distribution and conservation of riverine and diadromous fishes. Often, these barriers are characterized by nonuniform flow conditions, and it is likely that fish will swim at varying speeds to traverse them. Existing models used to predict passage success, however, typically include the unrealistic assumption that fish swim at a constant speed regardless of the speed of flow. This paper demonstrates how the maximum distance of ascent through velocity barriers can be estimated from the swim speed-fatigue time relationship, allowing for variation in both swim speed and water velocity. C1 US Geol Survey, Leetown Sci Ctr, SO Conte Anadromous Risk Fish Res Ctr, Turners Falls, MA 01376 USA. RP Castro-Santos, T (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Leetown Sci Ctr, SO Conte Anadromous Risk Fish Res Ctr, 1 Migratory Way, Turners Falls, MA 01376 USA. EM tcastro_santos@usgs.gov OI Castro-Santos, Theodore/0000-0003-2575-9120 NR 53 TC 16 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 14 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA SN 0002-8487 J9 T AM FISH SOC JI Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. PD SEP PY 2006 VL 135 IS 5 BP 1230 EP 1237 DI 10.1577/T05-262.1 PG 8 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 101DF UT WOS:000241718400009 ER PT J AU Burdick, SM Hightower, JE AF Burdick, Summer M. Hightower, Joseph E. TI Distribution of spawning activity by anadromous fishes in an Atlantic slope drainage after removal of a low-head dam SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE AMERICAN FISHERIES SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID LOWER-ROANOKE RIVER; NORTH-CAROLINA; RESTORATION AB In 1998, the Quaker Neck Dam was removed from the Neuse River near Goldsboro, North Carolina, restoring access to more than 120 km of potential main-stem spawning habitat and 1,488 km of potential tributary spawning habitat to anadromous fishes. We used plankton sampling and standardized electrofishing to examine the extent to which anadromous fishes utilized this restored spawning habitat in 2003 and 2004. Evidence of spawning activity was detected upstream of the former dam site for three anadromous species: American shad Alosa sapidissima, hickory shad A. mediocris, and striped bass Morone saxatilis. The percentages of eggs and larvae collected in the restored upstream habitat were greater in 2003, when spring flows were high, than in 2004. River reaches where spawning occurred were estimated from egg stage and water velocity data. Spawning of American shad and striped bass occurred primarily in main-stem river reaches that were further upstream during the year of higher spring flows. Hickory shad generally spawned in downstream reaches and in tributaries above and below the former dam site. These results demonstrate that anadromous fishes will take advantage of upper basin spawning habitat restored through dam removal as long as instream flows are adequate to facilitate upstream migration. C1 N Carolina State Univ, US Geol Survey, N Carolina Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Dept Zool, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. RP Hightower, JE (reprint author), N Carolina State Univ, US Geol Survey, N Carolina Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Dept Zool, Campus Box 7617, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. EM jhightower@ncsu.edu OI Burdick, Summer/0000-0002-3480-5793 NR 48 TC 39 Z9 39 U1 1 U2 30 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT STREET, STE 850, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 0002-8487 EI 1548-8659 J9 T AM FISH SOC JI Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. PD SEP PY 2006 VL 135 IS 5 BP 1290 EP 1300 DI 10.1577/T05-190.1 PG 11 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 101DF UT WOS:000241718400013 ER PT J AU Barringer, JL Szabo, Z AF Barringer, Julia L. Szabo, Zoltan TI Overview of investigations into mercury in ground water, soils, and septage, New Jersey coastal plain SO WATER AIR AND SOIL POLLUTION LA English DT Article DE mercury (Hg); ground water; septic systems; sulfate (SO4); colloids; methylmercury; volatile organic compounds (VOCs) ID SEPTIC-SYSTEM PLUME; TRACE-METAL; HUMIC SUBSTANCES; RIVER WATER; METHYLMERCURY; METHYLATION; TRANSPORT; SEDIMENT; AQUIFER; BIOAVAILABILITY AB Since the early 1980s, investigations by health departments of eight counties in southern New Jersey, by the NJ Department of Environmental Protection (NJDEP), and subsequently by the US Geological Survey (USGS), have shown that Hg concentrations in water tapped by about 600 domestic wells exceed the maximum contaminant level (MCL) of 2 mu g/L. The wells are finished in the areally extensive unconfined Kirkwood-Cohansey aquifer system of New Jersey's Coastal Plain; background concentrations of Hg in water from this system are < 0.01 mu g/L. Evidence of contributions from point sources of Hg, such as landfills or commercial and industrial hazardous-waste sites, is lacking. During 1996-2003, the USGS collected water samples from 203 domestic, irrigation, observation, and production wells using ultraclean techniques; septage, leach-field effluent, soils, and aquifer sediments also were sampled. Elevated concentrations of NH4, B, Cl, NO3, and Na and presence of surfactants in domestic-well water indicate that septic-system effluent can affect water quality in unsewered residential areas, but neither septage nor effluent appears to be a major Hg source. Detections of hydrogen sulfide in ground water at a residential area indicate localized reducing conditions; undetectable SO4 concentrations in water from other residential areas indicate that reducing conditions, which could be conducive to Hg methylation, may be common locally. Volatile organic compounds (VOCs), mostly chlorinated solvents, also are found in ground water at the affected areas, but statistically significant associations between presence of Hg and VOCs were absent for most areas evaluated. Hg concentrations are lower in some filtered water samples than in paired unfiltered samples, likely indicating that some Hg is associated with particles or colloids. The source of colloids may be soils, which, when undisturbed, contain higher concentrations of Hg than do disturbed soils and aquifer sediments. Soil disturbance during residential development and inputs from septic systems are hypothesized to mobilize Hg from soils to ground water. C1 US Geol Survey, W Trenton, NJ 08628 USA. RP Barringer, JL (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 810 Bear Tavern Rd, W Trenton, NJ 08628 USA. EM jbarring@usgs.gov NR 81 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 2 U2 21 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0049-6979 J9 WATER AIR SOIL POLL JI Water Air Soil Pollut. PD SEP PY 2006 VL 175 IS 1-4 BP 193 EP 221 DI 10.1007/s11270-006-9130-1 PG 29 WC Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Water Resources GA 073HH UT WOS:000239733100014 ER PT J AU Molina, KC Erwin, RM AF Molina, Kathy C. Erwin, R. Michael TI The distribution and conservation status of the Gull-billed Tern (Gelochelidon nilotica) in North America SO WATERBIRDS LA English DT Review DE Gull-billed Tern; Sterna nilotica; Gelochelidon nilotica; aranea; vanrossemi; distribution; population status; trends ID COASTAL VIRGINIA; PREDATION; SUCCESS; SKIMMERS; MEXICO AB The Gull-billed Tern (Gelochelidon nilotica) has until recently received little conservation and management attention within North America despite a relatively low overall population size and significant declines in parts of the breeding range. This lack of attention may stein in part from the wide distribution of the species, encompassing parts of six continents, and from its tendency to nest in relatively small, scattered and often ephemeral colonies. Populations of North American subspecies are alarmingly small. The current population of the eastern subspecies aranea in the U.S. is unlikely to exceed 3,600 pairs, with over 60% of these birds occurring in Texas. The Texas Population has remained generally stable, but declines of populations in Maryland (where probably extirpated), Virginia, North Carolina, Florida, and possibly Georgia give cause for concern for this subspecies. For the western subspecies vanrossemi, as few as 250 pairs nest at only two locations in the U.S., both in California. When Populations in western Mexico are considered, the entire vanrossemi population numbers only 600-800 pairs. Currently the Gull-billed Tern is listed as "endangered" or "threatened" in four states, and is considered to be of management concern in five others. The breeding range of the species has contracted and shifted slightly from its known historic range in the middle Atlantic states, but otherwise occupies its historic range in the United States and has expanded slightly to coastal southern California. Some range contraction in Mexico (e.g., in Sonora) may have occurred. In eastern Mexico, historical information is almost non-existent and knowledge of current distribution and abundance is incomplete. Main threats to populations in North America include loss of natural nesting islands through beach erosion or perturbations to estuarine functions, development or modification of upland habitats near breeding areas that may be important for foraging, and disturbances to colonies by humans and feral or human-subsidized predators. This species often nests on man-made substrates suggesting it could be responsive to management of breeding sites. Key research needs include more frequent and refined population monitoring, a better understanding of demographics, metapopulation dynamics and factors limiting populations as well as refinement of subspecies' breeding distributions and wintering ranges. C1 Natl Hist Museum Los Angeles Cty, Sect Ornithol, Los Angeles, CA 90007 USA. Univ Virginia, Dept Environm Sci, USGS Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, Charlottesville, VA 22904 USA. RP Molina, KC (reprint author), Natl Hist Museum Los Angeles Cty, Sect Ornithol, 900 Exposit Blvd, Los Angeles, CA 90007 USA. EM kmolina@nhm.org NR 112 TC 4 Z9 8 U1 4 U2 6 PU WATERBIRD SOC PI WASHINGTON PA NATL MUSEUM NATURAL HISTORY SMITHSONIAN INST, WASHINGTON, DC 20560 USA SN 1524-4695 EI 1938-5390 J9 WATERBIRDS JI Waterbirds PD SEP PY 2006 VL 29 IS 3 BP 271 EP 295 DI 10.1675/1524-4695(2006)29[271:TDACSO]2.0.CO;2 PG 25 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA 091PQ UT WOS:000241041200003 ER PT J AU Sabine, JB Schweitzer, SH Meyers, JM AF Sabine, John B. Schweitzer, Sara H. Meyers, J. Michael TI Nest fate and productivity of American Oystercatchers, Cumberland Island National Seashore, Georgia SO WATERBIRDS LA English DT Article DE American Oystercatcher; Georgia; Haematopus palliatus; human disturbance; predation; reproductive success; shorebirds; video monitoring ID SELECTION; VIRGINIA; SUCCESS; SIZE AB The American Oystercatcher (Haematopus palliatus) is listed as a species of high priority by the U.S. Shorebird Conservation Plan and is state-listed as rare in Georgia; however, biologists have not focused on identifying the causes of egg and hatchling losses. In 2003 and 2004, continuous video monitoring was used to document reproductive success of American Oystercatchers and identify causes of nest failure at Cumberland Island National Seashore, Georgia. The modified Mayfield method and program CONTRAST were used to determine and compare survival of eggs and nestlings. Eleven pairs made 32 nest attempts during two seasons. Nine attempts were successful, fledging 15 chicks. Daily survival of clutches was 0.973 (95% CI = 0.960-0.987) for 2003, 0.985 (95% CI = 0.974-0.995) for 2004, and 0.979 (95% CI = 0.970-0.987) for combined years. Daily survival was greater on the North End, than on the South End of the island (X-1(2) = 7.211, P = 0.007). Eighteen of 20 nest failures during the egg stage and one of eight chick losses were documented. Egg predators included raccoon (Procyon lotor, N = 9), bobcat (Lynx rujas, N = 3), and American Crow (Corvus brachyrhynchos, N = 1). A ghost crab (Ocypode quadata) preyed on one chick. Other causes of nest failure were tidal over-wash (N = 1), horse trampling (N = 1), abandonment (N = 2), and human destruction (N = 1). The North End of the island has one of the highest reproductive rates reported along the Atlantic coast. Predator control may be an effective means of increasing reproductive success on the South End of the island. C1 Univ Georgia, DB Warnell Sch Forestry & Nat Resources, USGS Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, Athens, GA 30602 USA. RP Schweitzer, SH (reprint author), Univ Georgia, DB Warnell Sch Forestry & Nat Resources, USGS Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, Athens, GA 30602 USA. EM schweitz@warnell.uga.edu NR 27 TC 19 Z9 21 U1 2 U2 16 PU WATERBIRD SOC PI WASHINGTON PA NATL MUSEUM NATURAL HISTORY SMITHSONIAN INST, WASHINGTON, DC 20560 USA SN 1524-4695 J9 WATERBIRDS JI Waterbirds PD SEP PY 2006 VL 29 IS 3 BP 308 EP 314 DI 10.1675/1524-4695(2006)29[308:NFAPOA]2.0.CO;2 PG 7 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA 091PQ UT WOS:000241041200006 ER PT J AU Witt, JW AF Witt, Joseph W. TI Great Blue Heron productivity at Mason Neck National Wildlife refuge in Northern Virginia, and the potential impacts of weather during a 13-year interval SO WATERBIRDS LA English DT Article DE Great Blue Heron; Ardea herodias; reproductive productivity; colony; Virginia ID ARDEA-HERODIAS; REPRODUCTIVE SUCCESS; CLUTCH SIZE; COLONY; HABITAT; EGRETS; DETERMINANTS; SURVIVAL AB The reproductive performance of a large Great Blue Heron (Ardea herodias) colony was documented and the potential effects of weather on reproductive performance was investigated. Annual surveys were conducted during the last week of May or the first week of June between 1992 and 2004 and were designed to count all fledglings and nests in and around the heronry. Mean number of fledglings per nesting attempt during the 13-year interval was 1.57 +/- 0.22 fledglings (range: 1.14 to 1.87). Mean number of fledglings per successful nest during the study was 1.80 + 0.18 fledglings (range: 1.44 to 2.06). The number of fledglings per nesting attempt was similar to other long-term studies for the species, but the productivity based on fledglings per successful nest was typically lower. Stepwise regression analysis indicated that both fledglings per nesting attempt (active nest) and fledglings per successful nest were significantly influenced by weather patterns (number of days with greater than 0.30 inches of rain and average monthly wind speed) during the month of May prior to fledgling. C1 US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Woodbridge, VA 22191 USA. RP Witt, JW (reprint author), Natl Conservat Training Ctr, US Fish & Wildlife Serv, 698 Conservat Way, Shepherdstown, WV 25443 USA. EM joe_witt@fws.gov NR 31 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 1 U2 6 PU WATERBIRD SOC PI WASHINGTON PA NATL MUSEUM NATURAL HISTORY SMITHSONIAN INST, WASHINGTON, DC 20560 USA SN 1524-4695 J9 WATERBIRDS JI Waterbirds PD SEP PY 2006 VL 29 IS 3 BP 345 EP 349 DI 10.1675/1524-4695(2006)29[345:GBHPAM]2.0.CO;2 PG 5 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA 091PQ UT WOS:000241041200011 ER PT J AU Onuf, CP AF Onuf, Christopher P. TI Aspects of the biology of Salicornia bigelovii Torr. in relation to a proposed restoration of a wind-tidal flat system on the South Texas, USA coast SO WETLANDS LA English DT Article DE Salicornia bigelovii; salt flats; invasion; sediment characteristics; hypersalinity; freshening; hydrological alteration; restoration; Texas coast; annual pickleweed ID SEED-GERMINATION; SALT-MARSH; SALINITY; VEGETATION; PLANTS AB Wind-tidal flats are the dominant coastal wetland type in southern Texas, USA. Succulent vascular plants are colonizing the flats in some locations, often where past dredge disposal along navigation channels and other activities have interrupted natural water communication between hypersaline bays and large areas of wind-tidal flats. The objective of this study was to test the feasibility of proposed removal of a causeway at Laguna Atascosa National Wildlife Refuge to restore the historic hydrologic regime and eradicate encroaching vascular plants, mostly Salicornia bigelovii, on the assumption that high sediment salt excluded these vascular plants under natural conditions. Assessment in spring 1998 of the density of Salicornia in relation to elevation and sediment salt of bare and vegetated zones on the vegetated flats on one side of the causeway and entirely barren flats with unimpaired connection to Laguna Madre on the other side of the causeway suggested that sediment salt > 0.1 g ml(-1) excluded vascular plants. However, bimonthly sampling in 1999-2000 revealed that sediment salt concentrations were > 0.1 g ml(-1) throughout the vegetated zone in July and more locally in the period of winter low water, with little impairment to established plants. This indicates that if control is desired, it must be exerted at germination and early establishment during and after fall high water. Continuous monitoring of water levels on either side of the causeway suggests that, even with removal of the causeway, flooding with hypersaline lagoon water will be too infrequent to counteract the freshening effect of a permanent hydraulic connection to the main agricultural drain of the lower Rio Grande Valley that has developed at the other end of the salt flat. Monitoring Salicornia distribution over six years documented huge variation between years but no trend toward increasing dominance of the flats. The results of this study illustrate that the most obvious alterations to a site may not be the most influential on function and that the scale of analysis may have to extend far beyond the site in space and time to evaluate a proposed restoration properly. C1 US Geol Survey, Natl Wetlands Res Ctr, USGS Unit 5838, Corpus Christi, TX 78412 USA. RP Onuf, CP (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Natl Wetlands Res Ctr, USGS Unit 5838, 6300 Ocean Dr, Corpus Christi, TX 78412 USA. EM chris_onuf@yahoo.com NR 26 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 3 U2 9 PU SOC WETLAND SCIENTISTS PI LAWRENCE PA 810 E TENTH ST, P O BOX 1897, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0277-5212 J9 WETLANDS JI Wetlands PD SEP PY 2006 VL 26 IS 3 BP 649 EP 666 DI 10.1672/0277-5212(2006)26[649:AOTBOS]2.0.CO;2 PG 18 WC Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 093EG UT WOS:000241150000002 ER PT J AU Lichtenberg, JS King, SL Grace, JB Walls, SC AF Lichtenberg, Janene S. King, Sammy L. Grace, James B. Walls, Susan C. TI Habitat associations of chorusing anurans in the Lower Mississippi River Alluvial Valley SO WETLANDS LA English DT Article DE amphibian communities; chorus surveys; conservation; frogs; habitat relationships; species richness; wetlands ID AMPHIBIAN POPULATIONS; BREEDING AMPHIBIANS; TEMPORARY WETLANDS; SPECIES RICHNESS; BUFFER ZONES; CONSERVATION; LANDSCAPE; SALAMANDERS; DECLINES; COMMUNITIES AB Amphibian populations have declined worldwide. To pursue conservation efforts adequately, land managers need more information concerning amphibian habitat requirements. To address this need, we examined relationships between anurans and habitat characteristics of wetlands in the Lower Mississippi River Alluvial Valley (LMAV). We surveyed chorusing anurans in 31 wetlands in 2000 and 28 wetlands in 2001, and measured microhabitat variables along the shoreline within the week following each survey. We recorded 12 species of anurans during our study. Species richness was significantly lower in 2000 than 2001 (t-test, P < 0.001) and correlated with an ongoing drought. We found species richness to be significantly greater at lake sites compared to impoundment, swale, and riverine sites (ANOVA, P = 0.002). We used stepwise regression to investigate the wetland types and microhabitat characteristics associated with species richness of chorusing anurans. Microhabitat characteristics associated with species richness included dense herbaceous vegetation and accumulated litter along the shoreline. Individual species showed species-specific habitat associations. The bronze frog, American bullfrog, and northern cricket frog were positively associated with lake sites (Fisher's Exact Test, P < 0.05), however wetland type did not significantly influence any additional species. Using bivariate correlations, we found that six of the seven most common species had significant associations with microhabitat variables. Overall, our findings support the view that conservation and enhancement of amphibian communities in the LMAV and elsewhere requires a matrix of diverse wetland types and habitat conditions. C1 US Geol Survey, Natl Wetlands Res Ctr, Lafayette, LA 70506 USA. RP Lichtenberg, JS (reprint author), Confederated Salish & Kootenai Tribes, Wildlife Management Program, POB 278, Pablo, MT 59855 USA. EM janenel@cskt.org NR 52 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 1 U2 11 PU SOC WETLAND SCIENTISTS PI LAWRENCE PA 810 E TENTH ST, P O BOX 1897, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0277-5212 J9 WETLANDS JI Wetlands PD SEP PY 2006 VL 26 IS 3 BP 736 EP 744 DI 10.1672/0277-5212(2006)26[736:HAOCAI]2.0.CO;2 PG 9 WC Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 093EG UT WOS:000241150000008 ER PT J AU Anthony, RM Grand, JB Fondell, TF Miller, DA AF Anthony, R. Michael Grand, James B. Fondell, Thomas F. Miller, David A. TI Techniques for identifying predators of goose nests SO WILDLIFE BIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Alaska; artificial egg; Branta canadensis occidentalis; camera; dusky Canada goose; nest predator ID BRANTA-CANADENSIS-OCCIDENTALIS; DUSKY CANADA GEESE; COPPER RIVER DELTA; VIDEO CAMERAS; ARCTIC FOXES; QUAIL EGGS; SUCCESS; IDENTIFICATION; PHOTOGRAPHY; PATTERNS AB We used cameras and artificial eggs to identify nest predators of dusky Canada goose Branta canadensis occidentalis nests during 1997-2000. Cameras were set up at 195 occupied goose nests and 60 artificial nests. We placed wooden eggs and domestic goose eggs that were emptied and then filled with wax or foam in an additional 263 natural goose nests to identify predators from marks in the artificial eggs. All techniques had limitations, but each correctly identified predators and estimated their relative importance. Nests with cameras had higher rates of abandonment than natural nests, especially during laying. Abandonment rates were reduced by deploying artificial eggs late in laying and reducing time at nests. Predation rates for nests with cameras were slightly lower than for nests without cameras. Wax-filled artificial eggs caused mortality. of embryos in natural nests, but were better for identifying predator marks at artificial nests. Use of foam-filled artificial eggs in natural nests was the most cost effective means of monitoring nest predation. C1 US Geol Survey, Alaska Sci Ctr, Anchorage, AK 99503 USA. RP Anthony, RM (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Alaska Sci Ctr, 1011 E Tudor Rd, Anchorage, AK 99503 USA. EM mike_anthony@usgs.gov; barry_grand@usgs.gov; tom_fondell@usgs.gov; millerda@iastate.edu RI Miller, David/E-4492-2012 NR 39 TC 12 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 11 PU WILDLIFE BIOLOGY PI RONDE PA C/O JAN BERTELSEN, GRENAAVEJ 14, KALO, DK-8410 RONDE, DENMARK SN 0909-6396 J9 WILDLIFE BIOL JI Wildlife Biol. PD SEP PY 2006 VL 12 IS 3 BP 249 EP 256 DI 10.2981/0909-6396(2006)12[249:TFIPOG]2.0.CO;2 PG 8 WC Ecology; Zoology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Zoology GA 091BN UT WOS:000241000900002 ER PT J AU Ramsay, JM Feist, GW Varga, ZM Westerfield, M Kent, ML Schreck, CB AF Ramsay, Jennifer M. Feist, Grant W. Varga, Zoltan M. Westerfield, Monte Kent, Michael L. Schreck, Carl B. TI Whole-body cortisol is an indicator of crowding stress in adult zebrafish, Danio rerio SO AQUACULTURE LA English DT Article DE cortisol; crowding; density; feeding; husbandry; stress; zebrafish ID JUVENILE CHINOOK SALMON; YEARLING COHO SALMON; RAINBOW-TROUT; ONCORHYNCHUS-KISUTCH; PHYSIOLOGICAL STRESS; STOCKING DENSITY; SPARUS-AURATA; DOMINANCE HIERARCHIES; CONFINEMENT STRESS; GILTHEAD SEABREAM AB Plasma cortisol levels have been used to evaluate the stress response in a variety of cultured fish species. However, little is known about the stress response of zebrafish, Danio rerio, despite its extensive use as a laboratory research organism. Due to its small size, evaluation of whole-body cortisol has provided a means to assess zebrafish stress levels Understanding the role of crowding on zebrafish whole-body cortisol would allow researchers to optimize various rearing procedures. The aim of this study was to determine the zebrafish whole-body cortisol response to crowding stress. Baseline cortisol values have not been established for zebrafish; therefore, we compared specific treatment groups acclimated to similar conditions. We crowded zebrafish at a high density (40 fish/L) for 3 h (acute stress), or 5 days (chronic stress). Crowding resulted in a four-fold increase in mean whole-body cortisol level in both groups compared to zebrafish maintained at a much lower density (0.25 fish/L). Additional experiments demonstrated that the cortisol response to crowding was modulated by fasting, feeding and density. In large glass aquaria (76 L), fasted, crowded fish (40 fish/L) had significantly higher cortisol compared to fasted, control fish (0.2 fish/L). Furthermore, weight was inversely related to cortisol level in fasted, crowded fish held in large glass aquaria. For fed fish, crowding did not significantly increase cortisol level, suggesting an interaction between feeding and crowding. In small tanks (4 L), crowding (40 fish/L) did not significantly increase cortisol compared to control fish held at 4 fish/L. Our results suggest that whole-body cortisol is a useful indicator of crowding stress in fasted, adult zebrafish. Understanding how crowding and other environmental conditions affect zebrafish fitness could aid in optimizing zebrafish growth, health and reproduction as well as improving the consistency and reproducibility of in vivo studies that use this popular vertebrate model. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Oregon State Univ, Oregon Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, USGS, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. Oregon State Univ, Dept Fisheries & Wildlife, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. Univ Oregon, Zebrafish Int Resource Ctr, Eugene, OR 97403 USA. Univ Oregon, Inst Neurosci, Eugene, OR 97403 USA. Oregon State Univ, Ctr Fish Dis Res, Dept Microbiol, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. RP Ramsay, JM (reprint author), Oregon State Univ, Oregon Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, USGS, 104 Nash Hall, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. EM jennifer.ramsay@oregonstate.edu NR 61 TC 103 Z9 108 U1 1 U2 42 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0044-8486 J9 AQUACULTURE JI Aquaculture PD AUG 31 PY 2006 VL 258 IS 1-4 BP 565 EP 574 DI 10.1016/j.aquaculture.2006.04.020 PG 10 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 080MV UT WOS:000240252900065 ER PT J AU Seiler, RL AF Seiler, Ralph L. TI Mobilization of lead and other trace elements following shock chlorination of wells SO SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article DE shock chlorination; trace elements; lead; lead-210 ID ORGANIC-MATTER; WATER; SOILS AB Many owners of domestic wells shock chlorinate their wells to treat for bacterial contamination or control bad odors from sulfides. Analysis of well water with four wells from Fallon, Nevada, showed that following recommended procedures for shock chlorinating wells can cause large, short-lasting increases in trace-element concentrations in ground water, particularly for Cu, Fe, Pb, and Zn. Lead concentrations increased up to 745 fold between samples collected just before the well was shock chlorinated and the first sample collected 22-24 h later; Zn concentrations increased up to 252 fold, Fe concentrations increased up to 114 fold, and Cu concentrations increased up to 29 fold. Lead concentrations returned to-near background levels following pumping of about one casing volume, however, in one well an estimated 120 mg of excess Pb were pumped before concentrations returned to prechlorination levels. Total Pb concentrations were much greater than filtered (0.45 mu m) concentrations, indicating the excess Ph is principally particulate. Recommended procedures for purging treated wells following shock chlorination may be ineffective because a strong NaOCI solution can remain in the casing above the pump even following extended pumping. Only small changes in gross alpha and beta radioactivity occurred following shock chlorination. USEPA has not promulgated drinking-water standards for Pb-210, however, measured Pb-210 activities in the study area typically were less than the Canadian Maximum Acceptable Concentration of 100 mBq/L. By consuming well water shortly after shock chlorination the public may inadvertently be exposed to levels of Pb, and possibly Pb-210, that exceed drinking-water standards. Published by Elsevier B.V. C1 US Geol Survey, Carson City, NV 89701 USA. RP Seiler, RL (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 333 W Nye Lane,Rm 203, Carson City, NV 89701 USA. EM rseiler@usgs.gov NR 20 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 4 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0048-9697 J9 SCI TOTAL ENVIRON JI Sci. Total Environ. PD AUG 31 PY 2006 VL 367 IS 2-3 BP 757 EP 768 DI 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2006.01.020 PG 12 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 077PS UT WOS:000240042700020 PM 16545430 ER PT J AU Barnes, JW Brown, RH Radebaugh, J Buratti, BJ Sotin, C Le Mouelic, S Rodriguez, S Turtle, EP Perry, J Clark, R Baines, KH Nicholson, PD AF Barnes, Jason W. Brown, Robert H. Radebaugh, Jani Buratti, Bonnie J. Sotin, Christophe Le Mouelic, Stephane Rodriguez, Sebastien Turtle, Elizabeth P. Perry, Jason Clark, Roger Baines, Kevin H. Nicholson, Phillip D. TI Cassini observations of flow-like features in western Tui Regio, Titan SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article ID ACOUSTIC FLUIDIZATION; SURFACE; MOBILITY; WINDS AB A large (> 3 x 10(4) km(2)), lobate, 5-mu m-bright region seen by Cassini on Titan's leading equatorial region is best explained as a flow field. We discuss observations from the Visual and Infrared Mapping Spectrometer and Imaging Science Subsystem of the feature and present a map of the field. We establish relative ages of flow features and discuss possible formation mechanisms and the implications of this finding for the evolution of Titan's surface. C1 Univ Arizona, Lunar & Planetary Lab, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. Univ Nantes, UMR CNRS, Lab Planetol & Geodynam, F-44322 Nantes, France. US Geol Survey, Denver, CO 80225 USA. Cornell Univ, Dept Astron, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. RP Barnes, JW (reprint author), Univ Arizona, Lunar & Planetary Lab, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. EM jbarnes@lpl.arizona.edu RI Barnes, Jason/B-1284-2009; Turtle, Elizabeth/K-8673-2012; Rodriguez, Sebastien/H-5902-2016 OI Barnes, Jason/0000-0002-7755-3530; Turtle, Elizabeth/0000-0003-1423-5751; Rodriguez, Sebastien/0000-0003-1219-0641 NR 17 TC 45 Z9 46 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0094-8276 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD AUG 30 PY 2006 VL 33 IS 16 AR L16204 DI 10.1029/2006GL026843 PG 5 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 081QA UT WOS:000240330900005 ER PT J AU Schemel, LE Cox, MH Runkel, RL Kimball, BA AF Schemel, Laurence E. Cox, Marisa H. Runkel, Robert L. Kimball, Briant A. TI Multiple injected and natural conservative tracers quantify mixing in a stream confluence affected by acid mine drainage near Silverton, Colorado SO HYDROLOGICAL PROCESSES LA English DT Article DE surface-water mixing; natural tracers; tracer injection; acidic stream; mixing ratio; Animas River, CO ID WATER CHEMISTRY; HYDROGRAPH SEPARATIONS; MOUNTAINOUS CATCHMENT; MINING DISTRICT; IONIC TRACERS; SUMMIT COUNTY; RIVER-BASIN; TRANSPORT; CREEK; USA AB The acidic discharge from Cement Creek, containing elevated concentrations of dissolved metals and sulphate, mixed with the circumneutral-pH Animas River over a several hundred metre reach (mixing zone) near Silverton, CO, during this study. Differences in concentrations of Ca, Mg, Si, Sr, and SO42- between the creek and the river were sufficiently large for these analytes to be used as natural tracers in the mixing zone. In addition, a sodium chloride (NaCl) tracer was injected into Cement Creek, which provided a Cl- 'reference' tracer in the mixing zone. Conservative transport of the dissolved metals and sulphate through the mixing zone was verified by mass balances and by linear mixing plots relative to the injected reference tracer. At each of seven sites in the mixing zone, five samples were collected at evenly spaced increments of the observed across-channel gradients, as determined by specific conductance. This created sets of samples that adequately covered the ranges of mixtures (mixing ratios, in terms of the fraction of Animas River water, %AR). Concentrations measured in each mixing zone sample and in the upstream Animas River and Cement Creek were used to compute %AR for the reference and natural tracers. Values of %AR from natural tracers generally showed good agreement with values from the reference tracer, but variability in discharge and end-member concentrations and analytical errors contributed to unexpected outlier values for both injected and natural tracers. The median value (MV) %AR (calculated from all of the tracers) reduced scatter in the mixing plots for the dissolved metals, indicating that the MV estimate reduced the effects of various potential errors that could affect any tracer. Published in 2006 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. C1 US Geol Survey, Div Water Resources, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. US Geol Survey, Div Water Resources, Denver Fed Ctr, Lakewood, CO 80225 USA. US Geol Survey, Div Water Resources, Salt Lake City, UT 84119 USA. RP Schemel, LE (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Div Water Resources, 345 Middlefield Rd,MS 439, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. EM lschemel@usgs.gov NR 40 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 21 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD PI CHICHESTER PA THE ATRIUM, SOUTHERN GATE, CHICHESTER PO19 8SQ, W SUSSEX, ENGLAND SN 0885-6087 J9 HYDROL PROCESS JI Hydrol. Process. PD AUG 30 PY 2006 VL 20 IS 13 BP 2727 EP 2743 DI 10.1002/hyp.6081 PG 17 WC Water Resources SC Water Resources GA 074ZW UT WOS:000239852400005 ER PT J AU Bales, RC Molotch, NP Painter, TH Dettinger, MD Rice, R Dozier, J AF Bales, Roger C. Molotch, Noah P. Painter, Thomas H. Dettinger, Michael D. Rice, Robert Dozier, Jeff TI Mountain hydrology of the western United States SO WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID HIGH-ELEVATION CATCHMENTS; SNOW WATER EQUIVALENT; SIR-C/X-SAR; SIERRA-NEVADA; LAND-SURFACE; ENERGY-BALANCE; NORTH-AMERICA; CLIMATE; BASIN; COVER AB [ 1] Climate change and climate variability, population growth, and land use change drive the need for new hydrologic knowledge and understanding. In the mountainous West and other similar areas worldwide, three pressing hydrologic needs stand out: first, to better understand the processes controlling the partitioning of energy and water fluxes within and out from these systems; second, to better understand feedbacks between hydrological fluxes and biogeochemical and ecological processes; and, third, to enhance our physical and empirical understanding with integrated measurement strategies and information systems. We envision an integrative approach to monitoring, modeling, and sensing the mountain environment that will improve understanding and prediction of hydrologic fluxes and processes. Here extensive monitoring of energy fluxes and hydrologic states are needed to supplement existing measurements, which are largely limited to streamflow and snow water equivalent. Ground-based observing systems must be explicitly designed for integration with remotely sensed data and for scaling up to basins and whole ranges. C1 Univ Calif, Sch Engn, Merced, CA 95343 USA. Univ Colorado, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Univ Colorado, Natl Snow & Ice Data Ctr, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. US Geol Survey, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA. Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Donald Bren Sch Environm Sci & Management, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA. RP Bales, RC (reprint author), Univ Calif, Sch Engn, Merced, CA 95343 USA. EM rbales@ucmerced.edu; molotch@seas.ucla.edu; tpainter@nsidc.org; mdettinger@ucsd.edu; rrice@ucmerced.edu; dozier@ucsb.edu RI Molotch, Noah/C-8576-2009; Dozier, Jeff/B-7364-2009; Dolk, Shaun/B-5656-2012; Painter, Thomas/B-7806-2016 OI Dozier, Jeff/0000-0001-8542-431X; NR 49 TC 188 Z9 188 U1 6 U2 85 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0043-1397 EI 1944-7973 J9 WATER RESOUR RES JI Water Resour. Res. PD AUG 26 PY 2006 VL 42 IS 8 AR W08432 DI 10.1029/2005WR004387 PG 13 WC Environmental Sciences; Limnology; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Water Resources GA 078LJ UT WOS:000240104000001 ER PT J AU Komuro, R Ford, ED Reynolds, JH AF Komuro, Rie Ford, E. David Reynolds, Joel H. TI The use of multi-criteria assessment in developing a process model SO ECOLOGICAL MODELLING LA English DT Article DE process models; model assessment; Pareto; multi-criteria assessment; shoot extension ID SITKA SPRUCE PLANTATION; PICEA-SITCHENSIS; SHOOT EXTENSION; SYSTEMS; CANOPY; GROWTH; STEMS AB Ecological data frequently contain multiple patterns. A process model of the system producing the data should be able to recreate those patterns. We describe a method and associated software where components of the pattern are used as multiple criteria to assess a model during its construction. Successive improvements are made to the model so that it describes more components of the pattern effectively. The software, Pareto-Evolve is an evolutionary algorithm. Initially it creates many individual sets of model parameters, each is used in the model to produce results that are then compared to patterns in a data set. Different individuals may achieve different components of the pattern and Pareto-Evolve calculates those that are most effective and uses them to produce new individuals. This is done by changing parameter values of individuals, called mutation, or exchanging parameter values between individuals, called crossover. This process is repeated over many generations so that a most effective parameterization evolves. We illustrate this method with a model for hourly increments of extension of the leading shoot of a conifer tree. The particular task here is to model water uptake by the plant in response to water loss due to transpiration, calculate a water deficit between uptake and loss, and calculate contraction and re-expansion of shoot tissue due to diurnal changes in tissue water deficit. We choose criteria corresponding to different phases in the diurnal pattern of expansion and model for up to six consecutive days. A value is set marking the limit within which the model must achieve the criteria for it to be judged as success. This value is called a binary discrepancy measure. Pareto-Evolve is used to make multiple searches with successively smaller binary discrepancy measures until all criteria are no longer achieved. At this point different parameter sets achieve different groups of criteria and we use these as indicators of how the structure of the model must be improved to achieve an overall better fit. In our example we find that contraction is more rapid than re-expansion, which is a hysteresis effect, and that re-expansion of tissue continues after water deficit within the tissue is estimated to have been removed. We discuss how this method can be used in model development and particularly how multiple criteria assessment can be used in model development. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Washington, Coll Forest Resources, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. Univ Washington, Dept Appl Math, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Anchorage, AK 99503 USA. RP Ford, ED (reprint author), Univ Washington, Coll Forest Resources, Box 352100, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. EM edford@u.washington.edu RI Reynolds, Joel/E-1445-2011 OI Reynolds, Joel/0000-0003-4506-0501 NR 28 TC 23 Z9 23 U1 1 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0304-3800 EI 1872-7026 J9 ECOL MODEL JI Ecol. Model. PD AUG 25 PY 2006 VL 197 IS 3-4 BP 320 EP 330 DI 10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2006.03.033 PG 11 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 076VH UT WOS:000239985700007 ER PT J AU Morales, Y Weber, LJ Mynett, AE Newton, TJ AF Morales, Y. Weber, L. J. Mynett, A. E. Newton, T. J. TI Mussel dynamics model: A hydroinformatics tool for analyzing the effects of different stressors on the dynamics of freshwater mussel communities SO ECOLOGICAL MODELLING LA English DT Article DE population dynamics models; individual-based models; hydroinformatics tools; freshwater mussels; unionid; zebra mussels; competition ID INDIVIDUAL-BASED MODELS; DREISSENA-POLYMORPHA; SPATIAL-DISTRIBUTION; NORTH-AMERICA; ZEBRA MUSSELS; HUDSON RIVER; MISSISSIPPI; BIVALVES; ECOLOGY; HABITAT AB A model for simulating freshwater mussel population dynamics is presented. The model is a hydroinformatics tool that integrates principles from ecology, river hydraulics, fluid mechanics and sediment transport, and applies the individual-based modelling approach for simulating population dynamics. The general model layout, data requirements, and steps of the simulation process are discussed. As an illustration, simulation results from an application in a 10 km reach of the Upper Mississippi River are presented. The model was used to investigate the spatial distribution of mussels and the effects of food competition in native unionid mussel communities, and communities infested by Dreissena polymorpha, the zebra mussel. Simulation results were found to be realistic and coincided with data obtained from the literature. These results indicate that the model can be a useful tool for assessing the potential effects of different stressors on long-term population dynamics, and consequently, may improve the current understanding of cause and effect relationships in freshwater mussel communities. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Birmingham, Dept Geog Earth & Environm Sci, Birmingham B15 2TT, W Midlands, England. IIHR Hydrosci & Engn, Iowa City, IA 52242 USA. WL Delft Hydraul, NL-2629 HD Delft, Netherlands. US Geol Survey, Upper Midwest Environm Sci Ctr, La Crosse, WI 54603 USA. RP Morales, Y (reprint author), Univ Birmingham, Dept Geog Earth & Environm Sci, Birmingham B15 2TT, W Midlands, England. EM y.moraleschaves@bham.ac.uk RI Mynett, Arthur/A-9923-2012; OI Newton, Teresa/0000-0001-9351-5852 NR 48 TC 28 Z9 28 U1 2 U2 23 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0304-3800 J9 ECOL MODEL JI Ecol. Model. PD AUG 25 PY 2006 VL 197 IS 3-4 BP 448 EP 460 DI 10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2006.03.018 PG 13 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 076VH UT WOS:000239985700017 ER PT J AU Scotti, A Beardsley, R Butman, B AF Scotti, A. Beardsley, R. Butman, B. TI On the interpretation of energy and energy fluxes of nonlinear internal waves: an example from Massachusetts Bay SO JOURNAL OF FLUID MECHANICS LA English DT Article ID AVAILABLE POTENTIAL-ENERGY; SOUTH CHINA SEA; STRATIFIED FLUIDS; CONTINENTAL-SLOPE; ELEVATION; SOLITONS; SHELF; OCEAN AB A self-consistent formalism to estimate baroclinic energy densities and fluxes resulting from the propagation of internal waves of arbitrary amplitude is derived using the concept of available potential energy. The method can be applied to numerical, laboratory or field data. The total energy flux is shown to be the sum of the linear energy flux integral u'p'dz (primes denote baroclinic quantities), plus contributions from the non-hydrostatic pressure anomaly and the self-advection of kinetic and available potential energy. Using highly resolved observations in Massachusetts Bay, it is shown that due to the presence of nonlinear internal waves periodically propagating in the area, integral u'p'dz accounts for only half of the total flux. The same data show that equipartition of available potential and kinetic energy can be violated, especially when the nonlinear waves begin to interact with the bottom. C1 Univ N Carolina, Dept Marine Sci, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. Woods Hole Oceanog Inst, Dept Phys Oceanog, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. US Geol Survey, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. RP Scotti, A (reprint author), Univ N Carolina, Dept Marine Sci, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. OI Scotti, Alberto/0000-0001-8283-3070 NR 28 TC 37 Z9 37 U1 0 U2 10 PU CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS PI NEW YORK PA 32 AVENUE OF THE AMERICAS, NEW YORK, NY 10013-2473 USA SN 0022-1120 J9 J FLUID MECH JI J. Fluid Mech. PD AUG 25 PY 2006 VL 561 BP 103 EP 112 DI 10.1017/S0022112006000991 PG 10 WC Mechanics; Physics, Fluids & Plasmas SC Mechanics; Physics GA 081NG UT WOS:000240323700004 ER PT J AU Overpeck, JT Otto-Bliesner, BL Miller, GH Alley, RB Muhs, DR Marshall, SJ AF Overpeck, Jonathan T. Otto-Bliesner, Bette L. Miller, Gifford H. Alley, Richard B. Muhs, Daniel R. Marshall, Shawn J. TI Ice sheets and sea level - Response SO SCIENCE LA English DT Letter ID ANTARCTICA C1 Univ Arizona, Inst Study Planet Earth, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Boulder, CO 80307 USA. Univ Colorado, Inst Arctic & Alpine Res, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Penn State Univ, Dept Geosci, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Denver, CO 80225 USA. Univ Calgary, Dept Geog, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada. RP Overpeck, JT (reprint author), Univ Arizona, Inst Study Planet Earth, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. NR 11 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 9 PU AMER ASSOC ADVANCEMENT SCIENCE PI WASHINGTON PA 1200 NEW YORK AVE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 USA SN 0036-8075 J9 SCIENCE JI Science PD AUG 25 PY 2006 VL 313 IS 5790 BP 1044 EP 1045 PG 2 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 076ZT UT WOS:000239998200018 ER PT J AU Schleicher, AM van der Pluijm, BA Solum, JG Warr, LN AF Schleicher, Anja M. van der Pluijm, Ben A. Solum, John G. Warr, Laurence N. TI Origin and significance of clay-coated fractures in mudrock fragments of the SAFOD borehole (Parkfield, California) SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article ID SAN-ANDREAS FAULT; INTERNAL STRUCTURE; SMECTITE; TRANSITION; STRENGTH; SYSTEM; FLUIDS; TEM AB The clay mineralogy and texture of rock fragments from the SAFOD borehole at 3067 m and 3436 m measured depth (MD) was investigated by electron microscopy (SEM, TEM) and X-ray-diffraction (XRD). The washed and ultrasonically cleaned samples show slickenfiber striations and thin films of Ca-K bearing smectite that are formed on polished fault surfaces, along freshly opened fractures and within adjacent mineralized veins. The cation composition and hydration behavior of these films differ from the Na-montmorillonite of the fresh bentonite drilling mud, although there is more similarity with circulated mud recovered from 3479 m MD. We propose that these thin film smectite precipitates formed by natural nucleation and crystal growth during fault creep, probably associated with the shallow circulation of low temperature aqueous fluids along this shallow portion of the San Andreas Fault. C1 Univ Michigan, Dept Geol Sci, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. Univ Wurzburg, Inst Geol, Wurzburg, Germany. US Geol Survey, Earthquake Hazards Team, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. Univ Strasbourg 1, CNRS, Ctr Geochim Surface, F-67084 Strasbourg, France. RP Schleicher, AM (reprint author), Univ Michigan, Dept Geol Sci, 4534B CC Little Bldg,1100 N Univ Ave, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. EM aschleic@umich.edu RI van der Pluijm, Ben/A-8985-2008; OI van der Pluijm, Ben/0000-0001-7737-2791; Warr, Laurence/0000-0002-8779-0062 NR 23 TC 41 Z9 42 U1 0 U2 10 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0094-8276 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD AUG 24 PY 2006 VL 33 IS 16 AR L16313 DI 10.1029/2006GL026505 PG 5 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 078JR UT WOS:000240099500001 ER PT J AU Remick, KJ Love, JJ AF Remick, K. J. Love, J. J. TI Statistical modeling of storm-level Kp occurrences SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article AB [ 1] We consider the statistical modeling of the occurrence in time of large Kp magnetic storms as a Poisson process, testing whether or not relatively rare, large Kp events can be considered to arise from a stochastic, sequential, and memoryless process. For a Poisson process, the wait times between successive events occur statistically with an exponential density function. Fitting an exponential function to the durations between successive large Kp events forms the basis of our analysis. Defining these wait times by calculating the differences between times when Kp exceeds a certain value, such as Kp >= 5, we find the waittime distribution is not exponential. Because large storms often have several periods with large Kp values, their occurrence in time is not memoryless; short duration wait times are not independent of each other and are often clumped together in time. If we remove same-storm large Kp occurrences, the resulting wait times are very nearly exponentially distributed and the storm arrival process can be characterized as Poisson. Fittings are performed on wait time data for Kp >= 5, 6, 7, and 8. The mean wait times between storms exceeding such Kp thresholds are 7.12, 16.55, 42.22, and 121.40 days respectively. C1 US Geol Survey, Geomagnetism Program, Denver, CO 80225 USA. RP Remick, KJ (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Geomagnetism Program, Box 25046, Denver, CO 80225 USA. EM kremick@usgs.gov RI Love, Jeffrey/N-7593-2013 OI Love, Jeffrey/0000-0002-3324-0348 NR 13 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0094-8276 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD AUG 22 PY 2006 VL 33 IS 16 AR L16102 DI 10.1029/2006GL026687 PG 4 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 078JO UT WOS:000240099200003 ER PT J AU Turetsky, MR Harden, JW Friedli, HR Flannigan, M Payne, N Crock, J Radke, L AF Turetsky, Merritt R. Harden, Jennifer W. Friedli, Hans R. Flannigan, Mike Payne, Nicholas Crock, James Radke, Lawrence TI Wildfires threaten mercury stocks in northern soils SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article ID CANADIAN FOREST-FIRES; ORGANIC-MATTER LOST; ATMOSPHERIC MERCURY; CLIMATE-CHANGE; CARBON; EMISSIONS; DYNAMICS; PEATLAND; METHYLMERCURY; DEPOSITION AB With climate change rapidly affecting northern forests and wetlands, mercury reserves once protected in cold, wet soils are being exposed to burning, likely triggering large releases of mercury to the atmosphere. We quantify organic soil mercury stocks and burn areas across western, boreal Canada for use in fire emission models that explore controls of burn area, consumption severity, and fuel loading on atmospheric mercury emissions. Though renowned as hotspots for the accumulation of mercury and its transformation to the toxic methylmercury, boreal wetlands might soon transition to hotspots for atmospheric mercury emissions. Estimates of circumboreal mercury emissions from this study are 15-fold greater than estimates that do not account for mercury stored in peat soils. Ongoing and projected increases in boreal wildfire activity due to climate change will increase atmospheric mercury emissions, contributing to the anthropogenic alteration of the global mercury cycle and exacerbating mercury toxicities for northern food chains.). C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Boulder, CO 80307 USA. Canadian Forest Serv, Great Lakes Forestry Ctr, Sault Ste Marie, ON P6A 2E5, Canada. US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Denver, CO 80225 USA. RP Turetsky, MR (reprint author), Michigan State Univ, Dept Plant Biol, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA. EM mrt@msu.edu RI Turetsky, Merritt/B-1255-2013; Flannigan, Michael/G-6996-2015 OI Flannigan, Michael/0000-0002-9970-5363 NR 38 TC 51 Z9 51 U1 2 U2 33 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0094-8276 EI 1944-8007 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD AUG 19 PY 2006 VL 33 IS 16 AR L16403 DI 10.1029/2005GL025595 PG 6 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 076XN UT WOS:000239991800001 ER PT J AU Westerling, AL Hidalgo, HG Cayan, DR Swetnam, TW AF Westerling, A. L. Hidalgo, H. G. Cayan, D. R. Swetnam, T. W. TI Warming and earlier spring increase western US forest wildfire activity SO SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID PONDEROSA PINE FORESTS; UNITED-STATES; VEGETATION DISTRIBUTION; CLIMATE-CHANGE; FIRE REGIMES; VARIABILITY; PERSPECTIVE; ECOSYSTEMS; ENSO AB Western United States forest wildfire activity is widely thought to have increased in recent decades, yet neither the extent of recent changes nor the degree to which climate may be driving regional changes in wildfire has been systematically documented. Much of the public and scientific discussion of changes in western United States wildfire has focused instead on the effects of 19th- and 20th-century land-use history. We compiled a comprehensive database of large wildfires in western United States forests since 1970 and compared it with hydroclimatic and land-surface data. Here, we show that large wildfire activity increased suddenly and markedly in the mid-1980s, with higher large-wildfire frequency, longer wildfire durations, and longer wildfire seasons. The greatest increases occurred in mid-elevation, Northern Rockies forests, where land-use histories have relatively little effect on fire risks and are strongly associated with increased spring and summer temperatures and an earlier spring snowmelt. C1 Univ Calif San Diego, Scripps Inst Oceanog, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA. Univ Calif, Merced, CA 95344 USA. US Geol Survey, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA. Univ Arizona, Tree Ring Res Lab, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. RP Westerling, AL (reprint author), Univ Calif San Diego, Scripps Inst Oceanog, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA. EM awesterling@ucmerced.edu RI Dolk, Shaun/B-5656-2012; OI Hidalgo, Hugo/0000-0003-4638-0742 NR 39 TC 1844 Z9 1897 U1 82 U2 783 PU AMER ASSOC ADVANCEMENT SCIENCE PI WASHINGTON PA 1200 NEW YORK AVE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 USA SN 0036-8075 J9 SCIENCE JI Science PD AUG 18 PY 2006 VL 313 IS 5789 BP 940 EP 943 DI 10.1126/science.1128834 PG 4 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 074MR UT WOS:000239817000035 PM 16825536 ER PT J AU Konrad, CP AF Konrad, C. P. TI Longitudinal hydraulic analysis of river-aquifer exchanges SO WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID BOUSSINESQ EQUATION; NORTH-AMERICA; GROUNDWATER; STREAM; FLOW; CONVOLUTION; RECESSIONS; HILLSLOPE; CHINOOK; SALMON AB [ 1] A longitudinal analysis of transient flow between a river and an underlying aquifer is developed to calculate flow rates between the river and the aquifer and the location of groundwater seepage into the river as it changes over time. Two flow domains are defined in the analysis: an upstream domain of fluvial recharge, where water flows vertically from the river into the unsaturated portion of the aquifer and horizontally in saturated parts of the aquifer, and a downstream domain of groundwater seepage to the river, where groundwater flows parallel to the underlying impermeable base. The river does not necessarily penetrate completely through the aquifer. A one-dimensional, unsteady flow equation is derived from mass conservation, Darcy's law, and the geometry of the river-aquifer system to calculate the water table position and the groundwater seepage rate into the river. Models based on numerical and analytical solutions of the flow equation were applied to a reach of the Methow River in north central Washington. The calibrated models simulated groundwater seepage with a root-mean-square error less than 5% of the mean groundwater seepage rates for three low-flow evaluation periods. The analytical model provides a theoretical basis for a nonlinear exponential base flow recession generated by a draining aquifer, but not an explicit functional form for the recession. Unlike cross-sectional approaches, the longitudinal approach allows the analysis of the length and location of groundwater seepage to a river, which have important ecological implications in many rivers. In the numerical simulations, the length of the groundwater seepage varied seasonally by about 4 km and the upstream boundary of groundwater seepage was within 689 m of its location at a stream gage on 9 September 2001 and within 91 m of its location on 6 October 2002. To demonstrate its utility in ecological applications, the numerical model was used to calculate differences in length of groundwater seepage to the Methow River under an early runoff scenario and the timing of those differences with respect to life stages of chinook salmon. C1 US Geol Survey, Tacoma, WA 98402 USA. RP Konrad, CP (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 1200 Pacific Ave,Suite 600, Tacoma, WA 98402 USA. EM cpkonrad@usgs.gov OI Konrad, Christopher/0000-0002-7354-547X NR 41 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 5 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0043-1397 J9 WATER RESOUR RES JI Water Resour. Res. PD AUG 18 PY 2006 VL 42 IS 8 AR W08425 DI 10.1029/2005WR004197 PG 14 WC Environmental Sciences; Limnology; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Water Resources GA 076YY UT WOS:000239995700001 ER PT J AU Kieffer, HH Christensen, PR Titus, TN AF Kieffer, Hugh H. Christensen, Philip R. Titus, Timothy N. TI CO2 jets formed by sublimation beneath translucent slab ice in Mars' seasonal south polar ice cap SO NATURE LA English DT Article ID SURFACE; TES; MISSION; THEMIS AB The martian polar caps are among the most dynamic regions on Mars, growing substantially in winter as a significant fraction of the atmosphere freezes out in the form of CO2 ice. Unusual dark spots, fans and blotches form as the south-polar seasonal CO2 ice cap retreats during spring and summer. Small radial channel networks are often associated with the location of spots once the ice disappears. The spots have been proposed to be simply bare, defrosted ground(1-3); the formation of the channels has remained uncertain. Here we report infrared and visible observations that show that the spots and fans remain at CO2 ice temperatures well into summer, and must be granular materials that have been brought up to the surface of the ice, requiring a complex suite of processes to get them there. We propose that the seasonal ice cap forms an impermeable, translucent slab of CO2 ice that sublimates from the base, building up high-pressure gas beneath the slab. This gas levitates the ice, which eventually ruptures, producing high-velocity CO2 vents that erupt sand-sized grains in jets to form the spots and erode the channels. These processes are unlike any observed on Earth. C1 Arizona State Univ, Dept Geol Sci, Tempe, AZ 85287 USA. Celestial Reasonings, Carson City, NV 89703 USA. US Geol Survey, Flagstaff, AZ 86001 USA. RP Christensen, PR (reprint author), Arizona State Univ, Dept Geol Sci, Tempe, AZ 85287 USA. EM phil.christensen@asu.edu NR 27 TC 65 Z9 65 U1 2 U2 6 PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP PI LONDON PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND SN 0028-0836 J9 NATURE JI Nature PD AUG 17 PY 2006 VL 442 IS 7104 BP 793 EP 796 DI 10.1038/nature04945 PG 4 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 074DK UT WOS:000239792700041 PM 16915284 ER PT J AU Congleton, JL AF Congleton, James L. TI Stability of some commonly measured blood-chemistry variables in juvenile salmonids exposed to a lethal dose of the anaesthetic MS-222 SO AQUACULTURE RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE plasma; electrolytes; enzymes; cholesterol; total protein; chinook salmon ID RAINBOW-TROUT; PLASMA-CORTISOL; TRICAINE METHANESULFONATE; ONCORHYNCHUS-TSHAWYTSCHA; SALVELINUS-FONTINALIS; HANDLING STRESS; COHO SALMON; GAIRDNERI; SMOLTIFICATION; BENZOCAINE C1 Univ Idaho, Dept Fish & Wildlife Resources, US Geol Survey, Idaho Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Moscow, ID 83844 USA. RP Congleton, JL (reprint author), Univ Idaho, Dept Fish & Wildlife Resources, US Geol Survey, Idaho Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Moscow, ID 83844 USA. EM jconglet@uidaho.edu NR 22 TC 17 Z9 18 U1 2 U2 2 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING PI OXFORD PA 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DQ, OXON, ENGLAND SN 1355-557X J9 AQUAC RES JI Aquac. Res. PD AUG 15 PY 2006 VL 37 IS 11 BP 1146 EP 1149 DI 10.1111/j.1365-2109.01528.x PG 4 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 070IL UT WOS:000239515100012 ER PT J AU Kirby, E Burbank, DW Reheis, M Phillips, F AF Kirby, Eric Burbank, Douglas W. Reheis, Marith Phillips, Fred TI Temporal variations in slip rate of the White Mountain Fault Zone, Eastern California SO EARTH AND PLANETARY SCIENCE LETTERS LA English DT Article DE fault slip rates; Eastern California Shear Zone; active tectonics; cosmogenic radionuclides ID SHEAR ZONE; COSMOGENIC CL-36; SOIL DEVELOPMENT; RANGE PROVINCE; UNITED-STATES; SPRINGS FAULT; VALLEY FAULT; OWENS VALLEY; BISHOP TUFF; BASIN AB The evolution of fault slip through time may yield insight into the geodynamics of deforming lithosphere. Precise determination of temporal variations in fault slip is often hindered, however, by a dearth of markers of varying age from which to reconstruct fault slip. Here we determine slip rates across the White Mountain Fault Zone over the past ca. 0.8 Ma from displaced alluvial deposits preserved along the flank of the White Mountains. Displacement histories inferred from deposits containing the similar to 760 ka Bishop Tuff contrast strongly with those inferred from Late Pleistocene alluvial fans dated by cosmogenic Cl-36, indicating that the fault has experienced significant temporal variations in slip rate. Oblique-slip rates over the past similar to 760 ky are determined to have been > 0.9 m/ky parallel to a net slip vector plunging shallowly (< 20 degrees) toward 340 degrees-350 degrees. Displacement of markers in Late Pleistocene alluvial deposits, in contrast, yield slip rates between 0.3 and 0.4 m/ky parallel to a vector plunging somewhat more steeply (20 degrees-40 degrees) toward 320 degrees-340 degrees. These variations in slip rate appear to have operated over timescales > ca. 70 ky, yet occurred on a well-established fault system. Moreover, the timing and magnitude of slip rate variation mimics behavior documented for the northern Fish Lake Valley fault zone. Together, our data provide evidence for coordinated slip rate variations across the Eastern California Shear Zone during the Pleistocene. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Penn State Univ, Dept Geosci, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Dept Earth Sci, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA. Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Inst Crustal Studies, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA. US Geol Survey, Earth Surface Proc Team, Denver, CO 80225 USA. RP Kirby, E (reprint author), Penn State Univ, Dept Geosci, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. EM ekirby@geosc.psu.edu NR 54 TC 28 Z9 28 U1 1 U2 8 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0012-821X J9 EARTH PLANET SC LETT JI Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. PD AUG 15 PY 2006 VL 248 IS 1-2 BP 168 EP 185 DI 10.1016/j.epsl.2006.05.026 PG 18 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 089AE UT WOS:000240851400014 ER PT J AU Swartz, CH Reddy, S Benotti, MJ Yin, HF Barber, LB Brownawell, BJ Rudel, RA AF Swartz, Christopher H. Reddy, Sharanya Benotti, Mark J. Yin, Haifei Barber, Larry B. Brownawell, Bruce J. Rudel, Ruthann A. TI Steroid estrogens, nonylphenol ethoxylate metabolites, and other wastewater contaminants in groundwater affected by a residential septic system on Cape Cod, MA SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID FLUORESCENT WHITENING AGENTS; PERFORMANCE LIQUID-CHROMATOGRAPHY; SOLID-PHASE EXTRACTION; SEWAGE-TREATMENT; DRINKING-WATER; SURFACE-WATER; AQUATIC ENVIRONMENT; PHENOLIC-COMPOUNDS; STW EFFLUENT; RIVER WATER AB Septic systems serve approximately 25% of U. S. households and may be an important source of estrogenic and other organic wastewater contaminants (OWC) to groundwater. We monitored several estrogenic OWC, including nonylphenol (NP), nonylphenol mono- and diethoxycarboxylates (NP1EC and NP2EC), the steroid hormones 17,estradiol (E2), estrone (E1) and their glucuronide and sulfate conjugates, and other OWC such as methylene blue active substances (MBAS), caffeine and its degradation product paraxanthine, and two fluorescent whitening agents in a residential septic system and in downgradient groundwater. E1 and E2 were present predominantly as free estrogens in groundwater, and near-source groundwater concentrations of all OWC were highest in the suboxic to anoxic portion of the wastewater plume, where concentrations of most OWC were similar to those observed in the septic tank on the same day. NP and NP2EC were up to 6- to 30-fold higher, and caffeine and paraxanthine were each 60-fold lower than septic tank concentrations, suggesting net production and removal, respectively, of these constituents. At the most shallow, oxic depth, concentrations of all OWC except for NP2EC were substantially lower than in the tank and in deeper wells. Yet boron, specific conductance, and the sum of nitrate- and ammonia-nitrogen were highest at this shallow depth, suggesting preferential losses of OWC along the more oxic flow lines. As far as 6.0 m downgradient, concentrations of many OWC were within a factor of 2 of near-source concentrations. The results suggest that there is the potential for migration of these OWC, which are unregulated and not routinely monitored, in groundwater. C1 Silent Spring Inst, Newton, MA 02458 USA. US Ctr, Stockholm Environm Inst, Medford, MA 02153 USA. Stony Brook Univ, Marine Sci Based Ctr, Stony Brook, NY 11794 USA. US Geol Survey, Boulder, CO USA. RP Swartz, CH (reprint author), Silent Spring Inst, 29 Crafts St, Newton, MA 02458 USA. EM chris.swartz@sei-us.org NR 45 TC 109 Z9 116 U1 7 U2 57 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0013-936X J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD AUG 15 PY 2006 VL 40 IS 16 BP 4894 EP 4902 DI 10.1021/es052595+ PG 9 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 072PI UT WOS:000239684900018 PM 16955883 ER PT J AU Kannan, K Perrotta, E Thomas, NJ AF Kannan, Kurunthachalam Perrotta, Emily Thomas, Nancy J. TI Association between perfluorinated compounds and pathological conditions in southern sea otters SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID PERFLUOROOCTANE SULFONIC-ACID; PERFLUOROALKYL CONTAMINANTS; ORGANOCHLORINE PESTICIDES; FLUORINATED HYDROCARBONS; MARINE MAMMALS; UNITED-STATES; POLAR BEARS; CALIFORNIA; ACCUMULATION; TOXICOLOGY AB Concentrations of four perfluorinated contaminants, including perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), were measured in liver tissue from 80 adult female sea otters collected from the California coast during 1992-2002. Concentrations of PFOS and PFOA were in the ranges of < 1-884 and < 5-147 ng/g, wet wt, respectively. Concentrations of PFOA in the livers of these sea otters were among the highest values reported for marine mammals to date. Liver tissue from 6 male sea otters also was analyzed and contained significantly higher concentrations of PFOS than did tissues from female otters. To examine the association between exposures and potential effects, concentrations of PFOS and PFOA were compared among the adult female otters that died from infectious diseases, noninfectious causes, and from apparent emaciation. Concentrations of both PFOA and PFOS were significantly higher in sea otters in the infectious disease category than in the noninfectious category. Concentrations of PFOS and PFOA were not significantly different between noninfectious and emaciated otters, suggesting that the poor nutritive (body) status of emaciated otters did not affect the concentrations of perfluorochemicals in livers. Concentrations of PFOA increased significantly from 1992 to 2002, whereas PFOS concentrations increased from 1992 to 1998 and then decreased after 2000. Significant association between infectious diseases and elevated concentrations of PFOS/PFOA in the livers of sea otters is a cause for concern and suggests the need for further studies. C1 New York State Dept Hlth, Wadsworth Ctr, Albany, NY 12201 USA. SUNY Albany, Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Environm Hlth Sci, Albany, NY 12201 USA. US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Natl Wildlife Hlth Ctr, Madison, WI 53711 USA. RP Kannan, K (reprint author), New York State Dept Hlth, Wadsworth Ctr, Empire State Plaza,POB 509, Albany, NY 12201 USA. EM kkannan@wadsworth.org NR 37 TC 73 Z9 78 U1 3 U2 21 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0013-936X J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD AUG 15 PY 2006 VL 40 IS 16 BP 4943 EP 4948 DI 10.1021/es060932o PG 6 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 072PI UT WOS:000239684900025 PM 16955890 ER PT J AU Liu, L Phanikumar, MS Molloy, SL Whitman, RL Shively, DA Nevers, MB Schwab, DJ Rose, JB AF Liu, Lobo Phanikumar, Mantha S. Molloy, Stephanie L. Whitman, Richard L. Shively, Dawn A. Nevers, Meredith B. Schwab, David J. Rose, Joan B. TI Modeling the transport and inactivation of E-coli and enterococci in the near-shore region of Lake Michigan SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID BACTERIA; WATER; TEMPERATURE; SURVIVAL; FAECIUM; BEACH; SOLAR AB To investigate the transport and fate of fecal pollution at Great Lakes beaches and the health risks associated with swimming, the near-shore waters of Lake Michigan and two tributaries discharging into it were examined for bacterial indicators of human fecal pollution. The enterococcus human fecal pollution marker, which targets a putative virulence factors-the enterococcal surface protein (esp) in Enterococcus faecium, was detected in 2/28 samples (7%) in the tributaries draining into Lake Michigan and in 6/30 samples (20%) in Lake Michigan beaches. This was indicative of human fecal pollution being transported in the tributaries and occurrence at Lake Michigan beaches. To understand the relative importance of different processes influencing pollution transport and inactivation, a finite-element model of surf-zone hydrodynamics (coupled with models for temperature, E. coli and enterococci) was used. Enterococci appear to survive longer than E. coli, which was described using an overall first-order inactivation coefficient in the range 0.5-2.0 per day. Our analysis suggests that the majority of fecal indicator bacteria variation can be explained based on loadings from the tributaries. Sunlight is a major contributor to inactivation in the surf-zone and the formulation based on sunlight, temperature and sedimentation is preferred over the first-order inactivation formulation. C1 Michigan State Univ, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA. Michigan State Univ, Dept Fisheries & Wildlife, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA. NOAA, Great Lakes Environm Res Lab, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA. US Geol Survey, Lake Michigan Ecol Res Stn, Porter, IN USA. RP Phanikumar, MS (reprint author), Michigan State Univ, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, A130 Engn Res Complex, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA. EM phani@egr.msu.edu RI Phanikumar, Mantha/A-2523-2008; Schwab, David/B-7498-2012; OI Nevers, Meredith/0000-0001-6963-6734; Shively, Dawn/0000-0002-6119-924X NR 23 TC 64 Z9 65 U1 0 U2 26 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0013-936X J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD AUG 15 PY 2006 VL 40 IS 16 BP 5022 EP 5028 DI 10.1021/es060438k PG 7 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 072PI UT WOS:000239684900037 PM 16955902 ER PT J AU Schwilk, DW Knapp, EE Ferrenberg, SM Keeley, JE Caprio, AC AF Schwilk, Dylan W. Knapp, Eric E. Ferrenberg, Scott M. Keeley, Jon E. Caprio, Anthony C. TI Tree mortality from fire and bark beetles following early and late season prescribed fires in a Sierra Nevada mixed-conifer forest SO FOREST ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE Abies; Pinus; Dendroctonus; Scolytus; bark beetle; prescribed fire ID MOUNTAIN PINE-BEETLE; LAKE TAHOE BASIN; PONDEROSA PINE; NORTHERN ARIZONA; KLAMATH MOUNTAINS; LONGLEAF PINE; NATIONAL-PARK; CALIFORNIA; SCOLYTIDAE; RESISTANCE AB Over the last century, fire exclusion in the forests of the Sierra Nevada has allowed surface fuels to accumulate and has led to increased tree density. Stand composition has also been altered as shade tolerant tree species crowd out shade intolerant species. To restore forest structure and reduce the risk of large, intense fires, managers have increasingly used prescription burning. Most fires prior to EuroAmerican settlement occurred during the late summer and early fall and most prescribed burning has taken place during the latter part of this period. Poor air quality and lack of suitable burn windows during the fall, however, have resulted in a need to conduct more prescription burning earlier in the season. Previous reports have suggested that burning during the time when trees are actively growing may increase mortality rates due to fine root damage and/or bark beetle activity. This study examines the effects of fire on tree mortality and bark beetle attacks under prescription burning during early and late season. Replicated early season burn, late season burn and unburned control plots were established in an old-growth mixed conifer forest in the Sierra Nevada that had not experienced a fire in over 120 years. Although prescribed burns resulted in significant mortality of particularly the smallest tree size classes, no difference between early and late season burns was detected. Direct mortality due to fire was associated with fire intensity. Secondary mortality due to bark beetles was not significantly correlated with fire intensity. The probability of bark beetle attack on pines did not differ between early and late season burns, while the probability of bark beetle attack on firs was greater following early season burns. Overall tree mortality appeared to be primarily the result of fire intensity rather than tree phenology at the time of the burns. Early season burns are generally conducted under higher fuel moisture conditions, leading to less fuel consumption and potentially less injury to trees. This reduction in fire severity may compensate for relatively modest increases in bark beetle attack probabilities on some tree species, ultimately resulting in a forest structure that differs little between early and late season prescribed burning treatments. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 US Geol Survey, Western Ecol Res Ctr, Sequoia & Kings Canyon Field Stn, Three Rivers, CA 93271 USA. US Forest Serv, Pacific SW Res Stn, Redding, CA 96002 USA. Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Ecol & Evolutionary Biol, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA. RP Schwilk, DW (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Western Ecol Res Ctr, Sequoia & Kings Canyon Field Stn, Three Rivers, CA 93271 USA. EM dschwilk@usgs.gov OI Ferrenberg, Scott/0000-0002-3542-0334 NR 63 TC 52 Z9 53 U1 5 U2 31 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0378-1127 J9 FOREST ECOL MANAG JI For. Ecol. Manage. PD AUG 15 PY 2006 VL 232 IS 1-3 BP 36 EP 45 DI 10.1016/j.foreco.2006.05.036 PG 10 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 075DV UT WOS:000239864300005 ER PT J AU Loehle, C Van Deusen, P Wigley, TB Mitchell, MS Rutzmoser, SH Aggett, J Beebe, JA Smith, ML AF Loehle, Craig Van Deusen, Paul Wigley, T. Bently Mitchell, Michael S. Rutzmoser, Scott H. Aggett, Jonathan Beebe, John A. Smith, Michelle L. TI A method for landscape analysis of forestry guidelines using bird habitat models and the Habplan harvest scheduler SO FOREST ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE avian richness; biodiversity; extended rotations; habitat model; Habplan; harvest scheduler; forest management; Riparian zone; Sustainable Forestry Initiative (R) ID WILDLIFE HABITAT; MANAGED FOREST; TIMBER; BIODIVERSITY; OBJECTIVES; LEVEL; RESTRICTIONS; SUITABILITY; ADJACENCY; RICHNESS AB Wildlife-habitat relationship models have sometimes been linked with forest simulators to aid in evaluating outcomes of forest management alternatives. However, linking wildlife-habitat models with harvest scheduling software would provide a more direct method for assessing economic and ecological implications of alternative harvest schedules in commercial forest operations. We demonstrate an approach for frontier analyses of wildlife benefits using the Habplan harvest scheduler and spatially explicit wildlife response models in the context of operational forest planning. We used the Habplan harvest scheduler to plan commercial forest management over a 40-year horizon at a landscape scale under five scenarios: unmanaged, an unlimited block-size option both with and without riparian buffers, three cases with different block-size restrictions, and a set-asides scenario in which older stands were withheld from cutting. The potential benefit to wildlife was projected based on spatial models of bird guild richness and species probability of detection. Harvested wood volume provided a measure of scenario costs, which provides an indication of management feasibility. Of nine species and guilds, none appeared to benefit from 50 m riparian buffers, response to an unmanaged scenario was mixed and expensive, and block-size restrictions (maximum harvest unit size) provided no apparent benefit and in some cases were possibly detrimental to bird richness. A set-aside regime, however, appeared to provide significant benefits to all species and groups, probably through increased landscape heterogeneity and increased availability of older forest. Our approach shows promise for evaluating costs and benefits of forest management guidelines in commercial forest enterprises and improves upon the state of the art by utilizing an optimizing harvest scheduler as in commercial forest management, multiple measures of biodiversity (models for multiple species and guilds), and spatially explicit wildlife response models. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Natl Council Air & Stream Improvement Inc, Naperville, IL 60540 USA. Natl Council Air & Stream Improvement Inc, Lowell, MA 01854 USA. Natl Council Air & Stream Improvement Inc, Clemson, SC 29634 USA. Univ Montana, US Geol Survey, Montana Cooperat Wildlife Res Unit, Missoula, MT 59812 USA. Geog Technol Grp, Bethlehem, PA 18020 USA. 18020, Kalamazoo, MI 49008 USA. RP Loehle, C (reprint author), Natl Council Air & Stream Improvement Inc, 552 S Washington St,Suite 224, Naperville, IL 60540 USA. EM cloehle@ncasi.org RI Mitchell, Michael/H-1117-2011 NR 50 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 1 U2 5 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0378-1127 J9 FOREST ECOL MANAG JI For. Ecol. Manage. PD AUG 15 PY 2006 VL 232 IS 1-3 BP 56 EP 67 DI 10.1016/j.foreco.2006.05.040 PG 12 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 075DV UT WOS:000239864300007 ER PT J AU Stein, RS Toda, S Parsons, T Grunewald, E AF Stein, Ross S. Toda, Shinji Parsons, Tom Grunewald, Elliot TI A new probabilistic seismic hazard assessment for greater Tokyo SO PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY A-MATHEMATICAL PHYSICAL AND ENGINEERING SCIENCES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Discussion Meeting on Extreme Natural Hazards CY OCT 26-27, 2005 CL Royal Soc, London, ENGLAND HO Royal Soc DE Ansei-Edo; Kanto; Genroku; Yokohama; Kawasaki; Boso ID PHILIPPINE SEA PLATE; EARTHQUAKES; JAPAN; MAGNITUDE; BENEATH; INTENSITY; LOCATION; MOTION; FAULT AB Tokyo and its outlying cities are home to one-quarter of Japan's 127 million people. Highly destructive earthquakes struck the capital in 1703, 1855 and 1923, the last of which took 105 000 lives. Fuelled by greater Tokyo's rich seismological record, but challenged by its magnificent complexity, our joint Japanese-US group carried out a new study of the capital's earthquake hazards. We used the prehistoric record of great earthquakes preserved by uplifted marine terraces and tsunami deposits (17 M similar to 8 shocks in the past 7000 years), a newly digitized dataset of historical shaking (10 000 observations in the past 400 years), the dense modern seismic network (300 000 earthquakes in the past 30 years), and Japan's GeoNet array (150 GPS vectors in the past 10 years) to reinterpret the tectonic structure, identify active faults and their slip rates and estimate their earthquake frequency. We propose that a dislodged fragment of the Pacific plate is jammed between the Pacific, Philippine Sea and Eurasian plates beneath the Kanto plain on which Tokyo sits. We suggest that the Kanto fragment controls much of Tokyo's seismic behaviour for large earthquakes, including the damaging 1855 M similar to 7.3 Ansei-Edo shock. On the basis of the frequency of earthquakes beneath greater Tokyo, events with magnitude and location similar to the M similar to 7.3 Ansei-Edo event have a ca 20% likelihood in an average 30 year period. In contrast, our renewal (time-dependent) probability for the great M >= 7.9 plate boundary shocks such as struck in 1923 and 1703 is 0.5% for the next 30 years, with a time-averaged 30 year probability of ca 10%. The resulting net likelihood for severe shaking (ca 0.9g peak ground acceleration (PGA)) in Tokyo, Kawasaki and Yokohama for the next 30 years is ca 30%. The long historical record in Kanto also affords a rare opportunity to calculate the probability of shaking in ail alternative manner exclusively from intensity observations. This approach permits robust estimates for the spatial distribution of expected shaking, even for sites with few observations. The resulting probability of severe shaking is ca 35% in Tokyo, Kawasaki and Yokohama and ca 10% in Chiba for an average 30 year period, in good agreement with our independent estimate, and thus bolstering our view that Tokyo's hazard looms large. Given $1 trillion estimates for the cost of an M similar to 7.3 shock beneath Tokyo, our probability implies a $13 billion annual probable loss. C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. AIST, Act Fault Res Ctr, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 3058567, Japan. Stanford Univ, Dept Geophys, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. RP Stein, RS (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 345 Middlefield Rd, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. EM rstein@usgs.gov RI Parsons, Tom/A-3424-2008; OI Parsons, Tom/0000-0002-0582-4338 NR 40 TC 18 Z9 19 U1 1 U2 5 PU ROYAL SOC PI LONDON PA 6-9 CARLTON HOUSE TERRACE, LONDON SW1Y 5AG, ENGLAND SN 1364-503X J9 PHILOS T R SOC A JI Philos. Trans. R. Soc. A-Math. Phys. Eng. Sci. PD AUG 15 PY 2006 VL 364 IS 1845 BP 1965 EP 1986 DI 10.1098/rsta.2006.1808 PG 22 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 075YM UT WOS:000239923700007 PM 16844644 ER PT J AU Lowenstern, JB Smith, RB Hill, DP AF Lowenstern, Jacob B. Smith, Robert B. Hill, David P. TI Monitoring super-volcanoes: geophysical and geochemical signals at Yellowstone and other large caldera systems SO PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY A-MATHEMATICAL PHYSICAL AND ENGINEERING SCIENCES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Discussion Meeting on Extreme Natural Hazards CY OCT 26-27, 2005 CL Royal Soc, London, ENGLAND HO Royal Soc DE Yellowstone; super-volcano; super-eruption; caldera; volcano monitoring; eruption ID NATIONAL-PARK; MAMMOTH MOUNTAIN; EARTHQUAKE; BENEATH; SUBSIDENCE; MIGRATION; HOTSPOT; GEYSER; UNREST; UPLIFT AB Earth's largest calderas form as the ground collapses during immense volcanic eruptions, when hundreds to thousands of cubic kilometres of magma are explosively withdrawn from the Earth's crust over a period of days to weeks. Continuing long after such great eruptions, the resulting calderas often exhibit pronounced unrest, with frequent earthquakes, alternating uplift and subsidence of the ground, and considerable heat and mass flux. Because many active and extinct calderas show evidence for repetition of large eruptions, such systems demand detailed scientific study and monitoring. Two calderas in North America, Yellowstone (Wyoming) and Long Valley (California), are in areas of youthful tectonic complexity. Scientists strive to understand the signals generated when tectonic, volcanic and hydrothermal (hot ground water) processes intersect. One obstacle to accurate forecasting of large volcanic events is humanity's lack of familiarity with the signals leading up to the largest class of volcanic eruptions. Accordingly, it may be difficult to recognize the difference between smaller and larger eruptions. To prepare ourselves and society., scientists must scrutinize a spectrum of volcanic signals and assess the many factors contributing to unrest and toward diverse modes of eruption. C1 US Geol Survey, Volcano Hazards Team, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. Univ Utah, Dept Geol & Geophys, Salt Lake City, UT 84112 USA. RP Lowenstern, JB (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Volcano Hazards Team, MS 910,345 Middlefield Rd, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. EM jlwnstrn@usgs.gov OI Lowenstern, Jacob/0000-0003-0464-7779 NR 47 TC 49 Z9 49 U1 5 U2 48 PU ROYAL SOCIETY PI LONDON PA 6-9 CARLTON HOUSE TERRACE, LONDON SW1Y 5AG, ENGLAND SN 1364-503X J9 PHILOS T R SOC A JI Philos. Trans. R. Soc. A-Math. Phys. Eng. Sci. PD AUG 15 PY 2006 VL 364 IS 1845 BP 2055 EP 2072 DI 10.1098/rsta.2006.1813 PG 18 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 075YM UT WOS:000239923700013 PM 16844648 ER PT J AU Vierling, LA Fersdahl, M Chen, XX Li, ZP Zimmerman, P AF Vierling, Lee A. Fersdahl, Mark Chen, Xuexia Li, Zhengpeng Zimmerman, Patrick TI The Short Wave Aerostat-Mounted Imager (SWAMI): A novel platform for acquiring remotely sensed data from a tethered balloon SO REMOTE SENSING OF ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article DE Short Wave Aerostat-Mounted Imager; SWAMI; tethered balloon; GPS; trace gas flux scaling; hyperspectral remote sensing; unmanned aerial vehicle; UAV ID ATMOSPHERIC BOUNDARY-LAYER; AERIAL-PHOTOGRAPHY; CANOPY REFLECTANCE; QUALITY ASSESSMENT; PLANT-GROWTH; FLUXES; EMISSIONS; AMAZON; FOREST; COVER AB We describe a new remote sensing system called the Short Wave Aerostat-Mounted Imager (SWAMI). The SWAMI is designed to acquire co-located video imagery and hyperspectral data to study basic remote sensing questions and to link landscape level trace gas fluxes with spatially and temporally appropriate spectral observations. The SWAMI can fly at altitudes up to 2km above ground level to bridge the spatial gap between radiometric measurements collected near the surface and those acquired by other aircraft or satellites. The SWAMI platform consists of a dual channel hyperspectral spectroradiometer, video camera, GPS, thermal infrared sensor, and several meteorological and control sensors. All SWAMI functions (e.g. data acquisition and sensor pointing) can be controlled from the ground via wireless transmission. Sample data from the sampling platform are presented, along with several potential scientific applications of SWAMI data. (c) 2006 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Idaho, Coll Nat Resources, Moscow, ID 83843 USA. S Dakota Sch Mines & Technol, Inst Atmospher Sci, Rapid City, SD USA. US Geol Survey, SAIC, EROS, Sioux Falls, SD USA. RP Vierling, LA (reprint author), Univ Idaho, Coll Nat Resources, Moscow, ID 83843 USA. EM leev@uidaho.edu RI Vierling, Lee/E-6428-2010 OI Vierling, Lee/0000-0001-5344-1983 NR 27 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 2 U2 21 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 360 PARK AVE SOUTH, NEW YORK, NY 10010-1710 USA SN 0034-4257 J9 REMOTE SENS ENVIRON JI Remote Sens. Environ. PD AUG 15 PY 2006 VL 103 IS 3 BP 255 EP 264 DI 10.1016/j.rse.2005.01.021 PG 10 WC Environmental Sciences; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA 075JS UT WOS:000239881600004 ER PT J AU Chen, XX Vierling, L AF Chen, Xuexia Vierling, Lee TI Spectral mixture analyses of hyperspectral data acquired using a tethered balloon SO REMOTE SENSING OF ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article DE spectral mixture analysis (SMA); linear mixture model; nonlinear mixture model; endmembers; Short Wave Aerostat-Mounted Imager (SWAMI); hyperspectral; multispectral; ponderosa pine; tethered balloon ID ATMOSPHERIC BOUNDARY-LAYER; LAND-COVER; AERIAL-PHOTOGRAPHY; MULTISPECTRAL IMAGES; FLUX MEASUREMENTS; MIXING MODELS; PLANT-GROWTH; AVIRIS DATA; MODIS DATA; VEGETATION AB Tethered balloon remote sensing platforms can be used to study radiometric issues in terrestrial ecosystems by effectively bridging the spatial gap between measurements made on the ground and those acquired via airplane or satellite. In this study, the Short Wave Aerostat-Mounted Imager (SWAMI) tethered balloon-mounted platform was utilized to evaluate linear and nonlinear spectral mixture analysis (SMA) for a grassland-conifer forest ecotone during the summer of 2003. Hyperspectral measurement of a 74-m diameter ground instantaneous field of view (GIFOV) attained by the SWAMI was studied. Hyperspectral spectra of four common endmembers, bare soil, grass, tree, and shadow, were collected in situ, and images captured via video camera were interpreted into accurate areal ground cover fractions for evaluating the mixture models. The comparison between the SWAMI spectrum and the spectrum derived by combining in situ spectral data with video-derived areal fractions indicated that nonlinear effects occurred in the near infrared (NIR) region, while nonlinear influences were minimal in the visible region. The evaluation of hyperspectral and multispectral mixture models indicated that nonlinear mixture model-derived areal fractions were sensitive to the model input data, while the linear mixture model performed more stably. Areal fractions of bare soil were overestimated in all models due to the increased radiance of bare soil resulting from side scattering of NIR radiation by adjacent grass and trees. Unmixing errors occurred mainly due to multiple scattering as well as close endmember spectral correlation. In addition, though an apparent endmember assemblage could be derived using linear approaches to yield low residual error, the tree and shade endmember fractions calculated using this technique were erroneous and therefore separate treatment of endmembers subject to high amounts of multiple scattering (i.e. shadows and trees) must be done with caution. Including the short wave infrared (SWIR) region in the hyperspectral and multispectral endmember data significantly reduced the Pearson correlation coefficient values among endmember spectra. Therefore, combination of visible, NIR, and SWIR information is likely to further improve the utility of SMA in understanding ecosystem structure and function and may help narrow uncertainties when utilizing remotely sensed data to extrapolate trace glas flux measurements from the canopy scale to the landscape scale. (c) 2006 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. C1 S Dakota Sch Mines & Technol, Inst Atmospher Sci, Rapid City, SD 57701 USA. RP Chen, XX (reprint author), SAIC, USGS Natl Ctr Earth Resources Observat & Sci, 47914 252nd St, Sioux Falls, SD 57198 USA. EM xuchen@usgs.gov; leev@uidaho.edu RI Vierling, Lee/E-6428-2010 OI Vierling, Lee/0000-0001-5344-1983 NR 57 TC 52 Z9 53 U1 4 U2 22 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 360 PARK AVE SOUTH, NEW YORK, NY 10010-1710 USA SN 0034-4257 J9 REMOTE SENS ENVIRON JI Remote Sens. Environ. PD AUG 15 PY 2006 VL 103 IS 3 BP 338 EP 350 DI 10.1016/j.rse.2005.05.023 PG 13 WC Environmental Sciences; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA 075JS UT WOS:000239881600011 ER PT J AU Hall, BD Olson, ML Rutter, AP Frontiera, RR Krabbenhoft, DP Gross, DS Yuen, M Rudolph, TM Schauer, JJ AF Hall, B. D. Olson, M. L. Rutter, A. P. Frontiera, R. R. Krabbenhoft, D. P. Gross, D. S. Yuen, M. Rudolph, T. M. Schauer, J. J. TI Atmospheric mercury speciation in Yellowstone National Park SO SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article DE aerosol particles; aerosol time-of-flight mass spectrometer (ATOFMS); wild fires; reactive gaseous mercury; particulate mercury; geothermal features ID REACTIVE GASEOUS MERCURY; FLIGHT MASS-SPECTROMETRY; ELEMENTAL MERCURY; AEROSOL-PARTICLES; MAMMOTH CORRIDOR; NATURAL SOURCES; EMISSIONS; CONTAMINATION; CALIFORNIA; INVENTORY AB Atmospheric concentrations of elemental mercury (Hg-0), reactive gaseous Hg (RGM), and particulate Hg (pHg) concentrations were measured in Yellowstone National Park (YNP), U.S.A. using high resolution, real time atmospheric mercury analyzers (Tekran 2537A, 1130, and 1135). A survey of Hgo concentrations at various locations within YNP showed that concentrations generally reflect global background concentrations of 1.5-2.0 ng m(-3), but a few specific locations associated with concentrated geothermal activity showed distinctly elevated Hg-0 concentrations (about 9.0 ng m(-3)). At the site of intensive study located centrally in YNP (Canyon Village), Hgo concentrations did not exceed 2.5 ng m(-3); concentrations of RGM were generally below detection limits of 0.88 pg m(-3) and never exceeded 5 pg m(-3) Concentrations of pHg ranged from below detection limits to close to 30 pg m(-3). RGM and pHg concentrations were not correlated with any criteria gases (SO2, NOx, O-3); however pHg was weakly correlated with the concentration of atmospheric particles. We investigated three likely sources of Hg at the intensive monitoring site: numerous geothermal features scattered throughout YNP, re-suspended soils, and wildfires near or in YNP. We examined relationships between the chemical properties of aerosols (as measured using real time, single particle mass spectrometry; aerosol time-of-flight mass spectrometer; ATOFMS) and concentrations of atmospheric pHg. Based on the presence of particles with distinct chemical signatures of the wildfires, and the absence of signatures associated with the other sources, we concluded that wildfires in the park were the main source of aerosols and associated pHg to our sampling site. (c) 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Wisconsin, Environm Chem & Technol Program, Madison, WI 53706 USA. US Geol Survey, Middleton, WI 53562 USA. Carleton Coll, Dept Chem, Northfield, MN 55057 USA. Univ Wisconsin, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Madison, WI 53706 USA. RP Schauer, JJ (reprint author), Univ Wisconsin, Environm Chem & Technol Program, 660 N Pk St, Madison, WI 53706 USA. EM jschauer@engr.wisc.edu RI Frontiera, Renee/D-8131-2011; OI Frontiera, Renee/0000-0001-8218-7574 NR 39 TC 23 Z9 25 U1 1 U2 17 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0048-9697 J9 SCI TOTAL ENVIRON JI Sci. Total Environ. PD AUG 15 PY 2006 VL 367 IS 1 BP 354 EP 366 DI 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2005.12.007 PG 13 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 079MD UT WOS:000240179700032 PM 16434084 ER PT J AU Klett, TR Wandrey, CJ Ulmishek, GE Amirzada, A AF Klett, Timothy R. Wandrey, Craig J. Ulmishek, Gregory E. Amirzada, Abdulla TI Afghan resource assessment fed positive outlook for exploration SO OIL & GAS JOURNAL LA English DT Article C1 US Geol Survey, Denver, CO 80225 USA. Afghanistan Minist Mines & Ind, Kabul, Afghanistan. RP Klett, TR (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Box 25046, Denver, CO 80225 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU PENNWELL PUBL CO ENERGY GROUP PI TULSA PA 1421 S SHERIDAN RD PO BOX 1260, TULSA, OK 74112 USA SN 0030-1388 J9 OIL GAS J JI Oil Gas J. PD AUG 14 PY 2006 VL 104 IS 30 BP 33 EP + PG 5 WC Energy & Fuels; Engineering, Petroleum SC Energy & Fuels; Engineering GA 076CV UT WOS:000239935500009 ER PT J AU Pollitz, FF Johnston, MJS AF Pollitz, Fred F. Johnston, Malcolm J. S. TI Direct test of static stress versus dynamic stress triggering of aftershocks SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article ID HECTOR-MINE-EARTHQUAKE; SAN-ANDREAS FAULT AB Aftershocks observed over time scales of minutes to months following a main shock are plausibly triggered by the static stress change imparted by the main shock, dynamic shaking effects associated with passage of seismic waves from the main shock, or a combination of the two. We design a direct test of static versus dynamic triggering of aftershocks by comparing the near-field temporal aftershock patterns generated by aseismic and impulsive events occurring in the same source area. The San Juan Bautista, California, area is ideally suited for this purpose because several events of both types of M similar to 5 have occurred since 1974. We find that aftershock rates observed after impulsive events are much higher than those observed after aseismic events, and this pattern persists for several weeks after the event. This suggests that, at least in the near field, dynamic triggering is the dominant cause of aftershocks, and that it generates both immediate and delayed aftershock activity. C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. RP Pollitz, FF (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 345 Middlefield Rd,MS 977, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. EM fpollitz@usgs.gov NR 21 TC 19 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 5 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0094-8276 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD AUG 11 PY 2006 VL 33 IS 15 AR L15318 DI 10.1029/2006GL026764 PG 5 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 074BD UT WOS:000239786300005 ER PT J AU Foulger, GR AF Foulger, Gillian R. TI Toward "supervolcano" technology SO SCIENCE LA English DT Editorial Material ID GEYSERS GEOTHERMAL AREA; CALIFORNIA C1 Univ Durham, Dept Earth Sci, Durham DH1 3LE, England. RP Foulger, GR (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Volcano Hazards Team, 345 Middlefield Rd, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. EM g.r.foulger@durham.ac.uk NR 5 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 1 U2 8 PU AMER ASSOC ADVANCEMENT SCIENCE PI WASHINGTON PA 1200 NEW YORK AVE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 USA SN 0036-8075 J9 SCIENCE JI Science PD AUG 11 PY 2006 VL 313 IS 5788 BP 768 EP 769 DI 10.1126/science.1131790 PG 2 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 072KC UT WOS:000239671300032 PM 16902114 ER PT J AU Keefer, DK Wasowski, J Del Gaudio, V AF Keefer, David K. Wasowski, Janusz Del Gaudio, Vincenzo TI Special issue from the European Geosciences Union Symposium on landslides induced by earthquake and volcanic activity SO ENGINEERING GEOLOGY LA English DT Editorial Material C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. CNR, Italian Natl Res Council, I-70126 Bari, Italy. Univ Bari, Dipartimento Geol & Geofis, I-70125 Bari, Italy. RP Keefer, DK (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 345 Middlefield Rd,MS 977, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. EM dkeefer@usgs.gov OI Del Gaudio, Vincenzo/0000-0002-2966-6960 NR 0 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 3 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0013-7952 J9 ENG GEOL JI Eng. Geol. PD AUG 10 PY 2006 VL 86 IS 2-3 BP 85 EP 86 DI 10.1016/j.enggeo.2006.02.009 PG 2 WC Engineering, Geological; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Engineering; Geology GA 077FO UT WOS:000240013800001 ER PT J AU Keefer, DK Wartman, J Ochoa, CN Rodriguez-Marek, A Wieczorek, GF AF Keefer, David K. Wartman, Joseph Navarro Ochoa, Carlos Rodriguez-Marek, Adrian Wieczorek, Gerald F. TI Landslides caused by the M 7.6 Tecoman, Mexico earthquake of January 21, 2003 SO ENGINEERING GEOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 1st General Meeting of the European-Geosciences-Union CY APR 25, 2004 CL Nice, FRANCE SP European Geosci Union DE earthquake; landslides; Mexico; slope stability; seismic AB The Tecoman, Mexico earthquake (also called the "Colima earthquake") of January 21, 2003 (M 7.6) triggered several hundreds of landslides in the coastal cordilleras of Colima State, near the earthquake source, and several thousands in the volcanic highlands north and northwest of Colima City. These landslides, mostly shallow and disrupted failures, caused minor damage to roads, to a railroad, and to irrigation systems. In one area, extensive, post-earthquake rock-fall activity indicates a possible long-term instability that could threaten dwellings and other infrastructure located nearby. In the coastal cordilleras, most of the landslides were generated by failures of artificially cut slopes, especially along roads. The rocks of the coastal cordilleras are generally well indurated, and landslides occurred only where the rocks were made locally susceptible by weathering, the presence of prominent discontinuities with unfavorable orientations, or intense fracturing or shearing. In contrast to the coastal cordilleras, the volcanic rocks to the north were more susceptible to the occurrence of seismically triggered landslides. The greatest number and concentrations of landslides occurred there, and the landslides were larger than those in the coastal cordilleras, even though this volcanic terrain was farther from the earthquake source. Here, stretches of river bluffs several hundred meters long had been stripped of vegetation and surficial material by coalescing landslides, and several days after the main shock, thousands of small rock falls were still occurring each day, indicating an ongoing hazard. The high susceptibility of volcanic materials to earthquake-generated landslides conforms to findings in other recent earthquakes. (C) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. Drexel Univ, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA. Univ Colima, Colima, Mexico. Washington State Univ, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. RP Keefer, DK (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 345 Middlefield Rd, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. EM dkeefer@usgs.gov NR 18 TC 23 Z9 27 U1 0 U2 6 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0013-7952 J9 ENG GEOL JI Eng. Geol. PD AUG 10 PY 2006 VL 86 IS 2-3 BP 183 EP 197 DI 10.1016/j.enggeo.2006.02.017 PG 15 WC Engineering, Geological; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Engineering; Geology GA 077FO UT WOS:000240013800008 ER PT J AU Scholl, MA Cozzarelli, IM Christenson, SC AF Scholl, Martha A. Cozzarelli, Isabelle M. Christenson, Scott C. TI Recharge processes drive sulfate reduction in an alluvial aquifer contaminated with landfill leachate SO JOURNAL OF CONTAMINANT HYDROLOGY LA English DT Article DE natural attenuation; ground-water recharge; sulfate; nitrate; riparian environment; geochemistry; landfill ID DISSOLVED ORGANIC-CARBON; MUNICIPAL LANDFILL; NATURAL ATTENUATION; REDUCING BACTERIA; SULFUR; RATES; PLUME; TRANSPORT; OXIDATION; OXYGEN AB Natural attenuation of contaminants in groundwater depends on an adequate supply of electron acceptors to stimulate biodegradation. in an alluvial aquifer contaminated with leachate from an unlined municipal landfill, the mechanism of recharge infiltration was investigated as a source of electron acceptors. Water samples were collected monthly at closely spaced intervals in the top 2 m of the saturated zone from a leachate-contaminated well and an uncontaminated well, and analyzed for delta(18)O, delta(2)H, non-volatile dissolved organic carbon (NVDOC), SO(4)(2-), NO(3)(-) and Cl(-). Monthly recharge amounts were quantified using the offset of the delta(18)O or delta(2)H from the local meteoric water line as a parameter to distinguish water types, as evaporation and methanogenesis caused isotopic enrichment in waters from different sources. Presence of dissolved SO(4)(2-) in the top 1 to 2 m of the saturated zone was associated with recharge; SO(4)(2-) averaged 2.2 mM, with maximum concentrations of 15 mM. Nitrate was observed near the water table at the contaminated site at concentrations up to 4.6 mM. Temporal monitoring delta(2)H and SO(4)(2-) showed that vertical transport of recharge carried SO(4)(2-) depths up to 1.75 in below the water table, supplying an additional electron acceptor to the predominantly methanogenic leachate plume. Measurements of delta(34)S in SO(4)(2-) indicated both SO(4)(2-) reduction and sulfide oxidation were occurring in the aquifer. Depth-integrated net SO(4)(2-) reduction rates, calculated using the natural Cl(-) gradient as a conservative tracer, ranged from 7.5 x 10(-3) to 0.61 mM(.)d(-1) (over various depth intervals from 0.45 to 1.75 m). Sulfate reduction occurred at both the contaminated and uncontaminated sites; however, median SO(4)(2-) reduction rates were higher at the contaminated site. Although estimated SO(4)(2-) reduction rates are relatively high, significant decreases in NVDOC were not observed at the contaminated site. Organic compounds more labile than the leachate NVDOC may be present in the root zone, and SO(4)(2-) reduction may be coupled to methane oxidation. The results show that sulfur (and possibly nitrogen) redox processes within the top 2 in of the aquifer are directly related to recharge timing and seasonal water level changes in the aquifer. The results suggest that SO(4)(2-) reduction associated with the infiltration of recharge may be a significant factor affecting natural attenuation of contaminants in alluvial aquifers. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 US Geol Survey, Reston, VA 20192 USA. US Geol Survey, Oklahoma City, OK 73116 USA. RP Scholl, MA (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 431 Natl Ctr, Reston, VA 20192 USA. EM mascholl@usgs.gov OI Scholl, Martha/0000-0001-6994-4614; Cozzarelli, Isabelle/0000-0002-5123-1007 NR 59 TC 18 Z9 19 U1 1 U2 11 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0169-7722 J9 J CONTAM HYDROL JI J. Contam. Hydrol. PD AUG 10 PY 2006 VL 86 IS 3-4 BP 239 EP 261 DI 10.1016/j.jconhyd.2006.03.005 PG 23 WC Environmental Sciences; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Geology; Water Resources GA 072ZB UT WOS:000239710700005 PM 16677736 ER PT J AU Wellman, TP Poeter, EP AF Wellman, Tristan P. Poeter, Eileen P. TI Evaluating uncertainty in predicting spatially variable representative elementary scales in fractured aquifers, with application to Turkey Creek Basin, Colorado SO WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID STEADY-STATE CONDITIONS; HETEROGENEOUS POROUS-MEDIA; COUPLED INVERSE PROBLEMS; PARAMETER-IDENTIFICATION; HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITIES; SENSITIVITY-ANALYSIS; GEOLOGIC MEDIA; TRANSIENT; SYSTEM; FLOW AB [ 1] Computational limitations and sparse field data often mandate use of continuum representation for modeling hydrologic processes in large-scale fractured aquifers. Selecting appropriate element size is of primary importance because continuum approximation is not valid for all scales. The traditional approach is to select elements by identifying a single representative elementary scale ( RES) for the region of interest. Recent advances indicate RES may be spatially variable, prompting unanswered questions regarding the ability of sparse data to spatially resolve continuum equivalents in fractured aquifers. We address this uncertainty of estimating RES using two techniques. In one technique we employ data-conditioned realizations generated by sequential Gaussian simulation. For the other we develop a new approach using conditioned random walks and nonparametric bootstrapping (CRWN). We evaluate the effectiveness of each method under three fracture densities, three data sets, and two groups of RES analysis parameters. In sum, 18 separate RES analyses are evaluated, which indicate RES magnitudes may be reasonably bounded using uncertainty analysis, even for limited data sets and complex fracture structure. In addition, we conduct a field study to estimate RES magnitudes and resulting uncertainty for Turkey Creek Basin, a crystalline fractured rock aquifer located 30 km southwest of Denver, Colorado. Analyses indicate RES does not correlate to rock type or local relief in several instances but is generally lower within incised creek valleys and higher along mountain fronts. Results of this study suggest that ( 1) CRWN is an effective and computationally efficient method to estimate uncertainty, ( 2) RES predictions are well constrained using uncertainty analysis, and ( 3) for aquifers such as Turkey Creek Basin, spatial variability of RES is significant and complex. C1 Colorado Sch Mines, Dept Geol & Geol Engn, Hydrol Grp, Golden, CO 80401 USA. RP Wellman, TP (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Golden, CO USA. EM tpwellma@usgs.gov; epoeter@mines.edu NR 56 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 1 U2 4 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0043-1397 J9 WATER RESOUR RES JI Water Resour. Res. PD AUG 9 PY 2006 VL 42 IS 8 AR W08410 DI 10.1029/2005WR004431 PG 21 WC Environmental Sciences; Limnology; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Water Resources GA 074CF UT WOS:000239789300003 ER PT J AU Blasch, KW Ferre, TPA Hoffmann, JP Fleming, JB AF Blasch, Kyle W. Ferre, Ty P. A. Hoffmann, John P. Fleming, John B. TI Relative contributions of transient and steady state infiltration during ephemeral streamflow SO WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID TEMPERATURE; BENEATH; RECHARGE; ARIZONA; GREEN; MODEL AB [ 1] Simulations of infiltration during three ephemeral streamflow events in a coarse-grained alluvial channel overlying a less permeable basin-fill layer were conducted to determine the relative contribution of transient infiltration at the onset of streamflow to cumulative infiltration for the event. Water content, temperature, and piezometric measurements from 2.5-m vertical profiles within the alluvial sediments were used to constrain a variably saturated water flow and heat transport model. Simulated and measured transient infiltration rates at the onset of streamflow were about two to three orders of magnitude greater than steady state infiltration rates. The duration of simulated transient infiltration ranged from 1.8 to 20 hours, compared with steady state flow periods of 231 to 307 hours. Cumulative infiltration during the transient period represented 10 to 26% of the total cumulative infiltration, with an average contribution of approximately 18%. Cumulative infiltration error for the simulated streamflow events ranged from 9 to 25%. Cumulative infiltration error for typical streamflow events of about 8 hours in duration in is about 90%. This analysis indicates that when estimating total cumulative infiltration in coarse-grained ephemeral stream channels, consideration of the transient infiltration at the onset of streamflow will improve predictions of the total volume of infiltration that may become groundwater recharge. C1 US Geol Survey, Arizona Water Sci Ctr, Tucson, AZ 85719 USA. Univ Arizona, Dept Hydrol & Water Resources, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. RP Blasch, KW (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Arizona Water Sci Ctr, 520 N Pk Ave,Suite 221, Tucson, AZ 85719 USA. EM kblasch@usgs.gov NR 34 TC 19 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 9 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0043-1397 J9 WATER RESOUR RES JI Water Resour. Res. PD AUG 5 PY 2006 VL 42 IS 8 AR W08405 DI 10.1029/2005WR004049 PG 13 WC Environmental Sciences; Limnology; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Water Resources GA 071JX UT WOS:000239599100002 ER PT J AU Murdoch, PS Shanley, JB AF Murdoch, Peter S. Shanley, James B. TI Detection of water quality trends at high, median, and low flow in a Catskill Mountain stream, New York, through a new statistical method SO WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID NORTHEASTERN UNITED-STATES; ACIDIC DEPOSITION; ADIRONDACK REGION; ACIDIFICATION; CHEMISTRY; NITROGEN; PRECIPITATION; RECOVERY; NITRATE; FOREST AB [ 1] The effects of changes in acid deposition rates resulting from the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990 should first appear in stream waters during rainstorms and snowmelt, when the surface of the watershed is most hydrologically connected to the stream. Early detection of improved stream water quality is possible if trends at high flow could be separately determined. Trends in concentrations of sulfate (SO42-), nitrate (NO3-), calcium plus magnesium (Ca2++ Mg2+), and acid-neutralizing capacity (ANC) in Biscuit Brook, Catskill Mountains, New York, were assessed through segmented regression analysis (SRA). The method uses annual concentration-to-discharge relations to predict concentrations for specific discharges, then compares those annual values to determine trends at specific discharge levels. Median-flow trends using SRA were comparable to those predicted by the seasonal Kendall tau test and a multiple regression residual analysis. All of these methods show that stream water SO42- concentrations have decreased significantly since 1983; Ca2++ Mg2+ concentrations have decreased at a steady but slower rate than SO42-; and ANC shows no trend. The new SRA method, however, reveals trends that differ at specified flow levels. ANC has increased, and NO3- concentrations have decreased at high flows, but neither has changed as significantly at low flows. The general downward trend in SO42- flattened at median flow and reversed at high flow between 1997 and 2002. The reversal of the high-flow SO42- trend is consistent with increases in SO42- concentrations in both precipitation and soil solutions at Biscuit Brook. Separate calculation of high-flow trends provides resource managers with an early detection system for assessing changes in water quality resulting from changes in acidic deposition. C1 US Geol Survey, Troy, NY 12180 USA. US Geol Survey, Montpelier, VT 05602 USA. RP Murdoch, PS (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 425 Jordon Rd, Troy, NY 12180 USA. EM pmurdoch@usgs.gov; jshanley@usgs.gov NR 45 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 2 U2 11 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0043-1397 J9 WATER RESOUR RES JI Water Resour. Res. PD AUG 5 PY 2006 VL 42 IS 8 AR W08407 DI 10.1029/2004WR003892 PG 12 WC Environmental Sciences; Limnology; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Water Resources GA 071JX UT WOS:000239599100001 ER PT J AU Pollitz, FF AF Pollitz, Fred F. TI Geophysics - A new class of earthquake observations SO SCIENCE LA English DT Editorial Material ID SUMATRA-ANDAMAN EARTHQUAKE; GPS MEASUREMENTS; GRAVITY; GRACE; DEFORMATION AB Advances in satellite technology have improved measurements of Earth's properties. Now changes in local gravity resulting from large earthquakes can be detected. C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. RP Pollitz, FF (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 345 Middlefield Rd, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. EM fpollitz@usgs.gov NR 19 TC 7 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER ASSOC ADVANCEMENT SCIENCE PI WASHINGTON PA 1200 NEW YORK AVE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 USA SN 0036-8075 EI 1095-9203 J9 SCIENCE JI Science PD AUG 4 PY 2006 VL 313 IS 5787 BP 619 EP 620 DI 10.1126/science.1131208 PG 2 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 072IQ UT WOS:000239667500025 PM 16888125 ER PT J AU Padial, JM McDiarmid, R De La Riva, I AF Padial, Jose M. McDiarmid, Roy De La Riva, Ignacio TI Distribution and morphological variation of Eleutherodactylus mercedesae Lynch & McDiarmid, 1987 (Amphibia, Anura, Leptodactylidae) with first record for Peru SO ZOOTAXA LA English DT Article DE Eleutherodactylus mercedesae; Anura; Leptodactylidae; Bolivia; Peru; distribution; variation ID BOLIVIA AB We report new distributional information for Eleutherodactylus mercedesae in Bolivia, and provide the first record for Peru based on an adult female. This species, previously endemic to Bolivia, now ranges across about 1000 km in cloud forests on the Amazonian slopes of the Andes from southern Peru to central Bolivia. We provide the first morphological description of females based on two specimens, compare them with the male type and paratype, add some observations to the original description, and comment on variation in the species. C1 CSIC, Museo Nacl Ciencias Nat, Dept Biodivers & Evolutionary Biol, E-28006 Madrid, Spain. Natl Museum Nat Hist, Smithsonian Inst, USGS Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, Washington, DC 20013 USA. RP De La Riva, I (reprint author), CSIC, Museo Nacl Ciencias Nat, Dept Biodivers & Evolutionary Biol, C Jose Gutierrez Abascal 2, E-28006 Madrid, Spain. EM iriva@mncn.csic.es NR 14 TC 3 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 0 PU MAGNOLIA PRESS PI AUCKLAND PA PO BOX 41383, AUCKLAND, ST LUKES 1030, NEW ZEALAND SN 1175-5326 EI 1175-5334 J9 ZOOTAXA JI Zootaxa PD AUG 3 PY 2006 IS 1278 BP 49 EP 56 PG 8 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA 069QK UT WOS:000239463100002 ER PT J AU Padial, JM Reichle, S McDiarmid, R De La Riva, I AF Padial, Jose M. Reichle, Steffen McDiarmid, Roy De La Riva, Ignacio TI A new species of arboreal toad (Anura : Bufonidae : Chaunus) from Madidi National Park, Bolivia SO ZOOTAXA LA English DT Article DE Anura; Bufonidae; Chaunus veraguensis group; Bolivia; Andes; humid montane forest; new species ID BUFO ANURA; CLOUD FORESTS; PERU; LEPTODACTYLIDAE AB A new arboreal species of the Chaunus veraguensis group is described for the humid montane forest of Madidi National Park, in northern Bolivia. The new species differs from other species in the group by the combination small size, long and slender extremities, webbed hands, conspicuous tympanic membrane, well developed parotoid glands, absence of large glands on dorsum and extremities, nuptial excrescences of males composed of pungent spines on dorsal surface of thumb, greenish-brown coloration on dorsum with red warts in life, and green iris. It is only known from two nearby localities in the Serran Eslabon, Department La Paz. An operational key for species in the C. veraguensis group is provided. C1 CSIC, Museo Nacl Ciencias Nat, Dept Biodivers & Evolutionary Biol, E-28006 Madrid, Spain. Forsch Museum Alexander Koenig, D-53113 Bonn, Germany. Natl Museum Nat Hist, Smithsonian Inst, USGS Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, Washington, DC 20013 USA. RP De La Riva, I (reprint author), CSIC, Museo Nacl Ciencias Nat, Dept Biodivers & Evolutionary Biol, C Jose Gutierrez Abascal 2, E-28006 Madrid, Spain. EM iriva@mncn.csic.es NR 18 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 0 PU MAGNOLIA PRESS PI AUCKLAND PA PO BOX 41383, AUCKLAND, ST LUKES 1030, NEW ZEALAND SN 1175-5326 EI 1175-5334 J9 ZOOTAXA JI Zootaxa PD AUG 3 PY 2006 IS 1278 BP 57 EP 68 PG 12 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA 069QK UT WOS:000239463100003 ER PT J AU Wall, BRG Girbacea, R Mesonjesi, A Aydin, A AF Wall, Brita R. Graham Girbacea, Radu Mesonjesi, Agim Aydin, Atilla TI Evolution of fracture and fault-controlled fluid pathways in carbonates of the Albanides fold-thrust belt SO AAPG BULLETIN LA English DT Article ID STRIKE-SLIP FAULTS; PRESSURE-SOLUTION; MONTEREY FORMATION; FLOW; ZONES; LIMESTONES; CLEAVAGE; PERMEABILITY; CALIFORNIA; ROCKS AB The process of fracture and fault formation in carbonates of the Albanides fold-thrust belt has been systematically documented using hierarchical development of structural elements from hand sample outcropand geologic-map scales. The function of fractures and faults in fluid migration was elucidated using calcite cement and bitumen in these structures as a paleoflow indicator. Two prefolding pressure-solution and vein assemblages were identified: an overburden assemblage and a remote tectonic stress assemblage. Sheared layer-parallel pressure-solution surfaces of the overburden assemblage define mechanical layers. Shearing of mechanical layers associated with folding resulted in the formation of a series of folding assemblage fractures at different orientations, depending on the slip direction of individual mechanical layers. Prefolding- and folding-related fracture assemblages together formed fragmentation zones in mechanical layers and are the sites of incipient fault localization. Further deformation along these sites was accommodated by rotation and translation of fragmented rock, which formed breccia and facilitated fault offset across multiple mechanical layers. Strike-slip faults formed by this process are organized in two sets in an apparent conjugate pattern. Calcite cement and bitumen that accumulated along fractures and faults are evidence of localized fluid flow along fault zones. By systematic identification of fractures and faults, their evolution, and their fluid and bitumen contents, along with subsurface core and well-log data, we identify northeast-southwest-trending strike-slip faults and the associated structures as dominant fluid pathways in the Albanicles fold-thrust belt. C1 Stanford Univ, Dept Geol & Environm Sci, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. Occidental Oik & Gas Corp, Houston, TX 77046 USA. Occidental Oil & Gas Corp Albania, Tirana, Albania. RP Wall, BRG (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 345 Middlefield Rd,MS 910, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. EM bgrahamwall@usgs.gov NR 65 TC 22 Z9 26 U1 0 U2 6 PU AMER ASSOC PETROLEUM GEOLOGIST PI TULSA PA 1444 S BOULDER AVE, PO BOX 979, TULSA, OK 74119-3604 USA SN 0149-1423 J9 AAPG BULL JI AAPG Bull. PD AUG PY 2006 VL 90 IS 8 BP 1227 EP 1249 DI 10.1306/0328060014 PG 23 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 071YN UT WOS:000239639900005 ER PT J AU Clark, MP Slater, AG Barrett, AP Hay, LE McCabe, GJ Rajagopalan, B Leavesley, GH AF Clark, Martyn P. Slater, Andrew G. Barrett, Andrew P. Hay, Lauren E. McCabe, Gregory J. Rajagopalan, Balaji Leavesley, George H. TI Assimilation of snow covered area information into hydrologic and land-surface models SO ADVANCES IN WATER RESOURCES LA English DT Article DE snow data assimilation; stochastic hydrology; uncertainty ID ENSEMBLE KALMAN FILTER; PARAMETERIZATION; VARIABILITY; FIELDS AB This paper describes a data assimilation method that uses observations of snow covered area (SCA) to update hydrologic model states in a mountainous catchment in Colorado. The assimilation method uses SCA information as part of an ensemble Kalman filter to alter the sub-basin distribution of snow as well as the basin water balance. This method permits an optimal combination of model simulations and observations, as well as propagation of information across model states. Sensitivity experiments are conducted with a fairly simple snowpack/water-balance model to evaluate effects of the data assimilation scheme on simulations of streamflow. The assimilation of SCA information results in minor improvements in the accuracy of streamflow simulations near the end of the snowmelt season. The small effect from SCA assimilation is initially surprising. It can be explained both because a substantial portion of snowmelts before any bare ground is exposed, and because the transition from 100% to 0% snow coverage occurs fairly quickly. Both of these factors are basin -dependent. Satellite SCA information is expected to be most useful in basins where snow cover is ephemeral. The data assimilation strategy presented in this study improved the accuracy of the streamflow simulation, indicating that SCA is a useful source of independent information that can be used as part of an integrated data assimilation strategy. (c) 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Colorado, Ctr Sci & Technol Policy Res, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. US Geol Survey, Water Resources Discipline, Denver, CO 80225 USA. RP Clark, MP (reprint author), Univ Colorado, Ctr Sci & Technol Policy Res, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. EM clark@vorticity.colorado.edu RI Slater, Andrew/B-4666-2008; Rajagopalan, Balaji/A-5383-2013; Clark, Martyn/A-5560-2015; OI Rajagopalan, Balaji/0000-0002-6883-7240; Clark, Martyn/0000-0002-2186-2625; SLATER, ANDREW/0000-0002-4009-4844; Slater, Andrew/0000-0003-0480-8560 NR 33 TC 100 Z9 103 U1 2 U2 24 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0309-1708 J9 ADV WATER RESOUR JI Adv. Water Resour. PD AUG PY 2006 VL 29 IS 8 BP 1209 EP 1221 DI 10.1016/j.advwatres.2005.10.001 PG 13 WC Water Resources SC Water Resources GA 081LU UT WOS:000240319900008 ER PT J AU Rusk, BG Reed, MH Dilles, JH Kent, AJR AF Rusk, Brian G. Reed, Mark H. Dilles, John H. Kent, Adam J. R. TI Intensity of quartz cathodoluminescence and trace-element content in quartz from the porphyry copper deposit at Butte, Montana SO AMERICAN MINERALOGIST LA English DT Article DE Butte; porphyry copper; veins; quartz; cathodoluminescence; trace elements; hydrothermal; CL ID PARAMAGNETIC-RESONANCE EPR; PLASMA-MASS SPECTROMETRY; OXYGEN-ISOTOPE RATIOS; ICP-MS; FLUID INCLUSIONS; ORE-DEPOSIT; ALPHA-QUARTZ; BINGHAM PORPHYRY; NIST SRM-610; VEIN QUARTZ AB Textures of hydrothermal quartz revealed by cathodoluminescence using a scanning electron microscope (SEM-CL) reflect the physical and chemical environment of quartz formation. Variations in intensity of SEM-CL can be used to distinguish among quartz from superimposed mineralization events in a single vein. In this study, we present a technique to quantify the cathodoluminescent intensity of quartz within individual and among multiple samples to relate luminescence intensity to specific mineralizing events. This technique has been applied to plutonic quartz and three generations of hydrothermal veins at the porphyry copper deposit in Butte, Montana. Analyzed veins include early quartz-molybdenite veins with potassic alteration, pyrite-quartz veins with sericitic alteration, and Main Stage veins with intense sericitic alteration. CL intensity of quartz is diagnostic of each mineralizing event and can be used to fingerprint quartz and its fluid inclusions, isotopes, trace elements, etc., from specific mineralizing episodes. Furthermore, CL intensity increases proportional to temperature of quartz formation, such that plutonic quartz from the Butte quartz monzonite (BQM) that crystallized at temperatures near 750 degrees C luminesces with the highest intensity, whereas quartz that precipitated at similar to 250 degrees C in Main Stage veins luminesces with the least intensity. Trace-element analyses via electron microprobe and laser ablation-ICP-MS indicate that plutonic quartz and each generation of hydrothermal quartz from Butte is dominated by characteristic trace amounts of Al, P, Ti, and Fe. Thus, in addition to CL intensity, each generation of quartz can be distinguished based on its unique trace-element content. Aluminum is generally the most abundant element in all generations of quartz, typically between 50 and 200 ppm, but low-temperature, Main Stage quartz containing 400 to 3600 ppm Al is enriched by an order of magnitude relative to all other quartz generations. Phosphorous is present in abundances between 25 and 75 ppm, and P concentrations in quartz show little variation among quartz generations. Iron is the least abundant of these elements in most quartz types and is slightly enriched in CL-dark quartz in pyrite-quartz veins with sericitic alteration. Titanium is directly correlated with both temperature of quartz precipitation, and intensity of quartz luminescence, such that BQM quartz contains hundreds of ppm Ti, whereas Main Stage quartz contains less than 10 ppm Ti. Our results suggest that Ti concentration in quartz is controlled by temperature of quartz precipitation and that increased Ti concentrations in quartz may be responsible for increased CL intensities. C1 Univ Oregon, Dept Geol Sci, Eugene, OR 97403 USA. Oregon State Univ, Dept Geosci, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. RP Rusk, BG (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr Bldg 21,MS 963, Lakewood, CO 80225 USA. EM bgrusk@usgs.gov NR 68 TC 54 Z9 63 U1 5 U2 41 PU MINERALOGICAL SOC AMER PI CHANTILLY PA 3635 CONCORDE PKWY STE 500, CHANTILLY, VA 20151-1125 USA SN 0003-004X J9 AM MINERAL JI Am. Miner. PD AUG-SEP PY 2006 VL 91 IS 8-9 BP 1300 EP 1312 DI 10.2138/am.2006.1984 PG 13 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Mineralogy SC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Mineralogy GA 077YW UT WOS:000240068700009 ER EF