FN Thomson Reuters Web of Science™ VR 1.0 PT J AU Zoback, MD Ellsworth, W Hickman, S AF Zoback, Mark D. Ellsworth, William Hickman, Stephen TI San Andreas array failure is only a temporary setback SO NATURE LA English DT Letter C1 [Zoback, Mark D.] Stanford Univ, Dept Geophys, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. [Ellsworth, William; Hickman, Stephen] US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. RP Zoback, MD (reprint author), Stanford Univ, Dept Geophys, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. EM zoback@stanford.edu NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 4 PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP PI LONDON PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND SN 0028-0836 EI 1476-4687 J9 NATURE JI Nature PD JUN 18 PY 2009 VL 459 IS 7249 BP 909 EP 909 DI 10.1038/459909c PG 1 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 458XS UT WOS:000267063500018 PM 19536240 ER PT J AU Stonestrom, DA Scanlon, BR Zhang, L AF Stonestrom, David A. Scanlon, Bridget R. Zhang, Lu TI Introduction to special section on Impacts of Land Use Change on Water Resources SO WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH LA English DT Editorial Material ID GROUNDWATER RECHARGE; HUMAN APPROPRIATION; COVER CHANGE; URBANIZATION AB Changes in land use have potentially large impacts on water resources, yet quantifying these impacts remains among the more challenging problems in hydrology. Water, food, energy, and climate are linked through complex webs of direct and indirect effects and feedbacks. Land use is undergoing major changes due not only to pressures for more efficient food, feed, and fiber production to support growing populations but also due to policy shifts that are creating markets for biofuel and agricultural carbon sequestration. Hydrologic systems embody flows of water, solutes, sediments, and energy that vary even in the absence of human activity. Understanding land use impacts thus necessitates integrated scientific approaches. Field measurements, remote sensing, and modeling studies are shedding new light on the modes and mechanisms by which land use changes impact water resources. Such studies can help deconflate the interconnected influences of human actions and natural variations on the quantity and quality of soil water, surface water, and groundwater, past, present, and future. C1 [Stonestrom, David A.] US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. [Scanlon, Bridget R.] Univ Texas Austin, Jackson Sch Geosci, Bur Econ Geol, Austin, TX 78758 USA. [Zhang, Lu] CSIRO Land & Water, Christian Lab, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia. RP Stonestrom, DA (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 345 Middlefield Rd,Mail Stop 420, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. EM dastones@usgs.gov RI Stonestrom, David/E-9125-2011; Zhang, Lu /B-8863-2009; Scanlon, Bridget/A-3105-2009 OI Stonestrom, David/0000-0001-7883-3385; Scanlon, Bridget/0000-0002-1234-4199 NR 39 TC 21 Z9 21 U1 0 U2 26 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0043-1397 J9 WATER RESOUR RES JI Water Resour. Res. PD JUN 17 PY 2009 VL 45 AR W00A00 DI 10.1029/2009WR007937 PG 3 WC Environmental Sciences; Limnology; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Water Resources GA 460MZ UT WOS:000267193100003 ER PT J AU Madsen, MB Goetz, W Bertelsen, P Binau, CS Folkmann, F Gunnlaugsson, HP Hjollum, JI Hviid, SF Jensen, J Kinch, KM Leer, K Madsen, DE Merrison, J Olsen, M Arneson, HM Bell, JF Gellert, R Herkenhoff, KE Johnson, JR Johnson, MJ Klingelhofer, G McCartney, E Ming, DW Morris, RV Proton, JB Rodionov, D Sims, M Squyres, SW Wdowiak, T Yen, AS AF Madsen, M. B. Goetz, W. Bertelsen, P. Binau, C. S. Folkmann, F. Gunnlaugsson, H. P. Hjollum, J. I. Hviid, S. F. Jensen, J. Kinch, K. M. Leer, K. Madsen, D. E. Merrison, J. Olsen, M. Arneson, H. M. Bell, J. F., III Gellert, R. Herkenhoff, K. E. Johnson, J. R. Johnson, M. J. Klingelhoefer, G. McCartney, E. Ming, D. W. Morris, R. V. Proton, J. B. Rodionov, D. Sims, M. Squyres, S. W. Wdowiak, T. Yen, A. S. TI Overview of the magnetic properties experiments on the Mars Exploration Rovers SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-PLANETS LA English DT Article ID MARTIAN ATMOSPHERE; PATHFINDER; DUST; IMAGER; MINERALOGY; METEORITES; CHEMISTRY; MISSION; SPIRIT; LANDER AB The Mars Exploration Rovers have accumulated airborne dust on different types of permanent magnets. Images of these magnets document the dynamics of dust capture and removal over time. The strongly magnetic subset of airborne dust appears dark brown to black in Panoramic Camera (Pancam) images, while the weakly magnetic one is bright red. Images returned by the Microscopic Imager reveal the formation of magnetic chains diagnostic of magnetite-rich grains with substantial magnetization (>8 Am-2 kg(-1)). On the basis of Mossbauer spectra the dust contains magnetite, olivine, pyroxene, and nanophase oxides in varying proportions, depending on wind regime and landing site. The dust contains a larger amount of ferric iron (Fe3+/Fe-tot similar to 0.6) than rocks in the Gusev plains (similar to 0.1-0.2) or average Gusev soil (similar to 0.3). Alpha Particle X-Ray Spectrometer data of the dust show that some of the iron in magnetite is substituted by titanium and chromium. The good correlation of the amount of calcium and sulfur in the dust may be caused by the presence of a calcium sulfate related phase. The overall mineralogical composition points to a basaltic origin of the airborne dust, although some alteration has taken place as indicated by the large degree of oxidation. C1 [Madsen, M. B.; Bertelsen, P.; Binau, C. S.; Leer, K.; Olsen, M.] Univ Copenhagen, Niels Bohr Inst, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark. [Goetz, W.; Hviid, S. F.] Max Planck Inst Sonnensyst Forsch, D-37191 Katlenburg Lindau, Germany. [Folkmann, F.; Gunnlaugsson, H. P.; Jensen, J.; Merrison, J.] Univ Aarhus, Inst Phys & Astron, DK-8000 Aarhus, Denmark. [Hjollum, J. I.] Tech Univ Denmark, Natl Lab Sustainable Energy, Mat Res Dept, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark. [Kinch, K. M.; Arneson, H. M.; Bell, J. F., III; Johnson, M. J.; McCartney, E.; Proton, J. B.; Squyres, S. W.] Cornell Univ, Dept Astron, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. [Madsen, D. E.] Tech Univ Denmark, Dept Phys, DK-2800 Lyngby, Denmark. [Gellert, R.] Univ Guelph, Dept Phys, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada. [Herkenhoff, K. E.; Johnson, J. R.] US Geol Survey, Astrogeol Team, Flagstaff, AZ 86001 USA. [Klingelhoefer, G.; Rodionov, D.] Johannes Gutenberg Univ Mainz, D-55128 Mainz, Germany. [Ming, D. W.; Morris, R. V.] NASA, Lyndon B Johnson Space Ctr, Houston, TX 77058 USA. [Sims, M.] NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Planetary Syst Branch, Div Space Sci, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. [Wdowiak, T.] Univ Alabama Birmingham, Dept Phys, Astro & Solar Syst Phys Program, Birmingham, AL 35294 USA. [Yen, A. S.] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Madsen, MB (reprint author), Univ Copenhagen, Niels Bohr Inst, Blegdamsvej 17, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark. EM mbmadsen@fys.ku.dk RI Madsen, Morten/D-2082-2011; Kinch, Kjartan/C-5742-2015; Johnson, Jeffrey/F-3972-2015; OI Madsen, Morten/0000-0001-8909-5111; Kinch, Kjartan/0000-0002-4629-8880; merrison, jonathan/0000-0003-4362-6356 FU Danish Science Agency; Thomas B. Thrige's foundation; DELTA Danish Electronics, Light & Acoustics in Horsholm, Denmark; University of Copenhagen FX Danish participation in the MER missions was supported by the Danish Science Agency, by Thomas B. Thrige's foundation, and by DELTA Danish Electronics, Light & Acoustics in Horsholm, Denmark. Support from the University of Copenhagen for C. S. B. and W. G. is gratefully acknowledged. The authors also thank Peter H. Smith, Lunar and Planetary Laboratory, the University of Arizona, as well as an anonymous reviewer for constructive and inspiring criticism on the manuscript. We are indebted to the scientists and engineers of the MER team for their continuous support which made these experiments possible. NR 46 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 3 U2 18 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-9097 EI 2169-9100 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-PLANET JI J. Geophys. Res.-Planets PD JUN 16 PY 2009 VL 114 AR E06S90 DI 10.1029/2008JE003098 PG 20 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 460LU UT WOS:000267190000001 ER PT J AU Richardson, DM Hellmann, JJ McLachlan, JS Sax, DF Schwartz, MW Gonzalez, P Brennan, EJ Camacho, A Root, TL Sala, OE Schneider, SH Ashe, DM Clark, JR Early, R Etterson, JR Fielder, ED Gill, JL Minteer, BA Polasky, S Safford, HD Thompson, AR Vellend, M AF Richardson, David M. Hellmann, Jessica J. McLachlan, Jason S. Sax, Dov F. Schwartz, Mark W. Gonzalez, Patrick Brennan, E. Jean Camacho, Alejandro Root, Terry L. Sala, Osvaldo E. Schneider, Stephen H. Ashe, Daniel M. Clark, Jamie Rappaport Early, Regan Etterson, Julie R. Fielder, E. Dwight Gill, Jacquelyn L. Minteer, Ben A. Polasky, Stephen Safford, Hugh D. Thompson, Andrew R. Vellend, Mark TI Multidimensional evaluation of managed relocation SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA LA English DT Article DE assisted migration; climate change; conservation biology; conservation strategy; sustainability science ID ASSISTED COLONIZATION; CLIMATE-CHANGE; MIGRATION; DEBATE AB Managed relocation (MR) has rapidly emerged as a potential intervention strategy in the toolbox of biodiversity management under climate change. Previous authors have suggested that MR (also referred to as assisted colonization, assisted migration, or assisted translocation) could be a last-alternative option after interrogating a linear decision tree. We argue that numerous interacting and value-laden considerations demand a more inclusive strategy for evaluating MR. The pace of modern climate change demands decision making with imperfect information, and tools that elucidate this uncertainty and integrate scientific information and social values are urgently needed. We present a heuristic tool that incorporates both ecological and social criteria in a multidimensional decision-making framework. For visualization purposes, we collapse these criteria into 4 classes that can be depicted in graphical 2-D space. This framework offers a pragmatic approach for summarizing key dimensions of MR: capturing uncertainty in the evaluation criteria, creating transparency in the evaluation process, and recognizing the inherent tradeoffs that different stakeholders bring to evaluation of MR and its alternatives. C1 [Richardson, David M.] Univ Stellenbosch, Dept Bot & Zool, Ctr Invas Biol, ZA-7602 Matieland, South Africa. [Hellmann, Jessica J.; McLachlan, Jason S.] Univ Notre Dame, Dept Biol Sci, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA. [Sax, Dov F.; Sala, Osvaldo E.; Early, Regan] Brown Univ, Dept Ecol & Evolut Biol, Providence, RI 02912 USA. [Schwartz, Mark W.] Univ Calif Davis, Dept Environm Sci & Policy, Davis, CA 95616 USA. [Gonzalez, Patrick] Univ Calif Berkeley, Ctr Forestry, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. [Clark, Jamie Rappaport] Defenders Wildlife, Washington, DC 20036 USA. [Camacho, Alejandro] Univ Notre Dame, Notre Dame Law Sch, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA. [Root, Terry L.; Schneider, Stephen H.] Stanford Univ, Dept Biol Sci, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. [Root, Terry L.; Schneider, Stephen H.] Stanford Univ, Woods Inst Environm, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. [Ashe, Daniel M.] US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Washington, DC 20240 USA. [Etterson, Julie R.] Univ Minnesota, Dept Biol, Duluth, MN 55812 USA. [Fielder, E. Dwight] Bur Land Management, Div Fish Wildlife & Plant Conservat, Washington, DC 20240 USA. [Gill, Jacquelyn L.] Univ Wisconsin, Dept Geog, Madison, WI 53706 USA. [Minteer, Ben A.] Arizona State Univ, Human Dimens Biol Fac, Tempe, AZ 85287 USA. [Polasky, Stephen] Univ Minnesota, Dept Appl Econ & Ecol, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. [Polasky, Stephen] Univ Minnesota, Dept Evolut, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. [Polasky, Stephen] Univ Minnesota, Dept Behav, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. [Safford, Hugh D.] USDA Forest Serv, Vallejo, CA 94592 USA. [Thompson, Andrew R.] US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Carlsbad, CA 92011 USA. [Vellend, Mark] Univ British Columbia, Dept Bot, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada. [Vellend, Mark] Univ British Columbia, Dept Zool, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada. RP Richardson, DM (reprint author), Univ Stellenbosch, Dept Bot & Zool, Ctr Invas Biol, ZA-7602 Matieland, South Africa. EM rich@sun.ac.za RI Early, Regan/A-5442-2010; Richardson, David/A-1495-2008; Schwartz, Mark/G-1066-2011; GIll, Jacquelyn/F-1454-2011; Gonzalez, Patrick/B-9479-2013; OI Richardson, David/0000-0001-9574-8297; Schwartz, Mark/0000-0002-3739-6542; Gonzalez, Patrick/0000-0002-7105-0561; Early, Regan/0000-0003-4108-5904; Camacho, Alejandro/0000-0002-8782-6870 FU National Science Foundation [0741792, 0741921]; DST-NRF Centre of Excellence for Invasion Biology; Cedar Tree Foundation FX This work was supported by National Science Foundation Grants DEB 0741792 and 0741921 in support of the Managed Relocation Working Group, DST-NRF Centre of Excellence for Invasion Biology (D. M. R), and a Cedar Tree Foundation grant. NR 21 TC 181 Z9 186 U1 8 U2 121 PU NATL ACAD SCIENCES PI WASHINGTON PA 2101 CONSTITUTION AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20418 USA SN 0027-8424 J9 P NATL ACAD SCI USA JI Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. PD JUN 16 PY 2009 VL 106 IS 24 BP 9721 EP 9724 DI 10.1073/pnas.0902327106 PG 4 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 458TD UT WOS:000267045500033 PM 19509337 ER PT J AU Edmonds, M Gerlach, TM Herd, RA AF Edmonds, Marie Gerlach, Terrence M. Herd, Richard A. TI Halogen degassing during ascent and eruption of water-poor basaltic magma SO CHEMICAL GEOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Halogens; Basalt; Degassing; OP FTIR; Kilauea ID KILAUEA VOLCANO; HAWAII; CHLORINE; GLASSES; CONSTRAINTS; FLUORINE; RATIOS; MELT; H2O; EXSOLUTION AB A study of volcanic gas composition and matrix glass volatile concentrations has allowed a model for halogen degassing to be formulated for Kilauea Volcano, Hawai i. Volcanic gases emitted during 2004-2005 were characterised by a molar SO(2)/HCl of 10-64, with a mean of 33; and a molar HF/HCl of 0-5, with a mean of 1.0 (from approximately 2500 measurements). The HF/HCl ratio was more variable than the SO(2)/HCl ratio, and the two correlate weakly. Variations in ratio took place over rapid timescales (seconds). Matrix glasses of Pele's tears erupted in 2006 have a mean S, Cl and F content of 67, 85 and 173 ppm respectively, but are associated with a large range in S/F. A model is developed that describes the open system degassing of halogens from parental magmas, using the glass data from this study, previously published results and parameterisation of sulphur degassing from previous work. The results illustrate that halogen degassing takes place at pressures of <1 MPa, equivalent to 36 km) and well-defined p (a) over bar hoehoe-lined channel, indicating that channelized lava remained fluid to great distances from the vent. The 1859 eruption was further unusual in initiating at a radial vent on the volcano's northwest flank, instead of along the well-defined rift zone that has been the source of most historic activity. As such, it presents an opportunity both to examine controls on the emplacement of long lava channels and to assess hazards posed by future flank eruptions of Mauna Loa. Here we combine evidence from historical chronicles with analysis of bulk compositions, glass geothermometry, and microlite textures of samples collected along the 1859 lava flows to constrain eruption and flow emplacement conditions. The bulk compositions of samples from the 'a'(a) over bar and p (a) over bar hoehoe flow fields are bimodally distributed and indicate tapping of two discrete magma bodies during eruption. Samples from the p (a) over bar hoehoe flow field have bulk compositions similar to those of historically-erupted lavas (<8 wt.% MgO); lava that fed the 'a'<(a)over bar> channel is more primitive (>8 wt.% MgO), nearly aphyric, and was erupted at high temperatures (1194-1216 degrees C). We suggest that the physical properties of proximal channel-fed lava (i.e., high-temperature, low crystallinity, and low bulk viscosity) promoted both rapid flow advance and development of long p (a) over bar hoehoe-lined channels. Critical for the latter was the large temperature decrease (similar to 50 degrees C) required to reach the point at which plagioclase and pyroxene started to crystallize; the importance of phase constraints are emphasized by our difficulty in replicating patterns of cooling and crystallization recorded by high-temperature field samples using common models of flow emplacement. Placement of the 1859 eruption within the context of historic activity at Mauna Loa suggests that the formation of radial vents and eruptions of high-temperature magma may not only be linked, but may also be a consequence of periods of high magma supply (e.g., 1843-1877). Flank eruptions could therefore warrant special consideration in models and hazard mitigation efforts. (C) 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 [Riker, Jenny M.; Cashman, Katharine V.] Univ Oregon, Dept Geol Sci, Eugene, OR 97403 USA. [Kauahikaua, James P.] USGS Hawaiian Volcano Observ, Volcano, HI 96718 USA. [Montierth, Charlene M.] Clark Coll, Vancouver, WA 98663 USA. RP Riker, JM (reprint author), Univ Bristol, Dept Earth Sci, Wills Mem Bldg,Queens Rd, Bristol BS8 1RJ, Avon, England. EM jenny.riker@gmail.com FU NSF [9902851, 0207919, 0510437] FX The authors acknowledge A. Harris and S. Rowland for helpful discussions on the operation and application of FLOWGO and J. Moore for sharing observations from his dives on the submarine portion of the 1859 lava flows. We also thank C. Thornber for generously providing unpublished data from the 1859 and 1950 eruptions of Mauna Loa. Cheers to T. Hales for graphics assistance. Finally, this manuscript benefited greatly from the careful and constructive reviews of R. Helz and L. Keszthelyi. NSF awards EAR 9902851, 0207919, and 0510437 supported this project. NR 95 TC 22 Z9 22 U1 1 U2 8 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0377-0273 J9 J VOLCANOL GEOTH RES JI J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res. PD JUN 10 PY 2009 VL 183 IS 3-4 BP 139 EP 156 DI 10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2009.03.002 PG 18 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 461WI UT WOS:000267303100001 ER PT J AU Battaglia, M Hill, DP AF Battaglia, M. Hill, D. P. TI Analytical modeling of gravity changes and crustal deformation at volcanoes: The Long Valley caldera, California, case study SO TECTONOPHYSICS LA English DT Article DE Volcano monitoring; Volcano geodesy; Analytical models; Caldera unrest; Long Valley caldera ID ELASTIC HALF-SPACE; GROUND DEFORMATION; RADAR INTERFEROMETRY; SURFACE DEFORMATION; UNREST; MICROGRAVITY; TOPOGRAPHY; RESOLUTION; MECHANICS; INFLATION AB Joint measurements of ground deformation and micro-gravity changes are an indispensable component for any volcano monitoring strategy. A number of analytical mathematical models are available in the literature that can be used to fit geodetic data and infer source location, depth and density. Bootstrap statistical methods allow estimations of the range of the inferred parameters. Although analytical models often assume that the crust is elastic, homogenous and isotropic, they can take into account different source geometries, the influence of topography, and gravity background noise. The careful use of analytical models, together with high quality data sets. can produce valuable insights into the nature of the deformation/gravity source. Here we present a review of various modeling methods, and use the historical unrest at Long Valley caldera (California) from 1982 to 1999 to illustrate the practical application of analytical modeling and bootstrap to constrain the source of unrest. A key question is whether the unrest at Long Valley since the late 1970s can be explained without calling upon an intrusion of magma. The answer, apparently, is no. Our modeling indicates that the inflation source is a slightly tilted prolate ellipsoid (dip angle between 91 degrees and 105 degrees) at a depth of 6.5 to 7.9 km beneath the caldera resurgent dome with an aspect ratio between 0.44 and 0.60, a volume change from 0.161 to 0.173 km(3) and a density of 1241 to 2093 kg/m(3). The larger uncertainty of the density estimate reflects the higher noise of gravity measurements. These results are consistent with the intrusion of silicic magma with a significant amount of volatiles beneath the caldera resurgent dome. (C) 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 [Battaglia, M.] Univ Roma La Sapienza, Dept Earth Sci, I-00185 Rome, Italy. [Battaglia, M.] US Geol Survey, Volcano Hazard Team, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. RP Battaglia, M (reprint author), Univ Roma La Sapienza, Dept Earth Sci, Ple A Moro 5, I-00185 Rome, Italy. EM maurizio.battaglia@uniroma1.it; hill@usgs.gov OI Battaglia, Maurizio/0000-0003-4726-5287 NR 60 TC 23 Z9 23 U1 3 U2 16 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0040-1951 J9 TECTONOPHYSICS JI Tectonophysics PD JUN 9 PY 2009 VL 471 IS 1-2 BP 45 EP 57 DI 10.1016/j.tecto.2008.09.040 PG 13 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 461YF UT WOS:000267309600006 ER PT J AU Doerr, SH Woods, SW Martin, DA Casimiro, M AF Doerr, S. H. Woods, S. W. Martin, D. A. Casimiro, M. TI 'Natural background' soil water repellency in conifer forests of the north-western USA: Its prediction and relationship to wildfire occurrence SO JOURNAL OF HYDROLOGY LA English DT Article DE Contact angle; Hydrophobicity; BAER; Burn severity; Runoff; Erosion ID DROP PENETRATION TIME; COLORADO FRONT RANGE; TEXTURED SOILS; CONTACT-ANGLE; BURN SEVERITY; SANDY SOILS; HYDROPHOBICITY; FIRE; WETTABILITY; MANAGEMENT AB Soils under a wide range of vegetation types exhibit water repellency following the passage of a fire. This is viewed by many as one of the main causes for accelerated post-fire runoff and soil erosion and it has often been assumed that strong soil water repellency present after wildfire is fire-induced. However, high levels of repellency have also been reported under vegetation types not affected by fire, and the question arises to what degree the water repellency observed at burnt sites actually results from fire. This study aimed at determining 'natural background' water repellency in common coniferous forest types in the north-western USA. Mature or semi-mature coniferous forest sites (n = 81), which showed no evidence of recent fires and had at least some needle cast cover, were sampled across six states. After careful removal of litter and duff at each site, soil water repellency was examined in situ at the mineral soil surface using the Water Drop Penetration Time (WDPT) method for three sub-sites, followed by collecting near-surface mineral soil layer samples (0-3 cm depth). Following air-drying, samples were further analyzed for repellency using WDPT and contact angle (0(sl)) measurements. Amongst other variables examined were dominant tree type, ground vegetation, litter and duff layer depth, slope angle and aspect, elevation, geology, and soil texture, organic carbon content and pH. 'Natural background' water repellency (WDPT > 5 s) was detected in situ and on air-dry samples at 75% of all sites examined irrespective of dominant tree species (Pinus ponderosa, Pinus contorta, Picea engelmanii and Pseudotsuga menziesii). These findings demonstrate that the soil water repellency commonly observed in these forest types following burning is not necessarily the result of recent fire but can instead be a natural characteristic. The notion of a low background water repellency being typical for long-unburnt conifer forest soils of the north-western USA is therefore incorrect. It follows that, where pre-fire water repellency levels are not known or highly variable, post-fire soil water repellency conditions are an unreliable indicator in classifying soil burn severity. The terrain and soil variables examined showed, overall, no convincing relationship with the repellency levels observed (R(2) < 0.15) except that repellency was limited in soils (i) developed over meta-sedimentary lithology and (ii) with clay contents >4%. This suggests that water repellency levels cannot be predicted with confidence from common terrain or soil variables. (C) 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 [Doerr, S. H.; Casimiro, M.] Swansea Univ, Inst Environm Sustainabil, Sch Environm & Soc, Swansea SA2 8PP, W Glam, Wales. [Woods, S. W.] Univ Montana, Coll Forestry & Conservat, Missoula, MT 59812 USA. [Martin, D. A.] US Geol Survey, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RP Doerr, SH (reprint author), Swansea Univ, Inst Environm Sustainabil, Sch Environm & Soc, Singleton Pk, Swansea SA2 8PP, W Glam, Wales. EM s.doerr@swansea.ac.uk RI Doerr, Stefan/G-5456-2012 OI Doerr, Stefan/0000-0002-8700-9002 FU NERC [NER/J/S/200200662]; Leonardo Da Vinci Fellowship FX This research has been supported by NERC Advanced Fellowship NER/J/S/200200662 (SHD) and a Leonardo Da Vinci Fellowship (MC). Field work was conducted while SHD was a senior visiting scientist at the U.S. Geological Survey in Boulder, Colorado. For assistance with field sampling and analysis we are indebted to many colleagues and in particular to Victoria Balfour, Phil Bevan, Kevin Hyde, Natasha Kljun, John Moody, Sarah Lewis, Peter Robichaud and several USDA and US forestry personnel. NR 42 TC 35 Z9 37 U1 1 U2 9 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0022-1694 J9 J HYDROL JI J. Hydrol. PD JUN 5 PY 2009 VL 371 IS 1-4 BP 12 EP 21 DI 10.1016/j.jhydrol.2009.03.011 PG 10 WC Engineering, Civil; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Engineering; Geology; Water Resources GA 455EC UT WOS:000266739300002 ER PT J AU Brabets, TP Walvoord, MA AF Brabets, Timothy P. Walvoord, Michelle A. TI Trends in streamflow in the Yukon River Basin from 1944 to 2005 and the influence of the Pacific Decadal Oscillation SO JOURNAL OF HYDROLOGY LA English DT Article DE Yukon River; Pacific Decadal Oscillation; Streamflow trends; Permafrost thaw ID CLIMATE; ALASKA; DISCHARGE AB Streamflow characteristics in the Yukon River Basin of Alaska and Canada have changed from 1944 to 2005, and some of the change can be attributed to the two most recent modes of the Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO). Seasonal, monthly, and annual stream discharge data from 21 stations in the Yukon River Basin were analyzed for trends over the entire period of record, generally spanning 4-6 decades, and examined for differences between the two most recent modes of the PDO: cold-PDO (1944-1975) and warm-PDO (1976-2005) subsets. Between 1944 and 2005, average winter and April flow increased at 15 sites. Observed winter flow increases during the cold-PDO phase were generally limited to sites in the Upper Yukon River Basin. Positive trends in winter flow during the warm-PDO phase broadened to include stations in the Middle and Lower Yukon River drainage basins. Increases in winter streamflow most likely result from groundwater input enhanced by permafrost thawing that promotes infiltration and deeper subsurface flow paths. Increased April flow may be attributed to a combination of greater baseflow (from groundwater increases), earlier spring snowmelt and runoff, and increased winter precipitation, depending on location. Calculated deviations from long-term mean monthly discharges indicate below-average flow in the winter months during the cold PDO and above-average flow in the winter months during the warm PDO. Although not as strong a signal, results also support the reverse response during the summer months: above-average flow during the cold PDO and below-average flow during the warm PDO. Changes in the summer flows are likely an indirect consequence of the PDO, resulting from earlier spring snowmelt runoff and also perhaps increased summer infiltration and storage in a deeper active layer. Annual discharge has remained relatively unchanged in the Yukon River Basin, but a few glacier-fed rivers demonstrate positive trends. which can be attributed to enhanced glacier melting. A positive trend in annual flow during the warm PDO near the mouth of the Yukon River suggests that small increases in flow throughout the Yukon River Basin have resulted in an additive effect manifested in the downstream-most streamflow station. Many of the identified changes in streamflow patterns in the Yukon River Basin show a correlation to the PDO regime shift. This work highlights the importance of considering proximate climate forcings as well as global climate change when assessing hydrologic changes in the Arctic. Published by Elsevier B.V. C1 [Walvoord, Michelle A.] US Geol Survey, Natl Res Program, Denver Fed Ctr, Denver, CO 80225 USA. [Brabets, Timothy P.] US Geol Survey, Alaska Sci Ctr, Water Resources Off, Anchorage, AK 99508 USA. RP Walvoord, MA (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Natl Res Program, Denver Fed Ctr, MS-413, Denver, CO 80225 USA. EM walvoord@usgs.gov NR 22 TC 43 Z9 45 U1 2 U2 29 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0022-1694 EI 1879-2707 J9 J HYDROL JI J. Hydrol. PD JUN 5 PY 2009 VL 371 IS 1-4 BP 108 EP 119 DI 10.1016/j.jhydrol.2009.03.018 PG 12 WC Engineering, Civil; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Engineering; Geology; Water Resources GA 455EC UT WOS:000266739300011 ER PT J AU Iwanowicz, LR Blazer, VS McCormick, SD VanVeld, PA Ottinger, CA AF Iwanowicz, Luke R. Blazer, Vicki S. McCormick, Stephen D. VanVeld, Peter A. Ottinger, Christopher A. TI Aroclor 1248 exposure leads to immunomodulation, decreased disease resistance and endocrine disruption in the brown bullhead, Ameiurus nebulosus SO AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Brown bullhead; Ameiurus nebulosus; Fish; Aroclor; PCB; AhR; Mitogenesis; Bactericidal; Immunomodulation; Edwardsiella ictaluri; Bioindicators; Biomarker; Thyroid; Endocrine disruption ID CATFISH ICTALURUS-PUNCTATUS; JUVENILE CHINOOK SALMON; POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC HYDROCARBON; NONSPECIFIC CYTOTOXIC-CELLS; ANADROMOUS ARCTIC CHARR; CHANNEL CATFISH; RAINBOW-TROUT; POLYCHLORINATED-BIPHENYLS; EDWARDSIELLA-ICTALURI; ONCORHYNCHUS-KISUTCH AB The brown bullhead Ameiurus nebulosus is a species of the family Ictaluridae commonly used as a sentinel of environmental contamination. While these fish have been utilized for this purpose in areas contaminated with polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), few controlled, laboratory-based studies have been designed to document the effects of PCB mixtures in this species. Here, brown bullhead were exposed to the PCB mixture, Aroclor 1248, via intraperitoneal injection and the effects on immune function, plasma hormones and disease resistance were evaluated. Exposure to this mixture led to a decrease in bactericidal activity and circulating antibodies to Edwardsiella ictaluri present from a previous exposure to this pathogen. A subsequent E. ictaluri disease challenge led to significantly higher mortality in A1248 treated fish compared to vehicle-control fish. The mitogenic response to the T-cell mitogen, phytohemaglutinin-P, was increased compared to vehicle-control fish. The steroid hormone, cortisol, and the thyroid hormone, T3, were also significantly lower in A1248 exposed fish. In summary, we have validated a number of functional immune assays for application in brown bullhead immunotoxicity studies. Additionally, we have demonstrated that the PCB mixture (A1248) modulates both immune function and endocrine physiology in brown bullhead. Such data may compliment the interpretation of data yielded from applied field studies conducted in PCB contaminated aquatic ecosystems. (C) 2009 Published by Elsevier B.V. C1 [Iwanowicz, Luke R.; Blazer, Vicki S.; Ottinger, Christopher A.] USGS, Natl Fish Hlth Res Lab, Leetown Sci Ctr, Fish Hlth Branch, Kearneysville, WV 25430 USA. [Iwanowicz, Luke R.] Univ Massachusetts, Dept Nat Resources Conservat, Amherst, MA 01003 USA. [McCormick, Stephen D.] USGS, Conte Anadromous Fish Res Ctr, Leetown Sci Ctr, Turners Falls, MA 01376 USA. [VanVeld, Peter A.] Virginia Inst Marine Sci, Coll William & Mary, Gloucester Point, VA 23062 USA. RP Iwanowicz, LR (reprint author), USGS, Natl Fish Hlth Res Lab, Leetown Sci Ctr, Fish Hlth Branch, Kearneysville, WV 25430 USA. EM Luke_Iwanowicz@usgs.gov OI Ottinger, Christopher/0000-0003-2551-1985; Iwanowicz, Luke/0000-0002-1197-6178 NR 100 TC 25 Z9 27 U1 2 U2 25 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0166-445X EI 1879-1514 J9 AQUAT TOXICOL JI Aquat. Toxicol. PD JUN 4 PY 2009 VL 93 IS 1 BP 70 EP 82 DI 10.1016/j.aquatox.2009.03.008 PG 13 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Toxicology SC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Toxicology GA 467DR UT WOS:000267717800009 PM 19406486 ER PT J AU Rodriguez, S Le Mouelic, S Rannou, P Tobie, G Baines, KH Barnes, JW Griffith, CA Hirtzig, M Pitman, KM Sotin, C Brown, RH Buratti, BJ Clark, RN Nicholson, PD AF Rodriguez, Sebastien Le Mouelic, Stephane Rannou, Pascal Tobie, Gabriel Baines, Kevin H. Barnes, Jason W. Griffith, Caitlin A. Hirtzig, Mathieu Pitman, Karly M. Sotin, Christophe Brown, Robert H. Buratti, Bonnie J. Clark, Roger N. Nicholson, Phil D. TI Global circulation as the main source of cloud activity on Titan SO NATURE LA English DT Article ID TROPOSPHERIC CLOUDS; MIDLATITUDE CLOUDS; METHANE CYCLE; SOUTH-POLE; CASSINI/VIMS; SATURN AB Clouds on Titan result from the condensation of methane and ethane and, as on other planets, are primarily structured by circulation of the atmosphere(1-4). At present, cloud activity mainly occurs in the southern (summer) hemisphere, arising near the pole(5-12) and at mid-latitudes(7,8,13-15) from cumulus updrafts triggered by surface heating and/or local methane sources, and at the north (winter) pole(16,17), resulting from the subsidence and condensation of ethane-rich air into the colder troposphere. General circulation models(1-3) predict that this distribution should change with the seasons on a 15-year timescale, and that clouds should develop under certain circumstances at temperate latitudes (similar to 40 degrees) in the winter hemisphere(2). The models, however, have hitherto been poorly constrained and their long-term predictions have not yet been observationally verified. Here we report that the global spatial cloud coverage on Titan is in general agreement with the models, confirming that cloud activity is mainly controlled by the global circulation. The non-detection of clouds at latitude similar to 40 degrees N and the persistence of the southern clouds while the southern summer is ending are, however, both contrary to predictions. This suggests that Titan's equator-to-pole thermal contrast is overestimated in the models and that its atmosphere responds to the seasonal forcing with a greater inertia than expected. C1 [Rodriguez, Sebastien; Le Mouelic, Stephane; Tobie, Gabriel; Sotin, Christophe] Univ Nantes, CNRS, UMR 6112, Lab Planetol & Geodynam, F-44000 Nantes, France. [Rodriguez, Sebastien] Univ Paris 07, CNRS, CEA Saclay,DSM,IRFU,SAp, Lab AIM,UMR 7158, F-91191 Gif Sur Yvette, France. [Rannou, Pascal] Univ Reims, CNRS, Grp Spectrometrie Mol & Atmospher, UMR 6089, F-51687 Reims, France. [Rannou, Pascal] Univ Versailles St Quentin, CNRS, LATMOS, UMR 7620, F-91371 Verrieres Le Buisson, France. [Baines, Kevin H.; Pitman, Karly M.; Sotin, Christophe; Buratti, Bonnie J.] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. [Barnes, Jason W.] NASA, Ames Res Ctr MS 244 30, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. [Griffith, Caitlin A.; Brown, Robert H.] Univ Arizona, Lunar & Planetary Lab, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. [Hirtzig, Mathieu] Univ Michigan, PSL, AOSS, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. [Clark, Roger N.] US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Denver, CO 80225 USA. [Nicholson, Phil D.] Cornell Univ, Dept Astron, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. RP Rodriguez, S (reprint author), Univ Nantes, CNRS, UMR 6112, Lab Planetol & Geodynam, 2 Rue Houssiniere, F-44000 Nantes, France. EM sebastien.rodriguez@cea.fr RI Barnes, Jason/B-1284-2009; RANNOU, Pascal/I-9059-2012; Rodriguez, Sebastien/H-5902-2016 OI Barnes, Jason/0000-0002-7755-3530; Rodriguez, Sebastien/0000-0003-1219-0641 FU CNRS; CEA; CNES French; Universities of Paris Diderot and Nantes FX We thank M. E. Brown for discussions that allowed us greatly to improve the quality of this study. This work was performed partly at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, under contract to the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. K. M. P. and J. W. B. are supported by the NASA Postdoctoral Program, administered by Oak Ridge Associated Universities. Calibrated VIMS data appear courtesy of the VIMS team. We thank the CNRS, CEA and CNES French agencies, as well as the Universities of Paris Diderot and Nantes for their financial support. NR 28 TC 46 Z9 46 U1 2 U2 10 PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP PI LONDON PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND SN 0028-0836 J9 NATURE JI Nature PD JUN 4 PY 2009 VL 459 IS 7247 BP 678 EP 682 DI 10.1038/nature08014 PG 5 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 453KF UT WOS:000266608600038 PM 19494910 ER PT J AU Mendoza, C Hartzell, S AF Mendoza, C. Hartzell, S. TI Source analysis using regional empirical Green's functions: The 2008 Wells, Nevada, earthquake SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article ID WAVE-FORM INVERSION; NORTH PALM-SPRINGS; RUPTURE HISTORY; FINITE-FAULT; CALIFORNIA; AFTERSHOCKS AB We invert three-component, regional broadband waveforms recorded for the 21 February 2008 Wells, Nevada, earthquake using a finite-fault methodology that prescribes subfault responses using eight M(W)similar to 4 aftershocks as empirical Green's functions (EGFs) distributed within a 20-km by 21.6-km fault area. The inversion identifies a seismic moment of 6.2 x 10(24) dyne-cm (5.8 M(W)) with slip concentrated in a compact 6.5-km by 4-km region updip from the hypocenter. The peak slip within this localized area is 88 cm and the stress drop is 72 bars, which is higher than expected for Basin and Range normal faults in the western United States. The EGF approach yields excellent fits to the complex regional waveforms, accounting for strong variations in wave propagation and site effects. This suggests that the procedure is useful for studying moderate-size earthquakes with limited teleseismic or strong-motion data and for examining uncertainties in slip models obtained using theoretical Green's functions. Citation: Mendoza, C., and S. Hartzell ( 2009), Source analysis using regional empirical Green's functions: The 2008 Wells, Nevada, earthquake, Geophys. Res. Lett., 36, L11302, doi: 10.1029/2009GL038073. C1 [Mendoza, C.] Univ Nacl Autonoma Mexico, Ctr Geociencias, Queretaro 76001, Mexico. [Hartzell, S.] US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Denver, CO 80225 USA. RP Mendoza, C (reprint author), Univ Nacl Autonoma Mexico, Ctr Geociencias, Apartado Postal 1-742, Queretaro 76001, Mexico. EM cmendoza@geosciencias.unam.mx FU UNAM [IN-101708]; U.S. Geological Survey FX Travel support was provided by UNAM (DGAPA Proj. IN-101708) and the U.S. Geological Survey. M. Meremonte provided technical assistance, and K. Smith gave us with his relocated hypocenters. Seismic waveform data were obtained from the IRIS Data Management Center (www.iris.edu/data). This manuscript was improved by comments from J. Dewey, M. Petersen, and two anonymous reviewers. NR 18 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0094-8276 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD JUN 3 PY 2009 VL 36 AR L11302 DI 10.1029/2009GL038073 PG 6 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 455ET UT WOS:000266741600002 ER PT J AU Kharaka, YK Thordsen, JJ Hovorka, SD Nance, HS Cole, DR Phelps, TJ Knauss, KG AF Kharaka, Yousif K. Thordsen, James J. Hovorka, Susan D. Nance, H. Seay Cole, David R. Phelps, Tommy J. Knauss, Kevin G. TI Potential environmental issues of CO2 storage in deep saline aquifers: Geochemical results from the Frio-I Brine Pilot test, Texas, USA SO APPLIED GEOCHEMISTRY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Goldschmidt Conference 2006 CY 2006 CL Cologne, GERMANY ID WATER-ROCK INTERACTIONS; CARBON-DIOXIDE; SEDIMENTARY BASINS; CLIMATE-CHANGE; MINERAL TRAP; FERRIC IRON; SEQUESTRATION; GAS; INJECTION; RESERVOIR AB Sedimentary basins in general, and deep saline aquifers in particular, are being investigated as possible repositories for large volumes of anthropogenic CO2 that must be sequestered to mitigate global warming and related climate changes. To investigate the potential for the long-term storage of CO2 in such aquifers, 1600 t of CO2 were injected at 1500 m depth into a 24-m-thick "C" sandstone unit of the Frio Formation, a regional aquifer in the US Gulf Coast. Fluid samples obtained before CO2 injection from the injection well and an observation well 30 m updip showed a Na-Ca-Cl type brine with similar to 93,000 mg/L TDS at saturation with CH4 at reservoir conditions; gas analyses showed that CH4 comprised similar to 95% of dissolved gas, but CO2 was low at 0.3%. Following CO2 breakthrough. 51 h after injection, samples showed sharp drops in pH (6.5-5.7), pronounced increases in alkalinity (100-3000 mg/L as HCO3) and in Fe (30-1100 mg/L), a slug of very high DOC values, and significant shifts in the isotopic compositions of H2O. DIC, and CH4. These data, coupled with geochemical modeling, indicate corrosion of pipe and well casing as well as rapid dissolution of minerals, especially calcite and iron oxyhydroxides, both caused by lowered pH (initially similar to 3.0 at subsurface conditions) of the brine in contact with supercritical CO2. These geochemical parameters, together with perfluorocarbon tracer gases (PFTs), were used to monitor migration of the injected CO2 into the overlying Frio "B", composed of a 4-m-thick sandstone and separated from the "C" by similar to 15 m of shale and siltstone beds. Results obtained from the Frio "B" 6 months after injection gave chemical and isotopic markers that show significant CO2 (2.9% compared with 0.3% CO2 in dissolved gas) migration into the "B" sandstone. Results of samples collected 15 months after injection, however, are ambiguous, and can be interpreted to show no additional injected Cot in the "B" sandstone. The presence of injected CO2 may indicate migration from "C" to "B" through the intervening beds or, more likely, a short-term leakage through the remedial cement around the casing of a 50-year old well. Results obtained to date from four shallow monitoring groundwater wells show no brine or CO2 leakage through the Anahuac Formation, the regional cap rock. Published by Elsevier Ltd. C1 [Kharaka, Yousif K.; Thordsen, James J.] US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. [Hovorka, Susan D.; Nance, H. Seay] Univ Texas Austin, Bur Econ Geol, Austin, TX USA. [Cole, David R.; Phelps, Tommy J.] Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Oak Ridge, TN USA. [Knauss, Kevin G.] Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. RP Kharaka, YK (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 345 Middlefield Rd, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. EM ykharaka@usgs.gov RI phelps, tommy/A-5244-2011; knauss, kevin/K-2827-2012 NR 34 TC 120 Z9 127 U1 4 U2 56 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0883-2927 J9 APPL GEOCHEM JI Appl. Geochem. PD JUN PY 2009 VL 24 IS 6 BP 1106 EP 1112 DI 10.1016/j.apgeochem.2009.02.010 PG 7 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 459VV UT WOS:000267141200016 ER PT J AU Macalady, DL Walton-Day, K AF Macalady, Donald L. Walton-Day, Katherine TI New light on a dark subject: On the use of fluorescence data to deduce redox states of natural organic matter (NOM) SO AQUATIC SCIENCES LA English DT Article DE Fluorescence; redox status; natural organic matter; PARAFAC; EEMS ID FULVIC-ACID; HUMIC SUBSTANCES; REDUCTION; SPECTROSCOPY; FRACTIONS; QUINONES; KINETICS; IRON AB This paper reports the use of excitation-emission matrix fluorescence spectroscopy (EEMS), parallel factor statistical analysis (PARAFAC), and oxidation-reduction experiments to examine the effect of redox conditions on PARAFAC model results for aqueous samples rich in natural organic matter. Fifty-four aqueous samples from 11 different geographic locations and two plant extracts were analyzed untreated and after chemical treatments or irradiation were used in attempts to change the redox status of the natural organic matter. The EEMS spectra were generated and modeled using a PARAFAC package developed by Cory and McKnight (2005). The PARAFAC model output was examined for consistency with previously reported relations and with changes expected to occur upon experimental oxidation and reduction of aqueous samples. Results indicate the implied fraction of total sample fluorescence attributed to quinone-like moieties was consistent (0.64 to 0.78) and greater than that observed by Cory and McKnight (2005). The fraction of the quinone-like moieties that was reduced (the reducing index, RI) showed relatively little variation (0.46 to 0.71) despite attempts to alter the redox status of the natural organic matter. The RI changed little after reducing samples using zinc metal, oxidizing at high pH with air, or irradiating with a Xenon lamp. Our results, however, are consistent with the correlations between the fluorescence indices (FI) of samples and the ratio of PARAFAC fitting parameters suggested by Cory and McKnight (2005), though we used samples with a much narrower range of FI values. C1 [Macalady, Donald L.] Colorado Sch Mines, Golden, CO 80401 USA. [Macalady, Donald L.] Univ Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand. [Walton-Day, Katherine] US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Lakewood, CO 80225 USA. RP Macalady, DL (reprint author), Colorado Sch Mines, Golden, CO 80401 USA. EM dmacalad@mines.edu NR 29 TC 14 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 15 PU BIRKHAUSER VERLAG AG PI BASEL PA VIADUKSTRASSE 40-44, PO BOX 133, CH-4010 BASEL, SWITZERLAND SN 1015-1621 J9 AQUAT SCI JI Aquat. Sci. PD JUN PY 2009 VL 71 IS 2 BP 135 EP 143 DI 10.1007/s00027-009-9174-6 PG 9 WC Environmental Sciences; Limnology; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 462EJ UT WOS:000267329600004 ER PT J AU Schamber, JL Flint, PL Grand, JB Wilson, HM Morse, JA AF Schamber, Jason L. Flint, Paul L. Grand, J. Barry Wilson, Heather M. Morse, Julie A. TI Population Dynamics of Long-tailed Ducks Breeding on the Yukon-Kuskokwim Delta, Alaska SO ARCTIC LA English DT Article DE Alaska; Clangula hyemalis; elasticity; long-tailed duck; population dynamics; sensitivity; sea duck; vital rates; Yukon-Kuskokwim Delta ID MALLARD DUCKLINGS; SPECTACLED EIDERS; MARKED ANIMALS; NEST SUCCESS; GROWTH RATE; HABITAT USE; SURVIVAL; FOOD; PRODUCTIVITY; CALIFORNIA AB Population estimates for long-tailed ducks in North America have declined by nearly 50% over the past 30 years. Life history and population dynamics of this species are difficult to ascertain, because the birds nest at low densities across a broad range of habitat types. Between 1991 and 2004, we collected information on productivity and survival of long-tailed ducks at three locations on the Yukon-Kuskokwim Delta. Clutch size averaged 7.1 eggs, and nesting success averaged 30%. Duckling survival to 30 days old averaged 10% but was highly variable among years, ranging from 0% to 25%. Apparent annual survival of adult females based on mark-recapture of nesting females was estimated at 74%. We combined these estimates of survival and productivity into a matrix-based population model, which predicted an annual population decline of 19%. Elasticities indicated that population growth rate (lambda) was most sensitive to changes in adult female survival. Further, the relatively high sensitivity (lambda) to duckling survival suggests that low duckling survival may be a bottleneck to productivity in some years. These data represent the first attempt to synthesize a population model for this species. Although our analyses were hampered by the small sample sizes inherent in studying a dispersed nesting species, our model provides a basis for management actions and can be enhanced as additional data become available. C1 [Schamber, Jason L.; Flint, Paul L.; Grand, J. Barry; Wilson, Heather M.; Morse, Julie A.] US Geol Survey, Alaska Sci Ctr, Anchorage, AK 99508 USA. [Grand, J. Barry] Alabama Cooperat Fisheries & Wildlife Res Unit, Auburn, AL 36849 USA. [Wilson, Heather M.] US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Anchorage, AK 99503 USA. [Morse, Julie A.] Nature Conservancy, Mt Vernon, WA 98273 USA. RP Schamber, JL (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Alaska Sci Ctr, 4210 Univ Dr, Anchorage, AK 99508 USA. EM jschamber@usgs.gov OI Flint, Paul/0000-0002-8758-6993 FU U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service-Migratory Bird Management; U.S. Geological Survey-Alaska Science Center; Sea Duck Joint Venture FX We thank the numerous field technicians who helped us to locate nests and collect data. Mark Herzog, Tom Fondell, Jean-Pierre Savard, and two anonymous referees provided critical review of this manuscript. The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service-Migratory Bird Management, U.S. Geological Survey-Alaska Science Center, and Sea Duck Joint Venture provided funds. Staff from the Yukon Delta National Wildlife Refuge provided in-kind support. Any use of trade names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government. NR 58 TC 4 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 15 PU ARCTIC INST N AMER PI CALGARY PA UNIV OF CALGARY 2500 UNIVERSITY DRIVE NW 11TH FLOOR LIBRARY TOWER, CALGARY, ALBERTA T2N 1N4, CANADA SN 0004-0843 J9 ARCTIC JI Arctic PD JUN PY 2009 VL 62 IS 2 BP 190 EP 200 PG 11 WC Environmental Sciences; Geography, Physical SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Physical Geography GA 459TG UT WOS:000267132200006 ER PT J AU Cranor, WL Alvarez, DA Huckins, JN Petty, JD AF Cranor, Walter L. Alvarez, David A. Huckins, James N. Petty, Jimmie D. TI Uptake rate constants and partition coefficients for vapor phase organic chemicals using semipermeable membrane devices (SPMDs) SO ATMOSPHERIC ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article DE SPMD; Air sampling; Uptake; Calibration ID PASSIVE AIR SAMPLERS; PERFORMANCE REFERENCE COMPOUNDS; POLYAROMATIC HYDROCARBONS; UPTAKE KINETICS; SAMPLING RATES; POLLUTANTS; PAHS; BIOCONCENTRATION; CONTAMINANTS; CALIBRATION AB To fully utilize semipermeable membrane devices (SPMDs) as passive samplers in air monitoring, data are required to accurately estimate airborne concentrations of environmental contaminants. Limited uptake rate constants (k(ua)) and no SPMD air partitioning coefficient (K(sa)) existed for vapor-phase contaminants. This research was conducted to expand the existing body of kinetic data for SPMD air sampling by determining k(ua) and K(sa) for a number of airborne contaminants including the chemical classes: polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, organochlorine pesticides, brominated diphenyl ethers, phthalate esters, synthetic pyrethroids, and organophosphate/organosulfur pesticides. The k(ua)s were obtained for 48 of 50 chemicals investigated and ranged from 0.03 to 3.07 m(3) g(-1) d(-1). In cases where uptake was approaching equilibrium, K(sa)s were approximated. K(sa) values (no units) were determined or estimated for 48 of the chemicals investigated and ranging from 3.84E+5 to 7.34E+7. This research utilized a test system (United States Patent 6,877.724 131) which afforded the capability to generate and maintain constant concentrations of vapor-phase chemical mixtures. The test system and experimental design employed gave reproducible results during experimental runs spanning more than two years. This reproducibility was shown by obtaining mean k(ua) values (n = 3) of anthracene and p,p'-DDE at 0.96 and 1.57 m(3) g(-1) d(-1) with relative standard deviations of 8.4% and 8.6% respectively. Published by Elsevier Ltd. C1 [Cranor, Walter L.; Alvarez, David A.; Huckins, James N.; Petty, Jimmie D.] US Geol Survey, Columbia Environm Res Ctr, Columbia, MO 65201 USA. RP Cranor, WL (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Columbia Environm Res Ctr, 4200 New Haven Rd, Columbia, MO 65201 USA. EM wcranor@usgs.gov FU U.S. EPA/National Exposure Research Lab, Las Vegas, NV [DW-14-93951501-0, DW-14-93951501-4] FX We gratefully acknowledge the financial support of the U.S. EPA/National Exposure Research Lab, Las Vegas, NV during the course of this research for this multi-year effort (IAG No. DW-14-93951501-0 and DW-14-93951501-4). The use of trade, product, or firm names in this paper is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government. NR 33 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 3 U2 17 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 1352-2310 J9 ATMOS ENVIRON JI Atmos. Environ. PD JUN PY 2009 VL 43 IS 20 BP 3211 EP 3219 DI 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2009.03.043 PG 9 WC Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 459PY UT WOS:000267117100007 ER PT J AU Dusek, RJ Bortner, JB DeLiberto, TJ Hoskins, J Franson, JC Bales, BD Yparraguirre, D Swafford, SR Ip, HS AF Dusek, Robert J. Bortner, J. Bradley DeLiberto, Thomas J. Hoskins, Jenny Franson, J. Christian Bales, Bradley D. Yparraguirre, Dan Swafford, Seth R. Ip, Hon S. TI Surveillance for High Pathogenicity Avian Influenza Virus in Wild Birds in the Pacific Flyway of the United States, 2006-2007 SO AVIAN DISEASES LA English DT Article DE avian influenza; HPAI; H5N1; surveillance; United States ID MIGRATORY BIRDS; NORTH-AMERICA; SOUTH-AMERICA; H5N1 VIRUSES; A VIRUSES; WATERFOWL; DUCKS; EPIDEMIOLOGY; POULTRY; ECOLOGY AB In 2006 the U. S. Department of Agriculture, U. S. Department of Interior, and cooperating state fish and wildlife agencies began surveillance for high-pathogenicity avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1 virus in wild birds in the Pacific Flyway of the United States. This surveillance effort was highly integrated in California, Oregon, Washington, Idaho, Nevada, Arizona, Utah, and western Montana, with collection of samples coordinated with state agencies. Sampling focused on live wild birds, hunter-killed waterfowl during state hunting seasons, and wild bird mortality events. Of 20,888 samples collected, 18,139 were from order Anseriformes (waterfowl) and 2010 were from order Charadriiformes (shorebirds), representing the two groups of birds regarded to be the primary reservoirs of avian influenza viruses. Although 83 birds were positive by H5 real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (rRT-PCR), no HPAI H5N1 virus was found. Thirty-two virus isolates were obtained from the H5-positive samples, including low-pathogenicity H5 viruses identified as H5N2, H5N3, and H5N9. C1 [Dusek, Robert J.; Franson, J. Christian; Ip, Hon S.] US Geol Survey, Natl Wildlife Hlth Ctr, Madison, WI 53711 USA. [Bortner, J. Bradley; Hoskins, Jenny] US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Portland, OR 97232 USA. [DeLiberto, Thomas J.; Swafford, Seth R.] Anim & Plant Hlth Inspect Serv, USDA, Wildlife Serv, Ft Collins, CO 80521 USA. [Bales, Bradley D.] Oregon Dept Fish & Wildlife, Salem, OR 97303 USA. [Yparraguirre, Dan] Calif Dept Fish & Game, Sacramento, CA 95814 USA. RP Dusek, RJ (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Natl Wildlife Hlth Ctr, Madison, WI 53711 USA. EM rdusek@usgs.gov OI Dusek, Robert/0000-0001-6177-7479 NR 45 TC 26 Z9 26 U1 3 U2 12 PU AMER ASSOC AVIAN PATHOLOGISTS PI ATHENS PA 953 COLLEGE STATION RD, ATHENS, GA 30602-4875 USA SN 0005-2086 J9 AVIAN DIS JI Avian Dis. PD JUN PY 2009 VL 53 IS 2 BP 222 EP 230 PG 9 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA 465NM UT WOS:000267594100012 PM 19630228 ER PT J AU Jarnevich, CS Stohlgren, TJ AF Jarnevich, Catherine S. Stohlgren, Thomas J. TI Near term climate projections for invasive species distributions SO BIOLOGICAL INVASIONS LA English DT Article DE Invasive species; Climate change; GARP; Modeling; Species distributions; Climate variation ID PREDICTION; MODELS; IMPACTS; SYSTEM; RANGE AB Climate change and invasive species pose important conservation issues separately, and should be examined together. We used existing long term climate datasets for the US to project potential climate change into the future at a finer spatial and temporal resolution than the climate change scenarios generally available. These fine scale projections, along with new species distribution modeling techniques to forecast the potential extent of invasive species, can provide useful information to aide conservation and invasive species management efforts. We created habitat suitability maps for Pueraria montana (kudzu) under current climatic conditions and potential average conditions up to 30 years in the future. We examined how the potential distribution of this species will be affected by changing climate, and the management implications associated with these changes. Our models indicated that P. montana may increase its distribution particularly in the Northeast with climate change and may decrease in other areas. C1 [Jarnevich, Catherine S.; Stohlgren, Thomas J.] US Geol Survey, Ft Collins Sci Ctr, Ft Collins, CO 80526 USA. RP Jarnevich, CS (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Ft Collins Sci Ctr, 2150 Ctr Ave,Bldg C, Ft Collins, CO 80526 USA. EM jarnevichc@usgs.gov FU United States Geological Survey FX This work was partially supported by funding the United States Geological Survey through their research opportunities in global change science program. We would like to thank two reviewers for their comments. We would also like to thank the data contributors to the sites where we obtained field data for their willingness to share. To all we are grateful. NR 21 TC 36 Z9 38 U1 2 U2 27 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 1387-3547 J9 BIOL INVASIONS JI Biol. Invasions PD JUN PY 2009 VL 11 IS 6 BP 1373 EP 1379 DI 10.1007/s10530-008-9345-8 PG 7 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 448CC UT WOS:000266238700015 ER PT J AU Newman, KB Fernandez, C Thomas, L Buckland, ST AF Newman, Ken B. Fernandez, Carmen Thomas, Len Buckland, Stephen T. TI Monte Carlo Inference for State-Space Models of Wild Animal Populations SO BIOMETRICS LA English DT Article DE Auxiliary particle filter; British grey seals; Chinook salmon; Markov chain Monte Carlo; Parameter kernel smoothing; Rejection control; Sequential importance sampling ID DYNAMICS MODELS; TIME-SERIES; FRAMEWORK; SIMULATION; FISHERIES AB We compare two Monte Carlo (MC) procedures, sequential importance sampling (SIS) and Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC), for making Bayesian inferences about the unknown states and parameters of state-space models for animal populations. The procedures were applied to both simulated and real pup count data for the British grey seal metapopulation, as well as to simulated data for a Chinook salmon population. The MCMC implementation was based on tailor-made proposal distributions combined with analytical integration of some of the states and parameters. SIS was implemented in a more generic fashion. For the same computing time MCMC tended to yield posterior distributions with less MC variation across different runs of the algorithm than the SIS implementation with the exception in the seal model of some states and one of the parameters that mixed quite slowly. The efficiency of the SIS sampler greatly increased by analytically integrating out unknown parameters in the observation model. We consider that a careful implementation of MCMC for cases where data are informative relative to the priors sets the gold standard, but that SIS samplers are a viable alternative that can be programmed more quickly. Our SIS implementation is particularly competitive in situations where the data are relatively uninformative; in other cases, SIS may require substantially more computer power than an efficient implementation of MCMC to achieve the same level of MC error. C1 [Newman, Ken B.; Thomas, Len; Buckland, Stephen T.] Univ St Andrews, Sch Math & Stat, St Andrews KY16 9LZ, Scotland. [Fernandez, Carmen] Inst Espanol Oceanog, Vigo 36200, Spain. RP Newman, KB (reprint author), US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Stockton FWO, 4001 N Wilson Way, Stockton, CA 95205 USA. EM ken_newman@fws.gov RI Buckland, Stephen/A-1998-2012; OI Thomas, Len/0000-0002-7436-067X FU U.S. National Marine Fisheries Service [40ABNF101005] FX KBN thanks the U.S. National Marine Fisheries Service for financial support under NMFS Contract Order 40ABNF101005. We thank the referees and associate editor for several suggestions for sharpening the focus of this article. We also thank Callan Duck of the Sea Mammal Research Unit (SMRU) for providing the pup count data, and the many scientists at SMRU for insightful discussions on seal population biology, models, and priors. NR 22 TC 35 Z9 36 U1 2 U2 25 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PUBLISHING, INC PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 0006-341X J9 BIOMETRICS JI Biometrics PD JUN PY 2009 VL 65 IS 2 BP 572 EP 583 DI 10.1111/j.1541-0420.2008.01073.x PG 12 WC Biology; Mathematical & Computational Biology; Statistics & Probability SC Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics; Mathematical & Computational Biology; Mathematics GA 451DC UT WOS:000266449900027 PM 18565166 ER PT J AU Buszka, PM Yeskis, DJ Kolpin, DW Furlong, ET Zaugg, SD Meyer, MT AF Buszka, P. M. Yeskis, D. J. Kolpin, D. W. Furlong, E. T. Zaugg, S. D. Meyer, M. T. TI Waste-Indicator and Pharmaceutical Compounds in Landfill-Leachate-Affected Ground Water near Elkhart, Indiana, 2000-2002 SO BULLETIN OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Landfill leachate; Ground water; Wastewater; Pharmaceuticals; Indiana ID MUNICIPAL LANDFILL; ORGANIC-COMPOUNDS; NATIONAL RECONNAISSANCE; CONTAMINANTS; DOWNGRADIENT; PLUME AB Four wells downgradient from a landfill near Elkhart, Indiana were sampled during 2000-2002 to evaluate the presence of waste-indicator and pharmaceutical compounds in landfill-leachate-affected ground water. Compounds detected in leachate-affected ground water included detergent metabolites (p-nonylphenol, nonylphenol monoethoxylate, nonylphenol diethoxylate, and octylphenol monoethoxylate), plasticizers (ethanol-2-butoxy-phosphate and diethylphthalate), a plastic monomer (bisphenol A), disinfectants (1,4-dichlorobenzene and triclosan), an antioxidant (5-methyl-1H-benzotriazole), three fire-retardant compounds (tributylphosphate and tri(2-chloroethyl)phosphate, and tri(dichlorisopropyl)phosphate), and several pharmaceuticals and metabolites (acetaminophen, caffeine, cotinine, 1,7-dimethylxanthine, fluoxetine, and ibuprofen). Acetaminophen, caffeine, and cotinine detections confirm prior indications of pharmaceutical and nicotinate disposal in the landfill. C1 [Buszka, P. M.] US Geol Survey, Indianapolis, IN 46278 USA. [Yeskis, D. J.] US Geol Survey, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. [Kolpin, D. W.] US Geol Survey, Iowa City, IA USA. [Furlong, E. T.; Zaugg, S. D.] US Geol Survey, Lakewood, CO 80225 USA. [Meyer, M. T.] US Geol Survey, Lawrence, KS 66049 USA. RP Buszka, PM (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 5957 Lakeside Blvd, Indianapolis, IN 46278 USA. EM pmbuszka@usgs.gov RI Furlong, Edward/C-3999-2011; OI Furlong, Edward/0000-0002-7305-4603; Meyer, Michael/0000-0001-6006-7985 NR 15 TC 31 Z9 33 U1 5 U2 35 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0007-4861 J9 B ENVIRON CONTAM TOX JI Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. PD JUN PY 2009 VL 82 IS 6 BP 653 EP 659 DI 10.1007/s00128-009-9702-z PG 7 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA 428FE UT WOS:000264832600003 PM 19290448 ER PT J AU Frankel, A Stephenson, W Carver, D AF Frankel, Arthur Stephenson, William Carver, David TI Sedimentary Basin Effects in Seattle, Washington: Ground-Motion Observations and 3D Simulations SO BULLETIN OF THE SEISMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA LA English DT Article ID PUGET-SOUND REGION; 28 FEBRUARY 2001; SITE RESPONSE; NISQUALLY EARTHQUAKE; SOURCE PARAMETERS; FAULT ZONE; LOWLAND; WAVES; STATE; AMPLIFICATION AB Seismograms of local earthquakes recorded in Seattle exhibit surface waves in the Seattle basin and basin-edge focusing of S waves. Spectral ratios of S waves and later arrivals at 1 Hz for stiff-soil sites in the Seattle basin show a dependence on the direction to the earthquake, with earthquakes to the south and southwest producing higher average amplification. Earthquakes to the southwest typically produce larger basin surface waves relative to S waves than earthquakes to the north and northwest, probably because of the velocity contrast across the Seattle fault along the southern margin of the Seattle basin. S to P conversions are observed for some events and are likely converted at the bottom of the Seattle basin. We model five earthquakes, including the M 6.8 Nisqually earthquake, using 3D finite-difference simulations accurate up to 1 Hz. The simulations reproduce the observed dependence of amplification on the direction to the earthquake. The simulations generally match the timing and character of basin surface waves observed for many events. The 3D simulation for the Nisqually earthquake produces focusing of S waves along the southern margin of the Seattle basin near the area in west Seattle that experienced increased chimney damage from the earthquake, similar to the results of the higher-frequency 2D simulation reported by Stephenson et al. (2006). Waveforms from the 3D simulations show reasonable agreement with the data at low frequencies (0.2-0.4 Hz) for the Nisqually earthquake and an M 4.8 deep earthquake west of Seattle. C1 [Frankel, Arthur; Stephenson, William; Carver, David] US Geol Survey, Denver, CO 80225 USA. RP Frankel, A (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Ms 966,Box 25046,DFC, Denver, CO 80225 USA. NR 33 TC 18 Z9 20 U1 0 U2 8 PU SEISMOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI ALBANY PA 400 EVELYN AVE, SUITE 201, ALBANY, CA 94706-1375 USA SN 0037-1106 EI 1943-3573 J9 B SEISMOL SOC AM JI Bull. Seismol. Soc. Amer. PD JUN 1 PY 2009 VL 99 IS 3 BP 1579 EP 1611 DI 10.1785/0120080203 PG 33 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 455BO UT WOS:000266731200006 ER PT J AU Akkar, S Boore, DM AF Akkar, Sinan Boore, David M. TI On Baseline Corrections and Uncertainty in Response Spectra for Baseline Variations Commonly Encountered in Digital Accelerograph Records SO BULLETIN OF THE SEISMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA LA English DT Article ID 1999 CHI-CHI; STRONG GROUND MOTION; HORIZONTAL COMPONENT; DISPLACEMENTS; EARTHQUAKE; TAIWAN; PREDICTION; PERIODS; PGV; DEFORMATION AB Most digital accelerograph recordings are plagued by long-period drifts, best seen in the velocity and displacement time series obtained from integration of the acceleration time series. These drifts often result in velocity values that are nonzero near the end of the record. This is clearly unphysical and can lead to inaccurate estimates of peak ground displacement and long-period spectral response. The source of the long-period noise seems to be variations in the acceleration baseline in many cases. These variations could be due to true ground motion (tilting and rotation, as well as local permanent ground deformation), instrumental effects, or analog-to-digital conversion. Very often the trends in velocity are well approximated by a linear trend after the strong shaking subsides. The linearity of the trend in velocity implies that no variations in the baseline could have occurred after the onset of linearity in the velocity time series. This observation, combined with the lack of any trends in the pre-event motion, allows us to compute the time interval in which any baseline variations could occur. We then use several models of the variations in a Monte Carlo procedure to derive a suite of baseline-corrected accelerations for each noise model using records from the 1999 Chi-Chi earthquake and several earthquakes in Turkey. Comparisons of the mean values of the peak ground displacements, spectral displacements, and residual displacements computed from these corrected accelerations for the different noise models can be used as a guide to the accuracy of the baseline corrections. For many of the records considered here the mean values are similar for each noise model, giving confidence in the estimation of the mean values. The dispersion of the ground-motion measures increases with period and is noise-model dependent. The dispersion of inelastic spectra is greater than the elastic spectra at short periods but approaches that of the elastic spectra at longer periods. The elastic spectra from the most basic processing, in which only the pre-event mean is removed from the acceleration time series, do not diverge from the baseline-corrected spectra until periods of 10-20 sec or more for the records studied here, implying that for many engineering purposes elastic spectra can be used from records with no baseline correction or filtering. C1 [Akkar, Sinan] Middle E Tech Univ, Earthquake Engn Res Ctr, Dept Civil Engn, TR-06531 Ankara, Turkey. [Boore, David M.] US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. RP Akkar, S (reprint author), Middle E Tech Univ, Earthquake Engn Res Ctr, Dept Civil Engn, TR-06531 Ankara, Turkey. EM sakkar@metu.edu.tr; boore@usgs.gov FU TUBITAK (Turkey Scientific and Technical Research Council) [105G016]; Italian Ministry for Research and Higher Education (MiUR-Ministero dell' Universita e della Ricerca) [RBIN047WCL] FX This study is financially granted by TUBITAK (Turkey Scientific and Technical Research Council) with the award no. 105G016. Abdullah Sandikkaya helped us in computing the tBLb and tFITb values from the iterative procedure described in the article. We thank Chris Stephens for many discussions of record processing and Kent Fogleman, Basil Margaris, and Chris Stephens for useful reviews. We thank two anonymous reviewers for constructive comments that resulted in improvements to the article. Part of this work has also been carried out under the financial auspices of the Italian Ministry for Research and Higher Education (MiUR-Ministero dell' Universita e della Ricerca) through the FIRB Project No RBIN047WCL (Assessment and Reduction of Seismic Risk to Large Infrastructural Systems). Such support is also gratefully acknowledged by the authors. NR 34 TC 24 Z9 29 U1 0 U2 9 PU SEISMOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI EL CERRITO PA PLAZA PROFESSIONAL BLDG, SUITE 201, EL CERRITO, CA 94530 USA SN 0037-1106 J9 B SEISMOL SOC AM JI Bull. Seismol. Soc. Amer. PD JUN 1 PY 2009 VL 99 IS 3 BP 1671 EP 1690 DI 10.1785/0120080206 PG 20 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 455BO UT WOS:000266731200010 ER PT J AU Doser, DI Olsen, KB Pollitz, FF Stein, RS Toda, S AF Doser, Diane I. Olsen, Kim B. Pollitz, Fred F. Stein, Ross S. Toda, Shinji TI The 1911 M similar to 6.6 Calaveras Earthquake: Source Parameters and the Role of Static, Viscoelastic, and Dynamic Coulomb Stress Changes Imparted by the 1906 San Francisco Earthquake SO BULLETIN OF THE SEISMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA LA English DT Article ID BAY-REGION; ANDREAS FAULT; CALIFORNIA; PARKFIELD; SLIP; DISPLACEMENT; SEISMICITY; RUPTURE AB The occurrence of a right-lateral strike-slip earthquake in 1911 is inconsistent with the calculated 0.2-2.5 bar static stress decrease imparted by the 1906 rupture at that location on the Calaveras fault, and 5 yr of calculated post-1906 viscoelastic rebound does little to reload the fault. We have used all available first-motion, body-wave, and surface-wave data to explore possible focal mechanisms for the 1911 earthquake. We find that the event was most likely a right-lateral strike-slip event on the Calaveras fault, larger than, but otherwise resembling, the 1984 M(w) 6.1 Morgan Hill earthquake in roughly the same location. Unfortunately, we could recover no unambiguous surface fault offset or geodetic strain data to corroborate the seismic analysis despite an exhaustive archival search. We calculated the static and dynamic Coulomb stress changes for three 1906 source models to understand stress transfer to the 1911 site. In contrast to the static stress shadow, the peak dynamic Coulomb stress imparted by the 1906 rupture promoted failure at the site of the 1911 earthquake by 1.4-5.8 bar. Perhaps because the sample is small and the aftershocks are poorly located, we find no correlation of 1906 aftershock frequency or magnitude with the peak dynamic stress, although all aftershocks sustained a calculated dynamic stress of >= 3 bar. Just 20 km to the south of the 1911 epicenter, we find that surface creep of the Calaveras fault at Hollister paused for similar to 17 yr after 1906, about the expected delay for the calculated static stress drop imparted by the 1906 earthquake when San Andreas fault postseismic creep and viscoelastic relaxation are included. Thus, the 1911 earthquake may have been promoted by the transient dynamic stresses, while Calaveras fault creep 20 km to the south appears to have been inhibited by the static stress changes. C1 [Doser, Diane I.] Univ Texas El Paso, Dept Geol Sci, El Paso, TX 79968 USA. [Olsen, Kim B.] San Diego State Univ, Dept Geol Sci, San Diego, CA 92182 USA. [Pollitz, Fred F.; Stein, Ross S.] US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. [Toda, Shinji] Geol Survey Japan, Adv Inst Sci & Technol, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 3058567, Japan. RP Doser, DI (reprint author), Univ Texas El Paso, Dept Geol Sci, El Paso, TX 79968 USA. NR 37 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 8 PU SEISMOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI EL CERRITO PA PLAZA PROFESSIONAL BLDG, SUITE 201, EL CERRITO, CA 94530 USA SN 0037-1106 J9 B SEISMOL SOC AM JI Bull. Seismol. Soc. Amer. PD JUN 1 PY 2009 VL 99 IS 3 BP 1746 EP 1759 DI 10.1785/0120080305 PG 14 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 455BO UT WOS:000266731200015 ER PT J AU Pollitz, FF AF Pollitz, Fred F. TI A Viscoelastic Earthquake Simulator with Application to the San Francisco Bay Region SO BULLETIN OF THE SEISMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA LA English DT Article ID LAYERED SPHERICAL EARTH; STRAIN ACCUMULATION; GUTENBERG-RICHTER; STRESS TRANSFER; ANDREAS FAULT; MODEL; SLIP; SEISMICITY; CYCLE; ZONE AB Earthquake simulation on synthetic fault networks carries great potential for characterizing the statistical patterns of earthquake occurrence. I present an earthquake simulator based on elastic dislocation theory. It accounts for the effects of interseismic tectonic loading, static stress steps at the time of earthquakes, and post-earthquake stress readjustment through viscoelastic relaxation of the lower crust and mantle. Earthquake rupture initiation and termination are determined with a Coulomb failure stress criterion and the static cascade model. The simulator is applied to interacting multifault systems: one, a synthetic two-fault network, and the other, a fault network representative of the San Francisco Bay region. The faults are discretized both along strike and along dip and can accommodate both strike slip and dip slip. Stress and seismicity functions are evaluated over 30,000 yr trial time periods, resulting in a detailed statistical characterization of the fault systems. Seismicity functions such as the coefficient of variation and a- and b-values exhibit systematic patterns with respect to simple model parameters. This suggests that reliable estimation of the controlling parameters of an earthquake simulator is a prerequisite to the interpretation of its output in terms of seismic hazard. C1 USGS, Menlo Pk, CA USA. RP Pollitz, FF (reprint author), USGS, Menlo Pk, CA USA. NR 33 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 4 PU SEISMOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI EL CERRITO PA PLAZA PROFESSIONAL BLDG, SUITE 201, EL CERRITO, CA 94530 USA SN 0037-1106 J9 B SEISMOL SOC AM JI Bull. Seismol. Soc. Amer. PD JUN 1 PY 2009 VL 99 IS 3 BP 1760 EP 1785 DI 10.1785/0120080253 PG 26 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 455BO UT WOS:000266731200016 ER PT J AU Hardebeck, JL Aron, A AF Hardebeck, Jeanne L. Aron, Allegra TI Earthquake Stress Drops and Inferred Fault Strength on the Hayward Fault, East San Francisco Bay, California SO BULLETIN OF THE SEISMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA LA English DT Article ID SOURCE SCALING RELATIONSHIPS; SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA; NORTHERN CALIFORNIA; SOURCE PARAMETERS; FOCAL MECHANISMS; 1994 NORTHRIDGE; CREEP RATE; SEISMICITY; REGION; PARKFIELD AB We study variations in earthquake stress drop with respect to depth, faulting regime, creeping versus locked fault behavior, and wall-rock geology. We use the P-wave displacement spectra from borehole seismic recordings of M 1.0-4.2 earthquakes in the east San Francisco Bay to estimate stress drop using a stack-and-invert empirical Green's function method. The median stress drop is 8.7 MPa, and most stress drops are in the range between 0.4 and 130 MPa. An apparent correlation between stress drop and magnitude is entirely an artifact of the limited frequency band of 4-55 Hz. There is a trend of increasing stress drop with depth, with a median stress drop of similar to 5 MPa for 1-7 km depth, similar to 10 MPa for 7-13 km depth, and similar to 50 MPa deeper than 13 km. We use S/P amplitude ratios measured from the borehole records to better constrain the first-motion focal mechanisms. High stress drops are observed for a deep cluster of thrust-faulting earthquakes. The correlation of stress drops with depth and faulting regime implies that stress drop is related to the applied shear stress. We compare the spatial distribution of stress drops on the Hayward fault to a model of creeping versus locked behavior of the fault and find that high stress drops are concentrated around the major locked patch near Oakland. This also suggests a connection between stress drop and applied shear stress, as the locked patch may experience higher applied shear stress as a result of the difference in cumulative slip or the presence of higher-strength material. The stress drops do not directly correlate with the strength of the proposed wall-rock geology at depth, suggesting that the relationship between fault strength and the strength of the wall rock is complex. C1 [Hardebeck, Jeanne L.] US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. [Aron, Allegra] Brown Univ, Providence, RI 02912 USA. RP Hardebeck, JL (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 345 Middlefield Rd, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. OI Hardebeck, Jeanne/0000-0002-6737-7780 NR 39 TC 34 Z9 34 U1 0 U2 9 PU SEISMOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI ALBANY PA 400 EVELYN AVE, SUITE 201, ALBANY, CA 94706-1375 USA SN 0037-1106 EI 1943-3573 J9 B SEISMOL SOC AM JI Bull. Seismol. Soc. Amer. PD JUN 1 PY 2009 VL 99 IS 3 BP 1801 EP 1814 DI 10.1785/0120080242 PG 14 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 455BO UT WOS:000266731200018 ER PT J AU Choy, GL Boatwright, J AF Choy, George L. Boatwright, John TI Differential Energy Radiation from Two Earthquakes in Japan with Identical M-w: The Kyushu 1996 and Tottori 2000 Earthquakes SO BULLETIN OF THE SEISMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA LA English DT Article ID SUBDUCTION ZONE EARTHQUAKES; STRIKE-SLIP EARTHQUAKES; SEISMIC ENERGY; APPARENT STRESS; S-WAVE; P-WAVE; SHALLOW EARTHQUAKES; FAULT; ACCELERATION; ATTENUATION AB We examine two closely located earthquakes in Japan that had identical moment magnitudes M-w but significantly different energy magnitudes M-e. We use teleseismic data from the Global Seismograph Network and strong-motion data from the National Research Institute for Earth Science and Disaster Prevention's K-Net to analyze the 19 October 1996 Kyushu earthquake (M-w 6.7, M-e 6.6) and the 6 October 2000 Tottori earthquake (M-w 6.7, M-e 7.4). To obtain regional estimates of radiated energy E-S we apply a spectral technique to regional (< 200 km) waveforms that are dominated by S and Lg waves. For the thrust-fault Kyushu earthquake, we estimate an average regional attenuation Q (f) = 230f(0.65). For the strike-slip Tottori earthquake, the average regional attenuation is Q(f) = 180f(0.6). These attenuation functions are similar to those derived from studies of both California and Japan earthquakes. The regional estimate of ES for the Kyushu earthquake, 3.8 x 10(14) J, is significantly smaller than that for the Tottori earthquake, ES 1: 3 x 1015 J. These estimates correspond well with the teleseismic estimates of 3: 9 x 1014 J and 1: 8 x 1015 J, respectively. The apparent stress (tau(a) = mu E-S/M-0, with mu equal to rigidity) for the Kyushu earthquake is 4 times smaller than the apparent stress for the Tottori earthquake. In terms of the fault maturity model, the significantly greater release of energy by the strike-slip Tottori earthquake can be related to strong deformation in an immature intraplate setting. The relatively lower energy release of the thrust-fault Kyushu earthquake can be related to rupture on mature faults at a subduction environment. The consistence between teleseismic and regional estimates of E-S is particularly significant as teleseismic data for computing E-S are routinely available for all large earthquakes whereas often there are no near-field data. C1 [Choy, George L.] US Geol Survey, Denver, CO 80215 USA. [Boatwright, John] US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. RP Choy, GL (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Denver, CO 80215 USA. NR 35 TC 5 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 2 PU SEISMOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI EL CERRITO PA PLAZA PROFESSIONAL BLDG, SUITE 201, EL CERRITO, CA 94530 USA SN 0037-1106 J9 B SEISMOL SOC AM JI Bull. Seismol. Soc. Amer. PD JUN 1 PY 2009 VL 99 IS 3 BP 1815 EP 1826 DI 10.1785/0120080078 PG 12 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 455BO UT WOS:000266731200019 ER PT J AU Parsons, T Geist, EL AF Parsons, Tom Geist, Eric L. TI Is There a Basis for Preferring Characteristic Earthquakes over a Gutenberg-Richter Distribution in Probabilistic Earthquake Forecasting? SO BULLETIN OF THE SEISMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA LA English DT Article ID SAN-ANDREAS FAULT; B-VALUE; SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA; IZMIT EARTHQUAKE; WASATCH; RUPTURE; HAZARD; ZONES; SLIP; UNCERTAINTY AB The idea that faults rupture in repeated, characteristic earthquakes is central to most probabilistic earthquake forecasts. The concept is elegant in its simplicity, and if the same event has repeated itself multiple times in the past, we might anticipate the next. In practice however, assembling a fault-segmented characteristic earthquake rupture model can grow into a complex task laden with unquantified uncertainty. We weigh the evidence that supports characteristic earthquakes against a potentially simpler model made from extrapolation of a Gutenberg-Richter magnitude-frequency law to individual fault zones. We find that the Gutenberg-Richter model satisfies key data constraints used for earthquake forecasting equally well as a characteristic model. Therefore, judicious use of instrumental and historical earthquake catalogs enables large-earthquake-rate calculations with quantifiable uncertainty that should get at least equal weighting in probabilistic forecasting. C1 [Parsons, Tom; Geist, Eric L.] US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. RP Parsons, T (reprint author), US Geol Survey, MS 999,345 Middlefield Rd, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. RI Parsons, Tom/A-3424-2008; OI Parsons, Tom/0000-0002-0582-4338 NR 52 TC 26 Z9 27 U1 0 U2 4 PU SEISMOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI ALBANY PA 400 EVELYN AVE, SUITE 201, ALBANY, CA 94706-1375 USA SN 0037-1106 EI 1943-3573 J9 B SEISMOL SOC AM JI Bull. Seismol. Soc. Amer. PD JUN 1 PY 2009 VL 99 IS 3 BP 2012 EP 2019 DI 10.1785/0120080069 PG 8 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 455BO UT WOS:000266731200033 ER PT J AU Hill, DP AF Hill, David P. TI Dynamic stresses, Coulomb failure, and remote triggering (vol 98, pb 66, 2008) SO BULLETIN OF THE SEISMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA LA English DT Correction C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. RP Hill, DP (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 345 Middlefield Rd, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. EM hill@usgs.gov NR 1 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 2 PU SEISMOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI EL CERRITO PA PLAZA PROFESSIONAL BLDG, SUITE 201, EL CERRITO, CA 94530 USA SN 0037-1106 J9 B SEISMOL SOC AM JI Bull. Seismol. Soc. Amer. PD JUN 1 PY 2009 VL 99 IS 3 BP 2050 EP 2051 PG 2 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 455BO UT WOS:000266731200038 ER PT J AU Byappanahalli, MN Whitman, RL AF Byappanahalli, Muruleedhara N. Whitman, Richard L. TI Clostridium botulinum type E occurs and grows in the alga Cladophora glomerata SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FISHERIES AND AQUATIC SCIENCES LA English DT Article ID LAKE-MICHIGAN; ESCHERICHIA-COLI; NEARSHORE WATER; CHLOROPHYTA; ENTEROCOCCI AB In recent years, massive avian die-offs from Clostridium botulinum type E infection have occurred in the Sleeping Bear Dunes National Lakeshore (SLBE) area of Lake Michigan. These outbreaks have been coincidental with massive blooms of the green algae Cladophora, mostly Cladophora glomerata. We tested the hypothesis that Clostridium botulinum type E can grow under suitable conditions in these algal mats. In a lab mesocosm study, Cladophora from four outbreak-impacted beaches from SLBE were compared with four unimpacted beaches in the Milwaukee-Racine area for bontE gene of Clostridium botulinum. Frequency of the bontE gene was higher after incubation (25 degrees C for up to 6 weeks) of Cladophora from impacted vs. the unimpacted area. Since no type E gene was detected initially in Cladophora from any of the eight locations, we infer that the increased occurrence of type E gene arose from spore germination or vegetative Clostridium growth within the existing algal mats of SLBE. Moreover, we found that the congener Clostridium perfringens readily grows in mesocosms containing Cladophora. C1 [Byappanahalli, Muruleedhara N.; Whitman, Richard L.] US Geol Survey, Great Lakes Sci Ctr, Lake Michigan Ecol Res Stn, Porter, IN 46304 USA. RP Whitman, RL (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Great Lakes Sci Ctr, Lake Michigan Ecol Res Stn, 1100 N Mineral Springs Rd, Porter, IN 46304 USA. EM Richard_Whitman@usgs.gov NR 12 TC 26 Z9 27 U1 1 U2 10 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA-N R C RESEARCH PRESS PI OTTAWA PA BUILDING M 55, OTTAWA, ON K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0706-652X J9 CAN J FISH AQUAT SCI JI Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. PD JUN PY 2009 VL 66 IS 6 BP 879 EP 882 DI 10.1139/F09-052 PG 4 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 469CU UT WOS:000267873800001 ER PT J AU Courtin-Nomade, A Grosbois, C Marcus, MA Fakra, SC Beny, JM Foster, AL AF Courtin-Nomade, Alexandra Grosbois, Cecile Marcus, Matthew A. Fakra, Sirine C. Beny, Jean-Michel Foster, Andrea L. TI THE WEATHERING OF A SULFIDE OREBODY: SPECIATION AND FATE OF SOME POTENTIAL CONTAMINANTS SO CANADIAN MINERALOGIST LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Session on Minerals in Contaminated Environments - Characterization, Stability, Impact held at the Frontiers in Mineral Sciences Meeting CY JUN, 2007 CL Cambridge, ENGLAND SP Mineralog Soc Great Britain & Ireland, Mineralog Soc Amer, Mineralog Assoc Canada, Soc Francaise Mineralog Cristallog DE potentially toxic trace elements; acid mine-drainage; Fe and Mn oxides; jarosite; micro-Raman spectra; California ID ACID-MINE DRAINAGE; SECONDARY MINERALOGY; RAMAN-SPECTROSCOPY; PYRITE OXIDATION; SOUTHWEST SPAIN; RIO-TINTO; IRON; TAILINGS; SULFATE; METALS AB Various potentially toxic trace elements such as As, Cu, Pb and Zn have been remobilized by the weathering of a sulfide orebody that was only partially mined at Leona Heights, California. As a result, this body has both natural and anthropogenically modified weathering profiles only 500 m apart. The orebody is located in a heavily urbanized area in suburban Oakland, and directly affects water quality in at least one stream by producing acidic conditions and relatively high concentrations of dissolved elements (e.g., similar to 500 mg/L Cu, similar to 3700 mg/L Zn). Micrometric-scale mineralogical investigations were performed on the authigenic metal-bearing phases (less than 10 mm in size) using electron-probe micro-analysis (EPMA), micro-Raman, micro X-ray absorption spectroscopy (mu XAS), scanning X-ray diffraction (mu SXRD) and scanning X-ray fluorescence (mu SXRF) mapping techniques. Those measurements were coupled with classical mineralogical laboratory techniques, X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Authigenic metal-bearing phases identified are mainly sulfates (jarosite, epsomite, schwertmannite), Fe (oxy-)hydroxides (goethite, hematite and poorly crystalline Fe products) and poorly crystalline Mn (hydr-)oxides. Sulfates and Fe (oxy-) hydroxides are the two main secondary products at both sites, whereas Mn ( hydr-) oxides were only observed in the samples from the non-mining site. In these samples, the various trace elements show different affinities for Fe or Mn compounds. Lead is preferentially associated with Mn (hydr-) oxides and As with Fe (oxy-) hydroxides or sulfates. Copper association with Mn and Fe phases is questionable, and the results obtained rather indicate that Cu is present as individual Cu-rich grains (Cu hydroxides). Some ochreous precipitates were found at both sites and correspond to a mixture of schwertmannite, goethite and jarosite containing some potentially toxic trace elements such as Cu, Pb and Zn. According to the trace element distribution and relative abundance of the unweathered sulfides, this orebody still represents a significant reservoir of potential contaminants for the watershed, especially at the non-mining site, as a much greater proportion of sulfides is left to react and because of the lower porosity at this site. C1 [Courtin-Nomade, Alexandra; Grosbois, Cecile] Univ Limoges, GRESE, IFR GEIST 145, FST, F-87060 Limoges, France. [Marcus, Matthew A.; Fakra, Sirine C.] Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Adv Light Source, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. [Beny, Jean-Michel] Inst Sci Terre Orleans, CNRS, F-45071 Orleans, France. [Foster, Andrea L.] US Geol Survey, Mineral Resources Div, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. RP Courtin-Nomade, A (reprint author), Univ Limoges, GRESE, IFR GEIST 145, FST, 123 Ave A Thomas, F-87060 Limoges, France. EM alexandra.courtin@unilim.fr NR 55 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 10 PU MINERALOGICAL ASSOC CANADA PI OTTAWA PA PO BOX 78087, MERILINE POSTAL OUTLET, 1460 MERIVALE RD, OTTAWA, ONTARIO K2E 1B1, CANADA SN 0008-4476 J9 CAN MINERAL JI Can. Mineral. PD JUN PY 2009 VL 47 IS 3 BP 493 EP 508 DI 10.3749/canmin.47.3.493 PG 16 WC Mineralogy SC Mineralogy GA 472PW UT WOS:000268145100002 ER PT J AU Miller, KB Gibson, JR Alarie, Y AF Miller, Kelly B. Gibson, James R. Alarie, Yves TI NORTH AMERICAN STYGOBIONTIC DIVING BEETLES (COLEOPTERA: DYTISCIDAE: HYDROPORINAE) WITH DESCRIPTION OF EREBOPORUS NATURACONSERVATUS MILLER, GIBSON AND ALARIE, NEW GENUS AND SPECIES, FROM TEXAS, USA SO COLEOPTERISTS BULLETIN LA English DT Article ID UNDERGROUND WATERS; NIRRIPIRTI WATTS; ARID ZONE; AUSTRALIA; CARABHYDRUS; SYSTEMATICS; HUMPHREYS; PHYLOGENY; EVOLUTION; GUIGNOT AB Ereboporus naturaconservatus Miller, Gibson and Alarie, new genus and new species (Coleoptera: Dytiscidae) is described from specimens collected from Caroline Springs, Independence Creek, Terrel County, Texas, U.S.A. Specimens were collected using drift nets placed at the head of the spring, suggesting the Species is subterranean and occurs in nearby areas of the Edwards-Trinity Aquifer. In addition, the new taxon is characteristic of subterranean diving beetles in having adults depigmented, relatively soft, and lacking metathoracic wings and compound eyes. In addition, the taxon is diagnosed among all adult Dytiscidae in having: 1) the head extremely large relative to the rest of the body, 2) the pronotum short and cordate 3) the prosternal process small, short and not extending to the mesosternum; 4) the elytra fused along the suture; 5) the elytron and elytral epipleuron extending ventromedially, concealing large lateral portions of the abdominal sterna; 6) the female internal genitalia with a large, elongate, ring-shaped structure on the bursa. The species is placed in the tribe Hydroporini (Hydroporinae) based on the character states: I) pro- and mesotarsi pseudotetramerous 2) male genitalia bilaterally symmetrical; 3) scutellum not visible with the elytra closed; 4) prosternum in lateral aspect declivous; 5) metatarsal claws the same length; 6) apices of elytra evenly rounded; 7) metepisternum extending to mesocoxal cavity externally; 8) male lateral lobe with one segment; 9) metacoxal process with well-developed lobes; 10) anterior margin of metafemur distinctly separated from the lobes of the metacoxal process. Three additional subterranean species are known front North America, Comaldessus stygius Spangler and Barr, 1995, Stgoporus oregonensis Larson and Labonte, 1994, and Haideoporus texanus Young and Longley, 1976. Each of these species is figured and discussed. C1 [Miller, Kelly B.] Univ New Mexico, Dept Biol, Albuquerque, NM 87131 USA. [Miller, Kelly B.] Univ New Mexico, Museum SW Biol, Albuquerque, NM 87131 USA. [Gibson, James R.] US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Natl Fish Hatchery & Technol Ctr, San Marcos, TX 78666 USA. [Alarie, Yves] Laurentian Univ, Dept Biol, Sudbury, ON P3E 2C6, Canada. RP Miller, KB (reprint author), Univ New Mexico, Dept Biol, MSC03 2020, Albuquerque, NM 87131 USA. EM kbmiller@unm.edu; Randy_Gibson@fws.gov; yalarie@nickel.laurentian.ca RI Miller, Kelly/I-6651-2012 FU NSF [DEB-0073088, DEB-9983195, DEB-0329115, DEB-0515924]; Aquatic Invasive Species Program, USFWS FX Field surveys were partially funded by the Aquatic Invasive Species Program, USFWS. Thanks go to Pete Diaz, Eathen Chappell, and Jarrett Denton for assistance in the field. Views presented do not necessarily reflect those of the USFWS. Portions of this work done by KBM were funded by NSF grants #DEB-0073088, #DEB-9983195, #DEB-0329115 and #DEB-0515924. NR 32 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 2 PU COLEOPTERISTS SOC PI ATHENS PA UNIV GEORGIA, 413 BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES BUILDING, ATHENS, GA 30602-2603 USA SN 0010-065X J9 COLEOPTS BULL JI Coleopt. Bull. PD JUN PY 2009 VL 63 IS 2 BP 191 EP 202 DI 10.1649/1124.1 PG 12 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 463TB UT WOS:000267453900006 ER PT J AU Jayewardene, D Donahue, MJ Birkeland, C AF Jayewardene, D. Donahue, M. J. Birkeland, C. TI Effects of frequent fish predation on corals in Hawaii SO CORAL REEFS LA English DT Article DE Coral; Predation by fishes; Corallivory; Arothron; Porites; Hawaii ID REEF FISHES; REGENERATION; COMPETITION; POPULATION; PATTERNS; ZONATION; GROWTH; RATES AB The abundance of lesions from fish bites on corals was quantified at nine shallow reefs in the main Hawaiian Islands. There were on average 117 bite scars m(-2) on Pocillopora meandrina tissue from the barred filefish Cantherhines dumerilii, 69 bites m(-2) on Porites compressa tissue, and 4 bites m(-2) on Porites lobata tissue from the spotted puffer Arothron meleagris. Across sites, the frequency of A. meleagris bites on P. compressa per unit area of living coral cover declined exponentially with increasing coral cover. P. compressa nubbins in two size classes (1-2 cm and 4-5 cm) were transplanted onto six study reefs. Nubbins in the small size class were entirely removed by bites from A. meleagris, while nubbins a parts per thousand yen4 cm were only partially consumed, leaving them able to recover. At sites with abundant P. compressa, predation had little effect on transplanted nubbins; at sites where P. compressa comprised less than 5% of living cover, all nubbins were preyed upon. A. meleagris bite lesions on P. compressa were monitored through time and fully recovered in 42 +/- A 4 days. A model of the risk of over-predation (a second predation event before the first is healed) decreased exponentially with increasing coral cover and increased linearly with increasing lesion healing time. The increased risk of over-predation at low coral cover could indicate an Allee effect limiting the recovery of coral populations if coral cover is substantially reduced by natural or anthropogenic disturbances. C1 [Jayewardene, D.; Birkeland, C.] Univ Hawaii Manoa, Hawaii Cooperat Fishery Res Unit, US Geol Survey, Dept Zool, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. [Donahue, M. J.] Univ Hawaii Manoa, Hawaii Inst Marine Biol, Kaneohe, HI 96744 USA. RP Jayewardene, D (reprint author), Univ Hawaii Manoa, Hawaii Cooperat Fishery Res Unit, US Geol Survey, Dept Zool, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. EM danielle@jayewardene.com FU Hawaii Coral Reef Initiative Research Program; US Geological Survey FX This research was funded by the Hawaii Coral Reef Initiative Research Program, and the US Geological Survey. We would like to thank Hanauma Bay Nature Park for access to the Hanauma study site and the Kona Division of Aquatic Resources for boat and dive support on Hawaii Island. The use of trade, firm, or corporation names in this publication is for the convenience of the reader. Such use does not constitute an official endorsement or approval by the US Government of any product or service to the exclusion of others that may be suitable. NR 27 TC 25 Z9 27 U1 1 U2 21 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0722-4028 J9 CORAL REEFS JI Coral Reefs PD JUN PY 2009 VL 28 IS 2 BP 499 EP 506 DI 10.1007/s00338-009-0475-y PG 8 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 442HK UT WOS:000265832100021 ER PT J AU Piper, DZ Calvert, SE AF Piper, D. Z. Calvert, S. E. TI A marine biogeochemical perspective on black shale deposition SO EARTH-SCIENCE REVIEWS LA English DT Review DE black shales; trace elements; marine geochemistry; Kimmeridge Clay ID KIMMERIDGE CLAY FORMATION; ORGANIC-CARBON ACCUMULATION; BENGUELA UPWELLING SYSTEM; RARE-EARTH-ELEMENTS; GLACIAL-INTERGLACIAL VARIABILITY; ATMOSPHERIC NITROGEN DEPOSITION; ANAEROBIC AMMONIUM OXIDATION; PERMIAN PHOSPHORIA FORMATION; EQUATORIAL PACIFIC-OCEAN; TRACE-METAL GEOCHEMISTRY AB Deposition of marine black shales has commonly been interpreted as having involved a high level of marine phytoplankton production that promoted high settling rates of organic matter through the water column and high burial fluxes on the seafloor or anoxic (sulfidic) water-column conditions that led to high levels of preservation of deposited organic matter. or a combination of the two processes. Here we review the hydrography and the budgets of trace metals and phytoplankton nutrients in two modern marine basins that have permanently anoxic bottom waters. This information is then used to hindcast the hydrography and biogeochemical conditions of deposition of a black shale of Late Jurassic age (the Kimmeridge Clay Formation, Yorkshire, England) from its trace metal and organic carbon content. Comparison of the modern and Jurassic sediment compositions reveals that the rate of photic zone primary productivity in the Kimmeridge Sea, based on the accumulation rate of the marine fraction of Ni, was as high as 840 g organic carbon m(-2) yr(-1). This high level was possibly tied to the maximum rise of sea level during the Late Jurassic that flooded this and other continents sufficiently to allow major open-ocean boundary currents to penetrate into epeiric seas. Sites of intense upwelling of nutrient-enriched seawater would have been transferred from the continental margins. their present location, onto the continents. This global flooding event was likely responsible for deposition of organic matter-enriched sediments in other marine basins of this age, several of which today host major petroleum source rocks. Bottom-water redox conditions in the Kimmeridge Sea, deduced from the V:Mo ratio in the marine fraction of the Kinumeridge Clay Formation, varied from oxic to anoxic, but were predominantly suboxic, or denitrifying. A high settling flux of organic matter, a result of the high primary productivity, supported a high rate of bacterial respiration that led to the depletion of O-2 in the bottom water. A high rate of burial of labile organic matter, albeit a low percentage of primary productivity, in turn promoted anoxic conditions in the sediment pore waters that enhanced retention of trace metals deposited from the water column. Published by Elsevier B.V. C1 [Piper, D. Z.] US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. [Calvert, S. E.] Univ British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1W5, Canada. RP Piper, DZ (reprint author), US Geol Survey, M-S 901, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. EM dzpiper@usgs.gov FU Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada; United States Geological Survey FX Nicolas Tribovillard generously provided the chemical data for the Kimmeridge Clay Formation and reviewed an early draft of the manuscript. Reviews by James Hein, Walter Dean, Richard Tyson, and an anonymous reviewer also greatly improved the manuscript. Support for this research was provided by the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (SEC) and the United States Geological Survey (DZP). NR 383 TC 85 Z9 96 U1 4 U2 89 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0012-8252 EI 1872-6828 J9 EARTH-SCI REV JI Earth-Sci. Rev. PD JUN PY 2009 VL 95 IS 1-2 BP 63 EP 96 DI 10.1016/j.earscirev.2009.03.001 PG 34 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 459ZJ UT WOS:000267152500003 ER PT J AU Pearl, CA Bowerman, J Adams, MJ Chelgren, ND AF Pearl, Christopher A. Bowerman, Jay Adams, Michael J. Chelgren, Nathan D. TI Widespread Occurrence of the Chytrid Fungus Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis on Oregon Spotted Frogs (Rana pretiosa) SO ECOHEALTH LA English DT Article DE amphibian; pathogen; disease; Pacific Northwest ID EMERGING INFECTIOUS-DISEASE; SKIN PEPTIDE DEFENSES; AMPHIBIAN POPULATIONS; WILD FROGS; CHYTRIDIOMYCOSIS; MORTALITY; DECLINES; PREVALENCE; PATHOGEN; SURVIVORSHIP AB The pathogen Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd) has been associated with amphibian declines in multiple continents, including western North America. We investigated Bd prevalence in Oregon spotted frog (Rana pretiosa), a species that has declined across its range in the Pacific Northwest. Polymerase chain reaction analysis of skin swabs indicated that Bd was prevalent within populations (420 of 617 juvenile and adults) and widespread among populations (36 of 36 sites) where we sampled R. pretiosa in Oregon and Washington. We rarely detected Bd in R. pretiosa larvae (2 of 72). Prevalence of Bd in postmetamorphic R. pretiosa was inversely related to frog size. We found support for an interactive effect of elevation and sampling date on Bd: prevalence of Bd generally increased with date, but this effect was more pronounced at lower elevations. We also found evidence that the body condition of juvenile R. pretiosa with Bd decreased after their first winter. Our data indicate that some Oregon spotted frog populations are currently persisting with relatively high Bd prevalence, but the risk posed by Bd is unknown. C1 [Pearl, Christopher A.; Adams, Michael J.; Chelgren, Nathan D.] US Geol Survey, Forest & Rangeland Ecosyst Sci Ctr, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. [Bowerman, Jay] Sunriver Nat Ctr, Sunriver, OR 97707 USA. RP Pearl, CA (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Forest & Rangeland Ecosyst Sci Ctr, 3200 SW Jefferson Way, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. EM christopher_pearl@usgs.gov FU US Fish and Wildlife Service; Oregon Community Foundation; Sunriver Nature Center FX Funding for field sampling and report compilation was provided by US Fish and Wildlife Service. The Oregon Community Foundation and Sunriver Nature Center provided the funding for lab analysis. We thank B. Annagers, S. Unger, A. Rogers, B. McCreary, L. Hallock, D. Lynch, C. Damberg, T. Simpson, M. Bailey, K. McAllister, K. Risenhoover, R. Roninger, and several private landowners for access to field sites and assistance with field work. Housing was generously provided by T. Bowerman, Fremont-Winema National Forest, and Klamath Marsh National Wildlife Refuge. We thank B. Hossack and N. Leuthold for helpful discussions, S. Galvan (USGS FRESC) for GIS work and figure preparation, and J. Wood (Pisces Molecular) for advice on sampling and interpretation. Any use of trade, product, or firm names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government. This work was conducted under permits from the Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife, and US Fish and Wildlife Service. NR 59 TC 21 Z9 22 U1 1 U2 21 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 1612-9202 EI 1612-9210 J9 ECOHEALTH JI EcoHealth PD JUN PY 2009 VL 6 IS 2 BP 209 EP 218 DI 10.1007/s10393-009-0237-x PG 10 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 571LN UT WOS:000275753400006 PM 19526269 ER PT J AU Klinger, R Rejmanek, M AF Klinger, Rob Rejmanek, Marcel TI The numerical and functional responses of a granivorous rodent and the fate of Neotropical tree seeds SO ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Belize; foraging behavior; Heteromys desmarestianus; rodents; seed dispersal; seed fate; seed predation; small mammals; tropical forests ID HETEROMYS-DESMARESTIANUS; POPULATION-DYNAMICS; LOWLAND FOREST; RAIN-FOREST; PREDATION; DISPERSAL; FOOD; REMOVAL; ECOLOGY; DISTURBANCES AB Despite their potential to provide mechanistic explanations of rates of seed dispersal and seed fate, the functional and numerical responses of seed predators have never been explicitly examined within this context. Therefore, we investigated the numerical response of a small-mammal seed predator, Heteromys desmarestianus, to disturbance-induced changes in food availability and evaluated the degree to which removal and fate of seeds of eight tree species in a lowland tropical forest in Belize were related to the functional response of H. desmarestianus to varying seed densities. Mark-recapture trapping was used to estimate abundance of H. desmarestianus in six 0.5-ha grids from July 2000 to September 2002. Fruit availability and seed fate were estimated in each grid, and two experiments nested within the grids were used to determine (1) the form of the functional response for nine levels of fruit density (2-32 fruits/m(2)), (2) the removal rate and handling times, and (3) the total proportion of fruits removed. The total proportion of fruits removed was determined primarily by the numerical response of H. desmarestianus to fruit availability, while removal rates and the proportion of seeds eaten or cached were related primarily to the form of the functional response. However, the numerical and functional responses interacted; H. desmarestianus showed strong spatial and temporal numerical responses to total fruit availability, and their density relative to fruit availability resulted in variation in the form of the functional response. Types I, II, and III functional responses were observed, as were density-independent responses, and these responses varied both among and within fruit species. The highest proportions of fruits were eaten when the Type III functional response was detected, which was when fruit availability was high relative to H. desmarestianus population density. Numerous idiosyncratic influences on seed fate have been documented, but our results indicate that shifts in the numerical and functional responses of seed predators to seasonal and interannual variation in seed availability potentially provide a general mechanistic explanation for patterns of removal and fate for vertebrate-dispersed seeds. C1 [Klinger, Rob; Rejmanek, Marcel] Univ Calif Davis, Sect Evolut & Ecol, Davis, CA 95616 USA. RP Klinger, R (reprint author), USGS, Biol Resources Discipline, Western Ecol Res Ctr, Yosemite Field Stn,Bishop Off, 568 Cent Ave, Bishop, CA 93514 USA. EM rcklinger@usgs.gov FU National Science Foundation [DEB-0309408]; University Research Expeditions Program; UC Davis Jastro-Shields Graduate Fellowships FX Many volunteers and interns from the University Research Expeditions Program helped with trapping, fruit counts, and the seed experiments. J. and K. Marlin and the staff of the Belize Foundation for Research and Environmental Education provided critical logistical support and accommodations. S. Brewer, M. Johnson, D. Kelt, E. Rejmankova, and D. Van Vuren provided insightful thoughts and comments throughout the study. We thank C. E. Aslan, P-M. Forget, B. Fox, Tim J. Karels, and two anonymous reviewers for critical comments on the manuscript. Financial support was provided by the National Science Foundation (DEB-0309408), the University Research Expeditions Program, and UC Davis Jastro-Shields Graduate Fellowships. NR 53 TC 18 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 26 PU ECOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 1990 M STREET NW, STE 700, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0012-9658 J9 ECOLOGY JI Ecology PD JUN PY 2009 VL 90 IS 6 BP 1549 EP 1563 DI 10.1890/07-2146.1 PG 15 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 454DR UT WOS:000266662500016 PM 19569370 ER PT J AU Kanda, LL Fuller, TK Sievert, PR Kellogg, RL AF Kanda, L. Leann Fuller, Todd K. Sievert, Paul R. Kellogg, Robert L. TI Seasonal source-sink dynamics at the edge of a species' range SO ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Didelphis virginiana; distribution edge; individual fitness; landscape heterogeneity; life table; metapopulation; range limit; source-sink dynamics; urbanization; Virginia opossum ID OPOSSUMS DIDELPHIS-VIRGINIANA; POPULATION-DYNAMICS; SURVIVAL; ENERGETICS; DISPERSAL; ABUNDANCE; HABITAT; BORDERS; MODEL; LIMIT AB The roles of dispersal and population dynamics in determining species' range boundaries recently have received theoretical attention but little empirical work. Here we provide data on survival, reproduction, and movement for a Virginia opossum ( Didelphis virginiana) population at a local distributional edge in central Massachusetts ( USA). Most juvenile females that apparently exploited anthropogenic resources survived their first winter, whereas those using adjacent natural resources died of starvation. In spring, adult females recolonized natural areas. A life-table model suggests that a population exploiting anthropogenic resources may grow, acting as source to a geographically interlaced sink of opossums using only natural resources, and also providing emigrants for further range expansion to new human-dominated landscapes. In a geographical model, this source-sink dynamic is consistent with the local distribution identified through road-kill surveys. The Virginia opossum's exploitation of human resources likely ameliorates energetically restrictive winters and may explain both their local distribution and their northward expansion in unsuitable natural climatic regimes. Landscape heterogeneity, such as created by urbanization, may result in source-sink dynamics at highly localized scales. Differential fitness and individual dispersal movements within local populations are key to generating regional distributions, and thus species ranges, that exceed expectations. C1 [Kanda, L. Leann] Ithaca Coll, Dept Biol, Ithaca, NY 14850 USA. [Kanda, L. Leann; Fuller, Todd K.] Univ Massachusetts, Organism & Evolutionary Biol Grad Program, Amherst, MA 01003 USA. [Fuller, Todd K.] Univ Massachusetts, Dept Nat Resources Conservat, Amherst, MA 01003 USA. [Sievert, Paul R.] Univ Massachusetts, US Geol Survey, Massachusetts Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Dept Nat Resources Conservat, Amherst, MA 01003 USA. [Kellogg, Robert L.] ArgonST Inc, Fairfax, VA 22033 USA. RP Kanda, LL (reprint author), Ithaca Coll, Dept Biol, Ithaca, NY 14850 USA. EM lkanda@ithaca.edu FU USGS Massachusetts Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit; Sigma Xi; Max McGraw Wildlife Foundation; Massachusetts Museum of Natural History; U.S. Department of Agriculture, Massachusetts Agricultural Experiment Station [MAS00088] FX We are indebted to the field crew, particularly L. Davies, M. Perry, and R. Shoji. Additional thanks to the road-kill transect volunteers. B. Letcher, D. Sigourney, and T. Castro-Santos gave insights into survival analysis. E. M. Jakob and J. Podos contributed valuable advice throughout the study. Thanks to E. M. Hellgren, M. Chamberlain, and two anonymous reviewers for comments on the manuscript. Field work was supported by the USGS Massachusetts Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, by a Grant-in-Aid of Research from Sigma Xi, the Scientific Research Society, by Max McGraw Wildlife Foundation, by a David J. Klingener Scholarship from the Massachusetts Museum of Natural History, and by the Cooperative State Research, Education, and Extension Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Massachusetts Agricultural Experiment Station, under Project No. MAS00088. NR 33 TC 29 Z9 30 U1 5 U2 46 PU ECOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 1990 M STREET NW, STE 700, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0012-9658 EI 1939-9170 J9 ECOLOGY JI Ecology PD JUN PY 2009 VL 90 IS 6 BP 1574 EP 1585 DI 10.1890/08-1263.1 PG 12 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 454DR UT WOS:000266662500018 PM 19569372 ER PT J AU Feng, ZL Liu, RS DeAngelis, DL Bryant, JP Kielland, K Stuart Chapin, F Swihart, R AF Feng, Zhilan Liu, Rongsong DeAngelis, Donald L. Bryant, John P. Kielland, Knut Stuart Chapin, F., III Swihart, Robert K. TI Plant Toxicity, Adaptive Herbivory, and Plant Community Dynamics SO ECOSYSTEMS LA English DT Article DE functional response; plant competition; herbivory; plant toxin; adaptive foraging; mammalian herbivores; boreal forest ID FUNCTIONAL-RESPONSE; SECONDARY METABOLITES; MAMMALIAN HERBIVORE; VARIED DIETS; MODELS; DIVERSITY; PREDATION; SYMBIOSIS; ENVIRONMENTS; VERTEBRATES AB We model effects of interspecific plant competition, herbivory, and a plant's toxic defenses against herbivores on vegetation dynamics. The model predicts that, when a generalist herbivore feeds in the absence of plant toxins, adaptive foraging generally increases the probability of coexistence of plant species populations, because the herbivore switches more of its effort to whichever plant species is more common and accessible. In contrast, toxin-determined selective herbivory can drive plant succession toward dominance by the more toxic species, as previously documented in boreal forests and prairies. When the toxin concentrations in different plant species are similar, but species have different toxins with nonadditive effects, herbivores tend to diversify foraging efforts to avoid high intakes of any one toxin. This diversification leads the herbivore to focus more feeding on the less common plant species. Thus, uncommon plants may experience depensatory mortality from herbivory, reducing local species diversity. The depensatory effect of herbivory may inhibit the invasion of other plant species that are more palatable or have different toxins. These predictions were tested and confirmed in the Alaskan boreal forest. C1 [DeAngelis, Donald L.] Univ Miami, US Geol Survey, Coral Gables, FL 33124 USA. [Feng, Zhilan; Liu, Rongsong] Purdue Univ, Dept Math, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA. [DeAngelis, Donald L.] Univ Miami, Dept Biol, Coral Gables, FL 33124 USA. [Bryant, John P.; Kielland, Knut; Stuart Chapin, F., III] Univ Alaska, Inst Arctic Biol, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA. [Swihart, Robert K.] Purdue Univ, Dept Forestry & Nat Resources, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA. RP DeAngelis, DL (reprint author), Univ Miami, US Geol Survey, POB 249118, Coral Gables, FL 33124 USA. EM zfeng@math.purdue.edu; ddeangelis@bio.miami.edu RI Swihart, Rob/D-2787-2016 FU National Science Foundation [DMS-0719697]; James S. McDonnell Foundation 21st Century Science Initiative; USGS-Florida Integrated Science Center; NSF [DEB-0620579]; USDA Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station [PNW01-JV11261952-231] FX The research presented here was supported in part by the National Science Foundation grant DMS-0719697 (Z. Feng), the James S. McDonnell Foundation 21st Century Science Initiative (Z. Feng and R. K. Swihart), and the USGS-Florida Integrated Science Center (D. L. DeAngelis). The field research of the BNZ LTER program was funded jointly by NSF grant DEB-0620579 and USDA Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station Grant PNW01-JV11261952-231. NR 46 TC 27 Z9 27 U1 4 U2 35 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 1432-9840 J9 ECOSYSTEMS JI Ecosystems PD JUN PY 2009 VL 12 IS 4 BP 534 EP 547 DI 10.1007/s10021-009-9240-x PG 14 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 451CN UT WOS:000266448400002 ER PT J AU Goldstein, T Mazet, JAK Gill, VA Doroff, AM Burek, KA Hammond, JA AF Goldstein, Tracey Mazet, Jonna A. K. Gill, Verena A. Doroff, Angela M. Burek, Kathy A. Hammond, John A. TI Phocine Distemper Virus in Northern Sea Otters in the Pacific Ocean, Alaska, USA SO EMERGING INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Article ID HARBOR SEALS; ALEUTIAN ARCHIPELAGO; DECLINE AB Phocine distemper virus (PDV) has caused 2 epidemics in harbor seals in the Atlantic Ocean but had never been identified in any Pacific Ocean species. We found that northern sea otters in Alaska are infected with PDV, which has created a disease threat to several sympatric and decreasing Pacific marine mammals. C1 [Goldstein, Tracey] Univ Calif Davis, Wildlife Hlth Ctr, Sch Vet Med, Davis, CA 95616 USA. [Gill, Verena A.; Doroff, Angela M.] US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Anchorage, AK USA. [Burek, Kathy A.] Alaska Vet Pathol Serv, Eagle River, AK USA. [Hammond, John A.] Stanford Univ, Sch Med, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. RP Goldstein, T (reprint author), Univ Calif Davis, Wildlife Hlth Ctr, Sch Vet Med, Davis, CA 95616 USA. EM tgoldstein@ucdavis.edu RI Mazet, Jonna/B-4811-2012 FU Morris Animal Foundation [D07ZO-026]; National Institutes of Health [A1024258] FX This study was supported by the Morris Animal Foundation, grant D07ZO-026, J.A.H. was supported by grant A1024258 to P. Parham from the National Institutes of Health. NR 16 TC 22 Z9 22 U1 2 U2 18 PU CENTERS DISEASE CONTROL PI ATLANTA PA 1600 CLIFTON RD, ATLANTA, GA 30333 USA SN 1080-6040 J9 EMERG INFECT DIS JI Emerg. Infect. Dis PD JUN PY 2009 VL 15 IS 6 BP 925 EP 927 DI 10.3201/eid1506.090056 PG 3 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases GA 452KO UT WOS:000266539100012 PM 19523293 ER PT J AU Jones, BM Arp, CD Hinkel, KM Beck, RA Schmutz, JA Winston, B AF Jones, Benjamin M. Arp, Christopher D. Hinkel, Kenneth M. Beck, Richard A. Schmutz, Joel A. Winston, Barry TI Arctic Lake Physical Processes and Regimes with Implications for Winter Water Availability and Management in the National Petroleum Reserve Alaska SO ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE Alaska; Arctic lakes; Climate change; Lake hydrology; Lake ice; Water resources; Winter water use ID ICE-COVERED LAKES; COASTAL-PLAIN; NORTH SLOPE; WETLAND COMPLEX; TESHEKPUK LAKE; THAW LAKES; BASINS; PONDS; VULNERABILITY; ENVIRONMENT AB Lakes are dominant landforms in the National Petroleum Reserve Alaska (NPRA) as well as important social and ecological resources. Of recent importance is the management of these freshwater ecosystems because lakes deeper than maximum ice thickness provide an important and often sole source of liquid water for aquatic biota, villages, and industry during winter. To better understand seasonal and annual hydrodynamics in the context of lake morphometry, we analyzed lakes in two adjacent areas where winter water use is expected to increase in the near future because of industrial expansion. Landsat Thematic Mapper and Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus imagery acquired between 1985 and 2007 were analyzed and compared with climate data to understand interannual variability. Measured changes in lake area extent varied by 0.6% and were significantly correlated to total precipitation in the preceding 12 months (p < 0.05). Using this relation, the modeled lake area extent from 1985 to 2007 showed no long-term trends. In addition, high-resolution aerial photography, bathymetric surveys, water-level monitoring, and lake-ice thickness measurements and growth models were used to better understand seasonal hydrodynamics, surface area-to-volume relations, winter water availability, and more permanent changes related to geomorphic change. Together, these results describe how lakes vary seasonally and annually in two critical areas of the NPRA and provide simple models to help better predict variation in lake-water supply. Our findings suggest that both overestimation and underestimation of actual available winter water volume may occur regularly, and this understanding may help better inform management strategies as future resource use expands in the NPRA. C1 [Jones, Benjamin M.; Arp, Christopher D.; Schmutz, Joel A.] US Geol Survey, Alaska Sci Ctr, Anchorage, AK 99508 USA. [Hinkel, Kenneth M.; Beck, Richard A.; Winston, Barry] Univ Cincinnati, Dept Geog, Cincinnati, OH 45221 USA. RP Jones, BM (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Alaska Sci Ctr, 4210 Univ Dr, Anchorage, AK 99508 USA. EM bjones@usgs.gov; carp@usgs.gov; kenneth.hinkel@uc.edu; beckrd@ucmail.uc.edu; jschmutz@usgs.gov; winstob@uc.edu OI Arp, Christopher/0000-0002-6485-6225 FU United States Geological Survey, Geographic Analysis and Monitoring and Land Remote Sensing programs; National Science Foundation [0713813, 0548846] FX We kindly thank Edwin Pfiefer, Dan Sorenson, Matthew Whitman, and Dave Yokel, as well as three anonymous reviewers, for reviewing the manuscript. Funding was provided by the United States Geological Survey, Geographic Analysis and Monitoring and Land Remote Sensing programs, and National Science Foundation Grants No. 0713813 to K. M. Hinkel and 0548846 to W. R. Eisner. Use of trade, product, or firm names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U. S. Goverment. NR 50 TC 28 Z9 30 U1 4 U2 20 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0364-152X J9 ENVIRON MANAGE JI Environ. Manage. PD JUN PY 2009 VL 43 IS 6 BP 1071 EP 1084 DI 10.1007/s00267-008-9241-0 PG 14 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 458NG UT WOS:000267030200011 PM 19101761 ER PT J AU Mahan, CG Vanderhorst, JP Young, JA AF Mahan, Carolyn G. Vanderhorst, James P. Young, John A. TI Natural Resource Assessment: An Approach to Science Based Planning in National Parks SO ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article ID FOREST FRAGMENTATION; NATURE-RESERVES; CONSERVATION; PATTERNS AB We conducted a natural resource assessment at two national parks, New River Gorge National River and Shenandoah National Park, to help meet the goals of the Natural Resource Challenge-a program to help strengthen natural resource management at national parks. We met this challenge by synthesizing and interpreting natural resource information for planning purposes and we identified information gaps and natural significance of resources. We identified a variety of natural resources at both parks as being globally and/or nationally significant, including large expanses of unfragmented, mixed-mesophytic forests that qualify for wilderness protection, rare plant communities, diverse assemblages of neotropical migratory birds and salamanders, and outstanding aquatic recreational resources. In addition, these parks function, in part, as ecological reserves for plants in and wildlife. With these significant natural resources in mind, we also developed a suite of natural resource management recommendations in light of increasing threats from within and outside park boundaries. We hope that our approach can provide a blueprint for natural resource conservation at publically owned lands. C1 [Mahan, Carolyn G.] Penn State Univ, Div Math & Nat Sci, Altoona, PA 16601 USA. [Vanderhorst, James P.] W Virginia Nat Heritage Program, Elkins, WV USA. [Young, John A.] US Geol Survey, Kearneysville, WV USA. RP Mahan, CG (reprint author), Penn State Univ, Div Math & Nat Sci, 209 Hawthorn Bldg, Altoona, PA 16601 USA. EM cgm2@psu.edu NR 34 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 1 U2 13 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0364-152X J9 ENVIRON MANAGE JI Environ. Manage. PD JUN PY 2009 VL 43 IS 6 BP 1301 EP 1312 DI 10.1007/s00267-009-9292-x PG 12 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 458NG UT WOS:000267030200027 PM 19365671 ER PT J AU Henson-Ramsey, H Levine, J Kennedy-Stoskopf, S Taylor, SK Shea, D Stoskopf, MK AF Henson-Ramsey, Heather Levine, Jay Kennedy-Stoskopf, Suzanne Taylor, Sharon K. Shea, Damian Stoskopf, Michael K. TI Development of a Dynamic Pharmacokinetic Model to Estimate Bioconcentration of Xenobiotics in Earthworms SO ENVIRONMENTAL MODELING & ASSESSMENT LA English DT Article DE Pharmacokinetic model; Xenobiotic; Earthworm; Soil ID PERCUTANEOUS-ABSORPTION; LUMBRICUS-TERRESTRIS; ORGANIC-CHEMICALS; DERMAL ROUTE; SOIL; EXPOSURE; MALATHION; BIOACCUMULATION; WATER; 2,4,6-TRINITROTOLUENE AB A simple and dynamic pharmacokinetic model was developed to predict bioconcentration of organic contaminants in earthworms. The model was parameterized experimentally by placing Lumbricus terrestris in soil contaminated with 200 A mu g/cm(2) of malathion. The toxicokinetics of malathion uptake, depuration, and degradation in soil is measured. After parameterization, the model was able to accurately predict the bioconcentration factor of malathion at steady state. Sensitivity analyses were performed and the rate of absorption was determined to be the most sensitive parameter. Varying the rate of malathion elimination from earthworm tissues, malathion degradation, and the amount of malathion applied to the soil by 25-fold did not result in the bioconcentration of malathion. An increase in the rate of malathion absorption into earthworm tissues by 25-fold did result in bioconcentration. Previously published pharmacokinetic studies on xenobiotics with log K (ow) values ranging up to 8.05 were used to test the predictive capacity of the model. The model was able to predict from 83% to 105% of the experimentally derived bioconcentration factors. C1 [Henson-Ramsey, Heather] Lewis Clark State Coll, Div Nat Sci, Lewiston, ID 83501 USA. [Henson-Ramsey, Heather; Levine, Jay; Kennedy-Stoskopf, Suzanne; Stoskopf, Michael K.] N Carolina State Univ, Environm Med Consortium, Raleigh, NC 27607 USA. [Kennedy-Stoskopf, Suzanne; Stoskopf, Michael K.] N Carolina State Univ, Dept Clin Sci, Raleigh, NC 27607 USA. [Levine, Jay] N Carolina State Univ, Dept Populat Hlth & Pathobiol, Raleigh, NC 27607 USA. [Taylor, Sharon K.] US EPA, Natl Ctr Environm Assessment Washington, DC Div, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. [Shea, Damian] N Carolina State Univ, Dept Zool, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. [Taylor, Sharon K.] US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Carlsbad Fish & Wildlife Off, Environm Contaminants Div, Carlsbad, CA 92011 USA. RP Henson-Ramsey, H (reprint author), Lewis Clark State Coll, Div Nat Sci, 500 8th Ave, Lewiston, ID 83501 USA. EM hlhenson@ncsu.edu FU US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) [R-83055101] FX The US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) through its Office of Research and Development partially funded and collaborated in the research described here under assistance agreement # R-83055101 to North Carolina State University. The views expressed in this article are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the view or policies of the EPA. NR 35 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 2 U2 14 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 1420-2026 J9 ENVIRON MODEL ASSESS JI Environ. Model. Assess. PD JUN PY 2009 VL 14 IS 3 BP 411 EP 418 DI 10.1007/s10666-007-9132-4 PG 8 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 448KK UT WOS:000266261300010 ER PT J AU Custer, CM Yang, C Crock, JG Shearn-Bochsler, V Smith, KS Hageman, PL AF Custer, Christine M. Yang, Chi Crock, James G. Shearn-Bochsler, Valerie Smith, Kathleen S. Hageman, Phillip L. TI Exposure of insects and insectivorous birds to metals and other elements from abandoned mine tailings in three Summit County drainages, Colorado SO ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT LA English DT Article DE Abandoned mine tailings; Colorado; Insectivorous birds; Insects; Metals; Summit Co.; Tree swallows ID SWALLOWS TACHYCINETA-BICOLOR; TREE SWALLOWS; TRACE-ELEMENTS; RIVER-BASIN; MALLARD DUCKS; BARN SWALLOWS; CONTAMINANT EXPOSURE; REPRODUCTIVE SUCCESS; LEAD CONCENTRATIONS; USA AB Concentrations of 31 metals, metalloids, and other elements were measured in insects and insectivorous bird tissues from three drainages with different geochemistry and mining histories in Summit Co., Colorado, in 2003, 2004, and 2005. In insect samples, all 25 elements that were analyzed in all years increased in both Snake and Deer Creeks in the mining impacted areas compared to areas above and below the mining impacted areas. This distribution of elements was predicted from known or expected sediment contamination resulting from abandoned mine tailings in those drainages. Element concentrations in avian liver tissues were in concordance with levels in insects, that is with concentrations higher in mid-drainage areas where mine tailings were present compared to both upstream and downstream locations; these differences were not always statistically different, however. The lack of statistically significant differences in liver tissues, except for a few elements, was due to relatively small sample sizes and because many of these elements are essential and therefore well regulated by the bird's homeostatic processes. Most elements were at background concentrations in avian liver tissue except for Pb which was elevated at mid-drainage sites to levels where delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase activity was inhibited at other mining sites in Colorado. Lead exposure, however, was not at toxic levels. Fecal samples were not a good indication of what elements birds ingested and were potentially exposed to. C1 [Custer, Christine M.] US Geol Survey, Upper Midwest Environm Sci Ctr, La Crosse, WI 54603 USA. [Crock, James G.; Smith, Kathleen S.; Hageman, Phillip L.] US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Crustal Imaging & Characterizat Team, Denver, CO 80225 USA. [Shearn-Bochsler, Valerie] US Geol Survey, Natl Wildlife Hlth Ctr, Madison, WI 53711 USA. RP Custer, CM (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Upper Midwest Environm Sci Ctr, 2630 Fanta Reed Rd, La Crosse, WI 54603 USA. EM ccuster@usgs.gov RI Custer, Christine/H-4871-2014 FU US Forest Service FX We thank the US Forest Service, White River National Forest, the Denver Water Board, Keystone Resort, and Bill Barry for allowing us to put our boxes up on their properties; Craig Beckman, Joel Chirhart, Tom Custer, Paul Dummer, and other FWS personnel for logistical support and help setting up boxes; Sue Bonner for help checking and taking down nest boxes; Colorado Division of Wildlife and the US Fish and Wildlife Service for collecting permits; and Barnett Rattner and other anonymous reviewers for comments on earlier drafts of the manuscript. NR 66 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 21 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0167-6369 EI 1573-2959 J9 ENVIRON MONIT ASSESS JI Environ. Monit. Assess. PD JUN PY 2009 VL 153 IS 1-4 BP 161 EP 177 DI 10.1007/s10661-008-0346-y PG 17 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 443NO UT WOS:000265917200015 PM 18528769 ER PT J AU Badzinski, SS Flint, PL Gorman, KB Petrie, SA AF Badzinski, Shannon S. Flint, Paul L. Gorman, Kristen B. Petrie, Scott A. TI Relationships between hepatic trace element concentrations, reproductive status, and body condition of female greater scaup SO ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION LA English DT Article DE Body condition; Greater scaup; Nutrient reserves; Reproduction; Trace elements ID SAN-FRANCISCO BAY; NUTRIENT-RESERVE DYNAMICS; ZEBRA MUSSEL INVASION; YUKON-KUSKOKWIM DELTA; LESSER SCAUP; DIVING DUCKS; COMMON EIDERS; CONTAMINANT CONCENTRATIONS; SELENIUM CONCENTRATIONS; AYTHYA-AFFINIS AB We collected female greater scaup (Aythya marila) on the Yukon-Kuskokwim Delta, Alaska during two breeding seasons to determine if concentrations of 18 trace elements in livers and eggs were elevated and if hepatic concentrations correlated with body condition or affected reproductive status. Fifty-six percent, 5%, and 42% of females, respectively, had elevated hepatic cadmium (Cd: >3 mu g g(-1) dry weight [dw]), mercury (Hg: >3 mu g g(-1) dw), and selenium (Se: >10 mu g g(-1) dw). Somatic protein and lipid reserves were not correlated with hepatic Cd or Hg, but there was a weak negative correlation between protein and Se. Hepatic Cd, Hg, and Se were similar in females that had and had not initiated egg production. In a sample of six eggs, 33% and 100%, respectively, contained Se and Hg, but concentrations were below embryotoxicity thresholds. We conclude that trace element concentrations documented likely were not adversely impacting this study population. (C) 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 [Badzinski, Shannon S.; Petrie, Scott A.] Bird Studies Canada, Long Point Waterfowl, Port Rowan, ON N0E 1M0, Canada. [Flint, Paul L.] US Geol Survey, Alaska Sci Ctr, Anchorage, AK 99508 USA. [Gorman, Kristen B.] Simon Fraser Univ, Ctr Wildlife Ecol, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada. RP Badzinski, SS (reprint author), Bird Studies Canada, Long Point Waterfowl, POB 160, Port Rowan, ON N0E 1M0, Canada. EM sbadzinski@bsc-eoc.org; pflint@usgs.gov; kgorman@alumni.sfu.ca; spetrie@bsc-eoc.org OI Flint, Paul/0000-0002-8758-6993 FU Long Point Waterfowl via the Bluffs Hunting Club; Metals in the Human Environment Strategic Network; Ontario Power Generation; U.S. Geological Survey - Alaska Science Center; Division of Migratory Birds U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service FX We thank E. Bohman, C. Eldermire, M. Peterson, J. Schamber, J. Schmutz, S. Talbot, and H. Wilson for help with field logistics; G. Bellante, B. Carter, B. Geselbracht, and S. Roy assisted with field work. Staff of the Yukon Delta National Wildlife Refuge plus D. Hill in Chevak, AK, provided logistical support. T. Williams supplied laboratory facilities at SFU; S. MacLean and B. Newton assisted with lab work. The Centre for Wildlife Ecology and SFU provided logistical support. Funding was provided by Long Point Waterfowl via the Bluffs Hunting Club, Metals in the Human Environment Strategic Network, Ontario Power Generation, U.S. Geological Survey - Alaska Science Center, and Division of Migratory Birds U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Region 7. We thank P. Campbell, D. Derksen, K. Drouillard, D. Esler, C. Franson, M. Gloutney, S. Meyer, and three anonymous reviewers for thorough reviews and helpful comments. Any use of trade names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government. NR 61 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 13 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0269-7491 J9 ENVIRON POLLUT JI Environ. Pollut. PD JUN PY 2009 VL 157 IS 6 BP 1886 EP 1893 DI 10.1016/j.envpol.2009.01.012 PG 8 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 447KY UT WOS:000266191200022 PM 19231053 ER PT J AU Dittman, JA Shanley, JB Driscoll, CT Aiken, GR Chalmers, AT Towse, JE AF Dittman, Jason A. Shanley, James B. Driscoll, Charles T. Aiken, George R. Chalmers, Ann T. Towse, Janet E. TI Ultraviolet absorbance as a proxy for total dissolved mercury in streams SO ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION LA English DT Article DE Mercury; Dissolved organic carbon; DOC; Ultraviolet absorbance ID ORGANIC-CARBON; ADIRONDACK LAKES; CATCHMENT; TRANSPORT; FOREST; SOIL AB Stream water samples were collected over a range of hydrologic and seasonal conditions at three forested watersheds in the northeastern USA. Samples were analyzed for dissolved total mercury (THg(d)), DOC concentration and DOC composition, and UV(254) absorbance across the three sites over different seasons and flow conditions. Pooling data from all sites, we found a strong positive correlation of THg(d) to DOC (r(2) = 0.87), but progressively stronger correlations of THgd with the hydrophobic acid fraction (HPOA) of DOC (r(2) = 0.91) and with UV(254) absorbance (r(2) = 0.92). The strength of the UV(254) absorbance-THg(d) relationship suggests that optical properties associated with dissolved organic matter may be excellent proxies for THg(d) concentration in these streams. Ease of sample collection and analysis, the potential application of in-situ optical sensors, and the possibility for intensive monitoring over the hydrograph make this an effective, inexpensive approach to estimate THgd flux in drainage waters. (C) 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 [Dittman, Jason A.; Driscoll, Charles T.] Syracuse Univ, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Syracuse, NY 13244 USA. [Shanley, James B.; Chalmers, Ann T.] US Geol Survey, Montpelier, VT 05602 USA. [Aiken, George R.] US Geol Survey, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. [Towse, Janet E.] Plymouth State Univ, Ctr Environm, Plymouth, NH 03264 USA. RP Dittman, JA (reprint author), Syracuse Univ, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, 151 Link Hall, Syracuse, NY 13244 USA. EM jadittma@syr.edu RI Driscoll, Charles/F-9832-2014; OI Driscoll, Charles/0000-0003-2692-2890 FU Northeast States Research Consortium; Syracuse University Center of Excellence FX Support for this study was provided by Northeast States Research Consortium and the Syracuse University Center of Excellence through a fellowship for J. Dittman. We thank K. Butler, M. Montesdeoca, E. Mason, and C. Fuss for their laboratory assistance. Also thanks go to R McHale, S. Signell, R. Masters and the staff of the Adirondack Ecological Center for help with sample collection. This is a contribution of the Hubbard Brook Ecosystem Study. The use of brand names is for identification purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the USGS. NR 25 TC 46 Z9 48 U1 0 U2 24 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0269-7491 J9 ENVIRON POLLUT JI Environ. Pollut. PD JUN PY 2009 VL 157 IS 6 BP 1953 EP 1956 DI 10.1016/j.envpol.2009.01.031 PG 4 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 447KY UT WOS:000266191200031 PM 19250728 ER PT J AU Todd, AS Brinkman, S Wolf, RE Lamothe, PJ Smith, KS Ranville, JF AF Todd, Andrew S. Brinkman, Stephen Wolf, Ruth E. Lamothe, Paul J. Smith, Kathleen S. Ranville, James F. TI AN ENRICHED STABLE-ISOTOPE APPROACH TO DETERMINE THE GILL-ZINC BINDING PROPERTIES OF JUVENILE RAINBOW TROUT (ONCORHYNCHUS MYKISS) DURING ACUTE ZINC EXPOSURES IN HARD AND SOFT WATERS SO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE Zinc; Stable isotopes; Gills; Rainbow trout; Biotic ligand model ID BIOTIC LIGAND MODEL; CHRONIC WATERBORNE; SALMO-GAIRDNERI; CHRONIC TOXICITY; DAPHNIA-MAGNA; CD UPTAKE; ACCUMULATION; CADMIUM; COPPER; ACCLIMATION AB The objective of the present study was to employ an enriched stable-isotope approach to characterize Zn uptake in the gills of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) during acute Zn exposures in hard water (similar to 140 mg/L as CaCO(3)) and soft water (similar to 30 mg/L as CaCO(3)). Juvenile rainbow trout were acclimated to the test hardnesses and then exposed for up to 72 h in static exposures to a range of Zn concentrations in hard water (0-1,000 mu g/L) and soft water (0-250 mu g/L). To facilitate detection of new gill Zn from endogenous gill Zn, the exposure media was significantly enriched with (67)Zn stable isotope (89.60% vs 4.1% natural abundance). Additionally, acute Zn toxicity thresholds (96-h median lethal concentration [LC50]) were determined experimentally through traditional, flow-through toxicity tests in hard water (580 mu g/L) and soft water (110 mu g/L). Following short-term (<= 3 h) exposures, significant differences in gill accumulation of Zn between hard and soft water treatments were observed at the three common concentrations (75, 150, and 250 mu g/L), with soft water gills accumulating more Zn than hard water gills. Short-term gill Zn accumulation at hard and soft water LC50s (45-min median lethal accumulation) was similar (0.27 and 0.20 mu g/g wet wt, respectively). Finally, comparison of experimental gill Zn accumulation, with accumulation predicted by the biotic ligand model, demonstrated that model output reflected short-term (< 1 h) experimental gill Zn accumulation and predicted observed differences in accumulation between hard and soft water rainbow trout gills. Our results indicate that measurable differences exist in short-term gill Zn accumulation following acclimation and exposure in different water hardnesses and that short-term Zn accumulation appears to be predictive of Zn acute toxicity thresholds (96-h LC50s). C1 [Todd, Andrew S.; Wolf, Ruth E.; Lamothe, Paul J.; Smith, Kathleen S.] US Geol Survey, Denver, CO 80225 USA. [Brinkman, Stephen] Colorado Div Wildlife, Ft Collins, CO 80526 USA. [Ranville, James F.] Colorado Sch Mines, Dept Chem & Geochem, Golden, CO 80401 USA. RP Todd, AS (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Box 25046,MS 964, Denver, CO 80225 USA. EM atodd@usgs.gov RI Ranville, James/H-1428-2011; OI ranville, james/0000-0002-4347-4885 FU U.S. Geological Survey Mendenhall Post-Doctoral Research Fellowship; U.S. Geological Survey Mineral Resources Program FX Special thanks to Joseph Meyer, Chris Mebane, and Marie-Noele Croteau for their reviews of this manuscript. Additional thanks to Chris Wood and Derek Alsop for sharing their data for comparison with the present results. Thanks to Robert Santore and Adam Ryan for their input on the BLM. Funding for this project was provided to A. S. Todd through the U.S. Geological Survey Mendenhall Post-Doctoral Research Fellowship program and to K. S. Smith from the U.S. Geological Survey Mineral Resources Program. NR 42 TC 10 Z9 11 U1 1 U2 10 PU SETAC PRESS PI PENSACOLA PA 1010 N 12TH AVE, PENSACOLA, FL 32501-3367 USA SN 0730-7268 J9 ENVIRON TOXICOL CHEM JI Environ. Toxicol. Chem. PD JUN PY 2009 VL 28 IS 6 BP 1233 EP 1243 PG 11 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA 449ZU UT WOS:000266370700015 PM 19132811 ER PT J AU Nowell, LH Crawford, CG Gilliom, RJ Nakagaki, N Stone, WW Thelin, GP Wolock, DM AF Nowell, Lisa H. Crawford, Charles G. Gilliom, Robert J. Nakagaki, Naomi Stone, Wesley W. Thelin, Gail P. Wolock, David M. TI REGRESSION MODELS FOR EXPLAINING AND PREDICTING CONCENTRATIONS OF ORGANOCHLORINE PESTICIDES IN FISH FROM STREAMS IN THE UNITED STATES SO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE Organochlorine pesticides; Models; Fish tissue; Pesticide use; Water quality ID CONTAMINANT BIOMONITORING PROGRAM; FRESH-WATER FISH; LAND-USE; ORGANIC CONTAMINANTS; CENSORED-DATA; RESIDUES; USA; SEDIMENT; ONTARIO; TRENDS AB Empirical regression models were developed for estimating concentrations of dieldrin, total chlordane, and total DDT in whole fish from U. S. streams. Models were based on pesticide concentrations measured in whole fish at 648 stream sites nationwide (1992-2001) as part of the U. S. Geological Survey's National Water Quality Assessment Program. Explanatory variables included fish lipid content, estimates (or surrogates) representing historical agricultural and urban sources, watershed characteristics, and geographic location. Models were developed using Tobit regression methods appropriate for data with censoring. Typically, the models explain approximately 50 to 70% of the variability in pesticide concentrations measured in whole fish. The models were used to predict pesticide concentrations in whole fish for streams nationwide using the U. S. Environmental Protection Agency's River Reach File 1 and to estimate the probability that whole-fish concentrations exceed benchmarks for protection of fish-eating wildlife. Predicted concentrations were highest for dieldrin in the Corn Belt, Texas, and scattered urban areas; for total chlordane in the Corn Belt, Texas, the Southeast, and urbanized Northeast; and for total DDT in the Southeast, Texas, California, and urban areas nationwide. The probability of exceeding wildlife benchmarks for dieldrin and chlordane was predicted to be low for most U. S. streams. The probability of exceeding wildlife benchmarks for total DDT is higher but varies depending on the fish taxon and on the benchmark used. Because the models in the present study are based on fish data collected during the 1990s and organochlorine pesticide residues in the environment continue to decline decades after their uses were discontinued, these models may overestimate present-day pesticide concentrations in fish. C1 [Nowell, Lisa H.; Gilliom, Robert J.; Nakagaki, Naomi; Thelin, Gail P.] US Geol Survey, Sacramento, CA 95819 USA. [Crawford, Charles G.; Stone, Wesley W.] US Geol Survey, Indianapolis, IN 46278 USA. [Wolock, David M.] US Geol Survey, Lawrence, KS 66049 USA. RP Nowell, LH (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Placer Hall,6000 J St, Sacramento, CA 95819 USA. EM lhnowell@usgs.gov OI Crawford, Charles/0000-0003-1653-7841 NR 47 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 9 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ USA SN 0730-7268 EI 1552-8618 J9 ENVIRON TOXICOL CHEM JI Environ. Toxicol. Chem. PD JUN PY 2009 VL 28 IS 6 BP 1346 EP 1358 PG 13 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA 449ZU UT WOS:000266370700028 PM 19215182 ER PT J AU Robertson, LS Iwanowicz, LR Marranca, JM AF Robertson, Laura S. Iwanowicz, Luke R. Marranca, Jamie Marie TI Identification of centrarchid hepcidins and evidence that 17 beta-estradiol disrupts constitutive expression of hepcidin-1 and inducible expression of hepcidin-2 in largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides) SO FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Innate immunity; Antimicrobial peptide; Hepcidin; Fish; Largemouth bass; Smallmouth bass; Estrogen; Estradiol; Real-time PCR ID ANTIMICROBIAL PEPTIDE HEPCIDIN; SUPPRESSION SUBTRACTIVE HYBRIDIZATION; FLOUNDER PARALICHTHYS-OLIVACEUS; FISH GILTHEAD SEABREAM; IMMUNE-RELEVANT GENES; BONY FISH; EDWARDSIELLA-ICTALURI; BACTERIAL-INFECTION; MOLECULAR-CLONING; PHAGOCYTIC-CELLS AB Hepcidin is a highly conserved antimicrobial peptide and iron-regulatory hormone. Here, we identify two hepcidin genes (hep-1 and hep-2) in largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides) and smallmouth bass (Micropterus dolomieu). Hepcidin-1 contains a putative ATCUN metal-binding site in the amino-terminus that is missing in hepcidin-2, suggesting that hepcidin-1 may function as an iron-regulatory hormone. Both hepcidins are predominately expressed in the liver of largemouth bass, similar to other fish and mammals. Experimental exposure of pond-raised largemouth bass to 17 beta-estradiol and/or the bacteria Edwardsiella ictaluri led to distinct changes in expression of hep-1 and hep-2. Estradiol reduced the constitutive expression of hep-1 in the liver. Bacterial exposure induced expression of hep-2, suggesting that hepcidin-2 may have an antimicrobial function, and this induction was abolished by estradiol. To our knowledge, this is the first report of the regulation of hepcidin expression by estradiol in either fish or mammals. Published by Elsevier Ltd. C1 [Robertson, Laura S.; Iwanowicz, Luke R.; Marranca, Jamie Marie] US Geol Survey, Leetown Sci Ctr, Kearneysville, WV 25430 USA. RP Robertson, LS (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Leetown Sci Ctr, 11649 Leetown Rd, Kearneysville, WV 25430 USA. EM lrobertson@usgs.gov NR 77 TC 33 Z9 34 U1 0 U2 6 PU ACADEMIC PRESS LTD- ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI LONDON PA 24-28 OVAL RD, LONDON NW1 7DX, ENGLAND SN 1050-4648 J9 FISH SHELLFISH IMMUN JI Fish Shellfish Immunol. PD JUN PY 2009 VL 26 IS 6 BP 898 EP 907 DI 10.1016/j.fsi.2009.03.023 PG 10 WC Fisheries; Immunology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Veterinary Sciences SC Fisheries; Immunology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Veterinary Sciences GA 457WO UT WOS:000266965900011 PM 19376234 ER PT J AU Grant, EHC Green, LE Lowe, WH AF Grant, Evan H. Campbell Green, Linda E. Lowe, Winsor H. TI Salamander occupancy in headwater stream networks SO FRESHWATER BIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE dendritic ecological network; headwater stream; occupancy; protected areas; stream salamander ID EURYCEA-BISLINEATA; POPULATION-DYNAMICS; 2-LINED SALAMANDER; SITE-OCCUPANCY; CONNECTIVITY; DISPERSAL; SCALE; MOVEMENTS; SYSTEM AB 1. Stream ecosystems exhibit a highly consistent dendritic geometry in which linear habitat units intersect to create a hierarchical network of connected branches. 2. Ecological and life history traits of species living in streams, such as the potential for overland movement, may interact with this architecture to shape patterns of occupancy and response to disturbance. Specifically, large-scale habitat alteration that fragments stream networks and reduces connectivity may reduce the probability a stream is occupied by sensitive species, such as stream salamanders. 3. We collected habitat occupancy data on four species of stream salamanders in first-order (i.e. headwater) streams in undeveloped and urbanised regions of the eastern U.S.A. We then used an information-theoretic approach to test alternative models of salamander occupancy based on a priori predictions of the effects of network configuration, region and salamander life history. 4. Across all four species, we found that streams connected to other first-order streams had higher occupancy than those flowing directly into larger streams and rivers. For three of the four species, occupancy was lower in the urbanised region than in the undeveloped region. 5. These results demonstrate that the spatial configuration of stream networks within protected areas affects the occurrences of stream salamander species. We strongly encourage preservation of network connections between first-order streams in conservation planning and management decisions that may affect stream species. C1 [Grant, Evan H. Campbell] USGS Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, Laurel, MD 20708 USA. [Grant, Evan H. Campbell] Univ Maryland, Program Marine Estuarine & Environm Sci, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. [Green, Linda E.] Univ Virginia, Dept Biol, Charlottesville, VA USA. [Lowe, Winsor H.] Univ Montana, Div Biol Sci, Missoula, MT 59812 USA. RP Grant, EHC (reprint author), USGS Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, 12100 Beech Forest Rd, Laurel, MD 20708 USA. EM ehgrant@usgs.gov RI Grant, Evan/N-5160-2014 OI Grant, Evan/0000-0003-4401-6496 FU University of Maryland IACUC [R-05-14]; University of Virginia IACUC [3261] FX We are indebted to assistance in the field from L. Bailey, A. Dietrich, B. House, S. Mattfeldt, P. Nanjappa, C. Otto, K. Flory and I. Kopelove. E.H.C.G. acknowledges support from the US Geological Survey Northeast Amphibian Research and Monitoring Initiative, the Inventory & Monitoring program of the National Park Service, and the Declining Amphibians Population Task Force. L.E.G. acknowledges the support of the Samuel Miller Agricultural Fund. The manuscript was improved with comments from J. Nichols, M. Palmer, B. Fagan, K. Engelhardt, L. Bailey, A. Sepulveda, J. Barichivich and M. Adams. All work was conducted under applicable state and federal permits and approved animal care and use protocols (University of Maryland IACUC protocol #R-05-14, to E.H.C.G. and University of Virginia IACUC protocol #3261 to L.E.G.). NR 40 TC 22 Z9 22 U1 2 U2 39 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PUBLISHING, INC PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 0046-5070 J9 FRESHWATER BIOL JI Freshw. Biol. PD JUN PY 2009 VL 54 IS 6 BP 1370 EP 1378 DI 10.1111/j.1365-2427.2009.02166.x PG 9 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 443TW UT WOS:000265934700017 ER PT J AU Heuer, VB Pohlman, JW Torres, ME Elvert, M Hinrichs, KU AF Heuer, Verena B. Pohlman, John W. Torres, Marta E. Elvert, Marcus Hinrichs, Kai-Uwe TI The stable carbon isotope biogeochemistry of acetate and other dissolved carbon species in deep subseafloor sediments at the northern Cascadia Margin SO GEOCHIMICA ET COSMOCHIMICA ACTA LA English DT Article ID RATIO MASS-SPECTROMETRY; ANAEROBIC METHANE OXIDATION; ANOXIC MARINE SEDIMENT; SULFATE-REDUCING BACTERIA; WEIGHT ORGANIC-ACIDS; VOLATILE FATTY-ACIDS; METHANOSARCINA-BARKERI; METHANOGENIC ARCHAEA; PROFUNDAL SEDIMENT; ACETIC-ACID AB Ocean drilling has revealed the existence of vast microbial populations in the deep subscafloor, but to date little is known about their metabolic activities. To better understand the biogeochemical processes in the deep biosphere, we investigate the stable carbon isotope chemistry of acetate and other carbon-bearing metabolites in sediment pore-waters. Acetate is a key metabolite in the cycling of carbon in anoxic sediments. Its stable carbon isotopic composition provides information on the metabolic processes dominating acetate turnover in situ. This study reports our findings for a methane-rich site at the northern Cascadia Margin (NE Pacific) where Expedition 311 of the Integrated Ocean Drilling Program (IODP) sampled the upper 190 m of sediment. At Site U1329, delta(13)C values of acetate span a wide range from -46.0 parts per thousand to -11.0 parts per thousand vs. VPDB and change systematically with sediment depth. In contrast, delta(13)C values of both the bulk dissolved organic carbon (DOC) (-21.6 +/- 1.3 parts per thousand vs. VPDB) and the low-molecular-weight compound lactate (-20.9 +/- 1.8 parts per thousand vs. VPDB) show little variability. These species are interpreted to represent the carbon isotopic composition of fermentation products. Relative to DOC, acetate is up to 23.1 parts per thousand depleted and up to 9.1 parts per thousand enriched in (13)C. Broadly, (13)C-depletions of acetate relative to DOC indicate flux of carbon from acetogenesis into the acetate pool while (13)C-enrichments of pore-water acetate relative to DOC suggest consumption of acetate by acetoclastic methanogenesis. Isotopic relationships between acetate and lactate or DOC provide new information on the carbon flow and the presence and activity of specific functional microbial communities in distinct biogeochemical horizons of the sediment. In particular, they suggest that acetogenic CO(2)-reduction can coexist with methanogenic CO(2)-reduction, a notion contrary to the hypothesis that hydrogen levels are controlled by the thermodynamically most favorable electron-accepting process. Further, the isotopic relationship suggests a relative increase in acetate flow to acetoclastic methanogenesis with depth although its contribution to total methanogenesis is probably small. Our study demonstrates how the stable carbon isotope biogeochemistry of acetate can be used to identify pathways of microbial carbon turnover in subsurface environments. Our observations also raise new questions regarding the factors controlling acetate turnover in marine sediments. (C) 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 [Heuer, Verena B.; Elvert, Marcus; Hinrichs, Kai-Uwe] Univ Bremen, Organ Geochem Grp, Dept Geosci, D-28334 Bremen, Germany. [Heuer, Verena B.; Elvert, Marcus; Hinrichs, Kai-Uwe] Univ Bremen, MARUM Ctr Marine Environm Sci, D-28334 Bremen, Germany. [Pohlman, John W.] US Geol Survey, Woods Hole Sci Ctr, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. [Torres, Marta E.] Oregon State Univ, Coll Ocean & Atmospher Sci, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. RP Heuer, VB (reprint author), Univ Bremen, Organ Geochem Grp, Dept Geosci, D-28334 Bremen, Germany. EM vheuer@uni-bremen.de RI Hinrichs, Kai-Uwe/C-7675-2009 OI Hinrichs, Kai-Uwe/0000-0002-0739-9291 NR 85 TC 66 Z9 67 U1 6 U2 42 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0016-7037 J9 GEOCHIM COSMOCHIM AC JI Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta PD JUN 1 PY 2009 VL 73 IS 11 BP 3323 EP 3336 DI 10.1016/j.gca.2009.03.001 PG 14 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 445OI UT WOS:000266059700015 ER PT J AU Marion, GM Crowley, JK Thomson, BJ Kargel, JS Bridges, NT Hook, SJ Baldridge, A Brown, AJ da Luz, BR de Souza, CR AF Marion, G. M. Crowley, J. K. Thomson, B. J. Kargel, J. S. Bridges, N. T. Hook, S. J. Baldridge, A. Brown, A. J. da Luz, B. Ribeiro de Souza Filho, C. R. TI Modeling aluminum-silicon chemistries and application to Australian acidic playa lakes as analogues for Mars SO GEOCHIMICA ET COSMOCHIMICA ACTA LA English DT Article ID RIO-TINTO BASIN; MERIDIANI-PLANUM; OMEGA/MARS EXPRESS; LOW-TEMPERATURES; MOSSBAUER SPECTROMETER; THERMODYNAMIC MODEL; TERRESTRIAL ANALOGS; WESTERN-AUSTRALIA; BURNS FORMATION; IRON CHEMISTRY AB Recent Mars missions have stimulated considerable thinking about the surficial geochemical evolution of Mars. Among the major relevant findings are the presence in Meridiani Planum sediments of the mineral jarosite (a ferric sulfate salt) and related minerals that require formation from all acid-salt brine and oxidizing environment. Similar mineralogies have been observed in acidic saline lake sediments in Western Australia (WA), and these lakes have been proposed as analogues for acidic sedimentary environments oil Mars. The prior version of the equilibrium chemical thermodynamic FREZCHEM model lacked Al and Si chemistries that are needed to appropriately model acidic aqueous geochemistries oil Earth and Mars. The objectives of this work were to (1) add Al and Si chemistries to the FREZCHEM model, (2) extend these chemistries to low temperatures (<0 degrees C), if possible, and (3) use the reformulated model to investigate parallels in the mineral precipitation behavior of acidic Australian lakes and hypothetical Martian brines. FREZCHEM is an equilibrium chemical thermodynamic model parameterized for concentrated electrolyte solutions using the Pitzer approach for the temperature range from <-70 to 25 degrees C and the pressure range from I to 1000 bars. Aluminum chloride and sulfate mineral parameterizations were based oil experimental data. Aluminum hydroxide and silicon mineral parameterizations were based oil Gibbs free energy and enthalpy data. New aluminum and silicon parameterizations added 12 new aluminum/silicon minerals to this Na-K-Mg-Ca-Fe(II)-Fe(III)-Al-H-Cl-Br-SO4-NO3-OH-HCO3-CO3-CO2-O-2-CH4-Si-H2O system that now contain 95 solid phases. There were similarities, differences, and uncertain ties between Australian acidic, saline playa lakes and waters that likely led to the Burns formation salt accumulations oil Mars. Both systems are similar in that they are dominated by ( 1) acidic, saline ground waters and sediments, (2) Ca apointing to the dominant influence of ground water chemistry, vertical such lateral variations are much less pronounced.nd/or Mg sulfates, and (3) iron precipitates Such as jarosite and hematite. Differences include: (1) the dominance of NaCl in many WA lakes, versus the dominance of Fe-Mg-Ca-SO4 in Meridiani Planum, (2) excessively low K+ concentrations in Meridiani Planum due to jarosite precipitation, (3) higher acid production in the presence of high iron concentrations in Meridiani Planum, and probably lower rates of acid neutralization and hence, higher acidities oil Mars owing to colder temperatures, and (4) lateral salt patterns in WA lakes. The WA playa lakes display significant lateral variations in mineralogy and water chemistry over short distances, reflecting the interaction of acid ground waters with neutral to alkaline lake waters derived from ponded surface runoff. Meridiani Planum observations indicate that such lateral variations are much less pronounced, pointing to the dominant influence of ground water chemistry, vertical ground water movements, and aeolian processes on the Martian surface mineralogy. (C) 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 [Marion, G. M.] Desert Res Inst, Reno, NV 89512 USA. [Crowley, J. K.; da Luz, B. Ribeiro] US Geol Survey, Reston, VA 20192 USA. [Thomson, B. J.] Johns Hopkins Appl Phys Lab, Laurel, MD 20723 USA. [Kargel, J. S.] Univ Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. [Bridges, N. T.; Hook, S. J.; Baldridge, A.] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. [Brown, A. J.] NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Mountain View, CA 94043 USA. [de Souza Filho, C. R.] Univ Estadual Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil. RP Marion, GM (reprint author), Desert Res Inst, 2215 Raggio Parkway, Reno, NV 89512 USA. EM giles.marion@dri.edu RI Bridges, Nathan/D-6341-2016; OI Thomson, Bradley/0000-0001-8635-8932 NR 84 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 2 U2 24 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0016-7037 EI 1872-9533 J9 GEOCHIM COSMOCHIM AC JI Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta PD JUN 1 PY 2009 VL 73 IS 11 BP 3493 EP 3511 DI 10.1016/j.gca.2009.03.013 PG 19 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 445OI UT WOS:000266059700024 ER PT J AU Ayuso, RA Foley, NK AF Ayuso, R. A. Foley, N. K. TI Metal and isotope dispersion in an abandoned heavy metal mine: Callahan, Maine, USA SO GEOCHIMICA ET COSMOCHIMICA ACTA LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 19th Annual VM Goldschmidt Conference CY JUN 21, 2009 CL Davos, SWITZERLAND C1 [Ayuso, R. A.; Foley, N. K.] US Geol Survey, Reston, VA 20192 USA. EM rayuso@usgs.gov NR 2 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 2 U2 5 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0016-7037 J9 GEOCHIM COSMOCHIM AC JI Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta PD JUN PY 2009 VL 73 IS 13 BP A65 EP A65 PG 1 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 460YS UT WOS:000267229900143 ER PT J AU Balci, NC Mayer, B Shanks, WC Mandernack, K AF Balci, N. Celik Mayer, B. Shanks, W. C. Mandernack, K. TI Influence of sulfide mineralogy on oxygen and sulfur isotope ratios of sulfate generated via oxidation SO GEOCHIMICA ET COSMOCHIMICA ACTA LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 19th Annual VM Goldschmidt Conference CY JUN 21, 2009 CL Davos, SWITZERLAND C1 [Balci, N. Celik] Istanbul Tech Univ, Dept Geol, TR-34596 Istanbul, Turkey. [Mayer, B.] Univ Calgary, Dept Geosci, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada. [Shanks, W. C.] US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Denver, CO 80225 USA. [Mandernack, K.] Colorado Sch Mines, Dept Chem & Geochem, Golden, CO 80401 USA. RI Mayer, Bernhard/G-6444-2012 NR 1 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0016-7037 J9 GEOCHIM COSMOCHIM AC JI Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta PD JUN PY 2009 VL 73 IS 13 BP A201 EP A201 PG 1 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 460YS UT WOS:000267229900415 ER PT J AU Bullen, T Widory, D Petelet-Giraud, E AF Bullen, T. Widory, D. Petelet-Giraud, E. TI Multi-isotope approaches for identification of metal contamination sources in environmental systems SO GEOCHIMICA ET COSMOCHIMICA ACTA LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 19th Annual VM Goldschmidt Conference CY JUN 21, 2009 CL Davos, SWITZERLAND C1 [Bullen, T.] USGS, Water Resources Discipline, Menlo Pk, CA USA. [Bullen, T.] CNRS, Le STUDIUM, F-45071 Orleans, France. [Widory, D.] Bur Rech Geol & Minieres, Metrol Monitoring Anal Dept, Orleans, France. [Petelet-Giraud, E.] Bur Rech Geol & Minieres, Water Res Dept, Orleans, France. EM tdbullen@usgs.gov; d.widory@brgm.fr; e.petelet@brgm.fr NR 0 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 4 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0016-7037 J9 GEOCHIM COSMOCHIM AC JI Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta PD JUN PY 2009 VL 73 IS 13 BP A173 EP A173 PG 1 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 460YS UT WOS:000267229900359 ER PT J AU Burruss, RC Laughrey, CD AF Burruss, R. C. Laughrey, C. D. TI Carbon and hydrogen isotopic reversals in deep basin gas: Evidence of limits to the stability of hydrocarbons SO GEOCHIMICA ET COSMOCHIMICA ACTA LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 19th Annual VM Goldschmidt Conference CY JUN 21, 2009 CL Davos, SWITZERLAND C1 [Burruss, R. C.] USGS, Reston, VA 20192 USA. [Laughrey, C. D.] Penn Geol Survey, Pittsburgh, PA 15222 USA. EM burruss@usgs.gov; claughrey@state.pa.us NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 3 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0016-7037 J9 GEOCHIM COSMOCHIM AC JI Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta PD JUN PY 2009 VL 73 IS 13 BP A178 EP A178 PG 1 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 460YS UT WOS:000267229900369 ER PT J AU Buss, HL Mathur, R White, AF Brantley, SL AF Buss, H. L. Mathur, R. White, A. F. Brantley, S. L. TI P and Fe cycling in deep saprolite, Luquillo Mountains, Puerto Rico SO GEOCHIMICA ET COSMOCHIMICA ACTA LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 19th Annual VM Goldschmidt Conference CY JUN 21, 2009 CL Davos, SWITZERLAND C1 [Buss, H. L.; White, A. F.] US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. [Mathur, R.] Juniata Coll, Dept Geol, Huntingdon, PA 16652 USA. [Brantley, S. L.] Penn State Univ, EESI, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. EM hlbuss@usgs.gov; mathur@juniata.edu; afwhite@usgs.gov; brantley@eesi.psu.edu RI mathur, ryan/A-5278-2010; Buss, Heather/M-1693-2013 NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0016-7037 J9 GEOCHIM COSMOCHIM AC JI Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta PD JUN PY 2009 VL 73 IS 13 BP A180 EP A180 PG 1 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 460YS UT WOS:000267229900372 ER PT J AU Chi, G Chou, IM Wang, F Shang, L Xue, C Liu, X AF Chi, G. Chou, I. M. Wang, F. Shang, L. Xue, C. Liu, X. TI Studying gold solubilities using fused silica capillaries SO GEOCHIMICA ET COSMOCHIMICA ACTA LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 19th Annual VM Goldschmidt Conference CY JUN 21, 2009 CL Davos, SWITZERLAND ID FLUID INCLUSIONS C1 [Chi, G.] Univ Regina, Regina, SK S4S 0A2, Canada. [Chou, I. M.] Natl Ctr 954, USGS, Reston, VA 20192 USA. [Wang, F.] Univ Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada. [Shang, L.] CAS, Inst Geochem, Guiyang, Peoples R China. [Xue, C.] China Univ Geosci, Beijing, Peoples R China. [Liu, X.] NW Univ Xian, Xian 710069, Peoples R China. EM guoxiang.chi@uregina.ca NR 2 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0016-7037 J9 GEOCHIM COSMOCHIM AC JI Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta PD JUN PY 2009 VL 73 IS 13 BP A217 EP A217 PG 1 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 460YS UT WOS:000267229900446 ER PT J AU Christensen, JN Ewing, SA Brown, ST Vancuren, RA Cliff, SS DePaolo, DJ AF Christensen, John N. Ewing, Stephanie A. Brown, Shaun T. Vancuren, Richard A. Cliff, Steven S. DePaolo, Donald J. TI A Pb (and Sr) isotopic return address for trans-Pacific transported aerosols SO GEOCHIMICA ET COSMOCHIMICA ACTA LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 19th Annual VM Goldschmidt Conference CY JUN 21, 2009 CL Davos, SWITZERLAND C1 [Christensen, John N.; Brown, Shaun T.; DePaolo, Donald J.] Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. [Ewing, Stephanie A.] US Geol Survey, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. [Vancuren, Richard A.] Calif Air Resources Board, Atmospher Proc Res Sect, Sacramento, CA 95812 USA. [Cliff, Steven S.] Univ Calif Davis, Dept Appl Sci, Davis, CA 95616 USA. [Ewing, Stephanie A.; DePaolo, Donald J.] Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Earth & Planetary Sci, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. EM jnchristensen@lbl.gov; saewing@usgs.gov; stbrown@lbl.gov; rvancure@arb.ca.gov; sscliff@ucdavis.edu; depaolo@eps.berkeley.edu RI Christensen, John/D-1475-2015; Brown, Shaun/E-9398-2015 OI Brown, Shaun/0000-0002-2159-6718 NR 2 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0016-7037 J9 GEOCHIM COSMOCHIM AC JI Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta PD JUN PY 2009 VL 73 IS 13 BP A223 EP A223 PG 1 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 460YS UT WOS:000267229900459 ER PT J AU Darbellay, B Baumgartner, L Cosca, M Putlitz, B AF Darbellay, Bastien Baumgartner, Lukas Cosca, Mike Putlitz, Benita TI Origin and behaviour of excess argon in the Monte Mucrone metagranitoid, Sesia Zone, Italy, Western Alps SO GEOCHIMICA ET COSMOCHIMICA ACTA LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 19th Annual VM Goldschmidt Conference CY JUN 21, 2009 CL Davos, SWITZERLAND C1 [Darbellay, Bastien; Baumgartner, Lukas; Putlitz, Benita] Univ Lausanne, Inst Mineral & Geochim, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland. [Cosca, Mike] US Geol Survey, Cent Reg Mineral Resources, Denver, CO 80225 USA. EM bastien.darbellay@unil.ch NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 4 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0016-7037 J9 GEOCHIM COSMOCHIM AC JI Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta PD JUN PY 2009 VL 73 IS 13 BP A261 EP A261 PG 1 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 460YS UT WOS:000267229900534 ER PT J AU Dosseto, A Turner, SP Chabaux, F Buss, H AF Dosseto, A. Turner, S. P. Chabaux, F. Buss, H. TI Long residence time of sediments in small catchments SO GEOCHIMICA ET COSMOCHIMICA ACTA LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 19th Annual VM Goldschmidt Conference CY JUN 21, 2009 CL Davos, SWITZERLAND ID EROSION C1 [Dosseto, A.; Turner, S. P.] Macquarie Univ, GEMOC Natl Key Ctr, Dept Earth & Planetary Sci, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia. [Chabaux, F.] CGS EOST, Strasbourg, France. [Buss, H.] US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. EM tonyd@uow.edu.au RI Buss, Heather/M-1693-2013 NR 2 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0016-7037 J9 GEOCHIM COSMOCHIM AC JI Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta PD JUN PY 2009 VL 73 IS 13 BP A301 EP A301 PG 1 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 460YS UT WOS:000267229900614 ER PT J AU Engle, MA Tate, MT Krabbenhoft, DP Olson, M Schauer, JJ Shanley, JB AF Engle, M. A. Tate, M. T. Krabbenhoft, D. P. Olson, M. Schauer, J. J. Shanley, J. B. TI Diel patterns and deposition of atmospheric Hg species at nine inland and coastal sites SO GEOCHIMICA ET COSMOCHIMICA ACTA LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 19th Annual VM Goldschmidt Conference CY JUN 21, 2009 CL Davos, SWITZERLAND C1 [Engle, M. A.] US Geol Survey, Reston, VA 22092 USA. [Tate, M. T.; Krabbenhoft, D. P.; Olson, M.] US Geol Survey, Middleton, WI USA. [Schauer, J. J.] Univ Wisconsin, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Madison, WI 53706 USA. [Shanley, J. B.] US Geol Survey, Montpelier, VT USA. EM engle@usgs.gov NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0016-7037 J9 GEOCHIM COSMOCHIM AC JI Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta PD JUN PY 2009 VL 73 IS 13 BP A332 EP A332 PG 1 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 460YS UT WOS:000267229900676 ER PT J AU Fischer, C White, AF Luttge, A AF Fischer, C. White, A. F. Luttge, A. TI From field to lab: Glass dissolution rates and sub-micron topography SO GEOCHIMICA ET COSMOCHIMICA ACTA LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 19th Annual VM Goldschmidt Conference CY JUN 21, 2009 CL Davos, SWITZERLAND C1 [Fischer, C.] Univ Gottingen, D-37085 Gottingen, Germany. US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. [Fischer, C.; Luttge, A.] Rice Univ, Houston, TX 77005 USA. RI Fischer, Cornelius/A-2983-2008; Luttge, Andreas/A-2560-2011 OI Luttge, Andreas/0000-0002-5878-4026 NR 2 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0016-7037 J9 GEOCHIM COSMOCHIM AC JI Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta PD JUN PY 2009 VL 73 IS 13 BP A379 EP A379 PG 1 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 460YS UT WOS:000267229900771 ER PT J AU Fletcher, KE Sharp, WD Behr, WM Le, KN Rood, DH Finkel, RC Hanks, TC Kendrick, KJ Oskin, ME Rockwell, TK AF Fletcher, K. E. Sharp, W. D. Behr, W. M. Le, K. N. Rood, D. H. Finkel, R. C. Hanks, T. C. Kendrick, K. J. Oskin, M. E. Rockwell, T. K. TI Dating Quaternary alluvial fans via U-series on pedogenic carbonate and Be-10 surface exposure ages SO GEOCHIMICA ET COSMOCHIMICA ACTA LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 19th Annual VM Goldschmidt Conference CY JUN 21, 2009 CL Davos, SWITZERLAND C1 [Fletcher, K. E.] UC Berkeley, Dept Earth Planet Sci, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. [Fletcher, K. E.; Sharp, W. D.] Berkeley Geochronol Ctr, Berkeley, CA 94709 USA. [Behr, W. M.] U So Calif, Dept Earth Sci, Los Angeles, CA 90089 USA. [Le, K. N.; Oskin, M. E.] UC Davis, Dept Geol, Davis, CA 95616 USA. [Rood, D. H.; Finkel, R. C.] Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. [Hanks, T. C.] US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. [Kendrick, K. J.] US Geol Survey, Pasadena, CA 91106 USA. [Rockwell, T. K.] San Diego State Univ, Dept Geol Sci, San Diego, CA 92182 USA. EM fletcher@eps.berkeley.edu NR 1 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0016-7037 J9 GEOCHIM COSMOCHIM AC JI Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta PD JUN PY 2009 VL 73 IS 13 SU S BP A383 EP A383 PG 1 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 460YS UT WOS:000267229900779 ER PT J AU Friedrich, R Schlosser, P Turrin, B Newton, R Stute, M Plummer, LN AF Friedrich, Ronny Schlosser, Peter Turrin, Brent Newton, Robert Stute, Martin Plummer, L. Niel TI The Lamont-Doherty Tritium/He-3 Dataset for Age Dating of Groundwater SO GEOCHIMICA ET COSMOCHIMICA ACTA LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 19th Annual VM Goldschmidt Conference CY JUN 21, 2009 CL Davos, SWITZERLAND C1 [Friedrich, Ronny; Schlosser, Peter; Turrin, Brent; Newton, Robert; Stute, Martin] Columbia Univ, Lamont Doherty Earth Observ, Palisades, NY 10964 USA. [Plummer, L. Niel] US Geol Survey, Reston, VA 20192 USA. EM friedrich@ldeo.columbia.edu RI Friedrich, Ronny/B-5499-2013 OI Friedrich, Ronny/0000-0001-5199-1957 NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 2 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0016-7037 J9 GEOCHIM COSMOCHIM AC JI Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta PD JUN PY 2009 VL 73 IS 13 SU S BP A397 EP A397 PG 1 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 460YS UT WOS:000267229901025 ER PT J AU Goldhaber, MB Morrison, JM Holloway, JM Mills, CT Wanty, RB AF Goldhaber, M. B. Morrison, J. M. Holloway, J. M. Mills, C. T. Wanty, R. B. TI Geochemical landscape studies of geogenic trace elements in Northern California, USA SO GEOCHIMICA ET COSMOCHIMICA ACTA LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 19th Annual VM Goldschmidt Conference CY JUN 21, 2009 CL Davos, SWITZERLAND C1 [Goldhaber, M. B.; Morrison, J. M.; Holloway, J. M.; Mills, C. T.; Wanty, R. B.] US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Denver, CO 80225 USA. EM mgold@usgs.gov NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0016-7037 J9 GEOCHIM COSMOCHIM AC JI Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta PD JUN PY 2009 VL 73 IS 13 SU S BP A447 EP A447 PG 1 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 460YS UT WOS:000267229901126 ER PT J AU Goldhaber, M AF Goldhaber, Martin TI The impact of humans on the geochemical landscape SO GEOCHIMICA ET COSMOCHIMICA ACTA LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 19th Annual VM Goldschmidt Conference CY JUN 21, 2009 CL Davos, SWITZERLAND C1 [Goldhaber, Martin] USGS, Denver Fed Ctr, Denver, CO USA. EM mgold@usgs.gov NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0016-7037 J9 GEOCHIM COSMOCHIM AC JI Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta PD JUN PY 2009 VL 73 IS 13 SU S BP A447 EP A447 PG 1 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 460YS UT WOS:000267229901125 ER PT J AU Gronstal, AL Voytek, MA Finster, K Kirshtein, J Cockell, CS AF Gronstal, A. L. Voytek, M. A. Finster, K. Kirshtein, J. Cockell, C. S. TI Influence of impacts on the deep subsurface biosphere SO GEOCHIMICA ET COSMOCHIMICA ACTA LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 19th Annual VM Goldschmidt Conference CY JUN 21, 2009 CL Davos, SWITZERLAND C1 [Gronstal, A. L.; Cockell, C. S.] Open Univ, CEPSAR, Milton Keynes MK7 6AA, Bucks, England. [Voytek, M. A.; Kirshtein, J.] USGS, Reston, VA USA. [Finster, K.] Aarhus Univ, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark. RI Finster, Kai/I-7475-2013 NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0016-7037 J9 GEOCHIM COSMOCHIM AC JI Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta PD JUN PY 2009 VL 73 IS 13 BP A469 EP A469 PG 1 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 460YS UT WOS:000267229901169 ER PT J AU Hagerty, JJ Lawrence, DJ Shearer, CK Hawke, BR AF Hagerty, J. J. Lawrence, D. J. Shearer, C. K. Hawke, B. R. TI Integrating lunar sample data with Lunar Prospector thorium data: Insights into the thermal and magmatic evolution of the Moon SO GEOCHIMICA ET COSMOCHIMICA ACTA LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 19th Annual VM Goldschmidt Conference CY JUN 21, 2009 CL Davos, SWITZERLAND C1 [Hagerty, J. J.] US Geol Survey, Astrogeol Res Program, Flagstaff, AZ 86001 USA. [Lawrence, D. J.] Johns Hopkins Univ, Appl Phys Lab, Laurel, MD USA. [Shearer, C. K.] Univ New Mexico, Inst Meteorit, Albuquerque, NM 87131 USA. [Hawke, B. R.] Univ Hawaii, Hawaii Inst Geophys & Planetol, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. EM jhagerty@usgs.gov RI Lawrence, David/E-7463-2015 OI Lawrence, David/0000-0002-7696-6667 NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 3 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0016-7037 J9 GEOCHIM COSMOCHIM AC JI Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta PD JUN PY 2009 VL 73 IS 13 BP A485 EP A485 PG 1 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 460YS UT WOS:000267229901202 ER PT J AU Harris, SH Jones, EJ Orem, W Voytek, M Clark, A Corum, M Lerch, H Warwick, P Bates, A Smith, RL AF Harris, Steve H. Jones, Elizabeth J. Orem, William Voytek, Mary Clark, Arthur Corum, Margo Lerch, Harry Warwick, Peter Bates, Anne Smith, Richard L. TI Biodegradation of solvent extractable coal-associated organic matter by a methanogenic microbial consortium SO GEOCHIMICA ET COSMOCHIMICA ACTA LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 19th Annual VM Goldschmidt Conference CY JUN 21, 2009 CL Davos, SWITZERLAND C1 [Harris, Steve H.; Clark, Arthur] US Geol Survey, Geol Discipline, Lakewood, CO 80225 USA. [Jones, Elizabeth J.; Voytek, Mary] US Geol Survey, Water Resources Discipline, Reston, VA 20192 USA. [Orem, William; Corum, Margo; Lerch, Harry; Warwick, Peter; Bates, Anne] US Geol Survey, Geol Discipline, Reston, VA 20192 USA. [Smith, Richard L.] US Geol Survey, Water Resources Discipline, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0016-7037 J9 GEOCHIM COSMOCHIM AC JI Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta PD JUN PY 2009 VL 73 IS 13 BP A496 EP A496 PG 1 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 460YS UT WOS:000267229901224 ER PT J AU Izbicki, JA Bullen, TD Martin, P Schroth, B AF Izbicki, John A. Bullen, Thomas D. Martin, Peter Schroth, Brian TI delta Cr-53 mixing, fractionation and exchange in contaminant plumes SO GEOCHIMICA ET COSMOCHIMICA ACTA LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 19th Annual VM Goldschmidt Conference CY JUN 21, 2009 CL Davos, SWITZERLAND C1 [Izbicki, John A.; Martin, Peter] US Geol Survey, San Diego, CA USA. [Bullen, Thomas D.] US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. CH2M Hill Inc, Sacramento, CA USA. EM jaizbick@usgs.gov; tdbullen@usgs.gov; pmmartin@usgs.gov NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0016-7037 J9 GEOCHIM COSMOCHIM AC JI Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta PD JUN PY 2009 VL 73 IS 13 SU S BP A577 EP A577 PG 1 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 460YS UT WOS:000267229901386 ER PT J AU Katz, BG Davis, JH Shakar, J AF Katz, B. G. Davis, J. H. Shakar, J. TI Using isotopes and other chemical indicators to track the impacts on groundwater quality from the land application of treated municipal wastewater in a mantled karst aquifer SO GEOCHIMICA ET COSMOCHIMICA ACTA LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 19th Annual VM Goldschmidt Conference CY JUN 21, 2009 CL Davos, SWITZERLAND C1 [Katz, B. G.; Davis, J. H.] US Geol Survey, Tallahassee, FL 32303 USA. [Shakar, J.] City Tallahassee Undergound Util, Tallahassee, FL 32301 USA. EM bkatz@usgs.gov; hdavis@usgs.gov; jamie.shakar@talgov.com NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0016-7037 J9 GEOCHIM COSMOCHIM AC JI Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta PD JUN PY 2009 VL 73 IS 13 BP A627 EP A627 PG 1 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 460YS UT WOS:000267229901485 ER PT J AU Kharaka, YK Cole, DR Thordsen, JJ Kakouros, E Bullen, TD AF Kharaka, Y. K. Cole, D. R. Thordsen, J. J. Kakouros, E. Bullen, T. D. TI Formation fluids-CO2-sediment interactions: Minimizing environmental impacts of CO2 storage SO GEOCHIMICA ET COSMOCHIMICA ACTA LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 19th Annual VM Goldschmidt Conference CY JUN 21, 2009 CL Davos, SWITZERLAND C1 [Kharaka, Y. K.; Thordsen, J. J.; Kakouros, E.; Bullen, T. D.] USGS, Menlo Pk, CA USA. [Cole, D. R.] ORNL, Oak Ridge, TN USA. EM ykharaka@usgs.gov; coledr@ornl.gov NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0016-7037 J9 GEOCHIM COSMOCHIM AC JI Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta PD JUN PY 2009 VL 73 IS 13 SU S BP A646 EP A646 PG 1 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 460YS UT WOS:000267229901523 ER PT J AU Lewan, MD AF Lewan, Michael D. TI Vanadium, Nickel, and Uranium associations with petroleum and source rocks SO GEOCHIMICA ET COSMOCHIMICA ACTA LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 19th Annual VM Goldschmidt Conference CY JUN 21, 2009 CL Davos, SWITZERLAND C1 [Lewan, Michael D.] US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Denver, CO 80225 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 5 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0016-7037 J9 GEOCHIM COSMOCHIM AC JI Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta PD JUN PY 2009 VL 73 IS 13 BP A748 EP A748 PG 1 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 460YS UT WOS:000267229901728 ER PT J AU Maher, K Steefel, CI White, AF AF Maher, Kate Steefel, Carl I. White, Art F. TI Why weathering rates differ between the laboratory and the field SO GEOCHIMICA ET COSMOCHIMICA ACTA LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 19th Annual VM Goldschmidt Conference CY JUN 21, 2009 CL Davos, SWITZERLAND C1 [Maher, Kate] Stanford Univ, Sch Earth Sci, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. [Steefel, Carl I.] Berkeley Natl Lab, Div Earth Sci, Berkeley, CA USA. [White, Art F.] US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. EM kmaher@stanford.edu; CISteefel@lbl.gov; afwhite@usgs.gov RI Steefel, Carl/B-7758-2010 NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 8 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0016-7037 J9 GEOCHIM COSMOCHIM AC JI Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta PD JUN PY 2009 VL 73 IS 13 BP A816 EP A816 PG 1 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 460YS UT WOS:000267229902092 ER PT J AU Metge, DW Harvey, RW Eberl, DD Wasylenki, LE Williams, LB AF Metge, D. W. Harvey, R. W. Eberl, D. D. Wasylenki, L. E. Williams, L. B. TI Evaluating the oxidation state of antibacterial minerals SO GEOCHIMICA ET COSMOCHIMICA ACTA LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 19th Annual VM Goldschmidt Conference CY JUN 21, 2009 CL Davos, SWITZERLAND C1 [Metge, D. W.; Harvey, R. W.; Eberl, D. D.] US Geol Survey, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. [Wasylenki, L. E.; Williams, L. B.] Arizona State Univ, Tempe, AZ 85287 USA. EM Lynda.Williams@asu.edu NR 0 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 1 U2 5 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0016-7037 J9 GEOCHIM COSMOCHIM AC JI Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta PD JUN PY 2009 VL 73 IS 13 BP A875 EP A875 PG 1 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 460YS UT WOS:000267229902210 ER PT J AU Michel, R Campbell, D Turk, J Mast, A AF Michel, Robert Campbell, Don Turk, John Mast, Alisa TI Biological cycling of sulphate in small mountain lakes determined from natural S-35 SO GEOCHIMICA ET COSMOCHIMICA ACTA LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 19th Annual VM Goldschmidt Conference CY JUN 21, 2009 CL Davos, SWITZERLAND C1 [Michel, Robert] US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. [Campbell, Don; Turk, John; Mast, Alisa] US Geol Survey, Denver, CO 80225 USA. EM rlmichel@usgs.gov; dhcampbell@usgs.gov; jtturk@hotmail.com; mamast@usgs.gov NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0016-7037 J9 GEOCHIM COSMOCHIM AC JI Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta PD JUN PY 2009 VL 73 IS 13 SU S BP A879 EP A879 PG 1 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 460YS UT WOS:000267229902217 ER PT J AU Millot, R Asmundsson, R Negrel, P Sanjuan, B Bullen, TD AF Millot, R. Asmundsson, R. Negrel, Ph. Sanjuan, B. Bullen, T. D. TI Multi-isotopic (H, O, C, S, Li, B, Si, Sr, Nd) approach for geothermal fluid characterization in Iceland SO GEOCHIMICA ET COSMOCHIMICA ACTA LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 19th Annual VM Goldschmidt Conference CY JUN 21, 2009 CL Davos, SWITZERLAND C1 [Millot, R.; Negrel, Ph.] Bur Rech Geol & Minieres, Metrol Monitoring Anal Dept, Orleans, France. [Asmundsson, R.] ISOR, Iceland Geosurvey, Akureyri, Iceland. [Sanjuan, B.] Bur Rech Geol & Minieres, Dept Geothermal Energy, Orleans, France. [Bullen, T. D.] USGS, Water Resources Discipline, Menlo Pk, CA USA. EM r.millot@brgm.fr; ragnar.asmundsson@isor.is; p.negrel@brgm.fr; b.sanjuan@brgm.fr; tdbullen@usgs.gov NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 1 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0016-7037 J9 GEOCHIM COSMOCHIM AC JI Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta PD JUN PY 2009 VL 73 IS 13 BP A883 EP A883 PG 1 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 460YS UT WOS:000267229902226 ER PT J AU Misra, SK Dybowska, AD Berhanu, D Boccaccini, AR Luoma, SN Plant, JA Valsami-Jones, E AF Misra, S. K. Dybowska, A. D. Berhanu, D. Boccaccini, A. R. Luoma, S. N. Plant, J. A. Valsami-Jones, E. TI The solubility and reactivity of silica nanoparticles SO GEOCHIMICA ET COSMOCHIMICA ACTA LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 19th Annual VM Goldschmidt Conference CY JUN 21, 2009 CL Davos, SWITZERLAND C1 [Misra, S. K.; Dybowska, A. D.; Berhanu, D.; Valsami-Jones, E.] Nat Hist Museum, Dept Mineral, London SW7 5BD, England. [Misra, S. K.; Boccaccini, A. R.] Univ London Imperial Coll Sci Technol & Med, Dept Mat, London SW7 2AZ, England. [Luoma, S. N.] US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. [Plant, J. A.] Univ London Imperial Coll Sci Technol & Med, Dept Earth Sci & Engn, London SW7 2AZ, England. EM e.valsami-jones@nhm.ac.uk RI Boccaccini, Aldo/C-7905-2013; Valsami-Jones, Eva/I-1736-2016 NR 1 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0016-7037 J9 GEOCHIM COSMOCHIM AC JI Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta PD JUN PY 2009 VL 73 IS 13 BP A886 EP A886 PG 1 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 460YS UT WOS:000267229902231 ER PT J AU Moser, DE Bowman, JR Valley, JW Wooden, JL Kita, NT Mazdab, FK AF Moser, D. E. Bowman, J. R. Valley, J. W. Wooden, J. L. Kita, N. T. Mazdab, F. K. TI Tracking fluid/melt flow in the lower crust using zircon isotopic (Pb, O) zoning, Kapuskasing Uplift SO GEOCHIMICA ET COSMOCHIMICA ACTA LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 19th Annual VM Goldschmidt Conference CY JUN 21, 2009 CL Davos, SWITZERLAND C1 [Moser, D. E.] Univ Western Ontario, Dept Earth Sci, London, ON N6A 5B7, Canada. [Bowman, J. R.] Univ Utah, Dept Geol & Geophys, Salt Lake City, UT 84112 USA. [Valley, J. W.; Kita, N. T.] Univ Wisconsin, Dept Geol & Geophys, Madison, WI 53706 USA. [Wooden, J. L.; Mazdab, F. K.] USGS Stanford Ion Probe Lab, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. EM desmond.moser@uwo.ca; john.bowman@utah.edu RI Valley, John/B-3466-2011 OI Valley, John/0000-0003-3530-2722 NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0016-7037 J9 GEOCHIM COSMOCHIM AC JI Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta PD JUN PY 2009 VL 73 IS 13 BP A909 EP A909 PG 1 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 460YS UT WOS:000267229902277 ER PT J AU Nagy, KL Manceau, A Ryan, JN Aiken, GR AF Nagy, K. L. Manceau, A. Ryan, J. N. Aiken, G. R. TI Mercury(II)-sulfur binding in peat SO GEOCHIMICA ET COSMOCHIMICA ACTA LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 19th Annual VM Goldschmidt Conference CY JUN 21, 2009 CL Davos, SWITZERLAND C1 [Nagy, K. L.] Univ Illinois, Chicago, IL 60607 USA. [Manceau, A.] CNRS, LGCA Maison Geosci, F-38041 Grenoble, France. [Manceau, A.] Univ Grenoble 1, F-38041 Grenoble, France. [Ryan, J. N.] Univ Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. [Aiken, G. R.] US Geol Survey, Div Water Resources, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. EM klnagy@uic.edu; manceau@ujf-grenoble.fr; joseph.ryan@colorado.edu; graiken@usgs.gov RI Ryan, Joseph/H-7025-2012 NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0016-7037 J9 GEOCHIM COSMOCHIM AC JI Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta PD JUN PY 2009 VL 73 IS 13 BP A926 EP A926 PG 1 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 460YS UT WOS:000267229902312 ER PT J AU Neilson, JW Quade, J Betancourt, JL Maier, RM AF Neilson, J. W. Quade, J. Betancourt, J. L. Maier, R. M. TI Hyperarid extremophiles: A comparison of bacterial communities from distinct locations in the core of the Atacama Desert SO GEOCHIMICA ET COSMOCHIMICA ACTA LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 19th Annual VM Goldschmidt Conference CY JUN 21, 2009 CL Davos, SWITZERLAND C1 [Neilson, J. W.; Maier, R. M.] Univ Arizona, Dept Soil Water & Environm Sci, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. [Quade, J.] Univ Arizona, Dept Geosci, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. [Betancourt, J. L.] US Geol Survey, Tucson, AZ USA. EM jneilson@email.arizona.edu NR 2 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 4 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0016-7037 J9 GEOCHIM COSMOCHIM AC JI Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta PD JUN PY 2009 VL 73 IS 13 BP A936 EP A936 PG 1 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 460YS UT WOS:000267229902331 ER PT J AU Nielsen, SG Gannoun, A Burton, KW Halliday, AN Hein, JR AF Nielsen, Sune G. Gannoun, Abdelmouhcine Burton, Kevin W. Halliday, Alex N. Hein, James R. TI Miocene Os and Tl isotopes in the Indian Ocean: Implications for Antarctic water export and the residence time of Os SO GEOCHIMICA ET COSMOCHIMICA ACTA LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 19th Annual VM Goldschmidt Conference CY JUN 21, 2009 CL Davos, SWITZERLAND C1 [Nielsen, Sune G.; Gannoun, Abdelmouhcine; Burton, Kevin W.; Halliday, Alex N.] Univ Oxford, Dept Earth Sci, Oxford OX1 2JD, England. [Hein, James R.] USGS, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. NR 5 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0016-7037 J9 GEOCHIM COSMOCHIM AC JI Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta PD JUN PY 2009 VL 73 IS 13 BP A942 EP A942 PG 1 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 460YS UT WOS:000267229902343 ER PT J AU Pedersen, J Johnson, CJ Bell, CM Jacobson, KH Benson, CH McKenzie, D Aiken, JM AF Pedersen, Joel Johnson, Christopher J. Bell, Christen M. Jacobson, Kurt H. Benson, Craig H. McKenzie, Debbie Aiken, Judd M. TI Soil and the transmission of prion diseases SO GEOCHIMICA ET COSMOCHIMICA ACTA LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 19th Annual VM Goldschmidt Conference CY JUN 21, 2009 CL Davos, SWITZERLAND C1 [Pedersen, Joel; Bell, Christen M.; Jacobson, Kurt H.] Univ Wisconsin, Madison, WI USA. [Johnson, Christopher J.] Natl Wildlife Hlth Ctr, US Geol Survey, Madison, WI USA. [Benson, Craig H.] Univ Washington, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. [McKenzie, Debbie; Aiken, Judd M.] Univ Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada. EM japedersen@soils.wisc.edu RI Johnson, Christopher/B-1436-2009 OI Johnson, Christopher/0000-0003-4539-2581 NR 0 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 1 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0016-7037 J9 GEOCHIM COSMOCHIM AC JI Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta PD JUN PY 2009 VL 73 IS 13 BP A1007 EP A1007 PG 1 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 460YS UT WOS:000267229902474 ER PT J AU Pribil, MJ Ridley, WI Kotarba, MJ Lewan, MD AF Pribil, M. J. Ridley, W. I. Kotarba, M. J. Lewan, M. D. TI Copper isotope ratios of Kupferschiefer Shales and generated oils by hydrous pyrolysis SO GEOCHIMICA ET COSMOCHIMICA ACTA LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 19th Annual VM Goldschmidt Conference CY JUN 21, 2009 CL Davos, SWITZERLAND C1 [Pribil, M. J.; Ridley, W. I.; Lewan, M. D.] US Geol Survey, Denver, CO 80225 USA. [Kotarba, M. J.] Univ Sci & Technol, AGH, PL-3059 Krakow, Poland. EM mpribil@usgs.gov NR 2 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0016-7037 J9 GEOCHIM COSMOCHIM AC JI Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta PD JUN PY 2009 VL 73 IS 13 BP A1052 EP A1052 PG 1 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 460YS UT WOS:000267229902562 ER PT J AU Revesz, K Shapiro, AM Tiedeman, CR Goode, DJ AF Revesz, Kinga Shapiro, Allen M. Tiedeman, Claire R. Goode, Daniel J. TI Monitoring delta C-13 of TCE to evaluate microbial degradation in a fractured sedimentary rock aquifer, New Jersey, USA SO GEOCHIMICA ET COSMOCHIMICA ACTA LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 19th Annual VM Goldschmidt Conference CY JUN 21, 2009 CL Davos, SWITZERLAND C1 [Revesz, Kinga; Shapiro, Allen M.] USGS, BRR ER, Reston, VA 20192 USA. [Tiedeman, Claire R.] USGS, BRR WR, Menlo Pk, CA 94024 USA. [Goode, Daniel J.] PWSC, Exton, PA 19341 USA. EM krevesz@usgs.gov; ashapiro@usgs.gov; tiedeman@usgs.gov; djgoode@usgs.gov NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0016-7037 J9 GEOCHIM COSMOCHIM AC JI Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta PD JUN PY 2009 VL 73 IS 13 SU S BP A1092 EP A1092 PG 1 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 460YS UT WOS:000267229902642 ER PT J AU Ridley, WI Perfit, MR Wanless, D AF Ridley, W. Ian Perfit, M. R. Wanless, D. TI Evolution of MORB at fast-spreading ridges SO GEOCHIMICA ET COSMOCHIMICA ACTA LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 19th Annual VM Goldschmidt Conference CY JUN 21, 2009 CL Davos, SWITZERLAND C1 [Ridley, W. Ian] US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Denver, CO 80225 USA. [Perfit, M. R.; Wanless, D.] Univ Florida, Dept Geosci, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. EM iridley@usgs.gov; mperfit@ufl.edu; dorseyw@ufl.edu NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0016-7037 J9 GEOCHIM COSMOCHIM AC JI Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta PD JUN PY 2009 VL 73 IS 13 BP A1100 EP A1100 PG 1 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 460YS UT WOS:000267229902658 ER PT J AU Rosenbauer, RJ Bischoff, JL AF Rosenbauer, R. J. Bischoff, J. L. TI CO2 sequestration by basalt: Experimental studies and geochemical modeling SO GEOCHIMICA ET COSMOCHIMICA ACTA LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 19th Annual VM Goldschmidt Conference CY JUN 21, 2009 CL Davos, SWITZERLAND C1 [Rosenbauer, R. J.; Bischoff, J. L.] US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. EM brosenbauer@usgs.gov; jbischoff@usgs.gov NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 1 U2 7 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0016-7037 J9 GEOCHIM COSMOCHIM AC JI Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta PD JUN PY 2009 VL 73 IS 13 SU S BP A1118 EP A1118 PG 1 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 460YS UT WOS:000267229902694 ER PT J AU Rowe, MC Thornber, CR Orr, TR AF Rowe, M. C. Thornber, C. R. Orr, T. R. TI Kilauea 2008: Primitive components and degassing recorded by olivine-hosted melt inclusions and matrix glasses SO GEOCHIMICA ET COSMOCHIMICA ACTA LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 19th Annual VM Goldschmidt Conference CY JUN 21, 2009 CL Davos, SWITZERLAND C1 [Rowe, M. C.] Univ Iowa, Dept Geosci, Iowa City, IA 52242 USA. [Thornber, C. R.] USGS, David A Johnston Cascade Volcano Observ, Vancouver, WA 98683 USA. EM michael-rowe@uiowa.edu NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 2 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0016-7037 J9 GEOCHIM COSMOCHIM AC JI Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta PD JUN PY 2009 VL 73 IS 13 BP A1126 EP A1126 PG 1 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 460YS UT WOS:000267229902709 ER PT J AU Sisson, TW AF Sisson, T. W. TI Controls on calc-alkaline differentiation and composition of the continents SO GEOCHIMICA ET COSMOCHIMICA ACTA LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 19th Annual VM Goldschmidt Conference CY JUN 21, 2009 CL Davos, SWITZERLAND C1 [Sisson, T. W.] US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. EM tsisson@usgs.gov NR 3 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 4 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0016-7037 J9 GEOCHIM COSMOCHIM AC JI Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta PD JUN PY 2009 VL 73 IS 13 SU S BP A1231 EP A1231 PG 1 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 460YS UT WOS:000267229903150 ER PT J AU Stetson, SJ Gray, JE Wanty, RB MaCalady, DL AF Stetson, Sarah J. Gray, John E. Wanty, Richard B. MaCalady, Donald L. TI Mercury stable isotope variability in ore, mine-waste calcine, and leachates of mine-waste calcine within a historical mercury mining district SO GEOCHIMICA ET COSMOCHIMICA ACTA LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 19th Annual VM Goldschmidt Conference CY JUN 21, 2009 CL Davos, SWITZERLAND C1 [Stetson, Sarah J.; MaCalady, Donald L.] Colorado Sch Mines, Dept Chem & Geochem, Golden, CO 80401 USA. [Gray, John E.; Wanty, Richard B.] US Geol Survey, Denver, CO 80225 USA. EM sstetson@mines.edu; dmacalad@mines.edu NR 1 TC 1 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 1 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0016-7037 J9 GEOCHIM COSMOCHIM AC JI Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta PD JUN PY 2009 VL 73 IS 13 BP A1274 EP A1274 PG 1 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 460YS UT WOS:000267229903235 ER PT J AU Swarzenski, PW Izbicki, JA Grossman, EE Glenn, CR Plath, CA Kelly, JL AF Swarzenski, P. W. Izbicki, J. A. Grossman, E. E. Glenn, C. R. Plath, C. A. Kelly, J. L. TI A multi-proxy approach to submarine groundwater discharge studies: Examples from Santa Barbara, CA and Maunalua Bay, HI SO GEOCHIMICA ET COSMOCHIMICA ACTA LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 19th Annual VM Goldschmidt Conference CY JUN 21, 2009 CL Davos, SWITZERLAND C1 [Swarzenski, P. W.; Grossman, E. E.] USGS, Santa Cruz, CA 95060 USA. [Izbicki, J. A.] USGS, San Diego, CA 92101 USA. [Glenn, C. R.; Plath, C. A.; Kelly, J. L.] Univ Hawaii, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. EM pswarzen@usgs.gov NR 0 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 2 U2 5 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0016-7037 J9 GEOCHIM COSMOCHIM AC JI Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta PD JUN PY 2009 VL 73 IS 13 BP A1299 EP A1299 PG 1 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 460YS UT WOS:000267229903286 ER PT J AU Tang, YC Ellis, GS Zhang, TW Ma, QS Amrani, A AF Tang, Yongchun Ellis, Geoffrey S. Zhang, Tongwei Ma, Qisheng Amrani, Alon TI Experimental and theoretical determination of the kinetics of thermochemical sulfate reduction SO GEOCHIMICA ET COSMOCHIMICA ACTA LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 19th Annual VM Goldschmidt Conference CY JUN 21, 2009 CL Davos, SWITZERLAND C1 [Tang, Yongchun; Ma, Qisheng; Amrani, Alon] CALTECH, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. [Ellis, Geoffrey S.] US Geol Survey, Denver, CO 80225 USA. [Zhang, Tongwei] Univ Texas Austin, Bur Econ Geol, Austin, TX USA. EM tang@peer.caltech.edu RI Tang, Yongchun/G-7473-2011; Ellis, Geoffrey/G-8970-2011 NR 0 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 1 U2 2 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0016-7037 J9 GEOCHIM COSMOCHIM AC JI Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta PD JUN PY 2009 VL 73 IS 13 BP A1312 EP A1312 PG 1 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 460YS UT WOS:000267229903312 ER PT J AU Thomas, B Rosenbauer, R Kharaka, Y AF Thomas, Burt Rosenbauer, Robert Kharaka, Yousif TI Carbon dioxide interaction with coal: Organic acid production at low temperature supercritical reservoir conditions SO GEOCHIMICA ET COSMOCHIMICA ACTA LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 19th Annual VM Goldschmidt Conference CY JUN 21, 2009 CL Davos, SWITZERLAND C1 [Thomas, Burt; Rosenbauer, Robert; Kharaka, Yousif] US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. EM burt_thomas@usgs.gov; brosenbauer@usgs.gov; ykharaka@usgs.gov NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0016-7037 J9 GEOCHIM COSMOCHIM AC JI Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta PD JUN PY 2009 VL 73 IS 13 BP A1326 EP A1326 PG 1 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 460YS UT WOS:000267229903340 ER PT J AU van Geen, A Thunell, R Carriquiry, J Mey, J Crusius, J Zhao, M Baumgartner, T Fereira, V Gaxiola, G AF van Geen, A. Thunell, R. Carriquiry, J. Mey, J. Crusius, J. Zhao, M. Baumgartner, T. Fereira, V. Gaxiola, G. TI Expansion of the northeast Pacific oxygen-minimum zone since 1995? Sediment N-isotope evidence from Soledad Basin, Baja California SO GEOCHIMICA ET COSMOCHIMICA ACTA LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 19th Annual VM Goldschmidt Conference CY JUN 21, 2009 CL Davos, SWITZERLAND C1 [van Geen, A.; Mey, J.] Columbia Univ, Lamont Doherty Earth Observ, Palisades, NY 10964 USA. [Thunell, R.] Univ S Carolina, Dept Geol Sci, Columbia, SC 29208 USA. [Carriquiry, J.] Univ Autonoma Baja California, Inst Invest Oceanol, Ensenada, Baja California, Mexico. [Crusius, J.] US Geol Survey, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. [Zhao, M.] Ocean Univ China, Key Lab Marine Chem Theory & Technol, Qingdao, Peoples R China. [Baumgartner, T.; Fereira, V.; Gaxiola, G.] Ctr Invest Cient & Educ Super, Ensenada, Baja California, Mexico. EM avangeen@ldeo.columbia.edu NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 3 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0016-7037 J9 GEOCHIM COSMOCHIM AC JI Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta PD JUN PY 2009 VL 73 IS 13 BP A1371 EP A1371 PG 1 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 460YS UT WOS:000267229903429 ER PT J AU White, AF Vivit, DV Schulz, MS Fitzpatrick, J Blum, TD AF White, A. F. Vivit, D. V. Schulz, M. S. Fitzpatrick, J. Blum, Tom D. TI Lab vs field granite weathering rates: A 12-year experiment SO GEOCHIMICA ET COSMOCHIMICA ACTA LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 19th Annual VM Goldschmidt Conference CY JUN 21, 2009 CL Davos, SWITZERLAND C1 [White, A. F.; Vivit, D. V.; Schulz, M. S.; Fitzpatrick, J.; Blum, Tom D.] US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. EM afwhite@usgs.gov NR 1 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0016-7037 J9 GEOCHIM COSMOCHIM AC JI Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta PD JUN PY 2009 VL 73 IS 13 SU S BP A1434 EP A1434 PG 1 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 460YS UT WOS:000267229903555 ER PT J AU Williams, HM Nielsen, SG Burton, KW Hein, JR Siebert, C Halliday, AN AF Williams, H. M. Nielsen, S. G. Burton, K. W. Hein, J. R. Siebert, C. Halliday, A. N. TI Temporal variations in the iron isotopic compositions of Pacific hydrogenetic Fe-Mn crusts SO GEOCHIMICA ET COSMOCHIMICA ACTA LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 19th Annual VM Goldschmidt Conference CY JUN 21, 2009 CL Davos, SWITZERLAND C1 [Williams, H. M.; Nielsen, S. G.; Burton, K. W.; Siebert, C.; Halliday, A. N.] Univ Oxford, Dept Earth Sci, Oxford OX1 3PR, England. [Hein, J. R.] US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. EM helenw@earth.ox.ac.uk NR 8 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 1 U2 8 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0016-7037 J9 GEOCHIM COSMOCHIM AC JI Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta PD JUN PY 2009 VL 73 IS 13 BP A1445 EP A1445 PG 1 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 460YS UT WOS:000267229903578 ER PT J AU Zimmer, MM Plank, T Hauri, EH Larsen, JF Nye, CJ AF Zimmer, Mindy M. Plank, Terry Hauri, Erik H. Larsen, Jessica F. Nye, Christopher J. TI Deciphering the roles of H2O and fO(2) during calc-alkaline differentiation SO GEOCHIMICA ET COSMOCHIMICA ACTA LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 19th Annual VM Goldschmidt Conference CY JUN 21, 2009 CL Davos, SWITZERLAND C1 [Zimmer, Mindy M.] Exxon ExxonMobil Res & Engn Co, Annandale, NJ USA. [Plank, Terry] Columbia Univ, Dept Earth & Environm Sci, Palisades, NY USA. [Hauri, Erik H.] Carnegie Inst Washington, Dept Terr Magnetism, Washington, DC 20015 USA. [Larsen, Jessica F.] Univ Alaska Fairbanks, Inst Geophys, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA. [Nye, Christopher J.] Alaska Volcano Observ, Alaska Div Geol & Geophys Surveys, Fairbanks, AK USA. EM mindy.zimmer@exxonmobil.com; tplank@ldeo.columbia.edu; hauri@dtm.ciw.edu; faust@gi.alaska.edu; enye@giseis.alaska.edu NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0016-7037 J9 GEOCHIM COSMOCHIM AC JI Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta PD JUN PY 2009 VL 73 IS 13 SU S BP A1535 EP A1535 PG 1 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 460YS UT WOS:000267229903758 ER PT J AU Warrick, JA Mertes, LAK AF Warrick, Jonathan A. Mertes, Leal A.K. TI Sediment yield from the tectonically active semiarid Western Transverse Ranges of California SO GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA BULLETIN LA English DT Article ID SMALL MOUNTAINOUS RIVERS; SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA; EROSION RATES; NEW-ZEALAND; DISCHARGE; FLOOD; OCEAN; WATERSHEDS; FREQUENCY; TRANSPORT AB Sediment yields from the world's rivers are generally highest from steep drainage basins with weak lithology, active tectonics, or severe land-use impacts. Here, we evaluate sediment yields from the Western Transverse Ranges of California in an attempt to explain why they are two- to tenfold greater than the surrounding areas of California. We found that suspended-sediment yields across the gauged basins of the Western Transverse Range during 1969-1999 varied by approximately an order of magnitude (740-5300 t/km(2)/yr). Similarly, fine-sediment concentrations for normalized discharge rates varied by almost two orders of magnitude (e.g., 1.3-110 g/L for the mean annual flood) for 11 previously unmonitored drainages of the Santa Ynez Mountains. Areas with high sediment yields consistently have weakly consolidated bedrock (Quaternary-Pliocene marine formations) and are associated with the highest rates of tectonic uplift of the region (>5 mm/yr). These regions are important to the sediment discharge budgets, because approximate to 50% of the total suspended-sediment discharge from the Western Transverse Range is estimated to be generated within these regions, even though they represent only approximate to 10% of the total watershed area. Previous estimates of suspended-sediment discharge from the Ventura River have likely been underestimated by approximate to 50% because the gauging station is located immediately upstream of a high sediment yield region. We also found a significant and positive correlation between sediment yield and the percentage of a watershed with grassland and agricultural land use. These results suggest that there is adequate variation within the lithology, tectonics, and land use of the broader Western Transverse Range geologic province to induce large variations in sediment yield at the local scale. C1 USGS Western Coastal & Marine Geol, Santa Cruz, CA 95060 USA. Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Dept Geog, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA. Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Inst Computat Earth Syst Sci, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA. RP Warrick, JA (reprint author), USGS Western Coastal & Marine Geol, 400 Nat Bridges Dr, Santa Cruz, CA 95060 USA. EM jwarrick@usgs.gov FU National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Earth System Science Fellowship; U. S. Geological Survey (USGS) Mendenhall Postdoc Fellowship; National Science Foundation (NSF) Santa Barbara Coastal Long Term Ecological Research; USGS Coastal and Marine Geology Program FX This paper is dedicated to the family, friends, and students of Leal A. K. Mertes-may she continue to inspire us all. We would like to thank Scott Valentine and Sherie L'Heureux for assistance with sample collection and analyses. Murray Hicks and an anonymous reviewer provided constructive comments that improved the paper. We also thank Tom Dunne, John Milliman, Bob Meade, Amy Draut, and Patrick Barnard for helpful discussions and comments. Funding and support for this work was provided by a National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Earth System Science Fellowship, a U. S. Geological Survey (USGS) Mendenhall Postdoc Fellowship, the National Science Foundation (NSF) Santa Barbara Coastal Long Term Ecological Research, and USGS Coastal and Marine Geology Program funds. NR 68 TC 32 Z9 32 U1 0 U2 14 PU GEOLOGICAL SOC AMER, INC PI BOULDER PA PO BOX 9140, BOULDER, CO 80301-9140 USA SN 0016-7606 J9 GEOL SOC AM BULL JI Geol. Soc. Am. Bull. PD JUN PY 2009 VL 121 IS 7-8 BP 1054 EP 1070 DI 10.1130/B26452.1 PG 17 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 462YB UT WOS:000267393800016 ER PT J AU Koenig, AE Rogers, RR Trueman, CN AF Koenig, Alan E. Rogers, Raymond R. Trueman, Clive N. TI Visualizing fossilization using laser ablation-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry maps of trace elements in Late Cretaceous bones SO GEOLOGY LA English DT Article ID DIFFUSION-ADSORPTION MODEL; FOSSIL BONE; ICP-MS; MADAGASCAR; PRESERVATION; URANIUM; RATES AB Elemental maps generated by laser ablation-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) provide a previously unavailable high-resolution visualization of the complex physicochemical conditions operating within individual bones during the early stages of diagenesis and fossilization. A selection of LA-ICP-MS maps of bones collected from the Late Cretaceous of Montana (United States) and Madagascar graphically illustrate diverse paths to recrystallization, and reveal unique insights into geochemical aspects of taphonomic history. Some bones show distinct gradients in concentrations of rare earth elements and uranium, with highest concentrations at external bone margins. Others exhibit more intricate patterns of trace element uptake related to bone histology and its control on the flow paths of pore waters. Patterns of element uptake as revealed by LA-ICP-MS maps can be used to guide sampling strategies, and call into question previous studies that hinge upon localized bulk samples of fossilized bone tissue. LA-ICP-MS maps also allow for comparison of recrystallization rates among fossil bones, and afford a novel approach to identifying bones or regions of bones potentially suitable for extracting intact biogeochemical signals. C1 [Koenig, Alan E.] US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Denver, CO 80225 USA. [Rogers, Raymond R.] Macalester Coll, Dept Geol, St Paul, MN 55105 USA. [Trueman, Clive N.] Univ Southampton, Sch Ocean & Earth Sci, Southampton SO13 4ZH, Hants, England. RP Koenig, AE (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Box 25046,MS-973, Denver, CO 80225 USA. RI Trueman, Clive/E-6925-2011 FU National Science Foundation [EAR-0446488, EAR-0319024]; Natural Environment Research Council [NE/C00390X/1] FX This research was supported by National Science Foundation grants EAR-0446488 and EAR-0319024 to Rogers and Natural Environment Research Council grant NE/C00390X/1 to Trueman. K. Curry Rogers, P. Emsbo, D. Grandstaff, D. Krause, B. MacFadden, T. Todorov, and an anonymous reviewer provided helpful commentary and discussion. NR 28 TC 45 Z9 45 U1 0 U2 24 PU GEOLOGICAL SOC AMER, INC PI BOULDER PA PO BOX 9140, BOULDER, CO 80301-9140 USA SN 0091-7613 J9 GEOLOGY JI Geology PD JUN PY 2009 VL 37 IS 6 BP 511 EP 514 DI 10.1130/G25551A.1 PG 4 WC Geology SC Geology GA 454BB UT WOS:000266655500011 ER PT J AU Wang, CY Mooney, WD Ding, ZF Yang, JS Yao, ZX Lou, H AF Wang, Chun-Yong Mooney, Walter D. Ding, Zhifeng Yang, Jiansi Yao, Zhixiang Lou, Hai TI Shallow seismic structure of Kunlun fault zone in northern Tibetan Plateau, China: implications for the 2001 Ms8.1 Kunlun earthquake SO GEOPHYSICAL JOURNAL INTERNATIONAL LA English DT Article DE Controlled source seismology; Guided waves; Fractures and faults; Crustal structure; Asia ID SAN-ANDREAS FAULT; KARADERE-DUZCE BRANCH; TRAPPED WAVES; CRUSTAL STRUCTURE; VELOCITY STRUCTURE; CENTRAL CALIFORNIA; ANATOLIAN FAULT; GUIDED-WAVES; SHEAR-WAVES; PARKFIELD AB The shallow seismic velocity structure of the Kunlun fault zone (KLFZ) was jointly deduced from seismic refraction profiling and the records of trapped waves that were excited by five explosions. The data were collected after the 2001 Kunlun Ms8.1 earthquake in the northern Tibetan Plateau. Seismic phases for the in-line record sections (26 records up to a distance of 15 km) along the fault zone were analysed, and 1-D P- and S-wave velocity models of shallow crust within the fault zone were determined by using the seismic refraction method. Sixteen seismic stations were deployed along the off-line profile perpendicular to the fault zone. Fault-zone trapped waves appear clearly on the record sections, which were simulated with a 3-D finite difference algorithm. Quantitative analysis of the correlation coefficients of the synthetic and observed trapped waveforms indicates that the Kunlun fault-zone width is 300 m, and S-wave quality factor Q within the fault zone is 15. Significantly, S-wave velocities within the fault zone are reduced by 30-45 per cent from surrounding rocks to a depth of at least 1-2 km, while P-wave velocities are reduced by 7-20 per cent. A fault-zone with such P- and S-low velocities is an indication of high fluid pressure because Vs is affected more than Vp. The low-velocity and low-Q zone in the KLFZ model is the effect of multiple ruptures along the fault trace of the 2001 Ms8.1 Kunlun earthquake. C1 [Wang, Chun-Yong; Ding, Zhifeng; Yang, Jiansi; Yao, Zhixiang; Lou, Hai] China Earthquake Adm, Inst Geophys, Beijing 100081, Peoples R China. [Mooney, Walter D.] US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. RP Wang, CY (reprint author), China Earthquake Adm, Inst Geophys, Beijing 100081, Peoples R China. EM wangcy@cea-igp.ac.cn FU National Natural Science Foundation of China [40474019, 40334041]; Special Project of Social Public Welfare Research [2002DIA10001]; International Cooperation Program [2003DF000011] FX This research is sponsored by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 40474019 and No. 40334041), the Special Project of Social Public Welfare Research (No. 2002DIA10001) and the International Cooperation Program (Grant No. 2003DF000011) in theMinistry of Science and Technology of China. Sincere thanks are due to R. W. Graves, who provided his staggered-grid finitedifference code. Reviews by the Editor, Y. Ben-Zion, and two anonymous reviewers led to significant revisions of the submitted manuscript. The authors are grateful to them. The authors also sincerely appreciate the help of field work from China Seismological Bureau, Qinghai Seismological Bureau and Golmud Seismological Bureau. NR 67 TC 8 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 2 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS PI OXFORD PA GREAT CLARENDON ST, OXFORD OX2 6DP, ENGLAND SN 0956-540X EI 1365-246X J9 GEOPHYS J INT JI Geophys. J. Int. PD JUN PY 2009 VL 177 IS 3 BP 978 EP 1000 DI 10.1111/j.1365-246X.2009.04049.x PG 23 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 445BS UT WOS:000266025200013 ER PT J AU Slack, JF Grenne, T Bekker, A AF Slack, John F. Grenne, Tor Bekker, Andrey TI Seafloor-hydrothermal Si-Fe-Mn exhalites in the Pecos greenstone belt, New Mexico, and the redox state of ca. 1720 Ma deep seawater SO GEOSPHERE LA English DT Article ID PROTEROZOIC OCEAN CHEMISTRY; RARE-EARTH-ELEMENTS; EAST PACIFIC RISE; MID-ATLANTIC RIDGE; IRON-FORMATIONS; METALLIFEROUS SEDIMENTS; NORTHEAST PACIFIC; SULFIDE DEPOSITS; PLUME PARTICLES; CE OXIDATION AB Mineralogical and geochemical data for ca. 1720 Ma Si-Fe-Mn seafloor-hydrothermal sedimentary rocks (exhalites) near the Jones Hill Zn-Cu-Pb-Ag-Au volcanogenic massive sulfide (VMS) deposit, northern New Mexico, provide valuable insights into the redox state of late Paleoproterozoic deep seawater. Distal exhalites similar to 1200 m south of the deposit form beds 0.5-2 m thick composed of interlayered iron formation and metachert. The iron formation consists mostly of quartz and magnetite, and includes 0.3-3-cm-thick laminae of fine-grained garnet-quartz rock, which in places contains as much as 9.4 wt% MnO that resides chiefly in spessartine-rich garnet (coticule). Shale-normalized rare earth element data for an unaltered, low-Al quartz-magnetite iron formation show no Ce anomaly, which rules out fully oxic deep waters during exhalative mineralization. The garnet-quartz rocks and coticules mostly have small positive Ce anomalies, which are larger for calculated detrital-free compositions, thus precluding deposition in anoxic waters. Significant amounts of ferric iron are inferred for protoliths of the iron formation, based on the presence of abundant magnetite laminae, and of magnetite inclusions in cores of the spessartine garnets. Protoliths of the garnet-quartz rocks and coticules probably consisted largely of clays and Fe-Mn oxyhydroxides. Together these mineralogical and geochemical data suggest that the Jones Hill exhalites were deposited from deep seawater having low concentrations of dissolved O(2) corresponding to suboxic conditions, and not the sulfidic conditions proposed for late Paleoproterozoic deep seawater by other workers. Exhalites associated with Cu-rich VMS deposits, when effects of alteration and detrital components are considered, can be important proxies for evaluating the evolving redox state of ancient deep oceans. C1 [Slack, John F.] US Geol Survey, Natl Ctr, Reston, VA 20192 USA. [Bekker, Andrey] Univ Manitoba, Dept Geol Sci, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada. [Grenne, Tor] Geol Survey Norway, N-7491 Trondheim, Norway. RP Slack, JF (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Natl Ctr, MS 954, Reston, VA 20192 USA. EM jfslack@usgs.gov NR 88 TC 35 Z9 36 U1 0 U2 12 PU GEOLOGICAL SOC AMER, INC PI BOULDER PA PO BOX 9140, BOULDER, CO 80301-9140 USA SN 1553-040X J9 GEOSPHERE JI Geosphere PD JUN PY 2009 VL 5 IS 3 BP 302 EP 314 DI 10.1130/GES00220.1 PG 13 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 456EQ UT WOS:000266824300008 ER PT J AU Schlesinger, WH Belnap, J Marion, G AF Schlesinger, William H. Belnap, Jayne Marion, Giles TI On carbon sequestration in desert ecosystems SO GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Carbon sequestration; deserts; net ecosystem production; net primary production ID ANNUAL NET ECOSYSTEM; MOJAVE-DESERT; CO2; VEGETATION; EXCHANGE; ARIZONA; STORAGE; CALICHE; BALANCE; FLUXES AB Recent reports of net ecosysytem production > 100 gCm(-2) yr(-1) in deserts are incompatible with existing measurements of net primary production and carbon pools in deserts. The comparisions suggest that gas exchange measurements should be used with caution and better validation if they are expected to indicate the magnitude of carbon sink in these ecosysytems. C1 [Schlesinger, William H.] Cary Inst Ecosyst Studies, Millbrook, NY 12545 USA. [Belnap, Jayne] US Geol Survey, SW Biol Sci Ctr, Moab, UT 84532 USA. [Marion, Giles] Desert Res Inst, Reno, NV 89512 USA. RP Schlesinger, WH (reprint author), Cary Inst Ecosyst Studies, Box AB, Millbrook, NY 12545 USA. NR 22 TC 44 Z9 55 U1 12 U2 56 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PUBLISHING, INC PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 1354-1013 J9 GLOBAL CHANGE BIOL JI Glob. Change Biol. PD JUN PY 2009 VL 15 IS 6 BP 1488 EP 1490 DI 10.1111/j.1365-2486.2008.01763.x PG 3 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 441LU UT WOS:000265771400010 ER PT J AU Balshi, MS McGuire, AD Duffy, P Flannigan, M Kicklighter, DW Melillo, J AF Balshi, M. S. McGuire, A. D. Duffy, P. Flannigan, M. Kicklighter, D. W. Melillo, J. TI Vulnerability of carbon storage in North American boreal forests to wildfires during the 21st century SO GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE boreal carbon dynamics; climate change; fire emissions ID NET PRIMARY PRODUCTIVITY; SOIL THERMAL DYNAMICS; CLIMATE-CHANGE; TERRESTRIAL ECOSYSTEMS; NITROGEN INTERACTIONS; ATMOSPHERIC CO2; HIGH-LATITUDES; ELEVATED CO2; FIRE SUPPRESSION; CANADA FORESTS AB The boreal forest contains large reserves of carbon. Across this region, wildfires influence the temporal and spatial dynamics of carbon storage. In this study, we estimate fire emissions and changes in carbon storage for boreal North America over the 21st century. We use a gridded data set developed with a multivariate adaptive regression spline approach to determine how area burned varies each year with changing climatic and fuel moisture conditions. We apply the process-based Terrestrial Ecosystem Model to evaluate the role of future fire on the carbon dynamics of boreal North America in the context of changing atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) concentration and climate in the A2 and B2 emissions scenarios of the CGCM2 global climate model. Relative to the last decade of the 20th century, decadal total carbon emissions from fire increase by 2.5-4.4 times by 2091-2100, depending on the climate scenario and assumptions about CO2 fertilization. Larger fire emissions occur with warmer climates or if CO2 fertilization is assumed to occur. Despite the increases in fire emissions, our simulations indicate that boreal North America will be a carbon sink over the 21st century if CO2 fertilization is assumed to occur in the future. In contrast, simulations excluding CO2 fertilization over the same period indicate that the region will change to a carbon source to the atmosphere, with the source being 2.1 times greater under the warmer A2 scenario than the B2 scenario. To improve estimates of wildfire on terrestrial carbon dynamics in boreal North America, future studies should incorporate the role of dynamic vegetation to represent more accurately post-fire successional processes, incorporate fire severity parameters that change in time and space, account for human influences through increased fire suppression, and integrate the role of other disturbances and their interactions with future fire regime. C1 [Balshi, M. S.] Univ Alaska Fairbanks, Dept Biol & Wildlife, Fairbanks, AK USA. [McGuire, A. D.] Univ Alaska Fairbanks, US Geol Survey, Alaska Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA. [Balshi, M. S.; Duffy, P.] Neptune & Co, Lakewood, CO 80215 USA. [Flannigan, M.] Great Lakes Forestry Ctr, Canadian Forest Serv, Sault Ste Marie, ON P6A 2E5, Canada. [Kicklighter, D. W.; Melillo, J.] Marine Biol Lab, Ctr Ecosyst, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. RP Balshi, MS (reprint author), Univ Alaska Fairbanks, Dept Biol & Wildlife, Fairbanks, AK USA. EM mbalshi@neptuneinc.org RI Flannigan, Michael/G-6996-2015 OI Flannigan, Michael/0000-0002-9970-5363 FU National Science Foundation Biocomplexity Program [ATM-0120468]; Office of Polar Programs [OPP-0531047, OPP-0328282, OPP-0327664]; National Aeronautics and Space Administration North America Carbon Program [NNG05GD25G]; Bonanza Creek LTER; NSF [DEB-0423442]; USDA Forest Service [PNW01-JV11261952-231]; Arctic Region Supercomputing Center at the University of Alaska Fairbanks FX Funding for this study was provided by grants from the National Science Foundation Biocomplexity Program (ATM-0120468) and Office of Polar Programs (OPP-0531047, OPP-0328282, and OPP-0327664); the National Aeronautics and Space Administration North America Carbon Program (NNG05GD25G); and the Bonanza Creek LTER (Long-Term Ecological Research) Program (funded jointly by NSF grant DEB-0423442 and USDA Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station grant PNW01-JV11261952-231). This study was also supported in part by a grant of HPC resources from the Arctic Region Supercomputing Center at the University of Alaska Fairbanks as part of the Department of Defense High Performance Computing Modernization Program. NR 99 TC 95 Z9 97 U1 4 U2 52 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ USA SN 1354-1013 EI 1365-2486 J9 GLOBAL CHANGE BIOL JI Glob. Change Biol. PD JUN PY 2009 VL 15 IS 6 BP 1491 EP 1510 DI 10.1111/j.1365-2486.2009.01877.x PG 20 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 441LU UT WOS:000265771400011 ER PT J AU Frost, DR McDiarmid, RW Mendelson, JR AF Frost, Darrel R. McDiarmid, Roy W. Mendelson, Joseph R., III TI RESPONSE TO THE POINT OF VIEW OF GREGORY B. PAULY, DAVID M. HILLIS, AND DAVID C. CANNATELLA, BY THE ANURAN SUBCOMMITTEE OF THE SSAR/HL/ASIH SCIENTIFIC AND STANDARD ENGLISH NAMES LIST SO HERPETOLOGICA LA English DT Review DE Amphibia; Bufo; Rana; Species names; Taxonomic stability; Zoological nomenclature ID CHEMILLEN NATIONAL-PARK; ARBOREAL RHINELLA ANURA; INDIAN TOADS ANURA; PHYLOGENETIC-RELATIONSHIPS; ZOOLOGICAL-NOMENCLATURE; SPECIES GROUP; BIOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE; MOLECULAR PHYLOGENY; AMPHIBIAN-TREE; RANKED TAXA AB The Point of View by Gregory Pauly, David Hillis, and David Cannatella misrepresents the motives and activities of the anuran subcommittee of the Scientific and Standard English Names Committee, contains a number of misleading statements, omits evidence and references to critical literature that have already rejected or superseded their positions, and cloaks the limitation of their nomenclatural approach in ambiguous language. Their Point of View is not about promoting transparency in the process of constucting the English Names list, assuring that its taxonomy is adequately reviewed, or promoting nomenclautural stability in any global sense. Rather, their Point of View focuses in larger part on a single publication, The Amphibian Tree of Life, which is formally unrelated to the Standard English Names List, and promotes an approach to nomenclauture mistakenly asserted by them to be compartible with both the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature and one of its competitros. the PhyloCode. C1 [Frost, Darrel R.] Amer Museum Nat Hist, Div Vertebrate Zool Herpetol, New York, NY 10024 USA. [McDiarmid, Roy W.] US Geol Survey, Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, Natl Museum Nat Hist, Washington, DC 20013 USA. [Mendelson, Joseph R., III] Zoo Atlanta, Atlanta, GA 30315 USA. RP Frost, DR (reprint author), Amer Museum Nat Hist, Div Vertebrate Zool Herpetol, Cent Pk W & 79th St, New York, NY 10024 USA. EM frost@amnh.org NR 113 TC 8 Z9 12 U1 1 U2 5 PU HERPETOLOGISTS LEAGUE PI EMPORIA PA EMPORIA STATE UNIV, DIVISION BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES, 1200 COMMERCIAL ST, EMPORIA, KS 66801-5087 USA SN 0018-0831 EI 1938-5099 J9 HERPETOLOGICA JI Herpetologica PD JUN PY 2009 VL 65 IS 2 BP 136 EP 153 DI 10.1655/09-009R1.1 PG 18 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA 483SJ UT WOS:000268988000003 ER PT J AU Hyslop, NL Meyers, JM Cooper, RJ Norton, TM AF Hyslop, Natalie L. Meyers, J. Michael Cooper, Robert J. Norton, Terry M. TI SURVIVAL OF RADIO-IMPLANTED DRYMARCHON COUPERI (EASTERN INDIGO SNAKE) IN RELATION TO BODY SIZE AND SEX SO HERPETOLOGICA LA English DT Article DE Drymarchon couperi; Eastern Indigo Snake; Georgia; Mortality; Radio-implanted; Radiotelementary; Sex; Size; Survival ID POPULATION; SELECTION; GEORGIA AB Drymarchon couperi (castern indigo snake) has experienced population declines across its range primarily as it result of extensive habitat loss. fragmentation, and degradation. Conservation efforts for D. couperi have been hindered, in part, because of informational gaps regarding the species, including a lack of data on population ecology and estimates of demographic parameters such as survival. We conducted a 2-year radiotelemetry study of D. couperi on Fort Stewart Military Reservation and adjacent private lands located in southeastern Georgia to assess individual characteristics associated with probability of survival. We used kown-fate modeling to estimate survival, and an information-theoretic approach, based on a prior hypotheses, to examine intraspecific differences in survival probabilities relative to individual covariates (sex, size, size standardized by sex, and overwintering location). Annual survival in 2003 and 2004 was 0.89 (95% CI = 0.73-0.97, n = 25) and 0.72 (95% CI = 0.52-0.86; n = 27), respectively. Results indicated that body size, standardized by sex, was the most important covariate, determining survival of adult D. couperi, suggesting lower survival for larger individuals within each sex. We are uncertain of the mechanisms underlying this result, but possibilities may include greater resource needs for larger individuals Our results may also have been influenced by analysis limitation because of sample size, other sources of individual variation, or environmental conditions. C1 [Meyers, J. Michael] Univ Georgia, Warnell Sch Forestry & Nat Resources, USGS Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, Athens, GA 30602 USA. [Norton, Terry M.] St Catherines Isl Fdn, Midway, GA 31320 USA. RP Hyslop, NL (reprint author), 7001 SW 111th Pl, Miami, FL 33173 USA. EM hyslopn@warnell.uga.edu NR 41 TC 11 Z9 12 U1 3 U2 15 PU HERPETOLOGISTS LEAGUE PI EMPORIA PA EMPORIA STATE UNIV, DIVISION BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES, 1200 COMMERCIAL ST, EMPORIA, KS 66801-5087 USA SN 0018-0831 J9 HERPETOLOGICA JI Herpetologica PD JUN PY 2009 VL 65 IS 2 BP 199 EP 206 DI 10.1655/08-004R1.1 PG 8 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA 483SJ UT WOS:000268988000008 ER PT J AU Takekawa, JY Miles, AK Tsao-Melcer, DC Schoellhamer, DH Fregien, S Athearn, ND AF Takekawa, J. Y. Miles, A. K. Tsao-Melcer, D. C. Schoellhamer, D. H. Fregien, S. Athearn, N. D. TI Dietary flexibility in three representative waterbirds across salinity and depth gradients in salt ponds of San Francisco Bay SO HYDROBIOLOGIA LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 9th Conference of the International-Society-for-Salt-Lake-Research CY SEP 26-30, 2005 CL Curtin Univ Technol, Perth, AUSTRALIA SP Int Soc Salt Lake Res HO Curtin Univ Technol DE Salt ponds; Diet; Waterbirds; San Francisco Bay ID EVAPORATION PONDS; INTERTIDAL MUDFLATS; AVIAN COMMUNITIES; TOP-DOWN; ESTUARY; SHOREBIRDS; WADERS; POPULATIONS; SANDPIPERS; HABITATS AB Salt evaporation ponds have existed in San Francisco Bay, California, for more than a century. In the past decade, most of the salt ponds have been retired from production and purchased for resource conservation with a focus on tidal marsh restoration. However, large numbers of waterbirds are found in salt ponds, especially during migration and wintering periods. The value of these hypersaline wetlands for waterbirds is not well understood, including how different avian foraging guilds use invertebrate prey resources at different salinities and depths. The aim of this study was to investigate the dietary flexibility of waterbirds by examining the population number and diet of three feeding guilds across a salinity and depth gradient in former salt ponds of the Napa-Sonoma Marshes. Although total invertebrate biomass and species richness were greater in low than high salinity salt ponds, waterbirds fed in ponds that ranged from low (20 g l(-1)) to very high salinities (250 g l(-1)). American avocets (surface sweeper) foraged in shallow areas at pond edges and consumed a wide range of prey types (8) including seeds at low salinity, but preferred brine flies at mid salinity (40-80 g l(-1)). Western sandpipers (prober) focused on exposed edges and shoal habitats and consumed only a few prey types (2-4) at both low and mid salinities. Suitable depths for foraging were greatest for ruddy ducks (diving benthivore) that consumed a wide variety of invertebrate taxa (5) at low salinity, but focused on fewer prey (3) at mid salinity. We found few brine shrimp, common in higher salinity waters, in the digestive tracts of any of these species. Dietary flexibility allows different guilds to use ponds across a range of salinities, but their foraging extent is limited by available water depths. C1 [Takekawa, J. Y.; Athearn, N. D.] US Geol Survey, Western Ecol Res Ctr, San Francisco Bay Estuary Field Stn, Vallejo, CA 94592 USA. [Miles, A. K.; Tsao-Melcer, D. C.; Fregien, S.] US Geol Survey, Western Ecol Res Ctr, Davis Field Stn, Davis, CA 95616 USA. [Schoellhamer, D. H.] US Geol Survey, Calif Water Sci Ctr, Sacramento, CA USA. RP Takekawa, JY (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Western Ecol Res Ctr, San Francisco Bay Estuary Field Stn, 505 Azuar Dr, Vallejo, CA 94592 USA. EM john_takekawa@usgs.gov NR 40 TC 9 Z9 10 U1 1 U2 28 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0018-8158 J9 HYDROBIOLOGIA JI Hydrobiologia PD JUN PY 2009 VL 626 IS 1 BP 155 EP 168 DI 10.1007/s10750-009-9743-7 PG 14 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 418XB UT WOS:000264182000013 ER PT J AU Hughes, JD Vacher, HL Sanford, WE AF Hughes, J. D. Vacher, H. L. Sanford, Ward E. TI Temporal response of hydraulic head, temperature, and chloride concentrations to sea-level changes, Floridan aquifer system, USA SO HYDROGEOLOGY JOURNAL LA English DT Article DE Coastal aquifers; Heterogeneity; Salt-water/fresh-water relations; Sea-level change; USA ID THERMAL-CONDUCTIVITY; FLOW; WATER; ROCKS; FRESH AB Three-dimensional density-dependent flow and transport modeling of the Floridan aquifer system, USA shows that current chloride concentrations are not in equilibrium with current sea level and, second, that the geometric configuration of the aquifer has a significant effect on system responses. The modeling shows that hydraulic head equilibrates first, followed by temperatures, and then by chloride concentrations. The model was constructed using a modified version of SUTRA capable of simulating multi-species heat and solute transport, and was compared to pre-development conditions using hydraulic heads, chloride concentrations, and temperatures from 315 observation wells. Three hypothetical, sinusoidal sea-level changes occurring over 100,000 years were used to evaluate how the simulated aquifer responds to sea-level changes. Model results show that hydraulic head responses lag behind sea-level changes only where the Miocene Hawthorn confining unit is thick and represents a significant restriction to flow. Temperatures equilibrate quickly except where the Hawthorn confining unit is thick and the duration of the sea-level event is long (exceeding 30,000 years). Response times for chloride concentrations to equilibrate are shortest near the coastline and where the aquifer is unconfined; in contrast, chloride concentrations do not change significantly over the 100,000-year simulation period where the Hawthorn confining unit is thick. C1 [Hughes, J. D.; Vacher, H. L.] Univ S Florida, Dept Geol, Tampa, FL 33620 USA. [Sanford, Ward E.] US Geol Survey, Reston, VA 20192 USA. RP Hughes, JD (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Florida Integrated Sci Ctr, 10500 Univ Ctr Dr,Suite 215, Tampa, FL 33612 USA. EM jdhughes@usgs.gov OI Hughes, Joseph/0000-0003-1311-2354 FU US Geological Survey Office of Ground Water FX Partial support for this research was provided by the US Geological Survey Office of Ground Water. The primary author would like to thank D. Budd (University of Colorado), J. Hickey (US Geological Survey - retired), N. Sepulveda (US Geological Survey), and T. M Scott ( Florida Geological Survey) for their assistance, suggestions, comments, and reviews regarding the development of the hydrostratigraphic model and initial aquifer data. The authors would also like to thank C. Langevin (US Geological Survey) and A. Wilson (University of South Carolina) for reviewing an earlier version of the manuscript. Reviewers for Hydrogeology Journal (F. Larocque and anonymous reviewers) provided excellent suggestions that greatly improved the manuscript. NR 61 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 1 U2 12 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 1431-2174 J9 HYDROGEOL J JI Hydrogeol. J. PD JUN PY 2009 VL 17 IS 4 BP 793 EP 815 DI 10.1007/s10040-008-0412-0 PG 23 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Geology; Water Resources GA 445YW UT WOS:000266088400005 ER PT J AU Cipriano, RC AF Cipriano, Rocco C. TI Antibody against infectious salmon anaemia virus among feral Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) SO ICES JOURNAL OF MARINE SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE antibody; Atlantic salmon; feral fish; indirect ELISA; Salmo salar ID CHSE-214 CELLS; SEA-TROUT; ISAV; SCOTLAND; CANADA; IDENTIFICATION; TRANSMISSION; CARRIER; KIDNEY; NORWAY AB Archived sera from Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) that returned to the Penobscot River (Maine), Merrimack River (Massachusetts), and Connecticut River (in Massachusetts) from 1995 to 2002 were analysed for antibodies against infectious salmon anaemia virus (ISAV) using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Up to 60 samples were archived per river system per year. In a given year, the number of fish sampled by ELISA for ISAV antibodies in the Penobscot River ranged from 2.9 to 11.2%, and the range of salmon sampled in the Merrimack River and the Connecticut River was 31.3-100% and 20.0-67.5%, respectively. Archived sera were not available for the 1995 and 2002 year classes from the Connecticut River. In all, 1141 samples were processed; 14 serum samples tested positive for antibodies to ISAV. In the Penobscot River, serum from one fish tested positive in each of the 1995 and 1999 year-class returns, and sera from two fish tested positive in the 1998 returns. In the Merrimack River, sera from four fish tested positive in each of the 1996 and 1997 returns, and sera from two fish were positive in the 2002 return. None of the archived sera from Atlantic salmon that returned to the Connecticut River tested positive. C1 USGS, Natl Fish Hlth Res Lab, Kearneysville, WV 25430 USA. RP Cipriano, RC (reprint author), USGS, Natl Fish Hlth Res Lab, 11700 Leetown Rd, Kearneysville, WV 25430 USA. EM rcipriano@usgs.gov NR 44 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 3 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS PI OXFORD PA GREAT CLARENDON ST, OXFORD OX2 6DP, ENGLAND SN 1054-3139 J9 ICES J MAR SCI JI ICES J. Mar. Sci. PD JUN PY 2009 VL 66 IS 5 BP 865 EP 870 DI 10.1093/icesjms/fsp124 PG 6 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA 449SK UT WOS:000266350100009 ER PT J AU Weng, QH Zhang, JX Gamba, P Xian, G AF Weng, Qihao Zhang, Jixian Gamba, Paolo Xian, George TI Foreword to the Issue on Remote Sensing of Regional Land Use and Land Cover SO IEEE JOURNAL OF SELECTED TOPICS IN APPLIED EARTH OBSERVATIONS AND REMOTE SENSING LA English DT Editorial Material DE Land cover; land use; landscape analysis; modeling ID SURFACE-TEMPERATURE; ZHUJIANG DELTA; GIS; SATELLITE; CHINA AB Remote sensing has been widely applied in land use and land cover mapping at the regional and local levels. Regional analysis and modeling are especially interested in applying remotely sensed data to derive quantitative measurements of land surface properties, to characterize and quantify land surface ecological and geographical patterns, and to analyze and model land surface processes. Recent advances in sensor technology and analytical techniques have improved our ability for better defining, characterizing, quantifying, and modeling land surface forms, patterns, and processes at the regional and local scales. This issue showcases some good work from Chinese authors who attended EORSA 2008 in Beijing. C1 [Weng, Qihao] Indiana State Univ, Terre Haute, IN 47809 USA. [Zhang, Jixian] Chinese Acad Surveying & Mapping, Beijing, Peoples R China. [Gamba, Paolo] Univ Pavia, Dept Elect, I-27100 Pavia, Italy. [Xian, George] US Geol Survey, Ctr Earth Resources Observat & Sci, Sioux Falls, SD 57198 USA. RP Weng, QH (reprint author), Indiana State Univ, Terre Haute, IN 47809 USA. EM qweng@indstate.edu; zhangjx@casm.ac.cn; paolo.gamba@unipv.it; xian@usgs.gov RI Gamba, Paolo/G-1959-2010; OI Gamba, Paolo/0000-0002-9576-6337; Weng, Qihao/0000-0002-2498-0934 NR 18 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 10 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI PISCATAWAY PA 445 HOES LANE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855-4141 USA SN 1939-1404 J9 IEEE J-STARS JI IEEE J. Sel. Top. Appl. Earth Observ. Remote Sens. PD JUN PY 2009 VL 2 IS 2 BP 50 EP 53 DI 10.1109/JSTARS.2009.2029615 PG 4 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Geography, Physical; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Engineering; Physical Geography; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA 575XO UT WOS:000276104800001 ER PT J AU Nicholson, JM Van Manen, FT AF Nicholson, Jeremy M. Van Manen, Frank T. TI Using occupancy models to determine mammalian responses to landscape changes SO INTEGRATIVE ZOOLOGY LA English DT Article DE landscape changes; mammalian responses; occupancy models; transportation infrastructure; Ursus americanus ID ESTIMATING SITE OCCUPANCY; BEARS; BIODIVERSITY; POPULATIONS; EXTINCTION; ABUNDANCE; WILDLIFE; CAPTURE; RATES; BLACK AB Determining impacts of anthropogenic landscape changes on wildlife populations is difficult. Besides the challenges of designing field studies to document conditions before and after landscape changes occur, assessment of population responses (e. g. changes in population density) often provide poor inference because of sampling limitations. Estimation of occupancy, however, only requires data on detection or non-detection of a species and might provide better inference. To demonstrate the utility of occupancy models, we used data from an American black bear (Ursus americanus Pallas) population in North Carolina, USA to test our research hypothesis that documented declines in site occupancy of black bears would be greater near a new four-lane highway. We used multi-season occupancy models to estimate site occupancy based on bear visitation to survey sites before and after completion of the new highway and as a function of distance to the highway. Site occupancy declined from 0.81 to 0.35 between the two study phases, but was not a function of distance to the highway. Therefore, the impact of the new highway on occupancy extended to the entire study area. Our case study demonstrates that occupancy models can provide powerful inference regarding the potential impacts of landscape changes on species occupancy. As urban areas and transportation infrastructure are rapidly expanding in developing regions of the world, the need to determine how these changes affect mammal populations and how they might be mitigated increases accordingly. Because field sampling for occupancy models only requires detection data, surveys can be conducted for extensive geographic areas, thus making these surveys particularly applicable to studies of large mammals. C1 [Van Manen, Frank T.] Univ Tennessee, US Geol Survey, So Appalachian Res Branch, Knoxville, TN 37996 USA. [Nicholson, Jeremy M.] Univ Tennessee, Dept Forestry Fisheries & Wildlife, Knoxville, TN 37996 USA. RP Van Manen, FT (reprint author), Univ Tennessee, US Geol Survey, So Appalachian Res Branch, 274 Ellington Plant Sci Bldg, Knoxville, TN 37996 USA. EM vanmanen@utk.edu FU North Carolina Department of Transportation; North Carolina Wildlife Resources Commission; Weyerhaeuser Company FX This project was made possible by the funding and cooperation of the North Carolina Department of Transportation, the North Carolina Wildlife Resources Commission, and Weyerhaeuser Company. The support of M. D. Jones of the North Carolina Wildlife Resources Commission was crucial for this study and we owe him many thanks. We thank M. McCollister, L. Thompson and J. Kindall, who conducted their thesis studies as part of this project and thus helped collect much of the field data. B. Barber, A. Burroughs, D. Cox, D. Evans, J. Folta, B. Hulka, D. Miller, C. Olfenbuttel, T. L. Riddick, C. Smith, W. Wescott., T. Wilson, the University of Tennessee and the US Geological Survey provided valuable logistical support. The Vernon G. James Research and Extension Center in Plymouth, Weyerhaeuser Company, Bluestone Farms, Pocosin Lakes National Wildlife Refuge, and numerous private landowners allowed access to lands in their trust. Finally, we appreciate the insights and assistance of J. D. Clark with Program MARK and his comments on earlier drafts of this manuscript. Any use of trade, product, or firm names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the United States Government. NR 34 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 6 U2 21 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PUBLISHING, INC PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 1749-4877 J9 INTEGR ZOOL JI Integr. Zool. PD JUN PY 2009 VL 4 IS 2 BP 232 EP 239 DI 10.1111/j.1749-4877.2009.00159.x PG 8 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA 581TP UT WOS:000276547800010 PM 21392293 ER PT J AU Pinkney, AE Harshbarger, JC Rutrer, MA AF Pinkney, Alfred E. Harshbarger, John C. Rutrer, Michael A. TI Tumors in Brown Bullheads in the Chesapeake Bay Watershed: Analysis of Survey Data from 1992 through 2006 SO JOURNAL OF AQUATIC ANIMAL HEALTH LA English DT Article ID SOLE PLEURONECTES-VETULUS; LAKE ERIE TRIBUTARIES; AMEIURUS-NEBULOSUS; ENGLISH SOLE; LIVER CARCINOGENESIS; ICTALURUS-NEBULOSUS; HEPATIC NEOPLASMS; CONTAMINATED SITE; PAROPHRYS-VETULUS; ANACOSTIA RIVER AB Liver and skin tumor prevalences in brown bullheads Ameiurus nebulosus have been used in the North American Great Lakes to designate highly contaminated areas of concern and monitor their recovery. Here we interpret the results of six surveys conducted in the Chesapeake Bay watershed between 1992 and 2006, with data for 647 fish. The objective has been to develop an adequate database to critically evaluate the use of tumor prevalence as a habitat quality indicator within the watershed. Surveys featured randomized fish collection; recording of sex, length, weight, and age; and histopathology of all livers and all raised skin lesions. The Bayes information criterion was used to analyze all possible combinations of age, gender, length, and weight as covariates for logistic regression. Length and gender were the covariates that best described liver tumor prevalence. There were no covariates in the model for skin tumor prevalence. In some surveys, biomarkers, such as biliary polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH)-like metabolites, hepatic cytochrome P450 activity, and hepatic DNA adducts, were used with sediment and tissue chemistry data to evaluate classes of chemicals as likely contributors to tumor prevalence. We highlight two surveys of the Anacostia River, Washington, D.C. (average = 55% liver tumors, 23% skin tumors), where sediment PAHs, biliary PAH-like metabolites, and hepatic DNA adducts were high, suggesting that PAHs play a major role. We show that logistic regression is an appropriate procedure for comparing "contaminated" versus "reference" locations, and we evaluate the utility of tumor surveys as an environmental indicator for the Chesapeake Bay watershed. C1 [Pinkney, Alfred E.] US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Chesapeake Bay Field Off, Annapolis, MD 21401 USA. [Harshbarger, John C.] George Washington Univ, Med Ctr, Dept Pathol, Washington, DC 20037 USA. [Rutrer, Michael A.] Behrend Coll, Dept Math, Erie, PA 16563 USA. RP Pinkney, AE (reprint author), US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Chesapeake Bay Field Off, 177 Admiral Cochrane Dr, Annapolis, MD 21401 USA. EM fred_pinkney@fws.gov FU USFWS Division of Environmental Contaminants; Anacostia Watershed Toxics Alliance; South River Federation FX We appreciate the assistance of Bob Foley, David Sutherland, Peter McGowan, Dan Murphy, Sheila Eyler, Mike Mangold, Peter Sakaris, Jorgen Skjevland, John Gill, Clif Tipton, and Steve Minkkinen in the field; Eric May, Craig Weedon, Larry Pieper, Ward Slacum, and Kathy Price in the laboratory; Kyle Hartman for aging the spines; Leslie Gerlich for graphics; and Elgin Perry for statistics. The comments of David Smith (USGS Leetown Science Center) and three reviewers are appreciated. Funding for the surveys was provided by the USFWS Division of Environmental Contaminants, the Anacostia Watershed Toxics Alliance, and the South River Federation. Reference to trade names does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government. NR 46 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 2 U2 10 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA SN 0899-7659 J9 J AQUAT ANIM HEALTH JI J. Aquat. Anim. Health PD JUN PY 2009 VL 21 IS 2 BP 71 EP 81 DI 10.1577/H08-037.1 PG 11 WC Fisheries; Veterinary Sciences SC Fisheries; Veterinary Sciences GA 522UU UT WOS:000272025300001 ER PT J AU Moeller, RB Puschner, B Walker, L Rocke, TE Smith, SR Cullor, JS Ardans, AA AF Moeller, R. B., Jr. Puschner, B. Walker, L. Rocke, T. E. Smith, S. R. Cullor, J. S. Ardans, A. A. TI Short communication: Attempts to identify Clostridium botulinum toxin in milk from three experimentally intoxicated Holstein cows SO JOURNAL OF DAIRY SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE botulism; Clostridium botulinum toxin; type C; milk ID DAIRY-CATTLE; C BOTULISM; OUTBREAK; HERD AB Three adult lactating Holstein cows were injected in the subcutaneous abdominal vein with 175 ng/kg of body weight of Clostridium botulinum type C toxin (451 cow median toxic doses) to determine if this botulinum toxin crosses the blood-milk barrier. Whole blood (in sodium heparin) and clotted blood serum samples were taken at 0 min, 10 min, and 3, 6, 9, and 12 h postinoculation. Milk samples were taken at 0 min and at 3, 6, 9 and 12 h postinoculation. All samples were tested for the presence of the toxin using the mouse bioassay and immunostick ELISA test. The immunostick ELISA identified the toxin in whole blood and the mouse bioassay identified the toxin in serum at all times examined in all 3 animals. Toxin was not identified by either detection method in milk samples collected from the 3 animals. From these results, it appears that Clostridium botulinum type C toxin does not cross from the blood to the milk in detectable concentrations. C1 [Puschner, B.; Walker, L.; Ardans, A. A.] Univ Calif Davis, Calif Anim Hlth & Food Safety Lab, Davis, CA 95816 USA. [Rocke, T. E.; Smith, S. R.] US Geol Survey, Natl Wildlife Hlth Ctr, Madison, WI 53711 USA. [Cullor, J. S.] Univ Calif, Vet Med Teaching & Res Ctr, Tulare, CA 93274 USA. RP Moeller, RB (reprint author), Univ Calif, Calif Anim Hlth & Food Safety Lab, Tulare, CA 93274 USA. EM rbmoeller@ucdavis.edu NR 21 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 6 PU AMER DAIRY SCIENCE ASSOC-ADSA PI CHAMPAIGN PA 2441 VILLAGE GREEN PL, CHAMPAIGN, IL 61822 USA SN 0022-0302 J9 J DAIRY SCI JI J. Dairy Sci. PD JUN PY 2009 VL 92 IS 6 BP 2529 EP 2533 DI 10.3168/jds.2008-1919 PG 5 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Food Science & Technology GA 449QD UT WOS:000266344200017 PM 19447984 ER PT J AU Brewster, JP Simons, TR AF Brewster, Jerome P. Simons, Theodore R. TI Testing the importance of auditory detections in avian point counts SO JOURNAL OF FIELD ORNITHOLOGY LA English DT Article DE auditory; detection probability; point counts; sampling; visual ID ESTIMATING ABUNDANCE; BIRD ABUNDANCE AB Recent advances in the methods used to estimate detection probability during point counts suggest that the detection process is shaped by the types of cues available to observers. For example, models of the detection process based on distance-sampling or time-of-detection methods may yield different results for auditory versus visual cues because of differences in the factors that affect the transmission of these cues from a bird to an observer or differences in an observer's ability to localize cues. Previous studies suggest that auditory detections predominate in forested habitats, but it is not clear how often observers hear birds prior to detecting them visually. We hypothesized that auditory cues might be even more important than previously reported, so we conducted an experiment in a forested habitat in North Carolina that allowed us to better separate auditory and visual detections. Three teams of three observers each performed simultaneous 3-min unlimited-radius point counts at 30 points in a mixed-hardwood forest. One team member could see, but not hear birds, one could hear, but not see, and the third was nonhandicapped. Of the total number of birds detected, 2.9% were detected by deafened observers, 75.1% by blinded observers, and 78.2% by nonhandicapped observers. Detections by blinded and nonhandicapped observers were the same only 54% of the time. Our results suggest that the detection of birds in forest habitats is almost entirely by auditory cues. Because many factors affect the probability that observers will detect auditory cues, the accuracy and precision of avian point count estimates are likely lower than assumed by most field ornithologists. C1 [Brewster, Jerome P.; Simons, Theodore R.] N Carolina State Univ, USGS N Carolina Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Dept Zool, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. RP Simons, TR (reprint author), N Carolina State Univ, USGS N Carolina Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Dept Zool, Campus Box 7617, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. EM tsimons@ncsu.edu NR 28 TC 12 Z9 13 U1 1 U2 14 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PUBLISHING, INC PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 0273-8570 J9 J FIELD ORNITHOL JI J. Field Ornithol. PD JUN PY 2009 VL 80 IS 2 BP 178 EP 182 DI 10.1111/j.1557-9263.2009.00220.x PG 5 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA 451IZ UT WOS:000266465200009 ER PT J AU Foltz, JR Plant, KP Overturf, K Clemens, K Powell, MS AF Foltz, J. R. Plant, K. P. Overturf, K. Clemens, K. Powell, M. S. TI Detection of Nucleospora salmonis in steelhead trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum), using quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) SO JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES LA English DT Article DE Nucleospora salmonis; quantitative PCR; steelhead trout ID CHINOOK SALMON; INTRANUCLEAR MICROSPORIDIUM; RAINBOW-TROUT; TSHAWYTSCHA; PCR; INFECTIONS; LEUKEMIA; HEDRICK; DNA C1 [Foltz, J. R.; Plant, K. P.; Powell, M. S.] Univ Idaho, Hagerman Fish Culture Expt Stn, Hagerman, ID USA. [Overturf, K.] ARS, USDA, Hagerman Fish Culture Expt Stn, Hagerman, ID USA. [Clemens, K.] US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Idaho Fish Hlth Ctr, Orofino, ID USA. RP Powell, MS (reprint author), Univ Idaho, Hagerman Fish Culture Expt Stn, 3059F Natl Fish Hatchery Rd, Hagerman, ID USA. EM mpowell@uidaho.edu RI Powell, Madison/H-7050-2014 OI Powell, Madison/0000-0002-1851-3168 FU U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service; National Science Foundation EPSCoR [0447689] FX The authors wish to acknowledge Brian Kenworthy and the Hagerman National Fish Hatchery for their assistance in sample collection. This work was accomplished with support from the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and by a National Science Foundation EPSCoR grant (#0447689) to MSP. NR 17 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PUBLISHING, INC PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 0140-7775 J9 J FISH DIS JI J. Fish Dis. PD JUN PY 2009 VL 32 IS 6 BP 551 EP 555 DI 10.1111/j.1365-2761.2009.00995.x PG 5 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Veterinary Sciences SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Veterinary Sciences GA 448DL UT WOS:000266243200008 PM 19538644 ER PT J AU Bales, JD Wagner, CR AF Bales, J. D. Wagner, C. R. TI Sources of uncertainty in flood inundation maps SO JOURNAL OF FLOOD RISK MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE Flood inundation mapping; floods; hydraulic modelling; uncertainty ID RASTER-BASED MODEL; RISK; 1D AB Flood inundation maps typically have been used to depict inundated areas for floods having specific exceedance levels. The uncertainty associated with the inundation boundaries is seldom quantified, in part, because all of the sources of uncertainty are not recognized and because data available to quantify uncertainty seldom are available. Sources of uncertainty discussed in this paper include hydrologic data used for hydraulic model development and validation, topographic data, and the hydraulic model. The assumption of steady flow, which typically is made to produce inundation maps, has less of an effect on predicted inundation at lower flows than for higher flows because more time typically is required to inundate areas at high flows than at low flows. Difficulties with establishing reasonable cross sections that do not intersect and that represent water-surface slopes in tributaries contribute additional uncertainties in the hydraulic modelling. As a result, uncertainty in the flood inundation polygons simulated with a one-dimensional model increases with distance from the main channel. C1 [Bales, J. D.; Wagner, C. R.] US Geol Survey, Raleigh, NC 27607 USA. RP Bales, JD (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 3916 Sunset Ridge Rd, Raleigh, NC 27607 USA. EM jdbales@usgs.gov NR 38 TC 24 Z9 24 U1 3 U2 16 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PUBLISHING, INC PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 1753-318X J9 J FLOOD RISK MANAG JI J. Flood Risk Manag. PD JUN PY 2009 VL 2 IS 2 BP 139 EP 147 DI 10.1111/j.1753-318X.2009.01029.x PG 9 WC Environmental Sciences; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Water Resources GA 674YI UT WOS:000283787200007 ER PT J AU David, KA Davis, BM Hunter, RD AF David, Katherine A. Davis, Bruce M. Hunter, R. Douglas TI Lake St. Clair Zooplankton: Evidence for Post-Dreissena Changes SO JOURNAL OF FRESHWATER ECOLOGY LA English DT Article ID ZEBRA MUSSELS; SUBMERGED MACROPHYTES; HUDSON RIVER; POLYMORPHA; COMMUNITY; ERIE; POPULATION; BIOMASS; IMPACT; FISH AB We surveyed the zooplankton of Lake St. Clair at 12 sites over ten dates from May to October 2000. Mean zooplankton density by site and date was 168.6 individuals/L, with Dreissena spp. veligers the most abundant taxon at 122.7 individuals/L. Rotifers, copepods, and cladocerans were far lower in mean abundance than in the early 1970s (rotifers, 20.9/L, copepods, 18.1/L; and cladocerans, 6.8/L). Species richness of zooplankton taxa in 2000 was 147, which was virtually unchanged from that of the first reported survey in 1894. Overall, the decline in abundance was greatest for rotifers (-90%) and about equal for cladocerans (-69%) and copepods (-66%). The decrease in abundance of Daphnia spp. was especially dramatic in Canadian waters. The decline in the southeastern region was significant for all three major groups of zooplankton, whereas in the northwestern region the decline was significant only for rotifers. From June to August 2000, Lake St. Clair open waters were numerically dominated by Dreissena spp. veligers, with a reduced abundance of rotifers and crustaceans compared to pre-Dreissena spp. surveys. Mean nutrient concentrations were not different from the 1970s, but Secchi depth (greater) and chlorophyll a concentration (lower) were. Disproportionate reduction in rotifer abundance is consistent with hypotheses implicating direct consumption by settled Dreissena spp. Reduction of crustaceans is likely due to more complex interactions including removal of nauplii as well as resource competition for phytoplankton. C1 [Davis, Bruce M.] US Geol Survey, Great Lakes Sci Ctr, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA. [David, Katherine A.; Hunter, R. Douglas] Oakland Univ, Rochester, MI 48309 USA. RP Davis, BM (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Great Lakes Sci Ctr, 1451 Green Rd, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA. EM bmdavis@usgs.gov FU Great Lakes Protection Fund; Michigan Department of Environmental Quality; Office of the Great Lakes [GL99-073, GL00-083] FX This study was supported by a grant from the Great Lakes Protection Fund, Michigan Department of Environmental Quality, Office of the Great Lakes (GL99-073 and GL00-083). We thank Pat Hudson, USGS/BRD for assistance with zooplankton identification. Robert Kushler (OU) provided statistical advice; Tim Johnson, Ontario MNR, shared data from Canadian surveys of Lake St. Clair; Jim Boase, Bob Haas, Mike Thomas and staff at the Mt. Clemens Fisheries Research Station, Michigan DNR generously helped with boat logistics and navigation. We also thank Luke Clyburn of the Inter-Seas Exploration Inc. for providing boat transport. We are also grateful to John Gannon, USGS/BRD, for early discussions and data from 1973 surveys. This article is Contribution 15 13 of the USGS Great Lakes Science Center. NR 41 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 2 U2 10 PU OIKOS PUBL INC PI LA CROSSE PA PO BOX 2558, LA CROSSE, WI 54601 USA SN 0270-5060 J9 J FRESHWATER ECOL JI J. Freshw. Ecol. PD JUN PY 2009 VL 24 IS 2 BP 199 EP 209 DI 10.1080/02705060.2009.9664284 PG 11 WC Ecology; Limnology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 444BZ UT WOS:000265956400003 ER PT J AU Ketola, HG Rinchard, J O'Gorman, R Begnoche, LJ Bishop, DL Greulich, AW AF Ketola, H. George Rinchard, Jaques O'Gorman, Robert Begnoche, Linda J. Bishop, Daniel L. Greulich, Andreas W. TI Thiamine Content of Eggs and Lengths of Coho Salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) in Relation to Abundance of Alewife (Alosa pseudoharengus) in Eastern Lake Ontario, 2003 to 2006 SO JOURNAL OF FRESHWATER ECOLOGY LA English DT Article ID EARLY MORTALITY SYNDROME; ATLANTIC SALMON; GREAT-LAKES; MICHIGAN; TROUT; GROWTH; FISH; CONTAMINANTS; MIGRATION; DYNAMICS AB Early mortality syndrome in fry of Great Lakes salmonines is linked to reduced levels of thiamine in eggs, which reflects maternal consumption of forage fishes such as alewife (Alosa pseudoharengus) that contain thiaminase, an enzyme that destroys thiamine. We assessed annual variations in abundance and condition of alewives and thiamine status of coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) in Lake Ontario. We analyzed total thiamine in eggs of 20 coho salmon collected annually between 2003 and 2006 at the Salmon River Hatchery on the Salmon River, New York. Alewife abundance was assessed annually in southern and eastern Lake Ontario with bottom trawls during late April and early May. Mean thiamine concentration in eggs varied annually, with those collected in 2003 (2.5 nmol/g) being significantly higher than those collected in 2004 to 2006 (1.5 to 1.7 nmol/g). Although we did not test survival of fry, if reported threshold levels of thiamine for preventing mortality of Lake Michigan coho salmon fry apply, then many or most Lake Ontario coho salmon produced fry were likely to incur thiamine-deficiency mortality, especially during years 2004 to 2006. Comparison to indices of annual abundance of alewife in Lake Ontario with thiamine concentration in coho salmon eggs failed to show any significant Correlations (P > 0.05). However, total length of female spawning coho salmon was positively correlated (P < 0.05) with increasing condition and estimated energy content of adult alewives in the previous spring. These results suggest that growth of coho salmon in Lake Ontario was first limited by energy intake, whereas the amount of thiamine provided by alewives was sufficient for growth (in length) but not for producing thiamine-adequate eggs. C1 [Ketola, H. George] US Geol Survey, Great Lakes Sci Ctr, Tunison Lab Aquat Sci, Cortland, NY 13045 USA. [Rinchard, Jaques] Univ Michigan, Sch Nat Resources & Environm, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA. [Rinchard, Jaques; Begnoche, Linda J.] US Geol Survey, Great Lakes Sci Ctr, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA. [O'Gorman, Robert] US Geol Survey, Great Lakes Sci Ctr, Lake Ontario Biol Stn, Oswego, NY 13126 USA. [Bishop, Daniel L.] New York State Dept Environm Conservat, Cortland, NY 13045 USA. [Greulich, Andreas W.] New York State Dept Environm Conservat, Altmar, NY 13302 USA. RP Ketola, HG (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Great Lakes Sci Ctr, Tunison Lab Aquat Sci, 3075 Gracie Rd, Cortland, NY 13045 USA. EM gketola@usgs.gov NR 27 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 1 U2 6 PU OIKOS PUBL INC PI LA CROSSE PA PO BOX 2558, LA CROSSE, WI 54601 USA SN 0270-5060 J9 J FRESHWATER ECOL JI J. Freshw. Ecol. PD JUN PY 2009 VL 24 IS 2 BP 247 EP 254 DI 10.1080/02705060.2009.9664289 PG 8 WC Ecology; Limnology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 444BZ UT WOS:000265956400008 ER PT J AU Kowalski, KP Wilcox, DA Wiley, MJ AF Kowalski, Kurt P. Wilcox, Douglas A. Wiley, Michael J. TI Stimulating a Great Lakes coastal wetland seed bank using portable cofferdams: implications for habitat rehabilitation SO JOURNAL OF GREAT LAKES RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE Lake Erie; Wetland; Habitat; Rehabilitation; Cofferdam; Herbivory ID WATER-LEVEL; VEGETATION DYNAMICS; ERIE WETLAND; RESTORATION; MARSH; SUCCESSION; DRAWDOWN; FLORA AB Coastal wetland seed banks exposed by low lake levels or through management actions fuel the reestablishment of emergent plant assemblages (i.e., wetland habitat) critical to Great Lakes aquatic biota. This project explored the effectiveness of using portable, water-filled cofferdams as a management tool to promote the natural growth of emergent vegetation from the seed bank in a Lake Erie coastal wetland. A series of dams stretching approximately 450 m was installed temporarily to isolate hydrologically a 10-ha corner of the Crane Creek wetland complex from Lake Erie. The test area was dewatered in 2004 to mimic a low-water year, and vegetation sampling characterized the wetland seed bank response at low, middle, and high elevations in areas open to and protected from bird and mammal herbivory. The nearly two-month drawdown stimulated a rapid seed-bank-driven response by 45 plant taxa. Herbivory had little effect on plant species richness, regardless of the location along an elevation gradient. Inundation contributed to the replacement of immature emergent plant species with submersed aquatic species after the dams failed and were removed prematurely. This study revealed a number of important issues that must be considered for effective long-term implementation of portable cofferdam technology to stimulate wetland seed banks, including duration of dewatering, product size, source of clean water, replacement of damaged dams, and regular maintenance. This technology is a potentially important tool in the arsenal used by resource managers seeking to rehabilitate the functions and values of Great Lakes coastal wetland habitats. Published by Elsevier Inc. C1 [Kowalski, Kurt P.; Wilcox, Douglas A.] US Geol Survey, Great Lakes Sci Ctr, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA. [Wiley, Michael J.] Univ Michigan, Sch Nat Resources & Environm, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. RP Kowalski, KP (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Great Lakes Sci Ctr, 1451 Green Rd, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA. EM kkowalski@usgs.gov; dwilcox@brockport.edu; mjwiley@umich.edu RI Wiley, Michael/A-6853-2012; OI Kowalski, Kurt/0000-0002-8424-4701 FU U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Great Lakes National Program Office FX Financial support from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Great Lakes National Program Office allowed the research team from the USGS Great Lakes Science Center and University of Michigan School of Natural Resources and Environment to complete this project successfully. We thank U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Ottawa National Wildlife Refuge managers Doug Brewer and Dan Frisk for their permission to access refuge property during this project and ONWR Staff for Continued assistance with field data collection. We also thank Jim McKenna, Richard Grosshans, and the anonymous reviewers of this manuscript for their time and effort. We appreciate the help of the many students at the University of Michigan School of Natural Resources and Environment who assisted with field work and data analysis. A special thank-YOU goes to Gabe Eickhoff and Eli Davidian whose exceptional work ethic and tireless days in the field kept this project going. Ally use of trade, product, Or firm names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U. S. Government. This article is Contribution 1508 of the USGS Great Lakes Science Center. NR 43 TC 1 Z9 3 U1 2 U2 17 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0380-1330 J9 J GREAT LAKES RES JI J. Gt. Lakes Res. PD JUN PY 2009 VL 35 IS 2 BP 206 EP 214 DI 10.1016/j.jglr.2008.12.005 PG 9 WC Environmental Sciences; Limnology; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 460DH UT WOS:000267167400006 ER PT J AU Stewart, TJ Sprules, WG O'Gorman, R AF Stewart, Thomas J. Sprules, W. Gary O'Gorman, Robert TI Shifts in the diet of Lake Ontario alewife in response to ecosystem change SO JOURNAL OF GREAT LAKES RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE Alewife; Diets; Mysis; Zooplankton; Bythotrephes; Cercopagis ID PREDATOR BYTHOTREPHES-LONGIMANUS; LAURENTIAN GREAT-LAKES; SMELT OSMERUS-MORDAX; CERCOPAGIS-PENGOI; RAINBOW SMELT; MYSIS-RELICTA; FOOD-WEB; CRUSTACEAN ZOOPLANKTON; ALOSA-PSEUDOHARENGUS; POPULATION-DYNAMICS AB In the 1990s, the Lake Ontario ecosystem was dramatically altered due to continued invasions of exotic species including dreissenid mussels and predatory cladocerans. We describe the diet and biomass of prey in the stomachs of adult (>= 109 mm TL) and sub-adult (< 109 mm TL) alewife (Alosa pseudoharengus) in 2004 and 2005 across seasons and depths and compare our results to data from 1972 to 1988. During 2004 and 2005, adult alewife consumed primarily zooplankton prey at bottom depth zones <70 m and primarily Mysis at bottom depth zones >70 m. Mysis dominated the diets of adult alewife in all seasons except during the summer of 2004 when zooplankton dominated. Mysis dominated the diets of sub-adult alewife during early and late spring and zooplankton dominated the diets in summer and fall. Bythotrephes and Cercopagis were observed in the diets of both sub-adult and adult alewife. Diporeia was observed only rarely in adult alewife diets. The biomass of prey in alewife stomachs varied seasonally and increased with bottom depth for adult alewife. Alewife diets in 2004-2005 differed from those in 1972 and 1988 with an increase in the prevalence of Mysis, and a decline in the prevalence of zooplankton. The biomass of prey in adult alewife stomachs declined in 2004 and 2005 compared to 1972 and 1988, at bottom depth zones <70 m but not at bottom depth zones >70 m suggesting reduced food availability closer to shore. We hypothesize that consumption levels at the shallower depth zones, as indicated by very low biomass of prey in alewife stomachs, may not be Sufficient to sustain alewife growth. The increased prevalence of Mysis and common occurrence of predatory cladocerans in the diet of alewife means that alewife have shifted to a higher trophic position. (C) 2009 Published by Elsevier Inc. C1 [Stewart, Thomas J.; Sprules, W. Gary] Univ Toronto, Dept Ecol & Evolutionary Biol, Toronto, ON M5S 3B2, Canada. [O'Gorman, Robert] US Geol Survey, Great Lakes Sci Ctr, Lake Ontario Biol Stn, Oswego, NY 13126 USA. RP Stewart, TJ (reprint author), Univ Toronto, Dept Ecol & Evolutionary Biol, 25 Willcocks St, Toronto, ON M5S 3B2, Canada. EM t.stewart@toronto.ca; gary.sprules@utoronto.ca; rogorman@usgs.gov FU Canada-Ontario Agreement; U.S. Fish and Wildlife Restoration Act; Great Lakes Fishery Commission; National Sciences and Engineering Research Council; U. S. Geological Survey Great Lakes Science Center [1519] FX We gratefully acknowledge Claudiu Tudorancea for his skillful enumeration and identification of the zooplankton in the diet samples and the additional technical assistance of Cord McNickle, Mike Keir, Tara Nicholls, and Elaine Cairns. Funding for the project was provided by the Canada-Ontario Agreement, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Restoration Act, Great Lakes Fishery Commission, and the National Sciences and Engineering Research Council. Lars Rudstam, Geoffrey Steinhart and two anonymous reviewers provided helpful reviews of early drafts. This article is contribution #1519 of the U. S. Geological Survey Great Lakes Science Center. NR 76 TC 20 Z9 21 U1 3 U2 25 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0380-1330 J9 J GREAT LAKES RES JI J. Gt. Lakes Res. PD JUN PY 2009 VL 35 IS 2 BP 241 EP 249 DI 10.1016/j.jglr.2008.12.010 PG 9 WC Environmental Sciences; Limnology; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 460DH UT WOS:000267167400010 ER PT J AU Barbiero, RP Bunnell, DB Rockwell, DC Tuchman, ML AF Barbiero, Richard P. Bunnell, David B. Rockwell, David C. Tuchman, Marc L. TI Recent increases in the large glacial-relict calanoid Limnocalanus macrurus in Lake Michigan SO JOURNAL OF GREAT LAKES RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE Limnocalanus; Transparency; Extinction coefficient; Planktivorous fish ID LAURENTIAN GREAT-LAKES; WATER SURVEILLANCE PROGRAM; ZOOPLANKTON COMMUNITY; PREY SELECTION; DYNAMICS; FISH; PREDATION; TRENDS; PHYTOPLANKTON; RECRUITMENT AB Since 2004, population density of the large hypolimnetic calanoid Limnocalanus macrurus Sars. has increased dramatically in Lake Michigan. The average summer biomass of this species between 2004 and 2006 was roughly three times that of the period 1984-2003, and at levels unprecedented in our 22-year dataset, making L. macrurus the dominant zooplankter in the lake in terms of biomass. These increases have been accentuated by coincident population declines of the main daphnid, Daphnia mendotae, in the lake with the result that in 2006, L. macrurus accounted for 75% and 50% of the large (>0.9 mm) crustacean biomass in the northern and southern basins of Lake Michigan, respectively. The increases in L. macrurus Populations have closely coincided with equally dramatic increases in summer water clarity. Recent extinction coefficients are among the lowest recorded for the lake, and deepening light penetration has permitted increases in the size of the deep chlorophyll layer. In addition, planktivorous fish Populations have declined coincidently with the increases in L. macrurus. It seems likely that all increase in sub-epilimnetic production has resulted in increased food resources for the deep-living L. macrurus, while low planktivore abundances have reduced predation loss, permitting L. macrurus to respond to these increases in sub-epilimnetic production. (C) 2009 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. C1 [Barbiero, Richard P.] Loyola Univ, Chicago, IL 60660 USA. [Barbiero, Richard P.] Comp Sci Corp, Chicago, IL 60660 USA. [Bunnell, David B.] US Geol Survey, Great Lakes Sci Ctr, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA. [Rockwell, David C.; Tuchman, Marc L.] US EPA, Lakes Natl Program Off, Chicago, IL 60604 USA. RP Barbiero, RP (reprint author), Loyola Univ, 1359 W Elmdale Ave Suite 2, Chicago, IL 60660 USA. EM gloeotri@sbcglobal.net; dbunnell@usgs.gov; rockwell.david@glnpo.gov; tuchman.marc@glnpo.gov OI Bunnell, David/0000-0003-3521-7747 FU U.S. Environmental Protection Agency [EP-W-06-046] FX K Arendes, D. DiBartolomeo and A. Ahktar provided excellent data entry support. J.L. Doering and N.C. Tuchman of Loyola University, Chicago, were helpful in providing computer facilities for processing of historical data. T. Desorcie assisted in preparation of Fig. 1. The information in this document has been funded by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency under contract number EP-W-06-046 to Computer Sciences Corporation. It has been subjected to Agency review and approved for publication. This article is Contribution 1517 of the USGS Great Lakes Science Center. NR 49 TC 29 Z9 29 U1 0 U2 13 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0380-1330 J9 J GREAT LAKES RES JI J. Gt. Lakes Res. PD JUN PY 2009 VL 35 IS 2 BP 285 EP 292 DI 10.1016/j.jglr.2008.12.006 PG 8 WC Environmental Sciences; Limnology; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 460DH UT WOS:000267167400014 ER PT J AU Tillitt, DE Riley, SC Evans, AN Nichols, SJ Zajicek, JL Rinchard, J Richter, CA Krueger, CC AF Tillitt, Donald E. Riley, Stephen C. Evans, Allison N. Nichols, S. Jerrine Zajicek, James L. Rinchard, Jacques Richter, Catherine A. Krueger, Charles C. TI Dreissenid mussels from the Great Lakes contain elevated thiaminase activity SO JOURNAL OF GREAT LAKES RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE Thiamine; Food web; Quagga mussel; Zebra mussel; Invasive ID EARLY MORTALITY SYNDROME; SALMONINES; FISH; POLYMORPHA; DEFICIENCY; MICHIGAN; HURON; TROUT AB We examined thiaminase activity in dreissenid Mussels collected at different depths and seasons, and from various locations in Lakes Michigan, Ontario, and Huron. Here we present evidence that two dreissenid mussel species (Dreissena bugensis and D. polymorpha) contain thiaminase activity that is 5-100 fold greater than observed in Great Lakes fishes. Thiaminase activity in zebra Mussels ranged from 10,600 to 47,900 pmol g(-1).min(-1) and activities in quagga mussels ranged from 19,500 to 223,800 pmol g(-1).min(-1). Activity in the mussels was greatest in spring, less in summer, and least in fall. Additionally, we observed greater thiaminase activity in dreissenid mussels collected at shallow depths compared to mussels collected at deeper depths. Dreissenids constitute a significant and previously unknown pool of thiaminase in the Great Lakes food web compared to other known Sources of this thiamine (vitamin B(1))-degrading enzyme. Thiaminase in forage fish of the Great Lakes has been causally linked to thiamine deficiency in salmonines. We Currently do not know whether linkages exist between thiaminase activities observed in dreissenids and the thiaminase activities in higher trophic levels of the Great Lakes food web. However, the extreme thiaminase activities observed in dreissenids from the Great Lakes may represent a serious unanticipated negative effect of these exotic species on Great Lakes ecosystems. Published by Elsevier Inc. C1 [Tillitt, Donald E.; Zajicek, James L.; Richter, Catherine A.] US Geol Survey, Columbia Environm Res Ctr, Columbia, MO 65201 USA. [Riley, Stephen C.; Nichols, S. Jerrine; Rinchard, Jacques] US Geol Survey, Great Lakes Sci Ctr, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA. [Evans, Allison N.; Krueger, Charles C.] Great Lakes Fishery Commiss, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA. RP Tillitt, DE (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Columbia Environm Res Ctr, 4200 New Haven Rd, Columbia, MO 65201 USA. EM dtillitt@usgs.gov; sriley@usgs.gov; allison.evans@oregonstate.edu; sjnichols@usgs.gov; jzajicek@usgs.gov; jrinchar@brockport.edu; crichter@usgs.gov; ckrueger@glfc.org OI Richter, Catherine/0000-0001-7322-4206 FU Great Lakes Fishery Commission; Great Lakes Fishery Trust FX We thank the crews of the USGS research vessels Sturgeon, Kiyi, and Kaho for enabling LIS to conduct this work. Jeff Allen, Margret Chriscinske, Bryon Daley, Tim Desorcie, Scott Heppell, Erik McDonald, Don McDonald and Rich Quintal provided technical assistance during sampling. Justin Buckler and Tristan Frieling provided technical assistance with the thiaminase assays; Mark Ellersieck and Jo Hinck provided assistance with the data analysis. Ning Wang and Susan Finger provided thoughtful comments on earlier versions of the draft. This work was funded by the Great Lakes Fishery Commission and the Great Lakes Fishery Trust. NR 22 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 1 U2 8 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0380-1330 J9 J GREAT LAKES RES JI J. Gt. Lakes Res. PD JUN PY 2009 VL 35 IS 2 BP 309 EP 312 DI 10.1016/j.jglr.2009.01.007 PG 4 WC Environmental Sciences; Limnology; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 460DH UT WOS:000267167400017 ER PT J AU Hothem, RL Meckstroth, AM Wegner, KE Jennings, MR Crayon, JJ AF Hothem, Roger L. Meckstroth, Anne M. Wegner, Karen E. Jennings, Mark R. Crayon, John J. TI Diets of Three Species of Anurans from the Cache Creek Watershed, California, USA SO JOURNAL OF HERPETOLOGY LA English DT Article ID RANA-CATESBEIANA; INTRODUCED BULLFROGS; MERCURY; FROGS; BIOINDICATORS; COMPETITION; PREDATION; CANADA; RIVER; FISH AB We evaluated the diets of three sympatric anuran species, the native Northern Pacific Treefrog, Pseudacris regilla, and Foothill Yellow-Legged Frog, Rana boylii, and the introduced American Bullfrog, Lithobates catesbeianus, based on stomach contents of frogs collected at 36 sites in 1997 and 1998. This investigation was part of a study of mercury bioaccumulation in the biota of the Cache Creek Watershed in north-central California, an area affected by mercury contamination from natural sources and abandoned mercury mines. We collected R. boylii at 22 sites, L. catesbeianus at 21 sites, and P. regilla at 13 sites. We collected both L. catesbeianus and R. boylii at nine sites and all three species at five sites. Pseudacris regilla had the least aquatic diet (100% of the samples had terrestrial prey vs. 5% with aquatic prey), followed by R. boylii (98% terrestrial, 28% aquatic), and L. catesbeianus, which had similar percentages of terrestrial (81%) and aquatic prey (74%). Observed predation by L. catesbeianus on R. boylii may indicate that interaction between these two species is significant. Based on their widespread abundance and their preference for aquatic foods, we suggest that, where present, L. catesbeianus should be the species of choice for all lethal biomonitoring of mercury in amphibians. C1 [Hothem, Roger L.; Meckstroth, Anne M.] US Geol Survey, Western Ecol Res Ctr, Dixon Field Stn, Dixon, CA 95620 USA. [Wegner, Karen E.; Crayon, John J.] Univ Calif Davis, US Geol Survey, Western Ecol Res Ctr, Davis Field Stn, Davis, CA 95616 USA. [Jennings, Mark R.] US Geol Survey, Western Ecol Res Ctr, Piedras Blancas Field Stn, San Simeon, CA 93452 USA. RP Hothem, RL (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Western Ecol Res Ctr, Dixon Field Stn, 6924 Tremont Rd, Dixon, CA 95620 USA. EM roger_hothem@usgs.gov FU U.S. Fish and Wildlife Services' Environmental Contaminants Investigations Program [1130 1F22] FX This field investigation was funded by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Services' Environmental Contaminants Investigations Program (Project 1130 1F22). The California Department of Fish and Game granted permission to collect specimens for this study. The research was conducted in accordance with guidelines for the use of live amphibians and reptiles in field research published by the American Society of Ichthyologists and Herpetologists (ASIH), the Herpetologists' League (HL), and the Society for the Study of Amphibians and Reptiles (SSAR). NR 33 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 2 U2 18 PU SOC STUDY AMPHIBIANS REPTILES PI ST LOUIS PA C/O ROBERT D ALDRIDGE, ST LOUIS UNIV, DEPT BIOLOGY, 3507 LACLEDE, ST LOUIS, MO 63103 USA SN 0022-1511 J9 J HERPETOL JI J. Herpetol. PD JUN PY 2009 VL 43 IS 2 BP 275 EP 283 PG 9 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA 454MQ UT WOS:000266686600012 ER PT J AU Vandergast, AG Lewallen, EA Deas, J Bohonak, AJ Weissman, DB Fisher, RN AF Vandergast, Amy G. Lewallen, Eric A. Deas, Joseph Bohonak, Andrew J. Weissman, David B. Fisher, Robert N. TI Loss of genetic connectivity and diversity in urban microreserves in a southern California endemic Jerusalem cricket (Orthoptera: Stenopelmatidae: Stenopelmatus n. sp "santa monica") SO JOURNAL OF INSECT CONSERVATION LA English DT Review DE Habitat fragmentation; Insects; ISSR loci; mtDNA sequences; Population genetic structure ID HABITAT FRAGMENTATION; LAND-USE; SUBDIVIDED POPULATIONS; CONSERVATION BIOLOGY; WILDLIFE UNDERPASSES; TASAR SILKWORM; ISSR MARKERS; ROADS; INVERTEBRATES; COMMUNITIES AB Microreserves may be useful in protecting native arthropod diversity in urbanized landscapes. However, species that do not disperse through the urban matrix may eventually be lost from these fragments. Population extinctions may be precipitated by an increase in genetic differentiation among fragments and loss of genetic diversity within fragments, and these effects should become stronger with time. We analyzed population genetic structure in the dispersal limited Jerusalem cricket Stenopelmatus n. sp. "santa monica" in the Santa Monica Mountains and Simi Hills north of Los Angeles, California (CA), to determine the impacts of fragmentation over the past 70 years. MtDNA divergence was greater among urban fragments than within contiguous habitat and was positively correlated with fragment age. MtDNA genetic diversity within fragments increased with fragment size and decreased with fragment age. Genetic divergence across 38 anonymous nuclear Inter-Simple Sequence Repeat (ISSR) loci was influenced by the presence of major highways and highway age, but there was no effect of additional urban fragmentation. ISSR diversity was not correlated with fragment size or age. Differing results between markers may be due to male-biased dispersal, or different effective population sizes, sorting rates, or mutation rates among sampled genes. Results suggest that genetic connectivity among populations has been disrupted by highways and urban development, prior to declines in local population sizes. We emphasize that genetic connectivity can rapidly erode in fragmented landscapes and that flightless arthropods can serve as sensitive indicators for these effects. C1 [Vandergast, Amy G.; Lewallen, Eric A.; Deas, Joseph; Fisher, Robert N.] US Geol Survey, Western Ecol Res Ctr, San Diego Field Stn, San Diego, CA 92101 USA. [Bohonak, Andrew J.] San Diego State Univ, Dept Biol, San Diego, CA 92182 USA. [Weissman, David B.] Calif Acad Sci, Dept Entomol, San Francisco, CA 94118 USA. RP Vandergast, AG (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Western Ecol Res Ctr, San Diego Field Stn, 4165 Spruance Rd,Suite 200, San Diego, CA 92101 USA. EM avandergast@usgs.gov OI Vandergast, Amy/0000-0002-7835-6571 FU U.S. Geological Survey; Western Ecological Research Center FX We thank Gary Busteed, Seth Riley, Lena Lee, Denise Kamradt and others at the National Park Service for collecting samples, facilitating our field work, and sharing spatial data including road and subdivision ages. We are grateful to Kathleen Semple Delaney for discussions on data collection, analysis and interpretation and for sharing her preliminary results with us. Dustin Wood and Julie Yee provided comments that greatly improved this manuscript. This work was supported by the U.S. Geological Survey, Western Ecological Research Center. NR 102 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 2 U2 40 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 1366-638X EI 1572-9753 J9 J INSECT CONSERV JI J. Insect Conserv. PD JUN PY 2009 VL 13 IS 3 BP 329 EP 345 DI 10.1007/s10841-008-9176-z PG 17 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Entomology SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Entomology GA 442ID UT WOS:000265834000009 ER PT J AU Morrison, JL Wood, PB AF Morrison, Joan L. Wood, Petra Bohall TI BROADENING OUR APPROACHES TO STUDYING DISPERSAL IN RAPTORS SO JOURNAL OF RAPTOR RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE behavior; dispersal; movements; natal area; natal dispersal; philopatry; raptors ID SPANISH IMPERIAL EAGLES; COLONIAL LESSER KESTREL; LONG-DISTANCE DISPERSAL; RADIO-TAGGED BUZZARDS; BREEDING DISPERSAL; NATAL DISPERSAL; TENGMALMS OWL; ACCIPITER-GENTILIS; SPOTTED OWL; JUVENILE DISPERSAL AB Dispersal is a behavioral process having consequences for individual fitness and population dynamics. Recent advances in technology have spawned new theoretical examinations and empirical studies of the dispersal process in birds, providing opportunities for examining how this information may be applied to studies of the dispersal process in raptors. Many raptors are the focus of conservation efforts; thus, reliable data oil all aspects of a species' population dynamics, including dispersal distances, movement rates, and mortality rates of dispersers, arc required for population viability analyses that are increasingly used to inform management. Here, we address emerging issues and novel approaches used in the study of avian dispersal, and provide suggestions to consider when developing and implementing studies of dispersal in raptors. Clarifying study objectives is essential for selection of an appropriate methodology and sample size needed to obtain accurate estimates of movement distances and rates. Identifying all appropriate study-area size will allow investigators to avoid underestimating population connectivity and important population parameters. Because nomadic individuals of some species use temporary settling areas or home ranges before breeding, identification of these areas is critical for conservation efforts focusing Oil habitats other than breeding sites. Study designs for investigating raptor dispersal also should include analysis Of environmental and social factors influencing dispersal, to improve our understanding of condition-dependent dispersal strategies. Finally, we propose a terminology for use in describing the variety of movements associated with dispersal behavior in raptors, and we suggest this terminology could be used consistently to facilitate comparisons among studies. C1 [Morrison, Joan L.] Trinity Coll, Dept Biol, Hartford, CT 06106 USA. [Wood, Petra Bohall] W Virginia Univ, US Geol Survey, W Virginia Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Div Forestry & Nat Resources, Morgantown, WV 26506 USA. RP Morrison, JL (reprint author), Trinity Coll, Dept Biol, 300 Summit St, Hartford, CT 06106 USA. EM joan.morrison@trincoll.edu NR 97 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 9 U2 23 PU RAPTOR RESEARCH FOUNDATION INC PI HASTINGS PA 14377 117TH STREET SOUTH, HASTINGS, MN 55033 USA SN 0892-1016 J9 J RAPTOR RES JI J. Raptor Res. PD JUN PY 2009 VL 43 IS 2 BP 81 EP 89 DI 10.3356/JRR-08-33.1 PG 9 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA 458TY UT WOS:000267048400001 ER PT J AU McIntyre, CL Douglas, DC Adams, LG AF McIntyre, Carol L. Douglas, David C. Adams, Layne G. TI MOVEMENTS OF JUVENILE GYRFALCONS FROM WESTERN AND INTERIOR ALASKA FOLLOWING DEPARTURE FROM THEIR NATAL AREAS SO JOURNAL OF RAPTOR RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE Gyrfalcon; Falco rusticolus; Alaska; dispersal; Russia; satellite telemetry ID PRAIRIE FALCONS; GOLDEN EAGLES; MIGRATION; SATELLITE; RUSSIA; BIRDS; DISPERSAL; SURVIVAL; ICELAND; PREY AB Juvenile raptors often travel thousands of kilometers from the little they leave their natal areas to the time they enter a breeding population. Documenting movements and identifying areas used by raptors before they enter a breeding population is important for understanding the factors that influence their survival. In North America, juvenile Gyrfalcons (Falco rusticolus) are routinely observed outside the species, breeding range during the nonbreeding season, but the natal origins of these birds are rarely known. We used satellite telemetry to track the movements of juvenile Gyrfalcons during their first months of independence. We instrumented nestlings with light weight satellite transmitters within 10 d of estimated fledging dates oil the Seward Peninsula in western Alaska and in Denali National Park (Denali) in interior Alaska. Gyrfalcons spent an average of 41.4 +/- 6.1 d (range = 30-50 d) in their natal areas after fledging. The mean departure date from natal areas was 27 August +/- 6.4 d. We tracked 15 individuals for an average of 70.5 +/- 28.1 d post-departure; Gyrfalcons moved from 105 to 4299 km during this period mid tended to move greater distances earlier in the tracking period than later in the, tracking period. Gyrfalcons did not establish temporary winter ranges within the tracking period. We identified several movement patterns among Gyrfalcons, including unidirectional long-distance movements, multidirectional long- and short-distance movements, and shorter movements within it local region. Gyrfalcons from the Seward Peninsula remained in western Alaska or flew to eastern Russia with no movements into interior Alaska. In contrast, Gyrfalcons from Denali remained in interior Alaska, flew to northern and western Alaska, or flew to northern Alberta. Gyrfalcons from both study areas tended to move to Coastal, riparian, and wetland areas during autumn and early winter. Because juvenile Gyrfalcons dispersed over a large geographic area and across three international boundaries, conservation efforts should focus on both regional and international scales. C1 [McIntyre, Carol L.] Natl Pk Serv, Denali Natl Pk & Preserve, Fairbanks, AK 99709 USA. [Douglas, David C.] US Geol Survey, Alaska Sci Ctr, Juneau Off, Juneau, AK 99801 USA. [Adams, Layne G.] US Geol Survey, Alaska Sci Ctr, Anchorage, AK 99508 USA. RP McIntyre, CL (reprint author), Natl Pk Serv, Denali Natl Pk & Preserve, Denali Natl Pk & Preserve,4175 Geist Rd, Fairbanks, AK 99709 USA. EM Carol_McIntyre@nps.gov NR 44 TC 8 Z9 9 U1 2 U2 15 PU RAPTOR RESEARCH FOUNDATION INC PI HASTINGS PA 14377 117TH STREET SOUTH, HASTINGS, MN 55033 USA SN 0892-1016 EI 2162-4569 J9 J RAPTOR RES JI J. Raptor Res. PD JUN PY 2009 VL 43 IS 2 BP 99 EP 109 DI 10.3356/JRR-08-43.1 PG 11 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA 458TY UT WOS:000267048400003 ER PT J AU Hunt, WG Driscoll, DE Mesta, RI Barclay, JH Jackman, RE AF Hunt, W. Grainger Driscoll, Daniel E. Mesta, Robert I. Barclay, John H. Jackman, Ronad E. TI MIGRATION AND SURVIVAL OF JUVENILE BALD EAGLES FROM ARIZONA SO JOURNAL OF RAPTOR RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE Bald Eagle; Haliaeetus leucocephalus; Arizona; migration; movements; survival ID HALIAEETUS-LEUCOCEPHALUS; POPULATION-DYNAMICS; MOVEMENTS; CALIFORNIA; ALASKA AB During 1987-89, we placed VHF transmitters and colored identification bands oil 15 nestling Bald Eagles (Haliaeetus leucocephalus) in central Arizon a to determine the direction an (I extent of their post-fledging migration. Thirteen of the juveniles fledged successfully , and one transmitter failed; 11 eagles survived the post-fledging, premigration period which ranged from 18 to 65 d (mean = 44 d). One eagle was lost by trackers after departure, but 10 monitored eagles traveled north from 925 kin to 1955 kill before stopping for extended periods or until weather prevented further tracking. Habitats varied among stopping locations and included interior reservoirs and lakes, open ranchland, and the Pacific marine coast, Food at inland destinations included spawning fish (cutthroat trout [Salmo clarki]) and fish carrion (common carp [Cyprinus carpio] and white stickers [Catostomus commersoni]). At least nine of 13 fledged juveniles survived >= 1 yr (69%), and a minimum of six (46%) survived to breeding age. C1 [Hunt, W. Grainger] Peregrine Fund, Boise, ID 83709 USA. [Driscoll, Daniel E.] Amer Eagle Res Inst, Apache Junction, AZ 85217 USA. [Mesta, Robert I.] US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Tucson, AZ 85705 USA. [Barclay, John H.] Albion Environm Inc, Santa Cruz, CA 95062 USA. [Jackman, Ronad E.] Garcia & Associates, Fall River Mills, CA 96028 USA. RP Hunt, WG (reprint author), Peregrine Fund, 5668 W Flying Hawk Lane, Boise, ID 83709 USA. EM rjackman@garciaandassociates.com FU U.S. Bureau of Reclaination (USBR) FX The U.S. Bureau of Reclaination (USBR) funded this work. Pilots George Vose, Philo Hunt, JIJB, and WGH performed aerial tracking. Special thanks go to Al Harmata and Al Bath for help with radio-tracking local movements of eagles in Montana. We are grateful to Dave Busch, Tom Gatz, Marty Jakle, and Henry Messing (USBR) who provided direction in the drafting of our report to USBR. The manuscript was improved by reviews front Al Harmata, Jim Watson, and Cheryl Dykstra. NR 23 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 3 U2 10 PU RAPTOR RESEARCH FOUNDATION INC PI HASTINGS PA 14377 117TH STREET SOUTH, HASTINGS, MN 55033 USA SN 0892-1016 J9 J RAPTOR RES JI J. Raptor Res. PD JUN PY 2009 VL 43 IS 2 BP 121 EP 126 DI 10.3356/JRR-08-95.1 PG 6 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA 458TY UT WOS:000267048400005 ER PT J AU Wood, PB AF Wood, Petra Bohall TI RECOVERY DISTANCES OF NESTLING BALD EAGLES BANDED IN FLORIDA AND IMPLICATIONS FOR NATAL DISPERSAL AND PHILOPATRY SO JOURNAL OF RAPTOR RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE Bald Eagle; Haliaeetus leucocephalus; banding; band recovery distance; natal dispersal; philopatry; recovery AB I Used band recovery data to examine distances between handing and recovery locations for 154 nestling Florida Bald Eagles and discuss the implications for understanding natal dispersal and philopatry in this species. Band recoveries occurred in 2.3 U.S. states and live Canadian provinces between 1931-2005. Recovery distance from the natal nest averaged longer for the youngest age classes (ANOVA: F = 3.59; df = 5, 153; P = 0.005), for individuals banded in earlier decades (F = 1.94; (df = 5, 153; P = 0.093), and for the months of May through October (F = 3.10; df = 12, 153; P < 0.001). Of 35 individuals classed as mature (>= 3.9 yr old when recovered; range 3.9-36.5 yr), 31 were located within Florida, which suggested a strong degree of philopatry to the natal state. Among 21 mature eagles of known sex with known banding and recovery locations in Florida, females, particularly, younger birds, had longer recovery distances (N = 9, mean = 93 km, SE = 22.4) than did males (N = 12, mean = 31 km, SE = 5.3; t = 2.67, df = 19, P = 0.026). The records examined here suggest a high degree of philopatry and relatively short natal dispersal distances, particularly in male Bald Eagles. C1 W Virginia Univ, US Geol Survey, W Virginia Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res, Div Forestry & Nat Resources, Morgantown, WV 26506 USA. RP Wood, PB (reprint author), W Virginia Univ, US Geol Survey, W Virginia Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res, Div Forestry & Nat Resources, POB 6125, Morgantown, WV 26506 USA. EM pbwood@wvu.edu NR 15 TC 3 Z9 4 U1 2 U2 4 PU RAPTOR RESEARCH FOUNDATION INC PI HASTINGS PA 14377 117TH STREET SOUTH, HASTINGS, MN 55033 USA SN 0892-1016 J9 J RAPTOR RES JI J. Raptor Res. PD JUN PY 2009 VL 43 IS 2 BP 127 EP 133 DI 10.3356/JRR-08-94.1 PG 7 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA 458TY UT WOS:000267048400006 ER PT J AU Llerandi-Roman, IC Rios-Cruz, JM Vilella, FJ AF Llerandi-Roman, Ivan C. Rios-Cruz, Jesus M. Vilella, Francisco J. TI CLIFF-NESTING BY THE RED-TAILED HAWK IN MOIST KARST FORESTS OF NORTHERN PUERTO RICO SO JOURNAL OF RAPTOR RESEARCH LA English DT Letter DE Red-tailed Hawk; Buteo jamaicensis; Caribbean; cliff nest; karst forest; Puerto Rico C1 [Llerandi-Roman, Ivan C.; Rios-Cruz, Jesus M.; Vilella, Francisco J.] Mississippi State Univ, Dept Wildlife & Fisheries, USGS Cooperat Res Unit, Mississippi State, MS 39762 USA. RP Llerandi-Roman, IC (reprint author), Mississippi State Univ, Dept Wildlife & Fisheries, USGS Cooperat Res Unit, MS 9692, Mississippi State, MS 39762 USA. EM fvilella@cfr.msstate.edu NR 13 TC 0 Z9 1 U1 1 U2 3 PU RAPTOR RESEARCH FOUNDATION INC PI HASTINGS PA 14377 117TH STREET SOUTH, HASTINGS, MN 55033 USA SN 0892-1016 J9 J RAPTOR RES JI J. Raptor Res. PD JUN PY 2009 VL 43 IS 2 BP 167 EP 169 DI 10.3356/JRR-08-75.1 PG 3 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA 458TY UT WOS:000267048400016 ER PT J AU Hay, LE McCabe, GJ Clark, MP Risley, JC AF Hay, Lauren E. McCabe, Gregory J. Clark, Martyn P. Risley, John C. TI Reducing Streamflow Forecast Uncertainty: Application and Qualitative Assessment of the Upper Klamath River Basin, Oregon SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN WATER RESOURCES ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article DE ensemble streamflow prediction; atmospheric circulation indices; Upper Klamath basin; streamflow forecasting; model calibration; model uncertainty ID CONTERMINOUS UNITED-STATES; RAINFALL-RUNOFF MODELS; IMPROVED CALIBRATION; GLOBAL OPTIMIZATION; HYDROLOGIC-MODELS; CLIMATE; TELECONNECTIONS; PREDICTION; MULTIPLE; ENSO AB The accuracy of streamflow forecasts depends on the uncertainty associated with future weather and the accuracy of the hydrologic model that is used to produce the forecasts. We present a method for streamflow forecasting where hydrologic model parameters are selected based on the climate state. Parameter sets for a hydrologic model are conditioned on an atmospheric pressure index defined using mean November through February (NDJF) 700-hectoPascal geopotential heights over northwestern North America [Pressure Index from Geopotential heights (PIG)]. The hydrologic model is applied in the Sprague River basin (SRB), a snowmelt-dominated basin located in the Upper Klamath basin in Oregon. In the SRB, the majority of streamflow occurs during March through May (MAM). Water years (WYs) 1980-2004 were divided into three groups based on their respective PIG values (high, medium, and low PIG). Low (high) PIG years tend to have higher (lower) than average MAM streamflow. Four parameter sets were calibrated for the SRB, each using a different set of WYs. The initial set used WYs 1995-2004 and the remaining three used WYs defined as high-, medium-, and low-PIG years. Two sets of March, April, and May streamflow volume forecasts were made using Ensemble Streamflow Prediction (ESP). The first set of ESP simulations used the initial parameter set. Because the PIG is defined using NDJF pressure heights, forecasts starting in March can be made using the PIG parameter set that corresponds with the year being forecasted. The second set of ESP simulations used the parameter set associated with the given PIG year. Comparison of the ESP sets indicates that more accuracy and less variability in volume forecasts may be possible when the ESP is conditioned using the PIG. This is especially true during the high-PIG years (low-flow years). C1 [Hay, Lauren E.; McCabe, Gregory J.] US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Denver, CO 80225 USA. [Risley, John C.] Natl Inst Water & Atmospher Res, Christchurch, New Zealand. [Risley, John C.] US Geol Survey, Portland, OR 97216 USA. RP Hay, LE (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Box 25046,MS 412, Denver, CO 80225 USA. EM lhay@usgs.gov RI Clark, Martyn/A-5560-2015 OI Clark, Martyn/0000-0002-2186-2625 NR 37 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 3 U2 12 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PUBLISHING, INC PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 1093-474X J9 J AM WATER RESOUR AS JI J. Am. Water Resour. Assoc. PD JUN PY 2009 VL 45 IS 3 BP 580 EP 596 DI 10.1111/j.1752-1688.2009.00307.x PG 17 WC Engineering, Environmental; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Engineering; Geology; Water Resources GA 449NA UT WOS:000266336100004 ER PT J AU Schenk, ER Hupp, CR AF Schenk, Edward R. Hupp, Cliff R. TI Legacy Effects of Colonial Millponds on Floodplain Sedimentation, Bank Erosion, and Channel Morphology, Mid-Atlantic, USA SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN WATER RESOURCES ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article DE sediment; fluvial processes; geomorphology; rivers; streams; dams ID DAM REMOVAL; RIVERS; ADJUSTMENTS; VEGETATION; EVOLUTION; STREAMS; TUSCANY AB Many rivers and streams of the Mid-Atlantic Region, United States (U.S.) have been altered by postcolonial floodplain sedimentation (legacy sediment) associated with numerous milldams. Little Conestoga Creek, Pennsylvania, a tributary to the Susquehanna River and the Chesapeake Bay, is one of these streams. Floodplain sedimentation rates, bank erosion rates, and channel morphology were measured annually during 2004-2007 at five sites along a 28-km length of Little Conestoga Creek with nine colonial era milldams (one dam was still in place in 2007). This study was part of a larger cooperative effort to quantify floodplain sedimentation, bank erosion, and channel morphology in a high sediment yielding region of the Chesapeake Bay watershed. Data from the five sites were used to estimate the annual volume and mass of sediment stored on the floodplain and eroded from the banks for 14 segments along the 28-km length of creek. A bank and floodplain reach based sediment budget (sediment budget) was constructed for the 28 km by summing the net volume of sediment deposited and eroded from each segment. Mean floodplain sedimentation rates for Little Conestoga Creek were variable, with erosion at one upstream site (-5 mm/year) to deposition at the other four sites (highest = 11 mm/year) despite over a meter of floodplain aggradation from postcolonial sedimentation. Mean bank erosion rates range between 29 and 163 mm/year among the five sites. Bank height increased 1 m for every 10.6 m of channel width, from upstream to downstream (R(2) = 0.79, p < 0.0001) resulting in progressively lowered hydraulic connectivity between the channel and the floodplain. Floodplain sedimentation and bank erosion rates also appear to be affected by the proximity of the segments to one existing milldam, which promotes deposition upstream and scouring downstream. The floodplain and bank along the 28-km reach produced a net mean sediment loss of 5,634 Mg/year for 2004-2007, indicating that bank erosion was exceeding floodplain sedimentation. In particular, the three segments between the existing dam and the confluence with the Conestoga River (32% of the studied reach) account for 97% of the measured net sediment budget. Future research directed at understanding channel equilibria should facilitate efforts to reduce the sediment impacts of dam removal and legacy sediment. C1 [Schenk, Edward R.; Hupp, Cliff R.] US Geol Survey, Reston, VA 20192 USA. RP Schenk, ER (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 12201 Sunrise Valley Dr,Mail Stop 430, Reston, VA 20192 USA. EM eschenk@usgs.gov OI Schenk, Edward/0000-0001-6886-5754 FU U.S. Geological Survey's Priority Ecosystems; National Research Programs FX We would like to thank Dan Kroes and Mike Shackleford for their extensive field work and data analysis as well as Faith Fitzpatrick, Allen Gellis, and three anonymous reviewers for their comments and suggestions. Funding for this research came from the U.S. Geological Survey's Priority Ecosystems and National Research Programs. NR 38 TC 20 Z9 20 U1 5 U2 33 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PUBLISHING, INC PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 1093-474X J9 J AM WATER RESOUR AS JI J. Am. Water Resour. Assoc. PD JUN PY 2009 VL 45 IS 3 BP 597 EP 606 DI 10.1111/j.1752-1688.2009.00308.x PG 10 WC Engineering, Environmental; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Engineering; Geology; Water Resources GA 449NA UT WOS:000266336100005 ER PT J AU Katz, BG Sepulveda, AA Verdi, RJ AF Katz, Brian G. Sepulveda, A. Alejandro Verdi, Richard J. TI Estimating Nitrogen Loading to Ground Water and Assessing Vulnerability to Nitrate Contamination in a Large Karstic Springs Basin, Florida SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN WATER RESOURCES ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article DE nitrogen; nonpoint source pollution; isotopes; geospatial analysis; ground-water management; Florida; Ichetucknee ID AMMONIA VOLATILIZATION; LAND APPLICATION; WASTE-WATER; FRESH-WATER; SOIL; MANURE; RISK; TRANSPORT; MOVEMENT; SEAWATER AB A nitrogen (N) mass-balance budget was developed to assess the sources of N affecting increasing ground-water nitrate concentrations in the 960-km(2) karstic Ichetucknee Springs basin. This budget included direct measurements of N species in rainfall, ground water, and spring waters, along with estimates of N loading from fertilizers, septic tanks, animal wastes, and the land application of treated municipal wastewater and residual solids. Based on a range of N leaching estimates, N loads to ground water ranged from 262,000 to 1.3 million kg/year; and were similar to N export from the basin in spring waters (266,000 kg/year) when 80-90% N losses were assumed. Fertilizers applied to cropland, lawns, and pine stands contributed about 51% of the estimated total annual N load to ground water in the basin. Other sources contributed the following percentages of total N load to ground water: animal wastes, 27%; septic tanks, 12%; atmospheric deposition, 8%; and the land application of treated wastewater and biosolids, 2%. Due to below normal rainfall (97.3 cm) during the 12-month rainfall collection period, N inputs from rainfall likely were about 30% lower than estimates for normal annual rainfall (136 cm). Low N-isotope values for six spring waters (delta(15)N-NO(3) = 3.3 to 6.3 parts per thousand) and elevated potassium concentrations in ground water and spring waters were consistent with the large N contribution from fertilizers. Given ground-water residence times on the order of decades for spring waters, possible sinks for excess N inputs to the basin include N storage in the unsaturated zone and parts of the aquifer with relatively sluggish ground-water movement and denitrification. A geographical-based model of spatial loading from fertilizers indicated that areas most vulnerable to nitrate contamination were located in closed depressions containing sinkholes and other dissolution features in the southern half of the basin. C1 [Verdi, Richard J.] US Geol Survey, Tallahassee, FL 32310 USA. EM bkatz@usgs.gov FU Florida Department of Environmental Protection; U.S. Geological Survey FX This study was funded jointly by the Florida Department of Environmental Protection and the U.S. Geological Survey. The authors thank D. Blum, L. Lewis, T. Petrosky, E. Rau, and M. Stephens for assistance with field work; the USGS National Water Quality Laboratory for chemical analyses of rain-water samples; T. Coplen for nitrogen isotope analyses; and C. Bersok, R. Hicks, L. Morse, P. Lee, C. Green, and two anonymous reviewers for their comments that were helpful in revising this manuscript. NR 93 TC 12 Z9 13 U1 1 U2 26 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PUBLISHING, INC PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 1093-474X J9 J AM WATER RESOUR AS JI J. Am. Water Resour. Assoc. PD JUN PY 2009 VL 45 IS 3 BP 607 EP 627 DI 10.1111/j.1752-1688.2009.00309.x PG 21 WC Engineering, Environmental; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Engineering; Geology; Water Resources GA 449NA UT WOS:000266336100006 ER PT J AU Witmer, PL Stewart, PM Metcalf, CK AF Witmer, Patrick L. Stewart, Paul M. Metcalf, Christopher K. TI Development and Use of a Sedimentation Risk Index for Unpaved Road-Stream Crossings in the Choctawhatchee Watershed SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN WATER RESOURCES ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article DE nonpoint source pollution; risk assessment; rivers; streams; sediment; sediment transport; watershed management ID TURBIDITY AB Unpaved road-stream crossings increase sediment yields in streams and alter channel morphology and stability. Before restoration and sedimentation reduction strategies can be implemented, a priority listing of unpaved road-stream crossings must be created. The objectives of this study were to develop a sedimentation risk index (SRI) for unpaved road-stream crossings and to prioritize 125 sites in the Choctawhatchee watershed (southeastern Alabama) using this model. Field surveys involved qualitative and quantitative observations of 73 metrics related to waterway conditions, crossing structures, road approaches, and roadside soil erosion. The road-stream crossing risk analyses involved elimination of candidate metrics based on redundancy, skewness, lack of data, professional judgment, lack of nonzero values, unbalanced box plots, and limited ranges of values. A final selection of 12 metrics formed the SRI and weighed factors involving soil erodibility, road sedimentation abatement features, and stream morphology alteration. The SRI was organized into narrative categories (excellent, good, fair, poor, and very poor) based on the distribution of scores. No excellent sites (scores >= 55) were found in this study, 17 (20.7%) were good (low sedimentation risk), 37 (45.1%) were fair (moderate sedimentation risk), 26 (31.7%) were poor (high sedimentation risk), and two (2.5%) were very poor (high sedimentation risk). There was no significant difference in SRI scores among crossing structure type (round culverts, box culverts, and bridges) (H = 4.31, df = 2, p = 0.058). A future study of the Choctawhatchee watershed involving the same study sites could assess the success of restoration plans and activities based on site score improvement or decline. C1 [Metcalf, Christopher K.] Troy Univ, Dept Biol & Environm Sci, Troy, AL 36082 USA. [Metcalf, Christopher K.] US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Fish & Wildlife Program, Panama City, FL 32405 USA. EM mstewart@troy.edu FU U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service; Wiregrass Resource and Development Council [202263] FX We thank Neil Billington, Michael Mullen, and Richard Collier for study design, soil data, unpaved road data, and literature review. We also thank Amanda McCall, Jonathan Miller, and Russel Kim for their assistance with field work. Funding for this project was provided as a grant by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and the Wiregrass Resource and Development Council (Grant #202263) to the Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences at Troy University. NR 44 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 2 U2 10 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PUBLISHING, INC PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 1093-474X J9 J AM WATER RESOUR AS JI J. Am. Water Resour. Assoc. PD JUN PY 2009 VL 45 IS 3 BP 734 EP 747 DI 10.1111/j.1752-1688.2009.00319.x PG 14 WC Engineering, Environmental; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Engineering; Geology; Water Resources GA 449NA UT WOS:000266336100015 ER PT J AU Ludlam, JP Magoulick, DD AF Ludlam, John P. Magoulick, Daniel D. TI Spatial and temporal variation in the effects of fish and crayfish on benthic communities during stream drying SO JOURNAL OF THE NORTH AMERICAN BENTHOLOGICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Article DE Orconectes meeki meeki; central stonerollers (Campostoma anomalum); periphyton; algae; electric exclusions; intermittent streams ID ECOSYSTEM ENGINEERS; INTERMITTENT-STREAM; CAMPOSTOMA-ANOMALUM; GEOMORPHIC AGENTS; HEADWATER STREAM; PISCIVOROUS BASS; GRAZING MINNOWS; ATTACHED ALGAE; PRAIRIE STREAM; PATCH DYNAMICS AB Omnivorous central stonerollers (Campostoma anomalum) and crayfish (Orconectes meeki meeki) inhabit streams in the Boston Mountain ecoregion of Arkansas, USA, and can have substantial effects on stream ecosystem structure and function through foraging and ecosystem engineering activities. Seasonal summer drying is extensive in these systems and might alter interactions between these consumers and stream benthic communities. Electrical exclusion of consumers was used to examine changes in the effects of fish and crayfish on algal abundance, sediment deposition, sediment organic matter content (as ash-free dry mass [AFDM]) and invertebrate density on tiles during stream drying. Replicate paired exclusion/exposed treatments were placed in 8 pools for two 30-d periods in June and August 2006 during an extended period of stream drying. Consumer exclusion increased algal chlorophyll a 1.5X, sediment organic matter content 2.3X, sediment dry mass 3.4X, and chironomid density 21 X relative to levels on exposed tiles. Exclusion effects were greater in August than in June, but effects were not evident in all pools. In June, the strength of consumer effects on chlorophyll a was positively related to % canopy cover, whereas effects on dry mass were positively related to crayfish density, fish predator presence, and % canopy cover but negatively related to depth. In August, the strength of consumer effects on chlorophyll a was positively related to fish predator presence and effects on AFDM were positively related to stoneroller density. These results demonstrate the importance of environmental context when determining how fish and crayfish influence stream functioning and suggest that mechanisms that generate heterogeneity in streams deserve greater attention, especially because disturbances, such as stream drying, are predicted to intensify with climate change. C1 [Ludlam, John P.; Magoulick, Daniel D.] Univ Arkansas, Dept Biol Sci, Arkansas Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, US Geol Survey, Fayetteville, AR 72701 USA. RP Ludlam, JP (reprint author), Univ Arkansas, Dept Biol Sci, Arkansas Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, US Geol Survey, Fayetteville, AR 72701 USA. EM jludlam@uark.edu; danmag@uark.edu FU University of Arkansas; Arkansas Game and Fish Commission FX This research was supported by a Causey Grant in Aid from the University of Arkansas, and the Arkansas Game and Fish Commission. Field assistance was provided by Molly Ludlam and Matt Dekar. This research benefited from suggestions from Gary Huxel, Eric Larson, Matt Dekar, Art Brown, and Sue Ziegler. This manuscript was improved by the comments of Andrea J. Radwell and 2 anonymous referees. NR 52 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 3 U2 21 PU NORTH AMER BENTHOLOGICAL SOC PI LAWRENCE PA 1041 NEW HAMSPHIRE STREET, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0887-3593 J9 J N AM BENTHOL SOC JI J. N. Am. Benthol. Soc. PD JUN PY 2009 VL 28 IS 2 BP 371 EP 382 DI 10.1899/08-149.1 PG 12 WC Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 453XH UT WOS:000266645700010 ER PT J AU Wimsatt, J Biggins, DE AF Wimsatt, Jeffrey Biggins, Dean E. TI A review of plague persistence with special emphasis on fleas SO JOURNAL OF VECTOR BORNE DISEASES LA English DT Review DE Carrier; Cynomys; enzootic; epizootic; host; larvae; Oropsylla; plague flea; pupae; telluric; vector; Yersinia pestis ID COYOTES CANIS-LATRANS; TAILED PRAIRIE DOGS; POLYMERASE-CHAIN-REACTION; EARLY-PHASE TRANSMISSION; FRANCISCO BAY AREA; FOXES VULPES-VELOX; WILD RODENT PLAGUE; YERSINIA-PESTIS; XENOPSYLLA-CHEOPIS; SYLVATIC PLAGUE AB Sylvatic plague is highly prevalent during infrequent epizootics that ravage the landscape of western North America. During these periods, plague dissemination is very efficient. Epizootics end when rodent and flea populations are decimated and vectored transmission declines. A second phase (enzootic plague) ensues when plague is difficult to detect from fleas, hosts or the environment, and presents less of a threat to public health. Recently, researchers have hypothesized that the bacterium (Yersinia pestis) responsible for plague maintains a continuous state of high virulence and thus only changes in transmission efficiency explain the shift between alternating enzootic and epizootic phases. However, if virulent transmission becomes too inefficient, strong selection might favor an alternate survival strategy. Another plausible non-exclusive hypothesis, best supported from Asian field studies, is that Y. pestis persists (locally) at foci by maintaining a more benign relationship within adapted rodents during the long expanses of time between outbreaks. From this vantage, it can revert to the epizootic (transmission efficient) form. Similarly, in the United States (US), enzootic plague persistence has been proposed to develop sequestered within New World rodent carriers. However, the absence of clear support for rodent carriers in North America has encouraged a broader search for alternative explanations. A telluric plague existence has been proposed. However, the availability of flea life stages and their hosts could critically supplement environmental plague sources, or fleas might directly represent a low-level plague reservoir. Here, we note a potentially pivotal role for fleas. These epizootic plague vectors should be closely studied with newer more exacting methods to determine their potential to serve as participants in or accomplices to a plague persistence reservoir. C1 [Wimsatt, Jeffrey] Univ Virginia, Ctr Comparat Med, Charlottesville, VA 22903 USA. [Wimsatt, Jeffrey] Univ Virginia, Dept Biol, Charlottesville, VA USA. [Biggins, Dean E.] US Geol Survey, Ft Collins Sci Ctr, Ft Collins, CO USA. RP Wimsatt, J (reprint author), Univ Virginia, Ctr Comparat Med, Charlottesville, VA 22903 USA. EM jhw5b@virginia.edu NR 170 TC 28 Z9 29 U1 3 U2 29 PU MALARIA RESEARCH CENTRE, INDIAN COUNCIL MEDICAL RESEARCH-ICMR PI DELHI PA 22 SHAM NATH MARG, DELHI, 00000, INDIA SN 0972-9062 J9 J VECTOR DIS JI J. Vector Borne Dis. PD JUN PY 2009 VL 46 IS 2 BP 85 EP 99 PG 15 WC Infectious Diseases; Parasitology; Tropical Medicine SC Infectious Diseases; Parasitology; Tropical Medicine GA 453YF UT WOS:000266648100001 PM 19502688 ER PT J AU Olsen, GH Miller, KJ Docherty, DE Bochsler, VS Sileo, L AF Olsen, Glenn H. Miller, Kimberli J. Docherty, Douglas E. Bochsler, Valerie S. Sileo, Louis TI PATHOGENICITY OF WEST NILE VIRUS AND RESPONSE TO VACCINATION IN SANDHILL CRANES (GRUS CANADENSIS) USING A KILLED VACCINE SO JOURNAL OF ZOO AND WILDLIFE MEDICINE LA English DT Article DE Crane; Flavivirus; Grus canadensis; sandhill crane; pathogenesis; vaccine; West Nile Virus ID WHOOPING-CRANES; IMMUNIZATION AB West Nile virus was introduced into the United States in the vicinity of New York, New York, USA in 1999. The virus has since killed large numbers of birds nationwide, especially, but not limited to, crows (Cort,us brachyrhinchos). One sandhill crane (Grits canadensis) at the Bridgeport Zoo (Bridgeport, Connecticut, USA) reportedly died from West Nile virus, so sandhill cranes and endangered whooping cranes (Grits americana), both in the wild and in captive breeding colonies at United States Geological Service (USGS) Patuxent Wildlife Research Center (Laurel, Maryland, USA) were considered at risk. A killed vaccine in sandhill cranes was evaluated by vaccinating and then challenging these cranes with live West Nile virus. No sandhill cranes inoculated with the killed vaccine developed significant titers when compared with unvaccinated controls. No sandhill cranes inculated with the vaccine and challenged with the Virus died from West Nile virus infection. In addition, no unvaccinated challenged sandhill cranes died. However, 2 days postchallenge, vaccinated cranes had significantly less viremia (P < 0.05) than unvaccinated cranes. Seven days postchallenge vaccinated cranes had significantly less cloacal shedding or the virus (P < 0.05) than unvaccinated cranes and significantly less weight loss (P < 0.05) its compared with unvaccinated cranes. Vaccinated sandhill cranes developed significantly higher titers 14 days postchallenge and were viremic for shorter periods of time after challenge than unvaccinated individuals. Unvaccinated challenged cranes had glial cell aggregates in both the brain and brain stern areas, and this was not observed in vaccinated challenged cranes or in vaccinated unchallenged cranes. C1 [Olsen, Glenn H.] US Geol Survey, Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, Laurel, MD 20708 USA. [Miller, Kimberli J.; Docherty, Douglas E.; Bochsler, Valerie S.; Sileo, Louis] US Geol Survey, Natl Wildlife Hlth Ctr, Madison, WI 53711 USA. RP Olsen, GH (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, 12302 Beech Forest Rd, Laurel, MD 20708 USA. EM golsen@usgs.gov NR 27 TC 7 Z9 8 U1 1 U2 11 PU AMER ASSOC ZOO VETERINARIANS PI YULEE PA 581705 WHITE OAK ROAD, YULEE, FL 32097 USA SN 1042-7260 J9 J ZOO WILDLIFE MED JI J. Zoo Wildl. Med. PD JUN PY 2009 VL 40 IS 2 BP 263 EP 271 DI 10.1638/2008-0017.1 PG 9 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA 456YB UT WOS:000266889300003 PM 19569472 ER PT J AU Franson, JC Hoffman, DJ Schmutz, JA AF Franson, J. Christian Hoffman, David J. Schmutz, Joel A. TI PLASMA BIOCHEMISTRY VALUES IN EMPEROR GEESE (CHEN CANAGICA) IN ALASKA: COMPARISONS AMONG AGE, SEX, INCUBATION, AND MOLT SO JOURNAL OF ZOO AND WILDLIFE MEDICINE LA English DT Article DE Emperor goose; Chen canagica; adults; goslings; plasma biochemistry values; western Alaska ID MALLARD DUCKLINGS; AMERICAN KESTRELS; ENZYME-ACTIVITIES; DIETARY-PROTEIN; BLOOD-CHEMISTRY; BODY-MASS; SELENIUM; SURVIVAL; BEHAVIOR; LEAD AB Reduced populations of emperor geese (Chen canagica), a Bering Sea endemic, provided the need to assess plasma biochemistry values as indicators Of Population health. A precursory step to such In investigation was to evaluate patterns of variability in plasma biochemistry values among age, sex, and reproductive period. Plasima from 63 emperor geese was collected on their breeding grounds on the Yukon-Kuskokwim Delta in western Alaska, USA. The geese sampled included 18 incubating adult females captured, in mid June, Oil their nests by using bow nets, and 30 adults and 15 goslings captured in corral traps in late July and early August, when the adults were molting their wing feathers and the goslings were 5-6 weeks old. Plasma was evaluated For 15 biochemical parameters, by comparing results among age, sex, and sampling period (incubation versus wing-reather molt). Tell of the 15 biochemical parameters assayed differed among adults during incubation, the adults during molt, and the goslings Lit molt, whereas sex differences were noted in few parameters. C1 [Franson, J. Christian] US Geol Survey, Natl Wildlife Hlth Res Ctr, Madison, WI 53711 USA. [Hoffman, David J.] US Geol Survey, Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, Laurel, MD 20708 USA. [Schmutz, Joel A.] US Geol Survey, Alaska Sci Ctr, Anchorage, AK 99508 USA. RP Franson, JC (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Natl Wildlife Hlth Res Ctr, 6006 Schroeder Rd, Madison, WI 53711 USA. EM jfranson@usgs.gov OI Franson, J/0000-0002-0251-4238 NR 44 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 6 PU AMER ASSOC ZOO VETERINARIANS PI YULEE PA 581705 WHITE OAK ROAD, YULEE, FL 32097 USA SN 1042-7260 EI 1937-2825 J9 J ZOO WILDLIFE MED JI J. Zoo Wildl. Med. PD JUN PY 2009 VL 40 IS 2 BP 321 EP 327 DI 10.1638/2008-0172.1 PG 7 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA 456YB UT WOS:000266889300011 PM 19569480 ER PT J AU Sato, HP Harp, EL AF Sato, H. P. Harp, E. L. TI Interpretation of earthquake-induced landslides triggered by the 12 May 2008, M7.9 Wenchuan earthquake in the Beichuan area, Sichuan Province, China using satellite imagery and Google Earth SO LANDSLIDES LA English DT Article DE Landslides; Sichuan; Wenchuan; Earthquake; Google Earth; FORMOSAT-2; SPOT5; Satellite AB The 12 May 2008 M7.9 Wenchuan earthquake in the People's Republic of China represented a unique opportunity for the international community to use commonly available GIS (Geographic Information System) tools, like Google Earth (GE), to rapidly evaluate and assess landslide hazards triggered by the destructive earthquake and its aftershocks. In order to map earthquake-triggered landslides, we provide details on the applicability and limitations of publicly available 3-day-post- and pre-earthquake imagery provided by GE from the FORMOSAT-2 (formerly ROCSAT-2; Republic of China Satellite 2). We interpreted landslides on the 8-m-resolution FORMOSAT-2 image by GE; as a result, 257 large landslides were mapped with the highest concentration along the Beichuan fault. An estimated density of 0.3 landslides/km(2) represents a minimum bound on density given the resolution of available imagery; higher resolution data would have identified more landslides. This is a preliminary study, and further study is needed to understand the landslide characteristics in detail. Although it is best to obtain landslide locations and measurements from satellite imagery having high resolution, it was found that GE is an effective and rapid reconnaissance tool. C1 [Sato, H. P.] Geog Survey Inst, Geog & Crustal Dynam Res Ctr, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 3050811, Japan. [Harp, E. L.] US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Denver, CO 80225 USA. RP Sato, HP (reprint author), Geog Survey Inst, Geog & Crustal Dynam Res Ctr, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 3050811, Japan. EM hsato@gsi.go.jp FU Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology of Japan FX Support for Hiroshi P. Sato's research at the U. S. Geological Survey facilities in Golden, CO was provided by a grant from the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology of Japan. NR 15 TC 47 Z9 58 U1 0 U2 15 PU SPRINGER HEIDELBERG PI HEIDELBERG PA TIERGARTENSTRASSE 17, D-69121 HEIDELBERG, GERMANY SN 1612-510X J9 LANDSLIDES JI Landslides PD JUN PY 2009 VL 6 IS 2 BP 153 EP 159 DI 10.1007/s10346-009-0147-6 PG 7 WC Engineering, Geological; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Engineering; Geology GA 448KU UT WOS:000266262300007 ER PT J AU Lee, MW Collett, TS AF Lee, M. W. Collett, T. S. TI Unique problems associated with seismic analysis of partially gas-saturated unconsolidated sediments SO MARINE AND PETROLEUM GEOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Free gas; Velocity dispersion; Partial saturation; Bottom-simulating reflection AB Gas hydrate stability conditions restrict the occurrence of gas hydrate to unconsolidated and high water-content sediments at shallow depths. Because of these host sediments properties, seismic and well log data acquired for the detection of free gas and associated gas hydrate-bearing sediments often require nonconventional analysis. For example, a conventional method of identifying free gas using the compressional/shear-wave velocity (V(p)/V(s)) ratio at the logging frequency will not work, unless the free-gas saturations are more than about 40%. The P-wave velocity dispersion of partially gas-saturated sediments causes a problem in interpreting well log velocities and seismic data. Using the White, J.E. [1975. Computed seismic speeds and attenuation in rocks with partial gas saturation. Geophysics 40, 224-232] model for partially gas-saturated sediments, the difference between well log and seismic velocities can be reconciled. The inclusion of P-wave velocity dispersion in interpreting well log data is, therefore, essential to identify free gas and to tie surface seismic data to synthetic seismograms. Published by Elsevier Ltd. C1 [Lee, M. W.; Collett, T. S.] US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Denver, CO 80225 USA. RP Lee, MW (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Box 25046,MS-939, Denver, CO 80225 USA. EM mlee@usgs.gov FU U.S. Department of Energy [DE-A121-92MC29214]; U.S. Bureau of Land Management [LAI-02-0015] FX We thank P. Nelson and W. Agena for many suggestions on the earlier version of this paper. We appreciate Dianna Shelander very much for her positive and constructive comments and suggestions. Our thanks also extended to the editor, D. Roberts, for his encouragement during the review process. This contribution was partially funded by both the U.S. Department of Energy (under interagency agreement No. DE-A121-92MC29214) and the U.S. Bureau of Land Management (under the interagency agreement No. LAI-02-0015). NR 9 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 10 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0264-8172 J9 MAR PETROL GEOL JI Mar. Pet. Geol. PD JUN PY 2009 VL 26 IS 6 BP 775 EP 781 DI 10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2008.07.009 PG 7 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 457CQ UT WOS:000266903600003 ER PT J AU Mohammed, A Orazio, C Peterman, P Echols, K Feltz, K Manoo, A Maraj, D Agard, J AF Mohammed, Azad Orazio, Carl Peterman, Paul Echols, Kathy Feltz, Kevin Manoo, Anton Maraj, Dexter Agard, John TI Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin (PCDDs) and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs) in harbor sediments from Sea Lots, Port-of-Spain, Trinidad and Tobago SO MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN LA English DT Article ID POLYBROMINATED DIPHENYL ETHERS; TOXIC EQUIVALENCY FACTORS; LAKE-SEDIMENTS; SUSPENDED SEDIMENTS; COASTAL SEDIMENTS; RIVER SEDIMENTS; BIPHENYLS PCBS; MASAN BAY; FISH; KOREA C1 [Mohammed, Azad; Manoo, Anton; Maraj, Dexter; Agard, John] Univ W Indies, Dept Life Sci, St Augustine, Trinid & Tobago. [Orazio, Carl; Peterman, Paul; Echols, Kathy; Feltz, Kevin] US Geol Survey, Columbia Environm Res Ctr, Columbia, MO 65201 USA. RP Mohammed, A (reprint author), Univ W Indies, Dept Life Sci, St Augustine, Trinid & Tobago. EM mohc0l34@yahoo.com NR 44 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 7 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0025-326X EI 1879-3363 J9 MAR POLLUT BULL JI Mar. Pollut. Bull. PD JUN PY 2009 VL 58 IS 6 BP 928 EP 934 DI 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2009.03.022 PG 7 WC Environmental Sciences; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 465CK UT WOS:000267558600028 PM 19394658 ER PT J AU Ji, SY Hanes, DM Shen, HH AF Ji, Shunying Hanes, Daniel M. Shen, Hayley H. TI Comparisons of physical experiment and discrete element simulations of sheared granular materials in an annular shear cell SO MECHANICS OF MATERIALS LA English DT Article ID ROLLING RESISTANCE; NUMERICAL-MODEL; FLOWS; FLUCTUATIONS; DENSE; STRESSES; SPHERES; SILO; DEM AB In this study, we report a direct comparison between a physical test and a computer simulation of rapidly sheared granular materials. An annular shear cell experiment was conducted. All parameters were kept the same between the physical and the computational systems to the extent possible. Artificially softened particles were used in the simulation to reduce the computational time to a manageable level. Sensitivity study on the particle stiffness ensured such artificial modification was acceptable. In the experiment, a range of normal stress was applied to a given amount of particles sheared in an annular trough with a range of controlled shear speed. Two types of particles, glass and Delrin, were used in the experiment. Qualitatively, the required torque to shear the materials under different rotational speed compared well with those in the physical experiments for both the glass and the Delrin particles. However, the quantitative discrepancies between the measured and simulated shear stresses were nearly a factor of two. Boundary conditions, particle size distribution, particle damping and friction, including a sliding and rolling, contact force model, were examined to determine their effects on the computational results. It was found that of the above, the rolling friction between particles had the most significant effect on the macro stress level. This study shows that discrete element simulation is a viable method for engineering design for granular material systems. Particle level information is needed to properly conduct these simulations. However, not all particle level information is equally important in the study regime. Rolling friction, which is not commonly considered in many discrete element models, appears to play an important role. (C) 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 [Ji, Shunying] Dalian Univ Technol, State Key Lab Struct Anal Ind Equipment, Dalian 116023, Peoples R China. [Hanes, Daniel M.] USGS Pacific Sci Ctr, Santa Cruz, CA 95060 USA. [Shen, Hayley H.] Clarkson Univ, Potsdam, NY 13699 USA. RP Ji, SY (reprint author), Dalian Univ Technol, State Key Lab Struct Anal Ind Equipment, Dalian 116023, Peoples R China. EM jisy@dlut.edu.cn; dhanes@usgs.gov; hhshen@clarkson.edu RI Jiao, Liqing/A-8821-2011 FU NASA [NAG3-2717] FX This study is supported by NASA microgravity fluids program, Grant No. NAG3-2717. NR 36 TC 16 Z9 19 U1 3 U2 15 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0167-6636 J9 MECH MATER JI Mech. Mater. PD JUN PY 2009 VL 41 IS 6 BP 764 EP 776 DI 10.1016/j.mechmat.2009.01.029 PG 13 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Mechanics SC Materials Science; Mechanics GA 452DC UT WOS:000266519000012 ER PT J AU Curtis, GP Kohler, M Davis, JA AF Curtis, Gary P. Kohler, Matthias Davis, James A. TI Comparing Approaches for Simulating the Reactive Transport of U(VI) in Ground Water SO MINE WATER AND THE ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article DE Reactive transport; Uranium; Environmental geochemistry; Geochemical modeling AB The reactive transport of U(VI) in a well-characterized shallow alluvial aquifer at a former U(VI) mill located near Naturita, CO, was predicted for comparative purposes using a surface complexation model (SCM) and a constant K-d approach to simulate U(VI) adsorption. The ground water at the site had U(VI) concentrations that ranged from 0.01 to 20 mu M, alkalinities that ranged from 2.5 to 18 meq/L, and a nearly constant pH of 7.1. The SCM used to simulate U(VI) adsorption was previously determined independently using laboratory batch adsorption experiments. Simulations obtained using the SCM approach were compared with simulations that used a constant K-d approach to simulate adsorption using previously determined site-specific K-d values. In both cases, the ground water flow and transport models used a conceptual model that was previously calibrated to a chloride plume present at the site. Simulations with the SCM approach demonstrated that the retardation factor varied temporally and spatially because of the differential transport of alkalinity and dissolved U(VI) and the non-linearity of the U(VI) adsorption. The SCM model also simulated a prolonged slow decline in U(VI) concentration, which was not simulated using a constant K-d model. Simulations using the SCM approach and the constant K-d approach were similar after 20 years of transport but diverged significantly after 60 years. The simulations demonstrate the need for site-specific geochemical information on U(VI) adsorption to produce credible simulations of future transport. C1 [Curtis, Gary P.; Davis, James A.] US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. [Kohler, Matthias] Univ Maine, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Orono, ME 04469 USA. RP Curtis, GP (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 345 Middlefield Rd, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. EM gpcurtis@usgs.gov FU US Nuclear Regulatory Commission [RES-97-009]; US Geological Survey Toxic Substances Hydrology FX This work was supported by the US Nuclear Regulatory Commission (Interagency Agreement RES-97-009) and the US Geological Survey Toxic Substances Hydrology program. We thank David Naftz for field assistance and David Meece for laboratory assistance. We also thank Christopher Green, Michael Hay, and two anonymous reviewers for their valuable comments on the manuscript. NR 41 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 3 PU SPRINGER HEIDELBERG PI HEIDELBERG PA TIERGARTENSTRASSE 17, D-69121 HEIDELBERG, GERMANY SN 1025-9112 EI 1616-1068 J9 MINE WATER ENVIRON JI Mine Water Environ. PD JUN PY 2009 VL 28 IS 2 BP 84 EP 93 DI 10.1007/s10230-009-0064-x PG 10 WC Water Resources SC Water Resources GA V15FR UT WOS:000207788400002 ER PT J AU Phillips, CT Fries, JN AF Phillips, Catherine T. Fries, Joe N. TI An Evaluation of Visible Implant Elastomer for Marking the Federally Listed Fountain Darter and the San Marcos Salamander SO NORTH AMERICAN JOURNAL OF FISHERIES MANAGEMENT LA English DT Editorial Material ID POPULATION-SIZE ESTIMATE; ETHEOSTOMA-FONTICOLA; AMPHIBIANS; SURVIVAL; STREAM; FISHES; RATES AB Visible marks can aid in population studies bill. depending on the type of mark used, may result in poor retention and increased mortality. Visible implant elastomer (VIE) was evaluated as a marking technique for two species listed as endangered or threatened under the federal Endangered Species Act: the fountain darter Etheostoma fonticola and the San Marcos salamander Eurycea nana. We compared VIE with acrylic latex paint (ALP) marks ill the fountain darter and found that VIE marks exhibited greater retention than ALP marks (88% versus 23% at 144 d). Fountain darter survival and growth were not affected by mark type. In the San Marcos Salamander, the use of VIE marks did not affect survival or growth, For both species. mark placement (dorsally versus ventrally) did not affect retention. Visible implant elastomer marks would tie the preferred Method for population studies of these listed species. C1 [Phillips, Catherine T.; Fries, Joe N.] US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Natl Fish Hatchery & Technol Ctr, San Marcos, TX 78666 USA. RP Phillips, CT (reprint author), US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Natl Fish Hatchery & Technol Ctr, 500 E McCarty Lane, San Marcos, TX 78666 USA. EM catherine_phillips@fws.gov NR 25 TC 21 Z9 21 U1 1 U2 17 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA SN 0275-5947 J9 N AM J FISH MANAGE JI North Am. J. Fish Manage. PD JUN PY 2009 VL 29 IS 3 BP 529 EP 532 DI 10.1577/M08-138.1 PG 4 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 477FX UT WOS:000268505200001 ER PT J AU Stockwell, JD Ebener, MP Black, JA Gorman, OT Hrabik, TR Kinnunen, RE Mattes, WP Oyadomari, JK Schram, ST Schreiner, DR Seider, MJ Sitar, SP Yule, DL AF Stockwell, Jason D. Ebener, Mark P. Black, Jeff A. Gorman, Owen T. Hrabik, Thomas R. Kinnunen, Ronald E. Mattes, William P. Oyadomari, Jason K. Schram, Stephen T. Schreiner, Donald R. Seider, Michael J. Sitar, Shawn P. Yule, Daniel L. TI A Synthesis of Cisco Recovery in Lake Superior: Implications for Native Fish Rehabilitation in the Laurentian Great Lakes SO NORTH AMERICAN JOURNAL OF FISHERIES MANAGEMENT LA English DT Review ID HERRING COREGONUS-ARTEDI; TROUT SALVELINUS-NAMAYCUSH; SMELT OSMERUS-MORDAX; ALEWIFE ALOSA-PSEUDOHARENGUS; DIEL VERTICAL MIGRATION; APOSTLE ISLANDS REGION; RAINBOW SMELT; FOOD-WEB; NATURAL REPRODUCTION; THIAMINE-DEFICIENCY AB Populations of cisco Coregonus artedi in the Laurentian Great Lakes supported large-scale commercial fisheries and were the primary forage of piscivores during the first half of the 20th century. However, by 1970 populations had collapsed in all of the lakes. Since then, ciscoes have staged a recovery ill Lake Superior. In this synthesis, we describe the Status of ciscoes in Lake Superior during 1970-2006 and provide a comprehensive review of their ecology. Better understanding of age estimation techniques. application of hydroacoustic and midwater trawl sampling, and compilation of long-term data sets have advanced our understanding of the species. Management agencies contemplating rehabilitation of cisco populations Should recognize that (1) knowledge of cisco ecology and population dynamics is increasing: (2) ciscoes are long-lived; (3) Great Lakes population,; are probably composed of both shallow-water and deepwater spawning forms (4) large year-classes call be produced from small adult stocks (5) large variation in year-class strength is probably intrinsic to Great Lakes populations: (6) despite the longevity and early maturity of ciscoes. stocks can be overfished because large year-classes are produced infrequently: (7) regional environmental factors appear to play a large role in reproductive success: and (8) rainbow smelt Osmerus mordax are likely to have a negative effect oil cisco recruitment under certain conditions. A top-down approach for rehabilitating lake trout Salvelinus namaycush in Lake Superior probably benefited cisco recovery through lake trout predation on invasive rainbow smelt populations. We argue that managing for populations of exotic alewives Alosa pseudoharengus to support popular recreational fisheries of exotic Pacific salmonids in the other Great Lakes conflicts with stocking efforts to rehabilitate native lake trout in those lakes. If native fish rehabilitation is a serious and primary goal for management agencies in the Great Lakes basin, we propose that an ecosystem-based approach to modifying the environment for tire benefit of native fish species (i.e., decimation or eradication of invasive species) is required. C1 [Stockwell, Jason D.; Gorman, Owen T.; Yule, Daniel L.] US Geol Survey, Great Lakes Sci Ctr, Lake Super Biol Stn, Ashland, WI 54806 USA. [Ebener, Mark P.] Chippewa Ottawa Resource Author, Intertribal Fisheries & Assessment Program, Sault Ste Marie, MI 49783 USA. [Black, Jeff A.] Ontario Minist Nat Resources, Upper Great Lakes Management Unit Lake Super, Thunder Bay, ON P7E 6S8, Canada. [Hrabik, Thomas R.] Univ Minnesota, Dept Biol, Duluth, MN 55812 USA. [Kinnunen, Ronald E.] Michigan State Univ, Marquette, MI 49855 USA. [Mattes, William P.] Great Lakes Indian Fish & Wildlife Commiss, Odanah, WI 54861 USA. [Oyadomari, Jason K.] Finlandia Univ, Hancock, MI 49930 USA. [Schram, Stephen T.] Wisconsin Dept Nat Resources, Bayfield, WI 54814 USA. [Schreiner, Donald R.] Minnesota Dept Nat Resources, Lake Super Areas Fisheries Program, Duluth, MN 55804 USA. [Seider, Michael J.] Wisconsin Dept Nat Resources, Bayfield, WI 54814 USA. [Sitar, Shawn P.] Marquette Fisheries Stn, Dept Nat Resources, Marquette, MI 49855 USA. RP Stockwell, JD (reprint author), Gulf Maine Res Inst, 350 Commercial St, Portland, ME 04101 USA. EM jstockwell@gmri.org NR 209 TC 31 Z9 31 U1 4 U2 41 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT STREET, STE 850, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 0275-5947 EI 1548-8675 J9 N AM J FISH MANAGE JI North Am. J. Fish Manage. PD JUN PY 2009 VL 29 IS 3 BP 626 EP 652 DI 10.1577/M08-002.1 PG 27 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 477FX UT WOS:000268505200011 ER PT J AU Bateman, DS Gresswell, RE Berger, AM AF Bateman, Douglas S. Gresswell, Robert E. Berger, Aaron M. TI Passive Integrated Transponder Tag Retention Rates in Headwater Populations of Coastal Cutthroat Trout SO NORTH AMERICAN JOURNAL OF FISHERIES MANAGEMENT LA English DT Editorial Material ID SURGICAL IMPLANTATION; FISH; MOVEMENTS; SURVIVAL; SALMON AB Passive integrated transponder (PIT) tags have desirable qualities (e.g., unique identification. indefinite tag life, and capacity for remote detection) that make them Useful for evaluating survival. growth. and movement of fish, but low tag retention rates can Confound data interpretation. Although the effects of PIT tags on short-term growth and Survival have been minimal and tag retention rates in laboratory and field studies using only juvenile individuals have been high, tag retention rates for fish at different ontological stages (including reproductively active males and females) remain unknown. We evaluated tag retention rates in wild populations of coastal cutthroat trout Oncorhynchus clarkii clarkii ill three catchments of western Oregon using a double-marking approach (i.e.. the adipose fill was removed from all fish that were PIT-tagged). Tags were inserted into the body cavities of fish 100 turn or more in length (fork length: range = 100-250 mm). In the Study catchments, this size range includes both juvenile and mature fish. Tag retention rates were approximately 25% lower than those reported by previous studies of juvenile salmonids alone. A number of PIT lags were recovered in redds, indicating that mature individuals eject tags during spawning. Although some coastal Cutthroat trout retained PIT tags for up to 4 years, others expelled them repeatedly and were implanted with a minimum Of. three different PIT tags during the same period. These data are concordant with those of other Studies in which PIT tags had been inserted into the body cavity of salmonids and the population of tagged fish comprised both juvenile and mature individuals. Therefore. for multiple-year studies, it may be prudent to double-mark fish when PIT tags are to be inserted in the body cavity. C1 [Bateman, Douglas S.] Oregon State Univ, Dept Forest Engn Resources & Management, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. [Gresswell, Robert E.] US Geol Survey, No Rocky Mt Sci Ctr, Bozeman, MT 59717 USA. [Berger, Aaron M.] Oregon State Univ, Dept Forest Sci, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. RP Bateman, DS (reprint author), Oregon State Univ, Dept Forest Engn Resources & Management, 3200 SW Jefferson Way, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. EM doug_bateman@usgs.gov NR 21 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 11 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT STREET, STE 850, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 0275-5947 EI 1548-8675 J9 N AM J FISH MANAGE JI North Am. J. Fish Manage. PD JUN PY 2009 VL 29 IS 3 BP 653 EP 657 DI 10.1577/M07-169.1 PG 5 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 477FX UT WOS:000268505200012 ER PT J AU Nielsen, JL Byrne, A Graziano, SL Kozfkay, CC AF Nielsen, Jennifer L. Byrne, Alan Graziano, Sara L. Kozfkay, Christine C. TI Steelhead Genetic Diversity at Multiple Spatial Scales in a Managed Basin: Snake River, Idaho SO NORTH AMERICAN JOURNAL OF FISHERIES MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article ID TROUT ONCORHYNCHUS-MYKISS; EFFECTIVE POPULATION-SIZE; MICROSATELLITE DNA VARIATION; LIFE-HISTORY FORMS; RAINBOW-TROUT; BRITISH-COLUMBIA; CHINOOK SALMON; PACIFIC SALMON; STOCK IDENTIFICATION; WILD STEELHEAD AB We investigated the genetic diversity of steelhead Oncorhynchus mykiss in 74 wild populations and 5 hatchery stocks in Idaho's Snake River basin at the drainage, watershed, and population spatial scales using 11 microsatellite loci. We found significant genetic diversity at multiple spatial scales. Analysis of molecular variance showed that genetic diversity was greater among watersheds within drainages (3.66%) than among drainages (1.97%). Over 94% of the genetic diversity found in the Clearwater, Salmon, and Snake River drainages occurred within individual populations. Estimated effective population sizes ranged from 213 to 486.6 at the drainage scale, from 81.2 to 610.4 at the watershed scale, and from 8.4 to 4,845 at the Population scale. The Middle Fork Salmon, South Fork Salmon, Lochsa, and Selway rivers-watersheds managed for wild fish-formed distinct groups in Our consensus neighbor-joining (NJ) trees. At the watershed scale Our analyses support differentiation of all hatchery and wild stocks. However, this was not the case for analyses at the population scale, where 236 F(ST) pairwise comparisons out of 3.081 (wild and hatchery) were not significantly different. The distribution of genetic diversity across the landscape does not appear to be organized by the A run or B run management designations for anadromous steelhead. The Dworshak hatchery stock was significantly different from all but one population (O'Hara Creek, Selway River) in pairwise F(ST) comparisons and grouped with other Clearwater River drainage populations in our NJ trees. The Oxbow. Sawtooth, and Pahsimeroi hatchery stocks were indistinguishable from each other based on F(ST) analysis, Currently, this study represents the most comprehensive evaluation of genetic diversity in Idaho's steelhead populations across multiple scales with different management histories. C1 [Nielsen, Jennifer L.; Graziano, Sara L.] US Geol Survey, Alaska Sci Ctr, Anchorage, AK 99508 USA. [Byrne, Alan] Idaho Dept Fish & Game, Boise, ID 83707 USA. [Kozfkay, Christine C.] Idaho Dept Fish & Game, Eagle, ID 83616 USA. RP Nielsen, JL (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Alaska Sci Ctr, 4210 Univ Dr, Anchorage, AK 99508 USA. EM jlnielsen@usgs.gov FU Bonneville Power Administration; Idaho Department of Fish and Game; U.S. Geological Survey (Alaska Science Center) FX We would like to thank Robert Valenzuela, Ian Williams, Talia Wiacek, Kevin Sage, and Scott Pavey for contributing to genetic data collection. This manuscript was greatly improved by comments from Matt Campbell, Pete Hassemer, Shawn Narum, Helen Neville, Andrew Ramey, John Wenburg, Steve Yundt, and three anonymous reviewers. Funding for this research was provided by Bonneville Power Administration, Idaho Department of Fish and Game, and U.S. Geological Survey (Alaska Science Center). Any use of trade names or products is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement of the U. S. Government. NR 97 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 1 U2 7 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA SN 0275-5947 J9 N AM J FISH MANAGE JI North Am. J. Fish Manage. PD JUN PY 2009 VL 29 IS 3 BP 680 EP 701 DI 10.1577/M08-105.1 PG 22 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 477FX UT WOS:000268505200015 ER PT J AU Grabowski, TB Ferguson, TD Peterson, JT Jennings, CA AF Grabowski, Timothy B. Ferguson, Tyler D. Peterson, James T. Jennings, Cecil A. TI Capture Probability and Behavioral Response of the Robust Redhorse, a Cryptic Riverine Fish, to Electrofishing SO NORTH AMERICAN JOURNAL OF FISHERIES MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article ID SMALLMOUTH BASS; HABITAT USE; ABUNDANCE; CONSERVATION; MOVEMENTS; STREAMS; GEORGIA; COUNTS; RARE AB Conservation and management of riverine species, such as the robust redhorse Moxostoma robustum, can be hindered by incomplete understanding of their population status. Behavioral responses to sampling methods and susceptibility 10 Capture by it Particular gear type have implications for the reliability Of population assessments yet are rarely evaluated. Consequently, We used radio-tagged robust redhorses in the Ocmulgee River. Georgia, to estimate capture probability when sampled with standard boat electrofishing techniques and to assess behavioral responses of individuals to single and repeated exposures to electrofishing. the recommended sampling method for this species. Transects containing one to eight radio-tagged individuals were sampled. The positions of radio-tagged individuals Were recorded before electrofishing and at 1-h, 24-h, and 3-5-d intervals after sampling. We estimated robust redhorse abundance and capture probability by treating each transect as analogous to it repeated sample in time. Only one radio-tagged individual and six untagged individuals were captured after 7.46 h of effort. The radio-tared fist id not exhibit an immediate response to boat electrofishing, but some did move horn their original position after electrofishing. Mean movement was 0.15 km after 1 h, 0.19 km after 24 h, and 0.23 km after 3-5 d. However, this movement was similar to thin exhibited by fish located at similar intervals during it related telemetry study without exposure to electrofishing. A mean capture probability of 0.031 with a 95% Bayesian credibility interval of 0.002-0.111 was estimated front the best-approximating model. Electrofishing is not a Particularly effective method for capturing this species: therefore, inferences about population size and distribution Of (his or other cryptic species need to account for low detection probabilities associated With electrofishing. Alternative approaches or Multiple strategies should be considered when assessing the status of such Species. C1 [Peterson, James T.; Jennings, Cecil A.] Univ Georgia, Warnell Sch Forestry & Nat Resources, Georgia Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, US Geol Survey, Athens, GA 30606 USA. RP Grabowski, TB (reprint author), Univ Iceland, Inst Biol, IS-101 Reykjavik, Iceland. EM tbg@hi.is FU Georgia Power Company FX The authors thank M. Abney, W. Clark, R. Cull Peterson. J. Evans, K. Filer, R. Parr, C. Shea. and K. Woodward for their assistance in the field. Funding for this study was provided by Georgia Power Company. This manuscript benefited from the comments and suggestions provided by O. P. Olafsson, C. R. Ruetz III, and three anonymous reviewers. Cooperating agencies for the Georgia Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit are the U.S. Geological Survey, the University of Georgia, Georgia Department of Natural Resources, and the Wildlife Management Institute. Reference to trade names does not imply endorsement by the U.S. government. NR 34 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 9 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 325 CHESTNUT ST, SUITE 800, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 0275-5947 J9 N AM J FISH MANAGE JI North Am. J. Fish Manage. PD JUN PY 2009 VL 29 IS 3 BP 721 EP 729 DI 10.1577/M08-060.1 PG 9 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 477FX UT WOS:000268505200018 ER PT J AU Guy, CS Oldenburg, EW Gerrity, PC AF Guy, Christopher S. Oldenburg, Eric W. Gerrity, Paul C. TI Conditional Capture Probability of Scaphirhynchus spp. in Drifting Trammel Nets SO NORTH AMERICAN JOURNAL OF FISHERIES MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article ID JUVENILE PALLID STURGEON; RIVER; MOVEMENTS; DAKOTA AB Pallid sturgeon Scaphirhynchus albus and shovelnose Sturgeon S. platorynchus are commonly sampled using drifting trammel nets in the Missouri and Mississippi river basins. Despite the fact that drilling trammel nets have been used for decades to sample these species, little is known about the capture efficiency of this gear. We estimated conditional capture probability for drifting trammel nets over known locations of pallid sturgeon and shovelnose sturgeon. In addition, we examined several variables that were predicted to influence the success of capturing a pallid sturgeon or shovelnose sturgeon in a drifting trammel net. Conditional capture probability (the conditioning factor was known presence) varied from 0.37 on the first attempt to 0.51 on the second attempt. None of the variables measured were useful in explaining the Success of sampling a fish in a drifting trammel net. Drifting trammel nets tire relatively efficient, and we Suggest that they continue to be used to sample Pallid Sturgeon and shovelnose sturgeon in large turbid rivers. The high variability in catch per unit effort associated with sampling pallid sturgeon and shovelnose sturgeon using drifting trammel nets reported in the literature is probably related to the their low abundance (primarily pallid Sturgeon) and patchy distribution (both species). Thus, using sampling designs appropriate for species With low abundance or patchy distributions rather dian sampling designs commonly used for abundant species with ubiquitous distributions Will require less effort because drifting trammel nets are relatively efficient. C1 [Guy, Christopher S.; Oldenburg, Eric W.; Gerrity, Paul C.] Montana State Univ, US Geol Survey, Montana Cooperat Fishery Res Unit, Dept Ecol,Fish & Wildlife Management Program, Bozeman, MT 59717 USA. RP Guy, CS (reprint author), Montana State Univ, US Geol Survey, Montana Cooperat Fishery Res Unit, Dept Ecol,Fish & Wildlife Management Program, 301 Lewis Hall, Bozeman, MT 59717 USA. EM cguy@montana.edu OI Goforth, Reuben/0000-0001-6891-3146 FU Montana Department Fish, Wildlife and Parks; PPL Montana; Western Area Power Administration FX Funding for this Study was provided by the Montana Department Fish, Wildlife and Parks: PPL Montana and Western Area Power Administration. We thank Peter Brown. William Gardner, Matthew Jaeger, Eli McCord, Randy Rodencal, Mike Wente, and Melissa Wuellner for assistance in the field. We thank Jay Rotella for assistance with data analysis. We thank Matthew Jaeger for allowing us to use his capture probability data. We thank Mark Pego, Matthew Jaeger, and three anonymous reviewers for their comments oil previous drafts. Reference to trade names does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government. NR 27 TC 4 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 6 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA SN 0275-5947 J9 N AM J FISH MANAGE JI North Am. J. Fish Manage. PD JUN PY 2009 VL 29 IS 3 BP 817 EP 822 DI 10.1577/M08-171.1 PG 6 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 477FX UT WOS:000268505200025 ER PT J AU Mitchell, AJ Brandt, TM AF Mitchell, Andrew J. Brandt, Thomas M. TI Use of Ice-Water and Salt Treatments to Eliminate an Exotic Snail, the Red-Rim Melania, from Small Immersible Fisheries Equipment SO NORTH AMERICAN JOURNAL OF FISHERIES MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article ID MELANOIDES-TUBERCULATA MULLER; HETEROPHYID TREMATODE; AQUATIC SNAIL; UNITED-STATES; HONG-KONG; FISH; TOLERANCE; GILLS AB Ice-water and salt treatments were evaluated for disinfection of, small immersible fisheries equipment contaminated with a nonindigenous tropical snail, the red-rim melania Melanoides tuberculatus. This introduced species can displace native snails and transmit trematodes directly to fish and indirectly to other animals. including humans. The red-rim melania has a well-developed operculum that protects it from desiccation and allows it to remain viable for days oil dry fisheries equipment. Treatments were produced by adding 10 kg of salt and 33.3 kg of ice to 66.6 L of water (salt-ice-water [SIW]) or by adding 40 kg of ice to 32 L. of water (ice-water only [IW]) and were tested tor various periods (0.17 min to 24 h) to find exposures that would kill 100% of the treated snails. Temperatures produced in the test containers ranged from -6.3 degrees C to -2.4 degrees C for SIW and from 0 degrees C to 4.9 degrees C for IW. The survival of snails in saltwater-only (SW) treatments (10 kg of NaCl in 100 L of water) was also tested. Three size-groups of snails were tested: 2-4-, 15-20-mm, and 30-40-mm shelf heights. Exposure periods that resulted ill an estimated 0% survival for the 15-20-mm snails were 35.8 min for SIW, 179.6 min for IW, and 423.6 min for SW. The calculated amounts time (regression analysis) required to kill 100% of the three size-groups of snails exposed to the SIW treatment were 17.8 min for 30-40-mm snails, 35.8 min for 15-20-mm snails, and 67.5 min for 2-4-mm snails. C1 [Mitchell, Andrew J.] USDA ARS, Harry K Dupree Stuttgart Natl Aquaculture Res Ctr, Stuttgart, AR 72160 USA. [Brandt, Thomas M.] US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Natl Fish Hatchery & Technol Ctr, San Marcos, TX 78666 USA. RP Mitchell, AJ (reprint author), USDA ARS, Harry K Dupree Stuttgart Natl Aquaculture Res Ctr, POB 1050, Stuttgart, AR 72160 USA. EM drew.mitchell@ars.usda.gov NR 21 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 7 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA SN 0275-5947 J9 N AM J FISH MANAGE JI North Am. J. Fish Manage. PD JUN PY 2009 VL 29 IS 3 BP 823 EP 828 DI 10.1577/M08-207.1 PG 6 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 477FX UT WOS:000268505200026 ER PT J AU Claramunt, RM Kolb, TL Clapp, DF Hayes, DB Dexter, JL Warner, DM AF Claramunt, Randall M. Kolb, Tracy L. Clapp, David F. Hayes, Daniel B. Dexter, James L., Jr. Warner, David M. TI Effects of Increasing Chinook Salmon Bag Limits on Alewife Abundance: Implications for Lake Michigan Management Goals SO NORTH AMERICAN JOURNAL OF FISHERIES MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article ID MINNESOTA; FISHERIES; DYNAMICS AB To predict effects of modifying, the daily bag limit (DBL) on management of Chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha and alewives Alosa pseudoharengus. we analyzed harvest and effort data collected from both charter and noncharter anglers during 1997-2005 ill Michigan waters of Lake Michigan. Overall. the percent of anglers; who caught the DBL of three Chinook salmon was low for charter (10.2%) and noncharter (3.3%) angler groups. However. during 1997-2005. the percent of anglers that caught their DBL increased from 3.1% to 26.5% for charter anglers and from 0.5% to 7.8% for noncharter anglers. To predict harvest under a higher DBL, we fit a discrete negative binomial distribution to the observed daily harvest distribution under the current DBL of three fish. We then used the fined negative binomial to predict the daily harvest distribution under a DBL of five fish. Using this approach, the potential increase ill the number of fish harvested with the higher DBL was minimal, but tire additional harvest showed an increasing 1997-2005 trend from 315 to 7,301 fish for charier anglers and from 450 to 18,151 fish for noncharter anglers. There was a positive linear relationship between proportion of anglers harvesting the Current DBL and harvest rates, which indicates that angler success is it function of Chinook salmon abundance. Using an age-structured deterministic population model and the production-conversion efficiency method. we estimated potential reduction in annual lakewide consumption of alewives by Chinook salmon resulting from a higher DBL. The reduction in consumption averaged 313 metric tons and increased from 28 (1997) to 935 Metric toils (2005). We conclude that higher DBLs would have a relatively minor impact oil lakewide forage Fish abundance but would be more consistent with current management objectives. C1 [Claramunt, Randall M.; Clapp, David F.] Michigan Dept Nat Resources, Charlevoix Fisheries Res Stn, Charlevoix, MI 49720 USA. [Kolb, Tracy L.; Hayes, Daniel B.] Michigan State Univ, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA. [Dexter, James L., Jr.] Michigan Dept Nat Resources, Plainwell, MI 49080 USA. [Warner, David M.] US Geol Survey, Great Lakes Sci Ctr, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA. RP Claramunt, RM (reprint author), Michigan Dept Nat Resources, Charlevoix Fisheries Res Stn, 96 Grant St, Charlevoix, MI 49720 USA. EM claramun@michigan.gov RI Warner, David/C-8858-2009 NR 41 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 7 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA SN 0275-5947 J9 N AM J FISH MANAGE JI North Am. J. Fish Manage. PD JUN PY 2009 VL 29 IS 3 BP 829 EP 842 DI 10.1577/M08-129.1 PG 14 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 477FX UT WOS:000268505200027 ER PT J AU Gadomski, DM Wagner, PG AF Gadomski, Dena M. Wagner, Paul G. TI Factors Affecting the Age-0 Resident Fish Community Along Shorelines of the Hanford Reach of the Columbia River SO NORTHWEST SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID LIFE-HISTORY; LARVAL FISHES; YOUNG FISH; GROWTH; ABUNDANCE; HABITATS; SURVIVAL; FLOW; LAKE; STREAMFLOW AB The Hanford Reach is one of the few remaining unimpounded sections of the Columbia River. However, because of flow management at upstream dams, there are often large fluctuations in water level. To determine how environmental conditions might affect age-0 resident fishes in the Hanford Reach, we evaluated species composition, distribution, abundance, and standard lengths of larval and juvenile fishes along shoreline habitats during July and August 1998, 1999, and 2000. Catches in beach seine hauls during all three years were highly variable. The four most abundant taxa collected were three cyprinids, peamouth (Mylocheilus caurinus), northern pikeminnow (Ptychocheilus oregonensis), and redside shiner (Richardsonius balteatus); and suckers (Catostomus spp.). Highest overall catches were in sloughs of the Hanford Reach in 1999, a year with high flows, lower water level fluctuations, and more vegetation. Mean shoreline summer water temperatures were higher in 1998 than in 1999 and 2000, and mean lengths of the four most abundant taxa in late August were also greater in 1998, due presumably to enhanced growth or an earlier spawning season. In spite of flow fluctuations, overall catches of age-0 resident fishes were greater in the riverine Hanford Reach compared to past catches in a more lentic Columbia River reservoir. High abundances of age-0 resident fishes in the Hanford Reach could be due to more spawning and rearing habitat in this structurally complex area, and may mitigate for negative effects of variable flow regimes. C1 [Gadomski, Dena M.] US Geol Survey, Western Fisheries Res Ctr, Columbia River Res Lab, Cook, WA 98605 USA. [Wagner, Paul G.] Kennewick Field Off, Washington Dept Fish & Wildlife, Kennewick, WA 99336 USA. RP Gadomski, DM (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Western Fisheries Res Ctr, Columbia River Res Lab, 5501A Cook Underwood Rd, Cook, WA 98605 USA. EM dgadomski@usgs.gov FU Bonneville Power Administration [9701400]; Public Utility District Number 2 of Grant County [97BI30417] FX Special thanks to all those who conducted field work for this study, in particular, Todd Newsome and Mike and John Nugent. Terry Hurd, Conrad Frost, and Lisa Weiland processed lab samples. Jim Petersen, Ken Tiffan, and anonymous reviewers provided helpful comments on the manuscript. Funding was provided by the Bonneville Power Administration (Contract Number 9701400), and Public Utility District Number 2 of Grant County (Contracts Document 97BI30417). NR 34 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 4 U2 18 PU WASHINGTON STATE UNIV PI PULLMAN PA PO BOX 645020, PULLMAN, WA 99164-5910 USA SN 0029-344X J9 NORTHWEST SCI JI Northwest Sci. PD SUM PY 2009 VL 83 IS 3 BP 180 EP 188 PG 9 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 471SH UT WOS:000268078100002 ER PT J AU Le Corre, L Le Mouelic, S Sotin, C Combe, JP Rodriguez, S Barnes, JW Brown, RH Buratti, BJ Jaumann, R Soderblom, J Soderblom, LA Clark, R Baines, KH Nicholson, PD AF Le Corre, L. Le Mouelic, S. Sotin, C. Combe, J. -P. Rodriguez, S. Barnes, J. W. Brown, R. H. Buratti, B. J. Jaumann, R. Soderblom, J. Soderblom, L. A. Clark, R. Baines, K. H. Nicholson, P. D. TI Analysis of a cryolava flow-like feature on Titan SO PLANETARY AND SPACE SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE Infrared observations; Radar observations; Infrared spectroscopy; Titan ID HUYGENS LANDING SITE; CASSINI VIMS; OMEGA/MARS EXPRESS; RADAR MAPPER; SURFACE; SPECTROSCOPY; METHANE; ICE; TEMPERATURE; DIVERSITY AB This paper reports on the analysis of the highest spatial resolution hyperspectral images acquired by the Visual and Infrared Mapping Spectrometer (VIMS) onboard the Cassini spacecraft during its prime mission. A bright area matches a flow-like feature coming out of a caldera-like feature observed in Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) data recorded by the Cassini radar experiment [Lopes et al., 2007. Cryovolcanic features on Titan's surface as revealed by the Cassini Titan Radar Mapper. Icarus 186, 395-412, doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2006.09.006]. In this SAR image, the flow extends about 160 km east of the caldera. The contrast in brightness between the flow and the surroundings progressively vanishes, suggesting alteration or evolution of the composition of the cryolava during the lifetime of the eruptions. Dunes seem to cover part of this flow on its eastern end. We analyze the different terrains using the Spectral Mixing Analysis (SMA) approach of the Multiple-Endmember Linear Unmixing Model (MELSUM, Combe et al., 2008). The study area can be fully modeled by using only two types of terrains. Then, the VIMS spectra are compared with laboratory spectra of known materials in the relevant atmospheric windows (from 1 to 2.78 mu m). We considered simple molecules that could be produced during cryovolcanic events. including H(2)O, CO(2) (using two different grain sizes), CH(4) and NH(3). We find that the mean spectrum of the cryoflow-like feature is not consistent with pure water ice. It can be best fitted by linear combinations of spectra of the candidate materials, showing that its composition is compatible with a mixture of H(2)O, CH(4) and CO(2). (C) 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 [Le Corre, L.; Le Mouelic, S.] Univ Nantes, CNRS, Lab Planetol & Geodynam, UMR 6112, F-44000 Nantes, France. [Sotin, C.; Buratti, B. J.; Baines, K. H.] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. [Combe, J. -P.] A Columbus Technol & Serv Inc, Bear Fight Ctr, Winthrop, WA 98862 USA. [Barnes, J. W.] Univ Idaho, Dept Phys, Moscow, ID 83844 USA. [Brown, R. H.; Soderblom, J.] Univ Arizona, Lunar & Planetary Lab, Dept Planetary Sci, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. [Jaumann, R.] DLR, Inst Planetary Res, D-12489 Berlin, Germany. [Soderblom, L. A.] US Geol Survey, Flagstaff, AZ 86001 USA. [Clark, R.] US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Denver, CO 80225 USA. [Nicholson, P. D.] Cornell Univ, Dept Astron, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. RP Le Corre, L (reprint author), Univ Nantes, UFR Sci & Tech, LPGNantes, CNRS,UMR 6112, 2 Rue Houssiniere,BP 92208, F-44322 Nantes, France. EM lucille.le-corre@univ-nantes.fr RI Barnes, Jason/B-1284-2009; Rodriguez, Sebastien/H-5902-2016; OI Barnes, Jason/0000-0002-7755-3530; Rodriguez, Sebastien/0000-0003-1219-0641; Soderblom, Jason/0000-0003-3715-6407; Le Corre, Lucille/0000-0003-0349-7932 FU French Space Agency (CNES) FX The author wish to thank Pascal Rannou for providing the total optical depth of methane in the atmosphere of Titan. The first author would like to thank Nantes Metropole for her Ph.D. grant. Thanks to the VIMS team for getting the data. We also thank T. McCord and G. Hansen for their constructive comments on a previous version of this paper. A part of this work was carried out at JPL under contract with NASA. Support by the French Space Agency (CNES) is greatly appreciated. NR 56 TC 20 Z9 20 U1 0 U2 4 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0032-0633 J9 PLANET SPACE SCI JI Planet Space Sci. PD JUN PY 2009 VL 57 IS 7 BP 870 EP 879 DI 10.1016/j.pss.2009.03.005 PG 10 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 459HF UT WOS:000267091500018 ER PT J AU Middleton, BA AF Middleton, Beth A. TI Regeneration potential of Taxodium distichum swamps and climate change SO PLANT ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Baldcypress; Climate drying; Distribution; Global warming; Latitude; Precipitation; Range compression; Seed bank; Seed dispersal; Temperature ID SEED BANK DYNAMICS; VEGETATION DYNAMICS; FORESTED WETLANDS; RIVER; GRADIENT; REPRODUCTION; RESTORATION; STRATEGIES; HYDROCHORY; BOUNDARIES AB Seed bank densities respond to factors across local to landscape scales, and therefore, knowledge of these responses may be necessary in forecasting the effects of climate change on the regeneration of species. This study relates the seed bank densities of species of Taxodium distichum swamps to local water regime and regional climate factors at five latitudes across the Mississippi River Alluvial Valley from southern Illinois to Louisiana. In an outdoor nursery setting, the seed banks of twenty-five swamps were exposed to non-flooded (freely drained) or flooded treatments, and the number and species of seeds germinating were recorded from each swamp during one growing season. Based on ANOVA analysis, the majority of dominant species had a higher rate of germination in non-flooded versus flooded treatments. Similarly, an NMS comparison, which considered the local water regime and regional climate of the swamps, found that the species of seeds germinating, almost completely shifted under non-flooded versus flooded treatments. For example, in wetter northern swamps, seeds of Taxodium distichum germinated in non-flooded conditions, but did not germinate from the same seed banks in flooded conditions. In wetter southern swamps, seeds of Eleocharis cellulosa germinated in flooded conditions, but did not germinate in non-flooded conditions. The strong relationship of seed germination and density relationships with local water regime and regional climate variables suggests that the forecasting of climate change effects on swamps and other wetlands needs to consider a variety of interrelated variables to make adequate projections of the regeneration responses of species to climate change. Because regeneration is an important aspect of species maintenance and restoration, climate drying could influence the species distribution of these swamps in the future. C1 USGS Natl Wetlands Res Ctr, Lafayette, LA 70506 USA. RP Middleton, BA (reprint author), USGS Natl Wetlands Res Ctr, 700 Cajundome Blvd, Lafayette, LA 70506 USA. EM middletonb@usgs.gov OI Middleton, Beth/0000-0002-1220-2326 FU United States Geological Survey [8343-9HC4F] FX This project was funded by the United States Geological Survey (8343-9HC4F). I would like to thank Ben Handley for field assistance on the project. Also thanks to Rassa Dale and Darren Johnson for statistical support, as well as Beth Vairin, Ken Krauss, Kari Foster, anonymous reviewers and the editor for critical review of the manuscript. NR 49 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 3 U2 18 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 1385-0237 J9 PLANT ECOL JI Plant Ecol. PD JUN PY 2009 VL 202 IS 2 BP 257 EP 274 DI 10.1007/s11258-008-9480-4 PG 18 WC Plant Sciences; Ecology; Forestry SC Plant Sciences; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Forestry GA 442FS UT WOS:000265826700006 ER PT J AU Leicht-Young, S Pavlovic, NB Grundel, R Frohnapple, KJ AF Leicht-Young, Stacey A. Pavlovic, Noel B. Grundel, Ralph Frohnapple, Krystalynn J. TI A comparison of seed banks across a sand dune successional gradient at Lake Michigan dunes (Indiana, USA) SO PLANT ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Dunes; Indiana; Lake Michigan; Oak savanna; Seed bank; Succession ID BURIED VIABLE SEEDS; BARRIER-ISLAND; VEGETATION; DISTURBANCE; RECRUITMENT; BEACH; CAPE AB In habitats where disturbance is frequent, seed banks are important for the regeneration of vegetation. Sand dune systems are dynamic habitats in which sand movement provides intermittent disturbance. As succession proceeds from bare sand to forest, the disturbance decreases. At Indiana Dunes National Lakeshore, we examined the seed banks of three habitat types across a successional gradient: foredunes, secondary dunes, and oak savanna. There were differences among the types of species that germinated from each of the habitats. The mean seed bank density increased across the successional gradient by habitat, from 376 to 433 to 968 seeds m(-2), but with foredune and secondary dune seed bank densities being significantly lower than the savanna seed bank density. The number of seeds germinated was significantly correlated with soil organic carbon, demonstrating for this primary successional sequence that seed density increases with stage and age. The seed bank had much lower species richness than that of the aboveground vegetation across all habitats. Among sites within a habitat type, the similarity of species germinated from the seed banks was very low, illustrating the variability of the seed bank even in similar habitat types. These results suggest that restoration of these habitats cannot rely on seed banks alone. C1 [Leicht-Young, Stacey A.; Pavlovic, Noel B.; Grundel, Ralph; Frohnapple, Krystalynn J.] US Geol Survey, Great Lakes Sci Ctr, Lake Michigan Ecol Stn, Porter, IN 46304 USA. RP Leicht-Young, S (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Great Lakes Sci Ctr, Lake Michigan Ecol Stn, 1100 N Mineral Springs Rd, Porter, IN 46304 USA. EM sleichtyoung@usgs.gov NR 31 TC 14 Z9 16 U1 3 U2 85 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 1385-0237 J9 PLANT ECOL JI Plant Ecol. PD JUN PY 2009 VL 202 IS 2 BP 299 EP 308 DI 10.1007/s11258-008-9484-0 PG 10 WC Plant Sciences; Ecology; Forestry SC Plant Sciences; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Forestry GA 442FS UT WOS:000265826700009 ER PT J AU Waythomas, CF Watts, P Shi, FY Kirby, JT AF Waythomas, Christopher F. Watts, Philip Shi, Fengyan Kirby, James T. TI Pacific Basin tsunami hazards associated with mass flows in the Aleutian arc of Alaska SO QUATERNARY SCIENCE REVIEWS LA English DT Review ID NEW-GUINEA TSUNAMI; SUBMARINE LANDSLIDES; UNDERWATER LANDSLIDES; NUMERICAL SIMULATIONS; WAVE TRANSFORMATION; GENERATED TSUNAMI; PYROCLASTIC FLOW; SOURCE MECHANISM; WATER-WAVES; JULY 1998 AB We analyze mass-flow tsunami generation for selected areas within the Aleutian arc of Alaska using results from numerical simulation of hypothetical but plausible mass-flow sources such as submarine landslides and volcanic debris avalanches. The Aleutian arc consists of a chain of volcanic mountains, volcanic islands, and submarine canyons, surrounded by a low-relief continental shelf above about 10002000 m water depth. Parts of the arc are fragmented into a series of fault-bounded blocks, tens to hundreds of kilometers in length, and separated from one another by distinctive fault-controlled canyons that are roughly normal to the arc axis. The canyons are natural regions for the accumulation and conveyance of sediment derived from glacial and volcanic processes. The volcanic islands in the region include a number of historically active volcanoes and some possess geological evidence for large-scale sector collapse into the sea. Large scale mass-flow deposits have not been mapped on the seafloor south of the Aleutian Islands, in part because most of the area has never been examined at the resolution required to identify such features, and in part because of the complex nature of erosional and depositional processes. Extensive submarine landslide deposits and debris flows are known on the north side of the arc and are common in similar settings elsewhere and thus they likely exist oil the trench slope south of the Aleutian Islands. Because the Aleutian arc is surrounded by deep, open ocean, mass flows of unconsolidated debris that originate either as submarine landslides or as volcanic debris avalanches entering the sea may be potential tsunami sources. To test this hypothesis we present a series of numerical simulations of submarine mass-flow initiated tsunamis from eight different source areas. We consider four submarine mass flows originating in submarine canyons and four flows that evolve from submarine landslides on the trench slope. The flows have lengths that range from 40 to 80 km, maximum thicknesses of 400-800 in, and maximum widths of 10-40 km. We also evaluate tsunami generation by volcanic debris avalanches associated with flank collapse, at four locations (Makushin, Cleveland. Seguam and Yunaska SW volcanoes), which represent large to moderate sized events in this region. We calculate tsunami sources using the numerical model TOPICS and simulate wave propagation across the Pacific using a spherical Boussinesq model, which is a modified version of the public domain code FUNWAVE. Our numerical simulations indicate that geologically plausible mass flows originating in the North Pacific near the Aleutian Islands can indeed generate large local tsunamis as well as large transoceanic tsunamis. These waves may be several meters in elevation at distal locations, such as Japan, Hawaii, and along the North and South American coastlines where they would constitute significant hazards. Published by Elsevier Ltd. C1 [Waythomas, Christopher F.] US Geol Survey, Alaska Sci Ctr, Alaska Volcano Observ, Anchorage, AK 99508 USA. [Watts, Philip] Appl Fluids Engn Inc, Long Beach, CA 90803 USA. [Shi, Fengyan; Kirby, James T.] Univ Delaware, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Ctr Appl Coastal Res, Newark, DE 19716 USA. RP Waythomas, CF (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Alaska Sci Ctr, Alaska Volcano Observ, 4230 Univ Dr,Suite 201, Anchorage, AK 99508 USA. EM chris@usgs.gov NR 104 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 18 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0277-3791 J9 QUATERNARY SCI REV JI Quat. Sci. Rev. PD JUN PY 2009 VL 28 IS 11-12 SI SI BP 1006 EP 1019 DI 10.1016/j.quascirev.2009.02.019 PG 14 WC Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Physical Geography; Geology GA 455IB UT WOS:000266750900003 ER PT J AU Thenkabail, PS Dheeravath, V Biradar, CM Gangalakunta, ORP Noojipady, P Gurappa, C Velpuri, M Gumma, M Li, YJ AF Thenkabail, Prasad S. Dheeravath, Venkateswarlu Biradar, Chandrashekhar M. Gangalakunta, Obi Reddy P. Noojipady, Praveen Gurappa, Chandrakantha Velpuri, Manohar Gumma, Muralikrishna Li, Yuanjie TI Irrigated Area Maps and Statistics of India Using Remote Sensing and National Statistics SO REMOTE SENSING LA English DT Article DE GIAM; irrigated areas; India; remote sensing; irrigation statistics AB The goal of this research was to compare the remote-sensing derived irrigated areas with census-derived statistics reported in the national system. India, which has nearly 30% of global annualized irrigated areas (AIAs), and is the leading irrigated area country in the World, along with China, was chosen for the study. Irrigated areas were derived for nominal year 2000 using time-series remote sensing at two spatial resolutions: (a) 10-km Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) and (b) 500-m Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS). These areas were compared with the Indian National Statistical Data on irrigated areas reported by the: (a) Directorate of Economics and Statistics (DES) of the Ministry of Agriculture (MOA), and (b) Ministry of Water Resources (MoWR). A state-by-state comparison of remote sensing derived irrigated areas when compared with MoWR derived irrigation potential utilized (IPU), an equivalent of AIA, provided a high degree of correlation with R-2 values of: (a) 0.79 with 10-km, and (b) 0.85 with MODIS 500-m. However, the remote sensing derived irrigated area estimates for India were consistently higher than the irrigated areas reported by the national statistics. The remote sensing derived total area available for irrigation (TAAI), which does not consider intensity of irrigation, was 101 million hectares (Mha) using 10-km and 113 Mha using 500-m. The AIAs, which considers intensity of irrigation, was 132 Mha using 10-km and 146 Mha using 500-m. In contrast the IPU, an equivalent of AIAs, as reported by MoWR was 83 Mha. There are "large variations" in irrigated area statistics reported, even between two ministries (e.g., Directorate of Statistics of Ministry of Agriculture and Ministry of Water Resources) of the same national system. The causes include: (a) reluctance on part of the states to furnish irrigated area data in view of their vested interests in sharing of water, and (b) reporting of large volumes of data with inadequate statistical analysis. Overall, the factors that influenced uncertainty in irrigated areas in remote sensing and national statistics were: (a) inadequate accounting of irrigated areas, especially minor irrigation from groundwater, in the national statistics, (b) definition issues involved in mapping using remote sensing as well as national statistics, (c) difficulties in arriving at precise estimates of irrigated area fractions (IAFs) using remote sensing, and (d) imagery resolution in remote sensing. The study clearly established the existing uncertainties in irrigated area estimates and indicates that both remote sensing and national statistical approaches require further refinement. The need for accurate estimates of irrigated areas are crucial for water use assessments and food security studies and requires high emphasis. C1 [Thenkabail, Prasad S.] US Geol Survey, SW Geog Sci Ctr, Flagstaff, AZ 86001 USA. [Dheeravath, Venkateswarlu] United Nations Joint Logist Ctr, Juba, Sudan. [Biradar, Chandrashekhar M.] Univ Oklahoma, Norman, OK 73019 USA. [Gangalakunta, Obi Reddy P.] Natl Bur Soil Survey & Land Use Planning, Nagpur, Maharashtra, India. [Noojipady, Praveen; Li, Yuanjie] Univ Maryland, Dept Geog, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. [Gurappa, Chandrakantha] Kuvempu Univ, Dept Appl Geol, Shankaraghatta, Karnataka, India. [Velpuri, Manohar] S Dakota State Univ, Geog Informat Sci Ctr Excellence, Brookings, SD 57007 USA. [Gumma, Muralikrishna] IWMI, Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh, India. RP Thenkabail, PS (reprint author), US Geol Survey, SW Geog Sci Ctr, Flagstaff, AZ 86001 USA. EM pthenkabail@usgs.gov; vdheeravath@gmail.com; chandra.biradar@ou.edu; obireddygp@gmail.com; pnoojipa@umd.edu; chandrakantha_g@yahoo.co.in; Manohar.Velpuri@sdstate.edu; muraligk5@gmail.com; lyuanjie@umd.edu RI Velpuri, Naga Manohar/A-5193-2013 OI Velpuri, Naga Manohar/0000-0002-6370-1926 FU GIAM project FX Authors are very grateful to Prof. Frank Rijsberman, former DG, IWMI, for great support for GIAM project. Authors also thankful to Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR), India for encouraging an India-focused GIAM work. The encouragement of Director, National Bureau of Soil Survey & Land Use Planning (NBSS&LUP) is greatly acknowledged. The support of staff at IWMI (Delhi office) has greatly acknowledged. The help and suggestions received from Mr. Upali Amarasinghe (IWMI) in preparation of manuscript are much appreciated. Authors would like to thank the 2 anonymous reviewers for providing very helpful and positive comments that certainly improved the quality of this paper. The manuscript is not internally reviewed by USGS, so in no way does the views expressed in the paper can be attributed to USGS. NR 19 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 14 PU MDPI AG PI BASEL PA POSTFACH, CH-4005 BASEL, SWITZERLAND SN 2072-4292 J9 REMOTE SENS-BASEL JI Remote Sens. PD JUN PY 2009 VL 1 IS 2 BP 50 EP 67 DI 10.3390/rs1020050 PG 18 WC Remote Sensing SC Remote Sensing GA V24HB UT WOS:000208400400002 ER PT J AU Peden-Adams, MM Stuckey, JE Gaworecki, KM Berger-Ritchie, J Bryant, K Jodice, PG Scott, TR Ferrario, JB Guan, B Vigo, C Boone, JS McGuinn, WD DeWitt, JC Keil, DE AF Peden-Adams, Margie M. Stuckey, Joyce E. Gaworecki, Kristen M. Berger-Ritchie, Jennifer Bryant, Kathy Jodice, Patrick G. Scott, Thomas R. Ferrario, Joseph B. Guan, Bing Vigo, Craig Boone, J. Scott McGuinn, W. David DeWitt, Jamie C. Keil, Deborah E. TI Developmental toxicity in white leghorn chickens following in ovo exposure to perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) SO REPRODUCTIVE TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Workshop on Perfluorooctanoic Acid Toxicokinetics and Mechanisms of Toxicity CY 2007 CL Res Triangle Pk, NC SP US Environm Protect Agcy DE PFOS; Immune; Developmental; In ovo; Embryonic; Bird; ALT; Cholesterol; Brain asymmetry ID PERFLUORINATED ALKYL SUBSTANCES; AMMONIUM PERFLUOROOCTANOATE; PEROXISOME PROLIFERATOR; POLYFLUOROALKYL COMPOUNDS; IMMUNE-SYSTEM; TRICHLOROETHYLENE TCE; POTENTIAL BIOMARKER; TURSIOPS-TRUNCATUS; CELL-PROLIFERATION; HUMORAL IMMUNITY AB Studies show that perfluorinated compounds cause various toxicological effects; nevertheless. effects on immune function and developmental endpoints have not been addressed at length. This study examined the effects of perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) in white leghorn hatchlings on various developmental, immunological, and clinical health parameters. In addition, serum PFOS concentrations were determined by LC/MS/MS. Embryonic day (ED) 0 eggs were injected with either safflower oil/10% DMSO (control, 0 mg/kg egg wt) or PFOS in safflower oil/10% DMSO at 1, 2.5, or 5 mg/kg egg wt, and the chicks were grown to post-hatch day (PHD) 14. Treatment with PFOS did not affect hatch rate. Following in ovo exposure chicks exhibited increases in spleen mass at all treatment levels, in liver mass at 2.5 and 5 mg/kg egg wt, and in body length (crown-rump length) at the 5 mg/kg treatment. Right wings were shorter in all treatments compared to control. Increases in the frequency of brain asymmetry were evident in all treatment groups. SRBC-specific immunoglobulin (IgM and IgY combined) titers were decreased significantly at all treatment levels, while plasma lysozyme activity was increased at all treatment levels. The PHA skin test response decreased in relation to increasing PFOS dose. Serum concentrations where significant immunological, morphological, and neurological effects were observed at the lowest dose (I mg/kg egg wt) averaged 154ng PFOS/g serum. These concentrations fall within environmental ranges reported in blood samples from wild caught avian species; thereby, verifying that the environmental egg concentrations used for the injections do indeed relate to serum levels in hatchlings that are also environmentally relevant. These data indicate that immune alterations and brain asymmetry can occur in birds following in ovo exposure to environmentally relevant concentrations of PFOS and demonstrates the need for further research on the developmental effects of perfluorinated compounds in various species. (C) 2009 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. C1 [Peden-Adams, Margie M.] MUSC, Dept Pediat, Charleston, SC 29412 USA. [Peden-Adams, Margie M.] MUSC, Marine Biomed & Environm Sci Ctr, Charleston, SC 29412 USA. [Peden-Adams, Margie M.; Stuckey, Joyce E.] Coll Charleston, Grice Marine Lab, Charleston, SC 29401 USA. [Gaworecki, Kristen M.; Bryant, Kathy] Clemson Univ, Inst Environm Toxicol, Pendleton, SC USA. [Berger-Ritchie, Jennifer; Keil, Deborah E.] Univ Nevada, Clin Sci Lab, Las Vegas, NY USA. [Jodice, Patrick G.] Clemson Univ, US Geol Survey, S Carolina Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Clemson, SC USA. [Jodice, Patrick G.] Clemson Univ, Dept Forestry & Nat Resources, Clemson, SC USA. [Scott, Thomas R.] Clemson Univ, Dept Anim & Vet Sci, Clemson, SC USA. [McGuinn, W. David] US FDA, Silver Spring, MD USA. [DeWitt, Jamie C.] E Carolina Univ, Brody Sch Med, Dept Pharmacol & Toxicol, Greenville, NC USA. RP Peden-Adams, MM (reprint author), MUSC, Dept Pediat, 221 Ft Johnson Rd, Charleston, SC 29412 USA. EM pedenadams@gmail.com OI DeWitt, Jamie/0000-0002-0440-4059 NR 114 TC 24 Z9 27 U1 6 U2 22 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0890-6238 J9 REPROD TOXICOL JI Reprod. Toxicol. PD JUN PY 2009 VL 27 IS 3-4 BP 307 EP 318 DI 10.1016/j.reprotox.2008.10.009 PG 12 WC Reproductive Biology; Toxicology SC Reproductive Biology; Toxicology GA 445KQ UT WOS:000266050100011 PM 19071210 ER PT J AU Rowell-Garvon, SR Withers, K AF Rowell-Garvon, Shannon R. Withers, Kim TI BEHAVIOR AND HABITAT USE BY SHOREBIRDS IN AN URBAN WETLAND COMPLEX ALONG THE CENTRAL GULF COAST OF TEXAS SO SOUTHWESTERN NATURALIST LA English DT Article ID MIGRANT SHOREBIRDS; FEEDING-BEHAVIOR; DENSITY; CURLEW AB Shorebirds (Charadrii) spend the majority (ca. 70%) of their lifecycle it, wintering and migratory staging areas located on temperature and tropical coastlines; therefore, the implications of habitat loss and destruction require assessment of both marginal and prime habitats ill coastal areas, In this study, behavior Was used to determine use of habitat within an urban wetland complex located oil the Texas coast. Instantaneous scans were used to determine behavior of shorebirds in five habitat types: bayshore, tidal and isolated ponds, estuarine lakeshore, and it salt. marsh. Behavior of 22 species of shorebirds representing six guilds was documented. Of the shorebirds observed, 90% were foraging and significantly more were foraging than were engaged ill other activities. Foraging occurred significantly more ill tidal ponds than ill the four other habitats and foraging was greatest. ill spring. Behavioral, observations provided important insight into function of habitat., underscoring the need to incorporate behavioral studies into strategies to monitor shorebirds. C1 [Rowell-Garvon, Shannon R.] US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Ecol Serv Field Off, Corpus Christi, TX 78412 USA. [Withers, Kim] Texas A&M Univ, Ctr Coastal Studies, Corpus Christi, TX 78412 USA. RP Rowell-Garvon, SR (reprint author), Algoma Univ, Dept Biol & Chem, 1520 Queen St E,Sault Ste, Marie, ON P6A 2G4, Canada. EM shannon.rowell-garvon@algomau.ca NR 26 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 2 U2 19 PU SOUTHWESTERN ASSOC NATURALISTS PI SAN MARCOS PA SOUTHWEST TEXAS STATE UNIV, DEPT BIOLOGY, 601 UNIVERSITY DR, SAN MARCOS, TX 78666 USA SN 0038-4909 EI 1943-6262 J9 SOUTHWEST NAT JI Southw. Natural. PD JUN PY 2009 VL 54 IS 2 BP 127 EP 135 DI 10.1894/MH-15.1 PG 9 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 458QS UT WOS:000267039200002 ER PT J AU Martin, BA Saiki, MK AF Martin, Barbara A. Saiki, Michael. K. TI TROPHIC RELATIONSHIPS OF SMALL NONNATIVE FISHES IN A NATURAL CREEK AND SEVERAL AGRICULTURAL DRAINS FLOWING INTO THE SALTON SEA, AND THEIR POTENTIAL EFFECTS ON THE ENDANGERED DESERT PUPFISH SO SOUTHWESTERN NATURALIST LA English DT Article ID LOWER COLORADO RIVER; SAROTHERODON-MOSSAMBICUS; SOUTHWESTERN FISHES; LIFE-HISTORY; MUDDY RIVER; LAKE TROUT; PREDATION; FOOD; CONSERVATION; POPULATION AB This Study was conducted to characterize trophic relationships of small nonnative fishes and to determine if predation by these fishes Contributes to the decline of desert pupfish (Cyprinodon macularius), an endangered cyprinodont on the verge Of extinction. We sampled 403 hybrid Mozambique tilapias (Oreochromis mossambica by O. urolepis), 107 redbelly tilapias (Tilapia zillii), 32 longjaw mudsuckers (Gillichthys mirabilis), 182 western mosquitofish (Gambusia affinis), 222 sailfin mollies (Poecilia latipinna), 63 shortfin mollies (Poecilia mexicana), and 235 porthole livebearers (Poeciliopsis gracilis) from a natural creek and four agricultural drains during September 1999-December 2001. Evidence of piscivory was in gastrointestinal contents of 14 hybrid Mozambique tilapias, 3 redbelly tilapias, 10 longjaw mudsuckers, 8 western mosquitofish, 2 sailfin mollies, and 8 porthole livebearers. Although digestion often was too advanced for identification of fishes consumed by normative fishes, remains of desert pupfish were in gastrointestinal contents of a longjaw mudsticker. Our findings, along with field evidence front other studies that inverse relationships exist between abundances of desert pupfish and nonnative species, are consistent with the hypothesis that predation by nonnative species is contributing to decline of desert pupfish. We suspect that competitive interactions with normative fishes might also adversely affect abundance of desert pupfish. C1 [Martin, Barbara A.; Saiki, Michael. K.] US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Western Fisheries Res Ctr, Dixon Duty Stn, Dixon, CA 95620 USA. RP Martin, BA (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Western Fisheries Res Ctr, Dixon Duty Stn, 6924 Tremont Rd, Dixon, CA 95620 USA. EM barbara_ann_martin@usgs.gov NR 63 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 2 U2 12 PU SOUTHWESTERN ASSOC NATURALISTS PI SAN MARCOS PA SOUTHWEST TEXAS STATE UNIV, DEPT BIOLOGY, 601 UNIVERSITY DR, SAN MARCOS, TX 78666 USA SN 0038-4909 J9 SOUTHWEST NAT JI Southw. Natural. PD JUN PY 2009 VL 54 IS 2 BP 156 EP 165 DI 10.1894/GG-25.1 PG 10 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 458QS UT WOS:000267039200006 ER PT J AU Whittier, JB Leslie, DM AF Whittier, Joanna B. Leslie, David M., Jr. TI SURVIVAL AND MOVEMENT OF CHICKS OF THE LEAST TERN (STERNA ANTILLARUM) ON AN ALKALINE FLAT SO SOUTHWESTERN NATURALIST LA English DT Article ID LOWER MISSISSIPPI RIVER; ATHALASSOS; OKLAHOMA; COLONIES; ECOLOGY; HABITAT; SUCCESS; BIRDS; USA AB Survival of chicks of the interior least term (Sterna antillarum athalassos) hits been difficult to estimate due to their semi-precocial development and cry tic coloration. After chicks disperse from the nest, they rarely are relocated. Our objectives were to estimate survival of chicks and study their movement patterns. In 1999, we attached radiotransmitters to 25 chicks and tracked them for 2-19 (lays depending on retention of transmitter. Because fate could not be determined always when signals were lost, a high and low estimate of survival Was calculated. Kaplan-Meier estimates Of survival were calculated first by assuming that all lost signals represented mortalities, and second that these transmitters failed and chicks were alive. This resulted in it minimum estimate of 5% of chicks surviving at the end of the study period and a high of 27%. Five chicks fledged, six died, and fate of the remaining 14 was undetermined. Although chicks appeared to allocate a substantial part of their daily movement to nocturnal periods, average rates of diurnal (7.6 m/h) and nocturnal movement (12.5 m/h) did not differ. Chicks primarily moved toward stable sources of water. C1 [Whittier, Joanna B.] Oklahoma State Univ, Dept Zool, Oklahoma Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Stillwater, OK 74078 USA. [Leslie, David M., Jr.] Oklahoma State Univ, US Geol Survey, Oklahoma Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Dept Nat Resource Ecol & Management, Stillwater, OK 74078 USA. RP Whittier, JB (reprint author), Kansas State Univ, Kansas Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Manhattan, KS 66506 USA. EM whittier@ksu.edu NR 25 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 2 U2 10 PU SOUTHWESTERN ASSOC NATURALISTS PI SAN MARCOS PA SOUTHWEST TEXAS STATE UNIV, DEPT BIOLOGY, 601 UNIVERSITY DR, SAN MARCOS, TX 78666 USA SN 0038-4909 J9 SOUTHWEST NAT JI Southw. Natural. PD JUN PY 2009 VL 54 IS 2 BP 176 EP 181 DI 10.1894/MH-29.1 PG 6 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 458QS UT WOS:000267039200008 ER PT J AU Valdez, EW Cryan, PM AF Valdez, Ernest W. Cryan, Paul M. TI FOOD HABITS OF THE HOARY BAT (LASIURUS CINEREUS) DURING SPRING MIGRATION THROUGH NEW MEXICO SO SOUTHWESTERN NATURALIST LA English DT Article ID LASIONYCTERIS-NOCTIVAGANS BATS; RANGE FORAGING STRATEGIES; PREY SELECTION; WIND TURBINES; NORTH-AMERICA; FATALITIES; CONSEQUENCES; POPULATIONS; COMMUNITY AB Hoary bats (Lasiurus cinereus) exhibit continental patterns of migration thin arc unique to bats, but. details about their behaviors during migration are lacking. We captured 177 hoary bats in spring and early summer 2002 as individuals migrated through the Sandia Mountains of north-central New Mexico. Our results support, earlier observations of asynchronous timing of migration between sexes of L cinereus during spring, with females preceding males by ca. 1 month. We provide the first evidence that. hoary bats may travel in dispersed groups, fly below the tree canopy along streams, and feed while migrating during spring. Analysis of guano revealed that diet of L. cinereus consisted mostly of moths, with more than one-half of samples identified as Noctuidae and Geometridae. We observed a late-spring decline in consumption of moths that might be related to seasonal changes in abundance of prey, differential selection of prey by bats, or sampling bias. We suspect that spring migration of L. cinereus through New Mexico temporally coincides with the seasonal abundance of moths. C1 [Valdez, Ernest W.] Univ New Mexico, US Geol Survey, Ft Collins Sci Ctr, Arid Lands Field Stn,Dept Biol, Albuquerque, NM 87131 USA. [Cryan, Paul M.] US Geol Survey, Ft Collins Sci Ctr, Ft Collins, CO 80526 USA. RP Valdez, EW (reprint author), Univ New Mexico, US Geol Survey, Ft Collins Sci Ctr, Arid Lands Field Stn,Dept Biol, MSC03 2020, Albuquerque, NM 87131 USA. EM ernie@usgs.gov OI Cryan, Paul/0000-0002-2915-8894 NR 32 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 3 U2 28 PU SOUTHWESTERN ASSOC NATURALISTS PI SAN MARCOS PA SOUTHWEST TEXAS STATE UNIV, DEPT BIOLOGY, 601 UNIVERSITY DR, SAN MARCOS, TX 78666 USA SN 0038-4909 J9 SOUTHWEST NAT JI Southw. Natural. PD JUN PY 2009 VL 54 IS 2 BP 195 EP 200 DI 10.1894/PS-45.1 PG 6 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 458QS UT WOS:000267039200010 ER PT J AU Harvey, JW Harr, KE Murphy, D Walsh, MT Nolan, EC Bonde, RK Pate, MG Deutsch, CJ Edwards, HH Clapp, WL AF Harvey, John W. Harr, Kendal E. Murphy, David Walsh, Michael T. Nolan, Elizabeth C. Bonde, Robert K. Pate, Melanie G. Deutsch, Charles J. Edwards, Holly H. Clapp, William L. TI Hematology of healthy Florida manatees (Trichechus manatus) SO VETERINARY CLINICAL PATHOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Heinz bodies; hematology; reticulocyte; manatees; schistocyte; stomatocyte ID LONG-TERM; LATIROSTRIS AB Hematologic analysis is an important tool in evaluating the general health status of free-ranging manatees and in the diagnosis and monitoring of rehabilitating animals. The purpose of this study was to evaluate diagnostically important hematologic analytes in healthy manatees (Trichechus manatus) and to assess variations with respect to location (free ranging vs captive), age class (small calves, large calves, subadults, and adults), and gender. Blood was collected from 55 free-ranging and 63 captive healthy manatees. Most analytes were measured using a CELL-DYN 3500R; automated reticulocytes were measured with an ADVIA 120. Standard manual methods were used for differential leukocyte counts, reticulocyte and Heinz body counts, and plasma protein and fibrinogen concentrations. Rouleaux, slight polychromasia, stomatocytosis, and low numbers of schistocytes and nucleated RBCs (NRBCs) were seen often in stained blood films. Manual reticulocyte counts were higher than automated reticulocyte counts. Heinz bodies were present in erythrocytes of most manatees. Compared with free-ranging manatees, captive animals had slightly lower MCV, MCH, and eosinophil counts and slightly higher heterophil and NRBC counts, and fibrinogen concentration. Total leukocyte, heterophil, and monocyte counts tended to be lower in adults than in younger animals. Small calves tended to have higher reticulocyte counts and NRBC counts than older animals. Hematologic findings were generally similar between captive and free-ranging manatees. Higher manual reticulocyte counts suggest the ADVIA detects only reticulocytes containing large amounts of RNA. Higher reticulocyte and NRBC counts in young calves probably reflect an increased rate of erythropoiesis compared with older animals. C1 [Harvey, John W.] Univ Florida, Coll Vet Med, Dept Physiol Sci, Off Dean, Gainesville, FL 32610 USA. [Harr, Kendal E.] Univ Florida, Coll Vet Med, Dept Large Anim Clin Sci, Gainesville, FL 32610 USA. [Murphy, David] Lowry Pk Zoo, Tampa, FL USA. [Walsh, Michael T.; Nolan, Elizabeth C.] SeaWorld Orlando, Orlando, FL USA. [Bonde, Robert K.] US Geol Survey, Florida Integrat Sci Ctr, Sirenia Project, Gainesville, FL USA. [Deutsch, Charles J.] Florida Fish & Wildlife Conservat Commiss, Fish & Wildlife Res Inst, Wildlife Res Lab, Gainesville, FL USA. [Edwards, Holly H.] Florida Fish & Wildlife Conservat Commiss, Fish & Wildlife Res Inst, St Petersburg, FL USA. [Clapp, William L.] Univ Florida, Coll Med, Dept Pathol, Gainesville, FL USA. RP Harvey, JW (reprint author), Univ Florida, Coll Vet Med, Dept Physiol Sci, Off Dean, POB 100125, Gainesville, FL 32610 USA. EM harveyj@vetmed.ufl.edu OI Harr, Kendal/0000-0001-5390-3586; Bonde, Robert/0000-0001-9179-4376 FU Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission FX This work was supported by a grant from the Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission. We acknowledge the technical support of Tina Conrad, Kathleen Tripp, Kati Allison, Lavonne Williams, and Maxine Sacher at the University of Florida College of Veterinary Medicine; Angie Jones and Kate Sladek at Lowry Park Zoo; Maya Menchaca at Miami Seaquarium; M. Andrew Stamper and Jane Capobianco at Epcot's Living Seas, Walt Disney World Resorts; Mark Campbell at the Cincinnati Zoo; Charles Manire at Mote Marine Laboratory; and Linda Wright at the Department of Pathology, University of Florida. We thank the biologists working with the Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission and the US Geological Survey, whose tracking and capture expertise enabled the sampling of free-ranging animals for this study. We also thank all the husbandry staff of the oceanaria that helped restrain the animals and collect and process blood samples. The mention of trademarks or commercial products does not imply endorsement by the US Government. NR 24 TC 14 Z9 15 U1 1 U2 8 PU AMER SOC VETERINARY CLINICAL PATHOLOGY PI MADISON PA 2810 CROSSROADS DR, STE 3800, MADISON, WI 53718 USA SN 0275-6382 J9 VET CLIN PATH JI Vet. Clin. Pathol. PD JUN PY 2009 VL 38 IS 2 BP 183 EP 193 DI 10.1111/j.1939-165X.2009.00113.x PG 11 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA 453IE UT WOS:000266603300006 PM 19490571 ER PT J AU Johnson, DH Gibbs, JP Herzog, M Lor, S Niemuth, ND Ribic, CA Seamans, M Shaffer, TL Shriver, WG Stehman, SV Thompson, WL AF Johnson, Douglas H. Gibbs, James P. Herzog, Mark Lor, Socheata Niemuth, Neal D. Ribic, Christine A. Seamans, Mark Shaffer, Terry L. Shriver, W. Gregory Stehman, Stephen V. Thompson, William L. TI A Sampling Design Framework for Monitoring Secretive Marshbirds SO WATERBIRDS LA English DT Article DE marshbirds; monitoring; population; sampling design; survey ID ESTIMATING DETECTION PROBABILITIES; CALL-RESPONSE SURVEYS; POINT-COUNT SURVEYS; POPULATION TRENDS; RECORDED CALLS; BIRDS; RESOURCES; ABUNDANCE; TIME; WATERBIRDS AB A framework for a sampling plan for monitoring marshbird populations in the contiguous 48 states is proposed here. The sampling universe is the breeding habitat (i.e. wetlands) potentially used by marshbirds. Selection protocols would be implemented within each of large geographical strata, such as Bird Conservation Regions. Site selection will be done using a two-stage cluster sample. Primary sampling units (PSUs) would be land areas, such as legal townships, and would be selected by a procedure such as systematic sampling. Secondary sampling units (SSUs) will be wetlands or portions of wetlands in the PSUs. SSUs will be selected by a randomized spatially balanced procedure. For analysis, the use of a variety of methods as a means of increasing confidence in conclusions that may be reached is encouraged. Additional effort will be required to work out details and implement the plan. C1 [Johnson, Douglas H.] US Geol Survey, No Prairie Wildlife Res Ctr, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. [Gibbs, James P.; Stehman, Stephen V.] SUNY Syracuse, Coll Environm Sci & Forestry, Syracuse, NY 13210 USA. [Herzog, Mark] PRBO Conservat Sci, Petaluma, CA 94954 USA. [Lor, Socheata] US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Biol Monitoring Team, La Crosse, WI 54603 USA. [Niemuth, Neal D.] US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Habitat & Populat Evaluat Team, Bismarck, ND 58501 USA. [Ribic, Christine A.] Univ Wisconsin, US Geol Survey, Wisconsin Cooperat Wildlife Res Unit, Dept Forest & Wildlife Ecol, Madison, WI 53706 USA. [Seamans, Mark] US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Div Migratory Birds, Laurel, MD 20708 USA. [Shaffer, Terry L.] US Geol Survey, No Prairie Wildlife Res Ctr, Jamestown, ND 58401 USA. [Shriver, W. Gregory] Univ Delaware, Dept Entomol & Wildlife Ecol, Newark, DE 19717 USA. [Thompson, William L.] SW Alaska Inventory & Monitoring Network, Natl Pk Serv, Anchorage, AK 99501 USA. RP Johnson, DH (reprint author), US Geol Survey, No Prairie Wildlife Res Ctr, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. EM Douglas_H_Johnson@usgs.gov FU USGS Status and Trends of Biological Resources program FX We are grateful to: P. Dresler, former manager of the USGS Status and Trends of Biological Resources program, for funding this report; the agencies and organizations that employ the authors; C. J. Conway, K. L. Drake, D. Granfors, H. Laskowski, S. J. Lewis, J. Wheeler and three referees for comments; and C. L. Amundson for assistance with the manuscript. The findings and recommendations presented in this article are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the views of their employers. NR 50 TC 27 Z9 27 U1 1 U2 13 PU WATERBIRD SOC PI WASHINGTON PA NATL MUSEUM NATURAL HISTORY SMITHSONIAN INST, WASHINGTON, DC 20560 USA SN 1524-4695 J9 WATERBIRDS JI Waterbirds PD JUN PY 2009 VL 32 IS 2 BP 203 EP 215 DI 10.1675/063.032.0201 PG 13 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA 474EX UT WOS:000268266400001 ER PT J AU Andres, BA Johnson, JA Valenzuela, J Morrison, RIG Espinosa, LA Ross, RK AF Andres, Brad A. Johnson, James A. Valenzuela, Jorge Morrison, R. I. Guy Espinosa, Luis A. Ross, R. Ken TI Estimating Eastern Pacific Coast Populations of Whimbrels and Hudsonian Godwits, with an Emphasis on Chiloe Island, Chile SO WATERBIRDS LA English DT Article DE Chile; Chiloe Island; Hudsonian Godwit; Limosa haemastica; Numenius phaeopus; Pacific Coast; population; survey; shorebird; Whimbrel ID SHOREBIRDS; WETLANDS AB A large proportion of the Hudsonian Godwits (Limosa haemastica) spending the boreal winter along the eastern Pacific Ocean coast are known to occur in the vicinity of Chiloe Island, Chile, but the importance of the region to Whimbrels (Numenius phaeopus) is less known. Ground counts conducted in 2007 and 2008 increased published estimates, at a minimum, of Pacific coast populations by 27% for Whimbrels (33,150 individuals) and 51% for Hudsonian Godwits (21,161 individuals). Bays and shorelines in the Chiloe Island region supported 99% of Hudsonian Godwits and, perhaps, 61% of Whimbrels estimated to occur along the Pacific coast during the boreal winter. Whereas Hudsonian Godwits aggregated in shallow bays on the eastern and northern coast of Chiloe Island, Whimbrels were more dispersed along the island's coastline and reached a density of 7.5 birds/km along sheltered gravel shorelines. Bays in the vicinity of Chiloe's capital, Castro, provided important foraging and roosting habitat for non-breeding birds; these sites supported 52% of the Pacific coast population of Hudsonian Godwits and >4,000 Whimbrels. Low human disturbance in Pullao and Putemun bays makes these sites particularly attractive to non-breeding Hudsonian Godwits, and their permanent protection is urged. C1 [Andres, Brad A.] US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Div Migratory Bird Management, DFG Parfet, Denver, CO 80225 USA. [Johnson, James A.] US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Anchorage, AK 99503 USA. [Valenzuela, Jorge] Ctr Estudios & Conservac Patrimonio Nat, Freire 463, Castro, Chile. [Morrison, R. I. Guy] Environm Canada, Wildlife & Landscape Sci Directorate, Natl Wildlife Res Ctr, Ottawa, ON K1A 0H3, Canada. [Espinosa, Luis A.] Sociedad Ornitol Neotrop, Union Ornitol Chile, Puerto Varas, Chile. [Ross, R. Ken] Canadian Wildlife Serv, Environm Canada, Ottawa, ON K1A 0H3, Canada. RP Andres, BA (reprint author), US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Div Migratory Bird Management, DFG Parfet, POB 25486, Denver, CO 80225 USA. EM Brad_Andres@fws.gov FU U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Migratory Bird Management, Regions 7 and 9 and Environment Canada FX Andres and Johnson thank Valenzuela and Daniella Barria for graciously hosting them while on Chiloe Island and Espinosa for his continued hospitality. This project was supported by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Migratory Bird Management, Regions 7 and 9 and Environment Canada. NR 19 TC 6 Z9 9 U1 3 U2 10 PU WATERBIRD SOC PI WASHINGTON PA NATL MUSEUM NATURAL HISTORY SMITHSONIAN INST, WASHINGTON, DC 20560 USA SN 1524-4695 J9 WATERBIRDS JI Waterbirds PD JUN PY 2009 VL 32 IS 2 BP 216 EP 224 DI 10.1675/063.032.0202 PG 9 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA 474EX UT WOS:000268266400002 ER PT J AU Kenow, KP Adams, D Schoch, N Evers, DC Hanson, W Yates, D Savoy, L Fox, TJ Major, A Kratt, R Ozard, J AF Kenow, Kevin P. Adams, David Schoch, Nina Evers, David C. Hanson, William Yates, Dave Savoy, Lucas Fox, Timothy J. Major, Andrew Kratt, Robert Ozard, John TI Migration Patterns and Wintering Range of Common Loons Breeding in the Northeastern United States SO WATERBIRDS LA English DT Article DE Common Loon; Gavia immer; migration; movements; radio-mark; satellite telemetry; wintering ID MERCURY AB A study, using satellite telemetry, was conducted to determine the precise migration patterns and wintering locations of Common Loons (Gavia immer) breeding in the northeastern United States. Transmitters were implanted in 1 7 loons (16 adults and one juvenile) that were captured on breeding lakes in New York, New Hampshire, and Maine during the summers of 2003, 2004, and 2005. Transmitters from ten of the birds provided adequate location data to document movement to wintering areas. Most adult loons appeared to travel non-stop from breeding lakes, or neighboring lakes (within 15 km), to the Atlantic coast. Adult looms marked in New Hampshire and Maine wintered 152 to 239 km from breeding lakes, along the Maine coast. Adult loons marked in the Adirondack Park of New York wintered along the coasts of Massachusetts (414 km from breeding lake), Rhode Island (362 km), and southern New Jersey (527 km). Most of the loons remained relatively stationary throughout the winter, but the size of individual wintering areas of adult loons ringed front 43 to 1,159 km(2), based on a 95% fixed kernel utilization distribution probability. A juvenile bird from New York made a number of stops at lakes and reservoirs cn route to Long Island Sound (325 km front breeding lake). Maximum functional life of transmitters was about 12 months, providing an opportunity to document spring migration movements as well. This work provides essential information for development and implementation of regional Common Loon conservation strategies in the Northeastern U.S. C1 [Kenow, Kevin P.; Fox, Timothy J.; Kratt, Robert] US Geol Survey, Upper Midwest Environm Sci Ctr, La Crosse, WI 54603 USA. [Adams, David; Ozard, John] New York State Dept Environm Conservat, Albany, NY 12233 USA. [Schoch, Nina] Wildlife Conservat Soc Adirondack Loon Conservat, Saranac Lake, NY 12983 USA. [Evers, David C.; Yates, Dave; Savoy, Lucas] BioDivers Res Inst, Gorham, ME 04038 USA. [Hanson, William] FPL Energy Maine Hydro, Lewiston, ME 04240 USA. [Major, Andrew] US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Concord, NH 03301 USA. RP Kenow, KP (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Upper Midwest Environm Sci Ctr, La Crosse, WI 54603 USA. EM kkenow@usgs.gov OI Kenow, Kevin/0000-0002-3062-5197 NR 23 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 2 U2 20 PU WATERBIRD SOC PI WASHINGTON PA NATL MUSEUM NATURAL HISTORY SMITHSONIAN INST, WASHINGTON, DC 20560 USA SN 1524-4695 J9 WATERBIRDS JI Waterbirds PD JUN PY 2009 VL 32 IS 2 BP 234 EP 247 DI 10.1675/063.032.0204 PG 14 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA 474EX UT WOS:000268266400004 ER PT J AU Sachs, EB Jodice, PGR AF Sachs, Elena B. Jodice, Patrick G. R. TI Behavior of Parent and Nestling Brown Pelicans During Early Brood Rearing SO WATERBIRDS LA English DT Article DE Brown Pelican; chick age; feeding rate; parental attendance; Pelecanus occidentalis ID PREY-SIZE HYPOTHESIS; REDUCTION; GROWTH AB Since their recovery from population declines in the 1960s and 1970s, Brown Pelicans (Pelecanus occidentalis) have become a common breeder on the Atlantic coast of the southeastern U.S.A. Despite their relative abundance, few studies of their breeding biology have been conducted in this region. Parent and nestling behavior during early chick rearing were examined at a colony in Charleston Harbor, South Carolina. Rates of parental and chick feeding decreased linearly with chick age. Rates of parental attendance, chick begging and chick aggression all peaked when chicks were approximately 21 d post-hatching and then declined. Direct feeding events were never observed when chicks were < 11 d of age and indirect feeding events were rarely observed after chicks were > 15 d of age. The transition from indirect to direct feeding was not accompanied by a change in begging rates. Shifts in the frequencies of both parent and chick behaviors occurred at approximately three weeks post hatching, when chicks achieve thermoregulatory independence and become more mobile. These data suggest that any spatial or temporal comparisons of parent or chick behavior should be assessed in relation to the age category of the parent and the age of the chicks. C1 [Jodice, Patrick G. R.] Clemson Univ, US Geol Survey, S Carolina Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Clemson, SC 29634 USA. [Sachs, Elena B.; Jodice, Patrick G. R.] Clemson Univ, Dept Forestry & Nat Resources, Clemson, SC 29634 USA. RP Jodice, PGR (reprint author), Clemson Univ, US Geol Survey, S Carolina Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Clemson, SC 29634 USA. EM pjodice@clemson.edu FU South Carolina Department of Natural Resources; South Carolina Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit; Clemson University; U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service; U.S. Geological Survey FX This research was supported by a State Wildlife Grant from the South Carolina Department of Natural Resources with matching funds provided by the South Carolina Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit and Clemson University. Support was provided by the South Carolina Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, particularly C. Wakefield. Coastal Expeditions, Charleston, South Carolina, provided logistical support through the field season. L.. M. F. Eggert contributed advice and support throughout this research. We thank W. Bridges, F. Sanders, J. Fleming and two anonymous reviewers for comments on the manuscript. The South Carolina Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit is supported by the South Carolina Department of Natural Resources, Clemson University, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, and the U.S. Geological Survey. NR 26 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 8 PU WATERBIRD SOC PI WASHINGTON PA NATL MUSEUM NATURAL HISTORY SMITHSONIAN INST, WASHINGTON, DC 20560 USA SN 1524-4695 J9 WATERBIRDS JI Waterbirds PD JUN PY 2009 VL 32 IS 2 BP 276 EP 281 DI 10.1675/063.032.0207 PG 6 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA 474EX UT WOS:000268266400007 ER PT J AU White, TP Veit, RR Perry, MC AF White, Timothy P. Veit, Richard R. Perry, Matthew C. TI Feeding Ecology of Long-tailed Ducks Clangula hyemalis Wintering on the Nantucket Shoals SO WATERBIRDS LA English DT Article DE diet analysis; foraging behavior; Long-tailed Duck; pelagic amphipod; winter ecology ID GEORGES BANK; SEA DUCKS; MEGAPTERA-NOVAEANGLIAE; SOUTHERN GULF; SAND EEL; ABUNDANCE; MAINE; POPULATIONS; WHALES; PREY AB A substantial proportion, perhaps 30%, of the North American breeding population of Long-tailed Ducks (Clangula hyemalis) winter in the vicinity of Nantucket Island, Massachusetts. These birds spend the night on Nantucket Sound and commute during daylight hours to the Nantucket Shoals, which extend about 65 km offshore from the southeastern corner of Nantucket. Strip transects done from a single-engine plane in 1997 and 1998 indicated that Long-tailed Ducks foraged over the shallower (<= 20 m depth) portions of the Nantucket Shoals, up to 70 km offshore. Diet analyses of ten birds collected in February 1999 and five in December 2006 showed that they fed principally (106.6 +/- 42.0 individuals per crop) on Gammarus annulatus, a pelagic amphipod that often forms large aggregations, and is consumed by several species of fish and marine mammals. Our findings emphasize the importance of conservation of the Nantucket Shoals and the prevention of oil spills or other potentially harmful accidents. C1 [White, Timothy P.; Veit, Richard R.] CUNY Coll Staten Isl, Dept Biol, Staten Isl, NY 10314 USA. [Perry, Matthew C.] USGS Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, Laurel, MD 20708 USA. RP White, TP (reprint author), CUNY Coll Staten Isl, Dept Biol, 2800 Victory Blvd, Staten Isl, NY 10314 USA. EM Tim.P.White@gmail.com NR 40 TC 8 Z9 9 U1 3 U2 13 PU WATERBIRD SOC PI WASHINGTON PA NATL MUSEUM NATURAL HISTORY SMITHSONIAN INST, WASHINGTON, DC 20560 USA SN 1524-4695 J9 WATERBIRDS JI Waterbirds PD JUN PY 2009 VL 32 IS 2 BP 293 EP 299 DI 10.1675/063.032.0209 PG 7 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA 474EX UT WOS:000268266400009 ER PT J AU Torres-Dowdall, J Farmer, AH Bucher, EH Rye, RO Landis, G AF Torres-Dowdall, Julian Farmer, Adrian H. Bucher, Enrique H. Rye, Robert O. Landis, Garry TI Population Variation in Isotopic Composition of Shorebird Feathers: Implications for Determining Molting Grounds SO WATERBIRDS LA English DT Article DE Argentina; Calidris; Charadrius; deuterium; stable isotopes ID STABLE-ISOTOPES; MIGRATORY CONNECTIVITY; GEOGRAPHIC ASSIGNMENT; MIGRANT SONGBIRDS; WINTERING GROUNDS; ONLINE TECHNIQUE; HYDROGEN; ORIGINS; BIRDS; CARBON AB Stable isotope analyses have revolutionized the study of migratory connectivity. However, as with all tools, their limitations must, be understood in order to derive the maximum benefit of a particular application. The goal of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of stable isotopes of C, N, H, O and S for assigning known-origin feathers to the molting sites of migrant shorebird species wintering and breeding in Argentina. Specific objectives were to: 1) compare the efficacy of the technique for studying shorebird species with different migration patterns, life histories and habitat-use patterns; 2) evaluate the grouping of species with similar migration and habitat use patterns in a single analysis to potentially improve prediction accuracy; and 3) evaluate the potential gains in prediction accuracy that might be achieved front using multiple stable isotopes. The efficacy of stable isotope ratios to determine origin was found to vary with species. While one species (White-rumped Sandpiper, Calidris fuscicollis) had high levels of accuracy assigning samples to known origin (91% of samples correctly assigned), another (Collared Plover, Charadrius collaris) showed low levels of accuracy (52% of samples correctly assigned). Intra-individual variability may account for this difference: in efficacy. The prediction model for three species with similar migration and habitat-use patterns performed poorly compared with the model for just one of the species (71% versus 91% of samples correctly assigned). Thus, combining multiple sympatric species may not improve model prediction accuracy. Increasing the number of stable isotopes in the analyses increased the accuracy of assigning shorebirds to their molting origin, but the best combination - involving a subset of all the isotopes analyzed - varied among species. C1 [Torres-Dowdall, Julian] Colorado State Univ, Dept Biol, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. [Farmer, Adrian H.] US Geol Survey, Ft Collins Sci Ctr, Ft Collins, CO 80526 USA. [Bucher, Enrique H.] Univ Cordoba, Ctr Zool Aplicada, RA-5000 Cordoba, Argentina. [Rye, Robert O.; Landis, Garry] US Geol Survey, Denver, CO 80225 USA. RP Torres-Dowdall, J (reprint author), Colorado State Univ, Dept Biol, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. EM jdowdall@lamar.colostate.edu FU Program in Wildlife Management, Universidad Nacional de Cordoba, Argentina FX We acknowledge D. Ruiz Garcia and M. Ruiz Garcia for help with feather collection and C. Kester, C. Bern and C. Lillesve for help with stable isotopes analysis. The manuscript was improved by comments from B. Cade, R. Finer, K. Hobson and K. Langin. During this study JTD received financial support from the Program in Wildlife Management, Universidad Nacional de Cordoba, Argentina. NR 61 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 1 U2 9 PU WATERBIRD SOC PI WASHINGTON PA NATL MUSEUM NATURAL HISTORY SMITHSONIAN INST, WASHINGTON, DC 20560 USA SN 1524-4695 J9 WATERBIRDS JI Waterbirds PD JUN PY 2009 VL 32 IS 2 BP 300 EP 310 DI 10.1675/063.032.0210 PG 11 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA 474EX UT WOS:000268266400010 ER PT J AU Williford, D Woodin, MC Skoruppa, MK AF Williford, Damon Woodin, Marc C. Skoruppa, Mary Kay TI FACTORS INFLUENCING SELECTION OF ROAD CULVERTS AS WINTER ROOST SITES BY WESTERN BURROWING OWLS SO WESTERN NORTH AMERICAN NATURALIST LA English DT Article DE Western Burrowing Owl; Athene cunicularia hypugaea; winter; roost-site selection; road culvert; Texas ID ATHENE-CUNICULARIA-HYPUGAEA; SOUTHERN TEXAS; SPEOTYTO-CUNICULARIA; NESTING SUCCESS; IMPERIAL-VALLEY; IDAHO; CONSERVATION; CALIFORNIA; ECOLOGY; HABITAT AB The conversion of coastal prairie to farmland in southern Texas has drastically reduced the number of available animal burrows, thereby forcing western Burrowing Owls (Athene cunicularia hypugaea) wintering in southern Texas to use nontraditional roost sites such as roadside culverts. We studied factors influencing the selection of road culverts as roost sites by Borrowing Owls by comparing characteristics of 34 occupied and 100 unoccupied culverts. All occupied culverts were in agricultural habitat. Culverts with small diameters (<= 16 cm) and those with an east-west orientation were occupied by Borrowing Owls in greater proportions than were culverts with larger diameters or different orientations. Occupied culverts were also associated with absence of grass, absence of woody vegetation, and presence of crop stubble. Our results provide guidelines for making drainage culverts more attractive to Borrowing Owls, but rise of roadside culverts by Borrowing Owls may expose the owls to an increased risk of mortality from vehicle collisions.. To avoid this dilemma, our guidelines for culverts could also be adapted as criteria for installation of artificial burrows in habitats suitable for wintering Burrowing Owls. C1 [Williford, Damon] Texas A&M Univ Corpus Christi, Corpus Christi, TX 78412 USA. [Woodin, Marc C.; Skoruppa, Mary Kay] US Geol Survey, Texas Gulf Coast Field Res Stn, Corpus Christi, TX 78412 USA. RP Williford, D (reprint author), Texas A&M Univ Kingsville, Caesar Kleberg Wildlife Res Inst, Kingsville, TX 78363 USA. EM rook137@gmail.com FU U.S. Geological Survey, Columbia Environmental Research Center FX We thank J. Keppers, C. Littles, and A. Floyd for their assistance in the field. Figure I was provided by K. Chojnacki of the U.S. Geological Survey, Columbia Environmental Research Center. Our special thanks go to G.C. Hickman, G. Holroyd, H. Trefry, T. Langschied and the King Ranch, and to various landowners in southern Texas for allowing access to their land. We are grateful to B. Ortego, B. Millsap, and 2 anonymous reviewers for providing helpful reviews of the manuscript.. NR 48 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 3 U2 19 PU BRIGHAM YOUNG UNIV PI PROVO PA 290 LIFE SCIENCE MUSEUM, PROVO, UT 84602 USA SN 1527-0904 J9 WEST N AM NATURALIST JI West. North Am. Naturalist PD JUN PY 2009 VL 69 IS 2 BP 149 EP 154 DI 10.3398/064.069.0201 PG 6 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 475UQ UT WOS:000268387500001 ER PT J AU Ostoja, SM Schupp, EW Sivy, K AF Ostoja, Steven M. Schupp, Eugene W. Sivy, Kelly TI ANT ASSEMBLAGES IN INTACT BIG SAGEBRUSH AND CONVERTED CHEATGRASS-DOMINATED HABITATS IN TOOELE COUNTY, UTAH SO WESTERN NORTH AMERICAN NATURALIST LA English DT Article DE ants; invertebrates; ant communities; invasion; cheatgrass; Bromus tectorum; big sagebrush; Artemisia tridentata; Great Basin desert; ecological restoration ID BROMUS-TECTORUM; PLANT DIVERSITY; HARVESTER ANTS; FUNCTIONAL-GROUPS; SPECIES RICHNESS; STEPPE ECOSYSTEM; LAND MANAGEMENT; SOUTHERN IDAHO; GREAT-BASIN; SEED BANKS AB Biological invasions are one of the greatest threats to native species in natural ecological systems. One of the most successful invasive species is Bromus tectorum L. (cheatgrass), which is having marked impacts on native plant communities and ecosystem processes. However; we know little about the effects of this invasion on native animal species in the Intermountain West. Because ants have been used to detect ecological change associated with anthropogenic land use, they seem well suited for a preliminary evaluation of the consequences of cheatgrass-driven habitat conversion. In our study, we used pitfall traps to assess ant community assemblages in intact sagebrush and nearby cheatgrass-dominated vegetation. Ant abundance was about 10-fold greater in cheatgrass-dominated plots than in sagebrush Plots. We also noted differences in diversity and evenness between habitat types at both the species and the functional-group levels of organization. At the species level, Shannon's diversity index was greater in sagebrush plots than in cheatgrass-dominated Plots. However, at the functional-group level, Simpson's and Shannon's diversity indices and the Brillouin evenness index were greater in cheatgrass-dominated plots than in sagebrush plots. Further, common species/functional groups tended to be more abundant while less common species/functional groups tended to be less abundant in cheatgrass-dominated plots compared to intact sagebrush plots. Patterns appear to be at least partially related to resource availabilities. This initial survey of ant communities front intact-native and altered vegetation types may be indicative of similar trends of biodiversity shifts throughout the Intermountain West where cheatgrass has successfully replaced native species. We also discuss the implications of ant communities on land management activities, specifically in the context of aridland restoration. C1 [Ostoja, Steven M.; Schupp, Eugene W.; Sivy, Kelly] Utah State Univ, Dept Wildland Resources, Logan, UT 84322 USA. [Ostoja, Steven M.; Schupp, Eugene W.] Utah State Univ, Ctr Ecol, Logan, UT 84322 USA. RP Ostoja, SM (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Western Ecol Res Ctr, Yosemite Field Stn, 5083 Foresta Rd, El Portal, CA 95318 USA. EM sostoja@usgs.gov RI Schupp, Eugene/F-1834-2010 FU Cooperative State Research, Education, and Extension Service; U.S. Department of Agriculture [2001-52103-11322]; Utah Agricultural Experiment Station (UAES); Utah State University; Utah State University Ecology Center; Utah State University School of Graduate Studies; UAES [7965] FX Thanks go to Julie Rieder and Scott Newbold for field assistance and to Eli Samat for verifying ant identifications and preparing ant specimens in the laboratory Karen Beard, Chris Call, James MacMahon, and Tom Monaco provided helpful comments. Leticia Rios-Casanova, Rob Klinger, and an anonymous reviewer helped improve earlier versions of this manuscript. This research was supported by the Cooperative State Research, Education, and Extension Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, under Agreement No. 2001-52103-11322; the Utah Agricultural Experiment Station (UAES), Utah State University, Logan; a Utah State University Ecology Center research fellowship; and a Utah State University School of Graduate Studies dissertation fellowship. This manuscript was approved as UAES journal paper no. 7965. NR 62 TC 11 Z9 12 U1 2 U2 28 PU BRIGHAM YOUNG UNIV PI PROVO PA 290 LIFE SCIENCE MUSEUM, PROVO, UT 84602 USA SN 1527-0904 EI 1944-8341 J9 WEST N AM NATURALIST JI West. North Am. Naturalist PD JUN PY 2009 VL 69 IS 2 BP 223 EP 234 DI 10.3398/064.069.0211 PG 12 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 475UQ UT WOS:000268387500011 ER PT J AU Bakker, KK Higgins, KF AF Bakker, Kristel K. Higgins, Kenneth F. TI PLANTED GRASSLANDS AND NATIVE SOD PRAIRIE: EQUIVALENT HABITAT FOR GRASSLAND BIRDS? SO WESTERN NORTH AMERICAN NATURALIST LA English DT Article DE grassland birds; plant species diversity; planted cover types; native sod prairie; South Dakota; tallgrass prairie region; biofuels ID CONSERVATION RESERVE PROGRAM; AREA SENSITIVITY; POPULATION TRENDS; BREEDING BIRDS; NORTH-DAKOTA; ABUNDANCE; VEGETATION; FIELDS; PASSERINES; DENSITIES AB Little is known about how avian relationships to tracts of native sod prairie compare with avian relationships to single and multiple species of cool- and warm-season grassland plantings. We compared grassland bird species richness and density in 5 grassland cover types (n = 97) in the tallgrass prairie region of eastern South Dakota and western Minnesota, 2001-2004. Grassland bird species richness was significantly higher in native sod prairies than it m,as in all planted cover types except warm-season mixes. Grasslands dominated by exotic species did not support as many grassland bird species or have species densities as high as grasslands containing native species. Intermediate wheatgrass monotypes and cool-season mixes comprised of exotic species contained 40%-60% fewer grassland bird species than native sod prairie. Bobolink (Dolichonyx oryzivorus) density was 68% and 51% lower in intermediate wheatgrass monotypes and cool-season mixes, respectively, than it was in switchgrass monotypes. Clay-colored Sparrow (Spizella pallida) density was 75%-91% higher in native sod prairies than it was in any other cover type. Savannah Sparrow (Passerculus sandwichensis) density was 72% higher in native prairie than it was in grasslands dominated by exotic species. We recommend incorporating a diversity of native plant species into grassland plantings for biomass fuels or wildlife, rather than using monotypes or exotic species, to provide habitat for grassland birds. Although replacing croplands with planted grasslands would benefit grassland bird populations, we caution that replacing existing native sod tracts with planted grasslands would be detrimental to populations of several grassland bird species. C1 [Bakker, Kristel K.] Dakota State Univ, Coll Arts & Sci, Madison, SD 57042 USA. [Higgins, Kenneth F.] S Dakota State Univ, S Dakota Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, US Geol Survey, Brookings, SD 57007 USA. RP Bakker, KK (reprint author), Dakota State Univ, Coll Arts & Sci, 820 N Washington Ave, Madison, SD 57042 USA. EM kristel.bakker@dsu.edu FU South Dakota Agricultural Experiment Station; U.S. Department of Energy [DE-FC36-02G012028, DE-A105-900112194, DE-AC05-00OR22725]; Great Plains Institute for Sustainable Development, Minneapolis, MN; South Dakota Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit; South Dakota State University; South Dakota Department of Gaine, Fish and Parks; U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service; Wildlife Management Institute; U.S. Geological Survey FX We thank Douglas H. Johnson and 4 anonymous reviewers for providing helpful comments on this Manuscript. Julie Dejong, Amanda Geditz, Max Mills, and Aurora Roemmich assisted with field work. We are especially grateful to the landowners for permission to conduct research on their property. This research was funded in part by the South Dakota Agricultural Experiment Station;,the U.S. Department of Energy through contract DE-FC36-02G012028, A000 with the Great Plains Institute for Sustainable Development, Minneapolis, MN; and the U.S. Department of Energy through contract DE-A105-900112194 with Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL). ORNL is inanaged by UT-Battelle, LLC, I, or the U.S. Department of Energy under contract DE-AC05-00OR22725. Partial support for this project was provided by the South Dakota Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit in cooperation with South Dakota State University; the South Dakota Department of Gaine, Fish and Parks; the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service; the Wildlife Management Institute; and the U.S. Geological Survey. NR 44 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 1 U2 118 PU BRIGHAM YOUNG UNIV PI PROVO PA 290 LIFE SCIENCE MUSEUM, PROVO, UT 84602 USA SN 1527-0904 EI 1944-8341 J9 WEST N AM NATURALIST JI West. North Am. Naturalist PD JUN PY 2009 VL 69 IS 2 BP 235 EP 242 DI 10.3398/064.069.0212 PG 8 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 475UQ UT WOS:000268387500012 ER PT J AU Simpson, WG AF Simpson, William G. TI AMERICAN PIKAS INHABIT LOW-ELEVATION SITES OUTSIDE THE SPECIES' PREVIOUSLY DESCRIBED BIOCLIMATIC ENVELOPE SO WESTERN NORTH AMERICAN NATURALIST LA English DT Article DE climate change; Columbia River Gorge; low-elevation distribution; Ochotona princeps; paleoecological reconstruction; thermal limits ID OCHOTONA-PRINCEPS; GREAT-BASIN; POPULATION; PATTERNS; THERMOREGULATION; DEMOGRAPHY; BEHAVIOR; CLIMATE; FIELD AB It has been suggested that Nearctic pikas (Ochotona spp.) are good biogeographic indicators of regions containing rocky, mesic, and cool habitat characterized by long winters and short summers. I examined whether populations of pikas inhabiting distinct low-elevation locales (121-255 m) are faithfully restricted to long-winter and short-summer conditions by monitoring the climate associated with American pikas (Ochotona princeps) in the southern part of the Columbia River Gorge, Oregon. Ambient air temperatures and weather conditions in the vicinity of 4 pika-occupied rockslides were monitored with remote temperature loggers and weather stations from June 2000 to June 2001. Temperatures were compared to long-term averages recorded within the area. I detected pikas inhabiting locales where some temperatures lie outside of the limiting climatic Values previously calculated fur regions containing pikas. Mild winter temperatures at these pika locations show that long-winter temperatures and snow accumulation associated with typical habitat may not lie requirements for pikas in some low-elevation habitat. When using climatic conditions experienced by extant pikas to estimate local paleoenvironments surrounding fossil sites and to anticipate effects of climate charge 011 future pika distributions, I determined that pika sites in the Columbia River Gorge indicate that the association of pikas with long-winter habitat Should be considered uncertain. These results highlight the need for further investigation into how local temperatures affect the distribution, behavior, and persistence of low-elevation pikas. C1 [Simpson, William G.] Portland State Univ, Dept Biol, Portland, OR 97207 USA. RP Simpson, WG (reprint author), US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Abernathy Fish Technol Ctr, 1440 Abernathy Creek Rd, Longview, WA 98632 USA. EM william_simpson@fws.gov NR 32 TC 34 Z9 35 U1 1 U2 30 PU BRIGHAM YOUNG UNIV PI PROVO PA 290 LIFE SCIENCE MUSEUM, PROVO, UT 84602 USA SN 1527-0904 J9 WEST N AM NATURALIST JI West. North Am. Naturalist PD JUN PY 2009 VL 69 IS 2 BP 243 EP 250 DI 10.3398/064.069.0213 PG 8 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 475UQ UT WOS:000268387500013 ER PT J AU Frey, JK Fisher, RD Peurach, SC AF Frey, Jennifer K. Fisher, Robert D. Peurach, Suzanne C. TI CAPTURE LOCATIONS OF TWO ENDANGERED RODENTS DURING A 1902 EXPLORATION OF THE SACRAMENTO MOUNTAINS, NEW MEXICO SO WESTERN NORTH AMERICAN NATURALIST LA English DT Article DE Tamias minimus atristriatus; Zapus hudsonius luteus; Penasco least chipmunk; New Mexico meadow jumping mouse; distribution; New Mexico; Sacramento Mountains; type location; conservation ID ZAPUS-HUDSONIUS-LUTEUS; MEADOW JUMPING MOUSE AB We investigated localities from which Eutamias atristriatus Bailey, 1913 (= Tamias minimus atristriatus) and Zapus luteus Miller, 1911 (= Zapus hudsonius luteus) were collected during a 1902 survey ill the Sacramento Mountains, New Mexico, by the United States Biological Survey The locality from which the holotype of Eutamias atristriatus was collected is restricted to James Canyon rather than the Rio Penasco. Locality records indicate that the historical distribution of Zapus hudsonius luteus and its obligate wetland habitat were broader than currently realized. C1 [Frey, Jennifer K.] Frey Biol Res, Radium Springs, NM 88054 USA. [Fisher, Robert D.; Peurach, Suzanne C.] Natl Museum Nat Hist, USGS Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, Washington, DC 20013 USA. RP Frey, JK (reprint author), Frey Biol Res, Box 294, Radium Springs, NM 88054 USA. EM frey_b_r@fastwave.biz RI Frey, Jennifer/F-8945-2011 OI Frey, Jennifer/0000-0002-0122-2567 NR 19 TC 0 Z9 1 U1 1 U2 3 PU BRIGHAM YOUNG UNIV PI PROVO PA 290 LIFE SCIENCE MUSEUM, PROVO, UT 84602 USA SN 1527-0904 J9 WEST N AM NATURALIST JI West. North Am. Naturalist PD JUN PY 2009 VL 69 IS 2 BP 267 EP 271 DI 10.3398/064.069.0219 PG 5 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 475UQ UT WOS:000268387500019 ER PT J AU Hupp, CR Pierce, AR Noe, GB AF Hupp, Cliff R. Pierce, Aaron R. Noe, Gregory B. TI FLOODPLAIN GEOMORPHIC PROCESSES AND ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS OF HUMAN ALTERATION ALONG COASTAL PLAIN RIVERS, USA SO WETLANDS LA English DT Article DE channelization; dams; ecosystem services; fluvial geomorphology; sediment ID MISSISSIPPI RIVER; SPATIAL-PATTERNS; FLOW REGULATION; WATER-QUALITY; SEDIMENTATION; DOWNSTREAM; VEGETATION; EVOLUTION; STREAM; DAMS AB Human alterations along stream channels and within catchments have affected fluvial geomorphic processes worldwide. Typically these alterations reduce the ecosystem services that functioning floodplains provide; in this paper we are concerned with the sediment and associated material trapping service. Similarly, these alterations may negatively impact the natural ecology of floodplains through reductions in suitable habitats, biodiversity, and nutrient cycling. Dams, stream channelization, and levee/canal construction are common human alterations along Coastal Plain fluvial systems. We use three case studies to illustrate these alterations and their impacts on floodplain geomorphic and ecological processes. They include: 1) darns along the lower Roanoke River, North Carolina, 2) stream channelization in west Tennessee, and 3) multiple impacts including canal and artificial levee construction in the central Atchafalaya Basin, Louisiana. Human alterations typically shift affected streams away from natural dynamic equilibrium where net sediment deposition is, approximately, in balance with net erosion. Identification and understanding of critical fluvial parameters (e.g., stream gradient, grain-size, and hydrography) and spatial and temporal sediment deposition/erosion process trajectories should facilitate management efforts to retain and/or regain important ecosystem services. C1 [Hupp, Cliff R.; Noe, Gregory B.] US Geol Survey, Reston, VA 20192 USA. [Pierce, Aaron R.] Nicholls State Univ, Dept Biol Sci, Thibodaux, LA 70310 USA. RP Hupp, CR (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 430 Natl Ctr, Reston, VA 20192 USA. EM crhupp@usgs.gov RI Noe, Gregory/A-1365-2010; OI Noe, Gregory/0000-0002-6661-2646 NR 82 TC 39 Z9 41 U1 4 U2 65 PU SOC WETLAND SCIENTISTS PI LAWRENCE PA 810 E TENTH ST, P O BOX 1897, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0277-5212 J9 WETLANDS JI Wetlands PD JUN PY 2009 VL 29 IS 2 BP 413 EP 429 PG 17 WC Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 483SD UT WOS:000268987300002 ER PT J AU Schramm, HL Cox, MS Tietjen, TE Ezell, AW AF Schramm, Harold L., Jr. Cox, Michael S. Tietjen, Todd E. Ezell, Andrew W. TI NUTRIENT DYNAMICS IN THE LOWER MISSISSIPPI RIVER FLOODPLAIN: COMPARING PRESENT AND HISTORIC HYDROLOGIC CONDITIONS SO WETLANDS LA English DT Article DE aquatic ecosystem; fish; flood pulse; nitrogen; phosphorus; soils ID OMNIVOROUS GIZZARD SHAD; GULF-OF-MEXICO; BIOENERGETICS MODELS; PULSE CONCEPT; DENITRIFICATION; NITROGEN; WETLAND; CONNECTIVITY; TEMPERATE; BIOMASS AB Alterations to the lower Mississippi River-floodplain ecosystem to facilitate commercial navigation and to reduce flooding of agricultural lands mid communities in the historic floodplain have changed the hydrologic regime. As a result, the flood pulse usually has a lower water level, is of shorter duration, has colder water temperatures, and a smaller area of floodplain is inundated. Using average hydrologic conditions and water temperatures, we used established nitrogen and phosphorus processes in soils, an aquatic ecosystem model, and fish bioenergetic models to provide approximations of nitrogen and phosphorus flux in Mississippi River flood waters for the present conditions of a 2-month (mid-March to mid-May) flood pulse and for a 3-month (mid-March to mid-June), historic flood pulse. We estimated that the soils and aquatic biota can remove or sequester 542 and 976 kg nitrogen ha(-1) during the present and historic hydrologic conditions, respectively. Phosphorus, on the other hand, will be added to the water largely as a result of anaerobic soil conditions but moderated by biological uptake by aquatic biota during both present and historic hydrologic conditions. The floodplain and associated water bodies may provide an important management opportunity for reducing downstream transport of nitrogen in Mississippi River waters. C1 [Schramm, Harold L., Jr.] US Geol Survey, Mississippi Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Mississippi State, MS 39762 USA. [Cox, Michael S.] Mississippi State Univ, Dept Plant & Soil Sci, Mississippi State, MS 39762 USA. [Tietjen, Todd E.] Mississippi State Univ, Dept Wildlife & Fisheries, Mississippi State, MS 39762 USA. [Ezell, Andrew W.] Mississippi State Univ, Dept Forestry, Mississippi State, MS 39762 USA. RP Schramm, HL (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Mississippi Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Mail Stop 9691, Mississippi State, MS 39762 USA. EM hschramm@cfr.msstate.edu NR 53 TC 22 Z9 25 U1 4 U2 23 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0277-5212 EI 1943-6246 J9 WETLANDS JI Wetlands PD JUN PY 2009 VL 29 IS 2 BP 476 EP 487 PG 12 WC Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 483SD UT WOS:000268987300006 ER PT J AU Krauss, KW Duberstein, JA Doyle, TW Conner, WH Day, RH Inabinette, LW Whitbeck, JL AF Krauss, Ken W. Duberstein, Jamie A. Doyle, Thomas W. Conner, William H. Day, Richard H. Inabinette, L. Wayne Whitbeck, Julie L. TI SITE CONDITION, STRUCTURE, AND GROWTH OF BALDCYPRESS ALONG TIDAL/NON-TIDAL SALINITY GRADIENTS SO WETLANDS LA English DT Article DE climate change; fertility; flooding; hydroperiod; nitrogen; phosphorus; tidal swamp ID SEA-LEVEL RISE; REGRESSION QUANTILES; COASTAL FOREST; SEEDLINGS; SOIL; USA; PRODUCTIVITY; FLOODPLAIN; LOUISIANA; DYNAMICS AB This report documents changes in forest structure and growth potential of dominant trees in salt-impacted tidal and non-tidal baldcypress wetlands of the southeastern United States. We inventoried basal area and tree height, and monitored incremental growth (in basal area) of codominant baldcypress (Taxodium distichum) trees monthly, for over four years, to examine the inter-relationships among growth, site fertility, and soil physico-chemical characteristics. We found that salinity, soil total nitrogen (TN), flood duration, and flood frequency affected forest structure and growth the greatest. While mean annual site salinity ranged from 0.1 to 3.4 ppt, sites with salinity concentrations of 1.3 ppt or greater supported a basal area of less than 40 m(2)/ha. Where salinity was < 0.7 ppt, basal area was as high as 87 m(2)/ha. Stand height was also negatively affected by higher salinity. However, salinity related only to soil TN concentrations or to the relative balance between soil TN and total phosphorus (TP), which reached a maximum concentration between 1.2 and 2.0 ppt salinity. As estuarine influence shifts inland with sea-level rise, forest growth may become more strongly linked to salinity, not only due to salt effects but also as a consequence of site nitrogen imbalance. C1 [Krauss, Ken W.; Doyle, Thomas W.; Day, Richard H.] US Geol Survey, Natl Wetlands Res Ctr, Lafayette, LA 70506 USA. [Duberstein, Jamie A.; Conner, William H.; Inabinette, L. Wayne] Clemson Univ, Baruch Inst Coastal Ecol & Forest Sci, Georgetown, SC 29442 USA. [Whitbeck, Julie L.] Univ New Orleans, Dept Biol Sci, Pontchartrain Inst Environm Studies, New Orleans, LA 70148 USA. RP Krauss, KW (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Natl Wetlands Res Ctr, 700 Cajundome Blvd, Lafayette, LA 70506 USA. EM kkrauss@usgs.gov FU USGS Global Change Science Program; CSREES/USDA [SCZ-01710027] FX Funding for this study was provided by the USGS Global Change Science Program. We thank Sammy L. King, Jacoby Carter, Nicole Cormier, and two anonymous reviewers for comments on earlier manuscript drafts; Gregg Sneddon and Darren J. Johnson for conducting hydrologic and statistical analyses, respectively; and James B. Grace for offering valuable assistance with NMS analyses. We thank Jeffery Vernon, Jason K. Sullivan, Stephanie Beard, Andrew S. From, Travis L. Trahan, Isaac Wiggins, and Arianne P. Logwood for assistance with site set-up and data collection. We are grateful to the U.S. Department of Interior land management agencies that had an interest in and granted us access to swamps: Savannah National Wildlife Refuge (NWR), Waccamaw NWR, Mandalay NWR, Bayou Teche NWR, and Jean Lafitte National Historical Park and Preserve. Specifically, we acknowledge the support of Janet Ertel, Paul Yakupzack, William Russell Webb, John Robinette, Craig Sasser, Barrett Fortier, Nancy Walters, Jane Griess, Robert Rahn, and Don Williford. Portions of this material are based on work supported by the CSREES/USDA, under project no. SCZ-01710027. Technical contribution No. 5443 of the Clemson University Experiment Station. Any use of trade, product, or firm names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government. NR 52 TC 41 Z9 41 U1 0 U2 35 PU SOC WETLAND SCIENTISTS PI LAWRENCE PA 810 E TENTH ST, P O BOX 1897, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0277-5212 J9 WETLANDS JI Wetlands PD JUN PY 2009 VL 29 IS 2 BP 505 EP 519 PG 15 WC Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 483SD UT WOS:000268987300009 ER PT J AU Zadnik, AK Anderson, JT Wood, PB Bledsoe, K AF Zadnik, Andrew K. Anderson, James T. Wood, Petra Bohall Bledsoe, Kerry TI WILDLIFE USE OF BACK CHANNELS ASSOCIATED WITH ISLANDS ON THE OHIO RIVER SO WETLANDS LA English DT Article DE Anas platyrhynchos; anurans; beaver; Branta canadensis; Canada geese; Castor canadensis; mallards; turtles; waterbirds ID FRESH-WATER TURTLES; HABITAT SELECTION; HYLA-CHRYSOSCELIS; HUMAN DISTURBANCE; PREDATORY FISH; WEST-VIRGINIA; BUFFER ZONES; CONSERVATION; AMPHIBIANS; COMPETITORS AB The back channels of islands on the Ohio River are assumed to provide habitat critical for several wildlife species. However, quantitative information on the wildlife value of back channels is needed by natural resource managers for the conservation of these forested islands and embayments in the face of increasing shoreline development and recreational boating. We compared the relative abundance of waterbirds, turtles, anurans, and riparian furbearing mammals during 2001 and 2002 in back and main channels of the Ohio River in West Virginia. Wood ducks (Aix sponsa), snapping turtles (Chelydra serpentina), beavers (Castor canadensis), and muskrats (Ondatra zibethicus) were more abundant in back than main channels. Spring peepers (Pseudacris crucifer) and American toads (Bufo americanus) occurred more frequently on back than main channels. These results provide quantitative evidence that back channels are important for several wildlife species. The narrowness of the back channels, the protection they provide from the main current of the river, and their ability to support vegetated shorelines and woody debris, are characteristics that appear to benefit these species. As a conservation measure for important riparian wildlife habitat, we suggest limiting building of piers and development of the shoreline in back channel areas. C1 [Zadnik, Andrew K.; Anderson, James T.; Wood, Petra Bohall] W Virginia Univ, Div Forestry & Nat Resources, Morgantown, WV 26506 USA. [Wood, Petra Bohall] US Geol Survey, W Virginia Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Morgantown, WV 26506 USA. [Bledsoe, Kerry] W Virginia Div Nat Resources, Wildlife Resources Sect, Farmington, WV 26554 USA. RP Zadnik, AK (reprint author), W Virginia Univ, Div Forestry & Nat Resources, POB 6125, Morgantown, WV 26506 USA. EM Jim.Anderson@mail.wvu.edu FU Natural Resources, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency; USGS West Virginia Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit; West Virginia University Davis College of Agriculture, Forestry, and Consumer Sciences FX We thank the West Virginia Division of Natural Resources, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, USGS West Virginia Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, and the West Virginia University Davis College of Agriculture, Forestry, and Consumer Sciences for funding, resources, and support. We are grateful to the late G. Seidel for his assistance and expertise with statistical analysis and W. S. Kordek for project support. We thank M. Christ, W. Kordek, S. Welsh, and two anonymous reviewers for comments on this manuscript. We also thank the many individuals who assisted in the field and laboratory. Turtle trapping and handling protocols were approved by the West Virginia University Animal Care and Use Committee (001209). This is scientific article number 3015 of the West Virginia University Agricultural and Forestry Experiment Station. NR 61 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 7 U2 21 PU SOC WETLAND SCIENTISTS PI LAWRENCE PA 810 E TENTH ST, P O BOX 1897, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0277-5212 J9 WETLANDS JI Wetlands PD JUN PY 2009 VL 29 IS 2 BP 543 EP 551 PG 9 WC Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 483SD UT WOS:000268987300013 ER PT J AU Thogmartin, WE Gallagher, M Young, N Rohweder, JJ Durbian, F Knutson, MG AF Thogmartin, Wayne E. Gallagher, Maureen Young, Neal Rohweder, Jason J. Durbian, Frank Knutson, Melinda G. TI AVIAN ASSEMBLAGES IN THE LOWER MISSOURI RIVER FLOODPLAIN SO WETLANDS LA English DT Article DE bird assemblage; early successional forest; floodplain forest; wet prairie ID LATITUDINAL GRADIENTS; FOREST; BIRDS; CONSERVATION; SUCCESSION; DIVERSITY; HABITAT; NEED; USA AB Floodplain habitat provides important migration and breeding habitat for birds in the midwestern United States. However, few studies have examined how the avian assemblage changes with different stages of floodplain forest succession in the midwestern United States. In spring and summer from 2002 to 2004, we conducted 839 point counts in wet prairie/forbs fields, 547 point counts in early successional forests, and 434 point counts in mature forests to describe the migrating and breeding bird assemblage in the lower Missouri River floodplain. We recorded 131, 121, and 141 species in the three respective habitats, a number higher than most locations in the midwestern United States and comprising > 15% of all avian species in North America. Avian species diversity generally increased from west to east along the river, differed among land cover classes, but overlapped between seasons (migration and breeding) and years. Wet prairies were particularly important for conservation as there were 20 species of high conservation concern observed, including Dickcissels (Spiza americana). Important species for monitoring biotic integrity included the Northern Harrier (Circus cyaneus) and Bobolink (Dolichonyx oryzivorus) in wet prairie, Bell's Vireo (Vireo bellii) in early successional forest, and Northern Parula (Parula americana) and Prothonotary Warbler (Protonotaria citrea) in mature forest. C1 [Thogmartin, Wayne E.; Rohweder, Jason J.; Knutson, Melinda G.] US Geol Survey, Upper Midwest Environm Sci Ctr, La Crosse, WI 54603 USA. [Gallagher, Maureen; Young, Neal] US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Columbia, MO 65201 USA. [Gallagher, Maureen] US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Maryville, MO 64468 USA. [Young, Neal] Nat Resources Conservat Serv, Warrensburg, MO 64093 USA. [Durbian, Frank] US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Mound City, MO 64470 USA. [Knutson, Melinda G.] US Fish & Wildlife Serv, La Crosse, WI 54603 USA. RP Thogmartin, WE (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Upper Midwest Environm Sci Ctr, 2630 Fanta Reed Rd, La Crosse, WI 54603 USA. EM wthogmartin@usgs.gov RI Thogmartin, Wayne/A-4461-2008 OI Thogmartin, Wayne/0000-0002-2384-4279 FU US Army Corp of Engineers, Kansas City District; U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Non-game bird program; USFWS Service Challenge Grant program; Upper Mississippi River/Great Lakes Joint Venture; Missouri Department of Conservation FX Carl Korschgen, Shawn Papon, and Nick Bezzerides were partially responsible for project design and execution. Funding for this research was provided by the US Army Corp of Engineers, Kansas City District (with special thanks to Kelly Ryan and Glenn Covington), U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Non-game bird program (with special thanks to Steve Lewis), USFWS Service Challenge Grant program (with special thanks to Steve Kufrin), Upper Mississippi River/Great Lakes Joint Venture (with special thanks to Barbara Pardo), and Missouri Department of Conservation (with special thanks to Kent Korthas, Tim James, and John Vogel). Technical assistance was provided by Sara Acosta, Tim Altnether, Shawn Cooksey, Sean Counihan, Andrea Estes, Jack Finley, Justin Friedrich, Amanda Griffin, Heather Lambert-Dougherty, Jessica Lee, Shawn Papon, Tommie Rogers, and Pete Sullivan. Molly Comstock provided project logistics. This manuscript was substantially improved by comments from Wedge Watkins and anonymous reviewers. NR 39 TC 1 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 11 PU SOC WETLAND SCIENTISTS PI LAWRENCE PA 810 E TENTH ST, P O BOX 1897, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0277-5212 J9 WETLANDS JI Wetlands PD JUN PY 2009 VL 29 IS 2 BP 552 EP 562 PG 11 WC Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 483SD UT WOS:000268987300014 ER PT J AU Cooper, RJ Wood, LA Gannon, JJ Wilson, RR AF Cooper, Robert J. Wood, Larry A. Gannon, Jill J. Wilson, R. Randy TI EFFECTS OF TIMBER HARVEST AND OTHER FACTORS ON A FLOODPLAIN FOREST INDICATOR SPECIES, THE PROTHONOTARY WARBLER SO WETLANDS LA English DT Article DE brood parasitism; ecosystem management; hydroperiod; Mississippi Alluvial Valley; nest predation; Protonotaria citrea ID MISSISSIPPI ALLUVIAL VALLEY; TERRITORY-SIZE; NEST PREDATION; ECOSYSTEM MANAGEMENT; REPRODUCTIVE SUCCESS; BROOD PARASITISM; BREEDING ECOLOGY; WATER DEPTH; BIRD; SELECTION AB Ecosystem approaches to management require monitoring of processes and species indicative of the integrity of the system in order to understand the effects of management and other perturbations. We examined the effects of three timber harvest options (single-tree selection, patch cuts, no harvest) on the reproductive biology of a possible indicator of bottomland forest ecosystem integrity, the prothonotary warbler (Protonotaria citrea). Timber harvests reduced the number of available nest cavities, reduced the density of breeding males on the plots, and increased the sizes of male territories. However, timber harvest had no obvious effect on nest predation or brood parasitism frequencies. Brood parasitism was instead related to distance from a nearby levee, a main source of brown-headed cowbirds (Molothrus ater) in the area. Productivity remained similar within suitable habitat regardless of treatment. Reproductive success was strongly influenced by annual variation, which we attribute to the timing and extent of annual flooding, a fundamental ecosystem process in floodplain forests. Continued anthropogenic alterations in flooding patterns may have a greater influence than current timber management on the future population levels of prothonotary warblers in the Mississippi Alluvial Valley. This species, with others, could play a valuable role in an ecosystem-oriented monitoring program. C1 [Cooper, Robert J.; Wood, Larry A.; Gannon, Jill J.] Univ Georgia, Warnell Sch Forestry & Nat Resources, Athens, GA 30602 USA. [Wilson, R. Randy] US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Jackson, MS 39213 USA. RP Cooper, RJ (reprint author), Univ Georgia, Warnell Sch Forestry & Nat Resources, Athens, GA 30602 USA. EM rcooper@warnell.uga.edu FU U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and the University of Memphis [1448-0004-04-9177]; U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and the University of Georgia [1448-40181-98-G-045]; Biological Resources Division of the U.S. Geological Survey [4434-HQ-97-RU-01551]; North American Bluebird Society FX The study was funded by a challenge grant between the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and the University of Memphis (contract 1448-0004-04-9177), a subsequent challenge grant between the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and the University of Georgia (contract 1448-40181-98-G-045), and by grants from the Biological Resources Division of the U.S. Geological Survey through the BBIRD Program (contract 4434-HQ-97-RU-01551) and from the North American Bluebird Society. We thank personnel at White River National Wildlife Refuge, especially J. Denman, for logistical and technical support. Additionally, we are indebted to the numerous technicians and interns that assisted in all aspects of the project. B. Chapman, L. Petit, F. Sanders, G. Zenitsky, J. DeCecco, M. Marshall and S. Lohr provided helpful comments on early versions of the manuscript. Last, we owe many thanks to the "Cooper Lab" for support throughout all stages of the study. NR 57 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 2 U2 16 PU SOC WETLAND SCIENTISTS PI LAWRENCE PA 810 E TENTH ST, P O BOX 1897, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0277-5212 J9 WETLANDS JI Wetlands PD JUN PY 2009 VL 29 IS 2 BP 574 EP 585 PG 12 WC Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 483SD UT WOS:000268987300016 ER PT J AU King, SL Sharitz, RR Groninger, JW Battaglia, LL AF King, Sammy L. Sharitz, Rebecca R. Groninger, John W. Battaglia, Loretta L. TI THE ECOLOGY, RESTORATION, AND MANAGEMENT OF SOUTHEASTERN FLOODPLAIN ECOSYSTEMS: A SYNTHESIS SO WETLANDS LA English DT Review DE bottomland hardwoods; forest management; rivers; wetland function ID MISSISSIPPI ALLUVIAL VALLEY; GULF-OF-MEXICO; SOUTH-EASTERN USA; OLD-GROWTH FOREST; SEA-LEVEL RISE; UNITED-STATES; HYDROLOGIC CONNECTIVITY; HARDWOOD FOREST; COASTAL-PLAIN; HURRICANE DISTURBANCE AB Floodplain ecosystems of the southeastern United States provide numerous services to society, but hydrologic and geomorphic alterations, agricultural practices, water quality and availability, and urban development continue to challenge restorationists and managers at multiple spatial and temporal scales. These challenges are further exacerbated by tremendous uncertainty regarding climate and land use patterns and natural variability in these systems. The symposium from which the papers in 2009 ensued was organized to provide a critical evaluation of current natural resource restoration and management practices to support the sustainability of floodplain ecosystem functions in the southeastern United States. In this paper we synthesize these concepts and evaluate restoration and conservation techniques in light of our understanding of these ecosystems. We also discuss current and future challenges and attempt to identify new approaches that may facilitate the long-term sustainability of southeastern floodplain systems. We conclude that integration of disciplines and approaches is necessary to meet the floodplain conservation challenges of the coming century. Integration will not only include purposeful dialogue between interdisciplinary natural resource professionals, but it also is necessary to sincerely engage the public about goals, objectives, and desirable outcomes of floodplain ecosystem restoration. C1 [King, Sammy L.] US Geol Survey, Louisiana Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA. [Sharitz, Rebecca R.] Univ Georgia, Savannah River Ecol Lab, Aiken, SC 29802 USA. [Sharitz, Rebecca R.] Univ Georgia, Dept Plant Biol, Aiken, SC 29802 USA. [Groninger, John W.] So Illinois Univ, Dept Forestry, Carbondale, IL 62901 USA. [Battaglia, Loretta L.] So Illinois Univ, Dept Plant Biol, Carbondale, IL 62901 USA. [Battaglia, Loretta L.] So Illinois Univ, Ctr Ecol, Carbondale, IL 62901 USA. RP King, SL (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Louisiana Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, 124 Sch Renewable Nat Resources, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA. EM sking16@lsu.edu FU U.S. Department of Energy [DE-FC09-96SR18546]; University of Georgia FX The authors wish to express their thanks to the organizers and participants of this symposium on floodplain ecosystems. We also thank A. R. Pierce, P. Newell, one anonymous reviewer, and the editor for helpful suggestions for improving an earlier version of this manuscript. Manuscript preparation was aided by Financial Assistance Award No. DE-FC09-96SR18546 between the U.S. Department of Energy and the University of Georgia. NR 130 TC 21 Z9 23 U1 2 U2 65 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0277-5212 J9 WETLANDS JI Wetlands PD JUN PY 2009 VL 29 IS 2 BP 624 EP 634 PG 11 WC Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 483SD UT WOS:000268987300021 ER PT J AU Voldseth, RA Johnson, WC Guntenspergen, GR Gilmanov, T Millett, BV AF Voldseth, Richard A. Johnson, W. Carter Guntenspergen, Glenn R. Gilmanov, Tagir Millett, Bruce V. TI ADAPTATION OF FARMING PRACTICES COULD BUFFER EFFECTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE ON NORTHERN PRAIRIE WETLANDS SO WETLANDS LA English DT Article DE grassland management; grazing; land use; mitigation; Prairie Pothole Region; wetland modeling ID CHANGE IMPACTS; PRESENT TECHNOLOGY; FARMER SCENARIO; GREAT-PLAINS; WATER LEVELS; LAND-USE; AGRICULTURE; SIMULATIONS; HYDROLOGY; VULNERABILITY AB Wetlands of the Prairie Pothole Region of North America are vulnerable to climate change. Adaptation of farming practices to mitigate adverse impacts of climate change on wetland water levels is a potential watershed management option. We chose a modeling approach (WETSIM 3.2) to examine the effects of changes in climate and watershed cover on the water levels of a semi-permanent wetland in eastern South Dakota. Land-use practices simulated were unmanaged grassland, grassland managed with moderately heavy grazing, and cultivated crops. Climate scenarios were developed by adjusting the historical climate in combinations of 2 degrees C and 4 degrees C air temperature and +/- 10% precipitation. For these climate change scenarios, simulations of land use that produced water levels equal to or greater than unmanaged grassland under historical climate were judged to have mitigative potential against a drier climate. Water levels in wetlands surrounded by managed grasslands were significantly greater than those surrounded by unmanaged grassland. Management reduced both the proportion of years the wetland went dry and the frequency of dry periods, producing the most dynamic vegetation cycle for this modeled wetland. Both cultivated crops and managed grassland achieved water levels that were equal or greater than unmanaged grassland under historical climate for the 2 degrees C rise in air temperature, and the 2 degrees C rise plus 10% increase in precipitation scenarios. Managed grassland also produced water levels that were equal or greater than unmanaged grassland under historical climate for the 4 degrees C rise plus 10% increase in precipitation scenario. Although these modeling results stand as hypotheses, they indicate that amelioration potential exists for a change in climate up to an increase of 2 degrees C or 4 degrees C with a concomitant 10% increase in precipitation. Few empirical data exist to verify the results of such land-use simulations; however, adaptation of farming practices is one possible mitigation avenue available for prairie wetlands. C1 [Voldseth, Richard A.; Johnson, W. Carter] S Dakota State Univ, Dept Hort Forestry Landscape & Parks, Brookings, SD 57007 USA. [Guntenspergen, Glenn R.] US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, Laurel, MD 20708 USA. [Gilmanov, Tagir] S Dakota State Univ, Biol & Microbiol Dept, Brookings, SD 57007 USA. [Millett, Bruce V.] S Dakota State Univ, Dept Geog, Brookings, SD 57007 USA. RP Voldseth, RA (reprint author), N Dakota State Univ, Sch Nat Resource Sci, Dept Soil Sci, 106 Walster Hall, Fargo, ND 58108 USA. EM richard.voldseth@ndsu.edu FU USGS - Biological Resources Division's Global Change Research Program; US-EPA STAR FX This project was funded by the USGS - Biological Resources Division's Global Change Research Program. Additional funding was provided through the US-EPA STAR Grant Program. We would like to thank South Dakota State University and the USDA - Forest Service for providing additional support. We also thank the USFWS for access to the Orchid Meadows field site. Our appreciation is extended to Karen Poiani, Tom Winter, Jim Lynch, Brett Werner, Tor Johnson, and Susan Boettcher for their assistance. We also thank the anonymous reviewers and subject-matter editor for their insight and direction. NR 59 TC 13 Z9 14 U1 5 U2 31 PU SOC WETLAND SCIENTISTS PI LAWRENCE PA 810 E TENTH ST, P O BOX 1897, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0277-5212 J9 WETLANDS JI Wetlands PD JUN PY 2009 VL 29 IS 2 BP 635 EP 647 PG 13 WC Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 483SD UT WOS:000268987300022 ER PT J AU Kahara, SN Mockler, RM Higgins, KF Chipps, SR Johnson, RR AF Kahara, Sharon N. Mockler, Rachel M. Higgins, Kenneth F. Chipps, Steven R. Johnson, Rex R. TI SPATIOTEMPORAL PATTERNS OF WETLAND OCCURRENCE IN THE PRAIRIE POTHOLE REGION OF EASTERN SOUTH DAKOTA SO WETLANDS LA English DT Article DE classification; hydrology; landscape scale; Missouri Coteau; Prairie Coteau ID NORTHERN GREAT-PLAINS; UNITED-STATES; DROUGHT; WATERFOWL; MALLARDS AB We evaluated changes in wetland abundance, size, and classification between average (19791986) and above-average (1995-1999) precipitation periods for two physiographic regions in eastern South Dakota. Temporal shifts in wetland numbers, area, and class varied by topographic location. In high wetland density areas (> 8 wetlands/100 ha), our data suggests that larger, semipermanent wetlands expanded and absorbed nearby wetland basins into their margins, resulting in a net "loss" or disappearance of temporary and seasonal wetlands in above-average water condition years. "Losses" described here are not deemed permanent as in cases of draining or filling, and wetlands may re-form when water conditions return to normal. Nevertheless, temporary disappearance of smaller more isolated wetlands may have implications for breeding waterfowl and other fauna. Percent change of semipermanent basin numbers was positively correlated with wetland density, whereas the opposite was true for seasonal wetlands. Loss of temporary wetlands was correlated with wetland aggregation within the sample area. However, in low wetland density areas, the number and size of seasonal and temporary wetlands generally increased following above-average precipitation. We suggest that wetlands' spatial arrangement be considered along with traditional wetland quantification techniques to better account for shifts in wetland habitat in dry versus wet years. C1 [Kahara, Sharon N.] S Dakota State Univ, Dept Wildlife & Fisheries, Brookings, SD 57007 USA. [Mockler, Rachel M.] US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Portage, WI 53901 USA. [Higgins, Kenneth F.; Chipps, Steven R.] S Dakota State Univ, S Dakota Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, US Geol Survey, Brookings, SD 57007 USA. [Johnson, Rex R.] US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Fergus Falls, MN 56537 USA. RP Kahara, SN (reprint author), Humboldt State Univ, Calif Coop Fish Res Unit, Arcata, CA 95521 USA. EM snk6@humboldt.edu FU U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, South Dakota State University; U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) FX Funding and support for this project was provided by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, South Dakota State University and U.S. Geological Survey (USGS). We thank M. Kjellsen and the NWI staff at South Dakota State University for providing data for our analyses. K. C. Jensen and M. Tulbure provided constructive comments on earlier drafts that improved the manuscript. NR 37 TC 12 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 13 PU SOC WETLAND SCIENTISTS PI LAWRENCE PA 810 E TENTH ST, P O BOX 1897, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0277-5212 J9 WETLANDS JI Wetlands PD JUN PY 2009 VL 29 IS 2 BP 678 EP 689 PG 12 WC Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 483SD UT WOS:000268987300025 ER PT J AU Bhattacharjee, J Haukos, DA Neaville, J AF Bhattacharjee, Joydeep Haukos, David A. Neaville, Jim TI INFLUENCE OF BIOTIC AND ABIOTIC FACTORS ON ANNUAL ABOVEGROUND BIOMASS OF AN INTERMEDIATE COASTAL MARSH SO WETLANDS LA English DT Article DE aboveground biomass; growth form; insects; intermediate coastal marsh; litter; soil capping; visual obstruction (VO) measurement ID VIRGINICUS L KUNTH; SEED BANKS; VISUAL OBSTRUCTION; PLANT-COMMUNITIES; WATER; VEGETATION; WETLAND; SALINITY; DEPTH; PRODUCTIVITY AB Annual production of vegetation is an important indicator of various ecosystem processes in coastal marshes; many factors, both biotic and abiotic, can influence production of aboveground biomass. Using a 14-year data set, we evaluated the relative influence of 38 biotic and abiotic factors on annual aboveground biomass of an intermediate coastal marsh on the upper Gulf Coast of Texas. We used visual obstruction (VO) measurements as a surrogate variable in a prediction model to estimate available aboveground biomass in the marsh. Available biomass was greatest (3.34 kg/m(2)) when sampling site was flooded. Plant growth form, type of animal present, and composition of the ground cover influenced biomass of the marsh. Presence of insects was related to biomass (regression beta weight = 0.28), uniquely accounting for 7.6% of the incremental variance in biomass. The presence of moderate amounts of litter was also related to available biomass (beta weight = 0.86). Soil capping had little or no influence on aboveground biomass. Implementing standard protocols for long-term vegetation monitoring can be cost and time intensive. Our results suggest quantitative measurement of VO and qualitative observation of few variables (standing water, insects, and litter) measured annually can yield a reasonable assessment of aboveground biomass of intermediate coastal marshes. C1 [Bhattacharjee, Joydeep] Univ Louisiana Monroe, Dept Biol, Monroe, LA 71209 USA. [Haukos, David A.] Texas Tech Univ, Dept Nat Resources Management, US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Lubbock, TX 79409 USA. [Neaville, Jim] Anahuac Natl Wildlife Refuge, US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Anahuac, TX 77514 USA. RP Bhattacharjee, J (reprint author), Univ Louisiana Monroe, Dept Biol, 700 Univ Ave, Monroe, LA 71209 USA. EM joydeep@ulm.edu NR 38 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 1 U2 8 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0277-5212 EI 1943-6246 J9 WETLANDS JI Wetlands PD JUN PY 2009 VL 29 IS 2 BP 690 EP 696 PG 7 WC Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 483SD UT WOS:000268987300026 ER PT J AU Anteau, MJ Afton, AD AF Anteau, Michael J. Afton, Alan D. TI WETLAND USE AND FEEDING BY LESSER SCAUP DURING SPRING MIGRATION ACROSS THE UPPER MIDWEST, USA SO WETLANDS LA English DT Article DE behavioral cue; patch occupancy; optimal foraging; resource selection; staging; stopover areas; waterfowl ID CONDITION HYPOTHESIS; AYTHYA-AFFINIS; MISSISSIPPI FLYWAY; DIETS; DISTURBANCE; CANVASBACKS; CONSISTENT; AMPHIPOD; PATTERNS; MANITOBA AB Low food availability and forage quality and concomitant decreased lipid reserves of lesser scaup (Aythya affinis; hereafter scaup) during spring migration in the upper Midwest may partially explain reductions in the continental population of scaup. In springs 2004-2005, we examined wetland use and feeding activity of scaup on 356 randomly-selected wetlands within 6 regions in Iowa, Minnesota, and North Dakota. We examined wetland characteristics that favor high scaup use in 286 of these wetlands. We found that probabilities of wetland use and feeding by scaup increased with turbidity up to 45 and 30 NTU, respectively, but then declined at higher turbidity levels. Wetland use was positively correlated with size of open-water zone and amphipod densities, but was not correlated with chironomid densities. Feeding increased with amphipod density up to 26 m(-3) and then declined at higher amphipod densities; scaup seemingly forage most efficiently at amphipod densities above 26 m(-3). Wetland use was higher in North Dakota than in southern Minnesota and Iowa. Our results indicate that effective wetland restoration efforts to benefit scaup require maintaining abundant populations of amphipods (generally near 26 m(-3) landscape geometric mean) in wetlands with large (> 500 m diameter) open-water zones throughout the upper Midwest, but especially within Iowa and southern Minnesota. C1 [Anteau, Michael J.] Louisiana State Univ, Sch Renewable Nat Resources, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA. [Afton, Alan D.] Louisiana State Univ, US Geol Survey, Louisiana Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA. RP Anteau, MJ (reprint author), US Geol Survey, No Prairie Wildlife Res Ctr, Jamestown, ND 58401 USA. EM manteau@usgs.gov FU Ducks Unlimited Inc. USA; Iowa Department of Natural Resources; IWWR of Ducks Unlimited Canada; IWWR of Ducks Unlimited Canada-through the Bonnycastle Fellowship; Kibbe Field Station; Louisiana Department of Wildlife and Fisheries; Louisiana State University-through the Bosch Fellowship; Minnesota Department of Natural Resources; Minnesota Waterfowl Association; North Dakota Game and Fish Department; Prairie Pothole Joint Venture; Upper Mississippi River and Great Lakes Region Joint Venture; USGS-Louisiana Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit; USGS-National Wetland Research Center; USGS-Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center; USFWS FX We thank the following people for assistance with wetland sampling, logistic support, laboratory analyses, or other help: M. Anderson, A. Anteau, J. Austin, L. Ball, B. Batt, J. Berdeen, T. Bishop, F. Bolduc, E. Bowers, R. Brady, K. Brennan, R. Durham, R. Faulkner, J. Fernandez, A. Greer, A. Hancock, N. Hanke, C. Hansen, R. Helm, D. Hertel, R. Hier, M. Johnson, R. Johnson, J. Lawrence, A. Leach, C. Loesch, P. Mathews, J. Markl, R. Markl, B. Meixell, E. Moser, T. Mulcahy, J. Nyman, M. Ohide, R. Olsen, B. Pardo, S. Piepgras, P. Rasmussen, D. Rave, R. Reynolds, J. Ringelman, F. Rohwer, T. Rondeau, S. Stephens, M. Szymanski, P. Telander, and G. Zenner. We gratefully acknowledge numerous landowners who allowed us to work on their property. We thank the following agencies or organizations for financial or in-kind support: Ducks Unlimited Inc. USA, Iowa Department of Natural Resources, IWWR of Ducks Unlimited Canada, IWWR of Ducks Unlimited Canada-through the Bonnycastle Fellowship, Kibbe Field Station, Louisiana Department of Wildlife and Fisheries, Louisiana State University-through the Bosch Fellowship, Minnesota Department of Natural Resources, Minnesota Waterfowl Association, North Dakota Game and Fish Department, Prairie Pothole Joint Venture, Upper Mississippi River and Great Lakes Region Joint Venture, USGS-Louisiana Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, USGS-National Wetland Research Center, USGS-Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center, and USFWS Regions 3 and 6 HAPET offices. We thank R. Gleason, and D. Koons, for providing editorial help with the manuscript. NR 38 TC 16 Z9 18 U1 1 U2 8 PU SOC WETLAND SCIENTISTS PI LAWRENCE PA 810 E TENTH ST, P O BOX 1897, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0277-5212 J9 WETLANDS JI Wetlands PD JUN PY 2009 VL 29 IS 2 BP 704 EP 712 PG 9 WC Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 483SD UT WOS:000268987300028 ER PT J AU Finocchiaro, RG Kremer, RJ Fredrickson, LH AF Finocchiaro, Raymond G. Kremer, Robert J. Fredrickson, Leigh H. TI IMPACT OF MUNICIPAL WASTEWATER EFFLUENT ON SEED BANK RESPONSE AND SOILS EXCAVATED FROM A WETLAND IMPOUNDMENT SO WETLANDS LA English DT Article DE Eagle Buffs Conservation Area; salinity; sodicity; wetland vegetation ID SALINITY STRESS; GERMINATION; GROWTH; CULTIVARS; REGIMES; SODIUM AB Intensive management of wetlands to improve wildlife habitat typically includes the manipulation of water depth, duration, and timing to promote desired vegetation communities. Increased societal, industrial, and agricultural demands for water may encourage the use of alternative sources such as wastewater effluents in managed wetlands. However, water quality is commonly overlooked as an influence on wetland soil seed banks and soils. In four separate greenhouse trials conducted over a 2-yr period, we examined the effects of municipal wastewater effluent (WWE) on vegetation of wetland seed banks and soils excavated from a wildlife management area in Missouri, USA. We used microcosms filled with one of two soil materials and irrigated with WWE, Missouri River water, or deionized water to simulate moist-soil conditions. Vegetation that germinated from the soil seed bank was allowed to grow in microcosms for approximately 100 d. Vegetative taxa richness, plant density, and biomass were significantly reduced in WWE-irrigated soil materials compared with other water sources. Salinity and sodicity rapidly increased in WWE-irrigated microcosms and probably was responsible for inhibiting germination or interfering with seedling development. Our results indicate that irrigation with WWE promoted saline-sodic soil conditions, which alters the vegetation community by inhibiting germination or seedling development. C1 [Finocchiaro, Raymond G.; Kremer, Robert J.] Univ Missouri, Dept Soil Environm & Atmospher Sci, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. [Kremer, Robert J.] USDA ARS, Cropping Syst & Water Qual Unit, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. [Fredrickson, Leigh H.] Wetland Management & Educ Serv Inc, Puxico, MO 63960 USA. RP Finocchiaro, RG (reprint author), US Geol Survey, No Prairie Wildlife Res Ctr, 8711 37th St SE, Jamestown, ND 58401 USA. EM rfinocchiaro@usgs.gov FU Gaylord Memorial Laboratory; The School of Natural Resources at the University of Missouri-Columbia; Missouri Department of Conservation Cooperative; U.S. Department of Agriculture Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS); Missouri Agricultural Experimental Station [183] FX This research was supported by contributions from Gaylord Memorial Laboratory, The School of Natural Resources at the University of Missouri-Columbia, Missouri Department of Conservation Cooperative, U.S. Department of Agriculture Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS), and the Missouri Agricultural Experimental Station Project 183. Thank you to the personnel at the City of Columbia, Missouri Public Water Treatment Plant for assistance in obtaining water samples, and to J. Vrandenburg for assisting with data collection and M. Knowlton for sharing data on municipal wastewater and Missouri River water chemistry. Special thanks to R. Dresbach of the Soil Characterization Laboratory, University of Missouri-Columbia for providing soil analyses. Thanks to M. Ellersieck, W. Newton, and B. Tangen for statistical assistance, and R. Gleason, M. Laubhan, and other reviewers for insightful editorial comments. NR 55 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 4 U2 8 PU SOC WETLAND SCIENTISTS PI LAWRENCE PA 810 E TENTH ST, P O BOX 1897, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0277-5212 J9 WETLANDS JI Wetlands PD JUN PY 2009 VL 29 IS 2 BP 713 EP 723 PG 11 WC Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 483SD UT WOS:000268987300029 ER PT J AU Duff, JH Carpenter, KD Snyder, DT Lee, KK Avanzino, RJ Triska, FJ AF Duff, John H. Carpenter, Kurt D. Snyder, Daniel T. Lee, Karl K. Avanzino, Ronald J. Triska, Frank J. TI PHOSPHORUS AND NITROGEN LEGACY IN A RESTORATION WETLAND, UPPER KLAMATH LAKE, OREGON SO WETLANDS LA English DT Article DE benthic nutrient flux; denitrification; nutrient mass balance; water budget; water quality ID WATER; DENITRIFICATION; USA; MANAGEMENT; RETENTION; PEATLANDS; SEDIMENT; RELEASE; SOILS AB The effects of sediment, ground-water, and surface-water processes on the timing, quantity, and mechanisms of N and P fluxes were investigated in the Wood River Wetland 5-7 years after agricultural practices ceased and seasonal and permanent wetland hydrologies were restored. Nutrient concentrations in standing water largely reflected ground water in winter, the largest annual water source in the closed-basin wetland. High concentrations of total P (22 mg L(-1)) and total N (30 mg L(-1)) accumulated in summer when water temperature, air temperature, and evapotranspiration were highest. High positive benthic fluxes of soluble reactive P and ammonium (NH(4)(+)-N) were measured in two sections of the study area in June and August, averaging 46 and 24 mg m(-2) d(-1), respectively. Nonetheless, a wetland mass balance simultaneously indicated a net loss of P and N by assimilation, denitrification (1.1-10.1 mg N m(-2) h(-1)), or solute repartitioning. High nutrient concentrations pose a risk for water quality management. Shifts in the timing and magnitude of water inflows and outflows may improve biogeochemical function and water quality by optimizing seed germination and aquatic plant distribution, which would be especially important if the Wood River Wetland was reconnected with hyper-eutrophic Agency Lake. C1 [Duff, John H.; Avanzino, Ronald J.; Triska, Frank J.] US Geol Survey, Div Water Resources, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. [Carpenter, Kurt D.; Snyder, Daniel T.; Lee, Karl K.] US Geol Survey, Oregon Water Sci Ctr, Portland, OR 97201 USA. RP Duff, JH (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Div Water Resources, 345 Middlefield Rd,MS 466, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. EM jhduff@usgs.gov FU U.S. Geological Survey National; U.S. Geological Survey to Klamath Basin; U.S. Bureau of Land Management; Scott Vanderkooi of USGS in Klamath Falls, Oregon FX This cooperative study was funded by the U.S. Geological Survey National Research Program, special congressional funding through the U.S. Geological Survey to Klamath Basin, and the U.S. Bureau of Land Management. We thank Wedge Watkins and Andrew Hamilton of the U.S. Bureau of Land Management in Klamath Falls, Oregon for access to the Wood River Wetland, logistical support, and helpful discussions on the hydrology and wildlife in the wetland. We also thank Scott Vanderkooi of USGS in Klamath Falls, Oregon for logistical support. Insightful colleague reviews of this manuscript were conducted by Jim Kuwabara (USGS), Lisamarie Windham (USGS), and suggestions from two anonymous journal reviewers significantly improved this manuscript. NR 31 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 1 U2 20 PU SOC WETLAND SCIENTISTS PI LAWRENCE PA 810 E TENTH ST, P O BOX 1897, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0277-5212 J9 WETLANDS JI Wetlands PD JUN PY 2009 VL 29 IS 2 BP 735 EP 746 PG 12 WC Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 483SD UT WOS:000268987300031 ER PT J AU Loureiro, F Bissonette, JA Macdonald, DW Santos-Reis, M AF Loureiro, Filipa Bissonette, John A. Macdonald, David W. Santos-Reis, Margarida TI Temporal variation in the availability of Mediterranean food resources: do badgers Meles meles track them? SO WILDLIFE BIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE bager; food availability; Mediterranean habitats; Meles meles; pulsed resources; seasonability; unpredicatable environments ID EUROPEAN BADGER; POPULATION; COMMUNITY; HABITAT; PREY AB The Mediterranean landscape of Serra de Grandola, Portugal, is one of many habitats inhabited by Eurasian badgers Meles meles, and in this area, the onset of food availability is seasonally predictable, but abundance is often temporally unpredictable and ephemeral. In Our study. we investigated the responses of badgers to the temporal pattern of resource availability. We predicted that they would respond both to the seasonal timing Of resource availability and to occasional pulses when food items are superabundant. We hypothesised that badgers' diet would reflect the seasonal onset of specific food resources. closely tracking food abundance, and that this tracking would reflect a relationship between the energetic value and water content of each resource and badger requirements at the time. To evaluate our predictions, we assessed the availability of the primary foods of badgers in Serra de Grandola (i.e. insects and fruits) over four years, and we analysed 120 faecal samples over one year to test for any congruence that might Suggest tracking. Fruits and insects showed temporal fluctuations in peaks of availability that Occurred on an annual basis, Suggesting a temporal pulsing dynamic. Comparison of diet results with phenology and availability of food resources showed a high degree of overlap for practically all Main items consumed. Moreover, the Consumption of Coleoptera, olives Olea europaea and pears Pyrus bourgaeana appeared to be associated, but only partially, with their availability (r(Coleoptera) = 0.21, P-0.50; r(olives) = 0.36 P=0.24 r(pears)=0.20 P=0.54); whilst acorns Quercus suber were closely tracked(r(acorns)= 0.70, P=0.01). Orthoptera were the only exception, with a negative relation between consumption and availability (r(Orthoptera) = -0.31, P =0.32)This tracking by badgers of primary resources with temporally differing peaks of availability and abundance appeared to involve trade-offs with energy and water requirements. Acorns peaked simultaneously with olives which, although not as abundant, had a higher fat content. Other minor fruits (e.g. ioquats Eriobotrya japonica and figs Ficus carica) also seemed to be tracked: they were important resources for badgers during summer when air temperatures were high. These results have implications for understanding badger ecology in areas with temporally unpredictable resources. C1 [Loureiro, Filipa; Santos-Reis, Margarida] Univ Lisbon, Fac Ciencias, Ctr Biol Ambiental, PT-1749016 Lisbon, Portugal. [Loureiro, Filipa; Santos-Reis, Margarida] Univ Lisbon, Fac Ciencias, Dept Biol Anim, PT-1749016 Lisbon, Portugal. [Bissonette, John A.] Utah State Univ, Coll Nat Resources, Dept Wildland Resources, USGS Utah Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Logan, UT 84322 USA. [Macdonald, David W.] Univ Oxford, Dept Zool, Wildlife Conservat Res Unit, Abingdon OX13 5QL, Oxon, England. RP Loureiro, F (reprint author), Univ Lisbon, Fac Ciencias, Ctr Biol Ambiental, Ed C2 2 Piso, PT-1749016 Lisbon, Portugal. EM filipa_loureiro@fc.ul.pt; john.bissonette@usu.edu; david.macdonald@zoo.ox.ac.uk; mmreis@fc.ul.pl RI Santos-Reis, Margarida/H-4064-2011; OI Santos-Reis, Margarida/0000-0002-0337-963X FU Fundacao da Ciencia e Tecnologia [SFRH/BD/5162/2001, POCTI/MGS/47435/2002]; Centro de Biologia Ambiental FX Funding for this research was provided Fundacao da Ciencia e Tecnologia vas providcd (SFRH/BD/5162/2001; POCTI/MGS/47435/2002). We thank Centro de Biologia Ambiental for logistic support and all the colleagues who occasionally helped during fieldwork, especially, Catarina Rei. Thanks are also due to Luis Miguel Rosalino and Maria Joao Santos for all their invaluable Support ill the field, and at all the other different stages of this work. We are also very gratetful to Professor Tim Roper and to the anonymous reviewers whose reviews helped us to improve the manuscript. NR 31 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 1 U2 10 PU WILDLIFE BIOLOGY PI RONDE PA C/O JAN BERTELSEN, GRENAAVEJ 14, KALO, DK-8410 RONDE, DENMARK SN 0909-6396 J9 WILDLIFE BIOL JI Wildlife Biol. PD JUN PY 2009 VL 15 IS 2 BP 197 EP 206 DI 10.2981/07-046 PG 10 WC Ecology; Zoology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Zoology GA 479DX UT WOS:000268641000010 ER PT J AU Johnson, M Conklin, JR Johnson, BL McCaffery, BJ Haig, SM Walters, JR AF Johnson, Matthew Conklin, Jesse R. Johnson, Branden L. McCaffery, Brian J. Haig, Susan M. Walters, Jeffrey R. TI BEHAVIOR AND REPRODUCTIVE SUCCESS OF ROCK SANDPIPERS BREEDING ON THE YUKON-KUSKOKWIM RIVER DELTA, ALASKA SO WILSON JOURNAL OF ORNITHOLOGY LA English DT Article ID CALIDRIS-PTILOCNEMIS; NEST SUCCESS; SHOREBIRDS AB We studied Rock Sandpiper (Calidris ptilocnemis) breeding behavior and monitored reproductive success from 1998 to 2005 on the Yukon-Kuskokwim River Delta, Alaska, USA. We banded 24 adults and monitored 45 nests. Annual return rate of adults ranged between 67 and 100%. Six pairs of Rock Sandpipers bred at our study site for >= 2 years, and among these we did not observe mate change (i.e., when both members of a pair returned and each mated with a new individual). Nests were typically initiated by mid-May and 53% of females laid second clutches if first clutches were lost through mid-June. Males regularly incubated clutches during the morning (0800-1259 hrs AKDT) and afternoon (1300-1759 hrs) and rarely during the evening (1800 2300 hrs), whereas female incubation was relatively consistent throughout the day. Apparent nest success (percent of known nests successfully hatching >1 chick) among first and second nests was 19 and 44%, respectively (n = 45). A minimum of 44% of hatching nests fledged at least one young. Males cared for young but half of females deserted mate and brood 1-7 days post-hatch. This first description of North American Rock Sandpiper breeding behavior from a color-marked population complements previous work on this species on the Chukotsky Peninsula, Russia. Received 21 January 2008. Accepted 30 August 2008. C1 [Johnson, Matthew; Johnson, Branden L.; Haig, Susan M.] US Geol Survey, Forest & Rangeland Ecosyst Sci Ctr, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. [Conklin, Jesse R.] Massey Univ, Dept Ecol, Palmerston North, New Zealand. [McCaffery, Brian J.] Yukon Delta Natl Wildlife Refuge, US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Bethel, AK 99559 USA. [Walters, Jeffrey R.] Virginia Polytech Inst & State Univ, Dept Biol Sci, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA. RP Johnson, M (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Forest & Rangeland Ecosyst Sci Ctr, 3200 SW Jefferson Way, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. EM matthew_johnson@usgs.gov FU U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service; Virginia Tech; U.S. Geological Survey Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center FX We thank the staff of the Yukon Delta National Wildlife Refuge for supporting this research. Financial support was received from the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, the Harold E Bailey Fund at Virginia Tech, and the U.S. Geological Survey Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center. We also thank T. L. Booms, C. E. Fitzpatrick, P. N. Laver, A. C. Niehaus. D. J. Rizzo D. R. Ruthrauff, and M. K. Spies for assislance in the field, and R. IE. Gill, L. W. Oring, P M. Sanzenbacher, T A. Sordahl, and P S. Tomkovich for comments on earlier drafts of this manuscript. Any use of trade, or firm names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government. NR 46 TC 3 Z9 5 U1 1 U2 4 PU WILSON ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC PI WACO PA 5400 BOSQUE BLVD, STE 680, WACO, TX 76710 USA SN 1559-4491 J9 WILSON J ORNITHOL JI Wilson J. Ornithol. PD JUN PY 2009 VL 121 IS 2 BP 328 EP 337 DI 10.1676/08-010.1 PG 10 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA 585DD UT WOS:000276803600012 ER PT J AU Phillips, LM Powell, AN AF Phillips, Laura M. Powell, Abby N. TI Brood Rearing Ecology of King Eiders on the North Slope of Alaska SO WILSON JOURNAL OF ORNITHOLOGY LA English DT Article ID DUCKLING SURVIVAL; NEST SUCCESS; BEAUFORT SEA; MOVEMENTS; ABUNDANCE AB We examined King Eider (Somateria spectabilis) brood survival in the Kuparak oil field in northern Alaska in 2002 and 2003 by monitoring hens with broods using radiotelemetry. We observed complete brood loss in eight of 10 broods. Broods survived less than 2 weeks on average, and most mortality occurred within days of hatch. Distance hens traveled overland did not affect brood survival. Apparent King Eider brood survival in our study area was lower than reported for eider species in other areas. We recommend future studies examine if higher densities of predators in oil fields reduces King Eider duckling survival. Received 26 September 2008. Accepted 18 January 2009. C1 [Phillips, Laura M.] Univ Alaska, Dept Biol & Wildlife, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA. [Powell, Abby N.] Univ Alaska, US Geol Survey, Alaska Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA. [Powell, Abby N.] Univ Alaska, Inst Arctic Biol, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA. RP Phillips, LM (reprint author), Denali Natl Pk & Preserve, Ctr Resources Sci & Learning, POB 9,Denali Natl Pk, Denali Natl Pk, AK 99755 USA. EM laura_phillips@nps.gov OI Powell, Abby/0000-0002-9783-134X FU Coastal Marine Institute; Minerals Management Service; ConocoPhillips; Alaska Inc.; North Slope Borough; U.S. Geological Survey; Alaska Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit; U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service FX Financial support for this research was provided by the Coastal Marine Institute and Minerals Management Service. Additional support was provided by ConocoPhillips, Alaska Inc., the North Slope Borough, U.S. Geological Survey, Alaska Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, University of Alaska Foundation Angus Gavin grant, and the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. We acknowledge the valuable suggestions and assistance provided by Chuck Monnett, Jeff Gleason, Betty Anderson, Philip Martin, Catherine Rea, Anne Lazenby, Leigh McDaniel, Justin Harth, Robert Suydam, and Declan Troy. We thank Eric Duran, Lori Guildehaus, Ben Soiseth, and Rebecca Bentzen for field assistance. Carol McIntyre, Nora Rojek, and two anonymous reviewers provided helpful reviews of earlier drafts of the manuscript. Any use of trade. product, or firm names in this publication is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government. NR 30 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 1 U2 4 PU WILSON ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC PI WACO PA 5400 BOSQUE BLVD, STE 680, WACO, TX 76710 USA SN 1559-4491 J9 WILSON J ORNITHOL JI Wilson J. Ornithol. PD JUN PY 2009 VL 121 IS 2 BP 430 EP 434 DI 10.1676/08-125.1 PG 5 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA 585DD UT WOS:000276803600027 ER PT J AU Johnson, TD Belitz, K AF Johnson, Tyler D. Belitz, Kenneth TI Assigning land use to supply wells for the statistical characterization of regional groundwater quality: Correlating urban land use and VOC occurrence SO JOURNAL OF HYDROLOGY LA English DT Article DE Groundwater; Land use; Water quality; VOC; Geostatistics; Autocorrelation ID UNITED-STATES; SHALLOW GROUNDWATER; NITRATE CONTAMINATION; WATER; VULNERABILITY; PESTICIDES; MIXTURES; AQUIFER AB Many national and regional groundwater studies have correlated land use "near" a well, often using a 500 m radius circle, with water quality. However, the use of a 500 m circle may seem counterintuitive given that contributing areas are expected to extend up-gradient from wells, and not be circular in shape. The objective of this study was to evaluate if a 500 m circle is adequate for assigning land use to a well for the statistical correlation between urban land use and the occurrence of volatile organic compounds (VOCs). Land use and VOC data came from 277 supply wells in four study areas in California. Land use was computed using ten different-sized circles and wedges (250 m to 10 km in radius), and three different-sized "searchlights" (1-2 km in length). We define these shapes as contributing area surrogates (CASs), recognizing that a simple shape is at best a surrogate for the actual contributing area. The presence or absence of correlation between land use and the occurrence of VOCs was evaluated using Kendall's tau (tau). Values of tau were within 10% of one another for wedges and circles ranging in size from 500 m to 2 km, with correlations remaining statistically significant (p < 0.05) for all CAS sizes and shapes, suggesting that a 500 m circular CAS is adequate for assigning land use to a well. Additional evaluation indicated that urban land use is autocorrelated at distances ranging from 8 to 36 km. Thus, urban land use in a 500 m CAS is likely to be predictive of urban land use in the actual contributing area. Published by Elsevier B.V. C1 [Johnson, Tyler D.; Belitz, Kenneth] US Geol Survey, San Diego, CA 92101 USA. RP Johnson, TD (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 4165 Spruance Rd,Suite 200, San Diego, CA 92101 USA. EM tyjohns@usgs.gov FU California State Water Resources Control Board FX The authors wish to thank our cooperators, the California State Water Resources Control Board for funding the Groundwater Ambient Monitoring and Assessment program and the Priority Basin Project from which this research is based. We would also like to thank our colleagues at the USGS, including M. Landon and M. Wright for their technical support, and K. Burow and S. Qi for their suggestions and comments. We also thank the anonymous reviewers for their helpful comments and especially one reviewer who suggested the term "Contributing Area Surrogate." NR 52 TC 23 Z9 23 U1 2 U2 11 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0022-1694 J9 J HYDROL JI J. Hydrol. PD MAY 30 PY 2009 VL 370 IS 1-4 BP 100 EP 108 DI 10.1016/j.jhydrol.2009.02.056 PG 9 WC Engineering, Civil; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Engineering; Geology; Water Resources GA 453WY UT WOS:000266644800010 ER PT J AU Gautier, DL Bird, KJ Charpentier, RR Grantz, A Houseknecht, DW Klett, TR Moore, TE Pitman, JK Schenk, CJ Schuenemeyer, JH Sorensen, K Tennyson, ME Valin, ZC Wandrey, CJ AF Gautier, Donald L. Bird, Kenneth J. Charpentier, Ronald R. Grantz, Arthur Houseknecht, David W. Klett, Timothy R. Moore, Thomas E. Pitman, Janet K. Schenk, Christopher J. Schuenemeyer, John H. Sorensen, Kai Tennyson, Marilyn E. Valin, Zenon C. Wandrey, Craig J. TI Assessment of Undiscovered Oil and Gas in the Arctic SO SCIENCE LA English DT Article AB Among the greatest uncertainties in future energy supply and a subject of considerable environmental concern is the amount of oil and gas yet to be found in the Arctic. By using a probabilistic geology-based methodology, the United States Geological Survey has assessed the area north of the Arctic Circle and concluded that about 30% of the world's undiscovered gas and 13% of the world's undiscovered oil may be found there, mostly offshore under less than 500 meters of water. Undiscovered natural gas is three times more abundant than oil in the Arctic and is largely concentrated in Russia. Oil resources, although important to the interests of Arctic countries, are probably not sufficient to substantially shift the current geographic pattern of world oil production. C1 [Gautier, Donald L.; Bird, Kenneth J.; Moore, Thomas E.; Valin, Zenon C.] US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. [Charpentier, Ronald R.; Klett, Timothy R.; Pitman, Janet K.; Schenk, Christopher J.; Tennyson, Marilyn E.; Wandrey, Craig J.] US Geol Survey, Denver, CO 80225 USA. [Houseknecht, David W.] US Geol Survey, Reston, VA 20192 USA. [Schuenemeyer, John H.] SW Stat Consulting, Cortez, CO 81321 USA. [Sorensen, Kai] Geol Survey Denmark & Greenland, DK-1350 Copenhagen K, Denmark. RP Gautier, DL (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 345 Middlefield Rd, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. EM gautier@usgs.gov NR 8 TC 158 Z9 168 U1 13 U2 77 PU AMER ASSOC ADVANCEMENT SCIENCE PI WASHINGTON PA 1200 NEW YORK AVE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 USA SN 0036-8075 J9 SCIENCE JI Science PD MAY 29 PY 2009 VL 324 IS 5931 BP 1175 EP 1179 DI 10.1126/science.1169467 PG 5 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 450OG UT WOS:000266410100039 PM 19478178 ER PT J AU Boettcher, MS McGarr, A Johnston, M AF Boettcher, Margaret S. McGarr, A. Johnston, Malcolm TI Extension of Gutenberg-Richter distribution to M-W-1.3, no lower limit in sight SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article ID EARTHQUAKES; MAGNITUDE; ROCK AB With twelve years of seismic data from TauTona Gold Mine, South Africa, we show that mining-induced earthquakes follow the Gutenberg-Richter relation with no scale break down to the completeness level of the catalog, at moment magnitude M-W -1.3. Events recorded during relatively quiet hours in 2006 indicate that catalog detection limitations, not earthquake source physics, controlled the previously reported minimum magnitude in this mine. Within the Natural Earthquake Laboratory in South African Mines (NELSAM) experiment's dense seismic array, earthquakes that exhibit shear failure at magnitudes as small as M-W -3.9 are observed, but we find no evidence that M-W -3.9 represents the minimum magnitude. In contrast to previous work, our results imply small nucleation zones and that earthquake processes in the mine can readily be scaled to those in either laboratory experiments or natural faults. Citation: Boettcher, M. S., A. McGarr, and M. Johnston (2009), Extension of Gutenberg-Richter distribution to M-W -1.3, no lower limit in sight, Geophys. Res. Lett., 36, L10307, doi: 10.1029/2009GL038080. C1 [Boettcher, Margaret S.] Univ New Hampshire, Dept Earth Sci, Durham, NH 03824 USA. [Boettcher, Margaret S.; McGarr, A.; Johnston, Malcolm] US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. RP Boettcher, MS (reprint author), Univ New Hampshire, Dept Earth Sci, 24 Nesmith Hall,131 Main St, Durham, NH 03824 USA. EM margaret.boettcher@unh.edu FU U.S. National Science Foundation (NSF) [0409605]; U.S. Geological Survey Mendenhall PostDoctoral FX We thank Ze'ev Reches and Vincent Heesakkers for their hard work underground installing the NELSAM instruments, G. van Aswegan, M. Gerenger, T. Bacon and others at ISSI for access to the historic data and their essential help with the ISSI datasets. This manuscript benefited greatly from constructive discussions and reviews by C. Marone, J. Hardebeck, N. Beeler, T. Hanks, and anonymous reviewers. This work was supported by the U.S. National Science Foundation (NSF) under grant 0409605 and the U.S. Geological Survey Mendenhall PostDoctoral program. NR 22 TC 30 Z9 30 U1 0 U2 8 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0094-8276 EI 1944-8007 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD MAY 28 PY 2009 VL 36 AR L10307 DI 10.1029/2009GL038080 PG 5 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 452CT UT WOS:000266518100006 ER PT J AU Yi, SH McGuire, AD Harden, J Kasischke, E Manies, K Hinzman, L Liljedahl, A Randerson, J Liu, HP Romanovsky, V Marchenko, S Kim, Y AF Yi, Shuhua McGuire, A. David Harden, Jennifer Kasischke, Eric Manies, Kristen Hinzman, Larry Liljedahl, Anna Randerson, Jim Liu, Heping Romanovsky, Vladimir Marchenko, Sergei Kim, Yongwon TI Interactions between soil thermal and hydrological dynamics in the response of Alaska ecosystems to fire disturbance SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-BIOGEOSCIENCES LA English DT Article ID BLACK SPRUCE FOREST; LAND-SURFACE SCHEME; INTERIOR ALASKA; INTERANNUAL VARIABILITY; TERRESTRIAL ECOSYSTEMS; HYDRAULIC-PROPERTIES; HIGH-LATITUDES; CARBON BUDGET; SNOW COVER; MODEL AB Soil temperature and moisture are important factors that control many ecosystem processes. However, interactions between soil thermal and hydrological processes are not adequately understood in cold regions, where the frozen soil, fire disturbance, and soil drainage play important roles in controlling interactions among these processes. These interactions were investigated with a new ecosystem model framework, the dynamic organic soil version of the Terrestrial Ecosystem Model, that incorporates an efficient and stable numerical scheme for simulating soil thermal and hydrological dynamics within soil profiles that contain a live moss horizon, fibrous and amorphous organic horizons, and mineral soil horizons. The performance of the model was evaluated for a tundra burn site that had both preburn and postburn measurements, two black spruce fire chronosequences (representing space-for-time substitutions in well and intermediately drained conditions), and a poorly drained black spruce site. Although space-for-time substitutions present challenges in model-data comparison, the model demonstrates substantial ability in simulating the dynamics of evapotranspiration, soil temperature, active layer depth, soil moisture, and water table depth in response to both climate variability and fire disturbance. Several differences between model simulations and field measurements identified key challenges for evaluating/improving model performance that include (1) proper representation of discrepancies between air temperature and ground surface temperature; (2) minimization of precipitation biases in the driving data sets; (3) improvement of the measurement accuracy of soil moisture in surface organic horizons; and (4) proper specification of organic horizon depth/properties, and soil thermal conductivity. C1 [Yi, Shuhua] Univ Alaska Fairbanks, Inst Arctic Biol, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA. [McGuire, A. David] Univ Alaska Fairbanks, Alaska Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, US Geol Survey, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA. [Harden, Jennifer; Manies, Kristen] US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. [Kasischke, Eric] Univ Maryland, Dept Geog, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. [Hinzman, Larry; Liljedahl, Anna; Kim, Yongwon] Univ Alaska Fairbanks, Int Arctic Res Ctr, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA. [Randerson, Jim] Univ Calif Irvine, Dept Earth Syst Sci, Irvine, CA 92697 USA. [Liu, Heping] Jackson State Univ, Dept Phys Atmospher Sci & Gen Sci, Jackson, MS 39217 USA. [Romanovsky, Vladimir; Marchenko, Sergei] Univ Alaska Fairbanks, Inst Geophys, Fairbanks, AK USA. RP Yi, SH (reprint author), Chinese Acad Sci, State Key Lab Cryosphere Sci Cold & Arid Reg, Inst Environm Engn, Lanzhou 730000, Gansu, Peoples R China. EM yishuhua@gmail.com RI Kim, Yongwon/F-4683-2010; Yi, Shuhua/E-7976-2011; OI Kim, Yongwon/0000-0002-6513-4777; Yi, Shuhua/0000-0003-4932-8237 FU Chinese Academy of Sciences; North American Carbon Program [NASA NNG05GD25G]; Arctic System Science Program [OPP-0531047, OPP-0327664]; Bonanza Creek Long-term Ecological Program [DEB-0423442]; USDA Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station [PNW01-JV11261952-231]; USGS Fate of Carbon in Alaskan Landscapes (FOCAL) Project FX We thank Dan Hayes of the Institute of Arctic Biology, who provided many of the driving data sets, and Xingang Fan, who provided station precipitation data that were corrected for bias. We also thank Eugenie Euskirchen, Qianlai Zhuang, two anonymous reviewers, and the associate editor for very thoughtful reviews of previous versions of this paper. This study was supported through grants provided as part of the One Hundred People Plan of Chinese Academy of Sciences, the North American Carbon Program (NASA NNG05GD25G), the Arctic System Science Program (NSF OPP-0531047 and OPP-0327664) the Bonanza Creek Long-term Ecological Program (funded jointly by NSF grant DEB-0423442 and USDA Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station grant PNW01-JV11261952-231), and the USGS Fate of Carbon in Alaskan Landscapes (FOCAL) Project. NR 74 TC 47 Z9 48 U1 2 U2 32 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0148-0227 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-BIOGEO JI J. Geophys. Res.-Biogeosci. PD MAY 23 PY 2009 VL 114 AR G02015 DI 10.1029/2008JG000841 PG 20 WC Environmental Sciences; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Geology GA 449XO UT WOS:000266364300002 ER PT J AU Squyres, SW Knoll, AH Arvidson, RE Ashley, JW Bell, JF Calvin, WM Christensen, PR Clark, BC Cohen, BA de Souza, PA Edgar, L Farrand, WH Fleischer, I Gellert, R Golombek, MP Grant, J Grotzinger, J Hayes, A Herkenhoff, KE Johnson, JR Jolliff, B Klingelhofer, G Knudson, A Li, R Mccoy, TJ McLennan, SM Ming, DW Mittlefehldt, DW Morris, RV Rice, JW Schroder, C Sullivan, RJ Yen, A Yingst, RA AF Squyres, S. W. Knoll, A. H. Arvidson, R. E. Ashley, J. W. Bell, J. F., III Calvin, W. M. Christensen, P. R. Clark, B. C. Cohen, B. A. de Souza, P. A., Jr. Edgar, L. Farrand, W. H. Fleischer, I. Gellert, R. Golombek, M. P. Grant, J. Grotzinger, J. Hayes, A. Herkenhoff, K. E. Johnson, J. R. Jolliff, B. Klingelhoefer, G. Knudson, A. Li, R. McCoy, T. J. McLennan, S. M. Ming, D. W. Mittlefehldt, D. W. Morris, R. V. Rice, J. W., Jr. Schroeder, C. Sullivan, R. J. Yen, A. Yingst, R. A. TI Exploration of Victoria Crater by the Mars Rover Opportunity SO SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID MERIDIANI-PLANUM; BURNS FORMATION AB The Mars rover Opportunity has explored Victoria crater, a similar to 750-meter eroded impact crater formed in sulfate-rich sedimentary rocks. Impact-related stratigraphy is preserved in the crater walls, and meteoritic debris is present near the crater rim. The size of hematite-rich concretions decreases up-section, documenting variation in the intensity of groundwater processes. Layering in the crater walls preserves evidence of ancient wind-blown dunes. Compositional variations with depth mimic those similar to 6 kilometers to the north and demonstrate that water-induced alteration at Meridiani Planum was regional in scope. C1 [Squyres, S. W.; Bell, J. F., III; Sullivan, R. J.] Cornell Univ, Dept Astron, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. [Knoll, A. H.] Harvard Univ, Bot Museum, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA. [Arvidson, R. E.; Jolliff, B.] Washington Univ, Dept Earth & Planetary Sci, St Louis, MO 63031 USA. [Ashley, J. W.; Christensen, P. R.; Knudson, A.; Rice, J. W., Jr.] Arizona State Univ, Sch Earth & Space Explorat, Tempe, AZ 85287 USA. [Calvin, W. M.] Univ Nevada, Reno, NV 89557 USA. [Clark, B. C.] Lockheed Martin Corp, Littleton, CO 80127 USA. [Cohen, B. A.] NASA, George C Marshall Space Flight Ctr, Huntsville, AL 35812 USA. [de Souza, P. A., Jr.] CSIRO, Tasmanian Informat & Commun Technol Ctr, Hobart, Tas 7000, Australia. [Edgar, L.] CALTECH, Div Geol & Planetary Sci, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. [Farrand, W. H.] Space Sci Inst, Boulder, CO 80301 USA. [Fleischer, I.; Klingelhoefer, G.; Schroeder, C.] Johannes Gutenberg Univ Mainz, Inst Anorgan & Analyt Chem, Mainz, Germany. [Gellert, R.] Univ Guelph, Dept Phys, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada. [Golombek, M. P.; Yen, A.] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. [Grant, J.] Smithsonian Inst, Ctr Earth & Planetary Studies, Washington, DC 20560 USA. [Herkenhoff, K. E.; Johnson, J. R.] US Geol Survey, Flagstaff, AZ 86001 USA. [Li, R.] Ohio State Univ, Dept Civil & Environm Engn & Geodet Sci, Columbus, OH 43210 USA. [McCoy, T. J.] Smithsonian Inst, Natl Museum Nat Hist, Dept Mineral Sci, Washington, DC 20560 USA. [McLennan, S. M.] SUNY Stony Brook, Dept Geosci, Stony Brook, NY 11794 USA. [Ming, D. W.; Mittlefehldt, D. W.; Morris, R. V.] NASA, Lyndon B Johnson Space Ctr, Houston, TX 77058 USA. [Yingst, R. A.] Univ Wisconsin, Green Bay, WI 54311 USA. RP Squyres, SW (reprint author), Cornell Univ, Dept Astron, Space Sci Bldg, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. EM squyres@astro.cornell.edu RI de Souza, Paulo/B-8961-2008; Schroder, Christian/B-3870-2009; Centre, TasICT/D-1212-2011; Hayes, Alexander/P-2024-2014; Johnson, Jeffrey/F-3972-2015 OI de Souza, Paulo/0000-0002-0091-8925; Schroder, Christian/0000-0002-7935-6039; Hayes, Alexander/0000-0001-6397-2630; FU NASA FX This research was carried out for the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, under a contract with NASA. NR 23 TC 76 Z9 76 U1 0 U2 24 PU AMER ASSOC ADVANCEMENT SCIENCE PI WASHINGTON PA 1200 NEW YORK AVE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 USA SN 0036-8075 EI 1095-9203 J9 SCIENCE JI Science PD MAY 22 PY 2009 VL 324 IS 5930 BP 1058 EP 1061 DI 10.1126/science.1170355 PG 4 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 448EU UT WOS:000266246700038 PM 19461001 ER PT J AU Johnson, PA Bodin, P Gomberg, J Pearce, F Lawrence, Z Menq, FY AF Johnson, Paul A. Bodin, Paul Gomberg, Joan Pearce, Fred Lawrence, Zack Menq, Farn-Yuh TI Inducing in situ, nonlinear soil response applying an active source SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SOLID EARTH LA English DT Article ID 1994 NORTHRIDGE EARTHQUAKE; COHESIONLESS SOILS; WATER SATURATION; GARNER VALLEY; SLOW DYNAMICS; CALIFORNIA; BEHAVIOR; ARRAY; WAVE; LIQUEFACTION AB It is well known that soil sites have a profound effect on ground motion during large earthquakes. The complex structure of soil deposits and the highly nonlinear constitutive behavior of soils largely control nonlinear site response at soil sites. Measurements of nonlinear soil response under natural conditions are critical to advancing our understanding of soil behavior during earthquakes. Many factors limit the use of earthquake observations to estimate nonlinear site response such that quantitative characterization of nonlinear behavior relies almost exclusively on laboratory experiments and modeling of wave propagation. Here we introduce a new method for in situ characterization of the nonlinear behavior of a natural soil formation using measurements obtained immediately adjacent to a large vibrator source. To our knowledge, we are the first group to propose and test such an approach. Employing a large, surface vibrator as a source, we measure the nonlinear behavior of the soil by incrementally increasing the source amplitude over a range of frequencies and monitoring changes in the output spectra. We apply a homodyne algorithm for measuring spectral amplitudes, which provides robust signal-to-noise ratios at the frequencies of interest. Spectral ratios are computed between the receivers and the source as well as receiver pairs located in an array adjacent to the source, providing the means to separate source and near-source nonlinearity from pervasive nonlinearity in the soil column. We find clear evidence of nonlinearity in significant decreases in the frequency of peak spectral ratios, corresponding to material softening with amplitude, observed across the array as the source amplitude is increased. The observed peak shifts are consistent with laboratory measurements of soil nonlinearity. Our results provide constraints for future numerical modeling studies of strong ground motion during earthquakes. C1 [Johnson, Paul A.] Los Alamos Natl Lab, Geophys Grp, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. [Bodin, Paul] Univ Washington, Dept Earth & Space Sci, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. [Gomberg, Joan] Univ Washington, Dept Earth & Space Sci, US Geol Survey, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. [Pearce, Fred] MIT, Earth Resources Lab, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA. [Lawrence, Zack] ExxonMobil Upstream Res Co, Houston, TX 77252 USA. [Menq, Farn-Yuh] Univ Texas Austin, Dept Civil Environm & Architectural Engn, Geotech Engn Ctr, Austin, TX 78712 USA. RP Johnson, PA (reprint author), Los Alamos Natl Lab, Geophys Grp, Mail Stop D443, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. EM paj@lanl.gov; gomberg@usgs.gov OI Johnson, Paul/0000-0002-0927-4003 FU DOE Office of Basic Energy Research, Geosciences; Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics at Los Alamos; NSF; Mid- America Earthquake Center; Universitiy of Washington; University of Memphis; U. S. Geological Survey FX The manuscript was greatly improved thanks to the review of Fabian Bonilla, two anonymous reviewers, and the associate editor. This work was supported by the DOE Office of Basic Energy Research, Geosciences; the Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics at Los Alamos; the NSF consortia NEES; the Mid- America Earthquake Center; the Universities of Washington and Memphis; and the U. S. Geological Survey. We thank Robert Guyer for helpful discussions. NR 33 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 1 U2 10 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-9313 EI 2169-9356 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-SOL EA JI J. Geophys. Res.-Solid Earth PD MAY 21 PY 2009 VL 114 AR B05304 DI 10.1029/2008JB005832 PG 14 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 449XZ UT WOS:000266365500002 ER PT J AU Hockaday, WC Masiello, CA Randerson, JT Smernik, RJ Baldock, JA Chadwick, OA Harden, JW AF Hockaday, W. C. Masiello, C. A. Randerson, J. T. Smernik, R. J. Baldock, J. A. Chadwick, O. A. Harden, J. W. TI Measurement of soil carbon oxidation state and oxidative ratio by C-13 nuclear magnetic resonance SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-BIOGEOSCIENCES LA English DT Article ID PARTICLE-SIZE FRACTIONS; N-P STOICHIOMETRY; ORGANIC-MATTER; HYDROFLUORIC-ACID; ATMOSPHERIC O-2; NMR-SPECTRA; DETERMINING QUANTITATION; RESPIRATORY QUOTIENT; CHEMICAL-COMPOSITION; MICROBIAL BIOMASS AB The oxidative ratio (OR) of the net ecosystem carbon balance is the ratio of net O-2 and CO2 fluxes resulting from photosynthesis, respiration, decomposition, and other lateral and vertical carbon flows. The OR of the terrestrial biosphere must be well characterized to accurately estimate the terrestrial CO2 sink using atmospheric measurements of changing O2 and CO2 levels. To estimate the OR of the terrestrial biosphere, measurements are needed of changes in the OR of aboveground and belowground carbon pools associated with decadal timescale disturbances (e. g., land use change and fire). The OR of aboveground pools can be measured using conventional approaches including elemental analysis. However, measuring the OR of soil carbon pools is technically challenging, and few soil OR data are available. In this paper we test three solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) techniques for measuring soil OR, all based on measurements of the closely related parameter, organic carbon oxidation state (Cox). Two of the three techniques make use of a molecular mixing model which converts NMR spectra into concentrations of a standard suite of biological molecules of known Cox. The third technique assigns Cox values to each peak in the NMR spectrum. We assess error associated with each technique using pure chemical compounds and plant biomass standards whose Cox and OR values can be directly measured by elemental analyses. The most accurate technique, direct polarization solid-state 13 C NMR with the molecular mixing model, agrees with elemental analyses to +/- 0.036 Cox units (+/- 0.009 OR units). Using this technique, we show a large natural variability in soil Cox and OR values. Soil Cox values have a mean of-0.26 and a range from-0.45 to 0.30, corresponding to OR values of 1.08 +/- 0.06 and a range from 0.96 to 1.22. We also estimate the OR of the carbon flux from a boreal forest fire. Analysis of soils from nearby intact soil profiles imply that soil carbon losses associated with the fire had an OR of 1.09(1) (+/- 0.00(3)). Fire appears to be a major factor driving the soil C pool to higher oxidation states and lower OR values. Episodic fluxes caused by disturbances like fire may have substantially different ORs from ecosystem respiration fluxes and therefore should be better quantified to reduce uncertainties associated with our understanding of the global atmospheric carbon budget. C1 [Hockaday, W. C.; Masiello, C. A.] Rice Univ, Dept Earth Sci, Houston, TX 77251 USA. [Baldock, J. A.] CSIRO Land & Water, Glen Osmond, SA 5064, Australia. [Chadwick, O. A.] Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Dept Geog, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA. [Harden, J. W.] US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. [Randerson, J. T.] Univ Calif Irvine, Dept Earth Syst Sci, Irvine, CA 92697 USA. [Smernik, R. J.] Univ Adelaide, Sch Earth & Environm Sci, Glen Osmond, SA 5064, Australia. RP Hockaday, WC (reprint author), Rice Univ, Dept Earth Sci, POB 1892, Houston, TX 77251 USA. EM wch2@rice.edu RI Masiello, Caroline/A-2653-2011; Smernik, Ron/H-9905-2013; Baldock, Jeffrey/G-1362-2010; OI Masiello, Caroline/0000-0003-2102-6229; Baldock, Jeffrey/0000-0002-6428-8555; Hockaday, William/0000-0002-0501-0393; Smernik, Ronald/0000-0001-6033-5855 FU Kearney Foundation; NSF [DEB-0614524, DEB-0445282]; Anne Les AAUW American Fellowship FX C. A. M. acknowledges the support of the Kearney Foundation, NSF DEB-0614524 and DEB-0445282, and the Anne Les AAUW American Fellowship. W. C. H. acknowledges the support of Rice University and the Keith-Weiss postdoctoral Fellowship. NR 56 TC 22 Z9 22 U1 0 U2 24 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0148-0227 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-BIOGEO JI J. Geophys. Res.-Biogeosci. PD MAY 19 PY 2009 VL 114 AR G02014 DI 10.1029/2008JG000803 PG 14 WC Environmental Sciences; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Geology GA 449XN UT WOS:000266364200001 ER PT J AU Schmidt, ME Farrand, WH Johnson, JR Schroder, C Hurowitz, JA Mccoy, TJ Ruff, SW Arvidson, RE Marais, DJD Lewis, KW Ming, DW Squyres, SW de Souza, PA AF Schmidt, M. E. Farrand, W. H. Johnson, J. R. Schroeder, C. Hurowitz, J. A. Mccoy, T. J. Ruff, S. W. Arvidson, R. E. Marais, D. J. Des Lewis, K. W. Ming, D. W. Squyres, S. W. de Souza, P. A., Jr. TI Spectral, mineralogical, and geochemical variations across Home Plate, Gusev Crater, Mars indicate high and low temperature alteration SO EARTH AND PLANETARY SCIENCE LETTERS LA English DT Article DE Mars geology; Gusev Crater; hydrothermal alteration ID SOILS; ROCKS; WATER; DUST AB Over the last similar to 3 years in Gusev Crater, Mars, the Spirit rover observed coherent variations in color, mineralogy, and geochemistry across Home Plate, an similar to 80 m-diameter outcrop of basaltic tephra. Observations of Home Plate from orbit and from the summit of Husband Hill reveal clear differences in visible/near-infrared (VNIR) colors between its eastern and western regions that are consistent with mineralogical compositions indicated by Mossbauer spectrometer (MB) and by Miniature Thermal Emission Spectrometer (Mini-TES). Pyroxene and magnetite dominate the east side, while olivine, nanophase Fe oxide (npOx) and glass are more abundant on the western side. Alpha Particle X-Ray Spectrometer (APXS) observations reveal that eastern Home Plate has higher Si/Mg, Al, Zn, Ni, and K, while Cl and Br are higher in the west. We propose that these variations are the result of two distinct alteration regimes that may or may not be temporally related: a localized, higher temperature recrystallization and alteration of the east side of Home Plate and lower temperature alteration of the western side that produced npOx. Published by Elsevier B.V. C1 [Schmidt, M. E.; Mccoy, T. J.] Smithsonian Inst, Dept Mineral Sci, Washington, DC 20560 USA. [Farrand, W. H.] Space Sci Inst, Boulder, CO 80301 USA. [Johnson, J. R.] US Geol Survey, Astrogeol Team, Flagstaff, AZ 86001 USA. [Schroeder, C.] Johannes Gutenberg Univ Mainz, Inst Anorgan Chem & Analyt Chem, D-55128 Mainz, Germany. [Hurowitz, J. A.] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. [Ruff, S. W.] Arizona State Univ, Sch Earth & Space Explorat, Tempe, AZ 85287 USA. [Arvidson, R. E.] Washington Univ, Dept Earth & Planetary Sci, St Louis, MO 63130 USA. [Marais, D. J. Des] NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Exobiol Branch, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. [Lewis, K. W.] CALTECH, Div Geol & Planetary Sci, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. [Ming, D. W.] NASA, Lyndon B Johnson Space Ctr, Houston, TX 77058 USA. [Squyres, S. W.] Cornell Univ, Dept Astron, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. [de Souza, P. A., Jr.] CSIRO, Tasmanian ICT Ctr, Hobart, Tas 7000, Australia. RP Schmidt, ME (reprint author), Smithsonian Inst, Dept Mineral Sci, Washington, DC 20560 USA. EM schmidtm@si.edu RI de Souza, Paulo/B-8961-2008; Schroder, Christian/B-3870-2009; Centre, TasICT/D-1212-2011; Lewis, Kevin/E-5557-2012; Johnson, Jeffrey/F-3972-2015 OI de Souza, Paulo/0000-0002-0091-8925; Schroder, Christian/0000-0002-7935-6039; NR 41 TC 30 Z9 30 U1 1 U2 17 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0012-821X EI 1385-013X J9 EARTH PLANET SC LETT JI Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. PD MAY 15 PY 2009 VL 281 IS 3-4 BP 258 EP 266 DI 10.1016/j.epsl.2009.02.030 PG 9 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 456SQ UT WOS:000266869000012 ER PT J AU Sprague, LA Lorenz, DL AF Sprague, Lori A. Lorenz, David L. TI Regional Nutrient Trends in Streams and Rivers of the United States, 1993-2003 SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID BLUE-GREEN-ALGAE; SOIL-PHOSPHORUS; CYANOBACTERIA; WATERS; RUNOFF; QUALITY; LOSSES; IMPACT AB Trends in flow-adjusted concentrations (indicators of anthropogenic changes) and observed concentrations (indicators of natural and anthropogenic changes) of total phosphorus and total nitrogen from 1993 to 2003 were evaluated in the eastern, central, and western United States by adapting the Regional Kendall trend test to account for seasonality and spatial correlation. The only significant regional trend was an increase in flow-adjusted concentrations of total phosphorus in the central United States, which corresponded to increases in phosphorus inputs from fertilizer in the region, particularly west of the Mississippi River. A similar upward regional trend in observed total phosphorus concentrations in the central United States was not found, likely because precipitation and runoff decreased during drought conditions in the region, offsetting the increased source loading on the land surface. A greater number of regional trends would have been significant if spatial correlation had been disregarded, indicating the importance of spatial correlation modifications in regional trend assessments when sites are not spatially independent. C1 [Sprague, Lori A.] US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Lakewood, CO 80225 USA. [Lorenz, David L.] US Geol Survey, Mounds View, MN 55112 USA. RP Sprague, LA (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, POB 25046,Mail Stop 415, Lakewood, CO 80225 USA. EM lsprague@usgs.gov OI Sprague, Lori/0000-0003-2832-6662 FU U.S. Geological Survey National Water Quality Assessment program FX The authors thank E. Trench, D. Harried, D. Robertson, R. Rebich, N. Bauch, G. Fuhrer, D. Wise, C. Kratzer, and D. Saleh for their contributions to trend analysis and interpretation, K. Hitt, N. Nakagaki, J. Gronberg, J. Falcone, and D. Wolock for GIS data compilation, and D. Clow, J. Kiang, and three anonymous reviewers for their helpful comments on the manuscript. This research was funded by the U.S. Geological Survey National Water Quality Assessment program. NR 35 TC 21 Z9 21 U1 2 U2 32 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0013-936X EI 1520-5851 J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD MAY 15 PY 2009 VL 43 IS 10 BP 3430 EP 3435 DI 10.1021/es803664x PG 6 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 445JI UT WOS:000266046700008 PM 19544835 ER PT J AU White, AF Schulz, MS Stonestrom, DA Vivit, DV Fitzpatrick, J Bullen, TD Maher, K Blum, AE AF White, Art F. Schulz, Marjorie S. Stonestrom, David A. Vivit, Davison V. Fitzpatrick, John Bullen, Tom D. Maher, Kate Blum, Alex E. TI Chemical weathering of a marine terrace chronosequence, Santa Cruz, California. Part II: Solute profiles, gradients and the comparisons of contemporary and long-term weathering rates SO GEOCHIMICA ET COSMOCHIMICA ACTA LA English DT Article ID CATION-EXCHANGE CAPACITY; SOIL CHRONOSEQUENCE; PRECIPITATION KINETICS; DISSOLUTION KINETICS; SILICATE MINERALS; ROCK INTERACTION; MASS-BALANCE; FREE-ENERGY; KAOLINITE; TRANSPORT AB The spatial and temporal changes in hydrology and pore water elemental and (87)Sr/(86)Sr compositions are used to determine contemporary weathering rates in a 65- to 226-kyr-old soil chronosequence formed from granitic sediments deposited on marine terraces along coastal California. Soil moisture, tension and saturation exhibit large seasonal variations in shallow soils in response to a Mediterranean climate. These climate effects are dampened in underlying argillic horizons that progressively developed in older soils, and reached steady-state conditions in unsaturated horizons extending to depths in excess of 15 m. Hydraulic fluxes (q(h)), based on Cl mass balances, vary from 0.06 to 0.22 m yr(-1), resulting in fluid residence times in the terraces of 10-24 yrs. As expected for a coastal environment, the order of cation abundances in soil pore waters is comparable to sea water, i.e., Na > Mg > Ca > K > Sr, while the anion sequence Cl > NO(3) > HCO(3) > SO(4) reflects modifying effects of nutrient cycling in the grassland vegetation. Net Cl-corrected solute Na, K and Si increase with depth, denoting inputs from feldspar weathering. Solute (87)Sr/(86)Sr ratios exhibit progressive mixing of sea water-dominated precipitation with inputs from less radiogenic plagioclase. While net Sr and Ca concentrations are anomalously high in shallow soils due to biological cycling, they decline with depth to low and/or negative net concentrations. Ca/Mg, Sr/Mg and (87)Sr/(86)Sr solute and exchange ratios are similar in all the terraces, denoting active exchange equilibration with selectivities close to unity for both detrital smectite and secondary kaolinite. Large differences in the magnitudes of the pore waters and exchange reservoirs result in short-term buffering of the solute Ca, Sr, and Mg. Such buffering over geologic time scales can not be sustained due to declining inputs from residual plagioclase and smectite, implying periodic resetting of the exchange reservoir such as by past vegetational changes and/or climate. Pore waters approach thermodynamic saturation with respect to albite at depth in the younger terraces, indicating that weathering rates ultimately become transport-limited and dependent on hydrologic flux. Contemporary rates R(solute) are estimated from linear Na and Si pore weathering gradients b(solute) such that R(solute) = q(h)/b(solute)beta S(v) where S(v) is the volumetric surface area and beta is the stoichiometric coefficient. Plagioclase weathering rates (0.38-2.8 x 10(-15) mol m(-2) s(-1)) are comparable to those based on (87)Sr/(86)Sr mass balances and solid-state Na and Ca gradients using analogous gradient approximations. In addition, contemporary solute gradients, under transport-limited conditions, approximate long-term solid-state gradients when normalized against the mass of protolith plagioclase and its corresponding aqueous solubility. The multi-faceted weathering analysis presented in this paper is perhaps the most comprehensive yet applied to a single field study. Within uncertainties of the methods used, present day weathering rates, based on solute characterizations, are comparable to average long-term past rates as evidenced by soil profiles. Published by Elsevier Ltd. C1 [White, Art F.; Schulz, Marjorie S.; Stonestrom, David A.; Vivit, Davison V.; Fitzpatrick, John; Bullen, Tom D.] US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. [Maher, Kate] Stanford Univ, Dept Geol & Environm Sci, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. [Blum, Alex E.] US Geol Survey, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RP White, AF (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 345 Middlefield Rd, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. EM afwhite@usgs.gov RI Maher, Kate/B-3489-2010; Stonestrom, David/E-9125-2011; OI Maher, Kate/0000-0002-5982-6064; Stonestrom, David/0000-0001-7883-3385; Schulz, Marjorie/0000-0001-5597-6447 FU National Research Program of the Water Resources Discipline of the U.S. Geological Survey FX We thank the Rangers and staff at Wilder State Park, specifically Tim Hyland for his help in the field and Stephanie Mills of Laguna Ranch who provided access for the study. Mark Huebner of the U.S. Geologic Survey provided the anion analyses. We would like to acknowledge the following colleagues for helpful discussions and for assistance in the field: Jennifer Harden, Jennie Munster, Carrie Maseillo, Mark Waldrop, Daniel Bain and Susanne Anderson in addition to acknowledging insights and suggestions provided by Jacque Schott and two anomalous reviewers of the manuscript. Funding was provided by the National Research Program of the Water Resources Discipline of the U.S. Geological Survey. NR 71 TC 52 Z9 52 U1 4 U2 42 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0016-7037 J9 GEOCHIM COSMOCHIM AC JI Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta PD MAY 15 PY 2009 VL 73 IS 10 BP 2769 EP 2803 DI 10.1016/j.gca.2009.01.029 PG 35 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 440AF UT WOS:000265669300006 ER PT J AU Maher, K Steefel, CI White, AF Stonestrom, DA AF Maher, Kate Steefel, Carl I. White, Art F. Stonestrom, Dave A. TI The role of reaction affinity and secondary minerals in regulating chemical weathering rates at the Santa Cruz Soil Chronosequence, California SO GEOCHIMICA ET COSMOCHIMICA ACTA LA English DT Article ID SOLUTION SATURATION STATE; CALCITE RECRYSTALLIZATION RATES; ALBITE DISSOLUTION KINETICS; CATION-EXCHANGE CAPACITY; PORE FLUID CHEMISTRY; GIBBS FREE-ENERGY; PRECIPITATION KINETICS; KAOLINITE DISSOLUTION; SILICATE MINERALS; LABRADORITE DISSOLUTION AB In order to explore the reasons for the apparent discrepancy between laboratory and field weathering rates and to determine the extent to which weathering rates are controlled by the approach to thermodynamic equilibrium, secondary mineral precipitation, and flow rates, a multicomponent reactive transport model (CrunchFlow) was used to interpret soil profile development and mineral precipitation and dissolution rates at the 226 ka Marine Terrace Chronosequence near Santa Cruz, CA. Aqueous compositions, fluid chemistry, transport, and mineral abundances are well characterized [White A. F., Schulz M. S., Vivit D. V., Blum A., Stonestrom D. A. and Anderson S. P. (2009) Chemical weathering of a Marine Terrace Chronosequence, Santa Cruz, California. 1: interpreting the long-term controls on chemical weathering based on spatial and temporal element and mineral distributions. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 72 (1), 36-68] and were used to constrain the reaction rates for the weathering and precipitating minerals in the reactive transport modeling. When primary mineral weathering rates are calculated with either of two experimentally determined rate constants, the nonlinear, parallel rate law formulation of Hellmann and Tisserand [Hellmann R. and Tisserand D. (2006) Dissolution kinetics as a function of the Gibbs free energy of reaction: An experimental study based on albite feldspar. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 70 (2), 364-383] or the aluminum inhibition model proposed by Oelkers et al. [Oelkers E. H., Schott J. and Devidal J. L (1994) The effect of aluminum, pH, and chemical affinity on the rates of aluminosilicate dissolution reactions. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 58 (9), 20112024], modeling results are consistent with field-scale observations when independently constrained clay precipitation rates are accounted for. Experimental and field rates, therefore, can be reconciled at the Santa Cruz site. Additionally, observed maximum clay abundances in the argillic horizons occur at the depth and time where the reaction fronts of the primary minerals overlap. The modeling indicates that the argillic horizon at Santa Cruz can be explained almost entirely by weathering of primary minerals and in situ clay precipitation accompanied by undersaturation of kaolinite at the top of the profile. The rate constant for kaolinite precipitation was also determined based on model simulations of mineral abundances and dissolved Al, SiO(2)(aq) and pH in pore waters. Changes in the rate of kaolinite precipitation or the flow rate do not affect the gradient of the primary mineral weathering profiles, but instead control the rate of propagation of the primary mineral weathering fronts and thus total mass removed from the weathering profile. Our analysis suggests that secondary clay precipitation is as important as aqueous transport in governing the amount of dissolution that occurs within a profile because clay minerals exert a strong control over the reaction affinity of the dissolving primary minerals. The modeling also indicates that the weathering advance rate and the total mass of mineral dissolved is controlled by the thermodynamic Saturation of the primary dissolving phases plagioclase and K-fieldspar, as is evident from the difference in propagation rates of the reaction fronts for the two minerals despite their very similar kinetic rate laws. (C) 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 [Maher, Kate] Stanford Univ, Dept Geol & Environm Sci, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. [Steefel, Carl I.] Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Div Earth Sci, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. [White, Art F.; Stonestrom, Dave A.] US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. RP Maher, K (reprint author), Stanford Univ, Dept Geol & Environm Sci, Barun Hall 118,450 Serra Mall,Bldg 320, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. EM kmaher@stanford.edu RI Maher, Kate/B-3489-2010; Stonestrom, David/E-9125-2011; Steefel, Carl/B-7758-2010 OI Maher, Kate/0000-0002-5982-6064; Stonestrom, David/0000-0001-7883-3385; NR 93 TC 125 Z9 129 U1 12 U2 80 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0016-7037 J9 GEOCHIM COSMOCHIM AC JI Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta PD MAY 15 PY 2009 VL 73 IS 10 BP 2804 EP 2831 DI 10.1016/j.gca.2009.01.030 PG 28 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 440AF UT WOS:000265669300007 ER PT J AU Fox, PM Davis, JA Luther, GW AF Fox, Patricia M. Davis, James A. Luther, George W., III TI The kinetics of iodide oxidation by the manganese oxide mineral birnessite SO GEOCHIMICA ET COSMOCHIMICA ACTA LA English DT Article ID SYNTHETIC BIRNESSITE; MISSISSIPPI RIVER; HUMIC SUBSTANCES; SEDIMENTS; SORPTION; SURFACE; WATER; DELTA-MNO2; REDUCTION; CHEMISTRY AB The kinetics of iodide (I-) and molecular iodine (I-2) oxidation by the manganese oxide mineral birnessite (delta-MnO2) was investigated over the pH range 4.5-6.25. I- oxidation to iodate (IO3-) proceeded as a two-step reaction through an I-2 intermediate. The rate of the reaction varied with both pH and birnessite concentration, with faster oxidation occurring at lower pH and higher birnessite concentration. The disappearance of I- from solution was first order with respect to I- concentration, pH, and birnessite concentration, such that -d[I-]/dt = k[I-][H+][MnO2], where k, the third order rate constant, is equal to 1.08 +/- 0.06 x 107 M-2 h(-1). The data are consistent with the formation of an inner sphere I- surface complex as the first step of the reaction, and the adsorption of I- exhibited significant pH dependence. Both I-2, and to a lesser extent, IO3- sorbed to birnessite. The results indicate that iodine transport in mildly acidic groundwater systems may not be conservative. Because of the higher adsorption of the oxidized I species I-2 and IO3-, as well as the biophilic nature of I-2, redox transformations of iodine must be taken into account when predicting I transport in aquifers and watersheds. Published by Elsevier Ltd. C1 [Fox, Patricia M.; Davis, James A.] US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. [Luther, George W., III] Univ Delaware, Coll Marine & Earth Studies, Lewes, DE 19958 USA. RP Fox, PM (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 345 Middlefield Rd MS 496, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. EM pfox@usgs.gov RI Luther, III, George/A-6384-2008 OI Luther, III, George/0000-0002-0780-885X FU U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission [RES-03-006]; NSF [DEB-0516121] FX This work was funded by the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission through Interagency Agreement RES-03-006. G.W.L. acknowledges support from NSF (DEB-0516121). We gratefully acknowledge Douglas Kent and Kate Campbell for providing helpful comments on the manuscript. NR 46 TC 29 Z9 29 U1 4 U2 36 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0016-7037 EI 1872-9533 J9 GEOCHIM COSMOCHIM AC JI Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta PD MAY 15 PY 2009 VL 73 IS 10 BP 2850 EP 2861 DI 10.1016/j.gca.2009.02.016 PG 12 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 440AF UT WOS:000265669300009 ER PT J AU Mandeville, CW Webster, JD Tappen, C Taylor, BE Timbal, A Sasaki, A Hauri, E Bacon, CR AF Mandeville, Charles W. Webster, James D. Tappen, Christine Taylor, Bruce E. Timbal, Adrian Sasaki, Akira Hauri, Erik Bacon, Charles R. TI Stable isotope and petrologic evidence for open-system degassing during the climactic and pre-climactic eruptions of Mt. Mazama, Crater Lake, Oregon SO GEOCHIMICA ET COSMOCHIMICA ACTA LA English DT Review ID CALCALKALINE MAGMA CHAMBER; QUATERNARY VOLCANIC-ROCKS; FE-TI OXIDES; SULFUR ISOTOPE; MOUNT-PINATUBO; SILICIC MAGMAS; BASALTIC ANDESITE; PHASE-EQUILIBRIA; SUBDUCTION ZONES; HYDROGEN ISOTOPE AB Evaluation of the extent of volatile element recycling in convergent margin volcanism requires delineating likely source(s) of magmatic volatiles through stable isotopic characterization of sulfur, hydrogen and oxygen in erupted tephra with appropriate assessment of modification by degassing. The climactic eruption of Mt. Mazama ejected approximately 50 km(3) of rhyodacitic magma into the atmosphere and resulted in formation of a 10-km diameter caldera now occupied by Crater Lake, Oregon (lat. 43 degrees N, long. 122 degrees W). Isotopic compositions of whole-rocks, matrix glasses and minerals from Mt. Mazarna climactic, pre-climactic and postcaldera tephra were determined to identify the likely source(s) of H2O and S. Integration of stable isotopic data with petrologic data from melt inclusions has allowed for estimation of pre-eruptive dissolved volatile concentrations and placed constraints on the extent, conditions and style of degassing. Sulfur isotope analyses of climactic rhyodacitic whole rocks yield delta S-34 values of 2.8-14.8 parts per thousand with corresponding matrix glass values of 2.4-13.2 parts per thousand. delta S-34 tends to increase with stratigraphic height through climactic eruptive units, consistent with open-system degassing. Dissolved sulfur concentrations in melt inclusions (MIs) from pre-climactic and climactic rhyodacitic pumices varies from 80 to 330 ppm, with highest concentrations in inclusions with 4.8-5.2 wt% H2O (by FTIR). Up to 50% of the initial S may have been lost through pre-eruptive degassing at depths of 4-5 km. Ion microprobe analyses of pyrrhotite in climactic rhyodacitic tephra and andesitic scoria indicate a range in delta S-34 from -0.4 parts per thousand to 5.8 parts per thousand and from -0.1 parts per thousand to 3.5 parts per thousand, respectively. Initial delta S-34 values of rhyodacitic and andesitic magmas were likely near the mantle value of 0 parts per thousand. Hydrogen isotope (delta D) and total H2O analyses of rhyodacitic obsidian (and vitrophyre) from the climactic fall deposit yielded values of -103 to -53 parts per thousand and 0.23-1.74 wt%, respectively. Values of delta D and wt% H2O of obsidian decrease towards the top of the fall deposit. Samples with depleted delta D. and mantle delta O-18 values, have elevated delta S-34 values consistent with open-system degassing. These results imply that more mantle-derived sulfur is degassed to the Earth's atmosphere/hydrosphere through convergent margin volcanism than previously attributed. Magmatic degassing can modify initial isotopic compositions of sulfur by >14% (to delta S-34 values of 14 parts per thousand or more here) and hydrogen isotopic compositions by 90 parts per thousand (to delta D values of -127 parts per thousand in this case). (C) 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 [Mandeville, Charles W.; Webster, James D.; Tappen, Christine] Amer Museum Nat Hist, Dept Earth & Planetary Sci, New York, NY 10024 USA. [Taylor, Bruce E.; Timbal, Adrian] Geol Survey Canada, Ottawa, ON K1A 0E8, Canada. [Sasaki, Akira] Geol Survey Japan, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 3058567, Japan. [Hauri, Erik] DTM, Washington, DC 20015 USA. [Bacon, Charles R.] US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. RP Mandeville, CW (reprint author), Amer Museum Nat Hist, Dept Earth & Planetary Sci, Cent Pk W&79th St, New York, NY 10024 USA. EM cmandy@amnh.org RI Facility, NENIMF/B-8811-2015 NR 108 TC 31 Z9 31 U1 0 U2 13 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0016-7037 EI 1872-9533 J9 GEOCHIM COSMOCHIM AC JI Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta PD MAY 15 PY 2009 VL 73 IS 10 BP 2978 EP 3012 DI 10.1016/j.gca.2009.01.019 PG 35 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 440AF UT WOS:000265669300018 ER PT J AU Legleiter, CJ Roberts, DA AF Legleiter, Carl J. Roberts, Dar A. TI A forward image model for passive optical remote sensing of river bathymetry SO REMOTE SENSING OF ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article DE River bathymetry; Remote sensing; Depth; Fluvial geomorphology; Radiative transfer ID IN-STREAM HABITATS; SPATIAL-RESOLUTION; MULTISPECTRAL IMAGERY; CHANNEL MORPHOLOGY; WATER-QUALITY; HYPERION; DEPTH; CLASSIFICATION; TOPOGRAPHY; BAHAMAS AB By facilitating measurement of river channel morphology, remote sensing techniques could enable significant advances in our understanding of fluvial systems. To realize this potential, researchers must first gain confidence in image-derived river information, as well as an appreciation of its inherent limitations. This paper describes a forward image model (FIM) for examining the capabilities and constraints associated with passive optical remote sensing of liver bathymetry. Image data are simulated "from the streambed up" by first using information on depth and bottom reflectance to parameterize models of radiative transfer within the water column and atmosphere and then incorporating sensor technical specifications. This physics-based framework provides a means of assessing the potential for spectrally-based depth retrieval from a particular river of interest, given a sensor configuration. Forward image modeling of both a hypothetical meander bend and an actual gravel-bed river indicated that bathymetric accuracy and precision vary spatially as a function of channel morphology, with less reliable depth estimates in pools. A simpler, more computationally efficient analytical model highlighted additional controls on bathymetric uncertainty: optical depth and the ratio of the smallest detectable change in radiance to the bottom-reflected radiance. Application of the FIM to a complex, natural channel illustrated how the model can be used to quantify the effects of various sensor characteristics. Bathymetric accuracy was determined primarily by spatial resolution. due to mixed pixels along the banks and sub-pixel scale variations in depth, whereas depth retrieval precision depended oil the sensor's ability to resolve subtle changes in radiance. This flexible forward modeling approach thus allows the utility of image-derived river information to be evaluated in the context of specific investigations, leading to more efficient, more informed use of remote sensing methods across a range of fluvial environments. (C) 2009 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. C1 [Legleiter, Carl J.] Univ Wyoming, Dept Geog, Laramie, WY 82071 USA. [Legleiter, Carl J.] Yellowstone Ecol Res Ctr, Bozeman, MT 59718 USA. [Roberts, Dar A.] Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Dept Geog, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA. RP Legleiter, CJ (reprint author), USGS Geomorphol, 4620 Technol Dr,Suite 400, Golden, CO 80403 USA. EM carl@geog.ucsb.edu OI Legleiter, Carl/0000-0003-0940-8013 FU Canon National Parks Science Scholarship Program; a Doctoral Dissertation Research Improvement Grant; National Science Foundation's Geography Program; Horton Research Grant from the American Geophysical Union; California Space Institute; Yellowstone Ecological Research Center FX The National Park Service granted permission to collect field data used in this study. Financial support was provided by the Canon National Parks Science Scholarship Program, a Doctoral Dissertation Research Improvement Grant from the National Science Foundation's Geography Program, a Horton Research Grant from the American Geophysical Union, and the California Space Institute. Andrew Marcus loaned a spectrorad io meter used to measure field spectra, David Lageson loaned survey equipment, and the Yellowstone Ecological Research Center provided logistical support. Kyle Legleiter, Patricia Jenkins, Ben Lieb, David Speer, and Jake Galyon assisted in field data collection. Two anonymous reviewers helped to improve an earlier version of this paper. NR 38 TC 34 Z9 34 U1 1 U2 21 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 360 PARK AVE SOUTH, NEW YORK, NY 10010-1710 USA SN 0034-4257 J9 REMOTE SENS ENVIRON JI Remote Sens. Environ. PD MAY 15 PY 2009 VL 113 IS 5 BP 1025 EP 1045 DI 10.1016/j.rse.2009.01.018 PG 21 WC Environmental Sciences; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA 440QY UT WOS:000265716000013 ER PT J AU Zebker, HA Stiles, B Hensley, S Lorenz, R Kirk, RL Lunine, J AF Zebker, Howard A. Stiles, Bryan Hensley, Scott Lorenz, Ralph Kirk, Randolph L. Lunine, Jonathan TI Size and Shape of Saturn's Moon Titan SO SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID RADAR; ORIGIN; PLANETS; LAKES AB Cassini observations show that Saturn's moon Titan is slightly oblate. A fourth-order spherical harmonic expansion yields north polar, south polar, and mean equatorial radii of 2574.32 +/- 0.05 kilometers (km), 2574.36 +/- 0.03 km, and 2574.91 +/- 0.11 km, respectively; its mean radius is 2574.73 +/- 0.09 km. Titan's shape approximates a hydrostatic, synchronously rotating triaxial ellipsoid but is best fit by such a body orbiting closer to Saturn than Titan presently does. Titan's lack of high relief implies that most-but not all-of the surface features observed with the Cassini imaging subsystem and synthetic aperture radar are uncorrelated with topography and elevation. Titan's depressed polar radii suggest that a constant geopotential hydrocarbon table could explain the confinement of the hydrocarbon lakes to high latitudes. C1 [Zebker, Howard A.] Stanford Univ, Dept Geophys, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. [Zebker, Howard A.] Stanford Univ, Dept Elect Engn, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. [Stiles, Bryan; Hensley, Scott] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. [Lorenz, Ralph] Johns Hopkins Univ, Appl Phys Lab, Laurel, MD 20723 USA. [Kirk, Randolph L.] US Geol Survey, Flagstaff, AZ 86001 USA. [Lunine, Jonathan] Univ Arizona, Dept Planetary Sci, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. [Lunine, Jonathan] Univ Arizona, Dept Phys, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. RP Zebker, HA (reprint author), Stanford Univ, Dept Geophys, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. EM zebker@stanford.edu RI Lorenz, Ralph/B-8759-2016 OI Lorenz, Ralph/0000-0001-8528-4644 FU Cassini Project; NASA FX We thank the Cassini Radar Team for detailed planning of these observations. This work was supported by the Cassini Project and by NASA as part of the Cassini Data Analysis Program. We also thank the reviewers for many constructive comments on our error analysis and data interpretation. The Cassini Project is a joint endeavor of NASA, the European Space Agency, and the Italian Space Agency. Cassini is managed by JPL, California Institute of Technology, under a contract with NASA. NR 19 TC 51 Z9 51 U1 0 U2 9 PU AMER ASSOC ADVANCEMENT SCIENCE PI WASHINGTON PA 1200 NEW YORK AVE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 USA SN 0036-8075 J9 SCIENCE JI Science PD MAY 15 PY 2009 VL 324 IS 5929 BP 921 EP 923 DI 10.1126/science.1168905 PG 3 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 445KD UT WOS:000266048800033 PM 19342551 ER PT J AU Scanlon, BR Stonestrom, DA Reedy, RC Leaney, FW Gates, J Cresswell, RG AF Scanlon, Bridget R. Stonestrom, David A. Reedy, Robert C. Leaney, Fred W. Gates, John Cresswell, Richard G. TI Inventories and mobilization of unsaturated zone sulfate, fluoride, and chloride related to land use change in semiarid regions, southwestern United States and Australia SO WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID SOUTHERN HIGH-PLAINS; MURRAY BASIN; POTABLE WATER; SULFUR; RECHARGE; PRECIPITATION; MOVEMENT; NITROGEN; SOILS; FLOW AB Unsaturated zone salt reservoirs are potentially mobilized by increased groundwater recharge as semiarid lands are cultivated. This study explores the amounts of pore water sulfate and fluoride relative to chloride in unsaturated zone profiles, evaluates their sources, estimates mobilization due to past land use change, and assesses the impacts on groundwater quality. Inventories of water-extractable chloride, sulfate, and fluoride were determined from borehole samples of soils and sediments collected beneath natural ecosystems (N = 4), nonirrigated ("rain-fed'') croplands (N = 18), and irrigated croplands ( N = 6) in the southwestern United States and in the Murray Basin, Australia. Natural ecosystems contain generally large sulfate inventories (7800-120,000 kg/ha) and lower fluoride inventories (630-3900 kg/ha) relative to chloride inventories (6600-41,000 kg/ha). Order-of-magnitude higher chloride concentrations in precipitation and generally longer accumulation times result in much larger chloride inventories in the Murray Basin than in the southwestern United States. Atmospheric deposition during the current dry interglacial climatic regime accounts for most of the measured sulfate in both U. S. and Australian regions. Fluoride inventories are greater than can be accounted for by atmospheric deposition in most cases, suggesting that fluoride may accumulate across glacial/interglacial climatic cycles. Chemical modeling indicates that fluorite controls fluoride mobility and suggests that water-extractable fluoride may include some fluoride from mineral dissolution. Increased groundwater drainage/recharge following land use change readily mobilized chloride. Sulfate displacement fronts matched or lagged chloride fronts by up to 4 m. In contrast, fluoride mobilization was minimal in all regions. Understanding linkages between salt inventories, increased recharge, and groundwater quality is important for quantifying impacts of anthropogenic activities on groundwater quality and is required for remediating salinity problems. C1 [Scanlon, Bridget R.; Reedy, Robert C.; Gates, John] Univ Texas Austin, Bur Econ Geol, Jackson Sch Geosci, Austin, TX 78758 USA. [Stonestrom, David A.] US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. [Leaney, Fred W.] CSIRO Land & Water, Glen Osmond, SA 5064, Australia. [Cresswell, Richard G.] CSIRO Land & Water, Indooroopilly, Qld 4068, Australia. RP Scanlon, BR (reprint author), Univ Texas Austin, Bur Econ Geol, Jackson Sch Geosci, Pickle Res Campus,Bldg 130,10100 Burnet Rd, Austin, TX 78758 USA. EM bridget.scanlon@beg.utexas.edu RI Stonestrom, David/E-9125-2011; Leaney, Fred/F-6158-2013; Scanlon, Bridget/A-3105-2009 OI Stonestrom, David/0000-0001-7883-3385; Scanlon, Bridget/0000-0002-1234-4199 NR 54 TC 23 Z9 23 U1 1 U2 15 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0043-1397 J9 WATER RESOUR RES JI Water Resour. Res. PD MAY 13 PY 2009 VL 45 AR W00A18 DI 10.1029/2008WR006963 PG 17 WC Environmental Sciences; Limnology; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Water Resources GA 446FA UT WOS:000266104900001 ER PT J AU Weber, RC Bills, BG Johnson, CL AF Weber, R. C. Bills, B. G. Johnson, C. L. TI Constraints on deep moonquake focal mechanisms through analyses of tidal stress SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-PLANETS LA English DT Article ID FOCUS EARTHQUAKES; LUNAR SEISMICITY; MOON; TECTONICS; MANTLE; MODEL AB A relationship between deep moonquake occurrence and tidal forcing is suggested by the monthly periodicities observed in the occurrence times of events recorded by the Apollo Passive Seismic Experiment. In addition, the typically large S wave to P wave arrival amplitude ratios observed on deep moonquake seismograms are indicative of shear failure. Tidal stress, induced in the lunar interior by the gravitational influence of the Earth, may influence moonquake activity. We investigate the relationship between tidal stress and deep moonquake occurrence by searching for a linear combination of the normal and shear components of tidal stress that best approximates a constant value when evaluated at the times of moonquakes from 39 different moonquake clusters. We perform a grid search at each cluster location, computing the stresses resolved onto a suite of possible failure planes, to obtain the best fitting fault orientation at each location. We find that while linear combinations of stresses (and in some cases stress rates) can fit moonquake occurrence at many clusters quite well; for other clusters, the fit is not strongly dependent on plane orientation. This suggests that deep moonquakes may occur in response to factors other than, or in addition to, tidal stress. Several of our inferences support the hypothesis that deep moonquakes might be related to transformational faulting, in which shear failure is induced by mineral phase changes at depth. The occurrence of this process would have important implications for the lunar interior. C1 [Weber, R. C.] US Geol Survey, Flagstaff, AZ 86001 USA. [Bills, B. G.; Johnson, C. L.] Univ Calif San Diego, Scripps Inst Oceanog, Cecil H & Ida M Green Inst Geophys & Planetary Ph, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA. [Bills, B. G.] NASA, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA USA. [Johnson, C. L.] Univ British Columbia, Dept Earth & Ocean Sci, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1M9, Canada. RP Weber, RC (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 2255 N Gemini Dr, Flagstaff, AZ 86001 USA. EM rweber@usgs.gov FU Eugene M. Shoemaker Planetary Geology and Geophysics Fellowship; NSERC; [NASA-NNG05GK34G]; [NASA-NNX08AL49G] FX The authors would like to thank Justin Hagerty, Robin Fergason, Yosio Nakamura, Cliff Frohlich, and an anonymous reviewer for their thoughtful comments on this manuscript. This work was supported by the Eugene M. Shoemaker Planetary Geology and Geophysics Fellowship awarded to R. C. W., and grants NASA-NNG05GK34G, NASA-NNX08AL49G, and NSERC to C. L. J. NR 43 TC 12 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0148-0227 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-PLANET JI J. Geophys. Res.-Planets PD MAY 12 PY 2009 VL 114 AR E05001 DI 10.1029/2008JE003286 PG 17 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 446DU UT WOS:000266101400001 ER PT J AU Lutz, JA van Wagtendonk, JW Franklin, JF AF Lutz, J. A. van Wagtendonk, J. W. Franklin, J. F. TI Twentieth-century decline of large-diameter trees in Yosemite National Park, California, USA SO FOREST ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE Sierra Nevada; Wieslander survey; Tree demography; Fire suppression ID MIXED-CONIFER FOREST; CENTRAL SIERRA-NEVADA; DOUGLAS-FIR FORESTS; OLD-GROWTH FORESTS; STRUCTURAL DEVELOPMENT; AFRICAN SAVANNA; MORTALITY-RATES; SPATIAL SCALES; LODGEPOLE PINE; CLIMATE-CHANGE AB Studies of forest change in western North America often focus on increased densities of small-diameter trees rather than on changes in the large tree component. Large trees generally have lower rates of mortality than small trees and are more resilient to climate change, but these assumptions have rarely been examined in long-term studies. We combined data from 655 historical (1932-1936) and 210 modern (1988-1999) vegetation plots to examine changes in density of large-diameter trees in Yosemite National Park (3027 km(2)). We tested the assumption of stability for large-diameter trees, as both individual species and communities of large-diameter trees. Between the 1930s and 1990s, large-diameter tree density in Yosemite declined 24%. Although the decrease was apparent in all forest types, declines were greatest in subalpine and upper montane forests (57.0% of park area), and least in lower montane forests (15.3% of park area). Large-diameter tree densities of 11 species declined while only 3 species increased. Four general patterns emerged: (1) Pinus albicaulis, Quercus chrysolepis, and Quercus kelloggii had increases in density of large-diameter trees occur throughout their ranges; (2) Pinus jeffreyi, Pinus lambertiana, and Pinus ponderosa, had disproportionately larger decreases in large-diameter tree densities in lower-elevation portions of their ranges; (3) Abies concolor and Pinus contorta, had approximately uniform decreases in large-diameter trees throughout their elevational ranges; and (4) Abies magnifica, Calocedrus decurrens, Juniperus occidentalis, Pinus monticola, Pseudotsuga menziesii, and Tsuga mertensiana displayed little or no change in large-diameter tree densities. In Pinus ponderosa-Calocedrus decurrens forests, modern large-diameter tree densities were equivalent whether or not plots had burned since 1936. However, in unburned plots, the large-diameter trees were predominantly A. concolor, C decurrens, and Q chrysolepis, whereas P. ponderosa dominated the large-diameter component of burned plots. Densities of large-diameter P. ponderosa were 8.1 trees ha(-1) in plots that had experienced fire, but only 0.5 trees ha(-1) in plots that remained unburned. (C) 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 [Lutz, J. A.; Franklin, J. F.] Univ Washington, Coll Forest Resources, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. [van Wagtendonk, J. W.] US Geol Survey, Western Ecol Res Ctr, Yosemite Field Stn, El Portal, CA 95318 USA. RP Lutz, JA (reprint author), Univ Washington, Coll Forest Resources, Box 352100, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. EM jlutz@u.washington.edu RI Lutz, James/B-3785-2012 FU NSF [0333408]; Seattle ARCS Foundation FX We thank Yosemite National Park and the USGS Western Ecological Research Center for data and data management. We thank P.E. Moore of the USGS, J.13. Meyer of the NPS, and J. Drake of The Nature Conservancy for their contributions to data collection and oversight of field crews. Many others too numerous to name assisted with field measurements. We thank R. Pleszewski for assistance with database management and quality assurance. Comments from J.K. Agee, J.A. Freund, A.R. Gillespie, C.B. Halpern, T.M. Hinckley, AJ. Larson, D. McKenzie, M.P. North, N.L. Stephenson, PJ. van Mantgem, and two anonymous reviewers improved this manuscript. NSF IGERT Multinational Challenges to the Environment (0333408) and the Seattle ARCS Foundation provided funding. NR 92 TC 51 Z9 53 U1 2 U2 22 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0378-1127 J9 FOREST ECOL MANAG JI For. Ecol. Manage. PD MAY 10 PY 2009 VL 257 IS 11 BP 2296 EP 2307 DI 10.1016/j.foreco.2009.03.009 PG 12 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 444HG UT WOS:000265970700012 ER PT J AU Barry, PH Hilton, DR Tryon, MD Brown, KM Kulongoski, JT AF Barry, P. H. Hilton, D. R. Tryon, M. D. Brown, K. M. Kulongoski, J. T. TI A new syringe pump apparatus for the retrieval and temporal analysis of helium in groundwaters and geothermal fluids SO GEOCHEMISTRY GEOPHYSICS GEOSYSTEMS LA English DT Article DE geochemistry; instruments and techniques; hydrology; monitoring ID CALIFORNIA; ISOTOPE; SYSTEM AB We present details of a newly designed syringe pump apparatus for the retrieval and temporal analysis of helium (SPARTAH). The device is composed of a commercially available syringe pump connected to coils of Cu tubing, which interface the syringe and the groundwater or geothermal wellhead. Through test deployments at geothermal wells in Iceland and California, we show that well fluids are drawn smoothly, accurately, and continuously into the Cu tubing and can be time-stamped through user-determined operating parameters. In the laboratory, the tubing is sectioned to reveal helium (He) characteristics of the fluids at times and for durations of interest. The device is capable of prolonged deployments, up to 6 months or more, with minimal maintenance. It can be used to produce detailed time series records of He, or any other geochemical parameter, in groundwaters and geothermal fluids. SPARTAH has application in monitoring projects assessing the relationship between external transient events (e. g., earthquakes) and geochemical signals in aqueous fluids. C1 [Barry, P. H.; Hilton, D. R.; Tryon, M. D.; Brown, K. M.] Univ Calif San Diego, Scripps Inst Oceanog, Geosci Res Div, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA. [Kulongoski, J. T.] US Geol Survey, Calif Water Sci Ctr, San Diego, CA 92101 USA. RP Barry, PH (reprint author), Univ Calif San Diego, Scripps Inst Oceanog, Geosci Res Div, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA. EM pbarry@ucsd.edu; drhilton@ucsd.edu; mtryon@ucsd.edu; kmbrown@ucsd.edu; kulongos@usgs.gov RI Hilton, David/B-7611-2008; OI Kulongoski, Justin/0000-0002-3498-4154; Barry, Peter/0000-0002-6960-1555 FU Academic Senate of the University; NSF [OCE-0242034] FX We thank Karl Gronvold of the Nordic Volcanological Institute (University of Iceland) and Con Arrieta and Ray Hernandez of the San Bernardo Municipal Water Department for help with sampling the Selfoss and San Bernardino wells, respectively. Development of the SPARTAH system was supported by a grant from the Academic Senate of the University of California, San Diego. It represents an offshoot from our NSF award (OCE-0242034) to develop submarine instrumentation for He sampling. The NSF award also supported our analytical efforts in the development of SPARTAH. We thank Karin Brauer and an anonymous reviewer for comments. NR 13 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 8 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 1525-2027 J9 GEOCHEM GEOPHY GEOSY JI Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst. PD MAY 9 PY 2009 VL 10 AR Q05004 DI 10.1029/2009GC002422 PG 9 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 443RO UT WOS:000265928100002 ER PT J AU Liu, B Schaider, LA Mason, RP Bank, MS Rabalais, NN Swarzenski, PW Shine, JP Hollweg, T Senn, DB AF Liu, B. Schaider, L. A. Mason, R. P. Bank, M. S. Rabalais, N. N. Swarzenski, P. W. Shine, J. P. Hollweg, T. Senn, D. B. TI Disturbance impacts on mercury dynamics in northern Gulf of Mexico sediments SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-BIOGEOSCIENCES LA English DT Article ID MISSISSIPPI RIVER DELTA; SULFATE-REDUCING BACTERIA; ESTUARINE SEDIMENTS; MARINE-SEDIMENTS; ORGANIC-MATTER; METHYL MERCURY; METHYLMERCURY PRODUCTION; CONTINENTAL-SHELF; ATCHAFALAYA RIVER; HURRICANE-LILI AB We evaluated the impacts of physical disturbance on sediment Hg biogeochemistry in the northern Gulf of Mexico by exploring changes in Hg abundance and speciation in cores collected between July 2005 and July 2006, a time period that included the passages of Hurricanes Katrina and Rita in this region. Comparisons across space and time reveal large changes in sediment characteristics, both with respect to Hg biogeochemistry and other measures of sediment composition, that indicate substantial disturbance. While the degree of disturbance varied between stations, at sites that clearly received new surface deposits considerable increases in OC and total Hg were observed, along with shifts in major element composition. At the station closest to Hurricane Katrina's track ( station A'2), (210)Pb levels are consistent with the episodic deposition of > 10 cm of sediments. These surface sediments ( 0-10 cm) at A'2 had the highest %MeHg of all stations and all dates, suggesting that the disturbance resulted initially in increased net methylation. While the observed disturbances elsewhere could not in all cases be definitively linked to hurricane activities, the substantial thickness of deposits (> 10 cm) at multiple sites is consistent with a major event, and the similarity in the deposits' chemical fingerprint across all impacted sites suggests similar sources or processes. We estimate that the two hurricanes redistributed approximately 5 times the annual Hg input from the Mississippi-Atchafalaya River system and atmospheric deposition. These observations highlight the need to consider the effects of major disturbances on the biogeochemical cycling of Hg in coastal systems. C1 [Liu, B.; Schaider, L. A.; Bank, M. S.; Shine, J. P.; Senn, D. B.] Harvard Univ, Harvard Sch Publ Hlth, Boston, MA 02115 USA. [Mason, R. P.; Hollweg, T.] Univ Connecticut, Dept Marine Sci, Groton, CT 06340 USA. [Rabalais, N. N.] Louisiana Univ Marine Consortium, Chauvin, LA 70344 USA. [Swarzenski, P. W.] US Geol Survey, Pacific Sci Ctr, Santa Cruz, CA 95060 USA. RP Liu, B (reprint author), Harvard Univ, Harvard Sch Publ Hlth, 401 Pk Dr, Boston, MA 02115 USA. EM dbsenn@alum.mit.edu RI Senn, David/E-7813-2010; Mason, Robert/A-6829-2011 NR 60 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 12 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0148-0227 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-BIOGEO JI J. Geophys. Res.-Biogeosci. PD MAY 9 PY 2009 VL 114 AR G00C07 DI 10.1029/2008JG000752 PG 12 WC Environmental Sciences; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Geology GA 443SK UT WOS:000265930700001 ER PT J AU Keranen, KM Klemperer, SL Julia, J Lawrence, JF Nyblade, AA AF Keranen, Katie M. Klemperer, Simon L. Julia, Jordi Lawrence, Jesse F. Nyblade, Andy A. TI Low lower crustal velocity across Ethiopia: Is the Main Ethiopian Rift a narrow rift in a hot craton? SO GEOCHEMISTRY GEOPHYSICS GEOSYSTEMS LA English DT Article DE Ethiopia; continental extension; continental lithosphere; receiver functions; surface-wave inversion ID SURFACE-WAVE DISPERSION; ARABIAN-NUBIAN SHIELD; TELESEISMIC RECEIVER FUNCTIONS; EAST-AFRICAN OROGEN; JOINT INVERSION; UPPER-MANTLE; ELECTRICAL-CONDUCTIVITY; NORTHEASTERN TANZANIA; CONTINENTAL BREAKUP; FLOOD VOLCANISM AB The Main Ethiopian Rift (MER) is a classic narrow rift that developed in hot, weak lithosphere, not in the initially cold, thick, and strong lithosphere that would be predicted by common models of rift mode formation. Our new 1-D seismic velocity profiles from Rayleigh wave/receiver function joint inversion across the MER and the Ethiopian Plateau indicate that hot lower crust and upper mantle are present throughout the broad region affected by Oligocene flood basalt volcanism, including both the present rift and the adjacent Ethiopian Plateau hundreds of kilometers from the rift valley. The region of hot lithosphere closely corresponds to the region of flood basalt volcanism, and we interpret that the volcanism and thermal perturbation were jointly caused by impingement of the Afar plume head. Across the affected region, Vs is 3.6-3.8 km/s in the lowermost crust and <= 4.3 km/s in the uppermost mantle, both similar to 0.3 km/s lower than in the eastern and western branches of the East African Rift System to the south. We interpret the low Vs in the lower crust and upper mantle as indicative of hot lithosphere with partial melt. Our results lead to a hybrid rift mode, in which the brittle upper crust has developed as a narrow rift along the Neoproterozoic suture between East and West Gondwana, while at depth lithospheric deformation is distributed over the broad region (similar to 400 km wide) thermally perturbed by the broad thermal upwelling associated with the Afar plume head. Development of both the East African Rift System to the south (in cold, strong lithosphere) and the MER to the north (in hot, weak lithosphere) as narrow rifts, despite their vastly different initial thermal states and depth-integrated lithospheric strength, indicates that common models of rift mode formation that focus only on temperature, thickness, and vertical strength profiles do not apply to these classic continental rifts. Instead, inherited structure and associated lithospheric weaknesses are the primary control on the mode of extension. C1 [Keranen, Katie M.; Klemperer, Simon L.; Lawrence, Jesse F.] Stanford Univ, Dept Geophys, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. [Julia, Jordi; Nyblade, Andy A.] Penn State Univ, Dept Geosci, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. RP Keranen, KM (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. EM kkeranen@usgs.gov RI Klemperer, Simon/A-5919-2012 FU National Science Foundation (NSF) Continental Dynamics grant [EAR0208475]; Natural Environment Research Council; SEG Foundation; Anadarko FX EAGLE data acquisition was funded by National Science Foundation (NSF) Continental Dynamics grant EAR0208475 and the Natural Environment Research Council. K. Keranen thanks the SEG Foundation and Anadarko for financial support during her Ph.D. We appreciate the continued willingness of Ethiopian scientists to host and collaborate with U. S. geophysicists. We thank Graham Stuart for sharing the EAGLE Phase I event data; EAGLE leadership for the coordination of the seismic project; the EBSE leaders for sharing their data; EAGLE and EBSE participants who helped with data collection; and Mulugeta Dugda, Tilahun Mammo, Ewenet Gashawbeza, Tyrone Rooney, Norm Sleep, Elizabeth Miller, and Chris Mattinson for valuable discussions. All five contributing authors of this manuscript significantly influenced and helped shape the final result. We appreciate very careful and constructive reviews from G. Corti and R. Bendick as well as helpful comments from the editor. NR 89 TC 41 Z9 41 U1 0 U2 19 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 1525-2027 J9 GEOCHEM GEOPHY GEOSY JI Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst. PD MAY 8 PY 2009 VL 10 AR Q0AB01 DI 10.1029/2008GC002293 PG 21 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 443RM UT WOS:000265927900001 ER PT J AU Switzer, JF Wood, RM AF Switzer, John F. Wood, Robert M. TI Etheostoma erythrozonum, a new species of darter (Teleostei: Percidae) from the Meramec River drainage, Missouri SO ZOOTAXA LA English DT Article DE darter; Percidae; Etheostoma; Etheostoma erythrozonum; Etheostoma tetrazonum; Meramec River; Missouri; Ozarks AB A new species of darter, Etheostoma erythrozonum, is described from the Meramec River drainage of Missouri, USA. Etheostoma erythrozonum is the first known fish species endemic to the Meramec River drainage. It differs morphologically and genetically from populations of its sister species, Etheostoma tetrazonum, from the Gasconade River, Osage River, and Moreau River drainages. C1 [Switzer, John F.] US Geol Survey, Leetown Sci Ctr, Aquat Ecol Branch, Kearneysville, WV 25430 USA. [Wood, Robert M.] St Louis Univ, Dept Biol, St Louis, MO 63103 USA. RP Switzer, JF (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Leetown Sci Ctr, Aquat Ecol Branch, 11649 Leetown Rd, Kearneysville, WV 25430 USA. EM jswitzer@usgs.gov; wood2@slu.edu NR 10 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 2 U2 3 PU MAGNOLIA PRESS PI AUCKLAND PA PO BOX 41383, AUCKLAND, ST LUKES 1030, NEW ZEALAND SN 1175-5326 EI 1175-5334 J9 ZOOTAXA JI Zootaxa PD MAY 8 PY 2009 IS 2095 BP 1 EP 7 PG 7 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA 447ZU UT WOS:000266231700001 ER PT J AU Johnson, JPL Whipple, KX Sklar, LS Hanks, TC AF Johnson, Joel P. L. Whipple, Kelin X. Sklar, Leonard S. Hanks, Thomas C. TI Transport slopes, sediment cover, and bedrock channel incision in the Henry Mountains, Utah SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-EARTH SURFACE LA English DT Article ID DEPENDENT RIVER INCISION; STREAM-POWER; PROFILE DEVELOPMENT; FLUVIAL INCISION; TECTONIC UPLIFT; DRAINAGE BASINS; EROSION; DYNAMICS; MODELS; GRAVEL AB Field data from channels in the Henry Mountains of Utah demonstrate that abundant coarse sediment can inhibit fluvial incision into bedrock by armoring channel beds (the cover effect). We compare several small channels that share tributary junctions and have incised into the same sedimentary bedrock unit (Navajo Sandstone) but contain differing amounts of coarse diorite clasts owing to the spatial distribution of localized sediment sources. Bedrock channels that contain abundant clasts (diorite-rich) have steeper longitudinal slopes than tributaries of these channels with smaller drainage areas and less sediment (diorite-poor). The diorite-poor tributaries have incised more deeply to lower average slopes and have more reach-scale slope variability, which may reflect bedrock properties, longitudinal sediment sorting, and incision at lower sediment supply. Diorite-rich channels have less bedrock exposed and smoother longitudinal profiles than diorite-poor channels. We find that (1) coarse sediment can mantle bedrock channel beds and reduce the efficiency of incision, validating the hypothesized cover effect in fluvial incision models; (2) the channel slope needed to transport the sediment load can be larger than that needed to erode bedrock, suggesting that the slope of incising bedrock channels can become adjusted to the sediment load; (3) when abundant sediment is available, transport capacity rather than thresholds of motion can be dominant in setting bedrock channel slope; and (4) cover effects can be important even when moderate amounts of bedrock are exposed in channel beds. C1 [Johnson, Joel P. L.] Univ Texas Austin, Jackson Sch Geosci, Austin, TX 78712 USA. [Whipple, Kelin X.] Arizona State Univ, Sch Earth & Space Explorat, Tempe, AZ USA. [Sklar, Leonard S.] San Francisco State Univ, Dept Geosci, San Francisco, CA 94132 USA. [Hanks, Thomas C.] US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. RP Johnson, JPL (reprint author), Univ Texas Austin, Jackson Sch Geosci, Austin, TX 78712 USA. EM joelj@jsg.utexas.edu RI Johnson, Joel/B-8842-2012; OI Sklar, Leonard/0000-0001-9626-733X FU NSF Geomorphology and Land Use Dynamics [EAR-0345622, EAR-0345344] FX We thank many people for assistance collecting field data, including Wayne Baumgartner, Jessica Black, Mariela Perignon, and Kyle Straub. Nathan Niemi and Benjamin Crosby developed Arcpad scripts used for data collection. Joe Farrow measured rock strengths and erodibilities. Detailed reviews by Jens Turowski, Dimitri Lague, Paul Bishop, and Associate Editor Brian McArdell improved the manuscript significantly. This work was supported by NSF Geomorphology and Land Use Dynamics grants EAR-0345622 and EAR-0345344. NR 68 TC 58 Z9 58 U1 0 U2 12 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-9003 EI 2169-9011 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-EARTH JI J. Geophys. Res.-Earth Surf. PD MAY 5 PY 2009 VL 114 AR F02014 DI 10.1029/2007JF000862 PG 21 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 443SM UT WOS:000265930900001 ER PT J AU Belcher, WR Bedinger, MS Back, JT Sweetkind, DS AF Belcher, Wayne R. Bedinger, M. S. Back, Jennifer T. Sweetkind, Donald S. TI Interbasin flow in the Great Basin with special reference to the southern Funeral Mountains and the source of Furnace Creek springs, Death Valley, California, US SO JOURNAL OF HYDROLOGY LA English DT Article DE Death Valley; Hydrochemistry; Springs; Ground-water flow; Ground-water recharge ID DEVILS-HOLE; GROUNDWATER; NEVADA; AREA; CLIMATE; RECORD AB Interbasin flow in the Great Basin has been established by scientific studies during the past century. While not occurring uniformly between all basins, its occurrence is common and is a function of the hydraulic gradient between basins and hydraulic conductivity of the intervening rocks. The Furnace Creek springs in Death Valley, California are an example of large volume springs that are widely accepted as being the discharge points of regional interbasin flow. The flow path has been interpreted historically to be through consolidated Paleozoic carbonate rocks in the southern Funeral Mountains. This work reviews the preponderance of evidence supporting the concept of interbasin flow in the Death Valley region and the Great Basin and addresses the conceptual model of pluvial and recent recharge [Nelson, S.T., Anderson, K., Mayo, A.L., 2004. Testing the interbasin flow hypothesis at Death Valley, California. EOS 85, 349; Anderson, K., Nelson, S., Mayo. A., Tingey, D., 2006. Interbasin flow revisited: the contribution of local recharge to high-discharge springs, Death Valley, California. journal of Hydrology 323, 276-302] as the source of the Furnace Creek springs. We find that there is insufficient modern recharge and insufficient storage potential and permeability within the basin-fill units in the Furnace Creek basin for these to serve as a local aquifer. Further, the lack of high sulfate content in the spring waters argues against significant flow through basin-fill sediments and instead suggests flow through underlying consolidated carbonate rocks. The maximum temperature of the spring discharge appears to require deep circulation through consolidated rocks; the Tertiary basin fill is of insufficient thickness to generate such temperatures as a result of local fluid circulation. Finally, the stable isotope data and chemical mass balance modeling actually support the interbasin flow conceptual model rather than the alternative presented in Nelson et al. [Nelson, S.T., Anderson, K., Mayo, A.L., 2004. Testing the interbasin flow hypothesis at Death Valley. California. EOS 85, 349] and Anderson et al. [Anderson, K., Nelson, S., Mayo, A., Tingey, D., 2006. Interbasin flow revisited: the contribution of local recharge to high-discharge springs, Death Valley, California. journal of Hydrology 323, 276-302]. In light of these inconsistencies, interbasin flow is the only readily apparent explanation for the large spring discharges at Furnace Creek and, in our view, is the likely explanation for most large volume, low elevation springs in the Great Basin. An understanding of hydrogeologic processes that control the rate and direction of ground-water flow in eastern and central Nevada is necessary component of regional water-resource planning and management of alluvial and bedrock aquifers. Published by Elsevier B.V. C1 [Belcher, Wayne R.] US DOE, Off Civilian Radioact Waste Management, Las Vegas, NV 89134 USA. [Back, Jennifer T.] Natl Pk Serv, Water Rights Branch, Ft Collins, CO 80525 USA. [Sweetkind, Donald S.] US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Lakewood, CO 80225 USA. RP Belcher, WR (reprint author), US DOE, Off Civilian Radioact Waste Management, 1551 Hillshire Dr, Las Vegas, NV 89134 USA. EM wayne_belcher@ymp.gov OI Sweetkind, Donald/0000-0003-0892-4796 NR 68 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 3 U2 18 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0022-1694 J9 J HYDROL JI J. Hydrol. PD MAY 5 PY 2009 VL 369 IS 1-2 BP 30 EP 43 DI 10.1016/j.jhydrol.2009.02.048 PG 14 WC Engineering, Civil; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Engineering; Geology; Water Resources GA 446OJ UT WOS:000266130600003 ER PT J AU Kile, DE Evans, KV AF Kile, Daniel E. Evans, Karl V. TI Memorial of Benjamin F. Leonard III, 1921-2008 SO AMERICAN MINERALOGIST LA English DT Biographical-Item C1 [Kile, Daniel E.; Evans, Karl V.] US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Lakewood, CO 80225 USA. RP Kile, DE (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, MS 413, Lakewood, CO 80225 USA. EM dekile@usgs.gov; kvevans@usgs.gov NR 1 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU MINERALOGICAL SOC AMER PI CHANTILLY PA 3635 CONCORDE PKWY STE 500, CHANTILLY, VA 20151-1125 USA SN 0003-004X J9 AM MINERAL JI Am. Miner. PD MAY-JUN PY 2009 VL 94 IS 5-6 BP 859 EP 861 DI 10.2138/am.2009.545 PG 3 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Mineralogy SC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Mineralogy GA 445VA UT WOS:000266078400027 ER PT J AU McPeek, MA DeAngelis, DL Shaw, RG Moore, AJ Rausher, MD Strong, DR Ellison, AM Barrett, L Rieseberg, L Breed, MD Sullivan, J Osenberg, CW Holyoak, M Elgar, MA AF McPeek, Mark A. DeAngelis, Donald L. Shaw, Ruth G. Moore, Allen J. Rausher, Mark D. Strong, Donald R. Ellison, Aaron M. Barrett, Louise Rieseberg, Loren Breed, Michael D. Sullivan, Jack Osenberg, Craig W. Holyoak, Marcel Elgar, Mark A. TI The Golden Rule of Reviewing SO AMERICAN NATURALIST LA English DT Editorial Material AB A major bottleneck in the time required to publish a scientific or scholarly paper is the speed with which reviews by peers are returned to journals. Peer review is a reciprocal altruistic system in which each individual may perform every task-editors, reviewers, and authors-at different times. Journals have no way to coerce reviewers to return their critiques faster. To greatly shorten the time to publication, all actors in this altruistic network should abide by the Golden Rule of Reviewing: review for others as you would have others review for you. Say yes to reviewing whenever your duties and schedule allow; provide a thorough, fair, and constructive critique of the work; and do it at your first opportunity regardless of the deadline. C1 [McPeek, Mark A.] Dartmouth Coll, Dept Biol Sci, Hanover, NH 03755 USA. [DeAngelis, Donald L.] Univ Miami, Florida Integrated Sci Ctr, Dept Biol, US Geol Survey, Coral Gables, FL 33124 USA. [Shaw, Ruth G.] Univ Minnesota, Dept Ecol & Evolut Biol, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. [Moore, Allen J.] Univ Exeter, Sch Biosci, Ctr Ecol & Conservat, Penryn TR10 9EZ, England. [Rausher, Mark D.] Duke Univ, Dept Biol, Durham, NC 27708 USA. [Strong, Donald R.] Univ Calif Davis, Dept Ecol & Evolut, Davis, CA 95616 USA. [Ellison, Aaron M.] Harvard Univ, Harvard Forest, Petersham, MA 01366 USA. [Barrett, Louise] Univ Lethbridge, Dept Psychol, Lethbridge, AB T1K 3M4, Canada. [Rieseberg, Loren] Univ British Columbia, Dept Bot, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada. [Breed, Michael D.] Univ Colorado, Dept Ecol & Evolutionary Biol, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. [Sullivan, Jack] Univ Idaho, Dept Biol Sci, Moscow, ID 83844 USA. [Osenberg, Craig W.] Univ Florida, Dept Zool, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. [Holyoak, Marcel] Univ Calif Davis, Dept Environm Sci & Policy, Davis, CA 95616 USA. [Elgar, Mark A.] Univ Melbourne, Dept Zool, Melbourne, Vic 3010, Australia. RP McPeek, MA (reprint author), Dartmouth Coll, Dept Biol Sci, Hanover, NH 03755 USA. EM mark.mcpeek@dartmouth.edu RI Holyoak, Marcel/C-3475-2009; Rieseberg, Loren/B-3591-2013; Osenberg, Craig/M-9904-2013; OI Osenberg, Craig/0000-0003-1918-7904; Rieseberg, Loren/0000-0002-2712-2417; Holyoak, Marcel/0000-0001-9727-3627; BREED, MICHAEL/0000-0002-4039-8354; Elgar, Mark/0000-0003-0861-6064; Ellison, Aaron/0000-0003-4151-6081 NR 0 TC 22 Z9 24 U1 0 U2 30 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 1427 E 60TH ST, CHICAGO, IL 60637-2954 USA SN 0003-0147 J9 AM NAT JI Am. Nat. PD MAY PY 2009 VL 173 IS 5 BP E155 EP E158 DI 10.1086/598847 PG 4 WC Ecology; Evolutionary Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Evolutionary Biology GA 427XQ UT WOS:000264812800017 ER PT J AU Oliver, W Fuller, C Naftz, DL Johnson, WP Diaz, X AF Oliver, Wade Fuller, Christopher Naftz, David L. Johnson, William P. Diaz, Ximena TI Estimating selenium removal by sedimentation from the Great Salt Lake, Utah SO APPLIED GEOCHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID ACCUMULATION; ATMOSPHERE; TRACERS; METALS; PB-210 AB The mass of Se deposited annually to sediment in the Great Salt Lake (GSL) was estimated to determine the significance of sedimentation as a permanent Se removal mechanism. Lake sediment cores were used to qualitatively delineate sedimentation regions (very high to very low), estimate mass accumulation rates (MARs) and determine sediment Se concentrations. Sedimentation regions were defined by comparison of isopach contours of Holocene sediment thicknesses to linear sedimentation rates determined via analysis of (210)Pb, (226)Ra, (7)Be and (137)Cs activity in 20 short cores (<5 cm), yielding quantifiable results in 13 cores. MARs were developed via analysis of the same radioisotopes in eight long cores (>10 cm). These MARs in the upper 1-2 cm of each long core ranged from 0.019 to 0.105 g(sed)/cm(2)/a. Surface sediment Se concentrations in the upper I or 2 cm of each long core ranged from 0.79 to 2.47 mg/kg. Representative MARs and Se concentrations were used to develop mean annual Se removal by sedimentation in the corresponding sedimentation region. The spatially integrated Se sedimentation rate was estimated to be 624 kg/a within a range of uncertainty between 285 and 960 kg/a. Comparison to annual Se loading and other potential removal processes suggests burial by sedimentation is not the primary removal process for Se from the GSL. (C) 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 [Oliver, Wade; Johnson, William P.; Diaz, Ximena] Univ Utah, Dept Geol & Geophys, Salt Lake City, UT 84112 USA. [Fuller, Christopher] US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. [Naftz, David L.] US Geol Survey, Salt Lake City, UT 84119 USA. RP Oliver, W (reprint author), Texas Water Dev Board, POB 13231,1700 N Congress Ave, Austin, TX 78711 USA. EM wadeoliver@gmail.com RI Johnson, William/G-7733-2011; OI Fuller, Christopher/0000-0002-2354-8074 FU Utah Dept. of Environmental Quality; National Science Foundation; US Geological Survey FX The authors gratefully acknowledge Jennifer Wilson and Christopher Braun, USGS, Austin, Texas, for their assistance in collecting, processing, and analyzing the sediment cores. In addition the authors would like to thank Peter Van Metre, Ryan Rowland, Patrick Lambert and an anonymous journal peer reviewer for their thoughtful and helpful comments and suggestions. This research was funded by the Utah Dept. of Environmental Quality, a GK-12 Grant through the National Science Foundation, and the US Geological Survey. Use of brand names in this publication does not constitute endorsement by either the University of Utah or the US Geological Survey. NR 33 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 5 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0883-2927 J9 APPL GEOCHEM JI Appl. Geochem. PD MAY PY 2009 VL 24 IS 5 BP 936 EP 949 DI 10.1016/j.apgeochem.2009.02.023 PG 14 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 447VU UT WOS:000266220900017 ER PT J AU Fairchild, JF Feltz, KP Allert, AL Sappington, LC Nelson, KJ Valle, JA AF Fairchild, J. F. Feltz, K. P. Allert, A. L. Sappington, L. C. Nelson, K. J. Valle, J. A. TI An Ecological Risk Assessment of the Exposure and Effects of 2,4-D Acid to Rainbow Trout (Onchorhyncus mykiss) SO ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article ID RELATIVE SENSITIVITY; BULL TROUT; HERBICIDES; RANGELAND; TOXICITY AB Numerous state and federal agencies are increasingly concerned with the rapid expansion of invasive, noxious weeds across the United States. Herbicides are frequently applied as weed control measures in forest and rangeland ecosystems that frequently overlap with critical habitats of threatened and endangered fish species. However, there is little published chronic toxicity data for herbicides and fish that can be used to assess ecological risk of herbicides in aquatic environments. We conducted 96-h flowthrough acute and 30-day chronic toxicity studies with swim-up larvae and juvenile rainbow trout (Onchorhyncus mykiss) exposed to the free acid form of 2,4-D. Juvenile rainbow trout were acutely sensitive to 2,4-D acid equivalent at 494 mg/L (95% confidence interval [CI] 334-668 mg/L; 96-h ALC(50)). Accelerated life-testing procedures, used to estimate chronic mortality from acute data, predicted that a 30-day exposure of juvenile rainbow trout to 2,4-D would result in 1% and 10% mortality at 260 and 343 mg/L, respectively. Swim-up larvae were chronically more sensitive than juveniles using growth as the measurement end point. The 30-day lowest observable effect concentration (LOEC) of 2,4-D on growth of swim-up larvae was 108 mg/L, whereas the 30-day no observable effect concentration (NOEC) was 54 mg/L. The 30-day maximum acceptable toxicant concentration (MATC) of 2,4-D for rainbow trout, determined as the geometric mean of the NOEC and the LOEC, was 76 mg/L. The acute:chronic ratio was 6.5 (i.e., 494/76). We observed no chronic effects on growth of juvenile rainbow trout at the highest concentration tested (108 mg/L). Worst-case aquatic exposures to 2,4-D (4 mg/L) occur when the herbicide is directly applied to aquatic ecosystems for aquatic weed control and resulted in a 30-day safety factor of 19 based on the MATC for growth (i.e., 76/4). Highest nontarget aquatic exposures to 2,4-D applied following terrestrial use is calculated at 0.136 mg/L and resulted in a 30-day safety factor of 559 (e.g., 76/0.163). Assessment of the exposure and response data presented herein indicates that use of 2,4-D acid for invasive weed control in aquatic and terrestrial habitats poses no substantial risk to growth or survival of rainbow trout or other salmonids, including the threatened bull trout (Salvelinus confluentus). C1 [Fairchild, J. F.; Feltz, K. P.; Allert, A. L.; Sappington, L. C.] US Geol Survey, Columbia Environm Res Ctr, Columbia, MO 65201 USA. [Nelson, K. J.] US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Div Environm Qual, Helena, MT 59601 USA. [Valle, J. A.] US Forest Serv, Ogden, UT 84401 USA. RP Fairchild, JF (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Columbia Environm Res Ctr, 4200 New Haven Rd, Columbia, MO 65201 USA. EM jfairchild@usgs.gov FU US Fish and Wildlife Service's Division of Environmental Quality Off-Refuge Contaminant Investigation Program [6018-1-3-N5]; US Forest Service Pesticide Impact Assessment Program [03-IA-1015600-040]; US Geological Survey FX We thank Lynne, Johnson Steve Olson, and Deanna Stoppler for their technical assistance on the project. We thank Nurfarm Americas Inc. for the donation of 2,4-D for this study. Duane Chapman and Barry Poulton provided reviews of the paper under the USGS Fundamental Science Practices Policy. We thank two anonymous reviewers for their helpful comments. This study was jointly funded by the US Fish and Wildlife Service's Division of Environmental Quality Off-Refuge Contaminant Investigation Program (Agreement 6018-1-3-N5), the US Forest Service Pesticide Impact Assessment Program (Agreement 03-IA-1015600-040), and the US Geological Survey. No private funding was requested or received in the conduct of these studies. Any mention of trade names does not constitute government endorsement. NR 21 TC 6 Z9 8 U1 3 U2 18 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0090-4341 EI 1432-0703 J9 ARCH ENVIRON CON TOX JI Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. PD MAY PY 2009 VL 56 IS 4 BP 754 EP 760 DI 10.1007/s00244-008-9281-8 PG 7 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA 430MT UT WOS:000264993900014 PM 19165410 ER PT J AU Fairchild, JF Feltz, KP Sappington, LC Allert, AL Nelson, KJ Valle, J AF Fairchild, J. F. Feltz, K. P. Sappington, L. C. Allert, A. L. Nelson, K. J. Valle, J. TI An Ecological Risk Assessment of the Acute and Chronic Toxicity of the Herbicide Picloram to the Threatened Bull Trout (Salvelinus confluentus) and the Rainbow Trout (Onchorhyncus mykiss) SO ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article ID RELATIVE SENSITIVITY; ONCORHYNCHUS-MYKISS; RANGELAND; CHEMICALS; MOVEMENT; 2,4-D AB We conducted acute and chronic toxicity studies of the effects of picloram acid on the threatened bull trout (Salvelinus confluentus) and the standard coldwater surrogate rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Juvenile fish were chronically exposed for 30 days in a proportional flow-through diluter to measured concentrations of 0, 0.30, 0.60, 1.18, 2.37, and 4.75 mg/L picloram. No mortality of either species was observed at the highest concentration. Bull trout were twofold more sensitive to picloram (30-day maximum acceptable toxic concentration of 0.80 mg/L) compared to rainbow trout (30-day maximum acceptable toxic concentration of 1.67 mg/L) based on the endpoint of growth. Picloram was acutely toxic to rainbow trout at 36 mg/L (96-h ALC50). The acute:chronic ratio for rainbow trout exposed to picloram was 22. The chronic toxicity of picloram was compared to modeled and measured environmental exposure concentrations (EECs) using a four-tiered system. The Tier 1, worst-case exposure estimate, based on a direct application of the current maximum use rate (1.1 kg/ha picloram) to a standardized aquatic ecosystem (water body of 1-ha area and 1-m depth), resulted in an EEC of 0.73 mg/L picloram and chronic risk quotients of 0.91 and 0.44 for bull trout and rainbow trout, respectively. Higher-tiered exposure estimates reduced chronic risk quotients 10-fold. Results of this study indicate that picloram, if properly applied according to the manufacturer's label, poses little risk to the threatened bull trout or rainbow trout in northwestern rangeland environments on either an acute or a chronic basis. C1 [Fairchild, J. F.; Feltz, K. P.; Sappington, L. C.; Allert, A. L.] US Geol Survey, Columbia, MO 65201 USA. [Nelson, K. J.] US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Helena, MT 59601 USA. [Valle, J.] US Forest Serv, Ogden, UT 84401 USA. RP Fairchild, JF (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 4200 New Haven Rd, Columbia, MO 65201 USA. EM jfairchild@usgs.gov FU U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service's Division of Environmental Quality Off-Refuge Contaminant Investigation Program [6018-1-3-N5]; U. S. Forest Service Pesticide Impact Assessment Program [03-IA-11015600-040]; U. S. Geological Survey FX We thank Lynne Johnson (ASCI Corporation), Steve Olson (USGS), and Deanna Stoppler (University of Missouri) for their technical assistance in the project. Mark Maskill of the U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service Creston National Fish Hatchery, Kalispell, Montana, donated bull trout for testing. Dow Agrosciences LLC donated test chemicals. Ning Wang and John Besser provided reviews of the paper under the USGS Fundamental Science Practices Policy. We thank two anonymous reviewers for their helpful comments on the manuscript. This study was jointly funded by the U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service's Division of Environmental Quality Off-Refuge Contaminant Investigation Program (Agreement 6018-1-3-N5), the U. S. Forest Service Pesticide Impact Assessment Program (Agreement 03-IA-11015600-040), and the U. S. Geological Survey. No private funding was requested or received in the conduct of these studies. NR 35 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 2 U2 14 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0090-4341 EI 1432-0703 J9 ARCH ENVIRON CON TOX JI Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. PD MAY PY 2009 VL 56 IS 4 BP 761 EP 769 DI 10.1007/s00244-008-9227-1 PG 9 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA 430MT UT WOS:000264993900015 PM 18784952 ER PT J AU Richey, C Chovanec, P Hoeft, SE Oremland, RS Basu, P Stolz, JF AF Richey, Christine Chovanec, Peter Hoeft, Shelley E. Oremland, Ronald S. Basu, Partha Stolz, John F. TI Respiratory arsenate reductase as a bidirectional enzyme SO BIOCHEMICAL AND BIOPHYSICAL RESEARCH COMMUNICATIONS LA English DT Article DE Arsenite oxidase; Arsenate reductase; Alkalilimnicola ehrlichii; Principle of microscopic reversibility ID MONO LAKE WATER; ARSENITE OXIDASE; ALCALIGENES-FAECALIS; BACILLUS-SELENITIREDUCENS; PROTEIN COMPLEXES; CRYSTAL-STRUCTURE; ESCHERICHIA-COLI; CALIFORNIA; OXIDATION; SELENIUM AB The haloalkaliphilic bacterium Alkalilimnicola ehrlichii is capable of anaerobic chemolithoautotrophic growth by coupling the oxidation of arsenite (As(III)) to the reduction of nitrate and carbon dioxide. Analysis of its complete genome indicates that it lacks a conventional arsenite oxidase (Aox), but instead possesses two operons that each encode a putative respiratory arsenate reductase (Art). Here we show that one homolog is expressed under chemolithoautotrophic conditions and exhibits both arsenite oxidase and arsenate reductase activity. We also demonstrate that Art from two arsenate respiring bacteria, Alkaliphilus oremlandii and Shewanella sp. strain ANA-3, is also biochemically reversible. Thus Art can function as a reductase or oxidase. Its physiological role in a specific organism, however, may depend on the electron potentials of the molybdenum center and [Fe-S] clusters, additional subunits, or constitution of the electron transfer chain. This versatility further underscores the ubiquity and antiquity of microbial arsenic metabolism. (C) 2009 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. C1 [Richey, Christine; Chovanec, Peter; Stolz, John F.] Duquesne Univ, Dept Biol Sci, Pittsburgh, PA 15282 USA. [Chovanec, Peter; Basu, Partha] Duquesne Univ, Dept Chem & Biochem, Pittsburgh, PA 15282 USA. [Hoeft, Shelley E.; Oremland, Ronald S.] US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. RP Stolz, JF (reprint author), Duquesne Univ, Dept Biol Sci, 600 Forbes Ave, Pittsburgh, PA 15282 USA. EM stolz@duq.edu FU NASA FX We thank the JGI for sequencing and annotating the genomes of Alkalilimnicola ehrlichii and Alkaliphilus oremlandii. C. Saltikov is thanked for providing arsenic grown cells of Shewanella sp. strain ANA-3. This work was supported in part by a NASA grant to R.S.O. and J.F.S. NR 32 TC 37 Z9 41 U1 1 U2 27 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0006-291X J9 BIOCHEM BIOPH RES CO JI Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. PD MAY 1 PY 2009 VL 382 IS 2 BP 298 EP 302 DI 10.1016/j.bbrc.2009.03.045 PG 5 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biophysics SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biophysics GA 434MR UT WOS:000265279300014 PM 19285953 ER PT J AU De Wan, AA Sullivan, PJ Lembo, AJ Smith, CR Maerz, JC Lassoie, JP Richmond, ME AF De Wan, Amielle A. Sullivan, Patrick J. Lembo, Arthur J. Smith, Charles R. Maerz, John C. Lassoie, James P. Richmond, Milo E. TI Using occupancy models of forest breeding birds to prioritize conservation planning SO BIOLOGICAL CONSERVATION LA English DT Article DE Biodiversity; Detection probability; Forest breeding birds; Conservation planning; Urban-sensitive ID SPECIES RICHNESS; HABITAT FRAGMENTATION; DETECTION PROBABILITY; COMMUNITY COMPOSITION; BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY; SUITABLE HABITAT; LAND-USE; LANDSCAPE; INFERENCE; URBANIZATION AB As urban development continues to encroach on the natural and rural landscape, land-use planners struggle to identify high priority conservation areas for protection. Although knowing where urban-sensitive species may be occurring on the landscape would facilitate conservation planning, research efforts are often not sufficiently designed to make quality predictions at unknown locations. Recent advances in occupancy modeling allow for more precise estimates of occupancy by accounting for differences in detectability. We applied these techniques to produce robust estimates of habitat occupancy for a subset of forest breeding birds, a group that has been shown to be sensitive to urbanization, in a rapidly urbanizing yet biological diverse region of New York State. We found that detection probability ranged widely across species, from 0.05 to 0.8. Our models suggest that detection probability declined with increasing forest fragmentation. We also found that the probability of occupancy of forest breeding birds is negatively influenced by increasing perimeter-area ratio of forest fragments and urbanization in the surrounding habitat matrix. We capitalized on our random sampling design to produce spatially explicit models that predict high priority conservation areas across the entire region, where interior-species were most likely to occur. Finally, we use our predictive maps to demonstrate how a strict sampling design coupled with occupancy modeling can be a valuable tool for prioritizing biodiversity conservation in land-use planning. (C) 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 [De Wan, Amielle A.; Sullivan, Patrick J.; Smith, Charles R.; Lassoie, James P.] Cornell Univ, Dept Nat Resources, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. [Lembo, Arthur J.] Salisbury Univ, Dept Geog & Geosci, Salisbury, MD 21801 USA. [Maerz, John C.] Univ Georgia, Warnell Sch Forestry & Nat Resources, Wildlife Ecol & Conservat Management Program, Athens, GA 30602 USA. [Richmond, Milo E.] USGS, New York Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. RP De Wan, AA (reprint author), Hudson River Estuary Program, 21 S Putt Corners Rd, New Paltz, NY 12561 USA. EM ad77@cornell.edu FU The Hudson River Estuary Program; The Biodiversity Research Institute; New York Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit at Cornell University FX This research would not be possible without the funding and support of the following: The Hudson River Estuary Program, The Biodiversity Research Institute, and the New York Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit at Cornell University. Special thanks to Elise Zipkin for thoughtful and thorough editing suggestions on this manuscript. Very special thanks to our technicians Dan jerke and Christina Killourhy for their hard work and dedication in the field. NR 69 TC 19 Z9 19 U1 2 U2 31 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0006-3207 J9 BIOL CONSERV JI Biol. Conserv. PD MAY PY 2009 VL 142 IS 5 BP 982 EP 991 DI 10.1016/j.biocon.2008.12.032 PG 10 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 435IW UT WOS:000265338600006 ER PT J AU Lindquist, ES Krauss, KW Green, PT O'Dowd, DJ Sherman, PM Smith, TJ AF Lindquist, Erin Stewart Krauss, Ken W. Green, Peter T. O'Dowd, Dennis J. Sherman, Peter M. Smith, Thomas J., III TI Land crabs as key drivers in tropical coastal forest recruitment SO BIOLOGICAL REVIEWS LA English DT Review DE biotic control; ecological filter; environmental gradient; environmental engineer; mangrove; island maritime forest; predation; seed; seedling; terrestrial mainland forest; tree ID CARDISOMA-GUANHUMI LATREILLE; MANGROVE AVICENNIA-MARINA; SAN-ANDRES ARCHIPELAGO; RAIN-FOREST; CHRISTMAS ISLAND; RED CRABS; SEED PREDATION; HERMIT-CRABS; LEAF-LITTER; GECARCINUS-LATERALIS AB Plant populations are regulated by a diverse assortment of abiotic and biotic factors that influence seed dispersal and viability, and seedling establishment and growth at the microsite. Rarely does one animal guild exert as significant an influence on different plant assemblages as land crabs. We review three tropical coastal ecosystems-mangroves, island maritime forests, and mainland coastal terrestrial forests-where land crabs directly influence forest composition by limiting tree establishment and recruitment. Land crabs differentially prey on seeds, propagules and seedlings along nutrient, chemical and physical environmental gradients. In all of these ecosystems, but especially mangroves, abiotic gradients are well studied, strong and influence plant species distributions. However, we suggest that crab predation has primacy over many of these environmental factors by acting as the first limiting factor of tropical tree recruitment to drive the potential structural and compositional organisation of coastal forests. We show that the influence of crabs varies relative to tidal gradient, shoreline distance, canopy position, time, season, tree species and fruiting periodicity. Crabs also facilitate forest growth and development through such activities as excavation of burrows, creation of soil mounds, aeration of soils, removal of leaf litter into burrows and creation of carbon-rich soil microhabitats. For all three systems, land crabs influence the distribution, density and size-class structure of tree populations. Indeed, crabs are among the major drivers of tree recruitment in tropical coastal forest ecosystems, and their conservation should be included in management plans of these forests. C1 [Lindquist, Erin Stewart] Meredith Coll, Dept Biol Sci, Raleigh, NC 27607 USA. [Krauss, Ken W.] US Geol Survey, Natl Wetlands Res Ctr, Lafayette, LA 70506 USA. [Green, Peter T.] La Trobe Univ, Dept Bot, Bundoora, Vic 3086, Australia. [O'Dowd, Dennis J.] Monash Univ, Sch Biol Sci, Australian Ctr Biodivers, Clayton, Vic 3800, Australia. [Sherman, Peter M.] Univ Redlands, Dept Environm Studies, Redlands, CA 92373 USA. [Smith, Thomas J., III] US Geol Survey, Florida Integrated Sci Ctr, St Petersburg, FL 33701 USA. RP Lindquist, ES (reprint author), Meredith Coll, Dept Biol Sci, 3800 Hillsborough St, Raleigh, NC 27607 USA. EM ErinLind@meredith.edu NR 168 TC 25 Z9 27 U1 3 U2 42 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ USA SN 1464-7931 EI 1469-185X J9 BIOL REV JI Biol. Rev. PD MAY PY 2009 VL 84 IS 2 BP 203 EP 223 DI 10.1111/j.1469-185X.2008.00070.x PG 21 WC Biology SC Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics GA 433RG UT WOS:000265222900002 PM 19391202 ER PT J AU Lee, WHK Celebi, M Todorovska, MI Igel, H AF Lee, W. H. K. Celebi, M. Todorovska, M. I. Igel, H. TI Introduction to the Special Issue on Rotational Seismology and Engineering Applications SO BULLETIN OF THE SEISMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA LA English DT Editorial Material ID STRONG GROUND MOTION; ARRAY OBSERVATIONS; CHI-CHI; EARTHQUAKE; COMPONENTS; CALIFORNIA; PARKFIELD; STRAINS; TAIWAN; VALLEY AB Rotational seismology is an emerging field for studying all aspects of rotational ground motions induced by earthquakes, explosions, and ambient vibrations. It is of interest to a wide range of geophysical disciplines, including strong-motion seismology, broadband seismology, earthquake engineering, earthquake physics, seismic instrumentation, seismic hazards, seismotectonics, and geodesy, as well as to physicists using Earth-based observatories for detecting gravitational waves generated by astronomical sources (predicted by Einstein in 1916). In this introduction to the BSSA special issue on rotational seismology and engineering applications, we will include (1) some background information, (2) a summary of the recent events that led to this special issue, and (3) an overview of its 51 papers-27 articles, 11 short notes, 4 reviews, 6 tutorials, and 3 supplementary articles. Our comments on these 51 papers are very brief and give just a hint of what the papers are about. Papers in this special issue demonstrate that earthquake monitoring cannot be limited to measuring only the three components of translational motion. We also need to simultaneously measure the three components of rotational motion and the many components of strains. A golden opportunity to improve our understanding of earthquakes lies in the near field of large earthquakes (within about 25 km of the earthquake ruptures), where nonlinear rock and soil response influences ground motions in a complicated way. C1 [Celebi, M.] US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. [Todorovska, M. I.] Univ So Calif, Dept Civil Engn, Los Angeles, CA 90089 USA. [Igel, H.] Ludwig Maximilians Univ Munchen, Dept Earth & Environm Sci, Geophys Sect, D-80333 Munich, Germany. RP Lee, WHK (reprint author), 862 Richardson Court, Palo Alto, CA 94303 USA. EM lee@usgs.gov RI Igel, Heiner/E-9580-2010; OI Todorovska, Maria/0000-0002-9271-4793 NR 117 TC 42 Z9 44 U1 0 U2 5 PU SEISMOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI ALBANY PA 400 EVELYN AVE, SUITE 201, ALBANY, CA 94706-1375 USA SN 0037-1106 EI 1943-3573 J9 B SEISMOL SOC AM JI Bull. Seismol. Soc. Amer. PD MAY 1 PY 2009 VL 99 IS 2B BP 945 EP 957 DI 10.1785/0120080344 PG 13 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 447HG UT WOS:000266181600001 ER PT J AU Lee, WHK Huang, BS Langston, CA Lin, CJ Liu, CC Shin, TC Teng, TL Wu, CF AF Lee, William H. K. Huang, Bor-Shouh Langston, Charles A. Lin, Chin-Jen Liu, Chun-Chi Shin, Tzay-Chyn Teng, Ta-Liang Wu, Chien-Fu TI Review: Progress in Rotational Ground-Motion Observations from Explosions and Local Earthquakes in Taiwan SO BULLETIN OF THE SEISMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA LA English DT Article ID 1999 CHI-CHI; ARRAY OBSERVATIONS; WAVE GRADIOMETRY; CALIFORNIA; PARKFIELD AB Rotational motions generated by large earthquakes in the far field have been successfully measured, and observations agree well with the classical elasticity theory. However, recent rotational measurements in the near field of earthquakes in Japan and in Taiwan indicate that rotational ground motions are 10 to 100 times larger than expected from the classical elasticity theory. The near-field strong-motion records of the 1999 M(w) 7: 6 Chi-Chi, Taiwan, earthquake suggest that the ground motions along the 100 km rupture are complex. Some rather arbitrary baseline corrections are necessary in order to obtain reasonable displacement values from double integration of the acceleration data. Because rotational motions can contaminate acceleration observations due to the induced perturbation of the Earth's gravitational field, we started a modest program to observe rotational ground motions in Taiwan. Three papers have reported the rotational observations in Taiwan: (1) at the HGSD station (Liu et al., 2009), (2) at the N3 site from two TAiwan Integrated GEodynamics Research (TAIGER) explosions (Lin et al., 2009), and (3) at the Taiwan campus of the National Chung-Cheng University (NCCU) (Wu et al., 2009). In addition, Langston et al. (2009) reported the results of analyzing the TAIGER explosion data. As noted by several authors before, we found a linear relationship between peak rotational rate (PRR in mrad/sec) and peak ground acceleration (PGA in m/sec(2)) from local earthquakes in Taiwan, PRR = 0.002 + 1.301 PGA, with a correlation coefficient of 0.988. C1 [Lee, William H. K.] US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. [Huang, Bor-Shouh; Lin, Chin-Jen; Liu, Chun-Chi] Acad Sinica, Inst Earth Sci, Taipei 11529, Taiwan. [Langston, Charles A.] Univ Memphis, Ctr Earthquake Res & Informat, Memphis, TN 38152 USA. [Shin, Tzay-Chyn; Wu, Chien-Fu] Cent Weather Bur, Seismol Observat Ctr, Taipei 10048, Taiwan. [Teng, Ta-Liang] Univ So Calif, Dept Earth Sci, Los Angeles, CA 90089 USA. RP Lee, WHK (reprint author), US Geol Survey, MS 977,345 Middlefield Rd, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. EM lee@usgs.gov RI Huang, B.S./N-3371-2013 NR 45 TC 25 Z9 27 U1 0 U2 1 PU SEISMOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI EL CERRITO PA PLAZA PROFESSIONAL BLDG, SUITE 201, EL CERRITO, CA 94530 USA SN 0037-1106 J9 B SEISMOL SOC AM JI Bull. Seismol. Soc. Amer. PD MAY 1 PY 2009 VL 99 IS 2B BP 958 EP 967 DI 10.1785/0120080205 PG 10 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 447HG UT WOS:000266181600002 ER PT J AU Evans, JR AF Evans, John R. CA Int Working Grp Rotational Seismol TI Suggested Notation Conventions for Rotational Seismology SO BULLETIN OF THE SEISMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA LA English DT Article AB We note substantial inconsistency among authors discussing rotational motions observed with inertial seismic sensors (and much more so in the broader topic of rotational phenomena). Working from physics and other precedents, we propose standard terminology and a preferred reference frame for inertial sensors (Fig. 1) that may be consistently used in discussions of both finite and infinitesimal observed rotational and translational motions in seismology and earthquake engineering. The scope of this article is limited to observations because there are significant differences in the analysis of finite and infinitesimal rotations, though such discussions should remain compatible with those presented here where possible. We recommend the general use of the notation conventions presented in this tutorial, and we recommend that any deviations or alternatives be explicitly defined. C1 [Evans, John R.] US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. RP Evans, JR (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 345 Middlefield Rd,MS 977, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. EM jrevans@usgs.gov NR 2 TC 12 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 0 PU SEISMOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI EL CERRITO PA PLAZA PROFESSIONAL BLDG, SUITE 201, EL CERRITO, CA 94530 USA SN 0037-1106 J9 B SEISMOL SOC AM JI Bull. Seismol. Soc. Amer. PD MAY 1 PY 2009 VL 99 IS 2B BP 1073 EP 1075 DI 10.1785/0120080060 PG 3 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 447HG UT WOS:000266181600012 ER PT J AU Nigbor, RL Evans, JR Hutt, CR AF Nigbor, Robert L. Evans, John R. Hutt, Charles R. TI Laboratory and Field Testing of Commercial Rotational Seismometers SO BULLETIN OF THE SEISMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA LA English DT Article ID STRONG GROUND MOTION; EARTHQUAKE; CALIFORNIA; TILTS AB There are a small number of commercially available sensors to measure rotational motion in the frequency and amplitude ranges appropriate for earthquake motions on the ground and in structures. However, the performance of these rotational seismometers has not been rigorously and independently tested and characterized for earthquake monitoring purposes as is done for translational strong-and weak-motion seismometers. Quantities such as sensitivity, frequency response, resolution, and linearity are needed for the understanding of recorded rotational data. To address this need, we, with assistance from colleagues in the United States and Taiwan, have been developing performance test methodologies and equipment for rotational seismometers. In this article the performance testing methodologies are applied to samples of a commonly used commercial rotational seismometer, the eentec model R-1. Several examples were obtained for various test sequences in 2006, 2007, and 2008. Performance testing of these sensors consisted of measuring: (1) sensitivity and frequency response; (2) clip level; (3) self noise and resolution; and (4) cross-axis sensitivity, both rotational and translational. These sensor-specific results will assist in understanding the performance envelope of the R-1 rotational seismometer, and the test methodologies can be applied to other rotational seismometers. C1 [Nigbor, Robert L.] Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Civil Engn, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA. [Evans, John R.] US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. [Hutt, Charles R.] US Geol Survey, Albuquerque, NM 87198 USA. RP Nigbor, RL (reprint author), Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Civil Engn, 5731 Boelter Hall, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA. EM nigbor@ucla.edu NR 19 TC 31 Z9 31 U1 0 U2 3 PU SEISMOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI EL CERRITO PA PLAZA PROFESSIONAL BLDG, SUITE 201, EL CERRITO, CA 94530 USA SN 0037-1106 J9 B SEISMOL SOC AM JI Bull. Seismol. Soc. Amer. PD MAY 1 PY 2009 VL 99 IS 2B BP 1215 EP 1227 DI 10.1785/0120080247 PG 13 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 447HG UT WOS:000266181600026 ER PT J AU Spudich, P Fletcher, JB AF Spudich, Paul Fletcher, Jon B. TI Software for Inference of Dynamic Ground Strains and Rotations and Their Errors from Short Baseline Array Observations of Ground Motions SO BULLETIN OF THE SEISMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA LA English DT Article ID EARTHQUAKE; CALIFORNIA; PARKFIELD AB In two previous articles we presented a formulation for inferring the strains and rotations of the ground beneath a seismic array having a finite footprint. In this article we derive expressions for the error covariance matrices of the inferred strains and rotations, and we present software for the calculation of ground strains, rotations, and their variances from short baseline array ground-motion data. C1 [Spudich, Paul; Fletcher, Jon B.] US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. RP Spudich, P (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 345 Middlefield Rd, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. EM spudich@usgs.gov; jfletcher@usgs.gov NR 6 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 1 PU SEISMOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI EL CERRITO PA PLAZA PROFESSIONAL BLDG, SUITE 201, EL CERRITO, CA 94530 USA SN 0037-1106 J9 B SEISMOL SOC AM JI Bull. Seismol. Soc. Amer. PD MAY 1 PY 2009 VL 99 IS 2B BP 1480 EP 1482 DI 10.1785/0120080230 PG 3 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 447HG UT WOS:000266181600051 ER PT J AU Carlisle, JD Skagen, SK Kus, BE van Riper, C Paxton, KL Kelly, JF AF Carlisle, Jay D. Skagen, Susan K. Kus, Barbara E. van Riper, Charles, III Paxton, Kristina L. Kelly, Jeff F. TI LANDBIRD MIGRATION IN THE AMERICAN WEST: RECENT PROGRESS AND FUTURE RESEARCH DIRECTIONS SO CONDOR LA English DT Review DE landbird migration; stopover ecology; western United States ID WARBLER WILSONIA-PUSILLA; SOUTHWESTERN IDAHO; NEOTROPICAL MIGRANTS; STABLE-ISOTOPE; WOOD WARBLERS; PASSERINE MIGRANTS; SPRING MIGRATION; AUTUMN MIGRATION; STOPOVER ECOLOGY; BREEDING GROUNDS AB Our knowledge of avian behaviors during the nonbreeding period still lags behind that of the breeding season, but the last decade has witnessed a proliferation in research that has yielded significant progress in understanding migration patterns of North American birds. And, although historically the great majority of migration research has been conducted ill the eastern half of the continent, there has been much recent progress on aspects of avian migration in the West. In particular, expanded use of techniques Such as radar, plasma metabolites, mist-netting, count Surveys, stable isotopes, genetic data, and animal tracking, Coupled with an increase in multi-investigator collaborations, have all contributed to this growth of knowledge. There is increasing recognition that migration is likely the most limiting time of year for migratory birds, increasing the importance of continuing to decipher patterns of stopover ecology, identifying critical stopover habitats, and documenting migration routes in the diverse and changing landscapes of the American West. Here, we review and briefly synthesize the latest findings and advances in avian migration and consider research needs to guide future research on migration in the West. C1 [Carlisle, Jay D.] Boise State Univ, Dept Biol, Idaho Bird Observ, Boise, ID 83725 USA. [Skagen, Susan K.] US Geol Survey, Ft Collins Sci Ctr, Ft Collins, CO 80526 USA. [Kus, Barbara E.] US Geol Survey, Western Ecol Res Ctr, San Diego, CA 92101 USA. [van Riper, Charles, III] Univ Arizona, US Geol Survey, SW Biol Sci Ctr, Sonoran Desert Res Stn, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. [Paxton, Kristina L.] Univ So Mississippi, Dept Biol Sci, Hattiesburg, MS 39406 USA. [Kelly, Jeff F.] Univ Oklahoma, Oklahoma Biol Survey, Norman, OK 73019 USA. [Kelly, Jeff F.] Univ Oklahoma, Dept Zool, Norman, OK 73019 USA. RP Carlisle, JD (reprint author), Boise State Univ, Dept Biol, Idaho Bird Observ, 1910 Univ Dr, Boise, ID 83725 USA. EM jaycarlisle@boisestate.edu NR 111 TC 23 Z9 23 U1 5 U2 33 PU COOPER ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC PI LAWRENCE PA ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC NORTH AMER PO BOX 1897, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 USA SN 0010-5422 EI 1938-5129 J9 CONDOR JI Condor PD MAY PY 2009 VL 111 IS 2 BP 211 EP 225 DI 10.1525/cond.2009.080096 PG 15 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA 459KW UT WOS:000267102100001 ER PT J AU Schmidt, JH Lindberg, MS Johnson, DS Schmutz, JA AF Schmidt, Joshua H. Lindberg, Mark S. Johnson, Devin S. Schmutz, Joel A. TI ENVIRONMENTAL AND HUMAN INFLUENCES ON TRUMPETER SWAN HABITAT OCCUPANCY IN ALASKA SO CONDOR LA English DT Article DE anthropogenic effects; Cygnus buccinator; habitat occupancy; Trumpeter Swan; wetland loss ID CLIMATE-CHANGE; NORTHERN ALASKA; BIRDS; LAKES AB Approximately 70-80% of the entire population of the Trumpeter Swan (Cygnus buccinator) depends for reproduction on wetlands in Alaska. This makes the identification of important habitat features and the effects of human interactions important for the species' long-term management. We analyzed the swan's habitat preferences in five areas throughout the state and found that swan broods occupied some wetland types, especially larger closed-basin wetlands such as lakes and ponds, at rates much higher than they occupied other wetland types, Such as shrubby or forested wetlands. We also found a negative effect of transportation infrastructure on occupancy by broods in and around the Minto Flats State Game Refuge, Kenai National Wildlife Refuge, and Tetlin National Wildlife Refuge. This finding is of particular interest because much of the Minto Flats refuge has recently been licensed for oil and gas exploration and parts of the Kenai refuge have been developed in the past. We also investigated the potential effects of the shrinkage of closed-basin ponds on habitat occupancy by nesting Trumpeter Swans. We compared nesting swans' use of ponds with changes in the ponds' size and other characteristics from 1982 to 1996 and found no relationships between occupancy and changes in pond size. However, we believe that the recent and rapid growth of Trumpeter Swan populations in Alaska may become limited by available breeding habitat, and anthropogenic and climate-induced changes to the swan's breeding habitats have the potential to limit future production. C1 [Schmidt, Joshua H.; Lindberg, Mark S.] Univ Alaska, Dept Biol & Wildlife, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA. [Schmidt, Joshua H.; Lindberg, Mark S.] Univ Alaska, Inst Arctic Biol, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA. [Johnson, Devin S.] NOAA, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Natl Marine Mammal Lab, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. [Schmutz, Joel A.] US Geol Survey, Alaska Sci Ctr, Anchorage, AK 99508 USA. RP Schmidt, JH (reprint author), Natl Pk Serv, 4175 Geist Rd, Fairbanks, AK 99709 USA. EM Joshua_Schmidt@nps.gov FU Alaska Department of Fish and Game; State Wildlife; Alaska EPScOR; University of Alaska; Fairbanks; Department of Biology and Wildlife and Institute of Arctic Biology FX Support for the first author was provided by the Alaska Department of Fish and Game, State Wildlife Grant, the Alaska EPScOR program, and the University of Alaska, Fairbanks, Department of Biology and Wildlife and Institute of Arctic Biology. USFWS Migratory Birds Management Division collected and graciously provided most of the data used in this manuscript. Staff at the Kenai NWR, J. Morton in particular, helped us investigate long-term data from that area. We thank D. Verbyla for comments on previous versions of this manuscript. NR 31 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 2 U2 20 PU COOPER ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC PI LAWRENCE PA ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC NORTH AMER PO BOX 1897, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 USA SN 0010-5422 J9 CONDOR JI Condor PD MAY PY 2009 VL 111 IS 2 BP 266 EP 275 DI 10.1525/cond.2009.080102 PG 10 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA 459KW UT WOS:000267102100006 ER PT J AU Pearce, JM Zwiefelhofer, D Maryanski, N AF Pearce, John M. Zwiefelhofer, Denny Maryanski, Nate TI MECHANISMS OF POPULATION HETEROGENEITY AMONG MOLTING COMMON MERGANSERS ON KODIAK ISLAND, ALASKA: IMPLICATIONS FOR GENETIC ASSESSMENTS OF MIGRATORY CONNECTIVITY SO CONDOR LA English DT Article DE dispersal; mark-recapture; Mergus merganser; mitochondrial DNA; molting; population structure; site fidelity ID LONG-TAILED DUCKS; SITE FIDELITY; KING EIDERS; WING MOLT; MICROSATELLITE MARKERS; MITOCHONDRIAL-DNA; WINTER PHILOPATRY; HARLEQUIN DUCKS; ANNUAL SURVIVAL; DISPERSAL AB Quantifying population genetic heterogeneity within nonbreeding aggregations can inform our understanding of patterns of site fidelity, migratory connectivity, and gene flow between breeding and nonbreeding areas. However, characterizing mechanisms that contribute to heterogeneity, such as migration and dispersal, is required before site fidelity and migratory connectivity can be assessed accurately. We studied nonbreeding groups of Common Mergansers (Mergus merganser) molting on Kodiak Island, Alaska, from 2005 to 2007, using banding data to assess rates of recapture, mitochondrial (mt) DNA to determine natal area, and nuclear microsatellite genotypes to assess dispersal. Using baseline information from differentiated mtDNA haplogroups across North America, we were able to assign individuals to natal regions and document: population genetic heterogeneity within and among molting groups. Band-recovery and DNA data suggest that both migration from and dispersal among natal areas contribute to admixed groups of males molting on Kodiak Island. A lack of differentiation in the Common Merganser's nuclear, bi-parentally inherited DNA, observed across North America, implies that dispersal can mislead genetic assessments of migratory connectivity and assignments of nonbreeding individuals to breeding areas. Thus multiple and independent data types are required to account for such behaviors before accurate assessments of migratory connectivity can be made. C1 [Pearce, John M.] US Geol Survey, Alaska Sci Ctr, Anchorage, AK 99508 USA. [Pearce, John M.] Univ Alaska, Inst Arctic Biol, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA. [Pearce, John M.] Univ Alaska, Dept Biol & Wildlife, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA. [Zwiefelhofer, Denny; Maryanski, Nate] US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Kodiak Natl Wildlife Refuge, Kodiak, AK 99615 USA. RP Pearce, JM (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Alaska Sci Ctr, 4210 Univ Dr, Anchorage, AK 99508 USA. EM jpearce@usgs.gov FU North American Sea Duck; Kodiak National Wildlife Refuge; U.S. Geological Survey; Alaska Science Center FX We thank the staff, seasonal technicians, and volunteers of the Kodiak National Wildlife Refuge and D. Derksen, S. Talbot, K. Sage, J. Gust, P. Flint, M. Marquiss, and D. Berthiaume. We also thank the numerous individuals who assisted with the collection of DNA samples across North America, including the staff of the Togiak National Wildlife Refuge, K. McCracken, K. Winker, R. Wilson, and S. Sonsthagen (University of Alaska, Fairbanks), staff of the U.S. Forest Service (Tongass Ranger District), S. Birks (Burke Museum of Natural History and Culture), K. Timm, R. McNeil, and B. Braune (Environment Canada, Wildlife Toxicology Division, Specimen Bank), J. Peters and K. Omland (University of Maryland), L. Savoy (BioDiversity Research Institute), and M. Schwitters. Logistical and funding support was provided by the North American Sea Duck Joint Venture, Kodiak National Wildlife Refuge, and the U.S. Geological Survey, Alaska Science Center. P. Flint, K. McCracken, M. Lindberg, K. Winker, J. Peters, D. Derksen, P. Unitt, and two anonymous reviewers offered comments oil earlier versions of the manuscript. Any use of trade, product, or firm names in this publication is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. government. NR 54 TC 7 Z9 8 U1 3 U2 8 PU COOPER ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC PI LAWRENCE PA ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC NORTH AMER PO BOX 1897, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 USA SN 0010-5422 J9 CONDOR JI Condor PD MAY PY 2009 VL 111 IS 2 BP 283 EP 293 DI 10.1525/cond.2009.080043 PG 11 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA 459KW UT WOS:000267102100008 ER PT J AU Zimmerman, GS Gutierrez, RJ Thogmartin, WE Banerjee, S AF Zimmerman, Guthrie S. Gutierrez, R. J. Thogmartin, Wayne E. Banerjee, Sudipto TI MULTISCALE HABITAT SELECTION BY RUFFED GROUSE AT LOW POPULATION DENSITIES SO CONDOR LA English DT Article DE Bonasa umbellus; habitat use; population density; population regulation; Ruffed Grouse; multiscale analysis ID SPATIAL SCALE; SITE FIDELITY; FOREST; ECOLOGY; QUALITY; BIRDS; PLANTATIONS; CONSTRAINTS; MANAGEMENT; OCCUPANCY AB Theory suggests habitats should be chosen according to their relative evolutionary benefits and costs. It has been hypothesized that aspen (Populus spp.) forests provide optimal habitat for Ruffed Grouse (Bonasa umbellus). We used the low phase of a grouse population's cycle to assess the prediction that grouse should occupy aspen and avoid other forest types at low population density because of the presumptive fitness benefits of aspen. On the basis of our observations, we predict how the Ruffed Grouse population will increase in different forest types during the next cycle. In conifer (Pinus spp., Abies balsamea, Picea spp.)-dominated and mixed aspen-conifer landscapes, grouse densities were highest where forest types were evenly distributed. Within these landscapes, male Ruffed Grouse selected young aspen stands that were large and round or square. Although Ruffed Grouse selected young aspen stands strongly, contrary to prediction, they also used other forest types even when young aspen stands remained unoccupied. The relative densities of Ruffed Grouse in aspen and conifer forests indicated that the aspen forest's carrying capacities for grouse was higher than the conifer forest's at least during the low and declining phases of the grouse's cycle. On the basis of our observations, we predict that Ruffed Grouse populations in aspen-dominated landscapes will have higher population densities and fluctuate more than will populations in conifer-dominated landscapes. We Suggest that studies of avian habitat selection would benefit from knowledge about the relative densities among habitats at differing population sizes because this information could provide insight into the role of habitat in regulating populations and clarify inferences from studies about habitat quality for birds. C1 [Zimmerman, Guthrie S.; Gutierrez, R. J.] Univ Minnesota, Dept Fisheries Wildlife & Conservat Biol, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. [Thogmartin, Wayne E.] US Geol Survey, Upper Midw Environm Sci Ctr, La Crosse, WI 54603 USA. [Banerjee, Sudipto] Univ Minnesota, Div Biostat, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA. RP Zimmerman, GS (reprint author), US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Div Migratory Bird Management, 11510 Amer Holly Dr, Laurel, MD 20708 USA. EM Guthrie_Zimmerman@fws.gov RI Thogmartin, Wayne/A-4461-2008 OI Thogmartin, Wayne/0000-0002-2384-4279 NR 58 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 3 U2 25 PU COOPER ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC PI LAWRENCE PA ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC NORTH AMER PO BOX 1897, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 USA SN 0010-5422 EI 1938-5129 J9 CONDOR JI Condor PD MAY PY 2009 VL 111 IS 2 BP 294 EP 304 DI 10.1525/cond.2009.080036 PG 11 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA 459KW UT WOS:000267102100009 ER PT J AU Earnst, SL Newsome, HL LaFramboise, WL LaFramboise, N AF Earnst, Susan L. Newsome, Heidi L. LaFramboise, William L. LaFramboise, Nancy TI AVIAN RESPONSE TO WILDFIRE IN INTERIOR COLUMBIA BASIN SHRUBSTEPPE SO CONDOR LA English DT Article DE Amphispiza belli; cheatgrass; fire; Pooecetes gramineus; Sage Sparrow; sagebrush; shrubsteppe birds; Vesper Sparrow ID BREEDING PASSERINE BIRDS; LANDSCAPE CHARACTERISTICS; EASTERN WASHINGTON; HABITAT; COMMUNITY; ARIZONA; USA AB Wildfire and conversion of sagebrush (Artemisia spp.) shrublands to cheatgrass (Bromus tectorum) grasslands is a serious threat to the shrubsteppe ecosystem, but few studies have documented wildfire's effects on birds with multiple years of pre- and post-fire data. Using data from avian point counts recorded 4 years before and 7 years after a large-scale, severe wildfire in the Columbia Basin of south-central Washington, we found significant effects of fire on population trends or mean abundance of nearly all species investigated. The Sage Sparrow (Amphispiza belli), a sagebrush obligate, was decreasing at a high rate both pre- and post-fire. Among species inhabiting more open shrubsteppe or grasslands, the mean abundance of three (Grasshopper Sparrow, Ammodramus savannarum; Western Meadowlark, Sturnella neglecta; Vesper Sparrow, Pooecetes gramineus) was lower post-fire and one (Lark Sparrow, Chondestes grammacus) showed an initial, but short-lived, increase post-fire before dropping below pre-fire levels. Only one (Horned Lark, Eremophila alpestris) increased steadily post-fire and had higher post-fire mean abundance. C1 [Earnst, Susan L.] US Geol Survey, Forest & Rangeland Ecosyst Sci Ctr, Snake River Field Stn, Boise, ID 83706 USA. [Newsome, Heidi L.; LaFramboise, William L.; LaFramboise, Nancy] US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Midcolumbia River Natl Wildlife Refuge Complex, Burbank, WA 99323 USA. RP Earnst, SL (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Forest & Rangeland Ecosyst Sci Ctr, Snake River Field Stn, 970 Lusk St, Boise, ID 83706 USA. EM susan_earnst@usgs.gov FU U. S. Geological Survey FX We thank volunteers from the Lower Columbia Basin Audubon Society for data collection, the Nature Conservancy of Washington for implementing biodiversity monitoring oil the Arid Lands Ecology Reserve, and G. M, Hughes, the Mid-Columbia River Refuge Complex project leader, for Supporting this project. L. Bond provided valuable statistical assistance. S. Knick, A. Holmes, G. Ritchison, J. Rotenberry, and two anonymous reviewers provided useful comments oil an earlier version of the manuscript. Funding for analysis and writing was provided by the U. S. Geological Survey Science Support Program and Quick Response Program. NR 37 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 4 U2 13 PU COOPER ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC PI LAWRENCE PA ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC NORTH AMER PO BOX 1897, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 USA SN 0010-5422 EI 1938-5129 J9 CONDOR JI Condor PD MAY PY 2009 VL 111 IS 2 BP 370 EP 376 DI 10.1525/cond.2009.080109 PG 7 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA 459KW UT WOS:000267102100017 ER PT J AU Decker, KL Conway, CJ AF Decker, Karie L. Conway, Courtney J. TI EFFECTS OF AN UNSEASONABLE SNOWSTORM ON RED-FACED WARBLER NESTING SUCCESS SO CONDOR LA English DT Article DE Cardellina rubrifrons; initiation date; nest abandonment; nest failure; Red-faced Warbler; snowstorm; weather ID SEASONAL DECLINE; CLIMATE-CHANGE; CLUTCH-SIZE; BIRDS; POPULATION; SPARROWS; WEATHER; ALPINE; DATE; TIT AB Earlier initiation of nests by breeding birds may reflect an adaptive response to changes in food availability or warming of spring temperatures, but the consequences of initiating nests too early may be severe, particularly at high elevations. A rare snowstorm in late May 2008 resulted in nest abandonment by 68% of Red-faced Warblers (Cardellina rubrifrons) breeding in a high-elevation riparian ecosystem of southeastern Arizona. In addition, climate data from Our study site from 1950 to 2008 revealed higher-than-average springtime temperatures during the past 10 years. If birds respond to this increase in springtime temperatures by nesting earlier their vulnerability to spring snowstorms may increase. C1 [Decker, Karie L.; Conway, Courtney J.] Univ Arizona, USGS Arizona Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Sch Nat Resources, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. RP Decker, KL (reprint author), Univ Arizona, USGS Arizona Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Sch Nat Resources, 325 Biol Sci E, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. EM kdecker@email.arizona.edu FU NSF [DGE-0638744]; TE, Inc; American Ornithologists' Union FX J. Fontaine and C. Kirkpatrick provided substantial support and advice. T. Weinkam, E. Scobie, T. Isberg, and M. Ali helped with field work. N. Cudworth, S. Steckler, J. Fontaine, and two anony-, Mons reviewers provided comments on a prior draft of the manuscript. Financial support was provided by NSF GK-12 Fellowship grant DGE-0638744, a T&E, Inc., research grant, and an American Ornithologists' Union research award. NR 30 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 1 U2 15 PU COOPER ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC PI LAWRENCE PA ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC NORTH AMER PO BOX 1897, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 USA SN 0010-5422 J9 CONDOR JI Condor PD MAY PY 2009 VL 111 IS 2 BP 392 EP 395 DI 10.1525/cond.2009.080055 PG 4 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA 459KW UT WOS:000267102100021 ER PT J AU De Jager, NR Pastor, J Hodgson, AL AF De Jager, Nathan R. Pastor, John Hodgson, Angela L. TI Scaling the effects of moose browsing on forage distribution, from the geometry of plant canopies to landscapes SO ECOLOGICAL MONOGRAPHS LA English DT Article DE Abies balsamea; Alces alces; allometry; aspen; balsam fir; browsing; fractal dimension; herbivory; moose; plant geometry; Populus tremuloides; threshold distance ID FREE-RANGING MOOSE; MAMMALIAN HERBIVORES; FUNCTIONAL-RESPONSE; SPATIAL HETEROGENEITY; FRACTAL GEOMETRY; ISLE ROYALE; SCOTS PINE; POPULATION-DENSITIES; REGRESSION QUANTILES; URINE DEPOSITION AB Landscape heterogeneity influences large herbivores by altering their feeding rates, but as herbivores attempt to maximize feeding rates they also create spatial heterogeneity by altering plant growth. Herbivore feeding rates thus provide a quantitative link between the causes and consequences of spatial heterogeneity in herbivore-dominated ecosystems. The fractal geometry of plant canopies determines both the density and mass of twigs available to foraging herbivores. These properties determine a threshold distance between plants (d*) that distinguishes the mechanisms regulating herbivore intake rates. When d* is greater than the actual distance between plants (d), intake is regulated by the rate of food processing in the mouth. But when d*, d, intake is regulated by the rate at which the herbivore encounters new plants. Alterations to plant geometry due to past browsing could change the rate at which herbivores encounter and process bites of plant tissue, modify d* relative to d, and thus change intake rates and the distribution of mechanisms regulating it across landscapes. We measured changes in the geometry of aspen (Populus tremuloides) and balsam fir (Abies balsamea) saplings along gradients of moose browsing from 2001 to 2005 at Isle Royale National Park, Michigan, USA. For aspen saplings, fractal dimension of bite density, bite mass, and forage biomass responded quadratically to increasing moose browsing and were greatest at similar to 3-4 g.m(-2).yr(-1) consumption. For balsam fir, in contrast, these same measures declined steadily with increasing moose browsing. The different responses of plant canopies to increased browsing altered d* around plants. In summer, d* >= d for aspen saplings at all prior consumption levels. Food processing therefore regulated summer moose feeding rates across our landscapes. In winter, changes in bite mass due to past browsing were sufficient to cause d* < d for aspen and balsam fir. Therefore, travel velocity and food processing jointly regulated intake rate during winter. Browsing-induced changes in the small-scale geometry of plant canopies can determine intake rate at larger spatial scales by changing d* relative to d and, hence, which mechanisms determine intake rate, essentially altering how herbivores sense the distribution of their food resources. C1 [De Jager, Nathan R.; Hodgson, Angela L.] Univ Minnesota, Dept Ecol Evolut & Behav, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. [Pastor, John] Univ Minnesota, Dept Biol, Duluth, MN 55812 USA. RP De Jager, NR (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Upper Midwest Environm Sci Ctr, 2630 Fanta Reed Rd, La Crosse, WI 54603 USA. EM ndejager@usgs.gov RI De Jager, Nathan/B-8470-2013; Pastor, John/F-6241-2011; OI De Jager, Nathan/0000-0002-6649-4125 FU National Science Foundation's Long-term Research in Environmental Biology Program FX This research was made possible by a grant from the National Science Foundation's Long-term Research in Environmental Biology Program. The continued support of this organization is greatly appreciated. We thank Christina Bellert for assistance with fieldwork and data collection. We also thank Tom Hobbs and an anonymous reviewer for helpful comments on earlier versions of this paper. NR 94 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 3 U2 23 PU ECOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 1990 M STREET NW, STE 700, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0012-9615 EI 1557-7015 J9 ECOL MONOGR JI Ecol. Monogr. PD MAY PY 2009 VL 79 IS 2 BP 281 EP 297 DI 10.1890/08-0149.1 PG 17 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 436NQ UT WOS:000265421200006 ER PT J AU Kery, M Royle, JA Plattner, M Dorazio, RM AF Kery, Marc Royle, J. Andrew Plattner, Matthias Dorazio, Robert M. TI Species richness and occupancy estimation in communities subject to temporary emigration SO ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE biodiversity; butterfly survey; community; hierarchical Bayes; monitoring; multistate model; occupancy; robust design; species richness; state-space model; temporary emigration; unobservable state ID ESTIMATING SITE OCCUPANCY; CAPTURE-RECAPTURE DATA; DETECTION PROBABILITIES; BRITISH BUTTERFLIES; POPULATION-SIZE; CLIMATE-CHANGE; ABUNDANCE; MODELS; DETECTABILITY; COUNTS AB Species richness is the most common biodiversity metric, although typically some species remain unobserved. Therefore, estimates of species richness and related quantities should account for imperfect detectability. Community dynamics can often be represented as superposition of species-specific phenologies (e. g., in taxa with well-defined flight [insects], activity [rodents], or vegetation periods [plants]). We develop a model for such predictably open communities wherein species richness is expressed as the sum over observed and unobserved species of estimated species-specific and site-specific occurrence indicators and where seasonal occurrence is modeled as a species-specific function of time. Our model is a multispecies extension of a multistate model with one unobservable state and represents a parsimonious way of dealing with a widespread form of "temporary emigration.'' For illustration we use Swiss butterfly monitoring data collected under a robust design (RD); species were recorded on 13 transects during two secondary periods within <= 7 primary sampling periods. We compare estimates with those under a variation of the model applied to standard data, where secondary samples are pooled. The latter model yielded unrealistically high estimates of total community size of 274 species. In contrast, estimates were similar under models applied to RD data with constant (122) or seasonally varying (126) detectability for each species, but the former was more parsimonious and therefore used for inference. Per transect, 6 44 (mean 21.1) species were detected. Species richness estimates averaged 29.3; therefore only 71% (range 32-92%) of all species present were ever detected. In any primary period, 0.4-5.6 species present were overlooked. Detectability varied by species and averaged 0.88 per primary sampling period. Our modeling framework is extremely flexible; extensions such as covariates for the occurrence or detectability of individual species are easy. It should be useful for communities with a predictable form of temporary emigration where rigorous estimation of community metrics has proved challenging so far. C1 [Kery, Marc] Swiss Ornithol Inst, CH-6204 Sempach, Switzerland. [Royle, J. Andrew] USGS, Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, Laurel, MD 20708 USA. [Plattner, Matthias] Hintermann & Weber AG, Ecol Consultancy Planning & Res, Reinach, Switzerland. [Dorazio, Robert M.] Univ Florida, Dept Stat, Florida Integrated Sci Ctr, USGS, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. RP Kery, M (reprint author), Swiss Ornithol Inst, CH-6204 Sempach, Switzerland. EM marc.kery@vogelwarte.ch OI Royle, Jeffrey/0000-0003-3135-2167 FU Swiss Biodiversity Monitoring program (BDM); Swiss Federal Office for the Environment (FOEN) FX We thank two anonymous reviewers, F. Altermatt, and B. R. Schmidt for discussions and comments on the manuscript, and K. Cerny, K. Hartmann, C. Rust, and H. Martinez for participating in this pilot study. Part of the study was financed by the Swiss Biodiversity Monitoring program (BDM) of the Swiss Federal Office for the Environment (FOEN). NR 43 TC 59 Z9 60 U1 2 U2 62 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ USA SN 0012-9658 EI 1939-9170 J9 ECOLOGY JI Ecology PD MAY PY 2009 VL 90 IS 5 BP 1279 EP 1290 DI 10.1890/07-1794.1 PG 12 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 442CA UT WOS:000265816200010 PM 19537548 ER PT J AU Braxton, DP Cooke, DR Ignacio, AM Rye, RO Waters, PJ AF Braxton, David P. Cooke, David R. Ignacio, Allan M. Rye, Robert O. Waters, Patrick J. TI Ultra-Deep Oxidation and Exotic Copper Formation at the Late Pliocene Boyongan and Bayugo Porphyry Copper-Gold Deposits, Surigao, Philippines: Geology, Mineralog, Paleoaltimetry, and their Implications for Geologic, Physiographic, and Tectonic Controls SO ECONOMIC GEOLOGY LA English DT Article ID STABLE-ISOTOPE GEOCHEMISTRY; NORTHERN CHILE; EVOLUTION; PERU; MINERALIZATION; ENRICHMENT; ESCONDIDA; HYDROGEN; REGION; OXYGEN AB The Boyongan and Bayugo porphyry copper-gold deposits are Part of an emerging belt of intrusion-centered gold-rich deposits in the Surigao district of northeast Mindanao, Philippines. Exhumation and weathering of these Late Pliocene-age deposits has led to the development of the world's deepest known porphyry oxidation profile at Boyongan (600 m), and yet only a modest (30-70 m) oxidation profile at adjacent Bayugo. Debris flows, volcanic rocks, and fluviolacustrine sediments accumulating in the actively extending Mainit graben subsequently covered the deposits and preserved the supergene profiles. At Boyongaii and Bayugo, there is a vertical transition from shallower supergene copper oxide minerals (malachite + azurite + cuprite) to deeper sulfide-stable assemblages (chalcocite +/- hypogene sulfides). This transition provides it time-integrated proxy for the position of the water table at the base of the saturated zone during supergene, oxidation, Contours of the elevation of the paleopotentiometric sill-face based oil this mineralogical transition show that the thickest portions of the unsaturated zone coincided with a silt-sand matrix diatreme breccia complex at Boyongan. Within the breccia complex, the thickness of the misaturated zone approached 600 m whereas outside the breccia complex (e.g., at Bayugo), the thickness averaged 50 m. Contours of the paleopotentiometric surface suggest that during weathering, groundwater flowed into the breccia complex from the north, south, and cast, and exited along it high permeability zone to the west. The high relief, (>550 m) on the elevation of the, paleopotentiometric surface is consistent with all environment of, high topographic relief, and the Outflow Zone to the west of, the breccia complex probably reflects proximity, to a steel) scarp intersecting the western breccia complex margin. Stable isotope paleoaltimetry has enabled estimation of the elevation of the land surface, which further constrains the physiographic setting during supergene oxidation Isotopic measurements of Oxygen ill supergene kaolinite from Boyongan suggest that local paleometeoric water involved ill weathering had a delta O-18 composition of approximately-5.7 per mil. At the latitude of the southern Philippines, this value corresponds to Pleistocene rain water condensing at elevations between 750 and 1,050 m above contemporary sea level, providing a maximum estimate for the surface elevation during weathering of the porphyry systems. Physiographic reconstructions suggest that the deep oxidation profile at Boyongan formed ill all environment of high topographic relief immediately east of a prominent (>550 m) escarpment. The high permeability contrast between the breccia Complex and the surrounding wall rocks, coupled with the proximity of the breccia complex to the escarpment, led to a depressed groundwater table and a vertically ex(extensive unsaturated zone in the immediate vicinity of Boyongan. This thick vadose zone and the low hypogene pyrite/copper sulfide ratios (0.6) at Boyongan promoted in situ oxidation of copper sulfides with only modest (<200 m) supergene remobilization of copper. In contrast, higher hypogene pyrite/chalcopyrite ratios (2.3) at Bayngo led to greater acid production during weathering and wore complete leaching of copper above the base, of oxidation. This process promoted significant (600 m) lateral dispersion of copper down the paleohydraulic gradient into the diatreme breccia comple, ultimately leading to the formation of an exotic copper deposit. C1 [Braxton, David P.; Cooke, David R.; Ignacio, Allan M.] Univ Tasmania, CODES, Hobart, Tas 7001, Australia. [Rye, Robert O.] US Geol Survey, Denver, CO 80225 USA. [Waters, Patrick J.] Anglo Amer Explorat Philippines Inc, Baguio 2600, Philippines. RP Braxton, DP (reprint author), Univ Tasmania, CODES, Private Bag 79, Hobart, Tas 7001, Australia. EM davebraxton@angloamerican.com.au RI Cooke, David/C-7371-2008 NR 50 TC 11 Z9 12 U1 1 U2 12 PU SOC ECONOMIC GEOLOGISTS, INC PI LITTLETON PA 7811 SCHAFFER PARKWAY, LITTLETON, CO 80127 USA SN 0361-0128 EI 1554-0774 J9 ECON GEOL JI Econ. Geol. PD MAY PY 2009 VL 104 IS 3 BP 333 EP 349 PG 17 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 448SE UT WOS:000266281500001 ER PT J AU Selby, D Kelley, KD Hitzman, MW Zieg, J AF Selby, David Kelley, Karen D. Hitzman, Murray W. Zieg, Jerry TI Re-Os SULFIDE (BORNITE, CHALCOPYRITE, AND PYRITE) SYSTEMATICS OF THE CARBONATE-HOSTED COPPER DEPOSITS AT RUBY CREEK, SOUTHERN BROOKS RANGE, ALASKA SO ECONOMIC GEOLOGY LA English DT Article ID ISOTOPE SYSTEMATICS; WESTERN-AUSTRALIA; AMBLER DISTRICT; ORGANIC-MATTER; MINERALIZATION; GEOCHRONOLOGY; MINERALOGY; RHENIUM; GEOLOGY; AGES AB New Re-Os data for chalcopyrite, bornite, and pyrite from the carbonate-hosted Cu deposit at Ruby Creck (Bornite), Alaska, show extremely high lie abundances (hundreds of ppb, low ppm) and contain essentially no common Os. The Re-Os data provide the first absolute ages of ore formation for the carbonate-hosted Ruby Creek Cu-(Co) deposit and demonstrate that the Re-os systematics of Pyrite, chalcopyrite, and bornite are unaffected by greenschist metamorphism. Them Re-Os data show that the main phase of Cu mineralization predominantly occurred at 384 +/- 4.2 Ma, with an earlier phase possibly at similar to 400 Ma. The Re-Os data are consistent with the observed paragenetic sequence and coincide with zircon U-Pb ages from igneous rocks within the Ambler metallogenic belt, some of which are spatially mid genetically associated with regional volcanogenic massive sulfide deposits. The latter may suggest a temporal link between regional magmatism and hydrothermal mineralization in the Ambler district. The utility of bornite and chalcopyrite, in addition to pyrite, contributes to a new, understanding of Re-Os geochronology and permits a refinement of the genetic model for the Ruby Creek deposit. C1 [Selby, David] Univ Durham, Dept Earth Sci, Durham DH1 3LE, England. [Kelley, Karen D.] US Geol Survey, Denver, CO 80225 USA. [Hitzman, Murray W.] Colorado Sch Mines, Dept Geol & Geol Engn, Golden, CO 80401 USA. [Zieg, Jerry] Nova Gold Resources Inc, Vancouver, BC V6C 1S4, Canada. RP Selby, D (reprint author), Univ Durham, Dept Earth Sci, Durham DH1 3LE, England. EM david.selby@durham.ac.uk NR 36 TC 38 Z9 44 U1 1 U2 18 PU SOC ECONOMIC GEOLOGISTS, INC PI LITTLETON PA 7811 SCHAFFER PARKWAY, LITTLETON, CO 80127 USA SN 0361-0128 J9 ECON GEOL JI Econ. Geol. PD MAY PY 2009 VL 104 IS 3 BP 437 EP 444 PG 8 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 448SE UT WOS:000266281500007 ER PT J AU Allert, AL Fairchild, JF DiStefano, RJ Schmitt, CJ Brumbaugh, WG Besser, JM AF Allert, A. L. Fairchild, J. F. DiStefano, R. J. Schmitt, C. J. Brumbaugh, W. G. Besser, J. M. TI Ecological effects of lead mining on Ozark streams: In-situ toxicity to woodland crayfish (Orconectes hylas) SO ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY LA English DT Article DE Crayfish; Orconectes hylas; Lead-zinc mining; Lead; Zinc; Cadmium; Nickel; Cobalt; In-situ toxicity ID SOUTHEASTERN MISSOURI; VIRILIS HAGEN; HEAVY-METALS; CADMIUM; ZINC; ACCUMULATION; WATER; SEDIMENT; AREAS; FISH AB The Viburnum Trend mining district in southeast Missouri, USA is one of the largest producers of lead-zinc ore in the world. Previous stream surveys found evidence of increased metal exposure and reduced population densities of crayfish immediately downstream of mining sites. We conducted an in-situ 28-d exposure to assess toxicity of mining-derived metals to the woodland crayfish (Orconectes hylas). Crayfish survival and biomass were significantly lower at mining sites than at reference and downstream sites. Metal concentrations in water, detritus, macroinvertebrates, fish, and crayfish were significantly higher at mining sites, and were negatively correlated with caged crayfish survival. These results support previous field and laboratory studies that showed mining-derived metals negatively affect O. hylas populations in streams draining the Viburnum Trend, and that in-situ toxicity testing was a valuable tool for assessing the impacts of mining on crayfish populations. Published by Elsevier Inc. C1 [Allert, A. L.; Fairchild, J. F.; Schmitt, C. J.; Brumbaugh, W. G.; Besser, J. M.] US Geol Survey, Columbia Environm Res Ctr, Columbia, MO 65201 USA. [DiStefano, R. J.] Missouri Dept Conservat, Columbia, MO 65201 USA. RP Allert, AL (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Columbia Environm Res Ctr, 4200 New Haven Rd, Columbia, MO 65201 USA. EM aallert@usgs.gov FU US Government through the US Geological Survey FX Funding for this research was provided by the US Government through the US Geological Survey. We thank the private landowners and the Doe Run Corporation who allowed access to these streams. CERC personnel who assisted included: J. Arms, E. Brunson, J.M. Fairchild (CERC volunteer), K. Grabner, L. Johnson, S. Koppi, I May, S. Olson, B. Poulton, L. Sappington, D. Stoppler, M. Struckhoff, C. Vishy, M. Walther, D. Whites, and C. Witte. Missouri Department of Conservation personnel who assisted were: I Boersig, L. Cole, I. Dasho (an AFS Hutton junior Biologist), S. Herleth-King, J. Lane, and J. Westhoff. We thank K. Buhl, L. Cleveland, and two anonymous reviewers, for providing insightful comments that greatly improved the quality of this manuscript. NR 48 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 1 U2 13 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0147-6513 J9 ECOTOX ENVIRON SAFE JI Ecotox. Environ. Safe. PD MAY PY 2009 VL 72 IS 4 BP 1207 EP 1219 DI 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2008.08.005 PG 13 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA 441KO UT WOS:000265767900028 PM 19097645 ER PT J AU Schofield, PJ Nico, LG AF Schofield, Pamela J. Nico, Leo G. TI Salinity tolerance of non-native Asian swamp eels (Teleostei: Synbranchidae) in Florida, USA: comparison of three populations and implications for dispersal SO ENVIRONMENTAL BIOLOGY OF FISHES LA English DT Article DE Ecophysiology; Monopterus; Nonindigenous species; Osmoregulation; Synbranchidae ID CICHLASOMA-UROPHTHALMUS; FISH ASSEMBLAGES; EVERGLADES; WATERS AB Three populations of non-native Asian swamp eels are established in peninsular Florida (USA), and comprise two different genetic lineages. To assess potential for these fish to penetrate estuarine habitats or use coastal waters as dispersal routes, we determined their salinity tolerances. Swamp eels from the three Florida populations were tested by gradual (chronic) salinity increases; additionally, individuals from the Miami population were tested by abrupt (acute) salinity increases. Results showed significant tolerance by all populations to mesohaline waters: Mean survival time at 14 ppt was 63 days. The Homestead population, a genetically distinct lineage, exhibited greater tolerance to higher salinity than Tampa and Miami populations. Acute experiments indicated that swamp eels were capable of tolerating abrupt shifts from 0 to 16 ppt, with little mortality over 10 days. The broad salinity tolerance demonstrated by these experiments provides evidence that swamp eels are physiologically capable of infiltrating estuarine environments and using coastal waters to invade new freshwater systems. C1 [Schofield, Pamela J.; Nico, Leo G.] US Geol Survey, Florida Integrated Sci Ctr, Gainesville, FL 32653 USA. RP Schofield, PJ (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Florida Integrated Sci Ctr, 7920 NW 71st St, Gainesville, FL 32653 USA. EM pschofield@usgs.gov FU U. S. Geological Survey [01-FH-01] FX Special thanks to Mary E. Brown, Travis Tuten and Eddie E. Leonard for assistance in the lab and field. Assistance in the field was also provided by Shane Ruessler and Carla Wieser. We are also grateful to Rob Bennetts and Howard Jelks for statistical advice and to William F. Loftus, Mark Peterson and two anonymous reviewers for comments on drafts of the manuscript. Sherry Bostick and Denise Gregoire contributed with final formatting of the manuscript. Funding was provided to LGN as part of U. S. Geological Survey project number 01-FH-01. Any use of trade, product, or firm names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U. S. Government. NR 55 TC 9 Z9 11 U1 1 U2 8 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0378-1909 EI 1573-5133 J9 ENVIRON BIOL FISH JI Environ. Biol. Fishes PD MAY PY 2009 VL 85 IS 1 BP 51 EP 59 DI 10.1007/s10641-009-9456-9 PG 9 WC Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 439TF UT WOS:000265649200011 ER PT J AU Hinck, JE Schmitt, CJ Chojnacki, KA Tillitt, DE AF Hinck, Jo Ellen Schmitt, Christopher J. Chojnacki, Kimberly A. Tillitt, Donald E. TI Environmental contaminants in freshwater fish and their risk to piscivorous wildlife based on a national monitoring program SO ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT LA English DT Article DE Biomonitoring; Ecological risk assessment; Toxicity; Dietary exposure; Biomagnification ID TOXIC EQUIVALENCY FACTORS; REPRODUCTIVE BIOMARKER RESPONSES; PLANAR HALOGENATED HYDROCARBONS; MISSISSIPPI RIVER-BASIN; BALD EAGLE EGGS; COLUMBIA RIVER; POLYCHLORINATED-BIPHENYLS; SUBLETHAL CONCENTRATIONS; CHEMICAL CONTAMINANTS; MERCURY DISTRIBUTION AB Organochlorine chemical residues and elemental concentrations were measured in piscivorous and benthivorous fish at 111 sites from large U.S. river basins. Potential contaminant sources such as urban and agricultural runoff, industrial discharges, mine drainage, and irrigation varied among the sampling sites. Our objectives were to provide summary statistics for chemical contaminants and to determine if contaminant concentrations in the fish were a risk to wildlife that forage at these sites. Concentrations of dieldrin, total DDT, total PCBs, toxaphene, TCDD-EQ, cadmium, chromium, mercury, lead, selenium, and zinc exceeded toxicity thresholds to protect fish and piscivorous wildlife in samples from at least one site; most exceedences were for total PCBs, mercury, and zinc. Chemical concentrations in fish from the Mississippi River Basin exceeded the greatest number of toxicity thresholds. Screening level wildlife risk analysis models were developed for bald eagle and mink using no adverse effect levels (NOAELs), which were derived from adult dietary exposure or tissue concentration studies and based primarily on reproductive endpoints. No effect hazard concentrations (NEHC) were calculated by comparing the NOAEL to the food ingestion rate (dietary-based NOAEL) or biomagnification factor (tissue-based NOAEL) of each receptor. Piscivorous wildlife may be at risk from a contaminant if the measured concentration in fish exceeds the NEHC. Concentrations of most organochlorine residues and elemental contaminants represented no to low risk to bald eagle and mink at most sites. The risk associated with pentachloroanisole, aldrin, Dacthal, methoxychlor, mirex, and toxaphene was unknown because NOAELs for these contaminants were not available for bald eagle or mink. Risk differed among modeled species and sites. Our screening level analysis indicates that the greatest risk to piscivorous wildlife was from total DDT, total PCBs, TCDD-EQ, mercury, and selenium. Bald eagles were at greater risk to total DDT and total PCBs than mink, whereas risks of TCDD-EQ, mercury, and selenium were greater to mink than bald eagle. C1 [Hinck, Jo Ellen; Schmitt, Christopher J.; Chojnacki, Kimberly A.; Tillitt, Donald E.] US Geol Survey, CERC, Columbia, MO 65201 USA. RP Hinck, JE (reprint author), US Geol Survey, CERC, 4200 New Haven Rd, Columbia, MO 65201 USA. EM jhinck@usgs.gov RI Schneider, Larissa/C-9863-2012 NR 90 TC 25 Z9 25 U1 2 U2 57 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0167-6369 J9 ENVIRON MONIT ASSESS JI Environ. Monit. Assess. PD MAY PY 2009 VL 152 IS 1-4 BP 469 EP 494 DI 10.1007/s10661-008-0331-5 PG 26 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 425EX UT WOS:000264620900041 PM 18594997 ER PT J AU Gale, RW Cranor, WL Alvarez, DA Huckins, JN Petty, JD Robertson, GL AF Gale, Robert W. Cranor, Walter L. Alvarez, David A. Huckins, James N. Petty, Jimmie D. Robertson, Gary L. TI Semivolatile Organic Compounds in Residential Air along the Arizona-Mexico Border SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID SEMIPERMEABLE-MEMBRANE DEVICES; POLYBROMINATED DIPHENYL ETHERS; RIO-GRANDE VALLEY; INDOOR-AIR; ORGANOCHLORINE PESTICIDES; OUTDOOR AIR; PASSIVE SAMPLERS; FLAME RETARDANTS; SPMDS; CONTAMINANTS AB Concerns about indoor air quality and the potential effects on people living in these environments are increasing as more reports about the toxicities and the potential indoor air exposure levels of household-use chemicals and chemicals from housing and furnishing manufacture in air are being assessed. Gas chromatography/mass spectrometry was used to confirm numerous airborne contaminants obtained from the analysis of semipermeable membrane devices deployed inside of 52 homes situated along the border between Arizona and Mexico. We also describe nontarget analytes in the organochlorine pesticide fractions of 12 of these homes; this fraction is also the most likely to contain the broadest scope of bioconcentratable chemicals accumulated from the indoor air. Approximately 400 individual components were identified, ranging from pesticides to a wide array of hydrocarbons, fragrances such as the musk xylenes, flavors relating to spices, aldehydes, alcohols, esters and phthalate esters, and other miscellaneous types of chemicals. The results presented in this study demonstrate unequivocally that the mixture of airborne chemicals present indoors is far more complex than previously demonstrated. C1 [Gale, Robert W.; Cranor, Walter L.; Alvarez, David A.; Huckins, James N.; Petty, Jimmie D.] US Geol Survey, Columbia Environm Res Ctr, Columbia, MO 65201 USA. [Robertson, Gary L.] US EPA, Human Exposure & Atmospher Sci Div, Off Res & Dev, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Las Vegas, NV 89119 USA. RP Gale, RW (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Columbia Environm Res Ctr, 4200 New Haven Rd, Columbia, MO 65201 USA. EM rgale@usgs.gov FU U.S. Environmental Protection Agency [DW14937889-01-0] FX We acknowledge support by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency under interagency agreement DW14937889-01-0. Ally use of trade, product, or firm names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government. NR 40 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 3 U2 24 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0013-936X J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD MAY 1 PY 2009 VL 43 IS 9 BP 3054 EP 3060 DI 10.1021/es803482u PG 7 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 441PL UT WOS:000265781100017 PM 19534113 ER PT J AU Elsbury, KE Paytan, A Ostrom, NE Kendall, C Young, MB McLaughlin, K Rollog, ME Watson, S AF Elsbury, Katy E. Paytan, Adina Ostrom, Nathaniel E. Kendall, Carol Young, Megan B. McLaughlin, Karen Rollog, Mark E. Watson, Sue TI Using Oxygen Isotopes of Phosphate To Trace Phosphorus Sources and Cycling in Lake Erie SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID PRECISE METHOD; CENTRAL BASIN; EUTROPHICATION; TRENDS AB Water samples collected during three sampling trips to Lake Erie displayed oxygen isotopic values of dissolved phosphate (delta(18)O(p)) that were largely out of equilibrium with ambient conditions, indicating that source signatures may be discerned. delta(18)O(p), values in the Lake ranged from +10 parts per thousand to +17 parts per thousand, whereas the equilibrium value was expected to be around +14 parts per thousand. The riverine weighted average delta(18)O(p), value was +11 parts per thousand and may represent one source of phosphate to the Lake. The lake delta(18)O(p) values indicated that there must be one or more as yet uncharacterized source(s) of phosphate with a high delta(18)O(p) value. Potential sources other than rivers are not yet well-characterized with respect to delta(18)O(p) of phosphate, but we speculate that a likely source may be the release of phosphate from sediments under reducing conditions created during anoxic events in the hypolimnion of the central basin of Lake Erie. Identifying potential phosphorus sources to the Lake is vital for designing effective management plans for reducing nutrient inputs and associated eutrophication. C1 [Elsbury, Katy E.; Paytan, Adina] Univ Calif Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA 95064 USA. [Ostrom, Nathaniel E.] Michigan State Univ, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA. [Kendall, Carol; Young, Megan B.; Rollog, Mark E.] US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. [McLaughlin, Karen] So Calif Coastal Water Res Project, Costa Mesa, CA 92626 USA. [Watson, Sue] Environm Canada, Canada Ctr Inland Waters, Burlington, ON L7R 4A6, Canada. RP Paytan, A (reprint author), Univ Calif Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA 95064 USA. EM apaytan@ucsc.edu FU National Science Foundation [0354319, 0749908]; Environment Canada FX We would like to thank the members of the Paytan laboratory, the crew of the Lake Guardian, the Ohio Department of Natural Resources, the Great Lakes Environmental Research Laboratory, Environment Canada, and the USGS of Menlo Park for their aid in sample collection and analysis. Funding was provided by the National Science Foundation (Grants #0354319 and 0749908) to Adina Paytan and by Environment Canada to Sue Watson. NR 25 TC 33 Z9 42 U1 5 U2 72 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0013-936X J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD MAY 1 PY 2009 VL 43 IS 9 BP 3108 EP 3114 DI 10.1021/es8034126 PG 7 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 441PL UT WOS:000265781100025 PM 19534121 ER PT J AU Ripley, JL Foran, CM Iwanowicz, LR Blazer, VS AF Ripley, Jennifer L. Foran, Christy M. Iwanowicz, Luke R. Blazer, Vickie S. TI IF POULTRY'S TO BLAME, WHERE'S THE PROOF? Response SO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY LA English DT Letter ID SMALLMOUTH BASS; POTOMAC RIVER; LITTER; SPECIATION; PROTEIN C1 [Ripley, Jennifer L.; Foran, Christy M.] W Virginia Univ, Morgantown, WV 26506 USA. [Iwanowicz, Luke R.; Blazer, Vickie S.] US Geol Survey, Kearneysville, WV 25430 USA. RP Ripley, JL (reprint author), W Virginia Univ, Morgantown, WV 26506 USA. NR 13 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 2 PU SETAC PRESS PI PENSACOLA PA 1010 N 12TH AVE, PENSACOLA, FL 32501-3367 USA SN 0730-7268 J9 ENVIRON TOXICOL CHEM JI Environ. Toxicol. Chem. PD MAY PY 2009 VL 28 IS 5 BP 908 EP 909 PG 2 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA 433RN UT WOS:000265223600003 ER PT J AU McKernan, MA Rattner, BA Hale, RC Ottinger, MA AF McKernan, Moira A. Rattner, Barnett A. Hale, Robert C. Ottinger, Mary Ann TI TOXICITY OF POLYBROMINATED DIPHENYL ETHERS (DE-71) IN CHICKEN (GALLUS GALLUS), MALLARD (ANAS PLATYRHYNCHOS), AND AMERICAN KESTREL (FALCO SPARVERIUS) EMBRYOS AND HATCHLINGS SO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE Egg injection; Lowest-observed-effect level; Polybrominated diphenyl ether; Species sensitivity; Polychlorinated biphenyl congener 126 ID POLYCHLORINATED-BIPHENYLS PCBS; ARYL-HYDROCARBON RECEPTOR; BROMINATED FLAME RETARDANTS; HERRING GULL EGGS; IN-OVO EXPOSURE; THYROID DEVELOPMENT; DEVELOPMENTAL TOXICITY; CONTAMINANT EXPOSURE; REPRODUCTIVE SUCCESS; DIOXIN SENSITIVITY AB Embryonic survival, pipping and hatching success, and sublethal biochemical, endocrine, and histological endpoints were examined in hatchling chickens (Gallus gallus), mallards (Anas platyrhynchos), and American kestrels (Falco sparverius) following air cell administration of a pentabrominated diphenyl ether (penta-BDE; DE-71) mixture (0.01-20 mu g/g egg) or polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) congener 126 (3,3', 4,4', 5-pentachlorobiphenyl; 0.002 mu g/g egg). The penta-BDE decreased pipping and hatching success at concentrations of 10 and 20 mu g/g egg in kestrels but had no effect on survival endpoints in chickens or mallards. Sublethal effects in hatchling chickens included ethoxyresorufin-O-dealkylase (EROD) induction and histological changes in the bursa, but these responses were not observed in other species. Polychlorinated biphenyl congener 126 (positive control) reduced survival endpoints in chicken and kestrel embryos and caused sublethal effects (EROD induction, reduced bursal mass and follicle size) in chickens. Mallards were clearly less sensitive than the other species to administered penta-BDE and PCB 126. In a second experiment, the absorption of penta-BDE (11.1 mu g/g egg, air cell administered during early development) into the contents of chicken and kestrel eggs was determined at various intervals (24 h postinjection, midincubation, and pipping). By pipping, 29% of the penta-BDE administered dose was present in the egg contents in chickens, and 18% of the administered dose was present in kestrel egg contents. Based on uptake in kestrels, the lowest-observed-effect level on pipping and hatching success may be as low as 1.8 mu g total penta-BDE/g egg, which approaches concentrations detected in eggs of free-ranging birds. Because some penta-BDE congeners are still increasing in the environment, the toxic effects observed in the present study are cause for concern in wildlife. C1 [McKernan, Moira A.; Rattner, Barnett A.] US Geol Survey, Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, BARC E, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. [McKernan, Moira A.; Ottinger, Mary Ann] Univ Maryland, Dept Anim & Avian Sci, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. [Hale, Robert C.] Coll William & Mary, Virginia Inst Marine Sci, Dept Environm & Aquat Anim Hlth, Gloucester Point, VA 23062 USA. RP Rattner, BA (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, BARC E, Bldg 308,10300 Baltimore Ave, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. EM brattner@usgs.gov NR 60 TC 51 Z9 55 U1 0 U2 22 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ USA SN 0730-7268 EI 1552-8618 J9 ENVIRON TOXICOL CHEM JI Environ. Toxicol. Chem. PD MAY PY 2009 VL 28 IS 5 BP 1007 EP 1017 DI 10.1897/08-318.1 PG 11 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA 433RN UT WOS:000265223600015 PM 19045936 ER PT J AU Iwanowicz, LR Blazer, VS Guy, CP Pinkney, AE Mullican, JE Alvarez, DA AF Iwanowicz, Luke R. Blazer, Vicki S. Guy, Christopher P. Pinkney, Alfred E. Mullican, John E. Alvarez, David A. TI REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH OF BASS IN THE POTOMAC, USA, DRAINAGE: PART 1. EXPLORING THE EFFECTS OF PROXIMITY TO WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT DISCHARGE SO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE Smallmouth bass; Endocrine disruption; Potomac; Intersex ID MINNOW PIMEPHALES-PROMELAS; ROACH RUTILUS-RUTILUS; MICROPTERUS-SALMOIDES-FLORIDANUS; WIDESPREAD SEXUAL DISRUPTION; FLOUNDER PLATICHTHYS-FLESUS; BIOMARKER RESPONSES; SMALLMOUTH BASS; ENDOCRINE DISRUPTION; FATHEAD MINNOW; ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINANTS AB Intersex (specifically, testicular oocytes) has been observed in male smallmouth bass (SMB; Micropterus dolomieu) and other centrarchids in the South Branch of the Potomac River, USA, and forks of the Shenandoah River, USA, during the past five years. This condition often is associated with exposure to estrogenic endocrine-disrupting chemicals in some fish species, but such chemicals and their sources have yet to be identified in the Potomac. In an attempt to better understand the plausible causes of this condition, we investigated the reproductive health of bass sampled up-and downstream of wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) effluent point sources on the Potomac River in Maryland, USA. Smallmouth bass were sampled from the Conococheague Creek and the Monocacy River, and largemouth bass (LMB; Micropterus salmoides) were collected near the Blue Plains WWTP on the mainstem of the Potomac River. Chemical analyses of compounds captured in passive samplers at these locations also were conducted. A high prevalence of intersex (82-100%) was identified in male SMB at all sites regardless of collection area. A lower prevalence of intersex (23%) was identified in male LMB collected at the Blue Plains site. When up-and downstream fish were compared, significant differences were noted only in fish from the Conococheague. Differences included condition factor, gonadosomatic index, plasma vitellogenin concentration, and estrogen to testosterone ratio. In general, chemicals associated with wastewater effluent, storm-water runoff, and agriculture were more prevalent at the downstream sampling sites. An exception was atrazine and its associated metabolites, which were present in greater concentrations at the upstream sites. It appears that proximity to effluent from WWTPs may influence the reproductive health of bass in the Potomac watershed, but inputs from other sources likely contribute to the widespread, high incidence of testicular oocytes. C1 [Iwanowicz, Luke R.; Blazer, Vicki S.] US Geol Survey, Natl Fish Hlth Res Lab, Kearneysville, WV 25430 USA. [Guy, Christopher P.; Pinkney, Alfred E.] US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Chesapeake Bay Field Off, Annapolis, MD 21401 USA. [Mullican, John E.] Maryland Dept Nat Resources Fisheries Serv, Inland Fisheries Management Div, Thurmont, MD 21788 USA. [Alvarez, David A.] US Geol Survey, Columbia Environm Res Ctr, Columbia, MO 65201 USA. RP Iwanowicz, LR (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Natl Fish Hlth Res Lab, 11649 Leetown Rd, Kearneysville, WV 25430 USA. EM liwanowicz@usgs.gov OI Iwanowicz, Luke/0000-0002-1197-6178 FU Division of Environmental Quality of the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service; USGS FX We appreciate the assistance of Maryland Department of Natural Resources personnel with fish collections, Kathy Spring and Darlene Bowling for histopathology technical assistance, and Leslie Gerlich for producing the maps. We also thank Greg Weber and the U. S. Department of Agriculture, National Center for Cool and Coldwater Aquaculture, for permitting us to use their facility to analyze plasma hormones. The present study was funded by the Division of Environmental Quality of the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and by the Chesapeake Bay Priority Ecosystems and Fisheries Programs of the USGS. NR 70 TC 46 Z9 46 U1 3 U2 31 PU SETAC PRESS PI PENSACOLA PA 1010 N 12TH AVE, PENSACOLA, FL 32501-3367 USA SN 0730-7268 J9 ENVIRON TOXICOL CHEM JI Environ. Toxicol. Chem. PD MAY PY 2009 VL 28 IS 5 BP 1072 EP 1083 PG 12 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA 433RN UT WOS:000265223600023 PM 19102584 ER PT J AU Alvarez, DA Cranor, WL Perkins, SD Schroeder, VL Iwanowicz, LR Clark, RC Guy, CP Pinkney, AE Blazer, VS Mullican, JE AF Alvarez, David A. Cranor, Walter L. Perkins, Stephanie D. Schroeder, Vickie L. Iwanowicz, Luke R. Clark, Randal C. Guy, Christopher P. Pinkney, Alfred E. Blazer, Vicki S. Mullican, John E. TI REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH OF BASS IN THE POTOMAC, USA, DRAINAGE: PART 2. SEASONAL OCCURRENCE OF PERSISTENT AND EMERGING ORGANIC CONTAMINANTS SO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE Potomac River; Passive sampling; Emerging contaminants; Wastewater ID SEMIPERMEABLE-MEMBRANE DEVICES; ESTROGENIC COMPOUNDS; SURFACE-WATER; IDENTIFICATION; PHARMACEUTICALS; POLLUTANTS; INDICATORS; HERBICIDES; EFFLUENTS; ATRAZINE AB The seasonal occurrence of organic contaminants, many of which are potential endocrine disruptors, entering the Potomac River, USA, watershed was investigated using a two-pronged approach during the fall of 2005 and spring of 2006. Passive samplers (semipermeable membrane device and polar organic chemical integrative sampler [POCIS]) were deployed in tandem at sites above and below wastewater treatment plant discharges within the watershed. Analysis of the samplers resulted in detection of 84 of 138 targeted chemicals. The agricultural pesticides atrazine and metolachlor had the greatest seasonal changes in water concentrations, with a 3.1- to 91-fold increase in the spring compared with the level in the previous fall. Coinciding with the elevated concentrations of atrazine in the spring were increasing concentrations of the atrazine degradation products desethylatrazine and desisopropylatrazine in the fall following spring and summer application of the parent compound. Other targeted chemicals (organochlorine pesticides, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, and organic wastewater chemicals) did not indicate seasonal changes in occurrence or concentration; however, the overall concentrations and number of chemicals present were greater at the sites downstream of wastewater treatment plant discharges. Several fragrances and flame retardants were identified in these downstream sites, which are characteristic of wastewater effluent and human activities. The bioluminescent yeast estrogen screen in vitro assay of the POCIS extracts indicated the presence of chemicals that were capable of producing an estrogenic response at all sampling sites. C1 [Alvarez, David A.; Cranor, Walter L.; Perkins, Stephanie D.; Clark, Randal C.] US Geol Survey, Columbia Environm Res Ctr, Columbia, MO 65201 USA. [Schroeder, Vickie L.] Arctic Slope Reg Corp Management Serv, Columbia, MO 65201 USA. [Iwanowicz, Luke R.; Blazer, Vicki S.] US Geol Survey, Natl Fish Hlth Res Lab, Kearneysville, WV 25430 USA. [Guy, Christopher P.; Pinkney, Alfred E.] US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Chesapeake Bay Field Off, Annapolis, MD 21401 USA. [Mullican, John E.] Fisheries Serv, Maryland Dept Nat Resources, Lewistown Work Ctr, Thurmont, MD 21788 USA. RP Alvarez, DA (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Columbia Environm Res Ctr, 4200 New Haven Rd, Columbia, MO 65201 USA. EM dalvarez@usgs.gov OI Iwanowicz, Luke/0000-0002-1197-6178 FU U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Division of Environmental Quality FX We would like to acknowledge the efforts of Leslie Gerlich of the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service for creating the maps of the watershed. We are grateful to the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Division of Environmental Quality for providing funding to support this work. Also, we wish to thank John Sanseverino and Gary Sayler of the Center for Environmental Biotechnology, University of Tennessee (Knoxville, TN, USA) for kindly providing strain BLYES. NR 29 TC 32 Z9 33 U1 4 U2 27 PU SETAC PRESS PI PENSACOLA PA 1010 N 12TH AVE, PENSACOLA, FL 32501-3367 USA SN 0730-7268 J9 ENVIRON TOXICOL CHEM JI Environ. Toxicol. Chem. PD MAY PY 2009 VL 28 IS 5 BP 1084 EP 1095 PG 12 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA 433RN UT WOS:000265223600024 PM 19108592 ER PT J AU La Peyre, MK Gossman, B La Peyre, JF AF La Peyre, Megan K. Gossman, Bryan La Peyre, Jerome F. TI Defining Optimal Freshwater Flow for Oyster Production: Effects of Freshet Rate and Magnitude of Change and Duration on Eastern Oysters and Perkinsus marinus Infection SO ESTUARIES AND COASTS LA English DT Article DE Freshwater diversion; Oyster; Growth; Mortality; Condition; Disease; Perkinsus; Dermo; Protist parasite; Louisiana ID CRASSOSTREA-VIRGINICA GMELIN; DEFENSE-RELATED ACTIVITIES; GULF-OF-MEXICO; METABOLIC-ACTIVITY; GALVESTON BAY; SALINITY; TEMPERATURE; LOUISIANA; ABUNDANCE; DISEASE AB In coastal Louisiana, the development of large-scale freshwater diversion projects has led to controversy over their effects on oyster resources. Using controlled laboratory experiments in combination with a field study, we examined the effects of pulsed freshwater events (freshet) of different magnitude, duration, and rate of change on oyster resources. Laboratory and field evidence indicate that low salinity events (< 5 psu) decreased Perkinsus marinus infection intensities. Furthermore, when salinity was low (< 5 psu), parasite infection intensities continued to decrease even as temperatures exceeded 20A degrees C. At the same time, oyster growth was positively correlated with salinity. To maximize oyster production, data indicate that both low and high salinity events will be necessary. C1 [La Peyre, Megan K.] Louisiana State Univ, Ctr Agr, Sch Renewable Nat Resources,US Geol Survey, Louisiana Fish & Wildlife Cooperat Res Unit, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA. [La Peyre, Jerome F.] Louisiana State Univ, Ctr Agr, Dept Vet Sci, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA. RP La Peyre, MK (reprint author), Louisiana State Univ, Ctr Agr, Sch Renewable Nat Resources,US Geol Survey, Louisiana Fish & Wildlife Cooperat Res Unit, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA. EM mlapey@lsu.edu FU National Sea Grant Gulf Oyster Industry Program LSU AgCenter [2008-242-2215] FX We thank Lane Simmons, Charlie Demas, and David Walters with the USGS Water Resources Division for their help in acquiring water quality data and in providing logistical field support to collect field samples. Thanks to Sandra Casas for helping in the field and for reviewing the manuscript and to Chris Dungan for comments on a draft of this manuscript. Also thanks to John Supan for providing oysters for the research. This research was funded through the National Sea Grant Gulf Oyster Industry Program LSU AgCenter contribution number 2008-242-2215. The use of trade, product, industry or firm names, or products is for informative purposes only and does not constitute an endorsement by the US Government or the US Geological Survey. NR 58 TC 27 Z9 27 U1 2 U2 18 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 1559-2723 J9 ESTUAR COAST JI Estuaries Coasts PD MAY PY 2009 VL 32 IS 3 BP 522 EP 534 DI 10.1007/s12237-009-9149-9 PG 13 WC Environmental Sciences; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 431CI UT WOS:000265038500011 ER PT J AU Berkson, J Hunt, KM Whitehead, JC Murie, DJ Kwak, TJ Boreman, J AF Berkson, J. Hunt, K. M. Whitehead, J. C. Murie, D. J. Kwak, T. J. Boreman, J. TI Is There a Shortage of Fisheries Stock Assessment Scientists? SO FISHERIES LA English DT Editorial Material C1 [Berkson, J.] Virginia Tech, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, SE Fisheries Sci Ctr, RTR Unit, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA. [Hunt, K. M.] Mississippi State Univ, Dept Wildlife & Fisheries, Forest & Wildlife Res Ctr, Human Dimens & Conservat Law Enforcement Lab, Starkville, MS USA. [Whitehead, J. C.] Appalachian State Univ, Dept Econ, Boone, NC 28608 USA. [Murie, D. J.] Univ Florida, Sch Forest Resources & Conservat, Program Fisheries & Aquat Sci, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. [Kwak, T. J.] N Carolina State Univ, Dept Biol, N Carolina Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, US Geol Survey, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. [Boreman, J.] Univ Massachusetts, Sch Marine Sci & Technol, New Bedford, MA USA. RP Berkson, J (reprint author), Virginia Tech, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, SE Fisheries Sci Ctr, RTR Unit, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA. EM Jim.Berkson@NOAA.gov NR 4 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA SN 0363-2415 J9 FISHERIES JI Fisheries PD MAY PY 2009 VL 34 IS 5 BP 217 EP 219 DI 10.1577/1548-8446-34.5.217 PG 3 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 477ND UT WOS:000268524900002 ER PT J AU Breshears, DD Myers, OB Meyer, CW Barnes, FJ Zou, CB Allen, CD McDowell, NG Pockman, WT AF Breshears, David D. Myers, Orrin B. Meyer, Clifton W. Barnes, Fairley J. Zou, Chris B. Allen, Craig D. McDowell, Nathan G. Pockman, William T. TI Tree die-off in response to global change-type drought: mortality insights from a decade of plant water potential measurements SO FRONTIERS IN ECOLOGY AND THE ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article ID PINYON-JUNIPER WOODLANDS; NORTHERN NEW-MEXICO; PINUS-EDULIS; FOREST; XYLEM; OSTEOSPERMA; LIMITS AB Global climate change is projected to produce warmer, longer, and more frequent droughts, referred to here as "global change-type droughts", which have the potential to trigger widespread tree die-off. However, drought-induced tree mortality cannot be predicted with confidence, because long-term field observations of plant water stress prior to, and culminating in, mortality are rare, precluding the development and testing of mechanisms. Here, we document plant water stress in two widely distributed, co-occurring species, pinon pine (Pinus edulis) and juniper (Juniperus monosperma), over more than a decade, leading up to regional-scale die-off of pinon pine trees in response to global change-related drought. Pinon leaf water potentials remained substantially below their zero carbon assimilation point for at least 10 months prior to dying, in contrast to those of juniper, which rarely dropped below their zero-assimilation point. These data suggest that pinon mortality was driven by protracted water stress, leading to carbon starvation and associated increases in susceptibility to other disturbances (eg bark beetles), a finding that should help to improve predictions of mortality during drought. C1 [Breshears, David D.] Univ Arizona, Sch Nat Resources, Inst Study Planet Earth, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. [Breshears, David D.] Univ Arizona, Dept Ecol & Evolutionary Biol, Tucson, AZ USA. [Myers, Orrin B.] Univ New Mexico Hlth Sci, Div Epidemiol & Biostat, Albuquerque, NM USA. [Meyer, Clifton W.; Barnes, Fairley J.; McDowell, Nathan G.] Los Alamos Natl Lab, Div Earth & Environm Sci, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. [Allen, Craig D.] US Geol Survey, Jemez Mt Field Stn, Los Alamos, NM USA. [Pockman, William T.] Univ New Mexico, Dept Biol, Albuquerque, NM 87131 USA. RP Breshears, DD (reprint author), Univ Arizona, Sch Nat Resources, Inst Study Planet Earth, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. EM daveb@email.arizona.edu RI Myers, Orrin/F-1130-2010; Breshears, David/B-9318-2009; Pockman, William/D-4086-2014; Zou, Chris/A-5039-2010 OI Breshears, David/0000-0001-6601-0058; Pockman, William/0000-0002-3286-0457; Zou, Chris/0000-0003-0080-2866 FU Los Alamos National Lab (Environmental Restoration and LDRDDR); National Science Foundation [DEB0443526, EAR-9876800]; Arizona Agricultural Experiment Station [126-580]; DOE NICCR [FC02-06ER64159]; Office of Science (BER), Department of Energy [DE-FG0207ER 64393] FX The authors thank HD Adams, PC Beeson, J Davison, KA Dayem, MH Ebinger, JM Fair, MO Gard, KL Goddard, L Graumlich, CE Heil, SR Johnson, SA Kammerdiener, CP Kempes, SA Kurc, RJ Lucero, SN Martens, LJ Martinez, KD Reid, JA Salazar, N Stephanson, JC Villegas, H Wei, and BP Wilcox for data collection and discussion comments. Support was provided by Los Alamos National Lab (Environmental Restoration and LDRDDR), the National Science Foundation (NSF# DEB0443526; EAR-9876800), Arizona Agricultural Experiment Station (# 126-580), Bio-sphere 2 (B2 Earthscience via Philecology Foundation), DOE NICCR (Western Region; DE-FC02-06ER64159), and Office of Science (BER), Department of Energy Grant # DE-FG0207ER 64393. Data (monthly pre-dawn plant water potential values) provided in WebPanel 1. NR 23 TC 194 Z9 197 U1 10 U2 123 PU ECOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 1990 M STREET NW, STE 700, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 1540-9295 J9 FRONT ECOL ENVIRON JI Front. Ecol. Environ. PD MAY PY 2009 VL 7 IS 4 BP 185 EP 189 DI 10.1890/080016 PG 5 WC Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 444HK UT WOS:000265971200017 ER PT J AU Bove, DJ Walton-Day, K Kimball, BA AF Bove, D. J. Walton-Day, K. Kimball, B. A. TI The use of fluoride as a natural tracer in water and the relationship to geological features: examples from the Animas River Watershed, San Juan Mountains, Silverton, Colorado SO GEOCHEMISTRY-EXPLORATION ENVIRONMENT ANALYSIS LA English DT Article DE fluoride; waters; hydrogeochemistry; rhyolite; source; vein ID GRANITE BATHOLITH; GEOCHEMISTRY; ENVIRONMENT AB Investigations within the Silverton caldera, in Southwestern Colorado, used a combination of traditional geological mapping, alteration-assemblage mapping, and aqueous geochemical sampling that showed a relationship between geological and hydrologic features that may be used to better understand the provenance and evolution of the water. Veins containing fluorite, huebnerite, and elevated molybdenum concentrations are temporally and perhaps genetically associated with the emplacement of high-silica rhyolite intrusions. Both the rhyolites and the fluorite-bearing veins produce waters containing elevated concentrations of F(-), K and Be. The identification of water samples with elevated F/Cl molar ratios (> 10) has also aided in the location of water draining F-rich sources, even after these waters have been diluted substantially. These unique aqueous geochemical signatures can be used to relate water chemistry to key geological features and mineralized source areas. Two examples that illustrate this relationship are: (1) surface-water samples containing elevated F(-) concentrations (> 1.8 mg/l) that closely bracket the extent of several small high-silica rhyolite intrusions; and (2) water samples containing elevated concentrations of F(-) (> 1.8 mg/l) that spatially relate to mines or areas that contain late-stage fluorite/huebnerite veins. In two additional cases, the existence of high F(-) concentrations in water can be used to: (1) infer interaction of the water with mine waste derived from systems known to contain the fluorite/huebnerite association; and (2) relate changes in water quality over time at a high elevation mine tunnel to plugging of a lower elevation mine tunnel and the subsequent rise of the water table into mineralized areas containing fluorite/huebnerite veining. Thus, the unique geochemical signature of the water produced from fluorite veins indicates the location of high-silica rhyolites, mines, and mine waste containing the veins. Existence of high F(-) concentrations along with K and Be in water in combination with other geological evidence may be used to better understand the provenance of the water. C1 [Bove, D. J.; Walton-Day, K.] US Geol Survey, DFC, Denver, CO 80225 USA. [Kimball, B. A.] US Geol Survey, W Valley City, UT 84119 USA. RP Bove, DJ (reprint author), US Geol Survey, DFC, Mail Stop 973, Denver, CO 80225 USA. EM dbove@usgs.gov NR 33 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 1 U2 4 PU GEOLOGICAL SOC PUBL HOUSE PI BATH PA UNIT 7, BRASSMILL ENTERPRISE CENTRE, BRASSMILL LANE, BATH BA1 3JN, AVON, ENGLAND SN 1467-7873 J9 GEOCHEM-EXPLOR ENV A JI Geochem.-Explor. Environ. Anal. PD MAY PY 2009 VL 9 BP 125 EP 138 DI 10.1144/1467-7873/09-197 PG 14 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 468KP UT WOS:000267817300002 ER PT J AU Unruh, DM Church, SE Nimick, DA Fey, DL AF Unruh, Daniel M. Church, Stanley E. Nimick, David A. Fey, David L. TI Metal contamination and post-remediation recovery in the Boulder River watershed, Jefferson County, Montana SO GEOCHEMISTRY-EXPLORATION ENVIRONMENT ANALYSIS LA English DT Article DE remediation; geochemistry; aquatic habitat; hazard quotients; Pb isotopes ID HIGH ORE CREEK; BIOFILM; STREAMS; CYCLES AB The legacy of acid mine drainage and toxic trace metals left in streams by historical mining is being addressed by many important yet costly remediation efforts. Monitoring of environmental conditions frequently is not performed but is essential to evaluate remediation effectiveness, determine whether clean-up goals have been met, and assess which remediation strategies are most effective. Extensive pre- and post-remediation data for water and sediment quality for the Boulder River watershed in Southwestern Montana provide an unusual opportunity to demonstrate the importance of monitoring. The most extensive restoration In the watershed Occurred at the Comet mine on High Ore Creek and resulted in the most dramatic improvement in aquatic habitat. Removal of contaminated sediment and tailings, and stream-channel reconstruction reduced Cd and Zn concentrations in water such that fish are now present, and reduced metal concentrations in streambed sediment by a factor of c. 10, the largest improvement in the district. Waste removals at the Buckeye/Enterprise and Bullion mine sites produced limited or no improvement in water and sediment quality, and acidic drainage from mine adits continues to degrade stream aquatic habitat. Recontouring of hillslopes that had funnelled runoff into the workings of the Crystal mine substantially reduced metal concentrations in Uncle Sam Gulch, but did not eliminate all of the acidic adit drainage. Lead isotopic evidence suggests that the Crystal mine rather than the Comet mine is now the largest Source of metals in streambed sediment of the Boulder River. The completed removal actions prevent additional contaminants from entering the stream, but it may take many years for erosional processes to diminish the effects of contaminated sediment already in streams. Although significant strides have been made, additional efforts to seal draining adits or treat the adit effluent at the Bullion and Crystal mines would need to be completed to achieve the desired restoration. C1 [Nimick, David A.] US Geol Survey, Helena, MT 59601 USA. [Unruh, Daniel M.; Church, Stanley E.; Fey, David L.] US Geol Survey, Fed Ctr, Denver, CO 80225 USA. RP Nimick, DA (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 3162 Bozeman Ave, Helena, MT 59601 USA. EM dnimick@usgs.gov OI Nimick, David/0000-0002-8532-9192 FU US Geological Survey, Toxic Substances, Hydrology and Mineral Resources; USDA Forest Service FX The authors gratefully acknowledge support from the US Geological Survey, Toxic Substances, Hydrology and Mineral Resources Programs and the USDA Forest Service for funding to conduct post-remediation monitoring Studies. We thank F.A. Bailey, T.E. Cleasby, and C.I. Bowers for field assistance. Any use of firm, trade, or product names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the US Government. NR 38 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 9 PU GEOLOGICAL SOC PUBL HOUSE PI BATH PA UNIT 7, BRASSMILL ENTERPRISE CENTRE, BRASSMILL LANE, BATH BA1 3JN, AVON, ENGLAND SN 1467-7873 J9 GEOCHEM-EXPLOR ENV A JI Geochem.-Explor. Environ. Anal. PD MAY PY 2009 VL 9 BP 179 EP 199 DI 10.1144/1467-7873/09-191 PG 21 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 468KP UT WOS:000267817300007 ER PT J AU Fiske, RS Rose, TR Swanson, DA Champion, DE McGeehin, JP AF Fiske, Richard S. Rose, Timothy R. Swanson, Donald A. Champion, Duane E. McGeehin, John P. TI Kulanaokuaiki Tephra (ca. AD 400-1000): Newly recognized evidence for highly explosive eruptions at Kilauea Volcano, Hawai'i SO GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA BULLETIN LA English DT Article DE Kilauea volcano; pyroclastic eruptions; high TiO2 and K2O marker unit; pyroclastic surges; stratigraphy; radiocarbon ages; paleo-magnetism ID AGE CALIBRATION; ASH MEMBER AB Kilauea may be one of the world's most intensively monitored volcanoes, but its eruptive history over the past several thousand years remains rather poorly known. Our study has revealed the vestiges of thin basaltic tephra deposits, overlooked by previous workers, that originally blanketed wide, near-summit areas and extended more than 17 km to the south coast of Hawaii. These deposits, correlative with parts of tephra units at the summit and at sites farther north and northwest, show that Kilauea, commonly regarded as a gentle volcano, was the site of energetic pyroclastic eruptions and indicate the volcano is significantly more hazardous than previously realized. Seventeen new calibrated accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) radiocarbon ages suggest these deposits, here named the Kulanaokuaiki Tephra, were emplaced ca. A.D. 400-1000, a time of no previously known pyroclastic activity at the volcano. Tephra correlations are based chiefly on a marker unit that contains unusually high values of TiO2 and K2O and on paleo-magnetic signatures of associated lava flows, which show that the Kulanaokuaiki deposits are the time-stratigraphic equivalent of the upper part of a newly exhumed section of the Uwekahuna Ash in the volcano's northwest caldera wall. This section, thought to have been permanently buried by rockfalls in 1983, is thicker and more complete than the previously accepted type Uwekahuna at the base of the caldera wall. Collectively, these findings justify the elevation of the Uwekahuna Ash to formation status; the newly recognized Kulanaokuaiki Tephra to the south, the chief focus of this study, is defined as a member of the Uwekahuna Ash. The Kulanaokuaiki Tephra is the product of energetic pyroclastic falls; no surge- or pyroclastic-flow deposits were identified with certainty, despite recent interpretations that Uwekahuna surges extended 10-20 km from Kilauea's summit. C1 [Fiske, Richard S.; Rose, Timothy R.] Natl Museum Nat Hist, Dept Mineral Sci, Smithsonian Inst, Washington, DC 20013 USA. [Swanson, Donald A.] US Geol Survey, Hawaiian Volcano Observ, Hawaii Natl Pk, HI 96718 USA. [Champion, Duane E.] US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. [McGeehin, John P.] US Geol Survey, Reston, VA 20192 USA. RP Fiske, RS (reprint author), Natl Museum Nat Hist, Dept Mineral Sci, Smithsonian Inst, POB 37012, Washington, DC 20013 USA. EM fisker@si.edu NR 37 TC 18 Z9 18 U1 1 U2 6 PU GEOLOGICAL SOC AMER, INC PI BOULDER PA PO BOX 9140, BOULDER, CO 80301-9140 USA SN 0016-7606 EI 1943-2674 J9 GEOL SOC AM BULL JI Geol. Soc. Am. Bull. PD MAY PY 2009 VL 121 IS 5-6 BP 712 EP 728 DI 10.1130/B26327.1 PG 17 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 438YH UT WOS:000265592200004 ER PT J AU Miller, JR Friedman, JM AF Miller, Jennifer R. Friedman, Jonathan M. TI Influence of flow variability on floodplain formation and destruction, Little Missouri River, North Dakota SO GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA BULLETIN LA English DT Article DE aerial photography; channel adjustment; dominant discharge; erosion; flood; plains cottonwood ID UNITED-STATES; GREEN RIVER; COTTONWOOD RECRUITMENT; RIPARIAN VEGETATION; CHANNEL CHANGE; MONTANA; UTAH; GEOMORPHOLOGY; STREAMS; BASIN AB Resolving observations of channel change into separate planimetric measurements of floodplain formation and destruction reveals distinct relations between these processes and the flow regime. We analyzed a time sequence of eight bottomland images from 1939 to 2003 along the Little Missouri River, North Dakota, to relate geomorphic floodplain change to flow along this largely unregulated river. At the decadal scale, floodplain formation and destruction varied independently. Destruction was strongly positively correlated with the magnitude of infrequent high flows that recur every 5-10 yr, whereas floodplain formation was negatively correlated with the magnitude of frequent low flows exceeded 80% of the time. At the century scale, however, a climatically induced decrease in peak flows has reduced the destruction rate, limiting the area made available for floodplain formation. The rate of destruction was not uniform across the floodplain. Younger surfaces were consistently destroyed at a higher rate than older surfaces, suggesting that throughput of contaminants would have occurred more rapidly than predicted by models that assume uniform residence time of sediment across the floodplain. Maps of floodplain ages produced by analysis of sequential floodplain images are similar to maps of forest ages produced through dendrochronology, confirming the assumption of dendrogeomorphic studies that riparian tree establishment in this system is limited to recent channel locations. C1 [Miller, Jennifer R.] Colorado State Univ, Dept Forest Rangeland & Watershed Stewardship, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. [Friedman, Jonathan M.] US Geol Survey, Ft Collins Sci Ctr, Ft Collins, CO 80526 USA. RP Miller, JR (reprint author), Metcalf & Eddy AECOM, 1201 Peachtree St,400 Colony Sq,Suite 1104, Atlanta, GA 30361 USA. EM friedmanj@usgs.gov OI Friedman, Jonathan/0000-0002-1329-0663 FU National Park Service, Water Rights Branch; U.S. Geological Survey; Fort Collins Science Center FX This research was supported by the National Park Service, Water Rights Branch, and by the U.S. Geological Survey, Fort Collins Science Center. Freeman Smith of Colorado State University and Jeff Hughes of the National Park Service supervised much of the work. Benjamin Everitt provided valuable comments on the study design. Tammy Fancher prepared some of the final figures. Drafts of the paper were reviewed by Freeman Smith, Melinda Laituri, Ellen Wohl, Greg Auble, Jeff Hughes, and Benjamin Everitt. Use of trade names or company names does not constitute endorsement by the U.S. Geological Survey. NR 47 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 1 U2 22 PU GEOLOGICAL SOC AMER, INC PI BOULDER PA PO BOX 9140, BOULDER, CO 80301-9140 USA SN 0016-7606 J9 GEOL SOC AM BULL JI Geol. Soc. Am. Bull. PD MAY PY 2009 VL 121 IS 5-6 BP 752 EP 759 DI 10.1130/B26355.1 PG 8 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 438YH UT WOS:000265592200006 ER PT J AU Wen, YY Ma, KF Song, TRA Mooney, WD AF Wen, Yi-Ying Ma, Kuo-Fong Song, Teh-Ru Alex Mooney, Walter D. TI Validation of the rupture properties of the 2001 Kunlun, China (M-s=8.1), earthquake from seismological and geological observations SO GEOPHYSICAL JOURNAL INTERNATIONAL LA English DT Article DE Satellite geodesy; Earthquake source observations; Dynamics and mechanics of faulting ID KOKOXILI-EARTHQUAKE; SUPERSHEAR RUPTURE; SLIP-DISTRIBUTION; CRUSTAL STRUCTURE; TIBETAN PLATEAU; SUB-RAYLEIGH; FAULT; GROWTH; DEFORMATION; OFFSETS AB We determine the finite-fault slip distribution of the 2001 Kunlun earthquake (M-s = 8.1) by inverting teleseismic waveforms, as constrained by geological and remote sensing field observations. The spatial slip distribution along the 400-km-long fault was divided into five segments in accordance with geological observations. Forward modelling of regional surface waves was performed to estimate the variation of the speed of rupture propagation during faulting. For our modelling, the regional 1-D velocity structure was carefully constructed for each of six regional seismic stations using three events with magnitudes of 5.1-5.4 distributed along the ruptured portion of the Kunlun fault. Our result shows that the average rupture velocity is about 3.6 km s(-1), consistent with teleseismic long period wave modelling. The initial rupture was almost purely strike-slip with a rupture velocity of 1.9 km s(-1), increasing to 3.5 km s(-1) in the second fault segment, and reaching a rupture velocity of about 6 km s(-1) in the third segment and the fourth segment, where the maximum surface offset, with a broad fault zone, was observed. The rupture velocity decelerated to a value of 3.3 km s(-1) in the fifth and final segment. Coseismic slip on the fault was concentrated between the surface and a depth of about 10 km. We infer that significant variations in rupture velocity and the observed fault segmentation are indicative of variations in strength along the interface of the Kunlun fault, as well as variations in fault geometry. C1 [Wen, Yi-Ying; Ma, Kuo-Fong] Natl Cent Univ, Grad Inst Geophys, Taipei, Taiwan. [Song, Teh-Ru Alex] CALTECH, Seismol Lab, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. [Mooney, Walter D.] US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. RP Wen, YY (reprint author), Natl Cent Univ, Grad Inst Geophys, Taipei, Taiwan. EM fong@earth.ncu.edu.tw RI Ma, Kuo-Fong/H-1445-2012; Song, Teh-Ru Alex/I-7563-2012 FU National Science Council [NSC97-2745-M-008-013] FX We appreciate the help and discussion from Xiwei Xu and Jin Zhang at Institute of Geology, China Earthquake Administration, Beijing, China to improve this manuscript. The manuscript was improved by thorough peer reviews of Martin VallEe, an anonymous reviewer, and the editor, Massimo Cocco. This research was supported by the Taiwan Earthquake Center (TEC) funded through National Science Council (NSC97-2745-M-008-013) with TEC contribution number 00018. NR 39 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 3 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 0956-540X J9 GEOPHYS J INT JI Geophys. J. Int. PD MAY PY 2009 VL 177 IS 2 BP 555 EP 570 DI 10.1111/j.1365-246X.2008.04063.x PG 16 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 430TR UT WOS:000265012200018 ER PT J AU Mikesell, D van Wijk, K Calvert, A Haney, M AF Mikesell, Dylan van Wijk, Kasper Calvert, Alexander Haney, Matt TI The virtual refraction: Useful spurious energy in seismic interferometry SO GEOPHYSICS LA English DT Article ID GREENS-FUNCTION AB Seismic interferometry is rapidly becoming an established technique to recover the Green's function between receivers, but practical limitations in the source-energy distribution inevitably lead to spurious energy in the results. Instead of attempting to suppress all such energy, we use a spurious wave associated with the crosscorrelation of refracted energy at both receivers to infer estimates of subsurface parameters. We named this spurious event the virtual refraction. Illustrated by a numerical two-layer example, we found that the slope of the virtual refraction defines the velocity of the faster medium and that the stationary-phase point in the correlation gather provides the critical offset. With the associated critical time derived from the real shot record, this approach includes all of the necessary information to estimate wave speeds and interface depth without the need of inferences from other wave types. C1 [Mikesell, Dylan; van Wijk, Kasper] Boise State Univ, Phys Acoust Lab, Boise, ID 83725 USA. [Mikesell, Dylan; van Wijk, Kasper] Boise State Univ, Dept Geosci, Boise, ID 83725 USA. [Calvert, Alexander] ION GX Technol, Denver, CO USA. [Haney, Matt] USGS Alaska Volcano Observ, Anchorage, AK USA. RP Mikesell, D (reprint author), Boise State Univ, Phys Acoust Lab, Boise, ID 83725 USA. EM dmikesell@cgiss.boisestate.edu; kasper@cgiss.boisestate.edu; alex.calvert@iongeo.com; mhaney@usgs.gov FU NDSEG; ION-GX Technology FX We are grateful for the critical and constructive comments of Kurang Mehta, Jan Thorbecke, LudmilaAdam, Joel Brown, and one anonymous reviewer. We would like to thank Dimitri Komatitsch for providing - and teaching us how to use - the spectral element code. We acknowledge NDSEG for supporting Dylan Mikesell and ION-GX Technology for supporting the Physical Acoustics Lab. NR 22 TC 26 Z9 26 U1 0 U2 3 PU SOC EXPLORATION GEOPHYSICISTS PI TULSA PA 8801 S YALE ST, TULSA, OK 74137 USA SN 0016-8033 EI 1942-2156 J9 GEOPHYSICS JI Geophysics PD MAY-JUN PY 2009 VL 74 IS 3 BP A13 EP A17 DI 10.1190/1.3095659 PG 5 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 443BI UT WOS:000265884800001 ER PT J AU Ellefsen, KJ Croize, D Mazzella, AT McKenna, JR AF Ellefsen, Karl J. Croize, Delphine Mazzella, Aldo T. McKenna, Jason R. TI Frequency-domain Green's functions for radar waves in heterogeneous 2.5D media SO GEOPHYSICS LA English DT Article ID ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION; BOREHOLE; INVERSION; FDFD AB Green's functions for radar waves propagating in heterogeneous 2.5D media might be calculated in the frequency domain using a hybrid method. The model is defined in the Cartesian coordinate system, and its electromagnetic properties might vary in the x- and z-directions, but not in the y-direction. Wave propagation in the x- and z-directions is simulated with the finite-difference method, and wave propagation in the y-direction is simulated with an analytic function. The absorbing boundaries on the finite-difference grid are perfectly matched layers that have been modified to make them compatible with the hybrid method. The accuracy of these numerical Green's functions is assessed by comparing them with independently calculated Green's functions. For a homogeneous model, the magnitude errors range from -4.16% through 0.44%, and the phase errors range from -0.06% through 4.86%. For a layered model, the magnitude errors range from -2.60% through 2.06%, and the phase errors range from -0.49% through 2.73%. These numerical Green's functions might be used for forward modeling and full waveform inversion. C1 [Ellefsen, Karl J.] US Geol Survey, Denver, CO 80225 USA. [Croize, Delphine] Univ Oslo, Oslo, Norway. [Mazzella, Aldo T.] US EPA, Las Vegas, NV 89193 USA. [McKenna, Jason R.] USA, Engineer Res & Dev Ctr, Vicksburg, MS USA. RP Ellefsen, KJ (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Box 25046, Denver, CO 80225 USA. EM ellefsen@usgs.gov; delphine.croize@geo.uio.no; mazzella.aldo@epa.gov; Jason.R.McKenna@usace.army.mil NR 32 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 2 PU SOC EXPLORATION GEOPHYSICISTS PI TULSA PA 8801 S YALE ST, TULSA, OK 74137 USA SN 0016-8033 J9 GEOPHYSICS JI Geophysics PD MAY-JUN PY 2009 VL 74 IS 3 BP J13 EP J22 DI 10.1190/1.3092776 PG 10 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 443BI UT WOS:000265884800017 ER PT J AU Sunderland, EM Krabbenhoft, DP Moreau, JW Strode, SA Landing, WM AF Sunderland, Elsie M. Krabbenhoft, David P. Moreau, John W. Strode, Sarah A. Landing, William M. TI Mercury sources, distribution, and bioavailability in the North Pacific Ocean: Insights from data and models SO GLOBAL BIOGEOCHEMICAL CYCLES LA English DT Article ID MARINE SURFACE WATERS; EQUATORIAL PACIFIC; INTERMEDIATE WATER; MEDITERRANEAN SEA; ATLANTIC-OCEAN; METHYLATION; METHYLMERCURY; SEDIMENTS; SPECIATION; CARBON AB Fish harvested from the Pacific Ocean are a major contributor to human methylmercury (MeHg) exposure. Limited oceanic mercury (Hg) data, particularly MeHg, has confounded our understanding of linkages between sources, methylation sites, and concentrations in marine food webs. Here we present methylated (MeHg and dimethylmercury (Me2Hg)) and total Hg concentrations from 16 hydrographic stations in the eastern North Pacific Ocean. We use these data in combination with information from previous cruises and coupled atmospheric-oceanic modeling results to better understand controls on Hg concentrations, distribution, and bioavailability. Total Hg concentrations (average 1.14 +/- 0.38 pM) are elevated relative to previous cruises. Modeling results agree with observed increases and suggest that at present atmospheric Hg deposition rates, basin-wide Hg concentrations will double relative to circa 1995 by 2050. Methylated Hg accounts for up to 29% of the total Hg in subsurface waters (average 260 +/- 114 fM). We observed lower ambient methylated Hg concentrations in the euphotic zone and older, deeper water masses, which likely result from decay of MeHg and Me2Hg when net production is not occurring. We found a significant, positive linear relationship between methylated Hg concentrations and rates of organic carbon remineralization (r(2) = 0.66, p < 0.001). These results provide evidence for the importance of particulate organic carbon (POC) transport and remineralization on the production and distribution of methylated Hg species in marine waters. Specifically, settling POC provides a source of inorganic Hg(II) to microbially active subsurface waters and can also provide a substrate for microbial activity facilitating water column methylation. Citation: Sunderland, E. M., D. P. Krabbenhoft, J. W. Moreau, S. A. Strode, and W. M. Landing (2009), Mercury sources, distribution, and bioavailability in the North Pacific Ocean: Insights from data and models, Global Biogeochem. Cycles, 23, GB2010, doi:10.1029/2008GB003425. C1 [Sunderland, Elsie M.] Harvard Univ, Sch Engn & Appl Sci, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA. [Krabbenhoft, David P.] US Geol Survey, Middleton, WI 53562 USA. [Landing, William M.] Florida State Univ, Dept Oceanog, Tallahassee, FL 32306 USA. [Moreau, John W.] Univ Melbourne, Sch Earth Sci, Melbourne, Vic 3010, Australia. [Strode, Sarah A.] Univ Washington, Dept Atmospher Sci, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. RP Sunderland, EM (reprint author), Harvard Univ, Sch Engn & Appl Sci, 29 Oxford St, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA. EM ems@seas.harvard.edu; dpkrabbe@usgs.gov; jmoreau@unimelb.edu.au; sarahstrode@gmail.com; wlanding@fsu.edu RI Strode, Sarah/H-2248-2012; Moreau, John/A-8061-2013; Sunderland, Elsie/D-5511-2014; OI Strode, Sarah/0000-0002-8103-1663; Sunderland, Elsie/0000-0003-0386-9548; Moreau, John W/0000-0002-5997-522X FU USGS Toxic Substances Hydrology Program; Chemical Oceanography Program of the National Science Foundation [OCE-0223378, OCE-0649639]; NSF/NOAA FX Financial support for this study was provided by the USGS Toxic Substances Hydrology Program and the Chemical Oceanography Program of the National Science Foundation ( W. M. Landing, OCE-0223378 and OCE-0649639). The authors acknowledge the NSF/NOAA-funded U.S. Repeat Hydrography Program and the NOAA Climate Program. Data used in this manuscript were provided by the following participants in the Leg 2 CLIVAR P16N Cruise: Andreas Thurnherr (LADCP data), Richard Feely and Chris Sabine ( carbon data), Gregory Johnson and Molly Baringer ( bottle hydrographic measurement program), Chris Langdon ( dissolved oxygen data), CalvinMordy and Jia-Zhong Zhang ( nutrient data), and Mark Warner and Wendi Ruef ( CFC data). We thank Chris Holmes and Daniel Jacob at Harvard University, Noelle Selin at MIT, and Robert Mason at the University of Connecticut for useful discussion related to this manuscript. Finally, we gratefully acknowledge analytical support from John De Wild, Tom Sabin, and Shane Olund in the USGS Mercury Research Laboratory. Any use of trade, product, or firm names in this publication is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U. S. Government. NR 77 TC 156 Z9 159 U1 6 U2 80 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0886-6236 J9 GLOBAL BIOGEOCHEM CY JI Glob. Biogeochem. Cycle PD MAY 1 PY 2009 VL 23 AR GB2010 DI 10.1029/2008GB003425 PG 14 WC Environmental Sciences; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Geology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 439ZF UT WOS:000265666200005 ER PT J AU Sepulveda, N AF Sepulveda, Nicasio TI Analysis of Methods to Estimate Spring Flows in a Karst Aquifer SO GROUND WATER LA English DT Article ID NEURAL-NETWORKS; MODEL AB Hydraulically and statistically based methods were analyzed to identify the most reliable method to predict spring flows in a karst aquifer. Measured water levels at nearby observation wells, measured spring pool altitudes, and the distance between observation wells and the spring pool were the parameters used to match measured spring flows. Measured spring flows at six Upper Floridan aquifer springs in central Florida were used to assess the reliability of these methods to predict spring flows. Hydraulically based methods involved the application of the Theis, Hantush-Jacob, and Darcy-Weisbach equations, whereas the statistically based methods were the multiple linear regressions and the technology of artificial neural networks (ANNs). Root mean square errors between measured and predicted spring flows using the Darcy-Weisbach method ranged between 5% and 15% of the measured flows, lower than the 7% to 27% range for the Theis or Hantush-Jacob methods. Flows at all springs were estimated to be turbulent based on the Reynolds number derived from the Darcy-Weisbach equation for conduit flow. The multiple linear regression and the Darcy-Weisbach methods had similar spring flow prediction capabilities. The ANNs provided the lowest residuals between measured and predicted spring flows, ranging from 1.6% to 5.3% of the measured flows. The model prediction efficiency criteria also indicated that the ANNs were the most accurate method predicting spring flows in a karst aquifer. C1 US Geol Survey, Florida Integrated Sci Ctr, Orlando, FL 32826 USA. RP Sepulveda, N (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Florida Integrated Sci Ctr, 12703 Res Pkwy, Orlando, FL 32826 USA. EM nsepul@usgs.gov NR 24 TC 4 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 3 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PUBLISHING, INC PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 0017-467X J9 GROUND WATER JI Ground Water PD MAY-JUN PY 2009 VL 47 IS 3 BP 337 EP 349 DI 10.1111/j.1745-6584.2008.00498.x PG 13 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Geology; Water Resources GA 438IU UT WOS:000265549900004 PM 18800971 ER PT J AU Mahler, BJ Garner, BD AF Mahler, Barbara J. Garner, Bradley D. TI Using Nitrate to Quantify Quick Flow in a Karst Aquifer SO GROUND WATER LA English DT Article ID STABLE-ISOTOPES; TRACERS; USA; DISCHARGE; INDIANA AB In karst aquifers, contaminated recharge can degrade spring water quality, but quantifying the rapid recharge (quick flow) component of spring flow is challenging because of its temporal variability. Here, we investigate the use of nitrate in a two-endmember mixing model to quantify quick flow in Barton Springs, Austin, Texas. Historical nitrate data from recharging creeks and Barton Springs were evaluated to determine a representative nitrate concentration for the aquifer water endmember (1.5 mg/L) and the quick flow endmember (0.17 mg/L for nonstormflow conditions and 0.25 mg/L for stormflow conditions). Under nonstormflow conditions for 1990 to 2005, model results indicated that quick flow contributed from 0% to 55% of spring flow. The nitrate-based two-endmember model was applied to the response of Barton Springs to a storm and results compared to those produced using the same model with delta(18)O and specific conductance (SC) as tracers. Additionally, the mixing model was modified to allow endmember quick flow values to vary over time. Of the three tracers, nitrate appears to be the most advantageous because it is conservative and because the difference between the concentrations in the two endmembers is large relative to their variance. The delta(18)O-based model was very sensitive to variability within the quick flow endmember, and SC was not conservative over the timescale of the storm response. We conclude that a nitrate-based two-endmember mixing model might provide a useful approach for quantifying the temporally variable quick flow component of spring flow in some karst systems. C1 [Mahler, Barbara J.] US Geol Survey, Austin, TX 78751 USA. [Garner, Bradley D.] US Geol Survey, Baltimore, MD 21228 USA. RP Mahler, BJ (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 8027 Exchange Dr, Austin, TX 78751 USA. EM bjmahler@usgs.gov OI Mahler, Barbara/0000-0002-9150-9552 NR 27 TC 13 Z9 14 U1 1 U2 10 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PUBLISHING, INC PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 0017-467X J9 GROUND WATER JI Ground Water PD MAY-JUN PY 2009 VL 47 IS 3 BP 350 EP 360 DI 10.1111/j.1745-6584.2008.00499.x PG 11 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Geology; Water Resources GA 438IU UT WOS:000265549900005 PM 18800970 ER PT J AU Florea, LJ Cunningham, KJ Altobelli, S AF Florea, Lee J. Cunningham, Kevin J. Altobelli, Stephen TI NMR Imaging of Fluid Exchange between Macropores and Matrix in Eogenetic Karst SO GROUND WATER LA English DT Article ID NUCLEAR-MAGNETIC-RESONANCE; FLORIDAN AQUIFER; POROUS-MEDIA; FLOW; CLASSIFICATION; WATER; USA AB Sequential time-step images acquired using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) show the displacement of deuterated water (D(2)O) by fresh water within two limestone samples characterized by a porous and permeable limestone matrix of peloids and ooids. These samples were selected because they have a macropore system representative of some parts of the eogenetic karst limestone of the Biscayne Aquifer in southeastern Florida. The macroporosity, created by the trace fossil Ophiomorpha, is principally well connected and of centimeter scale. These macropores occur in broadly continuous stratiform zones that create preferential flow layers within the hydrogeologic units of the Biscayne. This arrangement of porosity is important because in coastal areas, it could produce a preferential pathway for salt water intrusion. Two experiments were conducted in which samples saturated with D(2)O were placed in acrylic chambers filled with fresh water and examined with NMR. Results reveal a substantial flux of fresh water into the matrix porosity with a simultaneous loss of D(2)O. Specifically, we measured rates upward of 0.001 mL/h/g of sample in static conditions, and perhaps as great as 0.07 mL/h/g of sample when fresh water continuously flows past a sample at velocities less than those found within stressed areas of the Biscayne. These experiments illustrate how fresh water and D(2)O, with different chemical properties, migrate within one type of matrix porosity found in the Biscayne. Furthermore, these experiments are a comparative exercise in the displacement of sea water by fresh water in the matrix of a coastal, karst aquifer since D(2)O has a greater density than fresh water. C1 [Florea, Lee J.] Western Kentucky Univ, Dept Geog & Geol, Coll Hts Blvd, Currently, Bowling Green, KY 42101 USA. [Florea, Lee J.; Cunningham, Kevin J.] US Geol Survey, Ft Lauderdale, FL 33315 USA. [Altobelli, Stephen] New Mexico Resonance, Albuquerque, NM 87106 USA. RP Florea, LJ (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 3110 SW 9th Ave, Ft Lauderdale, FL 33315 USA. EM lflorea@wku.edu RI Florea, Lee/E-8065-2011; OI Cunningham, Kevin/0000-0002-2179-8686 FU USGS Mendenhall Postdoctoral Fellowship to Florea; Cunningham by the Priority Ecosystems Science program; USGS and Critical Ecosystems Studies Initiative program of Everglades National Park; DHI Water & Environment Inc; Vacher of the University of South Florida FX Principal funding for this project came through a USGS Mendenhall Postdoctoral Fellowship to Florea. Collection of geologic data for the Biscayne Aquifer was funded in part by grants to Cunningham by the Priority Ecosystems Science program of the USGS and Critical Ecosystems Studies Initiative program of Everglades National Park. Eiichi Fukushima of Albuquerque Magnetic Resonance provided specific insight and guidance during the design of the NMRI experiments. Eve Kuniansky of the USGS, Joe Hughes of DHI Water & Environment Inc., H. L. Vacher of the University of South Florida, and an anonymous reviewer provided insightful reviews of an earlier draft of this article. Any use of trade names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. government. NR 36 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 2 U2 6 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PUBLISHING, INC PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 0017-467X J9 GROUND WATER JI Ground Water PD MAY-JUN PY 2009 VL 47 IS 3 BP 382 EP 390 DI 10.1111/j.1745-6584.2008.00526.x PG 9 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Geology; Water Resources GA 438IU UT WOS:000265549900008 PM 19210557 ER PT J AU Katz, BG McBride, WS Hunt, AG Crandall, CA Metz, PA Eberts, SM Berndt, MP AF Katz, B. G. McBride, W. S. Hunt, A. G. Crandall, C. A. Metz, P. A. Eberts, S. M. Berndt, M. P. TI Vulnerability of a Public Supply Well in a Karstic Aquifer to Contamination SO GROUND WATER LA English DT Article ID GROUNDWATER RECHARGE; SHALLOW GROUNDWATER; TRITIUM; WATER; HE-3 AB To assess the vulnerability of ground water to contamination in the karstic Upper Floridan aquifer (UFA), age-dating tracers and selected anthropogenic and naturally occurring compounds were analyzed in multiple water samples from a public supply well (PSW) near Tampa, Florida. Samples also were collected from 28 monitoring wells in the UFA and the overlying surficial aquifer system (SAS) and intermediate confining unit located within the contributing recharge area to the PSW. Age tracer and geochemical data from the earlier stage of the study (2003 through 2005) were combined with new data (2006) on concentrations of sulfur hexafluoride (SF(6)), tritium ((3)H), and helium-3, which were consistent with binary mixtures of water for the PSW dominated by young water (less than 7 years). Water samples from the SAS also indicated mostly young water (less than 7 years); however, most water samples from monitoring wells in the UFA had lower SF(6) and (3)H concentrations than the PSW and SAS, indicating mixtures containing high proportions of older water (more than 60 years). Vulnerability of the PSW to contamination was indicated by predominantly young water and elevated nitrate-N and volatile organic compound concentrations that were similar to those in the SAS. Elevated arsenic (As) concentrations (3 to 19 mu g/L) and higher As(V)/As(III) ratios in the PSW than in water from UFA monitoring wells indicate that oxic water from the SAS likely mobilizes As from pyrite in the UFA matrix. Young water found in the PSW also was present in UFA monitoring wells that tap a highly transmissive zone (43- to 53-m depth) in the UFA. C1 [Katz, B. G.; Crandall, C. A.; Berndt, M. P.] US Geol Survey, Tallahassee, FL 32310 USA. [McBride, W. S.; Metz, P. A.] US Geol Survey, Tampa, FL 33612 USA. [Hunt, A. G.] US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Denver, CO 80225 USA. [Eberts, S. M.] US Geol Survey, Columbus, OH 43229 USA. RP Katz, BG (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 2010 Levy Ave, Tallahassee, FL 32310 USA. EM bkatz@usgs.gov OI Eberts, Sandra/0000-0001-5138-8293 NR 44 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 6 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PUBLISHING, INC PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 0017-467X J9 GROUND WATER JI Ground Water PD MAY-JUN PY 2009 VL 47 IS 3 BP 438 EP 452 DI 10.1111/j.1745-6584.2008.00504.x PG 15 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Geology; Water Resources GA 438IU UT WOS:000265549900013 PM 18823399 ER PT J AU Connor, C Streveler, G Post, A Monteith, D Howell, W AF Connor, Cathy Streveler, Greg Post, Austin Monteith, Daniel Howell, Wayne TI The Neoglacial landscape and human history of Glacier Bay, Glacier Bay National Park and Preserve, southeast Alaska, USA SO HOLOCENE LA English DT Article DE Glacier Bay; southeastern Alaska; Neoglacial; 'Little Ice Age'; outwash plain; ethnographic landscape; Tlingit history ID HOLOCENE HISTORY; BERING GLACIER; MUIR INLET; RADIOCARBON; PACIFIC AB The Neoglacial landscape of the Huna Tlingit homeland in Glacier may is recreated through new interpretations of the lower may's fjordal geomorphology, late Quaternary geology and its ethnographic landscape. Geological interpretation is enhanced by 38 radiocarbon dates compiled from published and unpublished sources, as well as 15 newly dated samples. Neoglacial changes in ice positions, outwash and lake extents are reconstructed for c. 5500-200 cal. yr ago, and portrayed as a set of three landscapes at 1600-1000, 500-300 and 300-200 cal. yr ago. This history reveals episodic ice advance towards the may mouth, transforming it from a fjordal seascape into a terrestrial environment dominated by glacier outwash sediments and ice-marginal lake features. This extensive outwash plain was building in lower Glacier may by at least 1600 cal. yr ago, and had filled the lower bay by 500 cal. yr ago. and had filled the lower bay by 500 cal. yr ago. The geologic landscape evokes the human-described landscape found in the ethnographic literature. Neoglacial climate and landscape dynamism created difficult but endurable environmental conditions for the Huna Tlingit people living there. Choosing to cope with environmental hardship was perhaps preferable to the more severely deteriorating conditions outside of the may as well as conflicts with competing groups. The central portion of the outwash plain persisted until it was overridden by ice moving into Icy Strait between 1724-1794. This final ice advance was very abrupt after a prolonged still-stand, evicting the Huna Tlingit from their Glacier may homeland. C1 [Connor, Cathy] Univ Alaska SE, Dept Nat Sci, Juneau, AK USA. [Streveler, Greg] Icy Strait Environm Serv, Gustavus, AK USA. [Post, Austin] US Geol Survey, Tacoma, WA USA. [Monteith, Daniel] Univ Alaska SE, Dept Social Sci, Juneau, AK USA. RP Connor, C (reprint author), Univ Alaska SE, Dept Nat Sci, Juneau, AK USA. EM cathy.connor@uas.alaska.edu FU National Park Service FX We thank the National Park Service for funding this study through A CESU Program grant to Monteith at the University Alaska Southeast, and for their logistical support in GBNP. UAS geology and anthropology students Mathew Brock, Moana Leirer and Adriana Rodriguez (2004), and Michael Stanger and Michael Farrell (2005) gained field experience and provided excellent support. UAS student Connie Wilkins (2004-2007) recreated the landscape scenarios in ArcGIS Mary Beth Moss, Hoonah Indian Association, made available her transcription of Emmons notes and provided valuable comments. Carol Thilenius and Petra Mudie contributed to our palaeoenvironmental reconstructions through their identifications of subfossils in the Beardslee Formation. Dan Lawson graciously gave us ten of his undated lower Glacier may samples, all of which we dated and three of which we used here. The interpretations of these ages are the authors. NR 59 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 1 U2 9 PU SAGE PUBLICATIONS LTD PI LONDON PA 1 OLIVERS YARD, 55 CITY ROAD, LONDON EC1Y 1SP, ENGLAND SN 0959-6836 J9 HOLOCENE JI Holocene PD MAY PY 2009 VL 19 IS 3 BP 381 EP 393 DI 10.1177/0959683608101389 PG 13 WC Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Physical Geography; Geology GA 437UT UT WOS:000265513100004 ER PT J AU Barnes, JW Brown, RH Soderblom, JM Soderblom, LA Jaumann, R Jackson, B Le Mouelic, S Sotin, C Buratti, BJ Pitman, KM Baines, KH Clark, RN Nicholson, PD Turtle, EP Perry, J AF Barnes, Jason W. Brown, Robert H. Soderblom, Jason M. Soderblom, Laurence A. Jaumann, Ralf Jackson, Brian Le Mouelic, Stephane Sotin, Christophe Buratti, Bonnie J. Pitman, Karly M. Baines, Kevin H. Clark, Roger N. Nicholson, Phillip D. Turtle, Elizabeth P. Perry, Jason TI Shoreline features of Titan's Ontario Lacus from Cussini/VIMS observations SO ICARUS LA English DT Article DE Titan ID CASSINI RADAR; SURFACE; CLOUDS; ETHANE; OCEAN; LAKES; DIVERSITY; IMAGES; DUNES; SEAS AB We analyze observations of Titan's South polar lake Ontario Lacus obtained by Cassini's Visual and Infrared Mapping Spectrometer during the 38th flyby of Titan (T38: 2007 December 5). These near-closest-approach observations have the highest signal-to-noise, the finest spatial resolution, and the least atmospheric influence of any near-infrared lake observation to date. We use the large, spatially flat, and low-albedo interior of Ontario Lacus as a calibration target allowing LIS to derive ail analytical atmospheric correction for emission angle. The dark lake interior is surrounded by two separate annuli that follow the lake interior's Contours. The inner annulus is uniformly dark, but not so much as the interior lake, and is generally 5-10 kilometers wide at the lake's southeastern margin. We propose that it represents wet lakebed sediments exposed by either tidal sloshing of the lake or seasonal methane loss leading to lower lake-volume. the exterior annulus is bright and shows a spectrum consistent with a relatively low water-ice content relative to the rest of Titan. It may represent fine-grained condensate deposits from a past era of higher lake level. Together, the annuli seem to indicate that the lake level for Ontario Lacus has changed over time. This hypothesis can be tested with observations scheduled for future Titan flybys. (c) 2008 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. C1 [Barnes, Jason W.] NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. [Barnes, Jason W.] Univ Idaho, Dept Phys, Moscow, ID 83844 USA. [Brown, Robert H.; Soderblom, Jason M.; Jackson, Brian; Perry, Jason] Univ Arizona, Dept Planetary Sci, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. [Soderblom, Laurence A.] US Geol Survey, Flagstaff, AZ 86001 USA. [Jaumann, Ralf] DLR, Inst Planetary Res, D-12489 Berlin, Germany. [Le Mouelic, Stephane] Univ Nantes, CNRS, Lab Planetol & Geodynam, UMR6112, Nantes, France. [Sotin, Christophe; Buratti, Bonnie J.; Pitman, Karly M.; Baines, Kevin H.] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. [Clark, Roger N.] US Geol Survey, Denver, CO 80225 USA. [Nicholson, Phillip D.] Cornell Univ, Dept Astron, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. [Turtle, Elizabeth P.] Johns Hopkins Univ, Appl Phys Lab, Laurel, MD 20723 USA. RP Barnes, JW (reprint author), NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Mail Stop 244-30, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. EM jason@barnesos.net RI Barnes, Jason/B-1284-2009; Turtle, Elizabeth/K-8673-2012; OI Barnes, Jason/0000-0002-7755-3530; Turtle, Elizabeth/0000-0003-1423-5751; Soderblom, Jason/0000-0003-3715-6407 FU NASA Postdoctoral Program Fellowship at NASA Ames Research Center; Cassini VIMS team FX J.W.B. is supported by a NASA Postdoctoral Program Fellowship at NASA Ames Research Center administrated by Oak Ridge Associated Universities. J.W.B. also acknowledges support from the Cassini VIMS team. Thank you to the 2008 LPL beaches field trip participants for their comments and patience. NR 35 TC 43 Z9 43 U1 1 U2 2 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0019-1035 J9 ICARUS JI Icarus PD MAY PY 2009 VL 201 IS 1 BP 217 EP 225 DI 10.1016/j.icarus.2008.12.028 PG 9 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 444CM UT WOS:000265957900017 ER PT J AU Chalfoun, AD Martin, TE AF Chalfoun, Anna D. Martin, Thomas E. TI Habitat structure mediates predation risk for sedentary prey: experimental tests of alternative hypotheses SO JOURNAL OF ANIMAL ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Brewer's sparrow; habitat selection; nest site; potential-prey-site hypothesis; total-foliage hypothesis ID NEST-SITE SELECTION; PHYTOPHAGOUS INSECTS; FOREST BIRDS; SUCCESS; PREFERENCE; PERFORMANCE; CONCEALMENT; COMPLEXITY; TERRITORY; PATTERNS AB Predation is an important and ubiquitous selective force that can shape habitat preferences of prey species, but tests of alternative mechanistic hypotheses of habitat influences on predation risk are lacking. We studied predation risk at nest sites of a passerine bird and tested two hypotheses based on theories of predator foraging behaviour. The total-foliage hypothesis predicts that predation will decline in areas of greater overall vegetation density by impeding cues for detection by predators. The potential-prey-site hypothesis predicts that predation decreases where predators must search more unoccupied potential nest sites. Both observational data and results from a habitat manipulation provided clear support for the potential-prey-site hypothesis and rejection of the total-foliage hypothesis. Birds chose nest patches containing both greater total foliage and potential nest site density (which were correlated in their abundance) than at random sites, yet only potential nest site density significantly influenced nest predation risk. Our results therefore provided a clear and rare example of adaptive nest site selection that would have been missed had structural complexity or total vegetation density been considered alone. Our results also demonstrated that interactions between predator foraging success and habitat structure can be more complex than simple impedance or occlusion by vegetation. C1 [Chalfoun, Anna D.; Martin, Thomas E.] Univ Montana, Montana Cooperat Wildlife Res Unit, USGS, Missoula, MT 59812 USA. RP Chalfoun, AD (reprint author), Univ Wyoming, Dept Zool & Physiol, USGS Wyoming Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Laramie, WY 82071 USA. EM achalfou@uwyo.edu RI Martin, Thomas/F-6016-2011 OI Martin, Thomas/0000-0002-4028-4867 FU NSF EPSCoR (US) fellowship; U.S. Bureau of Land Management; State Wildlife Grant through Montana Fish, Wildlife and Parks, BBIRD; Montana Cooperative Wildlife Research Unit; USDA Forest Service Rocky Mountain Research Station FX We are grateful to J. Bolser, B. Breen, K. Ellis, C. Forristal, C. Hill, K. Jewell, K. Nittinger, A. Saari, D. Rauch, D. Westerman, and especially C. Ricketts for assistance in the field. Funding was provided by an NSF EPSCoR (US) fellowship to ADC, the U.S. Bureau of Land Management, a State Wildlife Grant through Montana Fish, Wildlife and Parks, BBIRD, the Montana Cooperative Wildlife Research Unit, and the USDA Forest Service Rocky Mountain Research Station. R. Fletcher and D. Barton generously assisted with statistical analyses. Helpful comments on earlier versions of the manuscript were provided by D. Barton, J. J. Fontaine, R. Fletcher, C. A. Hagen, B. Sandercock, and two anonymous reviewers. NR 41 TC 52 Z9 55 U1 3 U2 50 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PUBLISHING, INC PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 0021-8790 J9 J ANIM ECOL JI J. Anim. Ecol. PD MAY PY 2009 VL 78 IS 3 BP 497 EP 503 DI 10.1111/j.1365-2656.2008.01506.x PG 7 WC Ecology; Zoology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Zoology GA 427NB UT WOS:000264784900002 PM 19040684 ER PT J AU Oppel, S Powell, AN Dickson, DL AF Oppel, Steffen Powell, Abby N. Dickson, D. Lynne TI Using an algorithmic model to reveal individually variable movement decisions in a wintering sea duck SO JOURNAL OF ANIMAL ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE algorithmic model; king eider; random forest; social information; winter movements ID COMMON EIDERS; SOMATERIA-MOLLISSIMA; HISTRIONICUS-HISTRIONICUS; SOUTHWEST GREENLAND; SPECTACLED EIDERS; RANDOM FORESTS; BODY CONDITION; SITE-FIDELITY; KING EIDERS; BERING-SEA AB Many migratory birds are assumed to remain fairly stationary during winter. However, recent research indicates that mid-winter movements are evident in a variety of bird species, and the factors causing individuals to move are poorly understood. We examined the winter movements of 95 individual king eiders (Somateria spectabilis, L.) tracked with satellite transmitters in the Bering Sea between 2002 and 2006 to explore whether environmental factors such as day length, location, sea ice, and habitat quality could explain the occurrence of winter movements longer than 50 km. We used a novel algorithmic random forest model to assess the importance of variables predicting whether a bird remained or departed from a wintering site. We found extremely high individual variability in winter movement decisions by king eiders, and the individual bird was the most important variable followed by location, date, and sea ice concentration. We conclude that individual strategies exist that interact with environmental conditions to form multiple movement patterns. While a minor proportion of winter movements may be forced by environmental conditions, we propose that many winter movements may be of an exploratory nature where individuals aim to acquire information about alternative wintering sites that may enhance their survival probability at some point in time when environmental fluctuation renders their preferred wintering site unsuitable. C1 [Oppel, Steffen; Powell, Abby N.] Univ Alaska, Dept Biol & Wildlife, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA. [Powell, Abby N.] Univ Alaska, US Geol Survey, Alaska Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA. [Powell, Abby N.] Univ Alaska, Inst Arct Biol, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA. [Dickson, D. Lynne] Canadian Wildlife Serv, Edmonton, AB T6B 2X3, Canada. RP Oppel, S (reprint author), Univ Alaska, Dept Biol & Wildlife, 211 Irving 1, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA. EM steffen.oppel@gmail.com OI Powell, Abby/0000-0002-9783-134X; Oppel, Steffen/0000-0002-8220-3789 FU US Geological Survey; Coastal Marine Institute (University of Alaska, Fairbanks); Minerals Management Service; Canadian Wildlife Service; Sea Duck Joint Venture, ConocoPhillips Alaska Inc FX This study was funded by the US Geological Survey, Coastal Marine Institute (University of Alaska, Fairbanks), Minerals Management Service, and Canadian Wildlife Service. Further financial and technical support was provided by the Sea Duck Joint Venture, ConocoPhillips Alaska Inc., US Fish and Wildlife Service, North Slope Borough, Inuvialuit Wildlife Management Advisory Council, Polar Continental Shelf Project, Alaska Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, and German Academic Exchange Service (DAAD). We thank C. Monnett, J. Gleason, B. Anderson, P. Martin, T. Obritschkewitsch, C. Rea, A. Lazenby, L. McDaniel, J. Harth, D. Douglas, R. Suydam, D. Troy, J. Zelenak, P. Howey, F. Huettmann, N. Takebayashi, C. Strobl, D. Verbyla, and N. Pamperin for their valuable input and technical assistance. L. Phillips assisted in catching birds as well as analyzing telemetry data and we greatly appreciate her help. We are also grateful to various field assistants for help with trapping, and our veterinarians C. Scott, P. Tuomi, and M. Mitchell, and veterinarian technicians K. Adams and M. Carlson for performing the surgeries. This manuscript benefited from comments by D. Verbyla, R. Inger, F. Huettmann, and an anonymous reviewer. The use of trade, product, or firm names in this publication is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the US or Canadian Government. All birds were handled under the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee protocol #05-29 of the University of Alaska Fairbanks, and Canadian Wildlife Service Animal Care Committee permit #PNR007. NR 71 TC 18 Z9 18 U1 1 U2 21 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ USA SN 0021-8790 EI 1365-2656 J9 J ANIM ECOL JI J. Anim. Ecol. PD MAY PY 2009 VL 78 IS 3 BP 524 EP 531 DI 10.1111/j.1365-2656.2008.01513.x PG 8 WC Ecology; Zoology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Zoology GA 427NB UT WOS:000264784900005 PM 19191943 ER PT J AU MacNulty, DR Smith, DW Mech, LD Eberly, LE AF MacNulty, Daniel R. Smith, Douglas W. Mech, L. David Eberly, Lynn E. TI Body size and predatory performance in wolves: is bigger better? SO JOURNAL OF ANIMAL ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE carnivores; elk; predator ontogeny; size-dependent foraging ability; wolves ID YELLOWSTONE-NATIONAL-PARK; MAXIMAL RUNNING SPEED; AGE-RELATED-CHANGES; TERRESTRIAL MAMMALS; GRAY WOLVES; PREY; WOLF; CARNIVORES; BEHAVIOR; DIET AB Large body size hinders locomotor performance in ways that may lead to trade-offs in predator foraging ability that limit the net predatory benefit of larger size. For example, size-related improvements in handling prey may come at the expense of pursuing prey and thus negate any enhancement in overall predatory performance due to increasing size. This hypothesis was tested with longitudinal data from repeated observations of 94 individually known wolves (Canis lupus) hunting elk (Cervus elaphus) in Yellowstone National Park, USA. Wolf size was estimated from an individually based sex-specific growth model derived from body mass measurements of 304 wolves. Larger size granted individual wolves a net predatory advantage despite substantial variation in its effect on the performance of different predatory tasks; larger size improved performance of a strength-related task (grappling and subduing elk) but failed to improve performance of a locomotor-related task (selecting an elk from a group) for wolves > 39 kg. Sexual dimorphism in wolf size also explained why males outperformed females in each of the three tasks considered (attacking, selecting, and killing). These findings support the generalization that bigger predators are overall better hunters, but they also indicate that increasing size ultimately limits elements of predatory behaviour that require superior locomotor performance. We argue that this could potentially narrow the dietary niche of larger carnivores as well as limit the evolution of larger size if prey are substantially more difficult to pursue than to handle. C1 [MacNulty, Daniel R.] Univ Minnesota, Dept Ecol Evolut & Behav, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. [Smith, Douglas W.] Yellowstone Ctr Resources, Yellowstone Natl Pk, WY 82190 USA. [Mech, L. David] No Prairie Wildlife Res Ctr, US Geol Survey, Jamestown, ND 58401 USA. [Eberly, Lynn E.] Univ Minnesota, Sch Publ Hlth, Div Biostat, Minneapolis, MN 55414 USA. RP MacNulty, DR (reprint author), Univ Minnesota, Dept Ecol Evolut & Behav, 1987 Upper Buford Circle, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. EM macn0007@umn.edu RI MacNulty, Dan/L-3965-2016; OI Eberly, Lynn/0000-0003-4763-330X FU Canon USA; National Geographic Society; National Science Foundation [DEB-0613730]; U.S. Geological Survey; Yellowstone Park Foundation FX We thank the YNP wolf project staff (D. Guernsey, D. Stahler) and winter study volunteers for field assistance, and R. Stradley and personnel from Hawkins and Powers, Inc., and Central Copters, Inc., for safe piloting. C. Packer, B. Van Valkenburgh, and J. Vucetich provided valuable comments on an earlier version of the manuscript. Research was supported by Canon USA, National Geographic Society, National Science Foundation (DEB-0613730), U.S. Geological Survey, and Yellowstone Park Foundation. NR 47 TC 40 Z9 41 U1 10 U2 78 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PUBLISHING, INC PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 0021-8790 J9 J ANIM ECOL JI J. Anim. Ecol. PD MAY PY 2009 VL 78 IS 3 BP 532 EP 539 DI 10.1111/j.1365-2656.2008.01517.x PG 8 WC Ecology; Zoology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Zoology GA 427NB UT WOS:000264784900006 PM 19175444 ER PT J AU Amundsen, PA Lafferty, KD Knudsen, R Primicerio, R Klemetsen, A Kuris, AM AF Amundsen, Per-Arne Lafferty, Kevin D. Knudsen, Rune Primicerio, Raul Klemetsen, Anders Kuris, Armand M. TI Food web topology and parasites in the pelagic zone of a subarctic lake SO JOURNAL OF ANIMAL ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE connectance; ecological networks; linkage density; parasitism; trophic transmission ID ECOLOGICAL COMMUNITY DESCRIPTION; SALVELINUS-ALPINUS L; TROPHIC CASCADES; NORTHERN NORWAY; MASS REMOVAL; BODY-SIZE; SELECTIVE PREDATION; SPECIES ABUNDANCE; CHARR; DYNAMICS AB Parasites permeate trophic webs with their often complex life cycles, but few studies have included parasitism in food web analyses. Here we provide a highly resolved food web from the pelagic zone of a subarctic lake and explore how the incorporation of parasites alters the topology of the web. Parasites used hosts at all trophic levels and increased both food-chain lengths and the total number of trophic levels. Their inclusion in the network analyses more than doubled the number of links and resulted in an increase in important food-web characteristics such as linkage density and connectance. More than half of the parasite taxa were trophically transmitted, exploiting hosts at multiple trophic levels and thus increasing the degree of omnivory in the trophic web. For trophically transmitted parasites, the number of parasite-host links exhibited a positive correlation with the linkage density of the host species, whereas no such relationship was seen for nontrophically transmitted parasites. Our findings suggest that the linkage density of free-living species affects their exposure to trophically transmitted parasites, which may be more likely to adopt highly connected species as hosts during the evolution of complex life cycles. The study supports a prominent role for parasites in ecological networks and demonstrates that their incorporation may substantially alter considerations of food-web structure and functioning. C1 [Amundsen, Per-Arne; Knudsen, Rune; Primicerio, Raul; Klemetsen, Anders] Univ Tromso, Dept Aquat Biosci, Norwegian Coll Fishery Sci, N-9037 Tromso, Norway. [Lafferty, Kevin D.] Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Inst Marine Sci, Western Ecol Res Ctr, US Geol Survey, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA. [Kuris, Armand M.] Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Dept Ecol Evolut & Marine Biol, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA. RP Amundsen, PA (reprint author), Univ Tromso, Dept Aquat Biosci, Norwegian Coll Fishery Sci, N-9037 Tromso, Norway. EM per-arne.amundsen@nfh.uit.no RI Lafferty, Kevin/B-3888-2009 OI Lafferty, Kevin/0000-0001-7583-4593 FU US NSF Program [DEB-0224565] FX We acknowledge staff and students of the Freshwater Ecology Group at the University of Tromso for their invaluable support in the Takvatn studies, and in particular Laina Dalsbo and Jan Evjen for their enduring assistance in the field and laboratory work. The US NSF Program grant DEB-0224565 provided support to K.D.L. and A.M.K. J. McLaughlin provided comments on a draft of the manuscript. NR 73 TC 60 Z9 69 U1 3 U2 40 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PUBLISHING, INC PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 0021-8790 J9 J ANIM ECOL JI J. Anim. Ecol. PD MAY PY 2009 VL 78 IS 3 BP 563 EP 572 DI 10.1111/j.1365-2656.2008.01518.x PG 10 WC Ecology; Zoology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Zoology GA 427NB UT WOS:000264784900010 PM 19175443 ER PT J AU Hapke, CJ Reid, D Richmond, B AF Hapke, Cheryl J. Reid, Dave Richmond, Bruce TI Rates and Trends of Coastal Change in California and the Regional Behavior of the Beach and Cliff System SO JOURNAL OF COASTAL RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE Shoreline change; cliff retreat; coastal erosion; coastal geomorphology; California ID MONTEREY BAY; EL-NINO; EROSION; SHORELINE; EVOLUTION; EVENTS AB The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) recently completed an analysis of shoreline change and cliff retreat along the California coast. This is the first regional, systematic measurement of coastal change conducted for the West Coast. Long-term (similar to 120 y) and short-term (similar to 25 y) shoreline change rates were calculated for more than 750 km of coastline, and 70 year cliff-retreat rates were generated for 350 km of coast. Results show that 40% of California's beaches were eroding in the long term. This number increased to 66% in the short term, indicating that many beaches have shifted toward a state of chronic erosion. The statewide average net shoreline change rates for the long and short term were 0.2 m/y and -0.2 m/y, respectively. The long-term accretional signal is likely related to large coastal engineering projects in some parts of the state and to large fluxes of sediment from rivers in other areas. The cliff-retreat assessment yielded a statewide average of -0.3 m/y. It was found that Northern California has the highest overall retreat rates, which are influenced by erosion hot spots associated with large coastal landslides and slumps. The databases established as part of the shoreline change and cliff-retreat analyses were further investigated to examine the dynamics of the beach/cliff system. A correlation analysis identified a strong relationship between the geomorphology of the coast and the behavior of the beach/cliff system. Areas of high-relief coast show negative correlations, indicating that higher rates of cliff retreat correlate with lower rates of shoreline erosion. In contrast, low-to moderate-relief coasts show strong positive correlations, wherein areas of high shoreline change correspond to areas of high cliff retreat. C1 [Hapke, Cheryl J.] Univ Rhode Isl, US Geol Survey, Coastal Field Stn, Kingston, RI 02881 USA. [Reid, Dave; Richmond, Bruce] US Geol Survey, Pacific Sci Ctr, Santa Cruz, CA 95060 USA. RP Hapke, CJ (reprint author), Univ Rhode Isl, US Geol Survey, Coastal Field Stn, 339 Woodward Hall, Kingston, RI 02881 USA. EM chapke@usgs.gov; brichmond@usgs.gov FU USGS Coastal and Marine Geology program FX This report was made possible by the hard work and generous cooperation of many individuals. A team of USGS researchers and staff was responsible for providing the lidar shoreline data, including Abby Sallenger, Jeff List, Karen Morgan, Eric Nelson, and Hillary Stockdon. Tara Miller, Kathy Konicki, Krystal Green, and Brian Spear provided invaluable help in data processing and analysis. Rob Thieler led the development and improvement of the DSAS code. The manuscript greatly benefited from reviews by Chip Fletcher and an anonymous reviewer. This study was supported by the USGS Coastal and Marine Geology program. NR 28 TC 30 Z9 32 U1 1 U2 23 PU COASTAL EDUCATION & RESEARCH FOUNDATION PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH STREET, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0749-0208 EI 1551-5036 J9 J COASTAL RES JI J. Coast. Res. PD MAY PY 2009 VL 25 IS 3 BP 603 EP 615 DI 10.2112/08-1006.1 PG 13 WC Environmental Sciences; Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Physical Geography; Geology GA 447HN UT WOS:000266182300007 ER PT J AU Johnson, HO Gupta, SC Vecchia, AV Zvomuya, F AF Johnson, Heather O. Gupta, Satish C. Vecchia, Aldo V. Zvomuya, Francis TI Assessment of Water Quality Trends in the Minnesota River using Non-Parametric and Parametric Methods SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY LA English DT Article ID GULF-OF-MEXICO; MISSISSIPPI RIVER; LAKE PEPIN; NITROGEN; USA; TILLAGE; FLUX AB Excessive loading of sediment and nutrients to rivers is a major problem in many parts Of the United States. In this study, we tested the non-parametric Seasonal Kendall (SEAKEN) trend model and the parametric USGS Quality of Water trend program (QWTREND) to quantify trends in water quality of the Minnesota River at Fort Snelling from 1976 to 2003. Both methods indicated decreasing trends in flow-adjusted concentrations of total suspended solids (TSS), total phosphorus (TP), and orthophosphorus (OP) and a generally increasing trend in flow-adjusted nitrate Plus nitrite-nitrogen (NO(3)-N) concentration. The SEAKEN results were strongly influenced by the length of the record as well as extreme years (dry or wet) earlier in the record. The QWTREND results, though influenced somewhat by the same factors, were more stable. The magnitudes of trends between the two methods were somewhat different and appeared to be associated with conceptual differences between the flow-adjustment processes used and with data processing methods. The decreasing trends in TSS, TP, and OP concentrations are likely related to conservation measures implemented ill the basin. However, dilution effects from wet climate or additional tile drainage cannot be ruled out. The increasing trend in NO(3)-N concentrations was likely due to increased drainage in the basin. Since the Minnesota River is the main source of sediments to the Mississippi River, this study also addressed the rapid filling of Lake Pepin on the Mississippi River and found the likely cause to be increased flow due to recent wet climate in the region. C1 [Gupta, Satish C.] Univ Minnesota, Dept Soil Water & Climate, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. [Johnson, Heather O.] Minnesota Dept Agr, St Paul, MN USA. [Vecchia, Aldo V.] USGS, Bismarck, ND USA. [Zvomuya, Francis] Univ Manitoba, Dept Soil Sci, Winnipeg, MB, Canada. RP Gupta, SC (reprint author), Univ Minnesota, Dept Soil Water & Climate, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. EM sgupta@umn.edu NR 40 TC 19 Z9 21 U1 3 U2 19 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0047-2425 J9 J ENVIRON QUAL JI J. Environ. Qual. PD MAY-JUN PY 2009 VL 38 IS 3 BP 1018 EP 1030 DI 10.2134/jeq2008.0250 PG 13 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 441FU UT WOS:000265755500018 PM 19329690 ER PT J AU Burns, DA Boyer, EW Elliott, EM Kendall, C AF Burns, Douglas A. Boyer, Elizabeth W. Elliott, Emily M. Kendall, Carol TI Sources and Transformations of Nitrate from Streams Draining Varying Land Uses: Evidence from Dual Isotope Analysis SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY LA English DT Article ID NEW-YORK; NITROGEN-SOURCES; OXYGEN ISOTOPES; SEINE RIVER; FRESH-WATER; DENITRIFICATION; DYNAMICS; FRACTIONATION; DELTA-O-18; DELTA-N-15 AB Knowledge of key sources and biogeochemical processes that affect the transport of nitrate (NO3-) in streams can inform watershed management strategies for controlling downstream eutrophication. We applied dual isotope analysis of NO3- to determine the dominant sources and processes that affect NO3- concentrations in six stream/river watersheds of different land uses. Samples were collected monthly at a range of flow conditions for 15 mo during 2004-05 and analyzed for NO3- concentrations, delta N-15(NO3), and Samples from delta O-18(NO3). two forested watersheds indicated that NO3- derived from nitrification was dominant at baseflow. A watershed dominated by Suburban land use had three delta O-18(NO3) Values greater than +25 parts per thousand, indicating a large direct contribution of atmospheric NO; transported to the stream during some high flows. Two watersheds with large proportions of agricultural land use had many delta N-15(NO3) values greater than +9 parts per thousand, suggesting an animal waste source consistent with regional dairy farming practices. These data showed a linear seasonal pattern with a delta O-18(NO3):delta N-15(NO3) of 1:2, consistent with seasonally varying denitrification that peaked in late summer to early Fall with the warmest temperatures and lowest annual streamflow. The large range of delta N-15(NO3) values (10 parts per thousand) indicates that NO3- supply was likely not limiting the rate of denitrification, consistent with ground water and/or in-stream denitrification. Mixing of two or more distinct sources may have affected the seasonal isotope patterns observed in these two agricultural streams. In a mixed land use watershed of large drainage area, none of the source and process patterns observed in the small streams were evident. These results emphasize that observations at watersheds of a few to a few hundred km(2) may be necessary to adequately quantify the relative roles of various NO3- transport and process patterns that contribute to streamflow in large basins. C1 [Burns, Douglas A.] US Geol Survey, Troy, NY USA. [Boyer, Elizabeth W.] Penn State Univ, State Coll, PA USA. [Elliott, Emily M.] Univ Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA USA. [Kendall, Carol] US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. RP Burns, DA (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Troy, NY USA. EM daburns@usgs.gov RI Elliott, Emily /E-8122-2011; Burns, Douglas/A-7507-2009; Boyer, Elizabeth/D-6617-2013 OI Elliott, Emily /0000-0002-9653-1513; FU New York State Energy Research and Development Authority FX This work was supported by a grant from the New York State Energy Research and Development Authority. The authors thank Elizabeth Nystrom, Heather Golden, and Michael Brown for help with sample collection and Gregory Lawrence and Michael McHale for sharing data. NR 49 TC 60 Z9 62 U1 6 U2 63 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0047-2425 EI 1537-2537 J9 J ENVIRON QUAL JI J. Environ. Qual. PD MAY-JUN PY 2009 VL 38 IS 3 BP 1149 EP 1159 DI 10.2134/jeq2008.0371 PG 11 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 441FU UT WOS:000265755500029 PM 19398512 ER PT J AU Tiffan, KF Kock, TJ Connor, WP Steinhorst, RK Rondorf, DW AF Tiffan, K. F. Kock, T. J. Connor, W. P. Steinhorst, R. K. Rondorf, D. W. TI Behavioural thermoregulation by subyearling fall (autumn) Chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha in a reservoir SO JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE migration; radio-telemetry; Snake River; temperature and depth ID JUVENILE LIFE-HISTORY; RADIO TRANSMITTERS; PREDATOR AVOIDANCE; RIVER-BASIN; MIGRATION; TROUT; WATER; RADIOTELEMETRY; TEMPERATURE; STEELHEAD AB This study investigated behavioural thermoregulation by subyearling fall (autumn) Chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha in a reservoir on the Snake River, Washington, U.S.A. During the summer, temperatures in the reservoir varied from 23 degrees C on the surface to 11 degrees C at 14 m depth. Subyearlings implanted with temperature-sensing radio transmitters were released at the surface at temperatures > 20 degrees C during three blocks of time in summer 2004. Vertical profiles were taken to measure temperature and depth use as the fish moved downstream over an average of 5.6-7.2 h and 6.0-13.8 km. The majority of the subyearlings maintained average body temperatures that differed from average vertical profile temperatures during most of the time they were tracked. The mean proportion of the time subyearlings tracked within the 16-20 degrees C temperature range was larger than the proportion of time this range was available, which confirmed temperature selection opposed to random use. The subyearlings selected a depth and temperature combination that allowed them to increase their exposure to temperatures of 16-20 degrees C when temperatures < 16 and > 20 degrees C were available at lower and higher positions in the water column. A portion of the subyearlings that selected a temperature c. 17.0 degrees C during the day, moved into warmer water at night coincident with an increase in downstream movement rate. Though subyearlings used temperatures outside of the 16-20 degrees C range part of the time, behavioural thermoregulation probably reduced the effects of intermittent exposure to suboptimal temperatures. By doing so, it might enhance growth opportunity and life-history diversity in the population of subyearlings studied. C1 [Tiffan, K. F.; Kock, T. J.; Rondorf, D. W.] US Geol Survey, Western Fisheries Res Ctr, Cook, WA 98605 USA. [Connor, W. P.] US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Idaho Fishery Resource Off, Ahsahka, ID USA. [Steinhorst, R. K.] Univ Idaho, Div Stat, Moscow, ID 83844 USA. RP Tiffan, KF (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Western Fisheries Res Ctr, 5501 A Cook Underwood Rd, Cook, WA 98605 USA. EM ktiffan@usgs.gov OI Tiffan, Kenneth/0000-0002-5831-2846 FU Bonneville Power Administration FX We thank our colleagues at the U.S. Geological Survey's Columbia River Research Laboratory and the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service's Idaho Fisheries Resource Office whose efforts contributed to the success of this study. Comments by S. Sauter, P. Wagner and two anonymous reviewers improved the manuscript and were truly appreciated. This study was funded by the Bonneville Power Administration and administered by D. Docherty. Any use of trade names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government. NR 30 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 17 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PUBLISHING, INC PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 0022-1112 J9 J FISH BIOL JI J. Fish Biol. PD MAY PY 2009 VL 74 IS 7 BP 1562 EP 1579 DI 10.1111/j.1095-8649.2009.02228.x PG 18 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 438JB UT WOS:000265550600016 PM 20735654 ER PT J AU Li, SF Xu, JW Yang, QL Wang, CH Chen, Q Chapman, DC Lu, G AF Li, S. F. Xu, J. W. Yang, Q. L. Wang, C. H. Chen, Q. Chapman, D. C. Lu, G. TI A comparison of complete mitochondrial genomes of silver carp Hypophthalmichthys molitrix and bighead carp Hypophthalmichthys nobilis: implications for their taxonomic relationship and phylogeny SO JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE bighead carp; generic taxonomy; mitochondrial genome; molecular phylogeny; sequence comparison; silver carp ID COMPLETE SEQUENCE; DNA-REPLICATION; RNA GENES; ORGANIZATION; CYPRINIDAE; DIVERSITY; PATTERNS; GENETICS; POSITION; CATFISH AB Based upon morphological characters, Silver carp Hypophthalmichthys molitrix and bighead carp Hypophthalmichthys nobilis (or Aristichthys nobilis) have been classified into either the same genus or two distinct genera. Consequently, the taxonomic relationship of the two species at the generic level remains equivocal. This issue is addressed by sequencing complete mitochondrial genomes of H. molitrix and H. nobilis, comparing their mitogenome organization, structure and sequence similarity, and conducting a comprehensive phylogenetic analysis of cyprinid species. As with other cyprinid fishes, the mitogenomes of the two species were structurally conserved, containing 37 genes including 13 protein-coding genes, two ribosomal RNA genes, 22 transfer RNA (tRNAs) genes and a putative control region (D-loop). Sequence similarity between the two mitogenomes varied in different genes or regions, being highest in the tRNA genes (98.8%), lowest in the control region (89.4%) and intermediate in the protein-coding genes (94.2%). Analyses of the sequence comparison and phylogeny using concatenated protein sequences support the view that the two species belong to the genus Hypophthalmichthys. Further studies using nuclear markers and involving more closely related species, and the systematic combination of traditional biology and molecular biology are needed in order to confirm this conclusion. C1 [Li, S. F.; Chapman, D. C.] USGS Columbia Environm Res Ctr, Columbia, MO 65201 USA. [Xu, J. W.; Yang, Q. L.; Wang, C. H.; Chen, Q.] Shanghai Ocean Univ, Key Lab Aquat Genet Resources & Utilizat, Minist Agr, Shanghai 200090, Peoples R China. [Lu, G.] Univ Nebraska, Dept Biol, Omaha, NE 68182 USA. RP Li, SF (reprint author), USGS Columbia Environm Res Ctr, Columbia, MO 65201 USA. EM sfli@shou.edu.cn FU National Natural Science Foundation of China [30630051]; Shanghai Leading Academic Discipline Project [Y1101] FX The authors would like to thank M. Tang and L. Fu (Hangjiang Chinese Farmed Fish Farm, China) for their kind help in collecting silver carp samples, C. Li (University of Nebraska-Lincoln, U.S.A.) for his help with revising the manuscript, and M. Christman (University of Nebraska at Omaha, U.S.A.) for proof reading the final draft of this paper. This research was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 30630051) and the Shanghai Leading Academic Discipline Project (Grant No. Y1101). NR 56 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 1 U2 23 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ USA SN 0022-1112 EI 1095-8649 J9 J FISH BIOL JI J. Fish Biol. PD MAY PY 2009 VL 74 IS 8 BP 1787 EP 1803 DI 10.1111/j.1095-8649.2009.02258.x PG 17 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 448DK UT WOS:000266243100005 PM 20735671 ER PT J AU Barth, AP Wooden, JL Coleman, DS Vogel, MB AF Barth, Andrew P. Wooden, Joseph L. Coleman, Drew S. Vogel, Marilyn B. TI Assembling and Disassembling California: A Zircon and Monazite Geochronologic Framework for Proterozoic Crustal Evolution in Southern California SO JOURNAL OF GEOLOGY LA English DT Article ID SOUTHWESTERN UNITED-STATES; WESTERN NORTH-AMERICA; U-PB GEOCHRONOLOGY; DEATH-VALLEY; GRAND-CANYON; DEPOSITS; ARIZONA; SUPERGROUP; TRANSITION; MOUNTAINS AB The Mojave province in southern California preserves a comparatively complete record of assembly, postorogenic sedimentation, and rifting along the southwestern North American continental margin. The oldest exposed rocks are metasedimentary gneisses and amphibolite, enclosing intrusive suites that range from tonalite and quartz monzodiorite to granite with minor trondhjemite. Discrete magmatic episodes occurred at approximately 1790-1730 and 1690-1640 Ma. Evidence from detrital and premagmatic zircons indicates that recycling of 1900-1790 Ma Paleoproterozoic crust formed the unique isotopic character of the Mojave province. Peak metamorphic conditions in the Mojave province reached middle amphibolite to granulite facies; metamorphism occurred locally from 1795 to 1640 Ma, with widespread evidence for metamorphism at 1711-1689 and 1670-1650 Ma. Structures record early, tight to isoclinal folding and penetrative west-vergent shear during the final metamorphic event in the west Mojave province. Proterozoic basement rocks are overlain by siliciclastic-carbonate sequences of Mesoproterozoic, Neoproterozoic, and Cambrian age, recording environmental change over the course of the transition from stable Mojave crust to the rifted Cordilleran margin. Neoproterozoic quartzites have diverse zircon populations inconsistent with a southwest North American source, which we infer were derived from the western conjugate rift pair within Rodinia, before establishment of the miogeocline. Neoproterozoic-Cambrian miogeoclinal clastic rocks record an end to rifting and establishment of the Cordilleran miogeocline in southern California by latest Neoproterozoic to Early Cambrian time. C1 [Barth, Andrew P.] Indiana Univ Purdue Univ, Dept Earth Sci, Indianapolis, IN 46234 USA. [Wooden, Joseph L.] US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. [Coleman, Drew S.] Univ N Carolina, Dept Geol Sci, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. [Vogel, Marilyn B.] Stanford Univ, Sch Earth Sci, Palo Alto, CA 94305 USA. RP Barth, AP (reprint author), Indiana Univ Purdue Univ, Dept Earth Sci, Indianapolis, IN 46234 USA. EM ibsz100@iupui.edu FU National Science Foundation [EAR9614499, 9614511]; National Geographic Society [5366- 94, 7214-02] FX We thank the National Science Foundation (EAR9614499 and 9614511) and the National Geographic Society (5366- 94 and 7214-02) for support of this research. We thank the staffs of the San Bernardino National Forest and Joshua Tree National Park for their support of our field work and E. Flodin, T. Liberge, M. Potter, and J. Richards for field assistance. H. Persing and B. Ito provided crucial assistance in the assembly and early evolution of the SHRIMP- RG laboratory. We thank C. Jacobson for discussions and helpful suggestions and G. Gehrels and M. Williams for their thoughtful reviews. NR 45 TC 21 Z9 21 U1 1 U2 15 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 1427 E 60TH ST, CHICAGO, IL 60637-2954 USA SN 0022-1376 J9 J GEOL JI J. Geol. PD MAY PY 2009 VL 117 IS 3 BP 221 EP 239 DI 10.1086/597515 PG 19 WC Geology SC Geology GA 423VU UT WOS:000264524600001 ER PT J AU Kapur, A van Oss, HG Keoleian, G Kesler, SE Kendall, A AF Kapur, Amit van Oss, Hendrik G. Keoleian, Gregory Kesler, Stephen E. Kendall, Alissa TI The contemporary cement cycle of the United States SO JOURNAL OF MATERIAL CYCLES AND WASTE MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article CT 3rd Expert Meeting on Solid Waste Management in Asia and the Pacific Islands CY NOV, 2007 CL Okayama, JAPAN DE Material flow analysis; Cement; Construction and demolition waste; United States; Sustainable infrastructure ID REINFORCED POLYMER COMPOSITES; MULTILEVEL CYCLE; DEMOLITION WASTE; CONSTRUCTION; CONCRETE; COPPER AB A country-level stock and flow model for cement, an important construction material, was developed based on a material flow analysis framework. Using this model, the contemporary cement cycle of the United States was constructed by analyzing production, import, and export data for different stages of the cement cycle. The United States currently supplies approximately 80% of its cement consumption through domestic production and the rest is imported. The average annual net addition of in-use new cement stock over the period 2000-2004 was approximately 83 million metric tons and amounts to 2.3 tons per capita of concrete. Nonfuel carbon dioxide emissions (42 million metric tons per year) from the calcination phase of cement manufacture account for 62% of the total 68 million tons per year of cement production residues. The end-of-life cement discards are estimated to be 33 million metric tons per year, of which between 30% and 80% is recycled. A significant portion of the infrastructure in the United States is reaching the end of its useful life and will need to be replaced or rehabilitated; this could require far more cement than might be expected from economic forecasts of demand for cement. C1 [Kapur, Amit; Keoleian, Gregory; Kendall, Alissa] Univ Michigan, Ctr Sustainable Syst, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. [van Oss, Hendrik G.] US Geol Survey, Reston, VA 22092 USA. [Kesler, Stephen E.] Univ Michigan, Dept Geol Sci, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. RP Kapur, A (reprint author), Design Ctr, RMIT GPO Box 2476 V, Melbourne, Vic 3001, Australia. EM amitkapur@hotmail.com RI Kendall, Alissa/E-5562-2012; OI Kendall, Alissa/0000-0003-1964-9080 NR 48 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 7 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 1438-4957 J9 J MATER CYCLES WASTE JI J. Mater. Cycles Waste Manag. PD MAY PY 2009 VL 11 IS 2 BP 155 EP 165 DI 10.1007/s10163-008-0229-x PG 11 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 462PA UT WOS:000267366900011 ER PT J AU Stevens, CH Stone, P AF Stevens, Calvin H. Stone, Paul TI NEW FUSULINIDS FROM LOWER PERMIAN TURBIDITES AT CONGLOMERATE MESA, SOUTHEASTERN INYO MOUNTAINS, EAST-CENTRAL CALIFORNIA SO JOURNAL OF PALEONTOLOGY LA English DT Article ID GENERA AB Seven previously unrecognized fusulinid species from Lower Permian (Wolfcampian and Leonardian) turbidites near Conglomerate Mesa in east-central California, four of which are named as new species, are here described and figured. The four new species are Schwagerina merriami, S. wildei, Parafusulina mackevetti, and Skinnerella rossi. These fusulinid species have close affinities to similar taxa in Texas and northeastern Nevada, and they are distinct from some other faunas of slightly different age in the Conglomerate Mesa area that are dominated by endemic species and other species with Eastern Klamath Mountains affinities. C1 [Stevens, Calvin H.] San Jose State Univ, Dept Geol, San Jose, CA 95192 USA. [Stone, Paul] US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. RP Stevens, CH (reprint author), San Jose State Univ, Dept Geol, San Jose, CA 95192 USA. EM stevens@geosun.sjsu.edu; pastone@usgs.gov NR 19 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS PI NEW YORK PA 32 AVENUE OF THE AMERICAS, NEW YORK, NY 10013-2473 USA SN 0022-3360 EI 1937-2337 J9 J PALEONTOL JI J. Paleontol. PD MAY PY 2009 VL 83 IS 3 BP 399 EP 404 DI 10.1666/08-162.1 PG 6 WC Paleontology SC Paleontology GA 449RT UT WOS:000266348400006 ER PT J AU Hershler, R Jayko, AS AF Hershler, Robert Jayko, Angela S. TI A MACTRID BIVALVE FROM PLEISTOCENE DEPOSITS OF LAKE RUSSELL, MONO BASIN, CALIFORNIA SO JOURNAL OF PALEONTOLOGY LA English DT Article ID DEATH-VALLEY; RANGIA-CUNEATA; COLORADO RIVER; PLIOCENE C1 [Hershler, Robert] Smithsonian Inst, Dept Invertebrate Zool, Washington, DC 20013 USA. [Jayko, Angela S.] US Geol Survey, White Mt Res Stn, Bishop, CA 93514 USA. RP Hershler, R (reprint author), Smithsonian Inst, Dept Invertebrate Zool, POB37012,NHB W-305,MRC 163, Washington, DC 20013 USA. EM hershlerr@si.edu; ajayko@usgs.gov NR 45 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU PALEONTOLOGICAL SOC INC PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH ST, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0022-3360 J9 J PALEONTOL JI J. Paleontol. PD MAY PY 2009 VL 83 IS 3 BP 496 EP 499 DI 10.1666/08-132.1 PG 4 WC Paleontology SC Paleontology GA 449RT UT WOS:000266348400017 ER PT J AU Metz, JM Grotzinger, JP Rubin, DM Lewis, KW Squyres, SW Bell, JF AF Metz, Joannah M. Grotzinger, John P. Rubin, David M. Lewis, Kevin W. Squyres, Steven W. Bell, James F., III TI SULFATE-RICH EOLIAN AND WET INTERDUNE DEPOSITS, EREBUS CRATER, MERIDIANI PLANUM, MARS SO JOURNAL OF SEDIMENTARY RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID BOUNDING SURFACES; PLATE-TECTONICS; TERRA-MERIDIANI; BURNS FORMATION; AEOLIAN DUNE; SAND DUNES; ORIGIN; ENVIRONMENT; OPPORTUNITY; SANDSTONE AB This study investigates three bedrock exposures at Erebus crater, an similar to 300 m diameter crater approximately 4 km south of Endurance crater on Mars. These outcrops, called Olympia, Payson, and Yavapai, provide additional evidence in support of the dune-interdune model proposed for the formation of the deposits at the Opportunity landing site in Meridiani Planum. There is evidence for greater involvement of liquid water in the Olympia outcrop exposures than was observed in Eagle or Endurance craters. The Olympia outcrop likely formed in a wet interdune and sand sheet environment. The facies observed within the Payson outcrop, which is likely stratigraphically above the Olympia outcrop, indicate that it was deposited in a damp-wet interdune, sand sheet, and eolian dune environment. The Yavapai outcrop, which likely stratigraphically overlies the Payson outcrop, indicates that it was deposited in primarily a sand sheet environment and also potentially in an eolian dune environment. These three outcrop exposures may indicate an overall drying-upward trend spanning the stratigraphic section from its base at the Olympia outcrop to its top at the Yavapai outcrop. This contrasts with the wetting-upward trend seen in Endurance and Eagle craters. Thus, the series of outcrops seen at Meridiani by Opportunity may constitute a full climatic cycle, evolving from dry to wet to dry conditions. C1 [Metz, Joannah M.; Grotzinger, John P.; Lewis, Kevin W.] CALTECH, Div Geol & Planetary Sci, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. [Rubin, David M.] US Geol Survey, USGS Pacific Sci Ctr, Santa Cruz, CA 95060 USA. [Squyres, Steven W.; Bell, James F., III] Cornell Univ, Dept Astron, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. RP Metz, JM (reprint author), CALTECH, Div Geol & Planetary Sci, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. EM joannah@caltech.edu RI Lewis, Kevin/E-5557-2012 NR 76 TC 28 Z9 28 U1 1 U2 4 PU SEPM-SOC SEDIMENTARY GEOLOGY PI TULSA PA 6128 EAST 38TH ST, STE 308, TULSA, OK 74135-5814 USA SN 1527-1404 EI 1938-3681 J9 J SEDIMENT RES JI J. Sediment. Res. PD MAY-JUN PY 2009 VL 79 IS 5-6 BP 247 EP 264 DI 10.2110/jsr.2009.033 PG 18 WC Geology SC Geology GA 451YQ UT WOS:000266507200001 ER PT J AU Piper, DJW Normark, WR AF Piper, David J. W. Normark, William R. TI PROCESSES THAT INITIATE TURBIDITY CURRENTS AND THEIR INFLUENCE ON TURBIDITES: A MARINE GEOLOGY PERSPECTIVE SO JOURNAL OF SEDIMENTARY RESEARCH LA English DT Review ID CASCADIA SUBDUCTION ZONE; SAN-ANDREAS FAULT; NAVY SUBMARINE FAN; DEEP-SEA FAN; GLACIGENIC DEBRIS FLOWS; EASTERN CANADA; CALIFORNIA BORDERLAND; NORTHERN CALIFORNIA; HYPERPYCNAL FLOWS; BRITISH-COLUMBIA AB How the processes that initiate turbidity currents influence turbidite deposition is poorly understood, and many discussions in the literature rely on concepts that are overly simplistic. Marine geological studies provide information on the initiation and flow path of turbidity currents, including their response to gradient. In case studies of late Quaternary turbidites on the eastern Canadian and western U.S. margins, initiation processes are inferred either from real-time data for historical flows or indirectly from the age and contemporary paleogeography, erosional features, and depositional record. Three major types of initiation process are recognized: transformation of failed sediment, hyperpycnal flow from rivers or ice margins, and resuspension of sediment near the shelf edge by oceanographic processes. Many high-concentration flows result from hyperpycnal supply of hyperconcentrated bedload, or liquefaction failure of coarse-grained sediment, and most tend to deposit in slope conduits and on gradients <0.5 degrees at the base of slope and on the mid fan. Highly turbulent flows, from transformation of retrogressive failures and from ignitive flows that are triggered by oceanographic processes, tend to cannibalize these more proximal sediments and redeposit them on lower gradients on the basin plain. Such conduit flushing provides most of the sediment in large turbidites. Initiation mechanism exerts a strong control on the duration of turbidity flows. In most basins, there is a complex feedback between different types of turbidity-current initiation, the transformation of the flows, and the associated slope morphology. As a result, there is no simple relationship between initiating process and type of deposit. C1 [Piper, David J. W.] Geol Survey Canada Atlantic, Bedford Inst Oceanog, Dartmouth, NS B2Y 4A2, Canada. [Normark, William R.] US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. RP Piper, DJW (reprint author), Geol Survey Canada Atlantic, Bedford Inst Oceanog, POB 1006, Dartmouth, NS B2Y 4A2, Canada. EM dpiper@nrcan.gu.ca NR 124 TC 124 Z9 130 U1 7 U2 53 PU SEPM-SOC SEDIMENTARY GEOLOGY PI TULSA PA 6128 EAST 38TH ST, STE 308, TULSA, OK 74135-5814 USA SN 1527-1404 J9 J SEDIMENT RES JI J. Sediment. Res. PD MAY-JUN PY 2009 VL 79 IS 5-6 BP 347 EP 362 DI 10.2110/jsr.2009.046 PG 16 WC Geology SC Geology GA 451YQ UT WOS:000266507200007 ER PT J AU Manley, SW Kaminski, RM Rodrigue, PB Dewey, JC Schoenholtz, SH Gerard, PD Reinecke, KJ AF Manley, S. W. Kaminski, R. M. Rodrigue, P. B. Dewey, J. C. Schoenholtz, S. H. Gerard, P. D. Reinecke, K. J. TI Soil and nutrient retention in winter-flooded ricefields with implications for watershed management SO JOURNAL OF SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION LA English DT Article DE Mississippi Alluvial Valley; nonpoint source pollution; Oryza sativa; total maximum daily loads; waterfowl; Yazoo River Basin ID MISSISSIPPI DELTA; WATERFOWL MANAGEMENT; SEDIMENT YIELD; LAKE AB The ability of water resources to support aquatic life and human needs depends, in part, on reducing nonpoint source pollution amid contemporary agricultural practices. Winter retention of shallow water on rice and other agricultural fields is an accepted management practice for wildlife conservation; however, soil and water conservation benefits are not well documented. We evaluated the ability of four post-harvest ricefield treatment combinations (stubble-flooded, stubble-open, disked-flooded and disked-open) to abate nonpoint source exports into watersheds of the Mississippi Alluvial Valley. Total suspended solid exports were 1,121 kg ha(-1) (1,000 lb ac(-1)) from disked-open fields where rice stubble was disked after harvest and fields were allowed to drain, compared with 35 kg ha(-1) (31 lb ac(-1)) from stubble-flooded fields where stubble was left standing after harvest and fields captured rainfall front November 1 to March 1. Estimates of total suspended solid exports from ricefields based on Landsat imagery and USDA crop data are 0.43 and 0.40 Mg km(-2) day(-1) in the Big Sunflower and L'Anguille watersheds, respectively. Estimated reductions in total suspended solid exports front ricefields into the Big Sunflower and L'Anguille watersheds range from 26% to 64% under hypothetical scenarios in which 65% to 100% of the rice production area is managed to capture winter rainfall. Winter ricefield management reduced nonpoint source export by decreasing concentrations of solids and nutrients in, and reducing runoff volume from, ricefields in the Mississippi Alluvial Valley. C1 [Manley, S. W.] Ducks Unlimited Inc, Conservat Programs, Ridgeland, MS USA. [Kaminski, R. M.] Mississippi State Univ, Dept Wildlife & Fisheries, Starkville, MS USA. [Rodrigue, P. B.] Project Engineer Off, Area 4, Grenada, MS USA. [Dewey, J. C.] Mississippi State Univ, Dept Forestry, Starkville, MS USA. [Schoenholtz, S. H.] Virginia Water Resources Res Ctr, Blacksburg, VA USA. [Gerard, P. D.] Clemson Univ, Dept Appl Econ & Stat, Clemson, SC USA. [Reinecke, K. J.] US Geol Survey, Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, Vicksburg, MS USA. RP Manley, SW (reprint author), Ducks Unlimited Inc, Conservat Programs, Ridgeland, MS USA. FU Dow AgriScience, Inc.; Ducks Unlimited, Ire.; Mississippi Department of Wildlife, fisheries and Parks [W 48]; Mississippi Rice Promotion Board; Forest and Wildlife Research Center of Mississippi State University [WF-252]; Mississippi Water Resources Research Institute; National Fish and Wildlife. Foundation; USGS Patuxent Wildlife Research Center; USFWS Lower Mississippi Valley Joint Venture FX Our research was funded lay the following agencies and organizations: Dow AgriScience, Inc.; Ducks Unlimited, Ire.; Federal Aid in Wildlife Restoration through the Mississippi Department of Wildlife, fisheries and Parks (Project W 48); Mississippi Rice Promotion Board; the Forest and Wildlife Research Center of Mississippi State University (FWRC Journal Article WF-252); Mississippi Water Resources Research Institute; National Fish and Wildlife. Foundation: USGS Patuxent Wildlife Research Center; and the USFWS Lower Mississippi Valley Joint Venture. We were granted access to research sites on the following family firsts: Aguzzi, Arant. Circle H (Howarth), Morgan, Murrell, Opossum Ridge (Lutken), and Tackertte. We received additional assistance from the Delta Wildlife Foundation, Farm Bureau Federation, Mississippi Suite University Extension Service, Mississippi Department of Agriculture and Commerce, USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service and Wildlife Services, and the USFWS Dahomey and Noxubec National Wildlife. Refuges. NR 45 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 1 U2 4 PU SOIL WATER CONSERVATION SOC PI ANKENY PA 945 SW ANKENY RD, ANKENY, IA 50023-9723 USA SN 0022-4561 J9 J SOIL WATER CONSERV JI J. Soil Water Conserv. PD MAY-JUN PY 2009 VL 64 IS 3 BP 173 EP 182 DI 10.2489/jswc.64.3.173 PG 10 WC Ecology; Soil Science; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Agriculture; Water Resources GA 459VC UT WOS:000267138100005 ER PT J AU Draut, AE Clift, PD Amato, JM Blusztajn, J Schouten, H AF Draut, Amy E. Clift, Peter D. Amato, Jeffrey M. Blusztajn, Jerzy Schouten, Hans TI Arc-continent collision and the formation of continental crust: a new geochemical and isotopic record from the Ordovician Tyrone Igneous Complex, Ireland SO JOURNAL OF THE GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID WESTERN IRELAND; ISLAND-ARC; U-PB; GRAMPIAN OROGENY; SOUTH MAYO; LAURENTIAN MICROCONTINENT; PARATECTONIC CALEDONIDES; IRISH CALEDONIDES; TACONIAN OROGENY; DETRITAL ZIRCON AB Collisions between oceanic island-arc terranes and passive continental margins are thought to have been important in the formation of continental crust throughout much of Earth's history. Magmatic evolution during, this stage of the plate-tectonic cycle is evident in several areas of the Orvodician Grampian-Taconic orogen, as we demonstrate in the first detailed geochemical study of the Tyrone Igneous Complex, Ireland. New U Pb zircon dating yields ages 493 +/- 2 Ma from a primitive mafic intrusion, indicating intra-oceanic subduction in Tremadoc time, and 475 +/- 10 Ma from a light rare earth element (LREE)-enriched tonalite intrusion that incorporated Laurentian continental material by early Arenig time (Early Ordovician, Stage 2) during arc-continent collision. Notable, LREE enrichment in volcanism and silicic intrusions of the Tyrone Igneous Complex exceeds that of average Dalradian (Laurentian) continental material that would have been thrust under the colliding forearc and potentially recycled into arc magmatism. Thus implies that crystal fractionation, in addition to magmatic mixing and assimilation, was important to the formation of new crust in the Grampian-Taconic orogeny. Because similar super-enrichment of orogenic melts occurred elsewhere in the Caledonides in the British Isles and Newfoundland, the addition of new, highly enriched melt to this accreted arc terrane was apparently widespread spatially and temporally. Such super-enrichment of magmatism, especially if accompanied by loss of corresponding lower crustal residues, supports the theory that are-continent collision plays an important role in altering bulk crustal composition toward typical values for ancient continental crust. C1 [Draut, Amy E.] US Geol Survey, Santa Cruz, CA 95060 USA. [Clift, Peter D.] Univ Aberdeen, Sch Geosci, Aberdeen AB24 3UE, Scotland. [Amato, Jeffrey M.] New Mexico State Univ, Dept Geol Sci, Las Cruces, NM 88003 USA. [Blusztajn, Jerzy; Schouten, Hans] Woods Hole Oceanog Inst, Dept Geol & Geophys, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. RP Draut, AE (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Santa Cruz, CA 95060 USA. EM adraut@usgs.gov RI Clift, Peter/A-8972-2012; OI East, Amy/0000-0002-9567-9460 FU University of Aberdeen; NSF-EAR [0443387] FX This work was supported by the University of Aberdeen. LA-MC-ICP-MS dating was conducted at the Arizona LaserChron Center with the assistance of G. Gehrels and V. Valencia, and was supported by NSF-EAR 0443387. J. Wooden helped acquire the U-Pb data at the USGS-Stanford University SHRIMP facility. We thank J. Whalen aid A. Zagorevski (Geological Survey of Canada) lot providing geochemical data from the Notre Dame subzone, P. Leonard (Carrickmore Quarry) and the staff of the Mountfield Quarry for field support. R. Hannigan (Arkansas State University) for supplemental laboratory analyses. and D. Chew (Trinity College. Dublin) for stimulating discussions. Comments by P. Barnard and. J. Hein (USGS) substantially improved earlier versions of the manuscript. We thank M. Flowerdew. one anonymous reviewer, and editor A. Collins For their constructive reviews. NR 77 TC 33 Z9 33 U1 1 U2 10 PU GEOLOGICAL SOC PUBL HOUSE PI BATH PA UNIT 7, BRASSMILL ENTERPRISE CENTRE, BRASSMILL LANE, BATH BA1 3JN, AVON, ENGLAND SN 0016-7649 J9 J GEOL SOC LONDON JI J. Geol. Soc. PD MAY PY 2009 VL 166 BP 485 EP 500 DI 10.1144/0016-76492008-102 PG 16 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 446LR UT WOS:000266123600009 ER PT J AU Wylie, GD Casazza, ML Halstead, BJ Gregory, CJ AF Wylie, Glenn D. Casazza, Michael L. Halstead, Brian J. Gregory, Christopher J. TI Sex, season, and time of day interact to affect body temperatures of the Giant Gartersnake SO JOURNAL OF THERMAL BIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Radio telemetry; Seasonal variation; Sexual dimorphism; Thamnophis gigas; Thermal ecology ID SNAKES THAMNOPHIS; THERMOREGULATION; CONFLICTS; LIZARD AB 1. We examined multiple hypotheses regarding differences in body temperatures of the Giant Gartersnake using temperature-sensitive radio telemetry and an information-theoretic analytical approach. 2. Giant Gartersnakes selected body temperatures near 30 degrees C, and males and females had similar body temperatures most of the year, except during the midsummer gestation period. 3. Seasonal differences in the body temperatures of males and females may relate to both the costs associated with thermoregulatory behavior, such as predation, and the benefits associated with maintaining optimal body temperatures, such as successful incubation. Published by Elsevier Ltd. C1 [Wylie, Glenn D.; Casazza, Michael L.; Halstead, Brian J.; Gregory, Christopher J.] US Geol Survey, Western Ecol Res Ctr, Dixon Field Stn, Dixon, CA 95620 USA. RP Wylie, GD (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Western Ecol Res Ctr, Dixon Field Stn, Dixon, CA 95620 USA. EM glenn_wylie@usgs.gov OI casazza, Mike/0000-0002-5636-735X NR 22 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 8 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0306-4565 J9 J THERM BIOL JI J. Therm. Biol. PD MAY PY 2009 VL 34 IS 4 BP 183 EP 189 DI 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2009.01.006 PG 7 WC Biology; Zoology SC Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics; Zoology GA 446OH UT WOS:000266130400004 ER PT J AU Waite, GP Moran, SC AF Waite, Gregory P. Moran, Seth C. TI V-P Structure of Mount St. Helens, Washington, USA, imaged with local earthquake tomography SO JOURNAL OF VOLCANOLOGY AND GEOTHERMAL RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE local earthquake tomography; seismic tomography; 3-D velocity models ID 3-DIMENSIONAL VELOCITY STRUCTURE; SOUTHERN WASHINGTON; GROUND DEFORMATION; MAGMATIC SYSTEM; WAVE VELOCITY; CALIFORNIA; ERUPTIONS; MODELS; AREA; ATTENUATION AB We present a new P-wave velocity model for Mount St. Helens using local earthquake data recorded by the Pacific Northwest Seismograph Stations and Cascades Volcano Observatory since the 18 May 1980 eruption. These data were augmented with records from a dense array of 19 temporary stations deployed during the second half of 2005. Because the distribution of earthquakes in the Study area is concentrated beneath the volcano and within two nearly linear trends, we used a graded inversion scheme to Compute a coarse-grid model that focused on the regional structure, followed by a fine-grid inversion to improve spatial resolution directly beneath the volcanic edifice. The coarse-grid model results are largely consistent with earlier geophysical studies of the area; we find high-velocity anomalies NW and NE of the edifice that correspond with igneous intrusions and a prominent low-velocity zone NNW of the edifice that corresponds with the linear zone of high seismicity known as the St. Helens Seismic Zone. This low-velocity zone may continue past Mount St. Helens to the south at depths below 5 km. Directly beneath the edifice, the fine-grid model images a low-velocity zone between about 2 and 3.5 km below sea level that may Correspond to a shallow magma storage zone. And although the model resolution is poor below about 6 km, we found low velocities that correspond with the aseismic zone between about 5.5 and 8 km that has previously been modeled as the location of a large magma storage volume. (C) 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 [Waite, Gregory P.] US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. [Moran, Seth C.] US Geol Survey, Vancouver, WA 98683 USA. RP Waite, GP (reprint author), Michigan Technol Univ, Dept Geol & Min Engn & Sci, 1400 Townsend Dr, Houghton, MI 49931 USA. EM gpwaite@mtu.edu RI Waite, Gregory/B-7082-2009; OI Waite, Gregory/0000-0002-7092-8125 FU National Science Foundation [EAR-0552316]; DOE FX This work benefited from productive discussions with Jonathan Lees and scientists at CVO and USGS Menlo Park especiallyJohn Pallister and Mike Clynne. Thanks to John Power, Phil Dawson, Jonathan Lees and Gilberto Saccorotti for constructive reviews. We thank the staff at the PNSN for their dedication to providing high-quality data and IRIS-PASSCAL Instrument Center for providing instruments and support for the temporary network. Data collected will be available through the IRIS Data Management Center. The facilities of the IRIS Consortium are supported by the National Science Foundation under Cooperative Agreement EAR-0552316, tile NSF Office of Polar Programs and the DOE National Nuclear Security Administration. NR 40 TC 36 Z9 37 U1 2 U2 12 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0377-0273 J9 J VOLCANOL GEOTH RES JI J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res. PD MAY 1 PY 2009 VL 182 IS 1-2 BP 113 EP 122 DI 10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2009.02.009 PG 10 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 443HJ UT WOS:000265900500010 ER PT J AU Sparklin, BD Mitchell, MS Hanson, LB Jolley, DB Ditchkoff, SS AF Sparklin, Bill D. Mitchell, Michael S. Hanson, Laura B. Jolley, D. Buck Ditchkoff, Stephen S. TI Territoriality of Feral Pigs in a Highly Persecuted Population on Fort Benning, Georgia SO JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE core area; feral pig; Global Positioning System (GPS) telemetry; home range; resource productivity; Sus scrofa; territoriality ID HOME-RANGE SIZE; SUS-SCROFA; HABITAT USE; SEMIARID ENVIRONMENT; SOUTH-CAROLINA; NEW-ZEALAND; WILD BOARS; PATTERNS; BEHAVIOR; ECOLOGY AB We examined home range behavior of female feral pigs (Sus scrofa) in a heavily hunted population on Fort Benning Military Reservation in west-central Georgia, USA. We used Global Positioning System location data from 24 individuals representing 18 sounders (i. e., F social groups) combined with mark-recapture and camera-trap data to evaluate evidence of territorial behavior at the individual and sounder levels. Through a manipulative experiment, we examined evidence for an inverse relationship between population density and home range size that would be expected for territorial animals. Pigs from the same sounder had extensive home range overlap and did not have exclusive core areas. Sounders had nearly exclusive home ranges and had completely exclusive core areas, suggesting that female feral pigs on Fort Benning were territorial at the sounder level but not at the individual level. Lethal removal maintained stable densities of pigs in our treatment area, whereas density increased in our control area; territory size in the 2 areas was weakly and inversely related to density of pigs. Territorial behavior in feral pigs could influence population density by limiting access to reproductive space. Removal strategies that 1) match distribution of removal efforts to distribution of territories, 2) remove entire sounders instead of individuals, and 3) focus efforts where high-quality food resources strongly influence territorial behaviors may be best for long-term control of feral pigs. (JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT 73(4): 497-502; 2009) C1 [Sparklin, Bill D.; Mitchell, Michael S.] Univ Montana, Montana Cooperat Wildlife Res Unit, US Geol Survey, Missoula, MT 59812 USA. [Hanson, Laura B.; Jolley, D. Buck; Ditchkoff, Stephen S.] Auburn Univ, Sch Forestry & Wildlife Sci, Auburn, AL 36849 USA. RP Sparklin, BD (reprint author), Univ Montana, Montana Cooperat Wildlife Res Unit, US Geol Survey, Missoula, MT 59812 USA. EM mike.mitchell@umontana.edu RI Mitchell, Michael/H-1117-2011 FU Department of Defense, Fort Benning Military Reservation FX This work would not have been possible without the help of our field technicians, K. Hasapes, C. Newbolt, and B. Williams. We also thank Fort Benning Conservation Branch personnel M. Fuller, B. Miley, J. Poe, and P. Swiderick for ideas and logistic support. We also thank D. Naugle and K. Foresman. E. Hellgren provided helpful comments on an early version of the manuscript. This research was funded by the Department of Defense, Fort Benning Military Reservation. NR 47 TC 13 Z9 14 U1 4 U2 36 PU WILDLIFE SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2197 USA SN 0022-541X J9 J WILDLIFE MANAGE JI J. Wildl. Manage. PD MAY PY 2009 VL 73 IS 4 BP 497 EP 502 DI 10.2193/2007-585 PG 6 WC Ecology; Zoology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Zoology GA 446PP UT WOS:000266133900004 ER PT J AU Lenarz, MS Nelson, ME Schrage, MW Edwards, AJ AF Lenarz, Mark S. Nelson, Michael E. Schrage, Michael W. Edwards, Andrew J. TI Temperature Mediated Moose Survival in Northeastern Minnesota SO JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE Alces alces; climate change; critical temperature threshold; distribution; Minnesota; moose; mortality; survival ID CLIMATE-CHANGE IMPACTS; THERMOREGULATORY RESPONSES; SIGHTABILITY; MAMMALS; STRESS; FOREST; CATTLE; DEER AB The earth is in the midst of a pronounced warming trend and temperatures in Minnesota, USA, as elsewhere, are projected to increase. Northern Minnesota represents the southern edge to the circumpolar distribution of moose (Alces alces), a species intolerant of heat. Moose increase their metabolic rate to regulate their core body temperature as temperatures rise. We hypothesized that moose survival rates would be a function of the frequency and magnitude that ambient temperatures exceeded the upper critical temperature of moose. We compared annual and seasonal moose survival in northeastern Minnesota between 2002 and 2008 with a temperature metric. We found that models based on January temperatures above the critical threshold were inversely correlated with subsequent survival and explained >78% of variability in spring, fall, and annual survival. Models based on late-spring temperatures also explained a high proportion of survival during the subsequent fall. A model based on warm-season temperatures was important in explaining survival during the subsequent winter. Our analyses suggest that temperatures may have a cumulative influence on survival. We expect that continuation or acceleration of current climate trends will result in decreased survival, a decrease in moose density, and ultimately, a retreat of moose northward from their current distribution. (JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT 73(4): 503-510; 2009) C1 [Lenarz, Mark S.] Minnesota Dept Nat Resources, Forest Wildlife Populat & Res Grp, Grand Rapids, MN 55744 USA. [Edwards, Andrew J.] 1854 Treaty Author, Duluth, MN 55811 USA. [Schrage, Michael W.] Fond Lac Resource Management Div, Cloquet, MN 55720 USA. [Nelson, Michael E.] US Geol Survey, No Prairie Wildlife Res Ctr, Jamestown, ND 58401 USA. RP Lenarz, MS (reprint author), Minnesota Dept Nat Resources, Forest Wildlife Populat & Res Grp, 1201 E Highway 2, Grand Rapids, MN 55744 USA. EM mark.lenarz@dnr.state.mn.us FU MNDNR; Fond du Lac band of Lake Superior Chippewa; the 1854 Treaty Authority FX The MNDNR, the Fond du Lac band of Lake Superior Chippewa, and the 1854 Treaty Authority provided funding and field support for this research. The United States Geological Survey, Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center provided in-kind support. The United States Fish and Wildlife Service's Tribal Wildlife Grants Program provided additional funding. We thank MDNR pilots A. Buchert, J. Heineman, and D. Murray for logistical support and J. Fieberg for statistical advice. We are grateful to R. Moen and G. DelGiudice for providing constructive comments on earlier drafts. The paper benefited from comments by B. Collier and 2 anonymous reviewers. NR 43 TC 28 Z9 43 U1 6 U2 52 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ USA SN 0022-541X EI 1937-2817 J9 J WILDLIFE MANAGE JI J. Wildl. Manage. PD MAY PY 2009 VL 73 IS 4 BP 503 EP 510 DI 10.2193/2008-265 PG 8 WC Ecology; Zoology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Zoology GA 446PP UT WOS:000266133900005 ER PT J AU Anthony, RG Willis, MJ AF Anthony, Robert G. Willis, Mitchell J. TI Survival Rates of Female Greater Sage-Grouse in Autumn and Winter in Southeastern Oregon SO JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE Centrocercus urophasianus; fall-winter survival rates; known-fate models; Oregon; sage-grouse; weather effects ID MARKED ANIMALS; POPULATIONS AB We estimated survival rates of 135 female greater sage-grouse (Centrocercus urophasianus) on 3 study areas in southeastern Oregon, USA during autumn and winter for 3 years. We used known-fate models in Program MARK to test for differences among study areas and years, investigate the potential influence of weather, and compute estimates of overwinter survival. We found no evidence for differences in survival rates among study areas, which was contrary to our original hypothesis. There also were no declines in survival rates during fall-winter, but survival rates varied among years and time within years. Average survival rate from October through February was 0.456 (SE = 0.062). The coefficient of variation for this estimate was 13.6% indicating good precision in our estimates of survival. We found strong evidence for an effect of weather (i.e., mean daily min. temp, extreme min. temp, snow depth) on bi-weekly survival rates of sage-grouse for 2 of the study areas in one year. Extremely low (<- 15 degrees C) temperatures over an 8-week period and accumulation of snow had a negative effect on survival rates during the winter of 1990-1991 on the 2 study areas at the higher (> 1,500 m) elevations. In contrast, we found no evidence for an influence of weather on the low-elevation study area or during the winters of 1989-1990 and 1991-1992. Extreme weather during winter can cause lower survival of adult female sage-grouse, so managers should be aware of these potential effects and reduce harvest rates accordingly. (JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT 73(4): 538-545; 2009) C1 [Anthony, Robert G.] Oregon State Univ, US Geol Survey, Oregon Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. [Willis, Mitchell J.] Eastern Oregon Agr Res Ctr, Hines, OR 97720 USA. RP Anthony, RG (reprint author), Oregon State Univ, US Geol Survey, Oregon Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, 104 Nash Hall, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. EM Robert.anthony@oregonstate.edu FU United States Geological Survey [HQ-97-RU-01584-31] FX Field work for this study was funded under the Pittman-Robertson Act to the state of Oregon. Funds for data analysis were provided by the United States Geological Survey through the Science Support Program with the United States Fish & Wildlife Service under contract no. HQ-97-RU-01584-31 to Oregon State University. We thank J. Connelly, C. Hagen, K. Dugger, and 2 anonymous reviewers for valuable comments on earlier drafts of the manuscript. NR 26 TC 20 Z9 20 U1 1 U2 12 PU WILDLIFE SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2197 USA SN 0022-541X J9 J WILDLIFE MANAGE JI J. Wildl. Manage. PD MAY PY 2009 VL 73 IS 4 BP 538 EP 545 DI 10.2193/2008-177 PG 8 WC Ecology; Zoology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Zoology GA 446PP UT WOS:000266133900010 ER PT J AU Runge, MC Sauer, JR Avery, ML Blackwell, BF Koneff, MD AF Runge, Michael C. Sauer, John R. Avery, Michael L. Blackwell, Bradley F. Koneff, Mark D. TI Assessing Allowable Take of Migratory Birds SO JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE adaptive management; allowable take; black vulture; Coragyps atratus; depredation; harvest theory; migratory birds; potential biological removal; prescribed take level; yield curve ID ROOSTING BLACK VULTURES; TURKEY VULTURES; GYPS-FULVUS; POPULATION-DYNAMICS; HOME RANGES; MANAGEMENT; CAROLINA; HARVEST AB Legal removal of migratory birds from the wild occurs for several reasons, including subsistence, sport harvest, damage control, and the pet trade. We argue that harvest theory provides the basis for assessing the impact of authorized take, advance a simplified rendering of harvest theory known as potential biological removal as a useful starting point for assessing take, and demonstrate this approach with a case study of depredation control of black vultures (Coragyps atratus) in Virginia, USA. Based on data from the North American Breeding Bird Survey and other sources, we estimated that the black vulture population in Virginia was 91,190 (95% credible interval = 44,520-212,100) in 2006. Using a simple population model and available estimates of life-history parameters, we estimated the intrinsic rate of growth (r(max)) to be in the range 7-14%, with 10.6% a plausible point estimate. For a take program to seek an equilibrium population size on the conservative side of the yield curve, the rate of take needs to be less than that which achieves a maximum sustained yield (0.5 X r(max)). Based on the point estimate for r(max) and using the lower 60% credible interval for population size to account for uncertainty, these conditions would be met if the take of black vultures in Virginia in 2006 was,3,533 birds. Based on regular monitoring data, allowable harvest should be adjusted annually to reflect changes in population size. To initiate discussion about how this assessment framework could be related to the laws and regulations that govern authorization of such take, we suggest that the Migratory Bird Treaty Act requires only that take of native migratory birds be sustainable in the long-term, that is, sustained harvest rate should be < r(max). Further, the ratio of desired harvest rate to 0.5 X r(max) may be a useful metric for ascertaining the applicability of specific requirements of the National Environmental Protection Act. (JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT 73(4): 556-565; 2009) C1 [Runge, Michael C.; Sauer, John R.] US Geol Survey, Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, Laurel, MD 20708 USA. [Koneff, Mark D.] US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Div Migratory Bird Management, Laurel, MD 20708 USA. [Blackwell, Bradley F.] USDA, Anim & Plant Hlth Inspect Serv, Wildlife Serv, Natl Wildlife Res Ctr, Sandusky, OH 44870 USA. [Avery, Michael L.] USDA, Anim & Plant Hlth Inspect Serv, Wildlife Serv, Natl Wildlife Res Ctr, Gainesville, FL 32641 USA. RP Runge, MC (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, 12100 Beech Forest Rd, Laurel, MD 20708 USA. EM mrunge@usgs.gov RI Runge, Michael/E-7331-2011 OI Runge, Michael/0000-0002-8081-536X NR 44 TC 20 Z9 21 U1 1 U2 17 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ USA SN 0022-541X EI 1937-2817 J9 J WILDLIFE MANAGE JI J. Wildl. Manage. PD MAY PY 2009 VL 73 IS 4 BP 556 EP 565 DI 10.2193/2008-090 PG 10 WC Ecology; Zoology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Zoology GA 446PP UT WOS:000266133900012 ER PT J AU Jones, NL Thompson, JK Arrigo, KR Monismith, SG AF Jones, Nicole L. Thompson, Janet K. Arrigo, Kevin R. Monismith, Stephen G. TI Hydrodynamic control of phytoplankton loss to the benthos in an estuarine environment SO LIMNOLOGY AND OCEANOGRAPHY LA English DT Article ID SAN-FRANCISCO BAY; AMPHIPOD COROPHIUM-VOLUTATOR; BOUNDARY-LAYER; POTAMOCORBULA-AMURENSIS; TURBULENT DEPOSITION; FILTRATION-RATES; OITHONA-DAVISAE; ORGANIC-MATTER; BIVALVES; CALIFORNIA AB Field experiments were undertaken to measure the influence of hydrodynamics on the removal of phytoplankton by benthic grazers in Suisun Slough, North San Francisco Bay. Chlorophyll a concentration boundary layers were found over beds inhabited by the active suspension feeders Corbula amurensis and Corophium alienense and the passive suspension feeders Marenzellaria viridis and Laonome sp. Benthic losses of phytoplankton were estimated via both the control volume and the vertical flux approach, in which chlorophyll a concentration was used as a proxy for phytoplankton biomass. The rate of phytoplankton loss to the bed was positively correlated to the bed shear stress. The maximum rate of phytoplankton loss to the bed was five times larger than estimated by laboratory-derived pumping rates for the active suspension feeders. Reasons for this discrepancy are explored including a physical mechanism whereby phytoplankton is entrained in a near-bed fluff layer where aggregation is mediated by the presence of mucus produced by the infaunal community. C1 [Jones, Nicole L.] Univ Western Australia, Sch Environm Syst Engn, Crawley, WA, Australia. [Jones, Nicole L.; Monismith, Stephen G.] Stanford Univ, Environm Fluid Mech Lab, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. [Thompson, Janet K.] US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. [Arrigo, Kevin R.] Stanford Univ, Dept Geophys, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. RP Jones, NL (reprint author), Univ Western Australia, Sch Environm Syst Engn, Crawley, WA, Australia. EM nicole.jones@uwa.edu.au RI Jones, Nicole/A-3549-2009 FU CALFED Bay Delta Authority Restoration [ERP02P22]; Foundation for Young Australians Centenary FX Thanks to F. Parchaso, and B. Richards from the U. S. Geological Survey for assistance with the field experiment. The authors gratefully acknowledge the work of R. Cervantes and O. Lakota who processed the chlorophyll a and benthic samples. D. Dufford, J. Orsi, and S. McCormick performed taxonomic identification of phytoplankton, zooplankton, and benthos, respectively. We also thank M. Cardiff, S. Chang, C. Coker, B. Cole, K. Davies, D. Fong, S. Giddings, K. Honey, J. Hench, E. Hult, D. Kang, G. Ketefian, R. Lowe, E. Sta. Maria, C. McDonald, M. Minihane, N. Nidzieko, J. Rosman, M. Shouse, J. Steinbuck, K. Venayagamoorthy, and Z. Zhang for their help in collecting the field data set. J. Koseff and A. Genin provided valuable comments throughout the project. Conversations about aggregation with B. Branco and A. Waite were helpful. The manuscript benefitted substantially from the comments of two anonymous reviewers. The work was generously supported by the CALFED Bay Delta Authority Restoration Program (ERP02P22) and The Foundation for Young Australians Centenary Scholarship Award. NR 71 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 10 PU AMER SOC LIMNOLOGY OCEANOGRAPHY PI WACO PA 5400 BOSQUE BLVD, STE 680, WACO, TX 76710-4446 USA SN 0024-3590 J9 LIMNOL OCEANOGR JI Limnol. Oceanogr. PD MAY PY 2009 VL 54 IS 3 BP 952 EP 969 DI 10.4319/lo.2009.54.3.0952 PG 18 WC Limnology; Oceanography SC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA 474ZY UT WOS:000268325000027 ER PT J AU Bever, AJ Harris, CK Sherwood, CR Signell, RP AF Bever, Aaron J. Harris, Courtney K. Sherwood, Christopher R. Signell, Richard P. TI Deposition and flux of sediment from the Po River, Italy: An idealized and wintertime numerical modeling study SO MARINE GEOLOGY LA English DT Article DE sediment transport; Morphodynamics; numerical modeling; Po River; delta; Adriatic Sea ID CALIFORNIA CONTINENTAL-SHELF; AMAZON SUBAQUEOUS DELTA; NORTHERN ADRIATIC SEA; TRANSPORT EVENTS; GRAVITY FLOWS; WAVE; PRODELTA; CIRCULATION; BOTTOM; SYSTEM AB Recent studies of sediment dynamics and clinoform development in the northern Adriatic Sea focused on winter 2002-2003 and provided the data and motivation for development of a detailed sediment-transport model for the area near the Po River delta. We used both idealized test cases and more realistic simulations to improve our understanding of seasonal sediment dynamics there. We also investigated the relationship between physical processes and the observed depositional products; e.g. the accumulation of sediment very near the Po River distributary mouths. Sediment transport near the Po River was evaluated using a three-dimensional ocean model coupled to sediment-transport calculations that included wave-and current-induced resuspension, suspended-sediment transport, multiple grain classes. and fluvial input from the Po River. High-resolution estimates from available meteorological and wave models were used to specify wind, wave, and meteorological forcing. Model results indicated that more than half of the discharged sediment remained within 15 km of the Po River distributary mouths, even after two months of intensive reworking by winter storms. During floods of the Po River, transport in the middle to upper water column dominated sediment fluxes. Otherwise. sediment fluxes from the subaqueous portion of the delta were confined to the bottom few meters of the water column, and correlated with increases in current speed and wave energy. Spatial and temporal variation in wind velocities determined depositional patterns and the directions of sediment transport. Northeasterly Bora winds produced relatively more eastward transport, while southwesterly Sirocco winds generated fluxes towards both the north and the south. Eastward transport accounted for the majority of the sediment exported from the subaqueous delta, most likely due to the frequent occurrence of Bora conditions. Progradation of the Po River delta into the Adriatic Sea may restrict the formation of the Western Adriatic Coastal Current, increasing sediment retention at the Po delta and reducing the supply of sediment to the Apennine margin. A positive morphodynamic feedback may therefore be present whereby the extension of the delta into the Adriatic increases sediment accumulation at the delta and facilitates further progradation. (C) 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 [Bever, Aaron J.; Harris, Courtney K.] Virginia Inst Marine Sci, Gloucester Point, VA 23062 USA. [Sherwood, Christopher R.; Signell, Richard P.] US Geol Survey, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. RP Bever, AJ (reprint author), Virginia Inst Marine Sci, 1208 Greate Rd Gloucester Point, Gloucester Point, VA 23062 USA. EM abever@vims.edu; ckharris@vims.edu; csherwood@usgs.gov; rsignell@usgs.gov OI Signell, Richard/0000-0003-0682-9613; Bever, Aaron/0000-0002-2196-0831 FU Office of Naval Research's Coastal Geosciences and Marine Modeling programs; US Geological Survey; Sun Microsystems; National Science Foundation; Virginia's Commonwealth Technology Research Fund FX Funding was provided by the Office of Naval Research's Coastal Geosciences and Marine Modeling programs, with support from the US Geological Survey. Bathymetric data for the Adriatic was provided by F. Trincardi (ISMAR-CNR). We would like to thank John Warner (USGS) for his efforts to develop the sediment transport routines in ROMS and Neil Ganju (USGS), Jeff List (USGS), Antonio Cattaneo (ISMAR-CNR), and an anonymous reviewer for comments that improved earlier drafts. Tripod and 7 Be data were provided by Peter Traykovski (WHOI) and Cindy Palinkas (UMCES), respectively. This work was performed in part using computational facilities at the College of William and Mary which were enabled by grants from Sun Microsystems, the National Science Foundation, and Virginia's Commonwealth Technology Research Fund. This is contribution number 2998 from the Virginia Institute of Marine Science, The College of William and Mary. NR 78 TC 28 Z9 29 U1 1 U2 13 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0025-3227 J9 MAR GEOL JI Mar. Geol. PD MAY 1 PY 2009 VL 260 IS 1-4 BP 69 EP 80 DI 10.1016/j.margeo.2009.01.007 PG 12 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Oceanography SC Geology; Oceanography GA 469PY UT WOS:000267913400006 ER PT J AU Vandergast, AG Wood, DA Simovich, M Bohonak, AJ AF Vandergast, A. G. Wood, D. A. Simovich, M. Bohonak, A. J. TI Identification of co-occurring Branchinecta fairy shrimp species from encysted embryos using multiplex polymerase chain reaction SO MOLECULAR ECOLOGY RESOURCES LA English DT Article DE endangered species; species identification; vernal pools; COI gene ID BRANCHIOPODA; CALIFORNIA; CRUSTACEA AB Morphological identification of many fairy shrimp species is difficult because distinguishing characters are restricted to adults. We developed two multiplex polymerase chain reaction assays that differentiate among three Branchinecta fairy shrimp with distributional overlap in southern California vernal pools. Two of the species are federally listed as threatened. Molecular identification of Branchinecta from cysts allows for species surveys to be conducted during the dry season, expanding the timeframe for population assessment and providing a less intrusive method of sampling sensitive vernal pool habitats. C1 [Bohonak, A. J.] San Diego State Univ, Dept Biol, San Diego, CA 92182 USA. [Vandergast, A. G.; Wood, D. A.] US Geol Survey, Western Ecol Res Ctr, San Diego Field Stn, San Diego, CA 92101 USA. [Simovich, M.] Univ San Diego, Dept Biol, San Diego, CA 92110 USA. RP Bohonak, AJ (reprint author), San Diego State Univ, Dept Biol, 5500 Campanile Dr, San Diego, CA 92182 USA. EM bohonak@sciences.sdsu.edu OI Vandergast, Amy/0000-0002-7835-6571 FU USFWS/USGS FX We acknowledge Zach Principe, Allison Steele and Christina Shanney for assistance (Simovich: Permit no. TE87037-2) and a USFWS/USGS Quick Response Grant. The use of trade names does not imply USGS endorsement. NR 7 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 2 U2 9 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PUBLISHING, INC PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 1755-098X J9 MOL ECOL RESOUR JI Mol. Ecol. Resour. PD MAY PY 2009 VL 9 IS 3 BP 767 EP 770 DI 10.1111/j.1755-0998.2009.02522.x PG 4 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Ecology; Evolutionary Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Evolutionary Biology GA 443GC UT WOS:000265897200015 PM 21564739 ER PT J AU Ramirez-Macias, D Shaw, K Ward, R Galvan-Magana, F Vazquez-Juarez, R AF Ramirez-Macias, Deni Shaw, Kristine Ward, Rocky Galvan-Magana, Felipe Vazquez-Juarez, Ricardo TI Isolation and characterization of microsatellite loci in the whale shark (Rhincodon typus) SO MOLECULAR ECOLOGY RESOURCES LA English DT Article DE genomic library; microsatellites; Rhincodon typus; Rhincodontidae; whale shark ID MEXICO AB In preparation for a study on population structure of the whale shark (Rhincodon typus), nine species-specific polymorphic microsatellite DNA markers were developed. An initial screening of 50 individuals from Holbox Island, Mexico found all nine loci to be polymorphic, with two to 17 alleles observed per locus. Observed and expected heterozygosity per locus ranged from 0.200 to 0.826 and from 0.213 to 0.857, respectively. Neither statistically significant deviations from Hardy-Weinberg expectations nor statistically significant linkage disequilibrium between loci were observed. These microsatellite loci appear suitable for examining population structure, kinship assessment and other applications. C1 [Ramirez-Macias, Deni; Vazquez-Juarez, Ricardo] Ctr Invest Biol Noroeste, Lab Biotechnol Marine Organisms, La Paz 23090, Bcs, Mexico. [Shaw, Kristine; Ward, Rocky] US Geol Survey, No Appalachian Res Lab, Leetown Sci Ctr, Wellsboro, PA 16901 USA. [Galvan-Magana, Felipe] Inst Politecn Nacl, Ctr Interdisciplinario Ciencias Marinas, Dept Fisheries, La Paz 23096, Bcs, Mexico. RP Vazquez-Juarez, R (reprint author), Ctr Invest Biol Noroeste, Lab Biotechnol Marine Organisms, Mar Bermejo 195, La Paz 23090, Bcs, Mexico. EM rvazquez04@cibnor.mx FU IPN; USGS; SEMARNAT-CONACYT [Fosemarnat-2004-01-457] FX Field assistance in Bahia de los Angeles was provided by Mauricio Hoyos and Abraham Vazquez supported by IPN (COFAA and EDI), and in Holbox Island by: Rafael de la Parra, Francisco Remolina, Montserrat Trigo, Jaime Cano, Enrique Rodriguez, JosE Antele, Gilberto Quintal and Guadalupe Macias. We received support for field work in Holbox Island by Proyecto Domino (Proyecto del Tiburon Ballena del Atlantico Mexicano-CONANP). Valuable technical guidance was provided by Francisco Javier Garcia de Leon. Funding was provided by the USGS, Biological Resources Discipline and by SEMARNAT-CONACYT (project no. Fosemarnat-2004-01-457). NR 11 TC 2 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 8 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PUBLISHING, INC PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 1755-098X J9 MOL ECOL RESOUR JI Mol. Ecol. Resour. PD MAY PY 2009 VL 9 IS 3 BP 798 EP 800 DI 10.1111/j.1755-0998.2008.02197.x PG 3 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Ecology; Evolutionary Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Evolutionary Biology GA 443GC UT WOS:000265897200023 PM 21564747 ER PT J AU Moyer, GR Sloss, BL Kreiser, BR Feldheim, KA AF Moyer, Gregory R. Sloss, Brian L. Kreiser, Brian R. Feldheim, Kevin A. TI Isolation and characterization of microsatellite loci for alligator gar (Atractosteus spatula) and their variability in two other species (Lepisosteus oculatus and L-osseus) of Lepisosteidae SO MOLECULAR ECOLOGY RESOURCES LA English DT Article DE alligator gar; Atractosteus spatula; cross-species amplification; Lepisosteidae; microsatellite AB We report on the isolation of 17 polymorphic microsatellite loci from alligator gar (Atractosteus spatula), a large-bodied species that has experienced population declines across much of its range. These loci possessed 2-19 alleles and observed heterozygosities of 0-0.974. All loci conformed to Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium expectations, and none exhibited linkage disequilibrium. Nine and eight of these loci were found to be polymorphic in the related species Lepisosteus oculatus and L. osseus, respectively. These microsatellite loci should prove useful in conservation efforts of A. spatula through the study of population structure and hatchery broodstock management. C1 [Kreiser, Brian R.] Univ So Mississippi, Dept Biol Sci, Hattiesburg, MS 39406 USA. [Feldheim, Kevin A.] Field Museum, Pritzker Lab Mol Systemat & Evolut, Chicago, IL 60605 USA. [Sloss, Brian L.] Univ Wisconsin, Coll Nat Resources, US Geol Survey, Wisconsin Cooperat Fishery Res Unit, Stevens Point, WI 54481 USA. [Moyer, Gregory R.] US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Conservat Genet Lab, Warm Springs Fish Technol Ctr, Warm Springs, GA 31830 USA. RP Kreiser, BR (reprint author), Univ So Mississippi, Dept Biol Sci, 118 Coll Dr 5018, Hattiesburg, MS 39406 USA. EM brian.kreiser@usm.edu FU Grainger Foundation; NSF [DEB-0716985] FX We thank R. Campbell, A. Ferrara and D. Riecke for providing samples of alligator gar and P. Mickle and S. Adams for collections of the other two species. Microsatellite enrichment by K.F. was funded by the Grainger Foundation and was carried out in the Pritzker Laboratory for Molecular Systematics and Evolution operated with support from the Pritzker Foundation. Partial funding for the work in B.K.'s laboratory came from NSF grant no. DEB-0716985. We thank R. Franckowiak for technical and laboratory assistance in B.S.'s laboratory and J. Rousey in G.M.'s laboratory. NR 10 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 2 U2 9 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PUBLISHING, INC PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 1755-098X J9 MOL ECOL RESOUR JI Mol. Ecol. Resour. PD MAY PY 2009 VL 9 IS 3 BP 963 EP 966 DI 10.1111/j.1755-0998.2009.02519.x PG 4 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Ecology; Evolutionary Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Evolutionary Biology GA 443GC UT WOS:000265897200082 PM 21564806 ER PT J AU Schroth, AW Crusius, J Sholkovitz, ER Bostick, BC AF Schroth, Andrew W. Crusius, John Sholkovitz, Edward R. Bostick, Benjamin C. TI Iron solubility driven by speciation in dust sources to the ocean SO NATURE GEOSCIENCE LA English DT Article ID TRACE-METALS; MINERALS; ALASKA; FE AB Although abundant in the Earth's crust, iron is present at trace concentrations in sea water and is a limiting nutrient for phytoplankton in approximately 40% of the ocean(1,2). Current literature suggests that aerosols are the primary external source of iron to offshore waters, yet controls on iron aerosol solubility remain unclear(3,4). Here we demonstrate that iron speciation (oxidation state and bonding environment) drives iron solubility in arid region soils, glacial weathering products (flour) and oil combustion products (oil fly ash). Iron speciation varies by aerosol source, with soils in arid regions dominated by ferric (oxy) hydroxides, glacial flour by primary and secondary ferrous silicates and oil fly ash by ferric sulphate salts. Variation in iron speciation produces systematic differences in iron solubility: less than 1% of the iron in arid soils was soluble, compared with 2-3% in glacial products and 77-81% in oil combustion products, which is directly linked to fractions of more soluble phases. We conclude that spatial and temporal variations in aerosol iron speciation, driven by the distribution of deserts, glaciers and fossil-fuel combustion, could have a pronounced effect on aerosol iron solubility and therefore on biological productivity and the carbon cycle in the ocean. C1 [Schroth, Andrew W.; Crusius, John] US Geol Survey, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. [Sholkovitz, Edward R.] Woods Hole Oceanog Inst, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. [Bostick, Benjamin C.] Dartmouth Coll, Dept Earth Sci, Hanover, NH 03755 USA. RP Schroth, AW (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Woods Hole Rd, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. EM aschroth@usgs.gov FU Mendenhall Postdoctoral Fellowship; US Geological Survey (USGS) FX This project was financially supported as part of a Mendenhall Postdoctoral Fellowship awarded to A. W. S. by the US Geological Survey (USGS) and financial support to A. W. S. and J. C. by the Coastal and Marine Geology and Earth Surface Dynamics Programs of the USGS. E. R. S. was supported by NSF. Synchrotron work was done on beamline 11-2 at Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory (SSRL): a national user facility operated by Stanford University on behalf of the Department of Energy, Office of Basic Sciences. We thank SSRL staff for their help, particularly J. Bargar and J. Rogers, as well as S. Birdwhistell of the WHOI Plasma Facility. Discussions with A. Aguilar-Islas, K. Bruland, J. Bratton, A. Kolker, P. Lam and O. Rouxel improved this manuscript. We thank B. Puecker-Ehrenbrink and M. Seggiani for providing us with samples of Chinese loess and oil fly ash, respectively. NR 30 TC 133 Z9 137 U1 6 U2 83 PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP PI NEW YORK PA 75 VARICK ST, 9TH FLR, NEW YORK, NY 10013-1917 USA SN 1752-0894 EI 1752-0908 J9 NAT GEOSCI JI Nat. Geosci. PD MAY PY 2009 VL 2 IS 5 BP 337 EP 340 DI 10.1038/NGEO501 PG 4 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 452MA UT WOS:000266542900013 ER PT J AU Kwoun, OI Lu, Z AF Kwoun, Oh-ig Lu, Zhong TI Multi-temporal RADARSAT-1 and ERS Backscattering Signatures of Coastal Wetlands in Southeastern Louisiana SO PHOTOGRAMMETRIC ENGINEERING AND REMOTE SENSING LA English DT Article ID SYNTHETIC-APERTURE RADAR; AMAZON FLOODPLAIN; UNITED-STATES; SAR DATA; VEGETATION; IMAGERY; INTERFEROMETRY; JERS-1; AREA AB Using multi-temporal European Remote-sensing Satellites (ERS-1/-2) and Canadian Rodar Satellite (RADARSAT-1) synthetic aperture radar (SAR) data over the Louisiana coastal zone, we characterize seasonal variations of radar backscattering according to vegetation type. Our main findings are as follows. First, ERS-1/-2 and HADARSAT-1 require careful radiometric calibration to perform multi-temporal backscattering analysis for wetland mapping. We use SAR backscattering signals from cities for the relative calibration. Second, using seasonally averaged backscattering coefficients from ERS-1/-2 and RADARSAT-1, we can differentiate most forests (bottomland and swamp forests) and marshes (freshwater, intermediate, brackish, and saline marshes) in coastal wetlands. The student t-test results support the usefulness of season-averaged backscatter data for classification. Third, combining SAR backscattering coefficients and an optical-sensor-based normalized difference vegetation index can provide further insight into vegetation type and enhance the separation between forests and marshes. Our study demonstrates that SAR can provide necessary information to characterize coastal wetlands and monitor their changes. C1 [Kwoun, Oh-ig] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. [Kwoun, Oh-ig] US Geol Survey, SAIC, EROS Data Ctr, Sioux Falls, SD 57198 USA. [Lu, Zhong] USGS EROS Ctr, Vancouver, WA 98683 USA. [Lu, Zhong] Cascades Volcano Observ, Vancouver, WA 98683 USA. RP Kwoun, OI (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM kwoun@jpl.nasa.gov; lu@usgs.gov FU U.S. Geological Survey (USCS) Director Venture Capital Fund; USGS Eastern Region Venture Capital Fund; USGS Land Remote Sensing Program; USGS [O3CRCN0001] FX ERS-1/ERS-2 SAR images are copyrighted @ 1992, 1993, 1996, 1997, and 1998 by the European Space Agency (ESA) and were provided by the ESA using the Category-1 Project 2853. RADARSAT-1 images are copyrighted (D 2002, 2003, and 2004 by the Canadian Space Agency (CSA) and were provided. by the Alaska Satellite Facility (ASF). This research was supported by funding from the U.S. Geological Survey (USCS) Director Venture Capital Fund, USGS Eastern Region Venture Capital Fund, USGS Land Remote Sensing Program, and USGS contract O3CRCN0001. We thank Elijah Ramsey and Terry Sohl for careful reviews and constructive comments. NR 41 TC 8 Z9 10 U1 2 U2 10 PU AMER SOC PHOTOGRAMMETRY PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 210, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2160 USA SN 0099-1112 EI 2374-8079 J9 PHOTOGRAMM ENG REM S JI Photogramm. Eng. Remote Sens. PD MAY PY 2009 VL 75 IS 5 BP 607 EP 617 PG 11 WC Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Physical Geography; Geology; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA 446PQ UT WOS:000266134000011 ER PT J AU Tanaka, KL Skinner, JA Crumpler, LS Dohm, JM AF Tanaka, Kenneth L. Skinner, James A., Jr. Crumpler, Larry S. Dohm, James M. TI Assessment of planetary geologic mapping techniques for Mars using terrestrial analogs: The SP Mountain area of the San Francisco Volcanic Field, Arizona SO PLANETARY AND SPACE SCIENCE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Exploring Mars and its Earth Analogues CY JUN 19-23, 2007 CL Trento, ITALY DE Mars analog; Geologic mapping; Photogeology; San Francisco Volcanic Field ID CHRONOLOGY; MODELS AB We photogeologically mapped the SP Mountain region of the San Francisco Volcanic Field in northern Arizona, USA to evaluate and improve the fidelity of approaches used in geologic mapping of Mars. This test site, which was previously mapped in the field, is chiefly composed of Late Cenozoic cinder cones, lava flows, and alluvium perched on Permian limestone of the Kaibab Formation. Faulting and folding has deformed the older rocks and some of the volcanic materials, and fluvial erosion has carved drainage systems and deposited alluvium. These geologic materials and their formational and modificational histories are similar to those for regions of the Martian surface. We independently prepared four geologic maps using topographic and image data at resolutions that mimic those that are commonly used to map the geology of Mars (where consideration was included for the fact that Martian features such as lava flows are commonly much larger than their terrestrial counterparts). We primarily based our map units and stratigraphic relations on geomorphology, color contrasts, and cross-cutting relationships. Afterward, we compared our results with previously published field-based mapping results, including detailed analyses of the stratigraphy and of the spatial overlap and proximity of the field-based vs. remote-based (photogeologic) map units, contacts, and structures. Results of these analyses provide insights into how to optimize the photogeologic mapping of Mars (and, by extension, other remotely observed planetary surfaces). We recommend the following: (1) photogeologic mapping as an excellent approach to recovering the general geology of a region, along with examination of local, high-resolution datasets to gain insights into the complexity of the geology at outcrop scales; (2) delineating volcanic vents and lava-flow sequences conservatively and understanding that flow abutment and flow overlap are difficult to distinguish in remote data sets; (3) taking care to understand that surficial materials (such as alluvium and volcanic ash deposits) are likely to be under-mapped yet are important because they obscure underlying units and contacts; (4) where possible, mapping multiple contact and structure types based on their varying certainty and exposure that reflect the perceived accuracy of the linework; (5) reviewing the regional context and searching for evidence of geologic activity that may have affected the map area yet for which evidence within the map area may be absent; and (6) for multi-authored maps, collectively analyzing the mapping relations, approaches, and methods throughout the duration of the mapping project with the objective of achieving a solid, harmonious product. Published by Elsevier Ltd. C1 [Tanaka, Kenneth L.; Skinner, James A., Jr.] US Geol Survey, Flagstaff, AZ 86001 USA. [Crumpler, Larry S.] New Mexico Museum Nat Hist, Albuquerque, NM USA. [Dohm, James M.] Univ Arizona, Dept Hydrol, Tucson, AZ USA. RP Tanaka, KL (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 2255 N Gemini Dr, Flagstaff, AZ 86001 USA. EM ktanaka@usgs.gov; jskinner@usgs.gov; larry.crumpler@state.nm.us; jmd@hwr.arizona.edu RI Dohm, James/A-3831-2014; Skinner, James/M-7966-2014 NR 51 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 1 U2 11 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0032-0633 J9 PLANET SPACE SCI JI Planet Space Sci. PD MAY PY 2009 VL 57 IS 5-6 SI SI BP 510 EP 532 DI 10.1016/j.pss.2008.06.012 PG 23 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 456QX UT WOS:000266863400002 ER PT J AU Burr, DM Tanaka, KL Yoshikawa, K AF Burr, Devon M. Tanaka, Kenneth L. Yoshikawa, Kenji TI Pingos on Earth and Mars SO PLANETARY AND SPACE SCIENCE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Exploring Mars and its Earth Analogues CY JUN 19-23, 2007 CL Trento, ITALY DE Mars; Surface; Ground ice; Periglacial; Terrestrial analogues ID WESTERN-ARCTIC-COAST; ATHABASCA VALLES; UTOPIA-PLANITIA; GROUND ICE; CANADA; GROWTH; PALSAS; PLAINS; MOUNDS; GEOMORPHOLOGY AB Pingos are massive ice-cored mounds that develop through pressurized groundwater flow mechanisms. Pingos and their collapsed forms are found in periglacial and paleoperiglacial terrains on Earth, and have been hypothesized for a wide variety of locations on Mars. This literature review of pingos on Earth and Mars first summarizes the morphology of terrestrial pingos and their geologic contexts. That information is then used to asses hypothesized pingos on Mars. Pingo-like forms (PLFs) in Utopia Planitia are the most viable candidates for pingos or collapsed pingos. Other PLFs hypothesized in the literature to be pingos may be better explained with other mechanisms than those associated with terrestrial-style pingos. (C) 2008 Elsevier Ltd, All rights reserved. C1 [Burr, Devon M.] Univ Tennessee, Dept Earth & Planetary Sci, Knoxville, TN 37996 USA. [Burr, Devon M.] SETI Inst, Carl Sagan Ctr, Mountain View, CA 94043 USA. [Tanaka, Kenneth L.] US Geol Survey, Astrogeol Team, Flagstaff, AZ 86001 USA. [Yoshikawa, Kenji] Univ Alaska, Inst No Engn, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA. RP Burr, DM (reprint author), Univ Tennessee, Dept Earth & Planetary Sci, Bldg 412,1412 Circle Dr, Knoxville, TN 37996 USA. EM dburr1@utk.edu; ktanaka@usgs.gov; ffky@uaf.edu NR 96 TC 38 Z9 38 U1 1 U2 15 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0032-0633 J9 PLANET SPACE SCI JI Planet Space Sci. PD MAY PY 2009 VL 57 IS 5-6 BP 541 EP 555 DI 10.1016/j.pss.2008.11.003 PG 15 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 456QX UT WOS:000266863400004 ER PT J AU Burr, DM Bruno, BC Lanagan, PD Glaze, LS Jaeger, WL Soare, RJ Tseung, JMWB Skinner, JA Baloga, SM AF Burr, Devon M. Bruno, Barbara C. Lanagan, Peter D. Glaze, Lori S. Jaeger, Windy L. Soare, Richard J. Tseung, Jean-Michel Wan Bun Skinner, James A., Jr. Baloga, Stephen M. TI Mesoscale raised rim depressions (MRRDs) on Earth: A review of the characteristics, processes, and spatial distributions of analogs for Mars SO PLANETARY AND SPACE SCIENCE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Exploring Mars and its Earth Analogues CY JUN 19-23, 2007 CL Trento, ITALY DE Mars; Surface; Terrestrial analogs; Spatial analysis ID WESTERN-ARCTIC-COAST; MUD VOLCANISM; GROUND ICE; HYDROVOLCANIC EXPLOSIONS; ACCRETIONARY COMPLEX; COLUMBIA PLATEAU; ATHABASCA VALLES; NORTHERN PLAINS; UTOPIA PLANITIA; RING STRUCTURES AB Fields of mesoscale raised rim depressions (MRRDs) of various origins are found on Earth and Mars. Examples include rootless cones, mud volcanoes, collapsed pingos, rimmed kettle holes, and basaltic ring structures. Correct identification of MRRDs on Mars is valuable because different MRRD types have different geologic and/or climatic implications and are often associated with volcanism and/or water, which may provide locales for biotic or prebiotic activity. In order to facilitate correct identification of fields of MRRDs on Mars and their implications, this work provides a review of common terrestrial MRRD types that. Occur in fields. in this review, MRRDs by formation mechanism, including hydrovolcanic (phreatomagmatic cones, basaltic ring structures), sedimentological (mud volcanoes), and ice-related (pingos, volatile ice-block forms) mechanisms. For each broad mechanism, we present a comparative synopsis of (i) morphology and observations, (ii) physical formation processes, and (iii) published hypothesized locations on Mars. Because the morphology for MRRDs may be ambiguous, an additional tool is provided for distinguishing fields of MRRDs by origin on Mars, namely, spatial distribution analyses for MRRDs within fields on Earth. We find that MRRDs have both distinguishing and similar characteristics, and observation that applies both to their mesoscale morphology and to their spatial distribution statistics. Thus, this review provides tools for distinguishing between various MRRDs, while highlighting the utility of the Multiple working hypotheses approach. (C) 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 [Burr, Devon M.] Univ Tennessee, Dept Earth & Planetary Sci, Knoxville, TN 37996 USA. [Burr, Devon M.] SETI Inst, Mountain View, CA 94043 USA. [Bruno, Barbara C.] Univ Hawaii, Sch Ocean & Earth Sci & Technol, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. [Bruno, Barbara C.; Glaze, Lori S.; Baloga, Stephen M.] Proxemy Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20882 USA. [Lanagan, Peter D.] Coll So Nevada, Henderson, NV 89002 USA. [Glaze, Lori S.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. [Jaeger, Windy L.; Skinner, James A., Jr.] US Geol Survey, Astrogeol Team, Flagstaff, AZ 86001 USA. [Soare, Richard J.] Concordia Univ, Dept Geog & Planning & Environm, Montreal, PQ H3G 1M8, Canada. [Soare, Richard J.] Univ Calgary, Dept Geog, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada. [Soare, Richard J.] Univ Western Ontario, Dept Earth Sci & Phys & Astron, London, ON N6A 5B7, Canada. [Tseung, Jean-Michel Wan Bun] Dawson Coll, Dept Geog, Montreal, PQ H3Z 1A4, Canada. RP Burr, DM (reprint author), Univ Tennessee, Dept Earth & Planetary Sci, 1412 Circle Dr, Knoxville, TN 37996 USA. EM dburr1@utk.edu RI Glaze, Lori/D-1314-2012; Skinner, James/M-7966-2014 NR 153 TC 20 Z9 20 U1 1 U2 5 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0032-0633 J9 PLANET SPACE SCI JI Planet Space Sci. PD MAY PY 2009 VL 57 IS 5-6 SI SI BP 579 EP 596 DI 10.1016/j.pss.2008.11.011 PG 18 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 456QX UT WOS:000266863400007 ER PT J AU Dohm, JM Baker, VR Boynton, WV Fairen, AG Ferris, JC Finch, M Furfaro, R Hare, TM Janes, DM Kargel, JS Karunatillake, S Keller, J Kerry, K Kim, KJ Komatsu, G Mahaney, WC Schulze-Makuch, D Marinangeli, L Ori, GG Ruiz, J Wheelock, SJ AF Dohm, James M. Baker, Victor R. Boynton, William V. Fairen, Alberto G. Ferris, Justin C. Finch, Michael Furfaro, Roberto Hare, Trent M. Janes, Daniel M. Kargel, Jeffrey S. Karunatillake, Suniti Keller, John Kerry, Kris Kim, Kyeong J. Komatsu, Goro Mahaney, William C. Schulze-Makuch, Dirk Marinangeli, Lucia Ori, Gian G. Ruiz, Javier Wheelock, Shawn J. TI GRS evidence and the possibility of paleooceans on Mars SO PLANETARY AND SPACE SCIENCE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Exploring Mars and its Earth Analogues CY JUN 19-23, 2007 CL Trento, ITALY DE Mars; Gamma-ray spectrometer; Oceans; Water; Elemental; Hydrogeology ID MARTIAN NORTHERN PLAINS; ALTIMETER MOLA DATA; MERIDIANI-PLANUM; AQUEOUS SEDIMENTATION; GLOBAL DISTRIBUTION; CHAOTIC OBLIQUITY; ROOTLESS CONES; GROUND ICE; WATER; DEPOSITS AB The Gamma Ray Spectrometer (Mars Odyssey spacecraft) has revealed elemental distributions of potassium (K), thorium (Th), and iron (Fe) on Mars that require fractionation of K (and possibly Th and Fe) consistent with aqueous activity. This includes weathering, evolution of soils, and transport, sorting, and deposition, as well as with the location of first-order geomorphological demarcations identified as possible paleoocean boundaries. The element abundances occur in patterns consistent with weathering in situ and possible presence of relict or exhumed paleosols, deposition of weathered materials (salts and clastic minerals), and weathering/transport under neutral to acidic brines. The abundances are explained by hydrogeology consistent with the possibly overlapping alternatives of paleooceans and/or heterogeneous rock compositions from diverse provenances (e.g., differing igneous compositions). (C) 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 [Dohm, James M.; Baker, Victor R.; Kargel, Jeffrey S.; Wheelock, Shawn J.] Univ Arizona, Dept Hydrol & Water Resources, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. [Dohm, James M.; Baker, Victor R.; Boynton, William V.; Finch, Michael; Janes, Daniel M.; Kerry, Kris] Univ Arizona, Lunar & Planetary Lab, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. [Fairen, Alberto G.] NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Space Sci & Astrobiol Div, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. [Ferris, Justin C.] US Geol Survey, Calif Water Sci Ctr, Sacramento, CA 95819 USA. [Furfaro, Roberto] Univ Arizona, Dept Aerosp & Mech Engn, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. [Hare, Trent M.] US Geol Survey, Flagstaff, AZ 86001 USA. [Karunatillake, Suniti] Cornell Univ, Ctr Radiophys & Space Res, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. [Keller, John] Calif Polytech State Univ San Luis Obispo, Dept Phys, San Luis Obispo, CA USA. [Kim, Kyeong J.] Korea Inst Geosci & Mineral Resources, Geol & Environm Hazards Div, Taejon, South Korea. [Komatsu, Goro; Marinangeli, Lucia; Ori, Gian G.] Univ G DAnnunzio, Int Res Sch Planetary Sci, Pescara, Italy. [Mahaney, William C.] York Univ, Atkinson Coll, Geomorphol & Pedol Lab, N York, ON M3J 1P3, Canada. [Mahaney, William C.] Quaternary Surveys, Thornhill, ON L4J 1J4, Canada. [Schulze-Makuch, Dirk] Washington State Univ, Sch Earth & Environm Sci, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. [Ruiz, Javier] CSIC, Museo Nacl Ciencias Nat, E-28006 Madrid, Spain. RP Dohm, JM (reprint author), Univ Arizona, Dept Hydrol & Water Resources, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. EM jmd@hwr.arizona.edu RI Karunatillake, Suniti/A-5934-2009; Wheelock, Shawn/A-7627-2010; Dohm, James/A-3831-2014; Ruiz, Javier/P-3975-2015; Komatsu, Goro/I-7822-2012; OI Karunatillake, Suniti/0000-0001-9891-1432; Ruiz, Javier/0000-0002-3937-8380; Komatsu, Goro/0000-0003-4155-108X; Kim, Kyeong J/0000-0001-6220-8411; Hare, Trent/0000-0001-8842-389X; Schulze-Makuch, Dirk/0000-0002-1923-9746; ORI, Gian Gabriele/0000-0002-6460-1476 NR 146 TC 40 Z9 41 U1 1 U2 12 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0032-0633 J9 PLANET SPACE SCI JI Planet Space Sci. PD MAY PY 2009 VL 57 IS 5-6 SI SI BP 664 EP 684 DI 10.1016/j.pss.2008.10.008 PG 21 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 456QX UT WOS:000266863400016 ER PT J AU Oppel, S Dickson, DL Powell, AN AF Oppel, Steffen Dickson, D. Lynne Powell, Abby N. TI International importance of the eastern Chukchi Sea as a staging area for migrating king eiders SO POLAR BIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Industrial development; King eider; Migration; Satellite telemetry; Staging; Somateria spectabilis ID COMMON EIDERS; SATELLITE TELEMETRY; INCOME DICHOTOMY; BEAUFORT SEA; BERING-SEA; WIND FARMS; POPULATION; BIRDS; DYNAMICS; SEABIRDS AB The evaluation of habitats used by arctic birds on migration is crucial for their conservation. We explored the importance of the eastern Chukchi Sea (ECS) as a staging area for king eiders (Somateria spectabilis) migrating between breeding areas in Siberia and western North America and wintering areas in the Bering Sea. We tracked 190 king eiders with satellite transmitters between 1997 and 2007. In late summer, 74% of satellite-tracked king eiders migrating south staged in the ECS for 13 +/- A 13 (SD) days between late June and early November. During spring migration, king eiders staged in the ECS between mid-April and early June for 21 +/- A 10 days. All instrumented birds migrating to breeding grounds in western North America (n = 62), and 6 of 11 males migrating to breeding grounds in Siberia, used this area for at least 1 week during spring migration. The importance of this staging area renders it possible that industrial development could adversely affect king eider populations in both Siberia and North America. C1 [Oppel, Steffen] Univ Alaska, Dept Biol & Wildlife, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA. [Dickson, D. Lynne] Canadian Wildlife Serv, Edmonton, AB T6B 2X3, Canada. [Powell, Abby N.] Univ Alaska, Inst Arctic Biol, US Geol Survey, Alaska Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA. RP Oppel, S (reprint author), Univ Alaska, Dept Biol & Wildlife, 211 Irving 1, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA. EM steffen.oppel@gmail.com OI Powell, Abby/0000-0002-9783-134X; Oppel, Steffen/0000-0002-8220-3789 FU Coastal Marine Institute (University of Alaska, Fairbanks); Minerals Management Service; US Geological Survey (OCS Program); Canadian Wildlife Service FX This study was funded by the Coastal Marine Institute (University of Alaska, Fairbanks), Minerals Management Service, US Geological Survey (OCS Program), and Canadian Wildlife Service. Further financial and technical support was provided by the Sea Duck Joint Venture, US Fish and Wildlife Service, North Slope Borough, ConocoPhillips Alaska Inc., Inuvialuit Wildlife Management Advisory Council, World Wildlife Fund, BP Exploration Alaska, Polar Continental Shelf Project, US Geological Survey Alaska Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, Institute of Arctic Biology (University of Alaska Fairbanks), and German Academic Exchange Service. We thank G. Balogh, J. Fadely, C. Monnett, J. Gleason, B. Anderson, P. Martin, H. Trefry, S. Trefry, M. Hay, T. Bowman, T. Obritschkewitsch, C. Rea, A. Lazenby, J. Harth, D. Douglas, R. Suydam, D. Troy, J. Zelenak, P. Howey, G. Raven, B. Griffith, and many field assistants for valuable input and technical assistance. E. Taylor initiated the satellite telemetry project, and we appreciate his efforts. L. Phillips assisted in catching birds as well as analyzing telemetry data, and we greatly appreciate her help. We are also grateful to our veterinarians C. Scott, P. Tuomi, and M. Mitchell, and several vet technicians for performing the surgeries. The manuscript benefited from thoughtful comments by E. C. Murphy, R. Suydam, T. Bowman, L. Phillips, and E. Taylor. The use of trade, product, or firm names in this publication is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by either the US or Canadian Government. NR 56 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 5 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0722-4060 J9 POLAR BIOL JI Polar Biol. PD MAY PY 2009 VL 32 IS 5 BP 775 EP 783 DI 10.1007/s00300-008-0580-3 PG 9 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 434UE UT WOS:000265298800009 ER PT J AU Markewich, HW Litwin, RJ Pavich, MJ Brook, GA AF Markewich, Helaine W. Litwin, Ronald J. Pavich, Milan J. Brook, George A. TI Late Pleistocene eolian features in southeastern Maryland and Chesapeake Bay region indicate strong WNW-NW winds accompanied growth of the Laurentide Ice Sheet SO QUATERNARY RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE Eolian; Dune; Paha; Paleowind; Chesapeake Bay region; Late Pleistocene; Last glacial maximum ID USA; SIMULATIONS; CALIBRATION; CLIMATE; LOESS; BP AB Inactive parabolic dunes are present in Southeastern Maryland, USA, along the east bank of the Potomac River. More elongate and finer-grained eolian deposits and paha-like ridges characterize the Potomac River-Patuxent River upland and the west side of Chesapeake Bay. These ridges are streamlined erosional Features, veneered with eolian sediment and interspersed with duties in the low-relief headwaters of Potomac- and Patuxent-river tributaries. Axis data for the duties and ridges indicate foundation by WNW-NW winds. Optically stimulated luminescence and radiocarbon age data suggest dune formation from similar to 33-15 ka, agreeing with the 30-13 ka ages Denny, C.S., Owens, J.P., Sirkin, L., Rubin, M., 1979. The Parsonburg Sand in the central Delmarva Peninsula, Maryland and Delaware. U.S. Geol. Surv. Prof. Pap. 1067-B, 16 pp. Suggested for eolian deposits east of Chesapeake Bay. Age range and paleowind direction(s) for eolian features in the Bay region approximate those for late Wisconsin loess in the North American midcontinent. Formation of midcontinent loess and Bay-region eolian features was coeval with rapid growth of the Laurentide Ice Sheet and strong cooling episodes (delta O-18 minima) evident in Greenland ice cores. Age and paleowind-direction coincidence, for eolian features in the midcontinent and Bay region, indicates strong mid-latitude WNW-NW winds for several hundred kilometers South of the Laurentide glacial terminus that were oblique to previously simulated anticyclonic winds for the last glacial maximum. Published by University of Washington. C1 [Markewich, Helaine W.] US Geol Survey, Peachtree Business Ctr, Atlanta, GA 30360 USA. [Litwin, Ronald J.; Pavich, Milan J.] US Geol Survey, Reston, VA 22092 USA. [Brook, George A.] Univ Georgia, Dept Geog, Athens, GA 30602 USA. RP Markewich, HW (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Peachtree Business Ctr, 3039 Amwiler Rd,Ste 130, Atlanta, GA 30360 USA. EM helainem@usgs.gov NR 36 TC 12 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 8 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0033-5894 EI 1096-0287 J9 QUATERNARY RES JI Quat. Res. PD MAY PY 2009 VL 71 IS 3 BP 409 EP 425 DI 10.1016/j.yqres.2009.02.001 PG 17 WC Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Physical Geography; Geology GA 434VG UT WOS:000265301600015 ER PT J AU Kurek, J Cwynar, LC Ager, TA Abbott, MB Edwards, ME AF Kurek, Joshua Cwynar, Les C. Ager, Thomas A. Abbott, Mark B. Edwards, Mary E. TI Late Quaternary paleoclimate of western Alaska inferred from fossil chironomids and its relation to vegetation histories SO QUATERNARY SCIENCE REVIEWS LA English DT Review ID BERING LAND-BRIDGE; LAST GLACIAL MAXIMUM; ST-MICHAEL ISLAND; LATE PLEISTOCENE; NORTHWESTERN ALASKA; HOLOCENE CLIMATE; POLLEN RECORDS; MODERN ANALOGS; QUANTITATIVE INDICATORS; STATISTICAL APPROACH AB Fossil Chironomidae assemblages (with a few Chaoboridae and Ceratopogonidae) from Zagoskin and Burial Lakes in western Alaska provide quantitative reconstructions of mean July air temperatures for periods of the late-middle Wisconsin (similar to 39,000-34,000 cal yr B.P.) to the present. Inferred temperatures are compared with previously analyzed pollen data from each site summarized here by indirect ordination. Paleotemperature trends reveal substantial differences in the timing of climatic warming following the late Wisconsin at each site, although chronological uncertainty exists. Zagoskin Lake shows early warming beginning at about 21,000 cal yr B.P., whereas warming at Burial Lake begins similar to 4000 years later. Summer climates during the last glacial maximum (LGM) were on average similar to 3.5 degrees C below the modern temperatures at each site. Major shifts in vegetation occurred from similar to 19,000 to 10,000 cal yr B.P. at Zagoskin Lake and from similar to 17,000 to 10,000 cal yr B.R at Burial Lake. Vegetation shifts followed climatic warming, when temperatures neared modern values. Both sites provide evidence of an early postglacial thermal maximum at similar to 12,300 cal yr B.R These chironomid records, combined with other insect-based climatic reconstructions from Beringia, indicate that during the LGM: (1) greater continentality likely influenced regions adjacent to the Bering Land Bridge and (2) summer climates were, at times, not dominated by severe cold. (C) 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 [Kurek, Joshua; Cwynar, Les C.] Univ New Brunswick, Dept Biol, Fredericton, NB E3B 6E1, Canada. [Ager, Thomas A.] US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Lakewood, CO 80225 USA. [Abbott, Mark B.] Univ Pittsburgh, Dept Geol & Planetary Sci, Pittsburgh, PA 15260 USA. [Edwards, Mary E.] Univ Southampton, Sch Geog, Southampton SO17 1BJ, Hants, England. [Edwards, Mary E.] Univ Alaska Fairbanks, Alaska Quaternary Ctr, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA. RP Kurek, J (reprint author), Univ New Brunswick, Dept Biol, POB 4400, Fredericton, NB E3B 6E1, Canada. EM joshua.kurek@unb.ca; cwynar@unb.ca; tager@usgs.gov; mabbott1@pitt.edu; m.e.edwards@soton.ac.uk RI Cwynar, Les/I-4214-2012 FU Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC); National Science Foundation-Earth System History FX This research was supported by the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC), collaborative research opportunity on "Late Pleistocene paleoclimates of eastern Beringia" awarded to LC. Cwynar, K. Gajewski, R. Pienitz, and I.R. Walker, and by a National Science Foundation-Earth System History grant to M. Abbott, E. Cobabe, B. Finney, and M. Edwards. Additional scholarly support was provided by NSERC PGS B to J. Kurek. Scott Elias and an anonymous reviewer provided comments and suggestions that improved this manuscript. NR 80 TC 26 Z9 27 U1 1 U2 26 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0277-3791 J9 QUATERNARY SCI REV JI Quat. Sci. Rev. PD MAY PY 2009 VL 28 IS 9-10 BP 799 EP 811 DI 10.1016/j.quascirev.2008.12.001 PG 13 WC Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Physical Geography; Geology GA 435QK UT WOS:000265358200004 ER PT J AU Romme, WH Allen, CD Balley, JD Baker, WL Bestelmeyer, BT Brown, PM Eisenhart, KS Floyd, ML Huffman, DW Jacobs, BF Miller, RF Muldavin, EH Swetnam, TW Tausch, RJ Weisberg, PJ AF Romme, William H. Allen, Craig D. Balley, John D. Baker, William L. Bestelmeyer, Brandon T. Brown, Peter M. Eisenhart, Karen S. Floyd, M. Lisa Huffman, David W. Jacobs, Brian F. Miller, Richard F. Muldavin, Esteban H. Swetnam, Thomas W. Tausch, Robin J. Weisberg, Peter J. TI Historical and Modern Disturbance Regimes, Stand Structures, and Landscape Dynamics in Pinon-Juniper Vegetation of the Western United States SO RANGELAND ECOLOGY & MANAGEMENT LA English DT Review DE climate; CO2; drought; fire; grazing; tree infill; tree invasion; range expansion ID FIRE HISTORY; ROCKY-MOUNTAINS; CENTRAL OREGON; GREAT-BASIN; NEW-MEXICO; ENVIRONMENTAL GRADIENTS; CLIMATE VARIABILITY; ATMOSPHERIC CO2; LATE HOLOCENE; SAGE-GROUSE AB Pinon-juniper is a major vegetation type in western North America. Effective management of these ecosystems has been hindered by inadequate understanding of 1) the variability in ecosystem structure and ecological processes that exists among the diverse combinations of pinons, junipers, and associated shrubs, herbs, and soil organisms; 2) the prehistoric and historic disturbance regimes; and 3) the mechanisms driving changes in vegetation structure and composition during the past 150 yr. This article summarizes what we know (and don't know) about three fundamentally different kinds of pinon-juniper vegetation. Persistent woodlands are found where local soils, climate, and disturbance regimes are favorable for pinon, juniper, or a mix of both; fires have always been infrequent in these woodlands. Pinon juniper savannas are found where local soils and climate are suitable for both trees and grasses; it is logical that low-severity fires may have maintained low tree densities before disruption of fire regimes following Euro-American settlement, but information is insufficient to support any confident statements about historical disturbance regimes in these savannas. Wooded shrublands are found where local soils and climate support a shrub community, but trees can increase during moist climatic conditions and periods without disturbance and decrease during droughts and following disturbance. Dramatic increases in tree density have occurred in portions of all three types of pinon-juniper vegetation, although equally dramatic mortality events have also occurred in some areas. The potential mechanisms driving increases in tree density-such as recovery from past disturbance, natural range expansion, livestock grazing, fire exclusion, climatic variability, and CO, fertilization-generally have not received enough empirical or experimental investigation to predict which is most important in any given location. The intent of this synthesis is 1) to provide a Source of information for managers and policy makers; and 2) to stimulate researchers to address the most important unanswered questions. C1 [Romme, William H.; Brown, Peter M.; Jacobs, Brian F.] Colorado State Univ, Dept Forest Rangeland & Watershed Stewardship, Ft Collins, CO 80524 USA. [Romme, William H.; Brown, Peter M.; Jacobs, Brian F.] Colorado State Univ, Grad Degree Program Ecol, Ft Collins, CO 80524 USA. [Allen, Craig D.] US Geol Survey, Jemez Mt Field Stn, Los Alamos, NM 87544 USA. [Balley, John D.] Oregon State Univ, Dept Forest Engn Resources & Management, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. [Baker, William L.] Univ Wyoming, Ecol Program, Laramie, WY 82071 USA. [Baker, William L.] Univ Wyoming, Dept Geog, Laramie, WY 82071 USA. [Bestelmeyer, Brandon T.] New Mexico State Univ, USDA ARS, Las Cruces, NM 88003 USA. [Brown, Peter M.] Rocky Mt Tree Ring Res, Ft Collins, CO 80526 USA. [Eisenhart, Karen S.] Edinboro Univ Penn, Dept Geosci, Edinboro, PA 16444 USA. [Floyd, M. Lisa] Prescott Coll, Environm Studies Program, Prescott, AZ 86303 USA. [Huffman, David W.] No Arizona Univ, Ecol Restorat Inst, Flagstaff, AZ 86011 USA. [Jacobs, Brian F.] Natl Pk Serv, Los Alamos, NM 87544 USA. [Miller, Richard F.] Oregon State Univ, Dept Range Ecol & Management, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. [Muldavin, Esteban H.] Univ New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131 USA. [Swetnam, Thomas W.] Univ Arizona, Tree Ring Res Lab, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. [Tausch, Robin J.] USDA ARS, Rocky Mt Res Stn, Reno, NV 89512 USA. [Weisberg, Peter J.] Univ Nevada, Dept Nat Resources & Environm Sci, Reno, NV 89512 USA. RP Romme, WH (reprint author), Colorado State Univ, Dept Forest Rangeland & Watershed Stewardship, Ft Collins, CO 80524 USA. EM romme@warnercnr.colostate.edu RI Baker, William/A-7008-2008; Swetnam, Thomas/A-6052-2008; Romme, William/C-7317-2016 OI Swetnam, Thomas/0000-0001-7268-2184; FU Bureau of Land Management; US Dept of Defense; US Joint Fire Sciences Program; US National Park Service, the Uncompahgre Plateau Partnership; US Forest Service; US Geological Survey; Nature Conservancy; Colorado Forest Restoration Institute of Colorado State University (CSU); CSU and Universite Laval (Quebec, OC) FX The research that forms the basis of this article has been supported by the authors' home institutions and by many other sources, including the Bureau of Land Management, the US Dept of Defense, the US Joint Fire Sciences Program, the US National Park Service, the Uncompahgre Plateau Partnership, the US Forest Service, and the US Geological Survey, among others. The workshop in which we developed the article was funded by The Nature Conservancy and the Colorado Forest Restoration Institute of Colorado State University (CSU), CSU and Universite Laval (Quebec, OC) provided time and resources for writing the article via a sabbatical leave for W.H.R. in 2007-2008. NR 120 TC 113 Z9 113 U1 6 U2 60 PU SOC RANGE MANAGEMENT PI LAKEWOOD PA 445 UNION BLVD, STE 230, LAKEWOOD, CO 80228-1259 USA SN 1550-7424 EI 1551-5028 J9 RANGELAND ECOL MANAG JI Rangel. Ecol. Manag. PD MAY PY 2009 VL 62 IS 3 BP 203 EP 222 DI 10.2111/08-188R1.1 PG 20 WC Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 448VT UT WOS:000266290800001 ER PT J AU Elsey-Quirk, T Middleton, BA Proffitt, CE AF Elsey-Quirk, Tracy Middleton, Beth A. Proffitt, C. Edward TI Seed Dispersal and Seedling Emergence in a Created and a Natural Salt Marsh on the Gulf of Mexico Coast in Southwest Louisiana, USA SO RESTORATION ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE dredge sediment; hydrochory; natural colonization; restoration; seed traps; wind dispersal ID LIFE HISTORY STAGES; SPARTINA-ALTERNIFLORA; ECOSYSTEM DEVELOPMENT; OXYGEN AVAILABILITY; PLANTS; RESTORATION; SALINITY; RECRUITMENT; GERMINATION; ELEVATION AB Early regeneration dynamics related to seed dispersal and seedling emergence can contribute to differences in species composition among a created and a natural salt marsh. The objectives of this study were to determine (1) whether aquatic and aerial seed dispersal differed in low and high elevations within a created marsh and a natural marsh and (2) whether seedling emergence was influenced by marsh, the presence of openings in the vegetation, and seed availability along the northern Gulf of Mexico coast. Aerial seed traps captured a greater quantity of seeds than aquatic traps. Several factors influenced aquatic and aerial seed dispersal in a created and a natural salt marsh, including distance from the marsh edge, cover of existing vegetation, and water depth. The natural marsh had a high seed density of Spartina alterniflora and Distichlis spicata, the low-elevation created marsh had a high seed density of S. alterniflora, and the high-elevation created marsh had a high seed density of Aster subulatus and Iva frutescens. The presence of adult plants and water depth above the marsh surface influenced seed density. In the natural marsh, openings in vegetation increased seedling emergence for all species, whereas in the low-elevation created marsh, S. alterniflora had higher seedling density under a canopy of vegetation. According to the early regeneration dynamics, the future vegetation in areas of the low-elevation created marsh may become similar to that in the natural marsh. In the high-elevation created marsh, vegetation may be upland fringe habitat dominated by high-elevation marsh shrubs and annual herbaceous species. C1 [Elsey-Quirk, Tracy] Univ Delaware, Coll Marine & Earth Studies, Lewes, DE 19958 USA. [Middleton, Beth A.] USGS Natl Wetlands Res Ctr, Lafayette, LA 70506 USA. [Proffitt, C. Edward] Florida Atlantic Univ, Harbor Branch Oceanog Inst Inc, Dept Biol Sci, Ft Pierce, FL 34946 USA. RP Elsey-Quirk, T (reprint author), Univ Delaware, Coll Marine & Earth Studies, 700 Pilottown Rd, Lewes, DE 19958 USA. EM telsey@udel.edu OI Middleton, Beth/0000-0002-1220-2326 FU U.S. Geological Survey; Garden Club of America; Sabine NWR FX This research was supported by the U.S. Geological Survey, the Garden Club of America, and Sabine NWR. W. T. Quirk, G. Goranova, and D. Bhattacharya provided much appreciated field assistance. Thanks to K. Foster and D. Seliskar for editing and reviewing this manuscript. P. Chadwick provided the aerial photograph of the study site. Statistical advice was provided by D. Johnson at the National Wetlands Research Center and P. Leberg at the University of Louisiana Lafayette. NR 43 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 9 U2 45 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PUBLISHING, INC PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 1061-2971 J9 RESTOR ECOL JI Restor. Ecol. PD MAY PY 2009 VL 17 IS 3 BP 422 EP 432 DI 10.1111/j.1526-100X.2008.00398.x PG 11 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 440PV UT WOS:000265713100014 ER PT J AU Kiffney, PM Pess, GR Anderson, JH Faulds, P Burton, K Riley, SC AF Kiffney, Peter M. Pess, George R. Anderson, Joseph H. Faulds, P. Burton, K. Riley, Stephen C. TI CHANGES IN FISH COMMUNITIES FOLLOWING RECOLONIZATION OF THE CEDAR RIVER, WA, USA BY PACIFIC SALMON AFTER 103 YEARS OF LOCAL EXTIRPATION SO RIVER RESEARCH AND APPLICATIONS LA English DT Article DE barriers; habitat fragmentation; migration corridors; fish; river landscapes; salmon; trout ID JUVENILE COHO SALMON; TROUT ONCORHYNCHUS-CLARKI; NEWLY ACCESSIBLE HABITAT; CUTTHROAT TROUT; CHINOOK SALMON; STREAM; COLONIZATION; RESTORATION; POPULATION; ECOSYSTEMS AB Migration barriers are a major reason for species loss and population decline of freshwater organisms. Significant efforts have been made to remove or provide passage around these barriers; however, our understanding of the ecological effects of these efforts is minimal. Installation of a fish passage facility at the Landsburg Dam, WA, USA provided migratory fish access to habitat from which they had been excluded for over 100 years. Relying on voluntary recruitment, we examined the effectiveness of this facility in restoring coho (Oncorhynchus kisutch) salmon populations above the diversion, and whether reintroduction of native anadromous species affected the distribution and abundance of resident trout (O. mykiss and O. clarki). Before the ladder, late summer total salmonid (trout only) density increased with distance from the dam. This pattern was reversed after the ladder was opened, as total salmonid density (salmon + trout) approximately doubled in the three reaches closest to the dam. These changes were primarily due to the addition of coho, but small trout density also increased in lower reaches and decreased in upper reaches. A nearby source population, dispersal by adults and juveniles, low density of resident trout and high quality habitat above the barrier likely promoted rapid colonization of targeted species. Our results suggest that barrier removal creates an opportunity for migratory species to re-establish populations leading to range expansion and potentially to increased population size. Copyright (C) 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. C1 [Kiffney, Peter M.] NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Mukilteo Field Stn, Mukilteo, WA 98275 USA. [Pess, George R.] NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. [Anderson, Joseph H.] Univ Washington, Sch Aquat & Fishery Sci, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. [Faulds, P.; Burton, K.] Seattle Publ Util, Seattle, WA 98124 USA. [Riley, Stephen C.] US Geol Survey, Great Lakes Sci Ctr, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA. RP Kiffney, PM (reprint author), NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Mukilteo Field Stn, 10 Pk Ave,Bldg B, Mukilteo, WA 98275 USA. EM peter.kiffney@noaa.gov FU Cedar River Anadrornous Fish Commission; SPU; NWFSC; Washington Sea Grant, University of Washington; National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) [NA040AR4170032, R/F-148]; Smith College-NOAA internship program FX A number of people have helped with this project over the years especially individuals from the Northwest Fisheries Science Center (NWFSC) and Seattle Public Utilities (SPU), and the University of Washington. We especially recognize the contributions of B. Bachen, H. Barnett, D. Chapin, D. Paige, and R. Little from SPU, K. Bartz, T. Bennett, E. Buhle, J. Crarn, K. Kloehn, M. Liermann, R. Klett, C. Inman, S. Morley, B. Reichart, A. Robinson, and M. Ruckelshaus from the NWFSC, and T. Quinn from University of Washington. Funding was provided by the Cedar River Anadrornous Fish Commission; SPU; the NWFSC; Washington Sea Grant, University of Washington, pursuant to National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Award Number NA040AR4170032 and Project Number R/F-148; and the Smith College-NOAA internship program. NR 63 TC 30 Z9 31 U1 5 U2 68 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ USA SN 1535-1459 EI 1535-1467 J9 RIVER RES APPL JI River Res. Appl. PD MAY PY 2009 VL 25 IS 4 BP 438 EP 452 DI 10.1002/rra.1174 PG 15 WC Environmental Sciences; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Water Resources GA 447IY UT WOS:000266186000006 ER PT J AU Ridenour, CJ Starostka, AB Doyle, WJ Hill, TD AF Ridenour, Clayton J. Starostka, Andrew B. Doyle, Wyatt J. Hill, Tracy D. TI HABITAT USED BY MACRHYBOPSIS CHUBS ASSOCIATED WITH CHANNEL MODIFYING STRUCTURES IN A LARGE REGULATED RIVER: IMPLICATIONS FOR RIVER MODIFICATION SO RIVER RESEARCH AND APPLICATIONS LA English DT Article DE Macrhybopsis; channel modifying structure; dike and channel sandbar; regulated river; habitat use; ontogenetic habitat shift ID UPPER MISSISSIPPI RIVER; FISH ASSEMBLAGES; LOWLAND RIVER; YELLOWSTONE RIVERS; MICROHABITAT USE; MISSOURI RIVER; FLOOD-PLAIN; SCALE; COMMUNITIES; STURGEON AB We examined use of channel modifying structures (CMS; e.g., engineered rock dikes, channel sandbars) and their associated smaller spatial-scale habitats (SSH) on lower Missouri River, USA, by speckled chub (Macrhybopsis aestivalis), sicklefin chub (M. meeki) and sturgeon chub (M. gelida) from June through October, 2006 to identify important habitat characteristics that could aid conservation. We sampled chubs primarily in six CMS types: L-dikes, wing-dikes, kicker dikes, rootless dikes, channel sandbars and bank-lines. Ninety-three per cent of chubs were collected from L-dikes, wing-dikes and channel sandbars. Unidentifiable Macrhybopsis chubs (UHY) were less than 35-mm TL, were collected early in the sampling season and were most associated with L-dikes where mean bottom current velocity was slow (0.07 m/s). Chubs large enough to be identified to species were associated with large channel sandbars where mean bottom current velocity was faster (0.34 m/s). Chubs from wing-dikes were more abundant in shallow water (< 1.2 m deep) adjacent to bars than in deeper (> 1.2 m deep), open-water areas (p = 0.007). Month accounted for 54% and CMS with SSH 18% of explained variation in chub species distribution and abundance. Our results demonstrate that CMS in the contemporary lower Missouri River channel provide multiple habitats for multiple life-stages of Macrhybopsis chubs (e.g., nursery and post-nursery habitats). L- and wing-dikes may provide surrogate nursery habitats for chubs where in-channel slow-velocity areas were lost after river channelization. Managing CMS to address life history stages and an ecologically appropriate proportion and distribution of dike to channel sandbar habitats may be critical for conservation of native Macrhybopsis chubs in lower Missouri River. Published in 2008 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. C1 [Ridenour, Clayton J.; Starostka, Andrew B.; Doyle, Wyatt J.; Hill, Tracy D.] US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Columbia Natl Fish & Wildlife Conservat Off, Columbia, MO 65203 USA. RP Ridenour, CJ (reprint author), US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Columbia Natl Fish & Wildlife Conservat Off, 101 Pk DeVille Dr,Suite A, Columbia, MO 65203 USA. EM clayton_ridenour@fws.gov FU U.S. Army Corps of Engineers; U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service FX Funding for this study was provided by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers and the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. We thank Drs. Craig PaLikert and Doug Dieterman, Mr. Colby Wrasse and four anonymous reviewers for insightful comments on earlier drafts to improve this manuscript. Many biologists and technicians collected field data and processed fish samples in the lab, including Nick Frohnauer, Cory Lee, Jennifer Johnson, Tammy Knecht, Cody Luebbering, Chris Eggleston, Chris McLeland and Dustin Martin. NR 63 TC 11 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 7 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD PI CHICHESTER PA THE ATRIUM, SOUTHERN GATE, CHICHESTER PO19 8SQ, W SUSSEX, ENGLAND SN 1535-1459 J9 RIVER RES APPL JI River Res. Appl. PD MAY PY 2009 VL 25 IS 4 BP 472 EP 485 DI 10.1002/rra.1175 PG 14 WC Environmental Sciences; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Water Resources GA 447IY UT WOS:000266186000008 ER PT J AU Colvin, ME Moffitt, CM AF Colvin, Michael E. Moffitt, Christine M. TI EVALUATION OF IRRIGATION CANAL NETWORKS TO ASSESS STREAM CONNECTIVITY IN A WATERSHED SO RIVER RESEARCH AND APPLICATIONS LA English DT Article DE geographic information systems; river restoration; irrigation canal; fluvial connection; historical diversion; stream network; western US water resources ID HYDROLOGIC CONNECTIVITY; PACIFIC-NORTHWEST; RESTORATION; SYSTEMS; MODEL; LANDSCAPES; MANAGEMENT; ECOSYSTEM; SALMON AB We used digital data sets, aerial photos and direct field observations in a geographical information system to evaluate the stream habitat in an Idaho watershed affected by agriculture. We found that the scale of the digital data sets affected the outcome of the assessment due to the presence of dewatered stream channels in the drainage. We analysed the spatial configuration of irrigation canals in the watershed to determine if the contemporary stream network connectivity could be attributed to human-caused or to natural hydrological processes. Many irrigation canals were significantly longer than would have been expected if these canals were constructed to capture water from the closest portion of the abandoned stream channels. Our findings provide evidence that some of these tributary streams had reaches that were likely ephemeral or intermittent at the time of canal construction. Our approach for assessing stream and irrigation network connectivity in pastoral and agricultural lands should aid managers in prioritizing the effective and appropriate reconnection efforts. Published in 2008 by John Wiley & Sons Ltd. C1 [Colvin, Michael E.; Moffitt, Christine M.] Univ Idaho, Dept Fish & Wildlife Resources, Idaho Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, USGS, Moscow, ID 83844 USA. RP Moffitt, CM (reprint author), Univ Idaho, Dept Fish & Wildlife Resources, Idaho Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, USGS, Moscow, ID 83844 USA. EM cmoffitt@uidaho.edu NR 35 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 1 U2 9 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD PI CHICHESTER PA THE ATRIUM, SOUTHERN GATE, CHICHESTER PO19 8SQ, W SUSSEX, ENGLAND SN 1535-1459 J9 RIVER RES APPL JI River Res. Appl. PD MAY PY 2009 VL 25 IS 4 BP 486 EP 496 DI 10.1002/rra.1171 PG 11 WC Environmental Sciences; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Water Resources GA 447IY UT WOS:000266186000009 ER PT J AU Lienkaemper, JJ Ramsey, CB AF Lienkaemper, James J. Ramsey, Christopher Bronk TI OxCal: Versatile Tool for Developing Paleoearthquake Chronologies-A Primer SO SEISMOLOGICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article ID SAN-ANDREAS FAULT; LARGE EARTHQUAKES; CALIFORNIA; SITE C1 [Lienkaemper, James J.] US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. [Ramsey, Christopher Bronk] Univ Oxford, Res Lab Archaeol, Oxford OX1 3QY, England. RP Lienkaemper, JJ (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 345 Middlefield Rd,MS-977, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. EM jlienk@usgs.gov; christopher.ramsey@rlaha.ox.ac.uk RI Bronk Ramsey, Christopher/A-3277-2012 NR 9 TC 44 Z9 44 U1 0 U2 0 PU SEISMOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI EL CERRITO PA PLAZA PROFESSIONAL BLDG, SUITE 201, EL CERRITO, CA 94530 USA SN 0895-0695 J9 SEISMOL RES LETT JI Seismol. Res. Lett. PD MAY-JUN PY 2009 VL 80 IS 3 BP 431 EP 434 DI 10.1785/gssrl.80.3.431 PG 4 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 444AA UT WOS:000265950800004 ER PT J AU Tatara, CP Riley, SC Scheurer, JA AF Tatara, Christopher P. Riley, Stephen C. Scheurer, Julie A. TI Growth, Survival, and Habitat Use of Naturally Reared and Hatchery Steelhead Fry in Streams: Effects of an Enriched Hatchery Rearing Environment SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE AMERICAN FISHERIES SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID MIGRATING JUVENILE SALMONIDS; TROUT ONCORHYNCHUS-MYKISS; SPRING CHINOOK SALMON; DOMINANCE HIERARCHIES; ANADROMOUS SALMONIDS; POSTRELEASE SURVIVAL; WASHINGTON STREAMS; BRITISH-COLUMBIA; ATLANTIC SALMON; BROWN TROUT AB After hatchery-reared salmonids are released into file Wild. their Survival and performance are frequently lower than those of wild conspecifies. Additionally, negative effects of hatchery fish oil wild fish are cited as factors affecting the recovery of salmonid populations. Alternative hatchery rearing environments and release practices have been proposed to mitigate both problems. We investigated the postrelease growth, Survival, habitat use, and spatial distribution of hatchery steelhead Oncorhynchus mykiss fry reared in convention at and enriched environments and compared their performance with thin of naturally reared steelhead try horn the same parent Population in two streams. Average instantaneous growth rates differed between streams bill not among file three rearing groups. The survival of naturally reared fry was significantly greater than that of both types of hatchery fry (relative survival = 0.33) but did not differ between the, conventional and enriched environments. Naturally reared fry grew and survived equally well regardless of the type of hatchery fry with which they were stocked. Supplementation increased Cry population size in all stream sections but produced hatchery-biased Populations. Steelhead fry preferred pool habitat within stream Sections, but Pool use was affected by all interaction between rearing environment and stream. Hatchery fry had more clumped spatial distributions than naturally reared fry, Which were affected by a significant interaction between rearing type and stream. Hatchery rearing type and stream had no effect on the spatial distribution of naturally reared fry. We conclude that (1) hatchery, steelhead fry released in streams grow as well as naturally reared fry but do not survive as well, (2) enriched hatchery environments do not improve postrelease growth or survival, and (3) upon release, fry raised in enriched hatchery environments affect the growth and survival of naturally reared Cry in much the same way as fry reared in conventional hatchery environments. C1 [Tatara, Christopher P.] NOAA, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Manchester Res Stn, Manchester, WA 98353 USA. [Riley, Stephen C.] US Geol Survey, Great Lakes Sci Ctr, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA. [Scheurer, Julie A.] NOAA, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Newport Res Stn, Newport, OR 97365 USA. RP Tatara, CP (reprint author), NOAA, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Manchester Res Stn, POB 130, Manchester, WA 98353 USA. EM chris.p.tatara@noaa.gov NR 57 TC 18 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 15 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT STREET, STE 850, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 0002-8487 EI 1548-8659 J9 T AM FISH SOC JI Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. PD MAY PY 2009 VL 138 IS 3 BP 441 EP 457 DI 10.1577/T07-260.1 PG 17 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 477EJ UT WOS:000268501100001 ER PT J AU Kocovsky, PM Adams, JV Bronte, CR AF Kocovsky, Patrick M. Adams, Jean V. Bronte, Charles R. TI The Effect of Sample Size on the Stability of Principal Components Analysis of Truss-Based Fish Morphometrics SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE AMERICAN FISHERIES SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID SPRING CHINOOK SALMON; LAKE-SUPERIOR; RIVER-BASIN; GEOMETRIC MORPHOMETRICS; MORPHOLOGICAL VARIATION; BODY MORPHOLOGY; TELEOSTEI; SHAPE; DIFFERENTIATION; PERCIDAE AB Multivariate analysis of fish morphometric truss elements for stock identification, description of new species, assessment of condition, and other applications is frequently conducted on data sets that have sample sizes smaller than those recommended in the literature. Minimum Sample size recommendations are rarely accompanied by empirical support, and we know of no previous assessment of minimum sample sizes for multivariate analysis of fish truss elements. We examined the stability of outcomes of principal components analysis (PCA) Of truss elements, a commonly applied method of morphometric analysis for. fishes. by conducting PCA on 1,000 resamples for each of 24 different Sample sizes (N: each sample drawn Without replacement) from collections of Yellow perch Perca flavescens (397 fish), while perch Morone americana (208 fish). and siscowet fake trout Salvelinus namaycush (560 fish). Eigenvalues were inflated and loadings on eigenvectors were highly unstable for the first three principal components (PCs) whenever N was smaller than the number of truss elements (P). Stability of eigenvalues and eigenvectors increased as the N:P ratio increased for all three Species. but the N:P ratio at which stable results were achieved varied by species, Our results suggest that an N:P ratio of 3.5-8.0 was required for stability of PC2 and PC3. which is required for analysis of fish Shape. Because some of our results varied among the species we examined. we recommend similar evaluations for other species. Results from past work that used PCA of truss elements and where N was less than P may require re-evaluation. C1 [Kocovsky, Patrick M.] US Geol Survey, Great Lakes Sci Ctr, Sandusky, OH 44870 USA. [Adams, Jean V.] US Geol Survey, Great Lakes Sci Ctr, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA. [Bronte, Charles R.] US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Green Bay Fish & Wildlife Conservat Off, New Franken, WI 54229 USA. RP Kocovsky, PM (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Great Lakes Sci Ctr, 6100 Columbus Ave, Sandusky, OH 44870 USA. EM pkocovsky@usgs.gov NR 56 TC 15 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 5 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT STREET, STE 850, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 0002-8487 EI 1548-8659 J9 T AM FISH SOC JI Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. PD MAY PY 2009 VL 138 IS 3 BP 487 EP 496 DI 10.1577/T08-091.1 PG 10 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 477EJ UT WOS:000268501100004 ER PT J AU Mccarthy, SG Duda, JJ Emlen, JM Hodgson, GR Beauchamp, DA AF Mccarthy, Sarah G. Duda, Jeffrey J. Emlen, John M. Hodgson, Garth R. Beauchamp, David A. TI Linking Habitat Quality with Trophic Performance of Steelhead along Forest Gradients in the South Fork Trinity River Watershed, California SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE AMERICAN FISHERIES SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID TERRESTRIAL INVERTEBRATES; JUVENILE STEELHEAD; RAINBOW-TROUT; OLD-GROWTH; FOOD WEBS; STREAM; SALMON; FISH; SURVIVAL; PREY AB We examined invertebrate prey. fish diet, and energy assimilation in relation to habitat variation for steelhead Oncorhynchus mykiss (anadromous rainbow trout) and rainbow trout in nine low-order tributaries of the South Fork Trinity River, northern California. These streams spanned a range of environmental conditions, which allowed us to use bioeneractics modeling to determine the relative effects of forest cover, stream temperature, season, and fish age on food consumption and growth efficiency. Evidence of seasonal shifts in reliance on aquatic versus terrestrial food sources was detected among forest cover categories and fish ages, although these categories were not robust indicators of O. mykiss condition and growth efficiency. Consumption estimates were generally less than 20% of maximum consumption, and fish lost weight in some streams during summer low-flow conditions when stream temperatures exceeded 15 degrees C, Current 100-year climate change projections for California threaten to exacerbate negative growth patterns and may undermine the productivity of this steelhead population, which is currently not listed as endangered or threatened. To demonstrate the potential effect of global warming on fish growth. we ran three climate change scenarios in two representative streams. Simulated temperature increases ranging from 1.4 degrees C to 5.5 degrees C during the summer and from 1.5 degrees C to 2.9 degrees C during the winter amplified the weight loss: estimated average growth for age-1 fish was 0.4-4.5 times lower than normal (low to high estimated temperature increase) in the warm stream and 0.05-0.8 times lower in the cool stream. We conclude that feeding rate and temperature during the summer currently limit the growth and productivity of steelhead and rainbow trout in low-order streams in the South Fork Trinity River basin and predict that climate change will have detrimental effects on steelhead growth as well as on macroinvertebrate communities and stream ecosystems in general. C1 Univ Washington, Sch Aquat & Fishery Sci, Seattle, WA 98105 USA. [Duda, Jeffrey J.; Emlen, John M.] US Geol Survey, Western Fisheries Res Ctr, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. [Hodgson, Garth R.] US Forest Serv, Redwood Sci Lab, Arcata, CA 95521 USA. [Beauchamp, David A.] US Geol Survey, Washington Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Sch Aquat & Fishery Sci, Seattle, WA 98105 USA. RP Mccarthy, SG (reprint author), Univ Washington, Sch Aquat & Fishery Sci, Box 355020, Seattle, WA 98105 USA. EM sarahpdr@yahoo.com RI Duda, Jeffrey/A-7132-2009 OI Duda, Jeffrey/0000-0001-7431-8634 FU U.S. Geological Survey, Western Fisheries Research Center, the University of Washington, Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit; U.S. Forest Service's Redwood Sciences Laboratory FX We thank Hartwell Welsh of the U.S. Forest Service's Redwood Sciences Laboratory in Arcata. California, as well as John Lang and Jim Fitzgerald of the U.S. Forest Service's ranger station in Hayfork, California, for background research, local insight, field Support, and supplementary data. Funding and support was provided by the U.S. Geological Survey, Western Fisheries Research Center, the University of Washington, Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, and the U.S. Forest Service's Redwood Sciences Laboratory. Additional assistants and volunteers included Evelyn Chia, Daniel O'Donnell, Adam Van Mason, Catherine Chambers, Christina Galitsky, Jeremy Steinbacher, Jim Matilla, Chris Sergeant, and Steve Damm. This paper benefited from reviews by Wait Duffy, Scott Vanderkooi, and journal peer reviewers. The use of trade, firm, or corporation names in this publication is for the information and convenience of the reader. Such use does not constitute an official endorsement or approval by the U.S. Government of any product or service to the exclusion Of others that may be suitable. NR 57 TC 27 Z9 27 U1 5 U2 29 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT STREET, STE 850, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 0002-8487 EI 1548-8659 J9 T AM FISH SOC JI Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. PD MAY PY 2009 VL 138 IS 3 BP 506 EP 521 DI 10.1577/T08-053.1 PG 16 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 477EJ UT WOS:000268501100006 ER PT J AU Schwindt, AR Kent, ML Ackerman, LK Simonich, SLM Landers, DH Blett, T Schreck, CB AF Schwindt, Adam R. Kent, Michael L. Ackerman, Luke K. Simonich, Staci L. Massey Landers, Dixon H. Blett, Tamara Schreck, Carl B. TI Reproductive Abnormalities in Trout from Western US National Parks SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE AMERICAN FISHERIES SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID SALMON ONCORHYNCHUS-KISUTCH; HIGH-MOUNTAIN LAKES; COHO SALMON; ORGANOCHLORINE COMPOUNDS; ORGANIC CONTAMINANTS; ESTROGENIC ACTIVITY; RAINBOW-TROUT; FISH; DISRUPTION; PESTICIDES AB Reproductive disruption is well documented in polluted areas, such its below sewage treatment plants, but not in ecologically protected environments, such as national parks. In a majority of subalpine lakes sampled in Rocky Mountain and Glacier National parks. we observed intersex male cutthroat trout oncorhynchus clarkii and brook trout Salvelinus fontinalis at frequencies of 9-33%. Intersexuality, one form of reproductive disruption, is the presence of both male and female reproductive structures in the same animal. Male cutthroat trout, rainbow trout O. mykiss, and brook trout from these parks also produced elevated levels of the estrogen-responsive protein vitellogenin, another indicator of reproductive disruption. We did not find reproductive abnormalities in national parks of the Sierra Nevada, Cascades, Olympics, Brooks, or Alaska ranges. To determine whether gonad abnormalities were evident in mountain ecosystems before the production of organic pollutants, we sampled various species of the family Salmonidae collected from the preorganic pollutant era (pre-1930s). In these museum collections. we observed intersex male greenback cutthroat trout O. clarkii stomias collected in the late 1800s from Twin Lakes, Colorado, in the Rocky Mountains. Our current results suggest that reproductive disruption is occurring in some national parks. The abnormalities were observed in remote. high-elevation locations, suggesting that they might have resulted from airborne contaminants. Our observation of intersex greenback cutthroat trout from the late 1800s suggests that organic pollutants are not the only factors inducing reproductive disruption. The causes and population-level consequences of reproductive disruption in these lakes remain to be determined. C1 [Schwindt, Adam R.; Kent, Michael L.] Oregon State Univ, Dept Microbiol, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. [Ackerman, Luke K.; Simonich, Staci L. Massey] Oregon State Univ, Dept Chem, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. [Simonich, Staci L. Massey] Oregon State Univ, Dept Environm & Mol Toxicol, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. [Landers, Dixon H.] US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Western Ecol Div, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. [Blett, Tamara] Natl Pk Serv, Air Resources Div, Denver, CO 80225 USA. [Schreck, Carl B.] US Geol Survey, Oregon Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. [Schreck, Carl B.] Oregon State Univ, Dept Fisheries & Wildlife, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. RP Schwindt, AR (reprint author), Denver Museum Nat & Sci, 2001 Colorado Blvd, Denver, CO 80205 USA. EM ar.schwindt@gmail.com RI Ackerman, Luke/E-4597-2011 OI Ackerman, Luke/0000-0001-6626-3039 FU National Park Service FX We thank C. Kennedy and B. Rosenlund (U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service), D. S. Jordan, the WACAP team, and volunteers from Trout Unlimited for collecting the fish. We thank G. W. Feist (Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Ore,,on State University) for technical support. Patagonia, Inc. and Marmot Mountain Ltd. are acknowledged for providing outerwear. We acknowledge the California Academy of Science and the University of Washington School of Fisheries for use of their fish collections. This work is part of WACAP. a collaborative venture between the National Park Service, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, the U.S. Geological Survey, Oregon State University. University of Washington, and the U.S. Department of Agriculture Forest Service. It was funded primarily through cooperative and interagency agreements with the National Park Service and also included in-kind contributions from all of the project partners. Further information about WACAP can be found at www.nature.nps.gov/air/Studies/air_toxics/wacap.cfm. This document has been subjected to appropriate institutional peer review and administrative review and approved for publication. Approval does not signify that the contents reflect the views of the U.S. Government, nor does mention of trade names or commercial products constitute endorsement or recommendation. NR 29 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 5 U2 14 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA SN 0002-8487 J9 T AM FISH SOC JI Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. PD MAY PY 2009 VL 138 IS 3 BP 522 EP 531 DI 10.1577/T08-006.1 PG 10 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 477EJ UT WOS:000268501100007 ER PT J AU Pratt, TC O'Connor, LM Hallett, AG McLaughlin, RL Katopodis, C Hayes, DB Bergstedt, RA AF Pratt, T. C. O'Connor, L. M. Hallett, A. G. McLaughlin, R. L. Katopodis, C. Hayes, D. B. Bergstedt, R. A. TI Balancing Aquatic Habitat Fragmentation and Control of Invasive Species: Enhancing Selective Fish Passage at Sea Lamprey Control Barriers SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE AMERICAN FISHERIES SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID VERTICAL-SLOT FISHWAY; ATLANTIC SALMON; GREAT-LAKES; RIVER; EFFICIENCY; MIGRATION; UPSTREAM; TROUT; DAM; COMMUNITIES AB Barriers to prevent spawning migrations of sea lampreys Petromyzon marinas remain an important component of an integrated sea lamprey management program in the Laurentian Great Lakes. Concerns about effects on nontarget fishes have led to the construction of specially designed vertical-slot trap-and-sort fishways to mitigate potential barrier effects. To improve passage at these fishways, we used passive integrated transponder technology to assess the performance of two fishways located on low-head sea lamprey barriers. Fishways on the Big Carp River (which flows into Lake Superior) and Cobourg Brook (which flows into Lake Ontario) were assessed for attraction efficiency, trap attraction and retention, and passage efficiency. Based on the results of these assessments, fishways were modified by increasing the trap volume and altering the tunnel characteristics to reduce escapement from the trap and then reassessed. Attraction efficiency for all tagged fish was high (>= 80%) at both sites in all years. Fishway modifications improved passage front 35% in 2003 to 88% and 64% in 2004 and 2005, respectively. at the Big Carp River. As expected, white suckers Catostomus commersonii, an obligate migrant, had higher attraction and passage efficiency, fewer passage attempts, and shorter migration delay than did rock bass Ambloplites rupestris, a facultative migrant. No improvements were seen at Cobourg Brook, where passage efficiency remained low (7% in 2003, 10% in 2005), probably because of the loss of attraction flow. At both fishways, individual fish averaged 3-10 attempts to pass through the fishways and had their migrations delayed 1-2 weeks. The observed improvements to the Big Carp River fishway, which resulted in high fishway attraction and passage rates for white suckers, suggest that vertical-slot fishways can help mitigate the effects of low-head barriers 1017 Some species. Our study provides a rigorous quantifiable approach to assessing fishway performance that can be employed widely and successfully to assess initial fishway design and subsequent modifications. C1 [Pratt, T. C.; O'Connor, L. M.] Fisheries & Oceans Canada, Great Lakes Lab Fisheries & Aquat Sci, Sault Ste Marie, ON P6A 6W4, Canada. [Hallett, A. G.] Fisheries & Oceans Canada, Sea Lamprey Control Ctr, Sault Ste Marie, ON P6A 6W4, Canada. [McLaughlin, R. L.] Univ Guelph, Dept Integrat Biol, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada. [Katopodis, C.] Fisheries & Oceans Canada, Inst Freshwater, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N6, Canada. [Hayes, D. B.] Michigan State Univ, Dept Fisheries & Wildlife, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA. [Bergstedt, R. A.] US Geol Survey, Great Lakes Sci Ctr, Hammond Bay Biol Stn, Millersburg, MI 49759 USA. RP Pratt, TC (reprint author), Fisheries & Oceans Canada, Great Lakes Lab Fisheries & Aquat Sci, Sault Ste Marie, ON P6A 6W4, Canada. EM thomas.pratt@dfo-mpo.gc.ca FU Great Lakes Fishery Commission's Sea Lamprey Research Program FX We thank the many people who helped set LIP the PIT system, tag fish, operate the trap-and-sort fishways, and summarize the large dataset compiled from this research. We particularly thank Vince Tranquili. Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife, for sharing his PIT expertise, William Gardner for his tireless efforts tagging fish and setting up antennae, and Greg Elliott for his leadership in summarizing the data. We also thank the Sea Lamprey Control Centre and the town of Cobourg for allowing us to conduct our research at their sites. This research was funded by the Great Lakes Fishery Commission's Sea Lamprey Research Program. NR 41 TC 23 Z9 23 U1 7 U2 60 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA SN 0002-8487 J9 T AM FISH SOC JI Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. PD MAY PY 2009 VL 138 IS 3 BP 652 EP 665 DI 10.1577/T08-118.1 PG 14 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 477EJ UT WOS:000268501100017 ER PT J AU Hao, GY Jones, TJ Luton, C Zhang, YJ Manzane, E Scholz, FG Bucci, SJ Cao, KF Goldstein, G AF Hao, Guang-You Jones, Tim J. Luton, Corene Zhang, Yong-Jiang Manzane, Eric Scholz, Fabian G. Bucci, Sandra J. Cao, Kun-Fang Goldstein, Guillermo TI Hydraulic redistribution in dwarf Rhizophora mangle trees driven by interstitial soil water salinity gradients: impacts on hydraulic architecture and gas exchange SO TREE PHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE hydraulic lift; mangrove; sap flow; water relations ID NEOTROPICAL SAVANNA TREES; VS. PHOSPHORUS LIMITATION; ARTEMISIA-TRIDENTATA; NUTRIENT ENRICHMENT; MANGROVE FOREST; SAP FLOW; ROOTS; GROWTH; PLANTS; LIFT AB Rhizophora mangle L. trees of Biscayne National Park (Florida, USA) have two distinct growth forms: tall trees (5-10 m) growing along the coast and dwarf trees (1 m or less) growing in the adjacent inland zone. Sharp decreases in salinity and thus increases in soil water potential from Surface soil to about a depth of I in were found at the dwarf mangrove site but not at the tall mangrove site. Consistent with our prediction, hydraulic redistribution detected by reverse sap flow in shallow prop roots was observed during nighttime, early morning and late afternoon in dwarf trees, but not In tall trees. In addition, hydraulic redistribution was observed throughout the 24-h period during a low temperature spell. Dwarf trees had significantly lower sapwood-specific hydraulic conductivity, smaller stein vessel diameter, lower leaf area to sapwood area ratio (LA/SA), smaller leaf size and higher leaf mass per area. Leaves of dwarf trees had lower CO(2) assimilation rate and lower stomatal conductance compared to tall trees. Leaf water potentials at midday were more negative in tall trees that are consistent with their substantially higher stomatal conductance and LA/SA. The substantially lower water transport efficiency and the more conservative water use of dwarf trees may be due to a combination of factors such as high salinity in the surface soil, particularly during dry periods, and Substantial reverse sap flow in shallow roots that make upper soil layers with high salinity a competing sink of water to the transpiring leaves. There may also be a benefit for the dwarf trees in having hydraulic redistribution because the reverse flow and the release of water to upper soil layers should lead to dilution of the high salinity in the rhizosphere and thus relieve its potential harm to dwarf R. mangle trees. C1 [Hao, Guang-You; Jones, Tim J.; Luton, Corene; Zhang, Yong-Jiang; Manzane, Eric; Goldstein, Guillermo] Univ Miami, Dept Biol, Coral Gables, FL 33124 USA. [Hao, Guang-You; Zhang, Yong-Jiang; Cao, Kun-Fang] Chinese Acad Sci, Xishuangbanna Trop Bot Garden, Mengla 666303, Yunnan Province, Peoples R China. [Hao, Guang-You; Zhang, Yong-Jiang] Chinese Acad Sci, Grad Univ, Beijing 10049, Peoples R China. [Jones, Tim J.] ARS, USDA, Reno, NV 89512 USA. [Luton, Corene] US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Nevada Fisheries Resource Off, Reno, NV 89502 USA. [Scholz, Fabian G.; Bucci, Sandra J.] Univ Nacl Patagonia San Juan Bosco, CONICET, RA-9000 San Juan Bosco, Comodoro Rivada, Argentina. [Scholz, Fabian G.; Bucci, Sandra J.] Univ Nacl Patagonia San Juan Bosco, Lab Ecol Funct, Dept Biol, RA-9000 San Juan Bosco, Comodoro Rivada, Argentina. [Goldstein, Guillermo] Univ Buenos Aires, CONICET, Buenos Aires, DF, Argentina. [Goldstein, Guillermo] Univ Buenos Aires, Lab Ecol Funct, Dept Ciencias Biol, Fac Ciencias Exactas & Nat, Buenos Aires, DF, Argentina. RP Goldstein, G (reprint author), Univ Miami, Dept Biol, Coral Gables, FL 33124 USA. EM gold@bio.miami.edu RI Cao, Kun-Fang/D-2157-2009; OI Cao, Kun-Fang/0000-0002-2253-7189; Bucci, Sandra Janet/0000-0003-1079-9277 FU National Science Foundation (USA) [DEB-0542912] FX The authors are grateful to Biscayne National Park for providing access to the Study sites. This work Was Supported by a grant from the National Science Foundation (USA) DEB-0542912. The authors also thank the three anonymous reviewers for their suggestions and comments. NR 53 TC 22 Z9 23 U1 2 U2 31 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS PI OXFORD PA GREAT CLARENDON ST, OXFORD OX2 6DP, ENGLAND SN 0829-318X J9 TREE PHYSIOL JI Tree Physiol. PD MAY PY 2009 VL 29 IS 5 BP 697 EP 705 DI 10.1093/treephys/tpp005 PG 9 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 442OM UT WOS:000265850500007 PM 19324702 ER PT J AU Nimmo, JR Andraski, BJ Munoz-Carpena, R AF Nimmo, John R. andraski, Brian J. Munoz-Carpena, Rafael TI UZIG USGS Research: Advances through Interdisciplinary Interaction SO VADOSE ZONE JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID HYDROLOGIC CHARACTERIZATION; VARYING DEGREES; DESERT SOILS; HYDROPEDOLOGY; INFILTRATION; ZONE AB Because vadose zone research relates to diverse disciplines, applications, and modes of research, collaboration across traditional operational and topical divisions is especially likely to yield major advances in understanding. The Unsaturated Zone Interest Group (UZIG) is an informal organization sponsored by the USGS to encourage and support interdisciplinary collaboration in vadose or unsaturated zone hydrologic research across organizational boundaries. It includes both USGS and non-USGS scientists. Formed in 1987, the UZIG operates to promote communication, especially through periodic meetings with presentations, discussions, and field trips. The 10th meeting of the UZIG at Los Alamos, NM, in August 2007 was jointly sponsored by the USGS and Los Alamos National Laboratory. Presentations at this meeting served as the initial basis for selecting papers for this special section of Vadose Zone Journal, the purpose of which is to present noteworthy cutting-edge unsaturated zone research promoted by, facilitated by, or presented in connection with the UZIG. C1 [Nimmo, John R.] US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. [andraski, Brian J.] US Geol Survey, Carson City, NV USA. [Munoz-Carpena, Rafael] Univ Florida, Gainesville, FL USA. RP Nimmo, JR (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 345 Middlefield Rd, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. EM jrnimmo@usgs.gov RI Munoz-Carpena, Rafael/A-7588-2010 OI Munoz-Carpena, Rafael/0000-0003-2838-1514 NR 13 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 4 PU SOIL SCI SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 SOUTH SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 1539-1663 J9 VADOSE ZONE J JI Vadose Zone J. PD MAY PY 2009 VL 8 IS 2 BP 411 EP 413 DI 10.2136/vzj2008.0185 PG 3 WC Environmental Sciences; Soil Science; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Agriculture; Water Resources GA 448YE UT WOS:000266297100014 ER PT J AU Garcia, CA Andraski, BJ Stonestrom, DA Cooper, CA Johnson, MJ Michel, RL Wheatcraft, SW AF Garcia, C. A. Andraski, B. J. Stonestrom, D. A. Cooper, C. A. Johnson, M. J. Michel, R. L. Wheatcraft, S. W. TI Transport of Tritium Contamination to the Atmosphere in an Arid Environment SO VADOSE ZONE JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID DEEP UNSATURATED ZONE; WASTE-DISPOSAL SITE; DESERT VADOSE ZONES; SOIL-WATER; MOJAVE DESERT; HYDRAULIC LIFT; POROUS-MEDIA; HEAT-FLUX; VARIABILITY; MOVEMENT AB Soil-plant-atmosphere interactions strongly influence water movement in desert unsaturated zones, but little is known about how such interactions affect atmospheric release of subsurface water-borne contaminants. This 2-yr study, performed at the U. S. Geological Survey's Amargosa Desert Research Site in southern Nevada, quantified the magnitude and spatiotemporal variability of tritium ((3)H) transport from the shallow unsaturated zone to the atmosphere adjacent to a low-level radioactive waste (LLRW) facility. Tritium fluxes were calculated as the product of (3)H concentrations in water vapor and respective evaporation and transpiration water-vapor fluxes. Quarterly measured (3)H concentrations in soil water vapor and in leaf water of the dominant creosote-bush [Larrea tridentata (DC.) Coville] were spatially extrapolated and temporally interpolated to develop daily maps of contamination across the 0.76-km(2) study area. Maximum plant and root-zone soil concentrations (4200 and 8700 Bq L(-1), respectively) were measured 25 m from the LLRW facility boundary. Continuous evaporation was estimated using a Priestley-Taylor model and transpiration was computed as the difference between measured eddy-covariance evapotranspiration and estimated evaporation. The mean evaporation/transpiration ratio was 3:1. Tritium released from the study area ranged from 0.12 to 12 mu g d(-1) and totaled 1.5 mg (8.2 x 10(10) Bq) over 2 yr. Tritium flux variability was driven spatially by proximity to (3)H source areas and temporally by changes in (3)H concentrations and in the partitioning between evaporation and transpiration. Evapotranspiration removed and limited penetration of precipitation beneath native vegetation and fostered upward movement and release of (3)H from below the root zone. C1 [Garcia, C. A.; Andraski, B. J.; Johnson, M. J.] US Geol Survey, Carson City, NV 89071 USA. [Stonestrom, D. A.; Michel, R. L.] US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. [Cooper, C. A.] Desert Res Inst, Reno, NV 89512 USA. [Wheatcraft, S. W.] Univ Nevada, Dept Geol Sci, Reno, NV 89557 USA. RP Garcia, CA (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 2730 N Deer Run Rd, Carson City, NV 89071 USA. EM cgarcia@usgs.gov RI Stonestrom, David/E-9125-2011 OI Stonestrom, David/0000-0001-7883-3385 FU USGS's Toxic Substances Hydrology; National Research, and Ground-Water Resources FX We gratefully acknowledge R. S. Nowak for extensive cooperation and assistance in use of his laboratory for toluene extractions. We also thank C.J. Mayers and R.J. Baker for field and laboratory assistance; D. I. Stannard, M. A. Walvoord, and K.J. Halford for helpful comments on the manuscript; and K. J. Halford for improving data processing efficiency. The manuscript was additionally improved by constructive criticism from P. H. Stau. er and anonymous reviewers. Support for this work was provided through the USGS's Toxic Substances Hydrology, National Research, and Ground-Water Resources programs. NR 53 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 2 U2 5 PU SOIL SCI SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 SOUTH SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 1539-1663 J9 VADOSE ZONE J JI Vadose Zone J. PD MAY PY 2009 VL 8 IS 2 BP 450 EP 461 DI 10.2136/vzj2008.0022 PG 12 WC Environmental Sciences; Soil Science; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Agriculture; Water Resources GA 448YE UT WOS:000266297100018 ER PT J AU Nimmo, JR Perkins, KS Schmidt, KM Miller, DM Stock, JD Singha, K AF Nimmo, John R. Perkins, Kim S. Schmidt, Kevin M. Miller, David M. Stock, Jonathan D. Singha, Kamini TI Hydrologic Characterization of Desert Soils with Varying Degrees of Pedogenesis: 1. Field Experiments Evaluating Plant-Relevant Soil Water Behavior SO VADOSE ZONE JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID MOJAVE DESERT; RESISTIVITY TOMOGRAPHY; HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY; FUNCTIONAL TYPES; USA; INFILTRATION; MODEL; DISTURBANCE; CALIFORNIA; INVERSION AB To assess the effect of pedogenesis on the soil moisture dynamics influencing the character and quality of ecological habitat, we conducted infiltration and redistribution experiments on three alluvial deposits in the Mojave National Preserve: (i) recently deposited active wash sediments, (ii) a soil of early Holocene age, and (iii) a highly developed soil of late Pleistocene age. At each, we ponded water in a 1-m-diameter infiltration ring for 2.3 h and monitored soil water content and matric pressure during and after infiltration, using probes and electrical resistivity imaging (ERI). Infiltration and downward flow rates were greater in younger material, favoring deep-rooted species. Deep-rooted species tend to colonize the margins of washes, where they are unaffected by sediment transport that inhibits colonization. The ERI results support important generalizations, for example that shallower than 0.5 m, infiltrated water persists longer in highly developed soil, favoring shallow-rooted species. Soil moisture data for the two youngest soils suggested that saturation overshoot, which may have significant but unexplored hydroecologic and pedogenic effects,occurred at the horizontally advancing wetting front. Spatial heterogeneity of soil properties generally increased with pedogenic development. Evidence suggested that some early-stage developmental processes may promote uniformity; the inter-mediate-age soil appeared to have the least heterogeneity in terms of textural variation with depth, and also the least anisotropy. Lateral heterogeneity was pronounced in older soil, having a multitude of effects on the distribution and retention of soil water, and may facilitate certain water-conserving strategies of plants over what would be possible in a laterally homogeneous soil. C1 [Nimmo, John R.; Perkins, Kim S.; Schmidt, Kevin M.; Miller, David M.; Stock, Jonathan D.] US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. [Singha, Kamini] Penn State Univ, Dept Geosci, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. RP Nimmo, JR (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 345 Middlefield Rd, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. EM jrnimmo@usgs.gov NR 46 TC 28 Z9 28 U1 2 U2 13 PU SOIL SCI SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 SOUTH SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 1539-1663 J9 VADOSE ZONE J JI Vadose Zone J. PD MAY PY 2009 VL 8 IS 2 BP 480 EP 495 DI 10.2136/vzj2008.0052 PG 16 WC Environmental Sciences; Soil Science; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Agriculture; Water Resources GA 448YE UT WOS:000266297100021 ER PT J AU Mirus, BB Perkins, KS Nimmo, JR Singha, K AF Mirus, Benjamin B. Perkins, Kim S. Nimmo, John R. Singha, Kamini TI Hydrologic Characterization of Desert Soils with Varying Degrees of Pedogenesis: 2. Inverse Modeling for Effective Properties SO VADOSE ZONE JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID WATER-RETENTION; HYDRAULIC-PROPERTIES; VADOSE ZONE; FLOW MODEL; INFILTRATION; ANISOTROPY; TRANSPORT; CONDUCTIVITY; RESISTIVITY; TOMOGRAPHY AB To understand their relation to pedogenic development, soil hydraulic properties in the Mojave Desert were investigated for three deposit types: (i) recently deposited sediments in an active wash, (ii) a soil of early Holocene age, and (iii) a highly developed soil of late Pleistocene age. Effective parameter values were estimated for a simplified model based on Richards' equation using a flow simulator (VS2D), an inverse algorithm (UCODE_2005), and matric pressure and water content data from three ponded infiltration experiments. The inverse problem framework was designed to account for the effects of subsurface lateral spreading of infiltrated water. Although none of the inverse problems converged on a unique, best-fit parameter set, a minimum standard error of regression was reached for each deposit type. Parameter sets from the numerous inversions that reached the minimum error were used to develop probability distributions for each parameter and deposit type. Electrical resistance imaging obtained for two of the three infiltration experiments was used to independently test flow model performance. Simulations for the active wash and Holocene soil successfully depicted the lateral and vertical fluxes. Simulations of the more pedogenically developed Pleistocene soil did not adequately replicate the observed flow processes, which would require a more complex conceptual model to include smaller scale heterogeneities. The inverse-modeling results, however, indicate that with increasing age, the steep slope of the soil water retention curve shifts toward more negative matric pressures. Assigning effective soil hydraulic properties based on soil age provides a promising framework for future development of regional-scale models of soil moisture dynamics in arid environments for land-management applications. C1 [Mirus, Benjamin B.; Perkins, Kim S.; Nimmo, John R.] US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. [Singha, Kamini] Penn State Univ, Dept Geosci, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. RP Nimmo, JR (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 345 Middlefield Rd,MS 421, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. EM jrnimmo@usgs.gov OI Mirus, Benjamin/0000-0001-5550-014X NR 49 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 1 U2 8 PU SOIL SCI SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 SOUTH SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 1539-1663 J9 VADOSE ZONE J JI Vadose Zone J. PD MAY PY 2009 VL 8 IS 2 BP 496 EP 509 DI 10.2136/vzj2008.0051 PG 14 WC Environmental Sciences; Soil Science; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Agriculture; Water Resources GA 448YE UT WOS:000266297100022 ER PT J AU Hoang, TC Schuler, LJ Rogevich, EC Bachman, PM Rand, GM Frakes, RA AF Hoang, Tham C. Schuler, Lance J. Rogevich, Emily C. Bachman, Pamela M. Rand, Gary M. Frakes, Robert A. TI Copper Release, Speciation, and Toxicity Following Multiple Floodings of Copper Enriched Agriculture Soils: Implications in Everglades Restoration SO WATER AIR AND SOIL POLLUTION LA English DT Article DE Copper release; Speciation; Bioavailability; Toxicity; Flooding; Soils; Everglades restoration ID BIOTIC LIGAND MODEL; MINNOWS PIMEPHALES-PROMELAS; DISSOLVED ORGANIC-CARBON; FLORIDA APPLE SNAIL; FATHEAD MINNOWS; DAPHNIA-MAGNA; POMACEA-PALUDOSA; WATER HARDNESS; SANDY SOILS; PH AB This study characterizes the effects of water-soil flooding volume ratio and flooding time on copper (Cu) desorption and toxicity following multiple floodings of field-collected soils from agricultural sites acquired under the Comprehensive Everglades Restoration Plan (CERP) in south Florida. Soils from four field sites were flooded with three water-soil ratios (2, 4, and 6 [water] to 1 [soil]) and held for 14 days to characterize the effects of volume ratio and flooding duration on Cu desorption (volume ratio and flooding duration study). Desorption of Cu was also characterized by flooding soils four times from seven field sites with a volume ratio of 2 (water) to 1 (soil) (multiple flooding study). Acute toxicity tests were also conducted using overlying waters from the first flooding event to characterize the effects of Cu on the survival of fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas), cladocerans (Daphnia magna), amphipods (Hyalella azteca), midges (Chironomus tentans), duckweed (Lemna minor), and Florida apple snails (Pomacea paludosa). Acute tests were also conducted with D. magna exposed to overlying water from the second and third flooding events. Results indicate that dissolved Cu concentrations in overlying water increased with flooding duration and decreased with volume ratio. In the multiple flooding study, initial Cu concentrations in soils ranged from 5 to 223 mg/kg (dw) and were similar to Cu concentration after four flooding events, indicating retention of Cu in soils. Copper desorption was dependent on soil Cu content and soil characteristics. Total Cu concentration in overlying water (Cu(w)) was a function of dissolved organic carbon (DOC), alkalinity, and soil Cu concentration (Cu(s)): log(Cu(w)) = 1.2909 + 0.0279 (DOC) + 0.0026 (Cu(s)) -aEuro parts per thousand 0.0038 (alkalinity). The model was validated and highly predictive. Most of the desorbed Cu in the water column complexed with organic matter in the soils and accounted for 99% of the total dissolved Cu. Although total dissolved Cu concentrations in overlying water did not significantly decrease with number of flooding events, concentrations of free Cu(2+) increased with the number of flooding events, due to a decrease in DOC concentrations. The fraction of bioavailable Cu species (Cu(2+), CuOH(+), CuCO(3)) was also less than 1% of the total Cu. Overlying water from the first flooding event was only acutely toxic to the Florida apple snail from one site. However, overlying water from the third flooding of six out of seven soils was acutely toxic to D. magna. The decrease in DOC concentrations and increase in bioavailable Cu(2+) species may explain the changes in acute toxicity to D. magna. Results of this study reveal potential for high Cu bioavailability (Cu(2+)) and toxicity to aquatic biota overtime in inundated agricultural lands acquired under the CERP. C1 [Hoang, Tham C.; Schuler, Lance J.; Rogevich, Emily C.; Bachman, Pamela M.; Rand, Gary M.] Florida Int Univ, Dept Environm Studies, SE Environm Res Ctr, Ecotoxicol & Risk Assessment Lab, N Miami, FL 33181 USA. [Rogevich, Emily C.] Florida Atlantic Univ, Dept Biol Sci, Boca Raton, FL 33431 USA. [Frakes, Robert A.] US Fish & Wildlife Serv, S Florida Ecol Serv Off, Vero Beach, FL 32960 USA. RP Rand, GM (reprint author), Florida Int Univ, Dept Environm Studies, SE Environm Res Ctr, Ecotoxicol & Risk Assessment Lab, Biscayne Bay Campus,3000 NE 151st St, N Miami, FL 33181 USA. EM randg@fiu.edu NR 40 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 5 U2 21 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0049-6979 J9 WATER AIR SOIL POLL JI Water Air Soil Pollut. PD MAY PY 2009 VL 199 IS 1-4 BP 79 EP 93 DI 10.1007/s11270-008-9861-2 PG 15 WC Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Water Resources GA 446AW UT WOS:000266093600009 ER PT J AU Sibrell, PL Montgomery, GA Ritenour, KL Tucker, TW AF Sibrell, Philip L. Montgomery, Gary A. Ritenour, Kelsey L. Tucker, Travis W. TI Removal of phosphorus from agricultural wastewaters using adsorption media prepared from acid mine drainage sludge SO WATER RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE Phosphorus; Acid mine drainage; Eutrophication; Wastewater; Treatment ID WASTE-WATER TREATMENT; PHOSPHATE REMOVAL; FLY-ASH AB Excess phosphorus in wastewaters promotes eutrophication in receiving waterways. A cost-effective method for the removal of phosphorus from water would significantly reduce the impact of such wastewaters on the environment. Acid mine drainage sludge is a waste product produced by the neutralization of acid mine drainage, and consists mainly of the same metal hydroxides used in traditional wastewater treatment for the removal of phosphorus. In this paper, we describe a method for the drying and pelletization of acid mine drainage sludge that results in a particulate media, which we have termed Ferroxysorb, for the removal of phosphorus from wastewater in an efficient packed bed contactor. Adsorption capacities are high, and kinetics rapid, such that a contact time of less than 5 min is sufficient for removal of 60-90% of the phosphorus, depending on the feed concentration and time in service. In addition, the adsorption capacity of the Ferroxysorb media was increased dramatically by using two columns in an alternating sequence so that each sludge bed receives alternating rest and adsorption cycles. A stripping procedure based on treatment with dilute sodium hydroxide was also developed that allows for recovery of the P from the media, with the possibility of generating a marketable fertilizer product. These results indicate that acid mine drainage sludges - hitherto thought of as undesirable wastes - can be used to remove phosphorus from wastewater, thus offsetting a portion of acid mine drainage treatment costs while at the same time improving water quality in sensitive watersheds. Published by Elsevier Ltd. C1 [Sibrell, Philip L.; Montgomery, Gary A.; Ritenour, Kelsey L.] US Geol Survey, Leetown Sci Ctr, Kearneysville, WV 25430 USA. [Tucker, Travis W.] IAP World Serv, Kearneysville, WV 25430 USA. RP Sibrell, PL (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Leetown Sci Ctr, 11649 Leetown Rd, Kearneysville, WV 25430 USA. EM psibrell@usgs.gov OI Sibrell, Philip/0000-0001-5666-1228 NR 37 TC 51 Z9 54 U1 7 U2 35 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0043-1354 J9 WATER RES JI Water Res. PD MAY PY 2009 VL 43 IS 8 BP 2240 EP 2250 DI 10.1016/j.watres.2009.02.010 PG 11 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences; Water Resources SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Water Resources GA 447HV UT WOS:000266183100016 PM 19269663 ER PT J AU Giraldo, MA Bosch, D Madden, M Usery, L Finn, M AF Giraldo, Mario A. Bosch, David Madden, Marguerite Usery, Lynn Finn, Michael TI Ground and surface temperature variability for remote sensing of soil moisture in a heterogeneous landscape SO JOURNAL OF HYDROLOGY LA English DT Article DE Ground temperature; Infrared temperature; Landuse; Soil moisture; Landscape heterogeneity; Remote sensing ID WATER-CONTENT; ENERGY FLUXES; VEGETATION; SATELLITE; PIXEL; GEORGIA; LANDSAT; COVER; MODEL; INDEX AB At the Little River Watershed (LRW) heterogeneous landscape near Tifton Georgia US an in situ network of stations operated by the US Department of Agriculture-Agriculture Research Service-Southeast Watershed Research Lab (USDA-ARS-SEWRL) was established in 2003 for the long term study of climatic and soil biophysical processes. To develop an accurate interpolation of the in situ readings that can be used to produce distributed representations of soil moisture (SM) and energy balances at the landscape scale for remote sensing studies, we studied (1) the temporal and spatial variations of ground temperature (GT) and infra red temperature (IRT) within 30 by 30 m plots around selected network stations; (2) the relationship between the readings from the eight 30 by 30 m plots and the point reading of the network stations for the variables SM, GT and IRT; and (3) the spatial and temporal variation of GT and IRT within agriculture landuses: grass, orchard, peanuts, cotton and bare soil in the surrounding landscape. The results showed high correlations between the station readings and the adjacent 30 by 30 m plot average value for SM; high seasonal independent variation in the GT and IRT behavior among the eight 30 by 30 m plots; and site specific, in-field homogeneity in each 30 by 30 m plot. We found statistical differences in the GT and IRT between the different landuses as well as high correlations between GT and IRT regardless of the landuse. Greater standard deviations for IRT than for GT (in the range of 2-4) were found within the 30 by 30 m, suggesting that when a single point reading for this variable is selected for the validation of either remote sensing data or water-energy models, errors may occur. The results confirmed that in this landscape homogeneous 30 by 30 m plots can be used as landscape spatial units for soil moisture and ground temperature studies. Under this landscape conditions small plots can account for local expressions of environmental processes, decreasing the errors and uncertainties in remote sensing estimates caused by landscape heterogeneity. Published by Elsevier B.V. C1 [Giraldo, Mario A.] Kennesaw State Univ, Dept Geog, Atlanda, GA 30144 USA. [Bosch, David] ARS, USDA, SE Watershed Res Lab, Tifton, GA 31793 USA. [Madden, Marguerite] Univ Georgia, Ctr Remote Sensing & Mapping Sci CRMS, Dept Geog, Athens, GA 30602 USA. [Finn, Michael] US Geol Survey, Ctr Excellence Geospatial Informat Sci, Rolla, MO 65401 USA. RP Giraldo, MA (reprint author), Kennesaw State Univ, Dept Geog, 1000 Chastian Rd, Atlanda, GA 30144 USA. EM mgirald2@Kennesaw.edu; David.Bosch@ars.us-da.gov; mmadden@uga.edu FU United States Geological Survey, Rolla, Missouri (USGS); United States Department of Agriculture, Agriculture Research Service-South East Water Research Laboratory, Tifton, Georgia (USDA-ARS-SEWRL); National Environmental Sound Production Agriculture Laboratory, University of Georgia (NESPAL-UGA) FX This research was funded by an agreement between United States Geological Survey, Rolla, Missouri (USGS), United States Department of Agriculture, Agriculture Research Service-South East Water Research Laboratory, Tifton, Georgia (USDA-ARS-SEWRL) and National Environmental Sound Production Agriculture Laboratory, University of Georgia (NESPAL-UGA). The authors express their gratitude to the personnel of the precision agriculture laboratory at NESPAL for their help in the field data collection, to Ms. Laura Marshal (USDA-ARS-SEWRL), and to personnel of the SEWRL that administrate the Hydra-probe network. NR 34 TC 9 Z9 11 U1 2 U2 9 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0022-1694 J9 J HYDROL JI J. Hydrol. PD APR 30 PY 2009 VL 368 IS 1-4 BP 214 EP 223 DI 10.1016/j.jhydrol.2009.02.010 PG 10 WC Engineering, Civil; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Engineering; Geology; Water Resources GA 436OW UT WOS:000265424700020 ER PT J AU Jencso, KG McGlynn, BL Gooseff, MN Wondzell, SM Bencala, KE Marshall, LA AF Jencso, Kelsey G. McGlynn, Brian L. Gooseff, Michael N. Wondzell, Steven M. Bencala, Kenneth E. Marshall, Lucy A. TI Hydrologic connectivity between landscapes and streams: Transferring reach-and plot-scale understanding to the catchment scale SO WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID CANADIAN SHIELD; TOPOGRAPHIC CONTROLS; SUBSURFACE FLOW; FORESTED SLOPE; RIPARIAN ZONES; SOIL-MOISTURE; STORM RUNOFF; HILLSLOPE; TRANSPORT; DYNAMICS AB The relationship between catchment structure and runoff characteristics is poorly understood. In steep headwater catchments with shallow soils the accumulation of hillslope area (upslope accumulated area (UAA)) is a hypothesized first-order control on the distribution of soil water and groundwater. Hillslope-riparian water table connectivity represents the linkage between the dominant catchment landscape elements (hillslopes and riparian zones) and the channel network. Hydrologic connectivity between hillslope-riparian-stream (HRS) landscape elements is heterogeneous in space and often temporally transient. We sought to test the relationship between UAA and the existence and longevity of HRS shallow groundwater connectivity. We quantified water table connectivity based on 84 recording wells distributed across 24 HRS transects within the Tenderfoot Creek Experimental Forest (U. S. Forest Service), northern Rocky Mountains, Montana. Correlations were observed between the longevity of HRS water table connectivity and the size of each transect's UAA (r(2) = 0.91). We applied this relationship to the entire stream network to quantify landscape-scale connectivity through time and ascertain its relationship to catchment-scale runoff dynamics. We found that the shape of the estimated annual landscape connectivity duration curve was highly related to the catchment flow duration curve (r(2) = 0.95). This research suggests internal catchment landscape structure (topography and topology) as a first-order control on runoff source area and whole catchment response characteristics. C1 [Jencso, Kelsey G.; McGlynn, Brian L.; Marshall, Lucy A.] Montana State Univ, Dept Land Resources & Environm Sci, Bozeman, MT 59717 USA. [Gooseff, Michael N.] Penn State Univ, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. [Wondzell, Steven M.] US Forest Serv, Pacific NW Res Stn, Olympia Forestry Sci Lab, Olympia, WA 98512 USA. [Bencala, Kenneth E.] US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. RP Jencso, KG (reprint author), Montana State Univ, Dept Land Resources & Environm Sci, Bozeman, MT 59717 USA. EM kelsey.jencso@myportal.montana.edu RI Bencala, Kenneth/A-6650-2010; Gooseff, Michael/B-9273-2008; Jencso, Kelsey/G-3443-2011; McGlynn, Brian/A-2509-2008; Gooseff, Michael/N-6087-2015 OI McGlynn, Brian/0000-0001-5266-4894; Gooseff, Michael/0000-0003-4322-8315 FU NSF [EAR-0337650, EAR-0337781]; INRA FX This work was made possible by NSF grant EAR-0337650 to McGlynn, EAR-0337781 to Gooseff, and an INRA fellowship awarded to Jencso. The authors appreciate extensive logistic collaboration with the USDA, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, especially, Ward McCaughey, scientist-in-charge of the Tenderfoot Creek Experimental Forest. Airborne Laser Mapping was provided by the National Science Foundation supported Center for Airborne Laser Mapping ( NCALM) at the University of California, Berkeley. We thank Jan Seibert and Thomas Grabs for technical and collaborative support. We are grateful to Jennifer Jencso, Robert Payn, Vince Pacific, Diego Riveros-Iregui, Rebecca McNamara, and especially Austin Allen for invaluable assistance in the field. NR 48 TC 164 Z9 165 U1 10 U2 113 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0043-1397 J9 WATER RESOUR RES JI Water Resour. Res. PD APR 29 PY 2009 VL 45 AR W04428 DI 10.1029/2008WR007225 PG 16 WC Environmental Sciences; Limnology; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Water Resources GA 440CT UT WOS:000265676800005 ER PT J AU Shimizu, Y Giri, S Yamaguchi, S Nelson, J AF Shimizu, Yasuyuki Giri, Sanjay Yamaguchi, Satomi Nelson, Jonathan TI Numerical simulation of dune-flat bed transition and stage-discharge relationship with hysteresis effect SO WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID FLOW; RESISTANCE; TRANSPORT; LOAD; ROUGHNESS; CHANNELS; FORMS; MODEL AB This work presents recent advances on morphodynamic modeling of bed forms under unsteady discharge. This paper includes further development of a morphodynamic model proposed earlier by Giri and Shimizu (2006a). This model reproduces the temporal development of river dunes and accurately replicates the physical properties associated with bed form evolution. Model results appear to provide accurate predictions of bed form geometry and form drag over bed forms for arbitrary steady flows. However, accurate predictions of temporal changes of form drag are key to the prediction of stage-discharge relation during flood events. Herein, the model capability is extended to replicate the dune-flat bed transition, and in turn, the variation of form drag produced by the temporal growth or decay of bed forms under unsteady flow conditions. Some numerical experiments are performed to analyze hysteresis of the stage-discharge relationship caused by the transition between dune and flat bed regimes during rising and falling stages of varying flows. The numerical model successfully simulates dune-flat bed transition and the associated hysteresis of the stage-discharge relationship; this is in good agreement with physical observations but has been treated in the past only using empirical methods. A hypothetical relationship for a sediment parameter (the mean step length) is proposed to a first level of approximation that enables reproduction of the dune-flat bed transition. The proposed numerical model demonstrates its ability to address an important practical problem associated with bed form evolution and flow resistance in varying flows. C1 [Shimizu, Yasuyuki; Yamaguchi, Satomi] Hokkaido Univ, Grad Sch Engn, Lab Hydraul Res, Kita Ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 0600813, Japan. [Nelson, Jonathan] US Geol Survey, Geomorphol & Sediment Transport Lab, Golden, CO 80403 USA. [Giri, Sanjay] Deltares, NL-2629 HD Delft, Netherlands. RP Shimizu, Y (reprint author), Hokkaido Univ, Grad Sch Engn, Lab Hydraul Res, Kita Ku, North 13,West 8, Sapporo, Hokkaido 0600813, Japan. EM sanjay.giri@deltares.nl NR 34 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 13 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0043-1397 J9 WATER RESOUR RES JI Water Resour. Res. PD APR 29 PY 2009 VL 45 AR W04429 DI 10.1029/2008WR006830 PG 14 WC Environmental Sciences; Limnology; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Water Resources GA 440CT UT WOS:000265676800002 ER PT J AU Hutnak, M Hurwitz, S Ingebritsen, SE Hsieh, PA AF Hutnak, M. Hurwitz, S. Ingebritsen, S. E. Hsieh, P. A. TI Numerical models of caldera deformation: Effects of multiphase and multicomponent hydrothermal fluid flow SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SOLID EARTH LA English DT Article ID TAUPO VOLCANIC ZONE; ELASTIC HALF-SPACE; YELLOWSTONE CALDERA; THERMAL-EXPANSION; CARBON-DIOXIDE; GROUND DEFORMATION; LONG-VALLEY; NEW-ZEALAND; CO2; SYSTEMS AB Ground surface displacement (GSD) in large calderas is often interpreted as resulting from magma intrusion at depth. Recent advances in geodetic measurements of GSD, notably interferometric synthetic aperture radar, reveal complex and multifaceted deformation patterns that often require complex source models to explain the observed GSD. Although hydrothermal fluids have been discussed as a possible deformation agent, very few quantitative studies addressing the effects of multiphase flow on crustal mechanics have been attempted. Recent increases in the power and availability of computing resources allow robust quantitative assessment of the complex time-variant thermal interplay between aqueous fluid flow and crustal deformation. We carry out numerical simulations of multiphase (liquid-gas), multicomponent (H2O-CO2) hydrothermal fluid flow and poroelastic deformation using a range of realistic physical parameters and processes. Hydrothermal fluid injection, circulation, and gas formation can generate complex, temporally and spatially varying patterns of GSD, with deformation rates, magnitudes, and geometries (including subsidence) similar to those observed in several large calderas. The potential for both rapid and gradual deformation resulting from magma-derived fluids suggests that hydrothermal fluid circulation may help explain deformation episodes at calderas that have not culminated in magmatic eruption. C1 [Hutnak, M.; Hurwitz, S.; Ingebritsen, S. E.; Hsieh, P. A.] US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. RP Hutnak, M (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 345 Middlefield Rd,MS 434, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. EM mhutnak@usgs.gov FU U.S. Geological Survey Volcano Hazards Program; National Research Council FX Funding for this research came from the U.S. Geological Survey Volcano Hazards Program. M. Hutnak was funded through an associateship from the National Research Council. Karsten Pruess and Micol Todesco are thanked for their help with the modeling. Maurizio Battaglia, Dan Dzurisin, Matt Pritchard, Evelyn Roeloffs, and Martin Saar provided constructive reviews. NR 60 TC 29 Z9 29 U1 0 U2 9 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-9313 EI 2169-9356 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-SOL EA JI J. Geophys. Res.-Solid Earth PD APR 24 PY 2009 VL 114 AR B04411 DI 10.1029/2008JB006151 PG 11 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 438EK UT WOS:000265538500002 ER PT J AU Matoza, RS Garces, MA Chouet, BA D'Auria, L Hedlin, MAH De Groot-Hedlin, C Waite, GP AF Matoza, Robin S. Garces, Milton A. Chouet, Bernard A. D'Auria, Luca Hedlin, Michael A. H. De Groot-Hedlin, Catherine Waite, Gregory P. TI The source of infrasound associated with long-period events at Mount St. Helens SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SOLID EARTH LA English DT Article ID FINITE-DIFFERENCE METHOD; FREQUENCY EARTHQUAKE SWARMS; FLUID-DRIVEN CRACK; SHISHALDIN-VOLCANO; WAVE-PROPAGATION; REDOUBT-VOLCANO; ALASKAN EARTHQUAKE; SOUND-PROPAGATION; HARMONIC TREMOR; AIR WAVES AB During the early stages of the 2004-2008 Mount St. Helens eruption, the source process that produced a sustained sequence of repetitive long-period (LP) seismic events also produced impulsive broadband infrasonic signals in the atmosphere. To assess whether the signals could be generated simply by seismic-acoustic coupling from the shallow LP events, we perform finite difference simulation of the seismo-acoustic wavefield using a single numerical scheme for the elastic ground and atmosphere. The effects of topography, velocity structure, wind, and source configuration are considered. The simulations show that a shallow source buried in a homogeneous elastic solid produces a complex wave train in the atmosphere consisting of P/SV and Rayleigh wave energy converted locally along the propagation path, and acoustic energy originating from the source epicenter. Although the horizontal acoustic velocity of the latter is consistent with our data, the modeled amplitude ratios of pressure to vertical seismic velocity are too low in comparison with observations, and the characteristic differences in seismic and acoustic waveforms and spectra cannot be reproduced from a common point source. The observations therefore require a more complex source process in which the infrasonic signals are a record of only the broadband pressure excitation mechanism of the seismic LP events. The observations and numerical results can be explained by a model involving the repeated rapid pressure loss from a hydrothermal crack by venting into a shallow layer of loosely consolidated, highly permeable material. Heating by magmatic activity causes pressure to rise, periodically reaching the pressure threshold for rupture of the "valve'' sealing the crack. Sudden opening of the valve generates the broadband infrasonic signal and simultaneously triggers the collapse of the crack, initiating resonance of the remaining fluid. Subtle waveform and amplitude variability of the infrasonic signals as recorded at an array 13.4 km to the NW of the volcano are attributed primarily to atmospheric boundary layer propagation effects, superimposed upon amplitude changes at the source. C1 [Chouet, Bernard A.; Waite, Gregory P.] US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. [D'Auria, Luca] Osserv Vesuviano, Ist Nazl Geofis & Vulcanol, I-80124 Naples, Italy. [Garces, Milton A.] Univ Hawaii Manoa, Infrasound Lab, Hawaii Inst Geophys & Planetol, Kailua, HI 96740 USA. [Matoza, Robin S.; Hedlin, Michael A. H.; De Groot-Hedlin, Catherine] Univ Calif San Diego, Lab Atmospher Acoust, Inst Geophys & Planetary Phys, Scripps Inst Oceanog, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA. RP Matoza, RS (reprint author), Univ Calif San Diego, Lab Atmospher Acoust, Inst Geophys & Planetary Phys, Scripps Inst Oceanog, IGPP 0225, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA. EM rmatoza@ucsd.edu RI D'Auria, Luca/A-2023-2010; Waite, Gregory/B-7082-2009; de Groot-Hedlin, Catherine/A-4919-2013; OI D'Auria, Luca/0000-0002-7664-2216; de Groot-Hedlin, Catherine/0000-0002-3063-2805; Waite, Gregory/0000-0002-7092-8125 NR 95 TC 41 Z9 41 U1 0 U2 5 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-9313 EI 2169-9356 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-SOL EA JI J. Geophys. Res.-Solid Earth PD APR 24 PY 2009 VL 114 AR B04305 DI 10.1029/2008JB006128 PG 38 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 438EK UT WOS:000265538500001 ER PT J AU Bowman, DMJS Balch, JK Artaxo, P Bond, WJ Carlson, JM Cochrane, MA D'Antonio, CM DeFries, RS Doyle, JC Harrison, SP Johnston, FH Keeley, JE Krawchuk, MA Kull, CA Marston, JB Moritz, MA Prentice, IC Roos, CI Scott, AC Swetnam, TW van der Werf, GR Pyne, SJ AF Bowman, David M. J. S. Balch, Jennifer K. Artaxo, Paulo Bond, William J. Carlson, Jean M. Cochrane, Mark A. D'Antonio, Carla M. DeFries, Ruth S. Doyle, John C. Harrison, Sandy P. Johnston, Fay H. Keeley, Jon E. Krawchuk, Meg A. Kull, Christian A. Marston, J. Brad Moritz, Max A. Prentice, I. Colin Roos, Christopher I. Scott, Andrew C. Swetnam, Thomas W. van der Werf, Guido R. Pyne, Stephen J. TI Fire in the Earth System SO SCIENCE LA English DT Review ID ATMOSPHERIC OXYGEN; FOREST-FIRES; CLIMATE; CARBON; ECOSYSTEMS; EVOLUTION; EXPANSION; HISTORY; SYNCHRONY; EMISSIONS AB Fire is a worldwide phenomenon that appears in the geological record soon after the appearance of terrestrial plants. Fire influences global ecosystem patterns and processes, including vegetation distribution and structure, the carbon cycle, and climate. Although humans and fire have always coexisted, our capacity to manage fire remains imperfect and may become more difficult in the future as climate change alters fire regimes. This risk is difficult to assess, however, because fires are still poorly represented in global models. Here, we discuss some of the most important issues involved in developing a better understanding of the role of fire in the Earth system. C1 [Balch, Jennifer K.] Natl Ctr Ecol Anal & Synth, Santa Barbara, CA 93101 USA. [Johnston, Fay H.] Univ Tasmania, Menzies Res Inst, Hobart, Tas 7001, Australia. [Balch, Jennifer K.] Yale Univ, Sch Forestry & Environm Studies, New Haven, CT 06511 USA. [Balch, Jennifer K.] Woods Hole Res Ctr, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. [Artaxo, Paulo] Univ Sao Paulo, Inst Fis, BR-05508900 Sao Paulo, Brazil. [Bond, William J.] Univ Cape Town, Dept Bot, ZA-7925 Cape Town, South Africa. [Carlson, Jean M.] Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Dept Phys, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA. [Cochrane, Mark A.] S Dakota State Univ, Geog Informat Sci Ctr Excellence, Brookings, SD 57007 USA. [D'Antonio, Carla M.] Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Environm Studies Program, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA. [D'Antonio, Carla M.] Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Dept Ecol Evolut & Marine Biol, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA. [DeFries, Ruth S.] Columbia Univ, New York, NY 10027 USA. [Doyle, John C.] CALTECH, Dept Control & Dynam Syst, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. [Harrison, Sandy P.] Univ Bristol, Sch Geog Sci, Bristol BS8 1SS, Avon, England. [Keeley, Jon E.] US Geol Survey, Western Ecol Res Ctr, Sequoia Kings Canyon Field Stn, Three Rivers, CA 93271 USA. [Keeley, Jon E.] Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Ecol & Evolutionary Biol, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA. [Krawchuk, Meg A.; Moritz, Max A.] Univ Calif Berkeley, Ecosyst Sci Div, Dept Environm Sci Policy & Management, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. [Kull, Christian A.] Monash Univ, Sch Geog & Environm Sci, Melbourne, Vic 3800, Australia. [Marston, J. Brad] Brown Univ, Dept Phys, Providence, RI 02912 USA. [Prentice, I. Colin] Univ Bristol, QUEST, Dept Earth Sci, Bristol BS8 1RJ, Avon, England. [Roos, Christopher I.] Ohio State Univ, Dept Anthropol, Columbus, OH 43210 USA. [Scott, Andrew C.] Royal Holloway Univ London, Dept Earth Sci, Egham TW20 0EX, Surrey, England. [Swetnam, Thomas W.] Univ Arizona, Tree Ring Res Lab, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. [van der Werf, Guido R.] Vrije Univ Amsterdam, Fac Earth & Life Sci, Dept Hydrol & Geoenvironm Sci, NL-1081 HV Amsterdam, Netherlands. [Pyne, Stephen J.] Arizona State Univ, Sch Life Sci, Tempe, AZ 85287 USA. RP Balch, JK (reprint author), Natl Ctr Ecol Anal & Synth, Santa Barbara, CA 93101 USA. EM balch@nceas.ucsb.edu RI Bowman, David/A-2930-2011; Roos, Christopher/F-3379-2011; Scott, Andrew/C-6661-2008; Marston, Brad/B-3144-2012; Swetnam, Thomas/A-6052-2008; Kull, Christian/C-5806-2015; Artaxo, Paulo/E-8874-2010; van der Werf, Guido/M-8260-2016 OI Harrison, Sandy/0000-0001-5687-1903; Bowman, David/0000-0001-8075-124X; Scott, Andrew/0000-0002-1998-3508; Swetnam, Thomas/0000-0001-7268-2184; Artaxo, Paulo/0000-0001-7754-3036; van der Werf, Guido/0000-0001-9042-8630 FU Kavli Institute for Theoretical Physics (KITP); National Center for Ecological Analysis and Synthesis (NCEAS); NSF [PHY05-51164, DEB-0553768]; University of California, Santa Barbara; State of California; Instituto do Milenio Program; U.S. Geological Survey FX We thank L. Curran, M. Einhorn, D. Gross, S. Hampton, D. Nepstad, and R. Whittaker for encouraging this synthesis, and G. Williamson for assistance with Fig. 2. This work was conducted as part of the Pyrogeography and Climate Change Working Group supported by the Kavli Institute for Theoretical Physics (KITP) and the National Center for Ecological Analysis and Synthesis (NCEAS), funded by NSF grants PHY05-51164 and DEB-0553768, respectively; the University of California, Santa Barbara; and the State of California. Additional support was provided by NCEAS (to J.K.B., the Postdoctoral Associate in the Group); CNPq/MCT Instituto do Milenio Program (to P.A.); and the U.S. Geological Survey (to J.E.K.). Contributions: D.M.J.S.B. conceived of the original idea; J.K.B. and D.M.J.S.B. co-organized the KITP/NCEAS workshop and assumed editorial responsibility; all authors participated in the workshop and/or contributed to manuscript writing; G.R.W., P.A., and I.C.P. developed the radiative forcing figure; C.A.K., C.I.R., and A.C.S. designed the timeline diagram. NR 48 TC 737 Z9 756 U1 65 U2 467 PU AMER ASSOC ADVANCEMENT SCIENCE PI WASHINGTON PA 1200 NEW YORK AVE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 USA SN 0036-8075 J9 SCIENCE JI Science PD APR 24 PY 2009 VL 324 IS 5926 BP 481 EP 484 DI 10.1126/science.1163886 PG 4 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 436JU UT WOS:000265411200037 PM 19390038 ER PT J AU Baskaran, M Swarzenski, PW Biddanda, BA AF Baskaran, M. Swarzenski, P. W. Biddanda, B. A. TI Constraints on the utility of MnO2 cartridge method for the extraction of radionuclides: A case study using Th-234 SO GEOCHEMISTRY GEOPHYSICS GEOSYSTEMS LA English DT Article DE Th-234; MnO2 cartridge method; Th-234/U-238 disequilibrium; actinide chemical procedure; collection efficiency; particle reactive tracers ID ORGANIC-CARBON EXPORT; GULF-OF-MEXICO; ARCTIC-OCEAN; ATLANTIC-OCEAN; SEAWATER; PARTICULATE; DISTRIBUTIONS; ABUNDANCE; ISOTOPES; PB-210 AB Large volume (10(2) - 10(3) L) seawater samples are routinely processed to investigate the partitioning of particle reactive radionuclides and Ra between solution and size-fractionated suspended particulate matter. One of the most frequently used methods to preconcentrate these nuclides from such large volumes involves extraction onto three filter cartridges (a prefilter for particulate species and two MnO2-coated filters for dissolved species) connected in series. This method assumes that the extraction efficiency is uniform for both MnO2-coated cartridges, that no dissolved species are removed by the prefilter, and that any adsorbed radionuclides are not desorbed from the MnO2-coated cartridges during filtration. In this study, we utilized Th-234-spiked coastal seawater and deionized water to address the removal of dissolved Th onto prefilters and MnO2-coated filter cartridges. Experimental results provide the first data that indicate (1) a small fraction of dissolved Th (<6%) can be removed by the prefilter cartridge; (2) a small fraction of dissolved Th (<5%) retained by the MnO2 surface can also be desorbed, which undermines the assumption of uniform extraction efficiency for Th; and (3) the absolute and relative extraction efficiencies can vary widely. These experiments provide insight on the variability of the extraction efficiency of MnO2-coated filter cartridges by comparing the relative and absolute efficiencies and recommend the use of a constant efficiency on the combined activity from two filter cartridges connected in series for future studies of dissolved Th-234 and other radionuclides in natural waters using sequential filtration/extraction methods. C1 [Baskaran, M.] Wayne State Univ, Dept Geol, Detroit, MI 48202 USA. [Swarzenski, P. W.] US Geol Survey, Pacific Sci Ctr, Santa Cruz, CA 95060 USA. [Biddanda, B. A.] Grand Valley State Univ, Lake Michigan Ctr, Annis Water Resources Inst, Muskegon, MI 49441 USA. RP Baskaran, M (reprint author), Wayne State Univ, Dept Geol, Detroit, MI 48202 USA. EM baskaran@wayne.edu OI Baskaran, Mark/0000-0002-2218-4328 FU Wayne State University and U. S. Geological Survey-St. Petersburg, Florida; USGS Coastal Marine and Geology Program (CMG); NSF [MCB 0603944] FX We thank the two anonymous reviewers and Bill Burnett for their thoughtful reviews on this manuscript. We thank Sarah Trimble (WSU), Marci Marot (USGS), Brian Blake-Collins (ETI), and Scott Kendall (GVSU) for the help with the analytical work in the laboratory. This work was supported in part by a cooperative grant between Wayne State University and U. S. Geological Survey-St. Petersburg, Florida. P. W. S. thanks the USGS Coastal Marine and Geology Program (CMG) for continued support. B. A. B. was partially supported by a NSF grant (MCB 0603944). The use of trade names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U. S. Government. NR 23 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 11 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 1525-2027 J9 GEOCHEM GEOPHY GEOSY JI Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst. PD APR 22 PY 2009 VL 10 AR Q04011 DI 10.1029/2008GC002340 PG 9 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 438BZ UT WOS:000265532200001 ER PT J AU Sterlini, F Hulscher, SJMH Hanes, DM AF Sterlini, F. Hulscher, S. J. M. H. Hanes, D. M. TI Simulating and understanding sand wave variation: A case study of the Golden Gate sand waves SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-EARTH SURFACE LA English DT Article AB In this paper we present a detailed comparison between measured features of the Golden Gate sand wave field and the results of a nonlinear sand wave model. Because the Golden Gate sand waves exhibit large variation in their characteristics and in their environmental physics, this area gives us the opportunity to study sand wave variation between locations, within one well-measured, large area. The nonlinear model used in this paper is presently the only tool that provides information on the nonlinear evolution of large-amplitude sand waves. The model is used to increase our understanding of the coupling between the variability in environmental conditions and the sand wave characteristics. Results show that the model is able to describe the variation in the Golden Gate sand waves well when both the local oscillating tidal current and the residual current are taken into account. Current and water depth seem to be the most important factors influencing sand wave characteristics. The simulation results give further confidence in the underlying model hypothesis and assumptions. C1 [Sterlini, F.; Hulscher, S. J. M. H.] Univ Twente, Fac Engn Technol, NL-7500 AE Enschede, Netherlands. [Hanes, D. M.] US Geol Survey, Coastal & Marine Geol Program, Santa Cruz, CA 95060 USA. RP Sterlini, F (reprint author), Univ Twente, Fac Engn Technol, POB 217, NL-7500 AE Enschede, Netherlands. EM f.m.vanderMeer@utwente.nl FU Technology Foundation STW; Applied Science Division of NWO; Technology Programme of the Ministry of Economic Affairs FX F. S. is supported by the Technology Foundation STW, Applied Science Division of NWO, and the Technology Programme of the Ministry of Economic Affairs; their support is gratefully acknowledged. The authors would like to thank Edwin Elias for the stimulating discussions and critical reviews of this work, Jingping Xu for his useful review, Rolien van der Mark for the use of the BTT, Joris van den Berg for the use of the SWC and good cooperation, and the associate editor for his helpful comments. NR 19 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-9003 EI 2169-9011 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-EARTH JI J. Geophys. Res.-Earth Surf. PD APR 21 PY 2009 VL 114 AR F02007 DI 10.1029/2008JF000999 PG 15 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 438DO UT WOS:000265536300001 ER PT J AU Fisher, MA Ruppert, NA White, RA Wilson, FH Comer, D Sliter, RW Wong, FL AF Fisher, Michael A. Ruppert, Natalia A. White, Randall A. Wilson, Frederic H. Comer, Drew Sliter, Ray W. Wong, Florence L. TI A distal earthquake cluster concurrent with the 2006 explosive eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska SO TECTONOPHYSICS LA English DT Article DE Volcano-tectonic seismicity; Volcanic hazards; Alaska volcanoes; forearc-basin structure ID FAULT PLANE SOLUTIONS; STRESS TRANSFER; UNITED-STATES; COOK INLET; TRANSITION; CALIFORNIA; LOCATIONS; EVOLUTION; PENINSULA; INVERSION AB Clustered earthquakes located 25 km northeast of Augustine Volcano began about 6 months before and ceased soon after the volcano's 2006 explosive eruption. This distal seismicity formed a dense cluster less than 5 km across, in map view, and located in depth between 11 km and 16 km. This seismicity was contemporaneous with sharply increased shallow earthquake activity directly below the volcano's vent. Focal mechanisms for five events within the distal cluster show strike-slip fault movement. Cluster seismicity best defines a plane when it is projected onto a northeast-southwest cross section, suggesting that the seismogenic fault strikes northwest. However, two major structural trends intersect near Augustine Volcano, making it difficult to put the seismogenic fault into a regional-geologic context. Specifically, interpretation of marine multichannel seismic-reflection (MCS) data shows reverse faults, directly above the seismicity cluster, that trend northeast, parallel to the regional geologic strike but perpendicular to the fault suggested by the clustered seismicity. The seismogenic fault could be a reactivated basement structure. Published by Elsevier B.V. C1 [Fisher, Michael A.; White, Randall A.; Sliter, Ray W.; Wong, Florence L.] US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. [Ruppert, Natalia A.] Univ Alaska, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA. [Wilson, Frederic H.] US Geol Survey, Anchorage, AK 99508 USA. [Comer, Drew] Minerals Management Serv, Anchorage, AK USA. RP Fisher, MA (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 345 Middlefield Rd,MS 999, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. EM mfisher@usgs.gov; natasha@giseis.alaska.edu; fwilson@usgs.gov; Drew.Comer@mms.gov FU Geophysical Institute; University of Alaska Fairbanks; Office of the Alaska State Seismologist FX We thank the Geophysical Institute, University of Alaska Fairbanks and the Office of the Alaska State Seismologist for providing support for part of this research. We thank Phillip B. Dawson, Gregory P. Waite and two anonymous reviewers for critical comments that greatly NR 43 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 1 U2 3 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0040-1951 J9 TECTONOPHYSICS JI Tectonophysics PD APR 20 PY 2009 VL 469 IS 1-4 BP 25 EP 36 DI 10.1016/j.tecto.2009.01.019 PG 12 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 444OK UT WOS:000265990100003 ER PT J AU Fend, SV AF Fend, Steven. V. TI An evaluation of the genus Kincaidiana Altman, 1936, with the designation of Altmanella n. gen. (Annelida, Clitellata, Lumbriculidae) SO ZOOTAXA LA English DT Article DE Clitellata; Oligochaeta; Lumbriculidae; Kincaidiana; taxonomy ID OLIGOCHAETA AB A review of morphological characters for the western Nearctic genus Kincaidiana indicated that the two described species should be assigned to separate genera. Kincaidiana freidris Cook was transferred to a new genus, Altmanella. New material resembling A. freidris was obtained from many sites throughout western North America. Morphology of the male reproductive structures varied among populations, and the most distinctive morphological differences were accounted for by splitting the taxon into two species, which roughly corresponded to large scale regional patterns. Typical A. freidris occurred in several Pacific Coast drainages. Altmanella idahoensis n. sp., mostly associated with the Snake River drainage, was distinguished from A. freidris by shorter and less muscular atria and penial structures. A second new lumbriculid species with the same basic arrangement of reproductive organs was collected in southeastern North America, and was provisionally assigned to Altmanella. However, in contrast to the petiolate atria and large penial structures of A. freidris and A. idahoensis, Altmanella lenati n. sp. has tubular atria and simple male porophores. C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. RP Fend, SV (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 345 Middlefield Rd,Mailstop 496, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. EM svfend@usgs.gov NR 20 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 1 PU MAGNOLIA PRESS PI AUCKLAND PA PO BOX 41383, AUCKLAND, ST LUKES 1030, NEW ZEALAND SN 1175-5326 EI 1175-5334 J9 ZOOTAXA JI Zootaxa PD APR 20 PY 2009 IS 2077 BP 1 EP 30 PG 30 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA 434EM UT WOS:000265258000001 ER PT J AU Yang, Q Jung, HB Culbertson, CW Marvinney, RG Loiselle, MC Locke, DB Cheek, H Thibodeau, H Zheng, Y AF Yang, Qiang Jung, Hun Bok Culbertson, Charles W. Marvinney, Robert G. Loiselle, Marc C. Locke, Daniel B. Cheek, Heidi Thibodeau, Hilary Zheng, Yan TI Spatial Pattern of Groundwater Arsenic Occurrence and Association with Bedrock Geology in Greater Augusta, Maine SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID NEW-HAMPSHIRE; NEW-ENGLAND; UNITED-STATES; DRINKING-WATER; EXPOSURE; USA AB In New England, groundwater arsenic occurrence has been linked to bedrock geology on regional scales. To ascertain and quantify this linkage at intermediate (10(0)-10(1) km) scales, 790 groundwater samples from fractured bedrock aquifers in the greater Augusta, Maine area are analyzed, and 31% of the sampled wells have arsenic concentrations >10 mu g/L. The probability of [As] exceeding 10 mu g/L mapped by indicator kriging is highest in Silurian pelite-sandstone and pelite-limestone units (similar to 40%). This probability differs significantly (p < 0.001) from those in the Silurian-Ordovician sandstone (24%), the Devonian granite (15%), and the Ordovician-Cambrian volcanic rocks (9%). The spatial pattern of groundwater arsenic distribution resembles the bedrock map. Thus, bedrock geology is associated with arsenic occurrence in fractured bedrock aquifers of the study area at intermediate scales relevant to water resources planning. The arsenic exceedance rate for each rock unit is considered robust because low, medium, and high arsenic occurrences in four cluster areas (3-20 km(2)) with a low sampling density of 1-6 wells per km(2) are comparable to those with a greater density of 5-42 wells per km(2). About 12,000 people (21% of the population) in the greater Augusta area (similar to 1135 km(2)) are at risk of exposure to >10 mu g/L arsenic in groundwater. C1 [Yang, Qiang; Jung, Hun Bok; Zheng, Yan] CUNY, Queens Coll, Flushing, NY 11367 USA. [Yang, Qiang; Jung, Hun Bok; Zheng, Yan] CUNY, Grad Ctr, Flushing, NY 11367 USA. [Zheng, Yan] Columbia Univ, Lamont Doherty Earth Observ, Palisades, NY 10964 USA. [Culbertson, Charles W.] US Geol Survey, Maine Water Sci Ctr, Augusta, ME 04330 USA. [Marvinney, Robert G.; Loiselle, Marc C.; Locke, Daniel B.; Cheek, Heidi; Thibodeau, Hilary] Maine Geol Survey, Augusta, ME 04330 USA. RP Zheng, Y (reprint author), CUNY, Queens Coll, 65-30 Kissena Blvd, Flushing, NY 11367 USA. EM yan.zheng@qc.cuny.edu RI Yang, Qiang/N-8198-2013 OI Yang, Qiang/0000-0002-6788-8775 FU NIEHS NIH HHS [2 P42 ES10349, P42 ES010349, P42 ES010349-060010, P42 ES010349-07, P42 ES010349-080010, P42 ES010349-070010, P42 ES010349-090010] NR 32 TC 24 Z9 25 U1 1 U2 14 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0013-936X EI 1520-5851 J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD APR 15 PY 2009 VL 43 IS 8 BP 2714 EP 2719 DI 10.1021/es803141m PG 6 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 432ZK UT WOS:000265172800011 PM 19475939 ER PT J AU Brigham, ME Wentz, DA Aiken, GR Krabbenhoft, DP AF Brigham, Mark E. Wentz, Dennis A. Aiken, George R. Krabbenhoft, David P. TI Mercury Cycling in Stream Ecosystems. 1. Water Column Chemistry and Transport SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID METHYLMERCURY; RIVERS; MINNESOTA; CATCHMENT AB We studied total mercury (THg) and methylmercury (MeHg) in eight streams, located in Oregon, Wisconsin, and Florida, that span large ranges in climate, landscape characteristics, atmospheric Hg deposition, and water chemistry. While atmospheric deposition was the source of Hg at each site, basin characteristics appeared to mediate this source by providing controls on methylation and fluvial THg and MeHg transport. Instantaneous concentrations of filtered total mercury (FrHg) and filtered methylmercury (FMeHg) exhibited strong positive correlations with both dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentrations and streamflow for most streams, whereas mean FrHg and FMeHg concentrations were correlated with wetland density of the basins. For all streams combined, whole water concentrations (sum of filtered and particulate forms) of THg and MeHg correlated strongly with DOC and suspended sediment concentrations in the water column. C1 [Brigham, Mark E.] US Geol Survey, Mounds View, MN 55112 USA. [Wentz, Dennis A.] US Geol Survey, Portland, OR 97201 USA. [Aiken, George R.] US Geol Survey, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. [Krabbenhoft, David P.] US Geol Survey, Middleton, WI 53562 USA. RP Brigham, ME (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 2280 Woodale Dr, Mounds View, MN 55112 USA. EM mbrigham@usgs.gov OI Brigham, Mark/0000-0001-7412-6800 NR 28 TC 132 Z9 133 U1 5 U2 73 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0013-936X J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD APR 15 PY 2009 VL 43 IS 8 BP 2720 EP 2725 DI 10.1021/es802694n PG 6 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 432ZK UT WOS:000265172800012 PM 19475940 ER PT J AU Marvin-DiPasquale, M Lutz, MA Brigham, ME Krabbenhoft, DP Aiken, GR Orem, WH Hall, BD AF Marvin-DiPasquale, Mark Lutz, Michelle A. Brigham, Mark E. Krabbenhoft, David P. Aiken, George R. Orem, William H. Hall, Britt D. TI Mercury Cycling in Stream Ecosystems. 2. Benthic Methylmercury Production and Bed Sediment-Pore Water Partitioning SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID GULF-OF-TRIESTE; REDUCING BACTERIA; MARINE-SEDIMENTS; METHYLATION; RATES; BAY; RIVER; HG; BIOGEOCHEMISTRY; BIOACCUMULATION AB Mercury speciation, controls on methylmercury (MeHg) production, and bed sediment-pore water partitioning of total Hg (THg) and MeHg were examined in bed sediment from eight geochemically diverse streams where atmospheric deposition was the predominant Hg input Across all streams, sediment THg concentrations were best described as a combined function of sediment percent fines (%fines; particles < 63 mu m) and organic content. MeHg concentrations were best described as a combined function of organic content and the activity of the Hg(II)-methylating microbial community and were comparable to MeHg concentrations in streams with Hg inputs from industrial and mining sources. Whole sediment tin-reducible inorganic reactive Hg (Hg(II)R) was used as a proxy measure for the Hg(l]) pool available for microbial methylation. In conjunction with radiotracer-derived rate constants of (203)Hg(II) methylation, Hg(II)R was used to calculate MeHg production potential rates and to explain the spatial variability in MeHg concentration. The %Hg(II)(R) (of THg) was low (2.1 +/- 5.7%) and was inversely related to both microbial sulfate reduction rates and sediment total reduced sulfur concentration. While sediment THg concentrations were higher in urban streams, %MeHg and %Hg(II)(R) were higher in nonurban streams. Sediment pore water distribution coefficients (log K(d)'s) for both THg and MeHg were inversely related to the log-transformed ratio of pore water dissolved organic carbon (DOC) to bed sediment %fines. The stream with the highest drainage basin wetland density also had the highest pore water DOC concentration and the lowest log K(d)'s for both THg and MeHg. No significant relationship existed between overlying water MeHg concentrations and those in bed sediment or pore water, suggesting upstream sources of MeHg production may be more important than local streambed production as a driver of water column MeHg concentration in drainage basins C1 [Marvin-DiPasquale, Mark] US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. [Lutz, Michelle A.; Krabbenhoft, David P.; Hall, Britt D.] US Geol Survey, Middleton, WI 53562 USA. [Brigham, Mark E.] US Geol Survey, Mounds View, MN 55112 USA. [Aiken, George R.] US Geol Survey, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. [Orem, William H.] US Geol Survey, Reston, VA 20192 USA. RP Marvin-DiPasquale, M (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 345 Middlefield Rd, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. EM mmarvin@usgs.gov OI Brigham, Mark/0000-0001-7412-6800 NR 42 TC 71 Z9 71 U1 5 U2 70 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0013-936X J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD APR 15 PY 2009 VL 43 IS 8 BP 2726 EP 2732 DI 10.1021/es802698v PG 7 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 432ZK UT WOS:000265172800013 PM 19475941 ER PT J AU Chasar, LC Scudder, BC Stewart, AR Bell, AH Aiken, GR AF Chasar, Lia C. Scudder, Barbara C. Stewart, A. Robin Bell, Amanda H. Aiken, George R. TI Mercury Cycling in Stream Ecosystems. 3. Trophic Dynamics and Methylmercury Bioaccumulation SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID MARINE FOOD-WEB; METAL BIOACCUMULATION; NITROGEN ISOTOPES; METHYL MERCURY; CARBON; FISH; DELTA-N-15; WATER; CONSUMERS; RESERVOIR AB Trophic dynamics (community composition and feeding relationships) have been identified as important drivers of methylmercury (MeHg) bioaccumulation in lakes, reservoirs, and marine ecosystems. The relative importance of trophic dynamics and geochemical controls on MeHg bioaccumulation in streams, however, remains poorly characterized. MeHg bioaccumulation was evaluated in eight stream ecosystems across the United States (Oregon, Wisconsin, and Florida) spanning large ranges in climate, landscape characteristics, atmospheric Hg deposition, and stream chemistry. Across all geographic regions and all streams, concentrations of total Hg (THg) in top predator fish and forage fish, and MeHg in invertebrates, were strongly positively correlated to concentrations of filtered THg (FTHg), filtered MeHg (FMeHg), and dissolved organic carbon (DOC); to DOC complexity (as measured by specific ultraviolet absorbance); and to percent wetland in the stream basins. Correlations were strongest for nonurban streams. Although regressions of log[Hg] versus delta(15)N indicate that Hg in biota increased significantly with increasing trophic position within seven of eight individual streams, Hg concentrations in top predator fish (including cutthroat, rainbow, and brown trout; green sunfish; and largemouth bass) were not strongly influenced by differences in relative trophic position. Slopes of log[Hg] versus delta(15)N, an indicator of the efficiency of trophic enrichment, ranged from 0.14 to 0.27 for all streams. These data suggest that, across the large ranges in FTHg (0.14-14.2 ng L(-1)), FMeHg (0.023-1.03 ng L(-1)), and DOC (0.50-61.0 mg L(-1)) found in this study, Hg contamination in top predator fish in streams likely is dominated by the amount of MeHg available for uptake at the base of the food web rather than by differences in the trophic position of top predator fish. C1 [Chasar, Lia C.] US Geol Survey, Florida Integrated Sci Ctr, Tallahassee, FL 32303 USA. [Scudder, Barbara C.; Bell, Amanda H.] US Geol Survey, Wisconsin Water Sci Ctr, Middleton, WI 53562 USA. [Stewart, A. Robin] US Geol Survey, Natl Res Program, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. [Aiken, George R.] US Geol Survey, Natl Res Program, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RP Chasar, LC (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Florida Integrated Sci Ctr, 2639 N Monroe St,Suite A-200, Tallahassee, FL 32303 USA. EM lchasar@usgs.gov NR 44 TC 110 Z9 113 U1 2 U2 77 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0013-936X J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD APR 15 PY 2009 VL 43 IS 8 BP 2733 EP 2739 DI 10.1021/es8027567 PG 7 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 432ZK UT WOS:000265172800014 PM 19475942 ER PT J AU Beighley, RE Eggert, KG Dunne, T He, Y Gummadi, V Verdin, KL AF Beighley, R. E. Eggert, K. G. Dunne, T. He, Y. Gummadi, V. Verdin, K. L. TI Simulating hydrologic and hydraulic processes throughout the Amazon River Basin SO HYDROLOGICAL PROCESSES LA English DT Article DE Amazon Basin; flood routing; hydrologic modelling ID WATER STORAGE; INUNDATION; PARAMETERS; VEGETATION; SYSTEM; FOREST; SOILS; SCALE; AREA AB Presented here is a model framework based on a land surface topography that can be represented with various degrees of resolution and capable of providing representative channel/floodplain hydraulic characteristics on a daily to hourly scale. The framework integrates two models: (1) a water balance model (WBM) for the vertical fluxes and stores of water in and through the canopy and soil layers based oil the conservation of mass and energy, and (2) a routing model for the horizontal routing of surface and subsurface runoff and channel and floodplain waters based oil kinematic and diffusion wave methodologies. The WBM is driven by satellite-derived precipitation (TRMM_3B42) and air temperature (MOD08_M3). The model's use of an irregular computational grid is intended to facilitate parallel processing for applications to continental and global scales. Results are presented for the Amazon Basin over the period Jan 2001 through Dec 2005. The model is shown to capture annual runoff totals, annual peaks, seasonal patterns, and daily fluctuations over a range of spatial scales (>1,000 to <4.7M km(2)). For the period Of Study, results suggest basin-wide total water storage changes in the Amazon vary by approximately +/-5 to 10 cm, and the fractional components accounting for these changes are: root zone soil moisture (20%), Subsurface water being routed laterally to channels (40%) and channel/floodplain discharge (40%). Annual variability in monthly water storage changes by +/-2.5 cm is likely due to 0.5 to 1 month variability in the arrival of significant rainfall periods throughout the basin. Copyright (C) 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. C1 [Beighley, R. E.; He, Y.; Gummadi, V.] San Diego State Univ, San Diego, CA 92182 USA. [Eggert, K. G.] Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Inst Computat Earth Syst Sci, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA. [Eggert, K. G.] Los Alamos Natl Lab, Div Theoret, Los Alamos, NM USA. [Dunne, T.] Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Donald Bren Sch Environm Sci & Management, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA. [Verdin, K. L.] US Geol Survey, Earth Resources Observat & Sci Ctr, Sioux Falls, SD USA. RP Beighley, RE (reprint author), San Diego State Univ, 5500 Campanile Dr, San Diego, CA 92182 USA. EM beighley@mail.sdsu.edu RI Dunne, Thomas/B-6374-2014 OI Dunne, Thomas/0000-0002-5281-6517 FU NASA [NNX06AF13G, NAG5-6120, SH-02, NASA/NAG58396]; US Dept. of Energy [DE-AC52-06NA25396] FX In part, this work was carried Out under the auspices These data products were used in the basin model of the NASA New Investigator Program, Contract No. calibration. NNX06AF13G; NASA Earth Observing System project NAG5-6120, NASA LBA project SH-02: NASA/NAG58396; US Geological Survey Contract No. 05CRAGO029; and the National Nuclear Security Administration of the US Dept. of Energy at Los Alamos National Laboratory under Contract No. DE-AC52-06NA25396; Los Alamos National Laboratory Directed Research and Development project, 'High-Resolution Physically-Based Model of Semi-Arid River Basin Hydrology', and US Dept. of Energy's Climate Change Prediction Program in the Office of Science. The authors thank Dr Rosangela Sviercoski for her analysis and extension of the discharge data at select stations in the Amazon basin. NR 58 TC 67 Z9 69 U1 3 U2 26 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ USA SN 0885-6087 EI 1099-1085 J9 HYDROL PROCESS JI Hydrol. Process. PD APR 15 PY 2009 VL 23 IS 8 BP 1221 EP 1235 DI 10.1002/hyp.7252 PG 15 WC Water Resources SC Water Resources GA 434DA UT WOS:000265254200011 ER PT J AU Mahan, SA Noe, DC McCalpin, JP AF Mahan, Shannon A. Noe, David C. McCalpin, James P. TI Use of OSL dating to establish the stratigraphic framework of Quaternary eolian sediments, Anton scarp upper trench, Northeastern Colorado High Plains, USA SO QUATERNARY INTERNATIONAL LA English DT Article ID EQUIVALENT DOSE DETERMINATIONS; SINGLE-ALIQUOT; UNITED-STATES; FINE-GRAINS; LOESS; PROTOCOL; CHRONOLOGY; DEPOSITION; QUARTZ AB This paper contains the results of the optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) dating used to establish stratigraphic ages and relationships of eolian sediments in a trench in northeastern Colorado, USA, This trench was located in the upper face of the Anton scarp, a major topographic lineament trending NW-SE for a distance of 135 km, in anticipation of intersecting near-surface faulting. The trench was 180 m long. 4.5-6.0 m deep, and exposed 22 m of stratigraphic section, most of which dipped gently west and was truncated by gulley channeling at the face of the scarp. No direct evidence of faulting was found in the upper trench. The stratigraphy from the trench was described, mapped and dated using OSL on quartz and potassium feldspar, and (14)C obtained from woody material. OSL dating identified two upper loess units as Peoria Loess and Gilman Canyon Loess, deposited between 16 and 30 ka ago. The bottom layers of the trench were substantially older, giving OSL ages in excess of 100 ka. These older ages are interpreted as underestimates, owing to saturation of the fast component of OSL. Using OSL and (14)C dating, we can constrain the erosion and down cutting of the scarp face as occurring between 16 and 5.7 ka. As the trenching investigation continues in other parts of the scarp face, the results of this preliminary study will be of importance in relating the ages of the strata that underlie different parts of the scarp, and in determining whether Quaternary faulting was a mechanism that contributed to the formation of this regional geomorphic feature. Published by Elsevier Ltd. C1 [Mahan, Shannon A.] US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Lakewood, CO 80225 USA. [Noe, David C.] Colorado Geol Survey, Denver, CO 80203 USA. [McCalpin, James P.] GEO HAZ Consulting Inc, Crestone, CO 81131 USA. RP Mahan, SA (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, MS 974,Box 25046, Lakewood, CO 80225 USA. EM smahan@usgs.gov; dave.noe@state.co.us; mccalpin@geohaz.com OI Mahan, Shannon/0000-0001-5214-7774 NR 39 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 1 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 1040-6182 J9 QUATERN INT JI Quat. Int. PD APR 15 PY 2009 VL 199 BP 92 EP 103 DI 10.1016/j.quaint.2008.09.006 PG 12 WC Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Physical Geography; Geology GA 446LS UT WOS:000266123700009 ER PT J AU Langley, JA Mckee, KL Cahoon, DR Cherry, JA Megonigal, JP AF Langley, J. Adam McKee, Karen L. Cahoon, Donald R. Cherry, Julia A. Megonigal, J. Patrick TI Elevated CO2 stimulates marsh elevation gain, counterbalancing sea-level rise SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA LA English DT Article DE coastal wetlands; nitrogen pollution; tidal marsh loss; root productivity; salinity ID COASTAL WETLANDS; NITROGEN; BAY; RESPONSES; GROWTH; ENRICHMENT; SALINITY AB Tidal wetlands experiencing increased rates of sea-level rise (SLR) must increase rates of soil elevation gain to avoid permanent conversion to open water. The maximal rate of SLR that these ecosystems can tolerate depends partly on mineral sediment deposition, but the accumulation of organic matter is equally important for many wetlands. Plant productivity drives organic matter dynamics and is sensitive to global change factors, such as rising atmospheric CO2 concentration. It remains unknown how global change will influence organic mechanisms that determine future tidal wetland viability. Here, we present experimental evidence that plant response to elevated atmospheric [ CO2] stimulates biogenic mechanisms of elevation gain in a brackish marsh. Elevated CO2 (ambient + 340 ppm) accelerated soil elevation gain by 3.9 mm yr(-1) in this 2-year field study, an effect mediated by stimulation of below-ground plant productivity. Further, a companion greenhouse experiment revealed that the CO2 effect was enhanced under salinity and flooding conditions likely to accompany future SLR. Our results indicate that by stimulating biogenic contributions to marsh elevation, increases in the greenhouse gas, CO2, may paradoxically aid some coastal wetlands in counterbalancing rising seas. C1 [Langley, J. Adam; Megonigal, J. Patrick] Smithsonian Environm Res Ctr, Edgewater, MD 21037 USA. [Langley, J. Adam] Villanova Univ, Dept Biol, Villanova, PA 19085 USA. [McKee, Karen L.] US Geol Survey, Natl Wetland Res Ctr, Lafayette, LA 70506 USA. [Cahoon, Donald R.] US Geol Survey, Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. [Cherry, Julia A.] Univ Alabama, Dept Biol Sci, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487 USA. [Cherry, Julia A.] Univ Alabama, New Coll, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487 USA. RP Megonigal, JP (reprint author), Smithsonian Environm Res Ctr, 647 Contees Wharf Rd, Edgewater, MD 21037 USA. EM megonigalp@si.edu RI McKee, Karen/D-1365-2014 OI McKee, Karen/0000-0001-7042-670X NR 31 TC 97 Z9 102 U1 7 U2 61 PU NATL ACAD SCIENCES PI WASHINGTON PA 2101 CONSTITUTION AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20418 USA SN 0027-8424 J9 P NATL ACAD SCI USA JI Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. PD APR 14 PY 2009 VL 106 IS 15 BP 6182 EP 6186 DI 10.1073/pnas.0807695106 PG 5 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 433AB UT WOS:000265174600029 PM 19325121 ER PT J AU King, JN Mehta, AJ Dean, RG AF King, J. N. Mehta, A. J. Dean, R. G. TI Generalized analytical model for benthic water flux forced by surface gravity waves SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-OCEANS LA English DT Article ID PERMEABLE SEDIMENTS; EXCHANGE; DRIVEN; INTERFACE AB A generalized analytical model for benthic water flux forced by linear surface gravity waves over a series of layered hydrogeologic units is developed by adapting a previous solution for a hydrogeologic unit with an infinite thickness (Case I) to a unit with a finite thickness (Case II) and to a dual-unit system (Case III). The model compares favorably with laboratory observations. The amplitude of wave-forced benthic water flux is shown to be directly proportional to the amplitude of the wave, the permeability of the hydrogeologic unit, and the wave number and inversely proportional to the kinematic viscosity of water. A dimensionless amplitude parameter is introduced and shown to reach a maximum where the product of water depth and the wave number is 1.2. Submarine groundwater discharge (SGD) is a benthic water discharge flux to a marine water body. The Case I model estimates an 11.5-cm/d SGD forced by a wave with a 1 s period and 5-cm amplitude in water that is 0.5-m deep. As this wave propagates into a region with a 0.3-m-thick hydrogeologic unit, with a no-flow bottom boundary, the Case II model estimates a 9.7-cm/d wave-forced SGD. As this wave propagates into a region with a 0.2-m-thick hydrogeologic unit over an infinitely thick, more permeable unit, the Case III quasi-confined model estimates a 15.7-cm/d wave-forced SGD. The quasi-confined model has benthic constituent flux implications in coral reef, karst, and clastic regions. Waves may undermine tracer and seepage meter estimates of SGD at some locations. C1 [King, J. N.] US Geol Survey, Florida Integrated Sci Ctr, Ft Lauderdale, FL 33315 USA. [Mehta, A. J.; Dean, R. G.] Univ Florida, Dept Civil & Coastal Engn, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. RP King, JN (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Florida Integrated Sci Ctr, 3110 SW 9th Ave, Ft Lauderdale, FL 33315 USA. EM jking@usgs.gov RI King, Jeffrey/B-2627-2009 OI King, Jeffrey/0000-0003-1911-2654 FU U.S. Geological Survey, Water Resources Discipline FX We are grateful to J. F. Bratton, S. C. Cooper, K. J. Cunningham, M. G. Deacon, N. R. deSieyes, A. S. Harrison, L. G. Larsen, H. A. Michael, C. D. Reich, R. A. Renken, W. E. Sanford, and P. W. Swarzenski for insight and expertise. We also appreciate the efforts of J. T. Kirby and three anonymous reviewers in vetting this manuscript. This work was partially funded by the U.S. Geological Survey, Water Resources Discipline. NR 14 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 2 U2 12 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0148-0227 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-OCEANS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans PD APR 11 PY 2009 VL 114 AR C04004 DI 10.1029/2008JC005116 PG 14 WC Oceanography SC Oceanography GA 431ZO UT WOS:000265103500001 ER PT J AU Brekke, LD Maurer, EP Anderson, JD Dettinger, MD Townsley, ES Harrison, A Pruitt, T AF Brekke, Levi D. Maurer, Edwin P. Anderson, Jamie D. Dettinger, Michael D. Townsley, Edwin S. Harrison, Alan Pruitt, Tom TI Assessing reservoir operations risk under climate change SO WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID JOAQUIN RIVER-BASIN; WATER-RESOURCES; COUPLED MODEL; CHANGE IMPACTS; SIERRA-NEVADA; CALIFORNIA; HYDROLOGY; SIMULATIONS; UNCERTAINTY; DISTRIBUTIONS AB Risk-based planning offers a robust way to identify strategies that permit adaptive water resources management under climate change. This paper presents a flexible methodology for conducting climate change risk assessments involving reservoir operations. Decision makers can apply this methodology to their systems by selecting future periods and risk metrics relevant to their planning questions and by collectively evaluating system impacts relative to an ensemble of climate projection scenarios (weighted or not). This paper shows multiple applications of this methodology in a case study involving California's Central Valley Project and State Water Project systems. Multiple applications were conducted to show how choices made in conducting the risk assessment, choices known as analytical design decisions, can affect assessed risk. Specifically, risk was reanalyzed for every choice combination of two design decisions: (1) whether to assume climate change will influence flood-control constraints on water supply operations (and how), and (2) whether to weight climate change scenarios (and how). Results show that assessed risk would motivate different planning pathways depending on decision-maker attitudes toward risk (e. g., risk neutral versus risk averse). Results also show that assessed risk at a given risk attitude is sensitive to the analytical design choices listed above, with the choice of whether to adjust flood-control rules under climate change having considerably more influence than the choice on whether to weight climate scenarios. C1 [Brekke, Levi D.; Harrison, Alan; Pruitt, Tom] US Bur Reclamat, Tech Serv Ctr, Denver Fed Ctr, Denver, CO 80225 USA. [Maurer, Edwin P.] Santa Clara Univ, Dept Civil Engn, Santa Clara, CA 95053 USA. [Anderson, Jamie D.] Calif Dept Water Resources, Bay Delta Off, Sacramento, CA 94236 USA. [Dettinger, Michael D.] Univ Calif San Diego, US Geol Survey, Scripps Inst Oceanog, Dept 0224, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA. [Townsley, Edwin S.] USA, Corps Engineers, Sacramento, CA USA. RP Brekke, LD (reprint author), US Bur Reclamat, Tech Serv Ctr, Denver Fed Ctr, Bldg 67,Room 506,POB 250007 86-68210, Denver, CO 80225 USA. EM lbrekke@do.usbr.gov; emaurer@engr.scu.edu; jamiea@water.ca.gov; mddettin@usgs.gov; edwin.s.townsley@usace.army.mil; aharrison@do.usbr.gov; tpruitt@do.usbr.gov RI Maurer, Edwin/C-7190-2009 OI Maurer, Edwin/0000-0001-7134-487X FU Bureau of Reclamation Research and Development Office; Reclamation Mid-Pacific Region Office; U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) Engineering Research and Development Center; Office of Science, U. S. Department of Energy FX This project was funded by multiple sources: directly by the Bureau of Reclamation Research and Development Office, Reclamation Mid-Pacific Region Office, and U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) Engineering Research and Development Center; and through in-kind support from USACE Sacramento District, the California Department of Water Resources, U. S. Geological Survey, and Santa Clara University. We thank the staff at Scripps Institution of Oceanography for compiling and processing projection data sets used in these analyses (with funding provided by the California Energy Commission's California Climate Change Center at Scripps). We also thank the staff at the NWS California-Nevada River Forecast Center for providing runoff model tools and simulation support. Finally, we would like to acknowledge CMIP3 climate modeling groups for making their simulations available for analysis, the Program for Climate Model Diagnosis and Intercomparison for collecting and archiving the CMIP3 model output, and the WCRP's Working Group on Coupled Modeling for organizing the model data analysis activity. The WCRP CMIP3 multimodel data set is supported by the Office of Science, U. S. Department of Energy. NR 55 TC 69 Z9 69 U1 4 U2 56 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0043-1397 EI 1944-7973 J9 WATER RESOUR RES JI Water Resour. Res. PD APR 11 PY 2009 VL 45 AR W04411 DI 10.1029/2008WR006941 PG 16 WC Environmental Sciences; Limnology; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Water Resources GA 432AU UT WOS:000265106700001 ER PT J AU Peinetti, HR Baker, BW Coughenour, MB AF Peinetti, H. Raul Baker, Bruce W. Coughenour, Michael B. TI Simulation modeling to understand how selective foraging by beaver can drive the structure and function of a willow community SO ECOLOGICAL MODELLING LA English DT Article DE Beaver; Castor canadensis; Community; Ecosystem model; Riparian; Rocky Mountain National Park; Salix; Stability; Willow ID CASTOR CANADENSIS KUHL; ECOSYSTEM ENGINEERS; ARCTIC BEAVERS; POPULATION; HERBIVORY; DYNAMICS; OPTIMIZATION; FACILITATION; METABOLISM; CALIFORNIA AB Beaver-willow (Castor-Salix) communities are a unique and vital component of healthy wetlands throughout the Holarctic region. Beaver selectively forage willow to provide fresh food, stored winter food, and construction material. The effects of this complex foraging behavior on the structure and function of willow communities is poorly understood. Simulation modeling may help ecologists understand these complex interactions. In this study, a modified version of the SAVANNA ecosystem model was developed to better understand how beaver foraging affects the structure and function of a willow community in a simulated riparian ecosystem in Rocky Mountain National Park, Colorado (RMNP). The model represents willow in terms of plant and stem dynamics and beaver foraging in terms of the quantity and quality of stems cut to meet the energetic and life history requirements of beaver. Given a site where all stems were equally available, the model suggested a simulated beaver family of 2 adults, 2 yearlings, and 2 kits required a minimum of 4 ha of willow (containing about 10 stems m(-2)) to persist in a steady-state condition. Beaver created a willow community where the annual net primary productivity (ANPP) was 2 times higher and plant architecture was more diverse than the willow community without beaver. Beaver foraging created a plant architecture dominated by medium size willow plants, which likely explains how beaver can increase ANPP. Long-term simulations suggested that woody biomass stabilized at similar values even though availability differed greatly at initial condition. Simulations also suggested that willow ANPP increased across a range of beaver densities until beaver became food limited. Thus, selective foraging by beaver increased productivity, decreased biomass, and increased structural heterogeneity in a simulated willow community. Published by Elsevier B.V. C1 [Peinetti, H. Raul] Univ Nacl La Pampa, Fac Agron, RA-6300 Santa Rosa, La Pampa, Argentina. [Peinetti, H. Raul; Coughenour, Michael B.] Colorado State Univ, Nat Resource Ecol Lab, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. [Baker, Bruce W.] US Geol Survey, Ft Collins Sci Ctr, Ft Collins, CO 80526 USA. RP Peinetti, HR (reprint author), USDA ARS, POB 30003,MSC 3JER, Nmsu Las Cruces, NM 88003 USA. EM rpeinett@jornada.nmsu.edu FU U.S. Geological Survey in cooperation with the National Park Service FX We thank Susan Skagen and Brian Sturtevant for their helpful comments on the manuscript. Research was supported by the U.S. Geological Survey in cooperation with the National Park Service. NR 53 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 1 U2 23 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0304-3800 J9 ECOL MODEL JI Ecol. Model. PD APR 10 PY 2009 VL 220 IS 7 BP 998 EP 1012 DI 10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2009.01.009 PG 15 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 430TP UT WOS:000265011900010 ER PT J AU Befus, KS Hanson, RE Miggins, DP Breyer, JA Busbey, AB AF Befus, Kenneth S. Hanson, Richard E. Miggins, Daniel P. Breyer, John A. Busbey, Arthur B. TI Nonexplosive and explosive magma/wet-sediment interaction during emplacement of Eocene intrusions into Cretaceous to Eocene strata, Trans-Pecos igneous province, West Texas SO JOURNAL OF VOLCANOLOGY AND GEOTHERMAL RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE phreatomagmatism; peperite; diatreme; Trans-Pecos Texas; (40)Ar/(39)Ar geochronology ID BEND-NATIONAL-PARK; PHREATOMAGMATIC VOLCANOS; VENT COMPLEX; COOMBS-HILLS; PEPERITE TEXTURES; SHIMANE PENINSULA; BASALT VOLCANISM; SW JAPAN; ROCKS; WET AB Eocene intrusion of alkaline basaltic to trachyandesitic magmas into unlithified, Upper Cretaceous (Maastrichtian) to Eocene fluvial strata in part of the Trans-Pecos igneous province in West Texas produced an array of features recording both nonexplosive and explosive magma/wet-sediment interaction. intrusive complexes with (40)Ar/(39)Ar dates of similar to 47-46 Ma consist of coherent basalt, peperite, and disrupted sediment. Two of the complexes cutting Cretaceous strata contain masses of conglomerate derived from Eocene fluvial deposits that, at the onset of intrusive activity, would have been >400-500 m above the present level of exposure. These intrusive complexes are inferred to be remnants of diatremes that fed maar volcanoes during an early stage of magmatism in this part of the Trans-Pecos province. Disrupted Cretaceous strata along diatreme margins record collapse of conduit walls during and after subsurface phreatomagmatic explosions. Eocene conglomerate slumped downward from higher levels during vent excavation. Coherent to pillowed basaltic intrusions emplaced at the close of explosive activity formed peperite within the conglomerate, within disrupted Cretaceous strata in the conduit walls, and within inferred remnants of the phreatomagmatic slurry that filled the vents during explosive volcanism. A younger series of intrusions with (40)Ar/(39)Ar dates of similar to 42 Ma underwent nonexplosive interaction with Upper Cretaceous to Paleocene mud and sand. Dikes and sills show fluidal, billowed, quenched margins against the host strata, recording development of surface instabilities between magma and groundwater-rich sediment. Accentuation of billowed margins resulted in propagation of intrusive pillows into the adjacent sediment. More intense disruption and mingling of quenched magma with sediment locally produced fluidal and blocky peperite, but sufficient volumes of pore fluid were not heated rapidly enough to generate phreatomagmatic explosions. This work suggests that Trans-Pecos Texas may be an important locale for the study of subvolcanic phreatomagmatic processes and associated phenomena. Eocene intrusions in the study area underwent complex interactions with wet sediment at shallow levels beneath the surface in strata as old as Maastrichtian, which must have remained unlithified and rich in pore water for similar to 20-25 Ma. (C) 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 [Befus, Kenneth S.; Hanson, Richard E.; Breyer, John A.; Busbey, Arthur B.] Texas Christian Univ, Dept Geol, Ft Worth, TX 76129 USA. [Miggins, Daniel P.] US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Denver, CO 80225 USA. RP Befus, KS (reprint author), Texas Christian Univ, Dept Geol, Box 298830, Ft Worth, TX 76129 USA. EM kenny.befus@gmail.com RI Befus, Kenneth/D-5246-2013 NR 83 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 1 U2 8 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0377-0273 J9 J VOLCANOL GEOTH RES JI J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res. PD APR 10 PY 2009 VL 181 IS 3-4 BP 155 EP 172 DI 10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2008.12.017 PG 18 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 433BU UT WOS:000265179400001 ER PT J AU Xu, Y Koper, KD Sufri, O Zhu, LP Hutko, AR AF Xu, Yan Koper, Keith D. Sufri, Oner Zhu, Lupei Hutko, Alexander R. TI Rupture imaging of the M-w 7.9 12 May 2008 Wenchuan earthquake from back projection of teleseismic P waves SO GEOCHEMISTRY GEOPHYSICS GEOSYSTEMS LA English DT Article DE rupture imaging; Wenchuan earthquake; back projection; array response function ID LOWER CRUSTAL FLOW; NTH-ROOT STACK; EASTERN TIBET; ARRAY; TIMES; DEFORMATION; NOISE; ZONE AB The M-w 7.9 Wenchuan earthquake of 12 May 2008 was the most destructive Chinese earthquake since the 1976 Tangshan event. Tens of thousands of people were killed, hundreds of thousands were injured, and millions were left homeless. Here we infer the detailed rupture process of the Wenchuan earthquake by back-projecting teleseismic P energy from several arrays of seismometers. This technique has only recently become feasible and is potentially faster than traditional finite-fault inversion of teleseismic body waves; therefore, it may reduce the notification time to emergency response agencies. Using the IRIS DMC, we collected 255 vertical component broadband P waves at 30-95 degrees from the epicenter. We found that at periods of 5 s and greater, nearly all of these P waves were coherent enough to be used in a global array. We applied a simple down-sampling heuristic to define a global subarray of 70 stations that reduced the asymmetry and sidelobes of the array response function (ARF). We also considered three regional subarrays of seismometers in Alaska, Australia, and Europe that had apertures less than 30 degrees and P waves that were coherent to periods as short as 1 s. Individual ARFs for these subarrays were skewed toward the subarrays; however, the linear sum of the regional subarray beams at 1 s produced a symmetric ARF, similar to that of the groomed global subarray at 5 s. For both configurations we obtained the same rupture direction, rupture length, and rupture time. We found that the Wenchuan earthquake had three distinct pulses of high beam power at 0, 23, and 57 s after the origin time, with the pulse at 23 s being highest, and that it ruptured unilaterally to the northeast for about 300 km and 110 s, with an average speed of 2.8 km/s. It is possible that similar results can be determined for future large dip-slip earthquakes within 20-30 min of the origin time using relatively sparse global networks of seismometers such as those the USGS uses to locate earthquakes in near-real time. C1 [Xu, Yan; Koper, Keith D.; Sufri, Oner; Zhu, Lupei] St Louis Univ, Dept Earth & Atmospher Sci, St Louis, MO 63108 USA. [Hutko, Alexander R.] US Geol Survey, Denver, CO 80225 USA. RP Xu, Y (reprint author), St Louis Univ, Dept Earth & Atmospher Sci, 3642 Lindell Blvd, St Louis, MO 63108 USA. EM yxu3@eas.slu.edu; koper@eas.slu.edu; osufri@eas.slu.edu; lupei@eas.slu.edu; ahutko@usgs.gov RI Zhu, Lupei/B-3997-2009 OI Zhu, Lupei/0000-0002-6640-1718 FU NEIC/USGS FX We thank the Incorporated Research Institutions for Seismology (IRIS) DMC for making the waveforms available. We used GMT [Wessel and Smith, 1991] to make Figures 1-11. K. D. K. thanks NEIC/USGS for support during a sabbatical leave from Saint Louis University. We thank Gavin Hayes, Kris Walker, and two anonymous referees for detailed and thoughtful reviews of the original manuscript. NR 37 TC 74 Z9 76 U1 1 U2 10 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 1525-2027 J9 GEOCHEM GEOPHY GEOSY JI Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst. PD APR 7 PY 2009 VL 10 AR Q04006 DI 10.1029/2008GC002335 PG 17 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 431YM UT WOS:000265100700003 ER PT J AU Sebestyen, SD Boyer, EW Shanley, JB AF Sebestyen, Stephen D. Boyer, Elizabeth W. Shanley, James B. TI Responses of stream nitrate and DOC loadings to hydrological forcing and climate change in an upland forest of the northeastern United States SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-BIOGEOSCIENCES LA English DT Article ID DISSOLVED ORGANIC-CARBON; NEW-ENGLAND; NITROGEN DEPOSITION; TEMPERATE FORESTS; RUNOFF; SNOWMELT; RIVER; TRENDS; WATER; INCREASE AB In coming decades, higher annual temperatures, increased growing season length, and increased dormant season precipitation are expected across the northeastern United States in response to anthropogenic forcing of global climate. We synthesized long-term stream hydrochemical data from the Sleepers River Research Watershed in Vermont, United States, to explore the relationship of catchment wetness to stream nitrate and DOC loadings. We modeled changes in growing season length and precipitation patterns to simulate future climate scenarios and to assess how stream nutrient loadings respond to climate change. Model results for the 2070-2099 time period suggest that stream nutrient loadings during both the dormant and growing seasons will respond to climate change. During a warmer climate, growing season stream fluxes (runoff+20%, nitrate+57%, and DOC+58%) increase as more precipitation (+28%) and quick flow (+39%) occur during a longer growing season (+43 days). During the dormant season, stream water and nutrient loadings decrease. Net annual stream runoff (+8%) and DOC loading (+9%) increases are commensurate with the magnitude of the average increase of net annual precipitation (+7%). Net annual stream water and DOC loadings are primarily affected by increased dormant season precipitation. In contrast, decreased annual loading of stream nitrate (-2%) reflects a larger effect of growing season controls on stream nitrate and the effects of lengthened growing seasons in a warmer climate. Our findings suggest that leaching of nitrate and DOC from catchment soils will be affected by anthropogenic climate forcing, thereby affecting the timing and magnitude of annual stream loadings in the northeastern United States. C1 [Sebestyen, Stephen D.] US Forest Serv, No Res Stn, USDA, Grand Rapids, MN 55744 USA. [Boyer, Elizabeth W.] Penn State Univ, Sch Forest Resources, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. [Shanley, James B.] US Geol Survey, Montpelier, VT 05602 USA. RP Sebestyen, SD (reprint author), US Forest Serv, No Res Stn, USDA, 1831 Highway 169 E, Grand Rapids, MN 55744 USA. EM ssebestyen@fs.fed.us; ewb100@psu.edu; jshanley@usgs.gov RI Boyer, Elizabeth/D-6617-2013; Sebestyen, Stephen/D-1238-2013 OI Sebestyen, Stephen/0000-0002-6315-0108 FU STAR Research Assistance Agreement [U-916154]; Hydrology Section of the American Geophysical Union; Edna Bailey Sussman Fund; USDA-CSREES Program award; USGS Water Energy and Biogeochemical Budgets program FX This research was funded by a STAR Research Assistance Agreement (U-916154) awarded by the U. S. Environmental Protection Agency; the Horton Research Grant of the Hydrology Section of the American Geophysical Union; an Edna Bailey Sussman Fund grant; an USDA-CSREES Program award; and the USGS Water Energy and Biogeochemical Budgets program. We appreciate field, laboratory, and logistical help from G. R. Aiken, B. L. Bedford, R. D. Briggs, M. G. Brown, A. Chalmers, S. F. Clark, J. Denner, D. H. Doctor, R. Germain, C. Kendall, K. Kendall, P. J. McHale, and M. J. Mitchell. We would like to thank T. G. Huntington, D. M. McKnight, C. C. Rhoades, F. Worrall, and an anonymous reviewer for helpful comments on draft manuscripts. Archived W-9 streamflow data for the 1960s were obtained from http://hydrolab.arsusda.gov/wdc/vt.htm. This article has not been formally reviewed by the EPA. Any use of trade, product, or firm names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U. S. Government. NR 71 TC 25 Z9 26 U1 1 U2 40 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-8953 EI 2169-8961 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-BIOGEO JI J. Geophys. Res.-Biogeosci. PD APR 7 PY 2009 VL 114 AR G02002 DI 10.1029/2008JG000778 PG 11 WC Environmental Sciences; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Geology GA 431ZC UT WOS:000265102300001 ER PT J AU Elliott, DG Conway, CM Applegate, LJ AF Elliott, Diane G. Conway, Carla M. Applegate, LynnMarie J. TI Evaluation of fast green FCF dye for non-lethal detection of integumental injuries in juvenile Chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha SO DISEASES OF AQUATIC ORGANISMS LA English DT Article DE Skin injury detection; Integument; Fast green; Trypan blue; Non-lethal test; Salmonid ID BACTERIAL KIDNEY-DISEASE; ATLANTIC SALMON; RENIBACTERIUM-SALMONINARUM; ELECTRON-MICROSCOPY; RAINBOW-TROUT; SALAR L; AEROMONAS-SALMONICIDA; CHANNEL CATFISH; SKIN SURFACE; FIN ROT AB A rapid staining procedure for detection of recent skin and fin injuries was tested in juvenile Chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha. Immersions of anesthetized fish for 1 min in aerated aqueous solutions of the synthetic food dye fast green FCT (Food Green 3) at concentrations of 0.1 to 0.5% produced consistent and visible staining of integumental injuries. A 0.1% fast green concentration was satisfactory for visual evaluation Of injuries, whereas a 0.5%, concentration was preferable for digital photography. A rinsing procedure comprised of two 30 s rinses in fresh water was most effective for removal of excess stain after exposure of fish, Survival studies in fresh water and sea-water and histopathological analyses indicated that. short exposures to aqueous solutions of fast green were non-toxic to juvenile Chinook salmon, In comparisons of the gross and microscopic appearance of fish exposed to fast green at various times after injury, the dye was observed only in areas of the body where epidermal disruption was present. as determined by scanning electron microscopy. No dye was observed in areas where epidermal integrity bad been restored. Further comparisons showed that fast green exposure produced more consistent and intense staining of skin injury sites than a previously published procedure using trypan blue. Because of its relatively low cost, ease of use and the rapid and specific staining of integumental injuries, fast green may find widespread application in fish health and surface injury evaluations. C1 [Elliott, Diane G.; Conway, Carla M.; Applegate, LynnMarie J.] US Geol Survey, Western Fisheries Res Ctr, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. RP Elliott, DG (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Western Fisheries Res Ctr, 6505 NE 65th St, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. EM diane_elliott@usgs.gov NR 62 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 5 PU INTER-RESEARCH PI OLDENDORF LUHE PA NORDBUNTE 23, D-21385 OLDENDORF LUHE, GERMANY SN 0177-5103 J9 DIS AQUAT ORGAN JI Dis. Aquat. Org. PD APR 6 PY 2009 VL 84 IS 2 BP 139 EP 150 DI 10.3354/dao02030 PG 12 WC Fisheries; Veterinary Sciences SC Fisheries; Veterinary Sciences GA 443EO UT WOS:000265893200007 PM 19476284 ER PT J AU Weber, M Abu-Ayyash, K Abueladas, A Agnon, A Alasonati-Tasarova, Z Al-Zubi, H Babeyko, A Bartov, Y Bauer, K Becken, M Bedrosian, PA Ben-Avraham, Z Bock, G Bohnhoff, M Bribach, J Dulski, P Ebbing, J El-Kelani, R Forster, A Forster, HJ Frieslander, U Garfunkel, Z Goetze, HJ Haak, V Haberland, C Hassouneh, M Helwig, S Hofstetter, A Hoffmann-Rothe, A Jackel, KH Janssen, C Jaser, D Kesten, D Khatib, M Kind, R Koch, O Koulakov, I Laske, G Maercklin, N Masarweh, R Masri, A Matar, A Mechie, J Meqbel, N Plessen, B Moller, P Mohsen, A Oberhansli, R Oreshin, S Petrunin, A Qabbani, I Rabba, I Ritter, O Romer, RL Rumpker, G Rybakov, M Ryberg, T Saul, J Scherbaum, F Schmidt, S Schulze, A Sobolev, SV Stiller, M Stromeyer, D Tarawneh, K Trela, C Weckmann, U Wetzel, U Wylegalla, K AF Weber, M. Abu-Ayyash, K. Abueladas, A. Agnon, A. Alasonati-Tasarova, Z. Al-Zubi, H. Babeyko, A. Bartov, Y. Bauer, K. Becken, M. Bedrosian, P. A. Ben-Avraham, Z. Bock, G. Bohnhoff, M. Bribach, J. Dulski, P. Ebbing, J. El-Kelani, R. Foerster, A. Foerster, H.-J. Frieslander, U. Garfunkel, Z. Goetze, H. J. Haak, V. Haberland, C. Hassouneh, M. Helwig, S. Hofstetter, A. Hoffmann-Rothe, A. Jaeckel, K. H. Janssen, C. Jaser, D. Kesten, D. Khatib, M. Kind, R. Koch, O. Koulakov, I. Laske, G. Maercklin, N. Masarweh, R. Masri, A. Matar, A. Mechie, J. Meqbel, N. Plessen, B. Moeller, P. Mohsen, A. Oberhaensli, R. Oreshin, S. Petrunin, A. Qabbani, I. Rabba, I. Ritter, O. Romer, R. L. Ruempker, G. Rybakov, M. Ryberg, T. Saul, J. Scherbaum, F. Schmidt, S. Schulze, A. Sobolev, S. V. Stiller, M. Stromeyer, D. Tarawneh, K. Trela, C. Weckmann, U. Wetzel, U. Wylegalla, K. TI ANATOMY OF THE DEAD SEA TRANSFORM FROM LITHOSPHERIC TO MICROSCOPIC SCALE SO REVIEWS OF GEOPHYSICS LA English DT Review ID SAN-ANDREAS FAULT; EASTERN MEDITERRANEAN REGION; SHEAR VELOCITY STRUCTURE; EXPLOSION SEISMIC DATA; WADI-ARABA FAULT; PULL-APART BASIN; UPPER-MANTLE; RED-SEA; INTERNAL STRUCTURE; CRUSTAL STRUCTURE AB Fault zones are the locations where motion of tectonic plates, often associated with earthquakes, is accommodated. Despite a rapid increase in the understanding of faults in the last decades, our knowledge of their geometry, petrophysical properties, and controlling processes remains incomplete. The central questions addressed here in our study of the Dead Sea Transform (DST) in the Middle East are as follows: (1) What are the structure and kinematics of a large fault zone? (2) What controls its structure and kinematics? (3) How does the DST compare to other plate boundary fault zones? The DST has accommodated a total of 105 km of left-lateral transform motion between the African and Arabian plates since early Miocene (similar to 20 Ma). The DST segment between the Dead Sea and the Red Sea, called the Arava/Araba Fault (AF), is studied here using a multidisciplinary and multiscale approach from the mu m to the plate tectonic scale. We observe that under the DST a narrow, subvertical zone cuts through crust and lithosphere. First, from west to east the crustal thickness increases smoothly from 26 to 39 km, and a subhorizontal lower crustal reflector is detected east of the AF. Second, several faults exist in the upper crust in a 40 km wide zone centered on the AF, but none have kilometer-size zones of decreased seismic velocities or zones of high electrical conductivities in the upper crust expected for large damage zones. Third, the AF is the main branch of the DST system, even though it has accommodated only a part (up to 60 km) of the overall 105 km of sinistral plate motion. Fourth, the AF acts as a barrier to fluids to a depth of 4 km, and the lithology changes abruptly across it. Fifth, in the top few hundred meters of the AF a locally transpressional regime is observed in a 100-300 m wide zone of deformed and displaced material, bordered by subparallel faults forming a positive flower structure. Other segments of the AF have a transtensional character with small pull-aparts along them. The damage zones of the individual faults are only 5-20 m wide at this depth range. Sixth, two areas on the AF show mesoscale to microscale faulting and veining in limestone sequences with faulting depths between 2 and 5 km. Seventh, fluids in the AF are carried downward into the fault zone. Only a minor fraction of fluids is derived from ascending hydrothermal fluids. However, we found that on the kilometer scale the AF does not act as an important fluid conduit. Most of these findings are corroborated using thermomechanical modeling where shear deformation in the upper crust is localized in one or two major faults; at larger depth, shear deformation occurs in a 20-40 km wide zone with a mechanically weak decoupling zone extending subvertically through the entire lithosphere. C1 [Weber, M.; Babeyko, A.; Bauer, K.; Becken, M.; Bock, G.; Bohnhoff, M.; Bribach, J.; Dulski, P.; Foerster, A.; Haak, V.; Haberland, C.; Jaeckel, K. H.; Janssen, C.; Kind, R.; Koulakov, I.; Mechie, J.; Meqbel, N.; Plessen, B.; Moeller, P.; Mohsen, A.; Petrunin, A.; Ritter, O.; Romer, R. L.; Ryberg, T.; Saul, J.; Schulze, A.; Sobolev, S. V.; Stiller, M.; Stromeyer, D.; Weckmann, U.; Wetzel, U.; Wylegalla, K.] Geoforschungszentrum Potsdam, D-14473 Potsdam, Germany. [Abu-Ayyash, K.; Abueladas, A.; Al-Zubi, H.; Jaser, D.; Masarweh, R.; Masri, A.; Qabbani, I.; Rabba, I.] Nat Resources Author, Amman 11118, Jordan. [Agnon, A.; Garfunkel, Z.] Hebrew Univ Jerusalem, Inst Earth Sci, IL-91905 Jerusalem, Israel. [Alasonati-Tasarova, Z.; Goetze, H. J.; Schmidt, S.] Univ Kiel, Inst Geosci, D-24118 Kiel, Germany. [Bartov, Y.] Natl Minist Infrastruct, IL-91360 Jerusalem, Israel. [Bedrosian, P. A.] US Geol Survey, Denver, CO 80225 USA. [Ben-Avraham, Z.] Tel Aviv Univ, Dept Geophys & Planetary Sci, IL-69978 Tel Aviv, Israel. [Ebbing, J.] Geol Survey Norway, N-7491 Trondheim, Norway. [El-Kelani, R.] An Najah Natl Univ, Earth Sci & Seism Engn Ctr, Nablus, Israel. [Weber, M.; Foerster, H.-J.; Oberhaensli, R.; Scherbaum, F.] Univ Potsdam, Dept Geosci, D-14469 Potsdam, Germany. [Frieslander, U.; Hofstetter, A.; Rybakov, M.] Geophys Inst Israel, IL-71100 Lod, Israel. [Hassouneh, M.] Minist Presidential Affairs, Abu Dhabi, U Arab Emirates. [Helwig, S.; Koch, O.] Univ Cologne, Inst Geophys & Meteorol, D-50923 Cologne, Germany. [Hoffmann-Rothe, A.] Geozentrum Hannover, Bundesanstalt Geowissensch & Rohstoffe, D-30655 Hannover, Germany. [Kesten, D.] Landesamt Geol Rohstoffe & Bergbau, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany. [Khatib, M.; Matar, A.] Univ Aleppo, Dept Geol, Aleppo, Syria. [Koulakov, I.] RAS, SB, Inst Geol, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia. [Laske, G.] Univ Calif San Diego, Scripps Inst Oceanog, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA. [Maercklin, N.] Ist Nazl Geofis & Vulcanol, I-95125 Catania, Italy. [Oreshin, S.; Sobolev, S. V.] Russian Acad Sci, Inst Earth Phys, Moscow 123995, Russia. [Ruempker, G.] Goethe Univ Frankfurt, Inst Geosci, D-60438 Frankfurt, Germany. [Tarawneh, K.] Al Hussein Bin Talal Univ, Fac Min & Environm Engn, Amman 11821, Jordan. [Trela, C.] Bundesanstalt Mat Forsch & Prufung, D-12205 Berlin, Germany. RP Weber, M (reprint author), Geoforschungszentrum Potsdam, D-14473 Potsdam, Germany. EM mhw@gfz-potsdam.de RI Maercklin, Nils/D-1816-2009; Helwig, Stefan/C-8023-2011; Scherbaum, Frank/F-4144-2011; Sobolev, Stephan/G-3813-2011; Ebbing, Joerg/B-8796-2013; Ryberg, Trond/H-4329-2013; Weber, Michael/D-8330-2013; Bauer, Klaus/B-3325-2014; Bohnhoff, Marco/B-4354-2017; OI Maercklin, Nils/0000-0003-4925-8427; Sobolev, Stephan/0000-0002-3382-4028; Ebbing, Joerg/0000-0001-7492-5338; Ryberg, Trond/0000-0001-7129-5596; Bauer, Klaus/0000-0002-7777-2653; Bohnhoff, Marco/0000-0001-7383-635X; Haberland, Christian/0000-0002-2981-7087 FU Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG); GeoForschungs-Zentrum Potsdam (GFZ); Alexander von Humboldt Foundation; Minerva Dead Sea Research Centre FX The work presented here by the Dead Sea Rift Transect (DESERT) Group was supported by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG), the GeoForschungs-Zentrum Potsdam (GFZ), and the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation. N. Kukowski and G. Fuis provided constructive reviews of an earlier version of this manuscript, though their views do not necessarily agree with those presented here. We thank the editor M. Manga, the reviewers W. Mooney and T. Stern, and an anonymous reviewer for comments on an earlier version of this manuscript and A. Siebert for her help in drafting Figures 1, 2, 4, 11, 14, 17, 19, 20, and 21, created with the GMT software [Wessel and Smith, 1998]. We thank the National Ministry of Infrastructure of Israel, the Natural Resources Authority of Jordan, and the AnNajah National University in Nablus, Palestine, for their support during the field work. We thank our contractors the Geophysical Institute of Israel, the Site Group (Jordan), and the Chemical and Mining Industries (Jordan) for their excellent work under difficult logistic conditions. The instruments for the field work were provided by the Geophysical Instrument Pool of the GFZ. The experiments were funded by the DFG, the GFZ, and the Minerva Dead Sea Research Centre. For more information on DESERT and the Dead Sea Integrated Research Project (DESIRE), its successor, see http://www.gfz-potsdam.de and then click on Structure, Departments, Department 2, Geophysical Deep Sounding, Projects, and then DESERT or DESIRE, respectively. NR 185 TC 31 Z9 31 U1 1 U2 24 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 8755-1209 EI 1944-9208 J9 REV GEOPHYS JI Rev. Geophys. PD APR 4 PY 2009 VL 47 AR RG2002 DI 10.1029/2008RG000264 PG 44 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 428RM UT WOS:000264867100002 ER PT J AU Tan, ZX Li, SG Tieszen, LL Tachie-Obeng, E AF Tan, Zhengxi Li, Shuguang Tieszen, Larry L. Tachie-Obeng, Emmanuel TI Simulated dynamics of carbon stocks driven by changes in land use, management and climate in a tropical moist ecosystem of Ghana SO AGRICULTURE ECOSYSTEMS & ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article DE Biogeochemical modeling; Climate change; Ecosystem carbon stock; Nitrogen fertilization; Soil organic carbon ID TERRESTRIAL ECOSYSTEMS; SENEGAL; PLAINS AB Sub-Saharan Africa is large and diverse with regions of food insecurity and high vulnerability to climate change. This project quantifies carbon stocks and fluxes in the humid forest zone of Ghana, as a part of an assessment in West Africa. The General Ensemble biogeochemical Modeling System (GEMS) was used to simulate the responses of natural and managed systems to projected scenarios of changes in climate, land use and cover, and nitrogen fertilization in the Assin district of Ghana. Model inputs included historical land use and cover data, historical climate records and projected climate changes, and national management inventories. Our results show that deforestation for crop production led to a loss of soil organic carbon (SOC) by 33% from 1900 to 2000. The results also show that the trend of carbon emissions from cropland in the 20th century will continue through the 21 st century and will be increased under the projected warming and drying scenarios. Nitrogen (N) fertilization in agricultural systems could offset SOC loss by 6% with 30 kg; N ha(-1) year(-1) and by 11% with 60 kg N ha(-1) year(-1). To increase N fertilizer input would be one of the vital adaptive measures to ensure food security and maintain agricultural sustainability through the 21st century. (c) 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 [Tan, Zhengxi] USGS Earth Resources Observat & Sci EROS Ctr, ASRC Res & Technol Solut, ARTS, Sioux Falls, SD 57198 USA. [Li, Shuguang] S Dakota State Univ, Geog Informat Sci Ctr Excellence, Brookings, SD 57007 USA. [Tachie-Obeng, Emmanuel] US EPA, Accra, Ghana. RP Tan, ZX (reprint author), USGS Earth Resources Observat & Sci EROS Ctr, ASRC Res & Technol Solut, ARTS, Sioux Falls, SD 57198 USA. EM ztan@usgs.gov OI Tan, Zhengxi/0000-0002-4136-0921 FU U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID)/Climate Change Program [(AEGPOO030001300)]; Agency for International Development (USAID)/Climate Change Program; Bureaus for Economic Growth, Agriculture, and Trade (EGAT) and Africa. Zhengxi Tan [08HQCN0007] FX The work presented here was part of SEMSOC (AEGPOO030001300) funded by the U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID)/Climate Change Program, Bureaus for Economic Growth, Agriculture, and Trade (EGAT) and Africa. Zhengxi Tan was supported under USGS contract 08HQCN0007. NR 18 TC 18 Z9 19 U1 2 U2 32 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0167-8809 J9 AGR ECOSYST ENVIRON JI Agric. Ecosyst. Environ. PD APR PY 2009 VL 130 IS 3-4 BP 171 EP 176 DI 10.1016/j.agee.2009.01.004 PG 6 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary; Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Agriculture; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 425ZN UT WOS:000264677100012 ER PT J AU Rochlin, I Ginsberg, HS Campbell, SR AF Rochlin, Ilia Ginsberg, Howard S. Campbell, Scott R. TI Distribution and Abundance of Host-seeking Culex Species at Three Proximate Locations with Different Levels of West Nile Virus Activity SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF TROPICAL MEDICINE AND HYGIENE LA English DT Article ID POTENTIAL MOSQUITO VECTORS; ST-LOUIS ENCEPHALITIS; ROSS RIVER VIRUS; NEW-YORK-STATE; FEEDING PATTERNS; UNITED-STATES; RESTUANS DIPTERA; CULICIDAE; IDENTIFICATION; TRANSMISSION AB Culex species were monitored at three proximate sites with historically different West Nile virus (WNV) activities. The site with human WNV transmission (epidemic) had the lowest abundance of the putative bridge vectors, Culex pipiens and Cx. salinarius. The site with horse cases but not human cases (epizootic) had the highest percent composition of Cx. salinarius, whereas the site with WNV-positive birds only (enzootic) had the highest Cx. pipiens abundance and percent composition. A total of 29 WNV-positive Culex pools were collected at the enzootic site, 17 at the epidemic site, and 14 at the epizootic site. Published models of human risk using Cx. pipiens and Cx. salinarius as the primary bridge vectors did not explain WNV activity at our sites. Other variables, such as additional vector species, environmental components, and socioeconomic factors, need to be examined to explain the observed patterns of WNV epidemic activity. C1 [Rochlin, Ilia] Suffolk Cty Dept Publ Works, Div Vector Control, Yaphank, NY 11980 USA. [Ginsberg, Howard S.] Univ Rhode Isl, Coastal Field Stn, US Geol Survey, Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, Kingston, RI 02881 USA. [Campbell, Scott R.] Suffolk Cty Dept Hlth Serv, Arthropod Borne Dis Lab, Yaphank, NY 11980 USA. RP Rochlin, I (reprint author), Suffolk Cty Dept Publ Works, Div Vector Control, 335 Yaphank Ave, Yaphank, NY 11980 USA. EM ilia.rochlin@suffolkcountyny.gov; hginsberg@usgs.gov; scott.campbell@suffolkcountyny.gov FU United States Department of Agriculture [58-5410-4-338] FX This study was partially supported by Specific Cooperative Agreement #58-5410-4-338 from the United States Department of Agriculture. NR 50 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 5 PU AMER SOC TROP MED & HYGIENE PI MCLEAN PA 8000 WESTPARK DR, STE 130, MCLEAN, VA 22101 USA SN 0002-9637 J9 AM J TROP MED HYG JI Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. PD APR PY 2009 VL 80 IS 4 BP 661 EP 668 PG 8 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Tropical Medicine SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Tropical Medicine GA 432CK UT WOS:000265110900033 PM 19346396 ER PT J AU Leicht-Young, SA O'Donnell, H Latimer, AM Silander, JA AF Leicht-Young, Stacey A. O'Donnell, Hillary Latimer, Andrew M. Silander, John A., Jr. TI Effects of an Invasive Plant Species, Celastrus orbiculatus, on Soil Composition and Processes SO AMERICAN MIDLAND NATURALIST LA English DT Article ID MINERAL NUTRIENT CONCENTRATIONS; DECIDUOUS FOREST; NEW-YORK; LITTER; DECOMPOSITION; COMMUNITIES; SCANDENS; DYNAMICS; HISTORY; L. AB Celastrus orbiculatus is a non-native, invasive liana that was introduced to the United States in the 1860s and has spread rapidly throughout the Northeast. Several attributes contribute to the invasiveness of C. orbiculatus, including tolerance to a wide range of light. levels and habitat types. We compared soil characteristics in seven sets of adjacent, paired plots, spanning a range of habitats and soil types, with and without C. orbiculatus. The paired plots were similar other than the presence or absence of Celastrus. Plots with C orbiculatus had significantly higher soil pH, potassium, calcium and magnesium levels. Furthermore, nitrogen mineralization and litter decomposition rates were higher in plots with C orbiculatus. Phosphorus levels were not significantly different between the paired plots. The results of this study contribute to the growing body of research of the effects of invasive species on ecosystem processes. C1 [Leicht-Young, Stacey A.; O'Donnell, Hillary; Latimer, Andrew M.; Silander, John A., Jr.] Univ Connecticut, Dept Ecol & Evolutionary Biol, Storrs, CT 06269 USA. RP Leicht-Young, SA (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 1100 N Mineral Springs Rd, Porter, IN 46304 USA. EM sleichtyoung@usgs.gov FU Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology at the University of Connecticut; University of Connecticut; United States Department of Agriculture [2005-02217]; Great Lakes Science Center [1524] FX We thank Dawn Pettinelli for her assistance with the soil analysis, and Nava Tabak for advice at various points in this project. We thank G. P. Robertson, N. B. Pavlovic, R. Grundel, Y. Choi, D, Wilcox and two anonymous reviewers for important comments on the manuscript. This project was part of a B. S. Honors thesis by the second author in the Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology at the University of Connecticut. This project was supported in part by funds from the University of Connecticut and a grant from the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA-NRI #2005-02217). This article is contribution 1524 of the Great Lakes Science Center. NR 50 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 3 U2 19 PU AMER MIDLAND NATURALIST PI NOTRE DAME PA UNIV NOTRE DAME, BOX 369, ROOM 295 GLSC, NOTRE DAME, IN 46556 USA SN 0003-0031 J9 AM MIDL NAT JI Am. Midl. Nat. PD APR PY 2009 VL 161 IS 2 BP 219 EP 231 DI 10.1674/0003-0031-161.2.219 PG 13 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 434GH UT WOS:000265262700005 ER PT J AU Livezey, KB AF Livezey, Kent B. TI Range Expansion of Barred Owls, Part II: Facilitating Ecological Changes SO AMERICAN MIDLAND NATURALIST LA English DT Review ID BEAVERS CASTOR-CANADENSIS; ALGONQUIAN PROVINCIAL-PARK; NEST-SITE CHARACTERISTICS; LOWLAND BOREAL FORESTS; NORTHERN GREAT-PLAINS; BISON BISON-BISON; TALLGRASS PRAIRIE; MISSOURI-RIVER; SPOTTED OWLS; ESTABLISHING CAUSALITY AB In Part I (Livezey, 2009), I presented the chronology and distribution of the range expansion of Barred Owls (Strix varia) front the late 1800s to the present. Here I explore what had prevented Barred Owls from expanding their range westward during recent millennia and what allowed them to do so during the past century. Using strength-of-evidence analysis, I evaluate the plausibility of the five ecological or behavioral changes proposed in the literature to have facilitated the range expansion. From this evaluation, three of these changes appear to be implausible, one appears to be plausible after modifying its location, and one appears to be very plausible. For the very plausible one, I score seven ecological changes that may have affected it using five strength-of-evidence criteria. Overall, it appears the historical lack of trees in the Great Plains acted as a barrier to the range expansion and recent increases in forests broke down this barrier. Increases in forest distribution along the Missouri River and its tributaries apparently provided Barred Owls with sufficient foraging habitat, protection from the weather, and, possibly, concealment from avian predators to allow Barred Owls to move westward. Decades later, increases in forests in the northern Great Plains allowed Barred Owls to connect their eastern and western distributions across southern Canada. These increases in forests evidently were caused by European settlers excluding fires historically set by Native Americans, suppressing fires and planting trees. They apparently were caused, to lesser degrees, by European settlers extirpating bison (Bison bison), overhunting elk (Cervus elaphus) and deer (Odocoileus spp.) and, in some areas, extirpating beaver (Castor canadensis) and replacing native ungulates with livestock. Accordingly, it appears the range expansion was prohibited for millennia by actions of Native Americans and recently facilitated by actions of European settlers. C1 US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Western Washington Fish & Wildlife Off, Lacey, WA 98503 USA. RP Livezey, KB (reprint author), US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Western Washington Fish & Wildlife Off, 510 Desmond Dr, Lacey, WA 98503 USA. EM kent_livezey@fws.gov NR 264 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 6 U2 27 PU AMER MIDLAND NATURALIST PI NOTRE DAME PA UNIV NOTRE DAME, BOX 369, ROOM 295 GLSC, NOTRE DAME, IN 46556 USA SN 0003-0031 J9 AM MIDL NAT JI Am. Midl. Nat. PD APR PY 2009 VL 161 IS 2 BP 323 EP 349 DI 10.1674/0003-0031-161.2.323 PG 27 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 434GH UT WOS:000265262700014 ER PT J AU Dickinson, JL Euaparadorn, M Greenwald, K Mitra, C Shizuka, D AF Dickinson, Janis L. Euaparadorn, Melody Greenwald, Katherine Mitra, Chandreyee Shizuka, Daizaburo TI Cooperation and competition: nepotistic tolerance and intrasexual aggression in western bluebird winter groups SO ANIMAL BEHAVIOUR LA English DT Article DE cooperative breeding; group living; nepotism; sexual competition; Sialia mexicana; western bluebird; winter flock ID DELAYED DISPERSAL; SIBERIAN JAY; PERISOREUS-INFAUSTUS; ECOLOGICAL CONSTRAINTS; REPRODUCTIVE SUCCESS; SIALIA-MEXICANA; BEHAVIOR; EVOLUTION; MALES; CONSEQUENCES AB Two hypothesized benefits of delayed dispersal are access to resources and prolonged brood care (or parental nepotism). Resource abundance (mistletoe wealth) is a key factor influencing whether sons stay home in western bluebirds, Sialia mexicana, but nepotism is also observed. Western bluebird sons commonly remain in their family groups throughout the winter, whereas daughters usually disperse before winter. Because pairing often takes place in winter groups, with newly formed pairs settling on exclusive all-purpose territories in spring, selection for sexual competition and nepotism co-occur and may simultaneously influence patterns of aggression within groups. We measured aggression at mealworm feeder stations, finding evidence of (1) intrasexual aggression against unrelated group members by experienced breeders of both sexes and (2) nepotism towards sons and daughters by experienced breeder females but not by experienced breeder males. Females showed much higher levels of aggression towards same-sex immigrants than males did. Experienced breeder males did not evict their sons from the natal territory, but they were 12 times more aggressive towards sons than breeder females were towards daughters. They were also equally aggressive towards sons and immigrant males, suggesting that local breeding competition and the benefits of intrasexual dominance counter the benefits of paternal nepotism towards sons. (C) 2009 The Association for the Study of Animal Behaviour. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 [Dickinson, Janis L.] Cornell Univ, Dept Nat Resources, Ithaca, NY 14850 USA. [Euaparadorn, Melody] Univ Hawaii, US Geol Survey, Hawaii Cooperat Studies Unit, Pacific Aquaculture & Coastal Resources Ctr, Hilo, HI 96720 USA. [Greenwald, Katherine] Ohio State Univ, Dept Ecol Evolut & Organismal Biol, Columbus, OH 43210 USA. [Mitra, Chandreyee] Univ Nebraska, Sch Biol Sci, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. [Shizuka, Daizaburo] Univ Calif Santa Cruz, Dept Ecol & Evolutionary Biol, Santa Cruz, CA 95064 USA. RP Dickinson, JL (reprint author), Cornell Univ, Dept Nat Resources, 159 Sapsucker Woods Rd, Ithaca, NY 14850 USA. EM jld84@cornell.edu FU National Science Foundation Research [IOS-0637138, IOS-0718416] FX We are grateful to Elise Ferree, the editors, and the referees, Cas Eikenaar and Michael Griesser, for their careful reading of and helpful comments on the manuscript. We also thank the staff and leadership of the Museum of Vertebrate Zoology and Hastings Reserve for logistical support for this study and landowners at Rana Creek Ranch and Oak Ridge Ranch for access to their property. Many field interns helped to keep the population banded over the years, leading to this study. Support came from National Science Foundation Research Grants IOS-0637138 and IOS-0718416 to J.L.D. NR 26 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 2 U2 33 PU ACADEMIC PRESS LTD- ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI LONDON PA 24-28 OVAL RD, LONDON NW1 7DX, ENGLAND SN 0003-3472 J9 ANIM BEHAV JI Anim. Behav. PD APR PY 2009 VL 77 IS 4 BP 867 EP 872 DI 10.1016/j.anbehav.2008.11.026 PG 6 WC Behavioral Sciences; Zoology SC Behavioral Sciences; Zoology GA 420YO UT WOS:000264325300013 ER PT J AU Blum, JS Han, S Lanoil, B Saltikov, C Witte, B Tabita, FR Langley, S Beveridge, TJ Jahnke, L Oremland, RS AF Blum, Jodi Switzer Han, Sukkyun Lanoil, Brian Saltikov, Chad Witte, Brian Tabita, F. Robert Langley, Sean Beveridge, Terry J. Jahnke, Linda Oremland, Ronald S. TI Ecophysiology of "Halarsenatibacter silvermanii" Strain SLAS-1(T), gen. nov., sp nov., a Facultative Chemoautotrophic Arsenate Respirer from Salt-Saturated Searles Lake, California SO APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID 16S RIBOSOMAL-RNA; GRADIENT GEL-ELECTROPHORESIS; SULFATE-REDUCING BACTERIA; SODA LAKES; MONO LAKE; DISSIMILATORY ARSENATE; FATTY-ACIDS; MEMBRANE-LIPIDS; SEQUENCE DATA; REDUCTION AB Searles Lake occupies a closed basin harboring salt-saturated, alkaline brines that have exceptionally high concentrations of arsenic oxyanions. Strain SLAS-1(T) was previously isolated from Searles Lake (R. S. Orem-land, T. R. Kulp, J. Switzer Blum, S. E. Hoeft, S. Baesman, L. G. Miller, and J. F. Stolz, Science 308: 1305-1308, 2005). We now describe this extremophile with regard to its substrate affinities, its unusual mode of motility, sequenced arrABD gene cluster, cell envelope lipids, and its phylogenetic alignment within the order Halanaero-bacteriales, assigning it the name "Halarsenatibacter silvermanii" strain SLAS-1(T). We also report on the substrate dynamics of an anaerobic enrichment culture obtained from Searles Lake that grows under conditions of salt saturation and whose members include a novel sulfate reducer of the order Desulfovibriales, the archaeon Halorhabdus utahensis, as well as a close homolog of strain SLAS-1(T). C1 [Blum, Jodi Switzer; Oremland, Ronald S.] US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. [Han, Sukkyun] Univ Calif Riverside, Dept Environm Sci, Riverside, CA 92521 USA. [Lanoil, Brian] Univ Alberta, Dept Biol Sci, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E1, Canada. [Saltikov, Chad] Univ Calif Santa Cruz, Dept Microbiol & Environm Toxicol, Santa Cruz, CA 95064 USA. [Witte, Brian; Tabita, F. Robert] Ohio State Univ, Dept Microbiol, Columbus, OH 43210 USA. [Langley, Sean] Univ Ottawa, Dept Earth Sci, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada. [Beveridge, Terry J.] Univ Guelph, Dept Mol & Cellular Biol, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada. [Jahnke, Linda] NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. RP Oremland, RS (reprint author), US Geol Survey, MS 480,345 Middlefield Rd, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. EM roremlan@usgs.gov OI Lanoil, Brian/0000-0001-8603-8330 FU USGS FX This work was supported by the USGS National Research Program and by a NASA Exobiology grant. We are indebted to H. Truper with his help with the epithet.; We are grateful to J. Stolz, C. Pearce, and R. Sierra for constructive criticism of earlier drafts of the manuscript. The TEMs were conducted by S. L. and T. J. B. at the University of Guelph. NR 65 TC 22 Z9 24 U1 0 U2 16 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1752 N ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036-2904 USA SN 0099-2240 J9 APPL ENVIRON MICROB JI Appl. Environ. Microbiol. PD APR 1 PY 2009 VL 75 IS 7 BP 1950 EP 1960 DI 10.1128/AEM.02614-08 PG 11 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology GA 424EX UT WOS:000264549400019 PM 19218420 ER PT J AU Kellogg, CA Lisle, JT Galkiewicz, JP AF Kellogg, Christina A. Lisle, John T. Galkiewicz, Julia P. TI Culture-Independent Characterization of Bacterial Communities Associated with the Cold-Water Coral Lophelia pertusa in the Northeastern Gulf of Mexico SO APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID FIXATION ACETYLENE-REDUCTION; DEEP-SEA CORALS; NITROGEN-FIXATION; MICROBIAL COMMUNITY; SEQUENCE-ANALYSIS; DNA ANALYSES; 16S RDNA; DIVERSITY; RNA; ARCHAEA AB Bacteria are recognized as an important part of the total biology of shallow-water corals. Studies of shallow-water corals suggest that associated bacteria may benefit the corals by cycling carbon, fixing nitrogen, chelating iron, and producing antibiotics that protect the coral from other microbes. Cold-water or deep-sea corals have a fundamentally different ecology due to their adaptation to cold, dark, high-pressure environments and as such have novel microbiota. The goal of this study was to characterize the microbial associates of Lophelia pertusa in the northeastern Gulf of Mexico. This is the first study to collect the coral samples in individual insulated containers and to preserve coral samples at depth in an effort to minimize thermal shock and evaluate the effects of environmental gradients on the microbial diversity of samples. Molecular analysis of bacterial diversity showed a marked difference between the two study sites, Viosca Knoll 906/862 (VK906/862) and Viosca Knoll 826 (VK826). The bacterial communities from VK826 were dominated by a variety of unknown mycoplasmal members of the Tenericutes and Bacteroidetes, whereas the libraries from VK906/862 were dominated by members of the Proteobacteria. In addition to novel sequences, the 16S rRNA gene clone libraries revealed many bacterial sequences in common between Gulf of Mexico Lophelia corals and Norwegian fjord Lophelia corals, as well as shallow-water corals. Two Lophelia-specific bacterial groups were identified: a cluster of gammaproteobacteria related to sulfide-oxidizing gill symbionts of seep clams and a group of Mycoplasma spp. The presence of these groups in both Gulf and Norwegian Lophelia corals indicates that in spite of the geographic heterogeneity observed in Lophelia-associated bacterial communities, there are Lophelia-specific microbes. C1 [Kellogg, Christina A.; Lisle, John T.] US Geol Survey, St Petersburg, FL 33701 USA. [Galkiewicz, Julia P.] Univ S Florida, Coll Marine Sci, St Petersburg, FL 33701 USA. RP Kellogg, CA (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 600 4th St S, St Petersburg, FL 33701 USA. EM ckellogg@usgs.gov RI Kellogg, Christina/B-3257-2009 FU USGS Outer Continental Shelf Ecosystem Program; Minerals Management Service FX This work was supported by the USGS Outer Continental Shelf Ecosystem Program and was sponsored and facilitated by the Minerals Management Service.; We thank Z. Pratte for preparing the sequences for GenBank submission and running some of the BLAST searches. M. Gray also provided phylogenetic advice and ran some of the BLAST searches. Thanks are also extended to the Harbor Branch Oceanographic Institution, the captain and crew of the R/V Seward Johnson, and especially the pilots and technicians of the submersible Johnson-Sea-Link, without whom this research could not have been conducted.; Any use of trade names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. government. NR 75 TC 39 Z9 39 U1 2 U2 21 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1752 N ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036-2904 USA SN 0099-2240 J9 APPL ENVIRON MICROB JI Appl. Environ. Microbiol. PD APR PY 2009 VL 75 IS 8 BP 2294 EP 2303 DI 10.1128/AEM.02357-08 PG 10 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology GA 429RC UT WOS:000264936800006 PM 19233949 ER PT J AU Evans, WC Harmon, RS Wanty, RB AF Evans, William C. Harmon, Russell S. Wanty, Richard B. TI 12th International Symposium on Water-Rock Interaction (WRI-12) Preface SO APPLIED GEOCHEMISTRY LA English DT Editorial Material C1 [Evans, William C.] US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. [Harmon, Russell S.] ARL Army Res Off, Div Environm Sci, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. [Wanty, Richard B.] US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Denver, CO 80225 USA. RP Evans, WC (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. EM wcevans@usgs.gov RI Evans, William/J-4283-2012 NR 2 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0883-2927 J9 APPL GEOCHEM JI Appl. Geochem. PD APR PY 2009 VL 24 IS 4 BP 491 EP 492 DI 10.1016/j.apgeochem.2008.12.004 PG 2 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 437QI UT WOS:000265501600001 ER PT J AU Evans, WC Bergfeld, D McGimsey, RG Hunt, AG AF Evans, William C. Bergfeld, Deborah McGimsey, Robert G. Hunt, Andrew G. TI Diffuse gas emissions at the Ukinrek Maars, Alaska: Implications for magmatic degassing and volcanic monitoring SO APPLIED GEOCHEMISTRY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 12th International Symposium on Water-Rock Interaction (WRI-12) CY JUL 31-AUG 05, 2007 CL Kunming, PEOPLES R CHINA SP China Univ Geosci, Int Assoc GeoChem, Natl Nat Sci Fdn China, China Geol Survey, US Geol Survey, Penn State Univ, Nanjing Univ, Hohai Univ, Chang an Univ, E China Inst Technol, Chinese Acad Geol Sci, Inst Hydrogeol & Environm Geol, China Geol Survey, Hydrogeol & Environm Geol Ctr, China Acad Sci, Inst Geochem, MOE Lab Biogeol & Environm Geol, Yunnan Bureau Geol, Mineral Resources Explorat & Dev, K C Wong Educ Fdn ID CO2 FLUX MEASUREMENTS; CARBON-DIOXIDE; MAMMOTH MOUNTAIN; EASTERN CALIFORNIA; ORIGIN; MANTLE; SOIL; QUANTIFICATION; PENINSULA; WATERS AB Diffuse CO(2) efflux near the Ukinrek Maars, two small volcanic craters that formed in 1977 in a remote part of the Alaska Peninsula, was investigated using accumulation chamber measurements. High CO(2) efflux, in many places exceeding 1000 g m(-2) d(-1). was found in conspicuous zones of plant damage or kill that cover 30,000-50,000 m(2) in area. Total diffuse CO(2) emission was estimated at 21-44 t d(-1). Gas vents 3-km away at The Gas Rocks produce 0.5 t d(-1) of CO(2) that probably derives from the Ukinrek Maars basalt based on similar delta(13)C values (similar to-6 parts per thousand), (3)He/(4)He ratios (5.9-7.2 R(A)), and CO(2) /(3)He ratios (1-2 x 10(9)) in the two areas. A lower (3)He/(4)He ratio (2.7 R(A)) and much higher CO(2)/(3)He ratio (9 x 10(10)) in gas from the nearest arc-front volcanic center (Mount Peulik/Ugashik) provide a useful comparison. The large diffuse CO(2) emission at Ukinrek has important implications for magmatic degassing, subsurface gas transport, and local toxicity hazards. Gas-water-rock interactions play a major role in the location, magnitude and chemistry of the emissions. Published by Elsevier Ltd. C1 [Evans, William C.; Bergfeld, Deborah] US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. [McGimsey, Robert G.] US Geol Survey, Anchorage, AK 99508 USA. [Hunt, Andrew G.] US Geol Survey, Denver, CO 80225 USA. RP Evans, WC (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 345 Middlefield Rd, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. EM wcevans@usgs.gov RI Evans, William/J-4283-2012 NR 43 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 1 U2 5 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0883-2927 J9 APPL GEOCHEM JI Appl. Geochem. PD APR PY 2009 VL 24 IS 4 BP 527 EP 535 DI 10.1016/j.apgeochem.2008.12.007 PG 9 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 437QI UT WOS:000265501600005 ER PT J AU Wanty, RB Verplanck, PL Juan, CAS Church, SE Schmidt, TS Fey, DL DeWitt, EH Klein, TL AF Wanty, Richard B. Verplanck, Philip L. Juan, Carma A. San Church, Stanley E. Schmidt, Travis S. Fey, David L. DeWitt, Ed H. Klein, Terry L. TI Geochemistry of surface water in alpine catchments in central Colorado, USA: Resolving host-rock effects at different spatial scales SO APPLIED GEOCHEMISTRY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 12th International Symposium on Water-Rock Interaction (WRI-12) CY JUL 31-AUG 05, 2007 CL Kunming, PEOPLES R CHINA SP China Univ Geosci, Int Assoc GeoChem, Natl Nat Sci Fdn China, China Geol Survey, US Geol Survey, Penn State Univ, Nanjing Univ, Hohai Univ, Changan Univ, E China Inst Technol, Chinese Acad Geol Sci, Inst Hydrogeol & Environm Geol, China Geol Survey, Hydrogeol & Environm Geol Ctr, China Acad Sci, Inst Geochem, MOE Lab Biogeol & Environm Geol, Yunnan Bureau Geol, Mineral Resources Explorat & Dev, K C Wong Educ Fdn ID INTERACTIONS CONTROLLING ZINC; TRISTATE MINING DISTRICT; PIKES PEAK BATHOLITH; SOIL CHRONOSEQUENCE; LEAD CONCENTRATIONS; MINERAL BELT; SEDIMENTS; CADMIUM AB The US Geological Survey is conducting a study of surface-water quality in the Rocky Mountains of central Colorado, an area of approximately 55,000 km(2). Using new and existing geologic maps, the more than 200 rock formations represented in the area were arranged into 17 groups based on lithologic similarity. The dominant regional geologic feature affecting water quality in central Colorado is the Colorado mineral belt (CMB), a NE-trending zone hosting many polymetallic vein or replacement deposits, and porphyry Mo deposits. many of which have been mined historically. The influence of the CMB is seen in lower surface-water pH (<5), and higher concentrations of SO42- (>100 mg/L) and chalcophile metals such as Cu (>10 mu g/L), Zn (>100 mu g/L), and Cd (>1 mu g/L) relative to surface water outside the CMB. Not all streams within the CMB have been affected by mineralization, as there are numerous catchments within the CMB that have no mineralization or alteration exposed at the surface. At the regional-scale, and away from sites affected by mineralization, hydrothermal alteration, or mining, the effects of lithology on water quality can be distinguished using geochemical reaction modeling and principal components analysis. At local scales (100 s of km(2)), effects of individual rock units on water chemistry are subtle but discernible. as shown by variations in concentrations of major lithophile elements or ratios between them. These results demonstrate the usefulness of regional geochemical sampling of surface waters and process-based interpretations incorporating geologic and geochemical understanding to establish geochemical baselines. Published by Elsevier Ltd. C1 [Wanty, Richard B.; Verplanck, Philip L.; Juan, Carma A. San; Church, Stanley E.; Schmidt, Travis S.; Fey, David L.; DeWitt, Ed H.; Klein, Terry L.] US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Denver, CO 80225 USA. RP Wanty, RB (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, MS 964D, Denver, CO 80225 USA. EM rwanty@usgs.gov NR 62 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 9 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0883-2927 J9 APPL GEOCHEM JI Appl. Geochem. PD APR PY 2009 VL 24 IS 4 BP 600 EP 610 DI 10.1016/j.apgeochem.2008.12.012 PG 11 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 437QI UT WOS:000265501600011 ER PT J AU Wood, N AF Wood, Nathan TI Tsunami exposure estimation with land-cover data: Oregon and the Cascadia subduction zone SO APPLIED GEOGRAPHY LA English DT Article DE Vulnerability; Tsunami; Oregon; Cascadia; C-CAP; LandSat Thematic Mapper; Land cover ID UNITED-STATES; VULNERABILITY; EARTHQUAKE; HAZARDS AB A Cascadia subduction-zone earthquake has the potential to generate tsunami waves which would impact more than 1000 km of coastline on the west coast of the United States and Canada. Although the predictable extent of tsunami inundation is similar for low-lying land throughout the region, human use of tsunami-prone land varies, creating variations in community exposure and potential impacts. To better understand such variations, land-cover information derived from midresolution remotely-sensed imagery (e.g., 30-m-resolution Landsat Thematic Mapper imagery) was coupled with tsunami-hazard information to describe tsunami-prone land along the Oregon coast. Land-cover data suggest that 95% of the tsunami-prone land in Oregon is undeveloped and is primarily wetlands and unconsolidated shores. Based on Spearman rank correlation coefficients (r(s)), correlative relationships are strong and statistically significant (p < 0.05) between city-level estimates of the amount of land-cover pixels classified as developed (impervious cover greater than 20%) and the amount of various societal assets, including residential and employee populations, homes, businesses, and tax-parcel values. Community exposure to tsunami hazards, described here by the amount and relative percentage of developed land in tsunami-prone areas, varies considerably among the 26 communities of the study area, and these variations relate to city size. Correlative relationships are strong and significant (p < 0.05) for community exposure rankings based on land-cover data and those based on aggregated socioeconomic data. In the absence of socioeconomic data or community-based knowledge, the integration of hazards information and land-cover information derived from midresolution remotely-sensed imagery to estimate community exposure may be a useful first step in understanding variations in community vulnerability to regional hazards. Published by Elsevier Ltd. C1 US Geol Survey, Western Geog Sci Ctr, Vancouver, WA 98683 USA. RP Wood, N (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Western Geog Sci Ctr, 1300 SE Cardinal Court,Bldg 10, Vancouver, WA 98683 USA. EM nwood@usgs.gov OI Wood, Nathan/0000-0002-6060-9729 NR 43 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 1 U2 16 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0143-6228 J9 APPL GEOGR JI Appl. Geogr. PD APR PY 2009 VL 29 IS 2 BP 158 EP 170 DI 10.1016/j.apgeog.2008.08.009 PG 13 WC Geography SC Geography GA 425UC UT WOS:000264661800002 ER PT J AU Schmitt, CJ Brumbaugh, WG May, TW AF Schmitt, C. J. Brumbaugh, W. G. May, T. W. TI Concentrations of Cadmium, Cobalt, Lead, Nickel, and Zinc in Blood and Fillets of Northern Hog Sucker (Hypentelium nigricans) from Streams Contaminated by Lead-Zinc Mining: Implications for Monitoring SO ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article ID TRACE-ELEMENT CONCENTRATIONS; HEAVY-METALS; NORTHEASTERN OKLAHOMA; ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINANTS; MERCURY CONCENTRATIONS; SOUTHEASTERN MISSOURI; MUSCLE-TISSUE; MINE TAILINGS; FISH; USA AB Lead (Pb) and other metals can accumulate in northern hog sucker (Hypentelium nigricans) and other suckers (Catostomidae), which are harvested in large numbers from Ozark streams by recreational fishers. Suckers are also important in the diets of piscivorous wildlife and fishes. Suckers from streams contaminated by historic Pb-zinc (Zn) mining in southeastern Missouri are presently identified in a consumption advisory because of Pb concentrations. We evaluated blood sampling as a potentially nonlethal alternative to fillet sampling for Pb and other metals in northern hog sucker. Scaled, skin-on, bone-in "fillet" and blood samples were obtained from northern hog suckers (n = 75) collected at nine sites representing a wide range of conditions relative to Pb-Zn mining in southeastern Missouri. All samples were analyzed for cadmium (Cd), cobalt (Co), Pb, nickel (Ni), and Zn. Fillets were also analyzed for calcium as an indicator of the amount of bone, skin, and mucus included in the samples. Pb, Cd, Co, and Ni concentrations were typically higher in blood than in fillets, but Zn concentrations were similar in both sample types. Concentrations of all metals except Zn were typically higher at sites located downstream from active and historic Pb-Zn mines and related facilities than at nonmining sites. Blood concentrations of Pb, Cd, and Co were highly correlated with corresponding fillet concentrations; log-log linear regressions between concentrations in the two sample types explained 94% of the variation for Pb, 73-83% of the variation for Co, and 61% of the variation for Cd. In contrast, relations for Ni and Zn explained < 12% of the total variation. Fillet Pb and calcium concentrations were correlated (r = 0.83), but only in the 12 fish from the most contaminated site; concentrations were not significantly correlated across all sites. Conversely, fillet Cd and calcium were correlated across the range of sites (r = 0.78), and the inclusion of calcium in the fillet-to-blood relation explained an additional 12% of the total variation in fillet Cd. Collectively, the results indicate that blood sampling could provide reasonably accurate and precise estimates of fillet Pb, Co, and Cd concentrations that would be suitable for identifying contaminated sites and for monitoring, but some fillet sampling might be necessary at contaminated sites for establishing consumption advisories. C1 [Schmitt, C. J.; Brumbaugh, W. G.; May, T. W.] US Geol Survey, Columbia Environm Res Ctr, Columbia, MO 65201 USA. RP Schmitt, CJ (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Columbia Environm Res Ctr, 4200 New Haven Rd, Columbia, MO 65201 USA. EM cjschmitt@usgs.gov FU United States Geological Survey Status and Trends of Biologic Resources Program and the NPS FX This study was supported by the Park-Oriented Biologic Support Project, a partnership between the United States Geological Survey Status and Trends of Biologic Resources Program and the NPS; and by the USGS Contaminants Biology Program. Fish were collected under the supervision of J. Ackerson, D. Mayer, R. Legler, P. Cieslewicz, and M. Reed (all MDC); M. McKee (also MDC) coordinated the collections. V. Grant, M. Gossett, J. Luraas, and E. Kunz (all NPS), and M. Mac, J. Besser, B. Poulton, D. Stoppler, and S. Olson (all USGS) assisted in the field. J. Arms, M. Walther, S. Koppi, and V. Melton (all USGS) assisted in the laboratory. W. Simpson and D. Noltie (both from the University of Missouri-Columbia) prepared and read the scales, M. Struckhoff (USGS) prepared the map, and M. McKee (MDC) and M. Hooper (USGS) provided useful comments on an earlier version of the manuscript. NR 75 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 2 U2 13 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0090-4341 J9 ARCH ENVIRON CON TOX JI Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. PD APR PY 2009 VL 56 IS 3 BP 509 EP 524 DI 10.1007/s00244-009-9288-9 PG 16 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA 422XS UT WOS:000264461600016 PM 19205790 ER PT J AU Wylie, GD Hothem, RL Bergen, DR Martin, LL Taylor, RJ Brussee, BE AF Wylie, Glenn D. Hothem, Roger L. Bergen, Darrin R. Martin, Lisa L. Taylor, Robert J. Brussee, Brianne E. TI Metals and Trace Elements in Giant Garter Snakes (Thamnophis gigas) from the Sacramento Valley, California, USA SO ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article ID ENVIRONMENTAL-IMPACT; NERODIA-FASCIATA; SOUTH-CAROLINA; WATER; MERCURY; RIVER; TENNESSEE; EXPOSURE; SELENIUM; SIPEDON AB The giant garter snake (GGS; Thamnophis gigas) is a federally listed threatened species endemic to wetlands of the Central Valley of California. Habitat destruction has been the main factor in the decline of GGS populations, but the effects of contaminants on this species are unknown. To contribute to the recovery of these snakes, the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) began studies of the life history and habitat use of GGSs in 1995. During a series of investigations conducted from 1995 to the present, specimens of dead GGSs were opportunistically collected from the Colusa National Wildlife Refuge (CNWR), the Natomas Basin, and other sites in northern California. Whole snakes were stored frozen for potential future analysis. As funding became available, we analyzed tissues of 23 GGSs to determine the concentrations of total mercury (Hg) and other trace elements in livers and concentrations of Hg in brains and tail clips. Mercury concentrations (mu g/g, wet weight) ranged from 0.08 to 1.64 in livers, 0.01 to 0.18 in brains, and 0.02 to 0.32 in tail clips. In livers, geometric mean concentrations (mu g/g, dry weight) of arsenic (25.7) and chromium (1.02) were higher than most values from studies of other snakes. Mercury concentrations in tail clips were positively correlated with concentrations in livers and brains, with the most significant correlations occurring at the Natomas Basin and when Natomas and CNWR were combined. Results indicate the value of using tail clips as a nonlethal bioindicator of contaminant concentrations. C1 [Wylie, Glenn D.; Hothem, Roger L.; Bergen, Darrin R.; Martin, Lisa L.; Brussee, Brianne E.] US Geol Survey, Western Ecol Res Ctr, Dixon Field Stn, Dixon, CA 95620 USA. [Taylor, Robert J.] Texas A&M Univ, Trace Element Res Lab, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. RP Hothem, RL (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Western Ecol Res Ctr, Dixon Field Stn, 6924 Tremont Rd, Dixon, CA 95620 USA. EM roger_hothem@usgs.gov NR 30 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 12 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0090-4341 EI 1432-0703 J9 ARCH ENVIRON CON TOX JI Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. PD APR PY 2009 VL 56 IS 3 BP 577 EP 587 DI 10.1007/s00244-008-9265-8 PG 11 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA 422XS UT WOS:000264461600022 PM 19052796 ER PT J AU Hart, K Gill, VA Kannan, K AF Hart, Kimberly Gill, Verena A. Kannan, Kurunthachalam TI Temporal Trends (1992-2007) of Perfluorinated Chemicals in Northern Sea Otters (Enhydra lutris kenyoni) from South-Central Alaska SO ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article ID PERFLUOROALKYL CONTAMINANTS; PERFLUOROOCTANE SULFONATE; URSUS-MARITIMUS; POLAR BEARS; FLUOROCHEMICALS; CALIFORNIA; GREENLAND AB Perfluorinated chemicals (PFCs) have been detected in abiotic and biotic matrices worldwide, including the Arctic Ocean. Considering these chemicals' persistent and bioaccumulative potentials, it was expected that levels of PFCs, like those of many legacy organic pollutants, would respond slowly to the restrictions in production and usage. Temporal trend studies in remote areas, such as the Arctic, can help determine the chronology of contamination and the response of the environment to regulations on PFCs. Prior to this study, temporal trends of PFCs in Alaskan coastal waters had not been examined. In the present study, concentrations of six PFCs were determined in livers of northern sea otters (Enhydra lutris kenyoni) collected from three areas in south-central Alaska (Prince William Sound, n = 36; Resurrection Bay, n = 7; Kachemak Bay, n = 34) from 1992 to 2007. Additionally, previously published profiles and concentrations of PFCs in southern sea otters from California and Asian sea otters from Kamchatka (Russia) were compared to our new data, to determine the geographical differences in PFC profiles among these three regions in the Pacific Ocean. Perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS), perfluorooctanesulfonamide (PFOSA), and perfluorononanoate (PFNA) were the predominant PFCs found in the livers of northern sea otters from 1992 to 2007. Other PFCs, such as perfluorooctanoate (PFOA), perfluoroundecanoate (PFUnDA), and perfluorodecanoate (PFDA), were detected less frequently, and at low concentrations. Overall, from 2001 to 2007, a decrease in concentrations of PFOS was found in northern sea otters, suggesting an immediate response to the phase-out in 2000 of perfluorooctanesulfonyl-based compounds by a major producer in the United States. In contrast, concentrations of PFNA in northern sea otters increased by 10-fold from 2004 to 2007. These results indicate that the contribution by PFNA to I PFC pound concentrations is increasing in northern sea otters. The profiles (i.e., composition of individual PFC to I PFC pound concentration) of PFCs in northern sea otters from Alaska were similar to those reported for southern sea otters from California, but were considerably different from the profiles reported for Asian sea otters from Russia, suggesting differences in point sources of exposure. C1 [Hart, Kimberly; Kannan, Kurunthachalam] SUNY Albany, Sch Publ Hlth, Wadsworth Ctr, New York State Dept Hlth, Albany, NY 12201 USA. [Gill, Verena A.] US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Anchorage, AK 99503 USA. RP Kannan, K (reprint author), SUNY Albany, Sch Publ Hlth, Wadsworth Ctr, New York State Dept Hlth, Albany, NY 12201 USA. EM kkannan@wadsworth.org NR 23 TC 44 Z9 44 U1 4 U2 21 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0090-4341 J9 ARCH ENVIRON CON TOX JI Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. PD APR PY 2009 VL 56 IS 3 BP 607 EP 614 DI 10.1007/s00244-008-9242-2 PG 8 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA 422XS UT WOS:000264461600025 PM 18839236 ER PT J AU Ribic, CA Koford, RR Herkert, JR Johnson, DH Niemuth, ND Naugle, DE Bakker, KK Sample, DW Renfrew, RB AF Ribic, Christine A. Koford, Rolf R. Herkert, James R. Johnson, Douglas H. Niemuth, Neal D. Naugle, David E. Bakker, Kristel K. Sample, David W. Renfrew, Rosalind B. TI AREA SENSITIVITY IN NORTH AMERICAN GRASSLAND BIRDS: PATTERNS AND PROCESSES SO AUK LA English DT Review ID BOBOLINKS DOLICHONYX-ORYZIVORUS; CONSERVATION RESERVE PROGRAM; GREAT-PLAINS GRASSLANDS; BREEDING-SITE FIDELITY; HABITAT PATCH SIZE; CONSPECIFIC ATTRACTION; NEST PREDATION; FRAGMENTED LANDSCAPES; LAND-USE; AGRICULTURAL LANDSCAPE C1 [Ribic, Christine A.] Univ Wisconsin, Dept Forest & Wildlife Ecol, Wisconsin Cooperat Wildlife Res Unit, US Geol Survey, Madison, WI 53706 USA. [Koford, Rolf R.] Iowa State Univ, US Geol Survey, Iowa Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Ames, IA 50011 USA. [Herkert, James R.] Illinois Chapter Nat Conservancy, Peoria, IL 61602 USA. [Johnson, Douglas H.] Prairie & No Wildlife Res Ctr, US Geol Survey, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. [Niemuth, Neal D.] US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Habital & Populat Evaluat Team, Bismarck, ND 58501 USA. [Naugle, David E.] Univ Montana, Wildlife Biol Program, Missoula, MT 59812 USA. [Bakker, Kristel K.] Dakota State Univ, Coll Arts & Sci, Madison, SD 57042 USA. [Sample, David W.] Wisconsin Dept Nat Resources, Bur Sci Serv, Madison, WI 53716 USA. [Renfrew, Rosalind B.] Vermont Ctr Ecostudies, Norwich, VT 05055 USA. RP Ribic, CA (reprint author), Univ Wisconsin, Dept Forest & Wildlife Ecol, Wisconsin Cooperat Wildlife Res Unit, US Geol Survey, Madison, WI 53706 USA. EM caribic@wisc.edu NR 138 TC 81 Z9 84 U1 11 U2 74 PU AMER ORNITHOLOGISTS UNION PI LAWRENCE PA ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC NORTH AMER PO BOX 1897, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 USA SN 0004-8038 EI 1938-4254 J9 AUK JI AUK PD APR PY 2009 VL 126 IS 2 BP 233 EP 244 DI 10.1525/auk.2009.1409 PG 12 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA 441FI UT WOS:000265754300001 ER PT J AU Mattfeldt, SD Bailey, LL Grant, EHC AF Mattfeldt, Sandra D. Bailey, Larissa L. Grant, Evan H. Campbell TI Monitoring multiple species: Estimating state variables and exploring the efficacy of a monitoring program SO BIOLOGICAL CONSERVATION LA English DT Article DE Amphibians; Hydroperiod; Wetland; Distribution; Occupancy ID UNITED-STATES; NOTOPHTHALMUS-VIRIDESCENS; AMPHIBIAN DISTRIBUTION; BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY; AMBYSTOMA-MACULATUM; OCCUPANCY; HYDROPERIOD; LANDSCAPE; ABUNDANCE; SCALE AB Monitoring programs have the potential to identify population declines and differentiate among the possible cause(s) of these declines. Recent criticisms regarding the design of monitoring programs have highlighted a failure to clearly state objectives and to address detectability and spatial sampling issues. Here, we incorporate these criticisms to design an efficient monitoring program whose goals are to determine environmental factors which influence the current distribution and measure change in distributions over time for a suite of amphibians. In designing the study we (1) specified a priori factors that may relate to occupancy, extinction, and colonization probabilities and (2) used the data collected (incorporating detectability) to address our scientific questions and adjust our sampling protocols. Our results highlight the role of wetland hydroperiod and other local covariates in the probability of amphibian occupancy. There was a change in overall occupancy probabilities for most species over the first three years of monitoring. Most colonization and extinction estimates were constant over time (years) and space (among wetlands), with one notable exception: local extinction probabilities for Rana clamitans were lower for wetlands with longer hydroperiods. We used information from the target system to generate scenarios of population change and gauge the ability of the current sampling to meet monitoring goals. our results highlight the limitations of the current sampling design, emphasizing the need for long-term efforts, with periodic re-evaluation of the program in a framework that can inform management decisions. Published by Elsevier Ltd. C1 [Mattfeldt, Sandra D.; Bailey, Larissa L.; Grant, Evan H. Campbell] US Geol Survey, Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, Laurel, MD 20708 USA. RP Mattfeldt, SD (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, 12100 Beech Forest Rd, Laurel, MD 20708 USA. EM sdmattfeldt@gmail.com; llbailey@colostate.edu; ehgrant@usgs.gov RI Bailey, Larissa/A-2565-2009; Grant, Evan/N-5160-2014 OI Grant, Evan/0000-0003-4401-6496 FU States Geological Survey FX The National Park Service's National Capital Region Network. and the Northeast Amphibian Research and Monitoring Initiative of the United States Geological Survey provided funding for this project. All research was conducted under Maryland State Permit #4086, C&O Canal NHP permit #2004-SCI-0004, and was approved by the Patuxent Wildlife Research Center ACUC. We thank P. Nanjappa-Mitchell and R. Brown for assistance in study design and implementation, and A. Dietrich, C. Otto, K. Cecala, and B. House, for assistance in the field. Comments from Cheryl Brehme, Nathan Chelgren, and two anonymous reviewers improved the quality of this manuscript. Any use of trade, product, or firm names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the US Government. NR 61 TC 25 Z9 26 U1 1 U2 19 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0006-3207 J9 BIOL CONSERV JI Biol. Conserv. PD APR PY 2009 VL 142 IS 4 BP 720 EP 737 DI 10.1016/j.biocon.2008.12.002 PG 18 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 429WL UT WOS:000264950700005 ER PT J AU Fischer, KN Suryan, RM Roby, DD Balogh, GR AF Fischer, Karen N. Suryan, Robert M. Roby, Daniel D. Balogh, Gregory R. TI Post-breeding season distribution of black-footed and Laysan albatrosses satellite-tagged in Alaska: Inter-specific differences in spatial overlap with North Pacific fisheries SO BIOLOGICAL CONSERVATION LA English DT Article DE Phoebastria; Longlining; Trawling; Satellite-telemetry ID SHORT-TAILED ALBATROSSES; SEABIRD MORTALITY; FORAGING DESTINATIONS; POPULATION-DYNAMICS; WANDERING ALBATROSS; LONGLINE FISHERIES; DIOMEDEA-EXULANS; OCEAN; TRAWLERS; ISLANDS AB We integrated satellite-tracking data from black-footed albatrosses (Phoebastria nigripes; n = 7) and Laysan albatrosses captured in Alaska (Phoebastria immutabilis; n = 18) with data on fishing effort and distribution from commercial fisheries in the North Pacific in order to assess potential risk from bycatch. Albatrosses were satellite-tagged at-sea in the Central Aleutian Islands, Alaska, and tracked during the post-breeding season, July-October 2005 and 2006. In Alaskan waters, fishing effort occurred almost exclusively within continental shelf and slope waters. Potential fishery interaction for black-footed albatrosses, which most often frequented shelf-slope waters, was greatest with sablefish (Anoplopoma fimbria) longline and pot fisheries and with the Pacific halibut (Hippoglossus stenolepsis) longline fishery. In contrast, Laysan albatrosses spent as much time over oceanic waters beyond the continental shelf and slope, thereby overlapping less with fisheries in Alaska than black-footed albatrosses. Regionally, Laysan albatrosses had the greatest potential fishery interaction with the Atka mackerel (Pleruogrammus monopterygius) trawl fishery in the Western Aleutian Islands and the sablefish pot fishery in the Central Aleutian islands. Black-footed albatrosses ranged further beyond Alaskan waters than Laysan albatrosses, overlapping west coast Canada fisheries and pelagic longline fisheries in the subarctic transition domain; Laysan albatrosses remained north of these pelagic fisheries. Due to inter-specific differences in oceanic distribution and habitat use, the overlap of fisheries with the post-breeding distribution of black-footed albatrosses is greater than that for Laysan albatrosses, highlighting inter-specific differences in potential vulnerability to bycatch and risk of population-level impacts from fisheries. (C) 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 [Fischer, Karen N.; Roby, Daniel D.] Oregon State Univ, US Geol Survey, Oregon Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Dept Fisheries & Wildlife, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. [Suryan, Robert M.] Oregon State Univ, Hatfield Marine Sci Ctr, Newport, OR 97365 USA. [Balogh, Gregory R.] US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Ecol Serv, Anchorage, AK 99501 USA. RP Fischer, KN (reprint author), Oregon State Univ, US Geol Survey, Oregon Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Dept Fisheries & Wildlife, 104 Nash Hall, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. EM karen.fischer@oregonstate.edu; rob.suryan@oregonstate.edu; daniel.roby@oregonstate.edu; greg_balogh@usfws.gov OI Courtot, Karen/0000-0002-8849-4054 FU North Pacific Research Board; US Fish and Wildlife Service FX P. Sievert was instrumental in the success of at-sea captures and satellite-tagging. We are grateful to the efforts of the captains and crew of the FIV Kema Sue. Frances Taylor with Birdlife International interpolated satellite-tracking data prior to analyses. We thank S. Fitzgerald and M. Loefflad for facilitating access to the National Marine Fisheries Service Alaskan Groundfish observer Program data; and T. Kong at the international Pacific Halibut Commission provided aggregated Pacific halibut fishery data. We thank anonymous reviewers for insightful comments to improve the manuscript. Funding was provided by the North Pacific Research Board and the US Fish and Wildlife Service. This research was approved by the animal care and use committee of Oregon State University and by permit from the US Fish and Wildlife Service. Mention of trademarks or commercial products does not imply endorsement by the US Government. This is contribution #199 of the North Pacific Research Board. NR 41 TC 11 Z9 13 U1 1 U2 21 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0006-3207 J9 BIOL CONSERV JI Biol. Conserv. PD APR PY 2009 VL 142 IS 4 BP 751 EP 760 DI 10.1016/j.biocon.2008.12.007 PG 10 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 429WL UT WOS:000264950700007 ER PT J AU Richmond, JQ Savage, AE Zamudio, KR Rosenblum, EB AF Richmond, Jonathan Q. Savage, Anna E. Zamudio, Kelly R. Rosenblum, Erica Bree TI Toward Immunogenetic Studies of Amphibian Chytridiomycosis: Linking Innate and Acquired Immunity SO BIOSCIENCE LA English DT Article DE chytridiomycosis; amphibian decline; acquired immunity; toll-like receptors; MHC ID MAJOR HISTOCOMPATIBILITY COMPLEX; EMERGING INFECTIOUS-DISEASE; PATHOGEN BATRACHOCHYTRIUM-DENDROBATIDIS; FREQUENCY-DEPENDENT SELECTION; SKIN PEPTIDE DEFENSES; TOLL-LIKE RECEPTORS; POPULATION DECLINES; DERMATOPHYTE INFECTIONS; NATURAL-SELECTION; CHYTRID PATHOGEN AB Recent declines in amphibian diversity and abundance have contributed significantly to the global loss of biodiversity. The fungal disease chytridiomycosis is widely considered to be a primary cause of these declines,yet the critical question of why amphibian species differ in susceptibility remains unanswered. Considerable evidence links environmental conditions and interspecific variability of the innate immune system to differential infection responses, but other sources of individual, population, or species-typical variation may also be important. In this article we review the preliminary evidence supporting a role for acquired immune defenses against chytridiomycosis, and advocate for targeted investigation of genes controlling acquired responses, as well as those that functionally bridge the innate and acquired immune systems. Immunogenetic data promise to answer key questions about chytridiomycosis susceptibility and host-pathogen coevolution, and will draw much needed attention to the importance of considering evolutionary processes in amphibian conservation management and practice. C1 [Richmond, Jonathan Q.] US Geol Survey, Western Ecol Res Ctr, San Diego, CA USA. [Zamudio, Kelly R.] Cornell Univ, Dept Ecol & Evolutionary Biol, Ithaca, NY USA. [Rosenblum, Erica Bree] Univ Idaho, Dept Biol Sci, Moscow, ID 83843 USA. RP Richmond, JQ (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Western Ecol Res Ctr, San Diego, CA USA. EM jrichmond@usgs.gov RI Savage, Anna/A-7713-2012; Savage, Anna/D-8296-2015; Zamudio, Kelly/R-3533-2016 OI Savage, Anna/0000-0002-4917-8358; Savage, Anna/0000-0002-4917-8358; Zamudio, Kelly/0000-0001-5107-6206 FU ADVANCE program at Cornell University; Cornell Biogeochemistry and Biocomplexity Initiative FX We thank members of the Zamudio lab, Harry W. Greene, Omar D. Little, and three anonymous reviewers for constructive comments on this manuscript. Russell Poulter, Cynthia Carey, and Louise A. Rollins-Smith contributed valuable insight and information on their unpublished experimental data. This work was supported by a research initiation grant from the ADVANCE program at Cornell University and a postdoctoral fellowship funded by the Cornell Biogeochemistry and Biocomplexity Initiative. NR 79 TC 54 Z9 58 U1 4 U2 52 PU AMER INST BIOLOGICAL SCI PI WASHINGTON PA 1444 EYE ST, NW, STE 200, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 USA SN 0006-3568 EI 1525-3244 J9 BIOSCIENCE JI Bioscience PD APR PY 2009 VL 59 IS 4 BP 311 EP 320 DI 10.1525/bio.2009.59.4.9 PG 10 WC Biology SC Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics GA 427CZ UT WOS:000264758700008 ER PT J AU Akinci, A Galadini, F Pantosti, D Petersen, M Malagnini, L Perkins, D AF Akinci, A. Galadini, F. Pantosti, D. Petersen, M. Malagnini, L. Perkins, D. TI Effect of Time Dependence on Probabilistic Seismic-Hazard Maps and Deaggregation for the Central Apennines, Italy SO BULLETIN OF THE SEISMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA LA English DT Review ID GROUND-MOTION; SEISMOGENIC SOURCES; ACTIVE TECTONICS; EARTHQUAKE RECURRENCE; UNCERTAINTY ANALYSIS; RESPONSE SPECTRA; SILENT FAULTS; SOURCE MODEL; CALIFORNIA; SEQUENCE AB We produce probabilistic seismic-hazard assessments for the central Apennines, Italy, using time-dependent models that are characterized using a Brownian passage time recurrence model. Using aperiodicity parameters, alpha of 0.3, 0.5, and 0.7, we examine the sensitivity of the probabilistic ground motion and its deaggregation to these parameters. For the seismic source model we incorporate both smoothed historical seismicity over the area and geological information on faults. We use the maximum magnitude model for the fault sources together with a uniform probability of rupture along the fault (floating fault model) to model fictitious faults to account for earthquakes that cannot be correlated with known geologic structural segmentation. We show maps for peak ground acceleration (PGA) and 1.0 Hz spectral acceleration (SA(1)) on rock having 10% probability of exceedence in 50 yr. We produce maps to compare the separate contributions of smoothed seismicity and fault components. In addition we construct maps that show sensitivity of the hazard for different alpha parameters and the Poisson model. For the Poisson model the addition of fault sources to the smoothed seismicity raises the hazard by 50% at locations where the smoothed seismicity contributes the highest hazard and up to 100% at locations where the hazard from smoothed seismicity is low. For the strongest aperiodicity parameter (smallest alpha), the hazard may further increase 60%-80% or more or may decrease by as much as 20% depending on the recency of the last event on the fault that dominates the hazard at a given site. In order to present the most likely earthquake magnitude and/or the most likely source-site distance for scenario studies, we deaggregate the seismic hazard for SA(1) and PGA for two important cities (Rome and L'Aquila). For PGA both locations show the predominance of local sources having magnitudes of about 5.3 and 6.5, respectively. For SA(1) at a site in Rome, there is significant contribution from local smoothed seismicity and an additional contribution from the more distant Apennine faults having magnitude around 6.8. For L'Aquila the predominant sources remain local. In order to show the variety of impact of different alpha values, we also obtained deaggregations for another three sites. In general, as alpha decreases (periodicity increases), the deaggregation indicates that the hazard is highest near faults with the highest earthquakes rates. This effect is strongest for the long-period (1 sec) ground motions. C1 [Akinci, A.; Pantosti, D.; Malagnini, L.] Ist Nazl Geofis & Vulcanol, I-00143 Rome, Italy. [Galadini, F.] Ist Nazl Geofis & Vulcanol, Sez Milano Pavia, I-20133 Milan, Italy. [Petersen, M.; Perkins, D.] US Geol Survey, Denver, CO 80225 USA. RP Akinci, A (reprint author), Ist Nazl Geofis & Vulcanol, Via Vigna Murata 605, I-00143 Rome, Italy. EM akinci@ingv.it; galadini@mi.ingv.it; pantosti@ingv.it; mpetersen@usgs.gov; malagnini@ingv.it; perkins@usgs.gov OI Pantosti, daniela/0000-0001-7308-9104 FU Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerce; Civil Protection Projects [DPC-S2] FX The thoughtful reviews by Arthur D. Frankel and Steve Harmsen of United States Geological Survey (USGS), Golden, Colorado, whom we wish to thank, strongly contributed to the clarity and the readability of this article. We would also thank Editor-in-Chief Andrew J. Michael, Mark W. Stirling, and an anonymous reviewer whose comments and suggestion improved the manuscript. During this work at the USGS in Golden, Colorado, A. Akinci and D. Perkins at Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia in Rome, Italy, were supported by grants from the Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerce and Civil Protection Projects, (DPC-S2), 2004-2006. NR 105 TC 54 Z9 54 U1 0 U2 11 PU SEISMOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI ALBANY PA 400 EVELYN AVE, SUITE 201, ALBANY, CA 94706-1375 USA SN 0037-1106 EI 1943-3573 J9 B SEISMOL SOC AM JI Bull. Seismol. Soc. Amer. PD APR 1 PY 2009 VL 99 IS 2A BP 585 EP 610 DI 10.1785/0120080053 PG 26 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 447HE UT WOS:000266181400007 ER PT J AU Frankel, A AF Frankel, Arthur TI A Constant Stress-Drop Model for Producing Broadband Synthetic Seismograms: Comparison with the Next Generation Attenuation Relations SO BULLETIN OF THE SEISMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA LA English DT Article ID STRONG-GROUND-MOTION; AVERAGE HORIZONTAL COMPONENT; RESPONSE SPECTRA; LARGE EARTHQUAKES; RUPTURE PROCESS; 1994 NORTHRIDGE; TIME HISTORIES; FREQUENCY; ACCELERATION; PREDICTION AB Broadband (0.1-20 Hz) synthetic seismograms for finite-fault sources were produced for a model where stress drop is constant with seismic moment to see if they can match the magnitude dependence and distance decay of response spectral amplitudes found in the Next Generation Attenuation (NGA) relations recently developed from strong-motion data of crustal earthquakes in tectonically active regions. The broadband synthetics were constructed for earthquakes of M 5.5, 6.5, and 7.5 by combining deterministic synthetics for plane-layered models at low frequencies with stochastic synthetics at high frequencies. The stochastic portion used a source model where the Brune stress drop of 100 bars is constant with seismic moment. The deterministic synthetics were calculated using an average slip velocity, and hence, dynamic stress drop, on the fault that is uniform with magnitude. One novel aspect of this procedure is that the transition frequency between the deterministic and stochastic portions varied with magnitude, so that the transition frequency is inversely related to the rise time of slip on the fault. The spectral accelerations at 0.2, 1.0, and 3.0 sec periods from the synthetics generally agreed with those from the set of NGA relations for M 5.5-7.5 for distances of 2-100 km. At distances of 100-200 km some of the NGA relations for 0.2 sec spectral acceleration were substantially larger than the values of the synthetics for M 7.5 and M 6.5 earthquakes because these relations do not have a term accounting for Q. At 3 and 5 sec periods, the synthetics for M 7.5 earthquakes generally had larger spectral accelerations than the NGA relations, although there was large scatter in the results from the synthetics. The synthetics showed a sag in response spectra at close-in distances for M 5.5 between 0.3 and 0.7 sec that is not predicted from the NGA relations. C1 US Geol Survey, DFC, Denver, CO 80225 USA. RP Frankel, A (reprint author), US Geol Survey, DFC, MS 966,Box 25046, Denver, CO 80225 USA. NR 45 TC 42 Z9 43 U1 2 U2 4 PU SEISMOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI EL CERRITO PA PLAZA PROFESSIONAL BLDG, SUITE 201, EL CERRITO, CA 94530 USA SN 0037-1106 J9 B SEISMOL SOC AM JI Bull. Seismol. Soc. Amer. PD APR 1 PY 2009 VL 99 IS 2A BP 664 EP 680 DI 10.1785/0120080079 PG 17 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 447HE UT WOS:000266181400012 ER PT J AU Allen, TI Wald, DJ AF Allen, Trevor I. Wald, David J. TI On the Use of High-Resolution Topographic Data as a Proxy for Seismic Site Conditions (VS30) SO BULLETIN OF THE SEISMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA LA English DT Article AB An alternative method has recently been proposed for evaluating global seismic site conditions, or the average shear velocity to 30 m depth (V(S30)), from the Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM) 30 arcsec digital elevation models (DEMs). The basic premise of the method is that the topographic slope can be used as a reliable proxy for VS30 in the absence of geologically and geotechnically based site-condition maps through correlations between VS30 measurements and topographic gradient. Here we evaluate the use of higher-resolution (3 and 9 arcsec) DEMs to examine whether we are able to resolve VS30 in more detail than can be achieved using the lower-resolution SRTM data. High-quality DEMs at resolutions greater than 30 arcsec are not uniformly available at the global scale. However, in many regions where such data exist, they may be employed to resolve finer-scale variations in topographic gradient, and consequently, VS30. We use the U. S. Geological Survey Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Data Center's National Elevation Dataset (NED) to investigate the use of high-resolution DEMs for estimating VS30 in several regions across the United States, including the San Francisco Bay area in California, Los Angeles, California, and St. Louis, Missouri. We compare these results with an example from Taipei, Taiwan, that uses 9 arcsec SRTM data, which are globally available. The use of higher-resolution NED data recovers finer-scale variations in topographic gradient, which better correlate to geological and geomorphic features, in particular, at the transition between hills and basins, warranting their use over 30 arcsec SRTM data where available. However, statistical analyses indicate little to no improvement over lower-resolution topography when compared to VS30 measurements, suggesting that some topographic smoothing may provide more stable VS30 estimates. Furthermore, we find that elevation variability in canopy-based SRTM measurements at resolutions greater than 30 arcsec are too large to resolve reliable slopes, particularly in low-gradient sedimentary basins. C1 [Allen, Trevor I.; Wald, David J.] US Geol Survey, Natl Earthquake Informat Ctr, Golden, CO 80401 USA. RP Allen, TI (reprint author), Risk & Impact Anal Grp, Australia GPO Box 378, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia. OI Wald, David/0000-0002-1454-4514 FU U.S. Agency for International Development FX We are grateful to Jonathan Godt, Chris Wills, Andrew McPherson, Kuowan Lin, and Ned Field for their reviews that significantly improved the manuscript. We thank RobWilliams and Martin Messmer for discussions on the utility and accuracy of the St. Louis site-conditions map. Funding for this research was provided, in part, by a grant from the U.S. Agency for International Development. NR 23 TC 62 Z9 67 U1 1 U2 7 PU SEISMOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI EL CERRITO PA PLAZA PROFESSIONAL BLDG, SUITE 201, EL CERRITO, CA 94530 USA SN 0037-1106 J9 B SEISMOL SOC AM JI Bull. Seismol. Soc. Amer. PD APR 1 PY 2009 VL 99 IS 2A BP 935 EP 943 DI 10.1785/0120080255 PG 9 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 447HE UT WOS:000266181400033 ER PT J AU Stovall, WK Houghton, BF Harris, AJL Swanson, DA AF Stovall, Wendy K. Houghton, B. F. Harris, A. J. L. Swanson, D. A. TI A frozen record of density-driven crustal overturn in lava lakes: the example of KÄaut << lauea Iki 1959 SO BULLETIN OF VOLCANOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Annual Fall American-Geophysical-Union Meeting CY DEC 13-14, 2008 CL San Francisco, CA SP Amer Geophys Union, Mineralog Soc Amer, Dept Energy DE Lava lake; Kilauea; Hawai'i; Crustal foundering; Surface crust; Overturn; Density ID KILAUEA VOLCANO; HAWAII; PAHOEHOE AB Lava lakes are found at basaltic volcanoes on Earth and other planetary bodies. Density-driven crustal foundering leading to surface renewal occurs repeatedly throughout the life of a lava lake. This process has been observed and described in a qualitative sense, but due to dangerous conditions, no data has been acquired to evaluate the densities of the units involved. KÄaut << lauea Iki pit crater in Hawai`i houses a lava lake erupted during a 2 month period in 1959. Part of the surface of the KÄaut << lauea Iki lake now preserves the frozen record of a final, incomplete, crustal-overturn cycle. We mapped this region and sampled portions of the foundering crust, as well as overriding and underlying lava, to constrain the density of the units involved in the overturn process. Overturn is driven by the advance of a flow front of fresh, low-density lava over an older, higher density surface crust. The advance of the front causes the older crust to break up, founder, and dive downwards into the lake to expose new, hot, low-density lava. We find density differences of 200 to 740 kg/m(3) between the foundering crust and over-riding and under-lying lava respectively. In this case, crustal overturn is driven by large density differences between the foundering and resurfacing units. These differences lead, inevitably, to frequent crustal renewal: simple density differences between the surface crust and underlying lake lava make the upper layers of the lake highly unstable. C1 [Stovall, Wendy K.; Houghton, B. F.] Univ Hawaii Manoa, Dept Geol & Geophys, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. [Harris, A. J. L.] Univ Hawaii Manoa, Hawaii Inst Geophys & Planetol, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. [Swanson, D. A.] US Geol Survey, Hawaiian Volcano Observ, Honolulu, HI 96718 USA. RP Stovall, WK (reprint author), Univ Hawaii Manoa, Dept Geol & Geophys, 1680 East West Rd, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. EM wstovall@hawaii.edu NR 23 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 1 U2 6 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0258-8900 J9 B VOLCANOL JI Bull. Volcanol. PD APR PY 2009 VL 71 IS 3 BP 313 EP 318 DI 10.1007/s00445-008-0225-y PG 6 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 418US UT WOS:000264175500006 ER PT J AU Gibson-Reinemer, DK Johnson, BM Martinez, PJ Winkelman, DL Koenig, AE Woodhead, JD AF Gibson-Reinemer, Daniel K. Johnson, Brett M. Martinez, Patrick J. Winkelman, Dana L. Koenig, Alan E. Woodhead, Jon D. TI Elemental signatures in otoliths of hatchery rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss): distinctiveness and utility for detecting origins and movement SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FISHERIES AND AQUATIC SCIENCES LA English DT Article ID SALVELINUS-NAMAYCUSH; ISOTOPIC COMPOSITION; CRYSTAL-STRUCTURE; WATER CHEMISTRY; FISH OTOLITHS; MARINE FISH; FRESH-WATER; SR-ISOTOPE; ICP-MS; STRONTIUM AB Otolith chemistry in freshwater has considerable potential to reveal patterns of origin and movement, which would benefit traditional fisheries management and provide a valuable tool to curb the spread of invasive and illicitly stocked species. We evaluated the relationship between otolith and water chemistry for five markers (Ba/Ca, Mn/Ca, Sr/Ca, Zn/Ca, and (87)Sr/(86)Sr) in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) using the existing hatchery system in Colorado and Wyoming, USA, to provide controlled, seminatural conditions. Otolith Ba/Ca, Sr/Ca, and (87)Sr/(86)Sr reflected ambient levels, whereas Mn/Ca and Zn/Ca did not. Using only the markers correlated with water chemistry, we classified fish to their hatchery of origin with up to 96% accuracy when element and isotope data were used together. Large changes in (87)Sr/(86)Sr were evident in otolith transects, although subtler changes in Sr/Ca were also detectable. Our results suggest the relatively few otolith markers that reflect ambient chemistry can discriminate among locations and track movements well enough to provide valuable insight in a variety of applied contexts. C1 [Gibson-Reinemer, Daniel K.; Johnson, Brett M.] Colorado State Univ, Dept Fish Wildlife & Conservat Biol, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. [Martinez, Patrick J.] Colorado Div Wildlife, Aquat Res Sect, Grand Junction, CO 81505 USA. [Winkelman, Dana L.] Colorado State Univ, Colorado Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. [Koenig, Alan E.] US Geol Survey, Cent Reg Mineral Resources Team, Denver Fed Ctr, Denver, CO 80225 USA. [Woodhead, Jon D.] Univ Melbourne, Sch Earth Sci, Melbourne, Vic 3010, Australia. RP Gibson-Reinemer, DK (reprint author), Colorado State Univ, Dept Fish Wildlife & Conservat Biol, 1474 Campus Delivery, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. EM danielkgr@gmail.com RI Woodhead, Jon/C-2227-2012 FU Whirling Disease Initiative; CDOW Law Enforcement and Aquatic sections; West Denver Chapter of Trout Unlimited FX Two anonymous reviewers and the associate editor provided helpful reviews. We thank the CDOW and Wyoming Game and Fish managers and hatchery personnel for their cooperation and assistance. John Stednick, Colorado State University, provided valuable guidance. Allan Shiller, University of Southern Mississippi, analyzed water and feed samples. Steven Campana, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, gave helpful advice regarding water and dietary contributions to otolith chemistry. Larry Scott, Colorado Geological Survey, provided geologic map data. Financial support was provided by the Whirling Disease Initiative, CDOW Law Enforcement and Aquatic sections, and the West Denver Chapter of Trout Unlimited. NR 48 TC 36 Z9 36 U1 2 U2 26 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA-N R C RESEARCH PRESS PI OTTAWA PA BUILDING M 55, OTTAWA, ON K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0706-652X J9 CAN J FISH AQUAT SCI JI Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. PD APR PY 2009 VL 66 IS 4 BP 513 EP 524 DI 10.1139/F09-015 PG 12 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 468IR UT WOS:000267811300001 ER PT J AU Berger, AM Gresswell, RE AF Berger, Aaron M. Gresswell, Robert E. TI Factors influencing coastal cutthroat trout (Oncorhynchus clarkii clarkii) seasonal survival rates: a spatially continuous approach within stream networks SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FISHERIES AND AQUATIC SCIENCES LA English DT Review ID LARGE WOODY DEBRIS; DWELLING BROWN TROUT; SALMO-TRUTTA-L; RAINBOW-TROUT; BROOK TROUT; MARKED ANIMALS; POPULATION-DYNAMICS; HEADWATER STREAMS; FISH POPULATIONS; ATLANTIC SALMON AB Mark-recapture methods were used to examine watershed-scale survival of coastal cutthroat trout (Oncorhynchus clarkii clarkii) from two headwater stream networks. A total of 1725 individuals (>= 100 mm, fork length) were individually marked and monitored seasonally over a 3-year period. Differences in survival were compared among spatial (stream segment, subwatershed, and watershed) and temporal (season and year) analytical scales, and the effects of abiotic (discharge, temperature, and cover) and biotic (length, growth, condition, density, movement, and relative fish abundance) factors were evaluated. Seasonal survival was consistently lowest and least variable (years combined) during autumn (16 September - 15 December), and evidence suggested that survival was negatively associated with periods of low stream discharge. In addition, relatively low (-) and high (+) water temperatures, fish length (-), and boulder cover (+) were weakly associated with survival. Seasonal abiotic conditions affected the adult cutthroat trout population in these watersheds, and low-discharge periods (e.g., autumn) were annual survival bottlenecks. Results emphasize the importance of watershed-scale processes to the understanding of population-level survival. C1 [Berger, Aaron M.] Oregon State Univ, Dept Fisheries & Wildlife, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. [Gresswell, Robert E.] US Geol Survey, Forest & Rangeland Ecosyst Sci Ctr, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. RP Berger, AM (reprint author), Michigan State Univ, Quantitat Fisheries Ctr, 13 Nat Resources, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA. EM bergeraa@msu.edu FU Watersheds Research Cooperative Oregon State University; US Geological Survey; Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center; Roseburg Forest Products; Douglas County, Oregon. FX We thank Doug Bateman, David Leer, and Steve Clark for major contributions in the field and laboratory; David Hockman-Wert for providing data management and GIS assistance; and Roseburg Forest Products for granting permission to conduct research on their land. Jason Dunham, Doug Bateman, Joe Ebersole, Nathan Chelgren, Rick Cunjak, and two anonymous reviewers provided helpful reviews that improved this manuscript. Fish collections were authorized by Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife taking permits (OR2002-041, OR2003-814, OR2004-1579, and OR2005-2198) and by Oregon State University Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (proposal No. 2552). Water chemistry was analyzed by the Cooperative Chemical Analytical Laboratory at Oregon State University. This study was funded by the Watersheds Research Cooperative Oregon State University, US Geological Survey Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center, Roseburg Forest Products, and Douglas County, Oregon. The use of trade, product, or firm names in this publication is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the US Government. NR 105 TC 20 Z9 20 U1 2 U2 24 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA-N R C RESEARCH PRESS PI OTTAWA PA BUILDING M 55, OTTAWA, ON K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0706-652X J9 CAN J FISH AQUAT SCI JI Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. PD APR PY 2009 VL 66 IS 4 BP 613 EP 632 DI 10.1139/F09-029 PG 20 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 468IR UT WOS:000267811300010 ER PT J AU Al-Chokhachy, R Budy, P Conner, M AF Al-Chokhachy, Robert Budy, Phaedra Conner, Mary TI Detecting declines in the abundance of a bull trout (Salvelinus confluentus) population: understanding the accuracy, precision, and costs of our efforts SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FISHERIES AND AQUATIC SCIENCES LA English DT Article ID SALMON ONCORHYNCHUS-TSHAWYTSCHA; STATISTICAL POWER; CHINOOK SALMON; REDD COUNTS; CONSERVATION BIOLOGY; FISHERIES RESEARCH; SMALL STREAMS; RIVER SYSTEM; TRENDS; MANAGEMENT AB Using empirical field data for bull trout (Salvelinus confluentus), we evaluated the trade-off between power and sampling effort-cost using Monte Carlo simulations of commonly collected mark-recapture-resight and count data, and we estimated the power to detect changes in abundance across different time intervals. We also evaluated the effects of monitoring different components of a population and stratification methods on the precision of each method. Our results illustrate substantial variability in the relative precision, cost, and information gained from each approach. While grouping estimates by age or stage class substantially increased the precision of estimates, spatial stratification of sampling units resulted in limited increases in precision. Although mark-resight methods allowed for estimates of abundance versus indices of abundance, our results suggest snorkel surveys may be a more affordable monitoring approach across large spatial scales. Detecting a 25% decline in abundance after 5 years was not possible, regardless of technique (power = 0.80), without high sampling effort (48% of study site). Detecting a 25% decline was possible after 15 years, but still required high sampling efforts. Our results suggest detecting moderate changes in abundance of freshwater salmonids requires considerable resource and temporal commitments and highlight the difficulties of using abundance measures for monitoring bull trout populations. C1 [Al-Chokhachy, Robert; Budy, Phaedra] Utah State Univ, USGS Utah Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Dept Watershed Sci, Logan, UT 84322 USA. [Conner, Mary] Utah State Univ, Dept Wildland Resources, Logan, UT 84322 USA. RP Al-Chokhachy, R (reprint author), Utah State Univ, USGS Utah Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Dept Watershed Sci, Logan, UT 84322 USA. EM robert.a@aggiemail.usu.edu RI Al-Chokhachy, Robert/F-2894-2010; Budy, Phaedra/B-2415-2012 FU United States Fish and Wildlife Service Columbia River Fisheries Program Office; USGS Utah Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit FX S. Haesetker, E. Evans, W. Wurtsbaugh, H. Schaller, and two anonymous individuals reviewed previous drafts and substantially improved this manuscript. We thank G.P. Thiede and K. Homel for logistical oversight and field supervision and E. Larson, M. Malek, T. Sanderson, T. Scott, J. Mull, B. Stewart, M. Davis, R. Kumpf, J. Hearsey, D. Lillard, A. Dean, K. Hofer, N. Charbonneau, H. Campbell, D. Martin, and D. Cullen for field assistance. Funding for this project was provided by the United States Fish and Wildlife Service Columbia River Fisheries Program Office and the USGS Utah Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit. NR 47 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 3 U2 19 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA-N R C RESEARCH PRESS PI OTTAWA PA BUILDING M 55, OTTAWA, ON K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0706-652X J9 CAN J FISH AQUAT SCI JI Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. PD APR PY 2009 VL 66 IS 4 BP 649 EP 658 DI 10.1139/F09-026 PG 10 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 468IR UT WOS:000267811300012 ER PT J AU Sepulveda, AJ Colyer, WT Lowe, WH Vinson, MR AF Sepulveda, Adam J. Colyer, Warren T. Lowe, Winsor H. Vinson, Mark R. TI Using nitrogen stable isotopes to detect long-distance movement in a threatened cutthroat trout (Oncorhynchus clarkii utah) SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FISHERIES AND AQUATIC SCIENCES LA English DT Article ID SALMON SALMO-SALAR; STREAM FISHES; MARK-RECAPTURE; BROOK TROUT; BROWN TROUT; HABITAT USE; FOOD-WEB; CARBON; DISPERSAL; RATIOS AB Interior cutthroat trout occupy small fractions of their historic ranges and existing populations often are relegated to headwater habitats. Conservation requires balancing protection for isolated genetically pure populations with restoration of migratory life histories by reconnecting corridors between headwater and mainstem habitats. Identification of alternative life history strategies within a population is critical to these efforts. We tested the application of nitrogen stable isotopes to discern fluvial from resident Bonneville cutthroat trout (BCT; Oncorhynchus clarkii utah) in a headwater stream. Fluvial BCT migrate from headwater streams with good water quality to mainstem habitats with impaired water quality. Resident BCT remain in headwater streams. We tested two predictions: (i) fluvial BCT have a higher delta N-15 than residents, and (ii) fluvial BCT delta N-15 reflects diet and delta N-15 enrichment characteristics of mainstem habitats. We found that fluvial delta N-15 was greater than resident delta N-15 and that delta N-15 was a better predictor of life history than fish size. Our data also showed that fluvial and resident BCT had high diet overlap in headwater sites and that delta N-15 of lower trophic levels was greater in mainstem sites than in headwater sites. We conclude that the high delta N-15 values of fluvial BCT were acquired in mainstem sites. C1 [Sepulveda, Adam J.; Lowe, Winsor H.] Univ Montana, Div Biol Sci, Missoula, MT 59812 USA. [Colyer, Warren T.] Trout Unltd, Providence, UT 84332 USA. [Vinson, Mark R.] US Geol Survey, Great Lakes Sci Ctr, Lake Super Biol Stn, Ashland, WI 54806 USA. RP Sepulveda, AJ (reprint author), Univ Montana, Div Biol Sci, Missoula, MT 59812 USA. EM adam.sepulveda@mso.umt.edu FU Trout Unlimited; National Fish and Wildlife Foundation; Wyoming Game and Fish Department; Idaho Department of Fish and Game FX We thank Trout Unlimited and the National Fish and Wildlife Foundation for funding and the Wyoming Game and Fish Department and the Idaho Department of Fish and Game for logistical support. We thank Shannon McCarthy, Carl Glasow, Matt Price, Brandon Kell, Edward Camp, Dan Lamarra, and Sam McKay for collecting samples. We also thank Mike Young, Scott McArt, and Pete McHugh for advice on the research and helpful comments on this manuscript. NR 58 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 1 U2 6 PU CANADIAN SCIENCE PUBLISHING, NRC RESEARCH PRESS PI OTTAWA PA 65 AURIGA DR, SUITE 203, OTTAWA, ON K2E 7W6, CANADA SN 0706-652X EI 1205-7533 J9 CAN J FISH AQUAT SCI JI Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. PD APR PY 2009 VL 66 IS 4 BP 672 EP 682 DI 10.1139/F09-020 PG 11 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 468IR UT WOS:000267811300014 ER PT J AU Yu, BS Dong, HL Jiang, HC Lv, G Eberl, D Li, SY Kim, J AF Yu, Bingsong Dong, Hailiang Jiang, Hongchen Lv, Guo Eberl, Dennis Li, Shanying Kim, Jinwook TI THE ROLE OF CLAY MINERALS IN THE PRESERVATION OF ORGANIC MATTER IN SEDIMENTS OF QINGHAI LAKE, NW CHINA SO CLAYS AND CLAY MINERALS LA English DT Article DE Carbon Compounds; Clay Minerals; Organic Matter; Preservation; Qinghai Lake; SEM; TEM; XRD ID MARINE-SEDIMENTS; SURFACE-AREA; GEOCHEMICAL INDICATORS; KEROGEN FORMATION; BLACK SHALE; CARBON; SORPTION; SOILS; STABILIZATION; MECHANISMS AB The role of saline lake sediments in preserving organic matter has long been recognized. In order to further understand the preservation mechanisms, the role of clay minerals was studied. Three sediment cores, 25, 57, and 500 cm long, were collected from Qinghai Lake, NW China, and dissected into multiple subsamples. Multiple techniques were employed, including density fractionation, X-ray diffraction, scanning and transmission electron microscopy (SEM and TEM), total organic carbon (TOC) and carbon compound analyses, and surface area determination. The sediments were oxic near the water-sediment interface, but became anoxic at depth. The clay mineral content was as much as 36.8%, consisting mostly of illite, chlorite, and halloysite. The TEM observations revealed that organic matter occurred primarily as organic matter-clay mineral aggregates. The TOC and clay mineral abundances are greatest in the mid-density fraction, with a positive correlation between the TOC and mineral surface area. The TOC of the bulk sediments ranges from I to 3% with the non-hydrocarbon fraction being predominant, followed by bitumen, saturated hydrocarbon, aromatic hydrocarbons, and chloroform-soluble bitumen. The bimodal distribution of carbon compounds of the saturated hydrocarbon fraction suggests that organic matter in the sediments was derived from two sources: terrestrial plants and microorganisms/algae. Depth-related systematic changes in the distribution patterns of the carbon compounds suggest that the oxidizing conditions and microbial abundance near the water-sediment interface promote degradation of labile organic matter, probably in adsorbed form. The reducing conditions and small microbial biomass deeper in the sediments favor preservation of organic matter, because of the less labile nature of organic matter, probably occurring within clay mineral-organic matter aggregates that are inaccessible to microorganisms. These results have important implications for our understanding of mechanisms of organic matter preservation in saline lake sediments. C1 [Yu, Bingsong; Dong, Hailiang; Lv, Guo; Li, Shanying] China Univ Geosci, State Key Lab Geol Proc & Mineral Resources, Geomicrobiol Lab, Beijing 100083, Peoples R China. [Dong, Hailiang; Jiang, Hongchen] Miami Univ, Dept Geol, Oxford, OH 45056 USA. [Eberl, Dennis] US Geol Survey, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. [Kim, Jinwook] Yonsei Univ, Dept Earth Syst Sci, Seoul 120749, South Korea. RP Dong, HL (reprint author), China Univ Geosci, State Key Lab Geol Proc & Mineral Resources, Geomicrobiol Lab, Beijing 100083, Peoples R China. EM dongh@muohio.edu RI Jiang, Hongchen/I-5838-2016 FU National Science Foundation of China [40472064, 40672079]; Minister of Science & Technology of China [2005CB422103, 2006CB202302, 2006CB701406]; 111 Project of China [B07011]; Key Laboratory of Marine Reservoir Evolution and Hydrocarbon Accumulation Mechanism, Ministry of Education, China [EEL2008-1]; State Key Laboratory of Geological Processes and Mineral Resources [GPMR2008K08B, GPMR200844]; U.S. National Science Foundation [EAR-0345307] FX This research was supported by grants from the National Science Foundation of China (40472064 and 40672079) to BY and HD, the Minister of Science & Technology of China grant (2005CB422103, 2006CB202302, 2006CB701406), the 111 Project (No. B07011) of China to BY and HD, Key Laboratory of Marine Reservoir Evolution and Hydrocarbon Accumulation Mechanism, Ministry of Education, China (EEL2008-1) to BY, special research funds of the State Key Laboratory of Geological Processes and Mineral Resources (GPMR2008K08B, GPMR200844) and U.S. National Science Foundation (EAR-0345307) to HD. The authors are grateful to Beth Mette, Mike Vanni, and Kamila Wiaderek for their help with TOC and BET analyses and to Laurence Garvie and two anonymous reviewers for their constructive comments which greatly improved the quality of the manuscript. NR 52 TC 7 Z9 8 U1 7 U2 30 PU CLAY MINERALS SOC PI CHANTILLY PA 3635 CONCORDE PKWY, STE 500, CHANTILLY, VA 20151-1125 USA SN 0009-8604 J9 CLAY CLAY MINER JI Clay Clay Min. PD APR PY 2009 VL 57 IS 2 BP 213 EP 226 DI 10.1346/CCMN.2009.0570208 PG 14 WC Chemistry, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Mineralogy; Soil Science SC Chemistry; Geology; Mineralogy; Agriculture GA 461EP UT WOS:000267247700008 ER PT J AU Plant, NG Edwards, KL Kaihatu, JM Veeramony, J Hsu, L Holland, KT AF Plant, Nathaniel G. Edwards, Kacey L. Kaihatu, James M. Veeramony, Jayaram Hsu, Larry Holland, K. Todd TI The effect of bathymetric filtering on nearshore process model results SO COASTAL ENGINEERING LA English DT Article DE Prediction; Wave height; Alongshore current; Rip current; Interpolation; Errors ID 3RD-GENERATION WAVE MODEL; COASTAL REGIONS; BEACH; VALIDATION; EVOLUTION; SCALE AB Nearshore wave and flow model results are shown to exhibit a strong sensitivity to the resolution of the input bathymetry. In this analysis, bathymetric resolution was varied by applying smoothing filters to high-resolution survey data to produce a number of bathymetric grid surfaces. We demonstrate that the sensitivity of model-predicted wave height and flow to variations in bathymetric resolution had different characteristics. Wave height predictions were most sensitive to resolution of cross-shore variability associated with the structure of nearshore sandbars. Flow predictions were most sensitive to the resolution of intermediate scale alongshore variability associated with the prominent sandbar rhythmicity. Flow sensitivity increased in cases where a sandbar was closer to shore and shallower. Perhaps the most surprising implication of these results is that the interpolation and smoothing of bathymetric data could be optimized differently for the wave and flow models. We show that errors between observed and modeled flow and wave heights are well predicted by comparing model simulation results using progressively filtered bathymetry to results from the highest resolution simulation. The damage done by over smoothing or inadequate sampling can therefore be estimated using model simulations. We conclude that the ability to quantify prediction errors will be useful for supporting future data assimilation efforts that require this information. Published by Elsevier B.V. C1 [Plant, Nathaniel G.] US Geol Survey, St Petersburg, FL 33701 USA. [Edwards, Kacey L.; Veeramony, Jayaram; Hsu, Larry; Holland, K. Todd] USN, Res Lab, Stennis Space Ctr, MS 39529 USA. [Kaihatu, James M.] Texas A&M Univ, Zachary Dept Civil Engn, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. RP Plant, NG (reprint author), US Geol Survey, St Petersburg, FL 33701 USA. EM nplant@usgs.gov RI Holland, K. Todd/A-7673-2011; Kaihatu, James/H-7561-2016; OI Holland, K. Todd/0000-0002-4601-6097; Kaihatu, James/0000-0002-9277-6409; Plant, Nathaniel/0000-0002-5703-5672 FU NRL [0602435N] FX This analysis benefited from the efforts of the Duck94 field research program, including FRF staff (who collected the bathymetry and maintained some of the wave gages) and Drs. Guza and Elgar (for cross-shore array of wave/flow observations). This work was performed under ONR base funding of NRL, program element 0602435N. We thank two anonymous reviewers for their constructive comments. NR 21 TC 23 Z9 23 U1 0 U2 7 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0378-3839 J9 COAST ENG JI Coast. Eng. PD APR PY 2009 VL 56 IS 4 BP 484 EP 493 DI 10.1016/j.coastaleng.2008.10.010 PG 10 WC Engineering, Civil; Engineering, Ocean SC Engineering GA 435CN UT WOS:000265321100009 ER PT J AU Bonter, DN Gauthreaux, SA Donovan, TM AF Bonter, David N. Gauthreaux, Sidney A., Jr. Donovan, Therese M. TI Characteristics of Important Stopover Locations for Migrating Birds: Remote Sensing with Radar in the Great Lakes Basin SO CONSERVATION BIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE migration; migratory land bird; radar; stopover sites; WSR-88D ID MORNING FLIGHT; NEW-JERSEY; NEW-YORK; WSR-88D; QUANTIFICATION; LANDBIRDS; MOVEMENTS; MIGRANTS; HABITATS; WARBLERS AB A preliminary stage in developing comprehensive conservation plans involves identifying areas used by the organisms of interest. The areas used by migratory land birds during temporal breaks in migration (stopover periods) have received relatively little research and conservation attention. Methodologies for identifying stopover sites across large geographic areas have been, until recently, unavailable. Advances in weather-radar technology now allow for evaluation of bird migration patterns at large spatial scales. We analyzed radar data (WSR-88D) recorded during spring migration in 2000 and 2001 at 6 sites in the Great Lakes basin (U.S.A.). Our goal was to link areas of high migrant activity with the land-cover types and landscape contexts corresponding to those areas. To characterize the landscapes surrounding stopover locations, we integrated radar and land-cover data within a geographic information system. We compared landscape metrics within 5 km of areas that consistently hosted large numbers of migrants with landscapes surrounding randomly selected areas that were used by relatively few birds during migration. Concentration areas were characterized by 1.2 times more forest cover and 9.3 times more water cover than areas with little migrant activity. We detected a strong negative relationship between activity of migratory birds and agricultural land uses. Examination of individual migration events confirmed the importance of fragments of forested habitat in highly altered landscapes and highlighted large concentrations of birds departing from near-shore terrestrial areas in the Great Lakes basin. We conclude that conservation efforts can be more effectively targeted through intensive analysis of radar imagery. C1 [Bonter, David N.] Univ Vermont, Vermont Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Burlington, VT 05405 USA. [Bonter, David N.] Braddock Bay Bird Observ, Rochester, NY 14612 USA. [Bonter, David N.; Donovan, Therese M.] Univ Vermont, US Geol Survey, Vermont Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Sch Environm & Nat Resources, Burlington, VT 05405 USA. [Gauthreaux, Sidney A., Jr.] Clemson Univ, Dept Biol, Clemson Univ Radar Ornithol Lab, Clemson, SC 29634 USA. RP Bonter, DN (reprint author), Cornell Lab Ornithol, 159 Sapsucker Woods Rd, Ithaca, NY 14850 USA. EM dnb23@cornell.edu RI Bonter, David/H-1313-2013 OI Bonter, David/0000-0003-1768-1941 FU The Nature Conservancy Great Lakes Program; Environmental Protection Agency Great Lakes National Program Office; U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service; The Great Lakes Research Consortium; U. S. Geological Survey; Vermont Department of Fish and Wildlife; University of Vermont; Wildlife Management Institute FX We thank The Nature Conservancy Great Lakes Program, the Environmental Protection Agency Great Lakes National Program Office, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, and The Great Lakes Research Consortium for financial assistance. Advice, assistance, and support offered by C. Belser were greatly appreciated. This paper benefited from discussions about bird migration and stopover ecology with participants at The Nature Conservancy's Stopover Ecology Workshop in Moss Point, Mississippi, and by subsequent meetings in West Virginia and Louisiana. M. Burger, R. Mickey, W. G. Shriver, A. Strong, and 2 anonymous reviewers provided valuable comments that improved the manuscript. The Vermont Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit is jointly supported by the U. S. Geological Survey, Vermont Department of Fish and Wildlife, the University of Vermont, and the Wildlife Management Institute. NR 30 TC 32 Z9 34 U1 4 U2 23 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PUBLISHING, INC PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 0888-8892 J9 CONSERV BIOL JI Conserv. Biol. PD APR PY 2009 VL 23 IS 2 BP 440 EP 448 DI 10.1111/j.1523-1739.2008.01085.x PG 9 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 420EP UT WOS:000264272000028 PM 18983598 ER PT J AU Wilson, PH Schaller, HA Petrosky, CE Loomis, J AF Wilson, Paul H. Schaller, Howard A. Petrosky, Charles E. Loomis, John TI Judging Cost-Effectiveness of Management of Snake River Salmon: Response to Halsing and Moore SO CONSERVATION BIOLOGY LA English DT Editorial Material ID CHINOOK SALMON; HYDROPOWER SYSTEM; RECOVERY; MODEL C1 [Wilson, Paul H.; Schaller, Howard A.] US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Columbia River Fisheries Program Off, Vancouver, WA 98683 USA. [Petrosky, Charles E.] Idaho Dept Fish & Game, Boise, ID 83707 USA. [Loomis, John] Colorado State Univ, Dept Agr & Resource Econ, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. RP Wilson, PH (reprint author), US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Columbia River Fisheries Program Off, 1211 SE Cardinal Court,Suite 100, Vancouver, WA 98683 USA. EM paul_h_wilson@fws.gov NR 13 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 5 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PUBLISHING, INC PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 0888-8892 J9 CONSERV BIOL JI Conserv. Biol. PD APR PY 2009 VL 23 IS 2 BP 475 EP 478 DI 10.1111/j.1523-1739.2009.01170.x PG 4 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 420EP UT WOS:000264272000032 PM 19245492 ER PT J AU Tindall, JA Campbell, AA AF Tindall, James A. Campbell, Andrew A. TI Water Security - Nation State and International Security Implications SO DISASTER ADVANCES LA English DT Article DE Water security; Terrorist attack; Security; Public health; Water supplies; Protection AB A terrorist attack such as poisoning and sabotage of the national water supply and water-quality infrastructure of the continental United States or any country, could disrupt the delivery of vital human services, threaten both public health and the environment, potentially cause mass casualties and pose grave public concern for homeland security. Most significantly, an attack on water resources would weaken social cohesion and trust in government. A threat to continuity of services is a potential threat to continuity of government since both are necessary for continuity of operations. Water infrastructure is difficult to protect, as it extends over vast areas across the U.S. and for which ownership is overwhelmingly nonfederal (approximately 85 percent). Since the 9111 attacks, federal dam operators and water and wastewater utilities have established counter measures. Similar measures have been taken in countries around the world. These include enhanced physical security, improved coordination between corporate ownership, Department of Homeland Security, and local law enforcement, and research into risk assessment and vulnerability analysis to ensure greater system safety. A key issue is the proportionate additional resources directed at public and private sector specific priorities. Agencies that have the scientific and technological ability to leverage resources, exploit integrated science approaches, focus on interdisciplinary practices, utilize informatics expertise and employ a wide use of evolving technologies should play a key role in water security and related issues. C1 [Tindall, James A.] US Geol Survey, US Dept Interior, Natl Res Program, DFC, Lakewood, CO 80225 USA. [Campbell, Andrew A.] Infosec Serv, Melbourne, Vic, Australia. RP Tindall, JA (reprint author), US Geol Survey, US Dept Interior, Natl Res Program, DFC, MS 413,Box 25046, Lakewood, CO 80225 USA. EM jtindall@usgs.gov NR 35 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 1 U2 12 PU DISASTER ADVANCES PI INDORE PA SECTOR AG-80, SCHEME NO 54, VIJAY NAGAR, A B RD, INDORE, 452010, INDIA SN 0974-262X J9 DISASTER ADV JI Disaster Adv. PD APR PY 2009 VL 2 IS 2 BP 16 EP 25 PG 10 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Water Resources SC Geology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Water Resources GA 459PL UT WOS:000267115600003 ER PT J AU Gorresen, PM McMillan, GP Camp, RJ Pratt, TK AF Gorresen, P. Marcos McMillan, Garnett P. Camp, Richard J. Pratt, Thane K. TI A spatial model of bird abundance as adjusted for detection probability SO ECOGRAPHY LA English DT Article ID SPECIES DISTRIBUTIONS; CERULEAN WARBLERS; AVIAN MALARIA; DIVERSITY; HABITAT; COUNTS; SPACE; TIME AB Modeling the spatial distribution of animals can be complicated by spatial and temporal effects (i.e. spatial autocorrelation and trends in abundance over time) and other factors such as imperfect detection probabilities and observation-related nuisance variables. Recent advances in modeling have demonstrated various approaches that handle most of these factors but which require a degree of sampling effort (e.g. replication) not available to many field studies. We present a two-step approach that addresses these challenges to spatially model species abundance. Habitat, spatial and temporal variables were handled with a Bayesian approach which facilitated modeling hierarchically structured data. Predicted abundance was subsequently adjusted to account for imperfect detection and the area effectively sampled for each species. We provide examples of our modeling approach for two endemic Hawaiian nectarivorous honeycreepers: 'i'iwi Vestiaria coccinea and 'apapane Himatione sanguinea. C1 [Gorresen, P. Marcos; Camp, Richard J.] USGS, Hawaii Cooperat Studies Unit, PACRC UH Hilo, Pacific Isl Ecosyst Res Ctr,Kilauea Field Stn, Hilo, HI 96718 USA. [McMillan, Garnett P.] Pacific Inst Res & Evaluat, Behav Hlth Res Ctr SW, Albuquerque, NM 87102 USA. RP Gorresen, PM (reprint author), USGS, Hawaii Cooperat Studies Unit, PACRC UH Hilo, Pacific Isl Ecosyst Res Ctr,Kilauea Field Stn, Hawaii Natl Pk, Hilo, HI 96718 USA. EM mgorresen@usgs.gov OI Camp, Richard/0000-0001-7008-923X NR 48 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 2 U2 19 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PUBLISHING, INC PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 0906-7590 J9 ECOGRAPHY JI Ecography PD APR PY 2009 VL 32 IS 2 BP 291 EP 298 DI 10.1111/j.1600-0587.2008.05646.x PG 8 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 444YA UT WOS:000266015600011 ER PT J AU Lafferty, KD AF Lafferty, Kevin D. TI The ecology of climate change and infectious diseases SO ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE climate; ENSO; global warming; malaria; vector; yellow fever ID WEST-NILE-VIRUS; TICK-BORNE ENCEPHALITIS; EAST-AFRICAN HIGHLANDS; SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA; MALARIA TRANSMISSION; UNITED-STATES; EL-NINO; TEMPERATURE; DIPTERA; MODEL AB The projected global increase in the distribution and prevalence of infectious diseases with climate change suggests a pending societal crisis. The subject is increasingly attracting the attention of health professionals and climate-change scientists, particularly with respect to malaria and other vector-transmitted human diseases. The result has been the emergence of a crisis discipline, reminiscent of the early phases of conservation biology. Latitudinal, altitudinal, seasonal, and interannual associations between climate and disease along with historical and experimental evidence suggest that climate, along with many other factors, can affect infectious diseases in a nonlinear fashion. However, although the globe is significantly warmer than it was a century ago, there is little evidence that climate change has already favored infectious diseases. While initial projections suggested dramatic future increases in the geographic range of infectious diseases, recent models predict range shifts in disease distributions, with little net increase in area. Many factors can affect infectious disease, and some may overshadow the effects of climate. C1 Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Inst Marine Sci, US Geol Survey, Western Ecol Res Ctr, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA. RP Lafferty, KD (reprint author), Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Inst Marine Sci, US Geol Survey, Western Ecol Res Ctr, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA. EM klafferty@usgs.gov RI Lafferty, Kevin/B-3888-2009 OI Lafferty, Kevin/0000-0001-7583-4593 FU National Science Foundation [DEB-0224565] FX R. Kirby, A. Kuris, D. Marcogliese, J. McLaughlin, E. Mordecai, A. Ngyuen, S. Randolph, and T. Suchanek provided helpful comments on an earlier draft of the manuscript. J. Yee reviewed the statistical procedures. This manuscript benefited from support received from the National Science Foundation through the NIH/NSF Ecology of Infectious Disease Program (DEB-0224565). Any use of trade, product, or firm names in this publication is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U. S. government. NR 95 TC 354 Z9 359 U1 50 U2 375 PU ECOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 1990 M STREET NW, STE 700, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0012-9658 J9 ECOLOGY JI Ecology PD APR PY 2009 VL 90 IS 4 BP 888 EP 900 DI 10.1890/08-0079.1 PG 13 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 427AY UT WOS:000264753400004 PM 19449681 ER PT J AU Lafferty, KD AF Lafferty, Kevin D. TI Calling for an ecological approach to studying climate change and infectious diseases SO ECOLOGY LA English DT Editorial Material ID PARASITES; IMPACTS; HOSTS C1 Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Inst Marine Sci, US Geol Survey, Western Ecol Res Ctr, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA. RP Lafferty, KD (reprint author), Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Inst Marine Sci, US Geol Survey, Western Ecol Res Ctr, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA. EM klafferty@usgs.gov RI Lafferty, Kevin/B-3888-2009 OI Lafferty, Kevin/0000-0001-7583-4593 NR 18 TC 38 Z9 39 U1 1 U2 36 PU ECOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 1990 M STREET NW, STE 700, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0012-9658 J9 ECOLOGY JI Ecology PD APR PY 2009 VL 90 IS 4 BP 932 EP 933 DI 10.1890/08-1767.1 PG 2 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 427AY UT WOS:000264753400011 PM 19449688 ER PT J AU Newsome, SD Tinker, MT Monson, DH Oftedal, OT Ralls, K Staedler, MM Fogel, ML Estes, JA AF Newsome, Seth D. Tinker, M. Tim Monson, Daniel H. Oftedal, Olav T. Ralls, Katherine Staedler, Michelle M. Fogel, Marilyn L. Estes, James A. TI Using stable isotopes to investigate individual diet specialization in California sea otters (Enhydra lutris nereis) SO ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE dietary specialization; Enhydra lutris nereis; isotopic niche; southern sea otter; stable isotopes; vibrissae ID LIONS EUMETOPIAS-JUBATUS; FORAGING STRATEGIES; PHOCA-VITULINA; NITROGEN; CARBON; DELTA-N-15; VIBRISSAE; PATTERNS; GROWTH; FRACTIONATION AB Differences in diet composition among conspecifics (dietary specialization) have been documented across a broad range of taxonomic groups and habitats, and such variation at the individual level is increasingly recognized as an important component of diversity in trophic interactions. Accurate identification of individual dietary specialization, however, requires longitudinal dietary records that are labor-intensive and cost-prohibitive to obtain for many species. Here we explore the use of stable isotopes (delta(13)C and delta(15)N) as a promising technique for detecting and quantifying patterns of individual dietary specialization. Southern sea otters (Enhydra lutris nereis) offer a unique opportunity for testing this approach because (1) they consume a wide variety of prey that span multiple trophic levels, habitats, and ecologically defined functional groups; and (2) individual diet specialization can be validated with existing observational data. We analyzed the isotopic composition of sea otter vibrissae (n = 31) in order to characterize inter- and intra-individual variation in sea otter diets at Monterey Bay, California, USA. At the population level, sea otters showed substantial variation in both delta(13)C and delta(15)N values, occupying nearly all of the "isotopic space'' created by the diversity of isotopic signatures of potential prey taxa. Most of the variation in sea otter vibrissae was accounted for by differences between individuals, with much less contributed by within-individual variation. A majority of sea otters (similar to 80%) showed relatively little temporal variability in isotopic composition, suggesting that the proportional composition of most individuals' diets is relatively constant over time; a few individuals (similar to 20%) exhibited a high degree of intra-vibrissa isotopic variability, suggesting seasonal shifts in diet composition. These results and our interpretation of them were supported by long-term observational data on the diets of radio-tagged sea otters from the same population (n = 23). Our results demonstrate that stable isotopes can provide an efficient tool for measuring individual-and population-level dietary breadth and may be useful for studying populations where longitudinal data on individuals would otherwise be impossible to acquire. This will be critical for examining the causes and consequences of dietary variation within and among consumer populations, thereby improving our understanding of these important ecological and evolutionary processes at the community level. C1 [Newsome, Seth D.; Fogel, Marilyn L.] Carnegie Inst Washington, Geophys Lab, Washington, DC 20015 USA. [Tinker, M. Tim] US Geol Survey, Western Ecol Res Ctr, Long Marine Lab, Santa Cruz, CA 95060 USA. [Monson, Daniel H.] USGS Alaska Sci Ctr, Anchorage, AK 99503 USA. [Oftedal, Olav T.] Smithsonian Environm Res Ctr, Edgewater, MD 21037 USA. [Ralls, Katherine] Smithsonian Inst, Natl Zool Pk, Washington, DC 20008 USA. [Staedler, Michelle M.] Monterey Bay Aquarium, Sea Otter Res & Conservat, Monterey, CA 93940 USA. [Estes, James A.] Univ Calif Santa Cruz, Long Marine Lab, Ctr Ocean Hlth, Santa Cruz, CA 95060 USA. RP Newsome, SD (reprint author), Carnegie Inst Washington, Geophys Lab, 5251 Broad Branch Rd NW, Washington, DC 20015 USA. EM snewsome@ciw.edu RI Tinker, Martin/F-1277-2011; Monson, Daniel/N-4469-2013 OI Monson, Daniel/0000-0002-4593-5673 FU National Science Foundation [OCE-0345943]; Carnegie Institution of Washington; Mia J. Tegner Memorial Student Research Grant Program in Historical Ecology; Myers Oceanographic and Marine Biology Trust; UCSC Long Marine Laboratory; PADI Foundation FX Thanks to the Monterey Bay National Marine Sanctuary Foundation and the Marine Mammal Commission for funding collection of the prey samples. We thank E. Snyder, C. Mancuso, and W. Wurzel for laboratory assistance and C. Martinez del Rio, G. Bentall, A. Kage, and P. Koch for informative discussions. We thank T. Gelatt, M. Etnier, and A. C. Jakle for constructive reviews. S. D. Newsome was partially funded by a National Science Foundation grant (OCE-0345943), Carnegie Institution of Washington, and through generous support from the Mia J. Tegner Memorial Student Research Grant Program in Historical Ecology, Myers Oceanographic and Marine Biology Trust, UCSC Long Marine Laboratory, and the PADI Foundation. Any use of trade, product, or firm names in this publication is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. government, the Carnegie Institution of Washington, the University of California, or the Monterey Bay Aquarium. NR 45 TC 126 Z9 127 U1 9 U2 93 PU ECOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 1990 M STREET NW, STE 700, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0012-9658 J9 ECOLOGY JI Ecology PD APR PY 2009 VL 90 IS 4 BP 961 EP 974 DI 10.1890/07-1812.1 PG 14 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 427AY UT WOS:000264753400014 PM 19449691 ER PT J AU Rotella, JJ Link, WA Nichols, JD Hadley, GL Garrott, RA Proffitt, KM AF Rotella, Jay J. Link, William A. Nichols, James D. Hadley, Gillian L. Garrott, Robert A. Proffitt, Kelly M. TI An evaluation of density-dependent and density-independent influences on population growth rates in Weddell seals SO ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Antarctica; climate; density dependence; Leptonychotes weddellii; population dynamics; population growth rate; Weddell seal ID SOUTHERN ELEPHANT SEALS; CAPTURE-RECAPTURE DATA; SOUTHWESTERN ROSS SEA; CLIMATE-CHANGE; TIME-SERIES; LEPTONYCHOTES-WEDDELLII; MCMURDO-SOUND; TEMPORARY EMIGRATION; MARINE-ENVIRONMENT; OBSERVATION ERROR AB Much of the existing literature that evaluates the roles of density-dependent and density-independent factors on population dynamics has been called into question in recent years because measurement errors were not properly dealt with in analyses. Using state-space models to account for measurement errors, we evaluated a set of competing models for a 22-year time series of mark-resight estimates of abundance for a breeding population of female Weddell seals (Leptonychotes weddellii) studied in Erebus Bay, Antarctica. We tested for evidence of direct density dependence in growth rates and evaluated whether equilibrium population size was related to seasonal sea-ice extent and the Southern Oscillation Index (SOI). We found strong evidence of negative density dependence in annual growth rates for a population whose estimated size ranged from 438 to 623 females during the study. Based on Bayes factors, a density-dependence-only model was favored over models that also included environmental covariates. According to the favored model, the population had a stationary distribution with a mean of 497 females (SD = 60.5), an expected growth rate of 1.10 (95% credible interval 1.08-1.15) when population size was 441 females, and a rate of 0.90 (95% credible interval 0.87-0.93) for a population of 553 females. A model including effects of SOI did receive some support and indicated a positive relationship between SOI and population size. However, effects of SOI were not large, and including the effect did not greatly reduce our estimate of process variation. We speculate that direct density dependence occurred because rates of adult survival, breeding, and temporary emigration were affected by limitations on per capita food resources and space for parturition and pup-rearing. To improve understanding of the relative roles of various demographic components and their associated vital rates to population growth rate, mark-recapture methods can be applied that incorporate both environmental covariates and the seal abundance estimates that were developed here. An improved understanding of why vital rates change with changing population abundance will only come as we develop a better understanding of the processes affecting marine food resources in the Southern Ocean. C1 [Rotella, Jay J.; Hadley, Gillian L.; Garrott, Robert A.; Proffitt, Kelly M.] Montana State Univ, Dept Ecol, Bozeman, MT 59717 USA. [Link, William A.; Nichols, James D.] US Geol Survey, Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, Laurel, MD 20708 USA. RP Rotella, JJ (reprint author), Montana State Univ, Dept Ecol, Bozeman, MT 59717 USA. EM rotella@montana.edu FU National Science Foundation, Division of Polar Programs [DEB-0635739]; Raytheon Polar Services Company; Antarctic Support Associates; United States Navy and Air Force, and Petroleum Helicopters Incorporated FX This work was supported by the National Science Foundation, Division of Polar Programs (grant no. DEB-0635739 to R. A. Garrott, J. J. Rotella, and D. B. Siniff). Prior NSF grants to R. A. Garrott, J. J. Rotella, D. B. Siniff, and J. W. Testa supported the collection of data used in this paper. We are grateful to the many individuals who have worked on projects associated with the Erebus Bay Weddell seal population since the 1960s. Logistical support for fieldwork in Antarctica was provided by Raytheon Polar Services Company, Antarctic Support Associates, the United States Navy and Air Force, and Petroleum Helicopters Incorporated. Animal handling protocol was approved by Montana State University's Animal Care and Use Committee (Protocol # 41-05). The paper was improved by comments made two anonymous reviewers. NR 73 TC 32 Z9 33 U1 4 U2 48 PU ECOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 1990 M STREET NW, STE 700, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0012-9658 EI 1939-9170 J9 ECOLOGY JI Ecology PD APR PY 2009 VL 90 IS 4 BP 975 EP 984 DI 10.1890/08-0971.1 PG 10 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 427AY UT WOS:000264753400015 PM 19449692 ER PT J AU Gardner, B Royle, JA Wegan, MT AF Gardner, Beth Royle, J. Andrew Wegan, Michael T. TI Hierarchical models for estimating density from DNA mark-recapture studies SO ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE abundance; Adirondacks, New York, USA; Bayesian analysis; bears; DNA sampling; hair-snare trapping; hierarchical model; spatial capture-recapture; Ursus americanus ID ESTIMATING POPULATION-SIZE; CAPTURE-RECAPTURE; GENETIC DIVERSITY; BEAR POPULATION; URSUS-ARCTOS; BLACK BEARS; BROWN BEARS; ABUNDANCE; HETEROGENEITY; CONSERVATION AB Genetic sampling is increasingly used as a tool by wildlife biologists and managers to estimate abundance and density of species. Typically, DNA is used to identify individuals captured in an array of traps ( e. g., baited hair snares) from which individual encounter histories are derived. Standard methods for estimating the size of a closed population can be applied to such data. However, due to the movement of individuals on and off the trapping array during sampling, the area over which individuals are exposed to trapping is unknown, and so obtaining unbiased estimates of density has proved difficult. We propose a hierarchical spatial capture-recapture model which contains explicit models for the spatial point process governing the distribution of individuals and their exposure to ( via movement) and detection by traps. Detection probability is modeled as a function of each individual's distance to the trap. We applied this model to a black bear ( Ursus americanus) study conducted in 2006 using a hair-snare trap array in the Adirondack region of New York, USA. We estimated the density of bears to be 0.159 bears/km(2), which is lower than the estimated density (0.410 bears/km(2)) based on standard closed population techniques. A Bayesian analysis of the model is fully implemented in the software program WinBUGS. C1 [Gardner, Beth; Royle, J. Andrew] US Geol Survey, Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, Laurel, MD 20708 USA. [Wegan, Michael T.] Cornell Univ, Dept Nat Resources, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. RP Gardner, B (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, Laurel, MD 20708 USA. EM bgardner@usgs.gov OI Royle, Jeffrey/0000-0003-3135-2167 NR 49 TC 54 Z9 54 U1 1 U2 44 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ USA SN 0012-9658 EI 1939-9170 J9 ECOLOGY JI Ecology PD APR PY 2009 VL 90 IS 4 BP 1106 EP 1115 DI 10.1890/07-2112.1 PG 10 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 427AY UT WOS:000264753400027 PM 19449704 ER PT J AU Boyd, ES King, S Tomberlin, JK Nordstrom, DK Krabbenhoft, DP Barkay, T Geesey, GG AF Boyd, Eric S. King, Susan Tomberlin, Jeffery K. Nordstrom, D. Kirk Krabbenhoft, David P. Barkay, Tamar Geesey, Gill G. TI Methylmercury enters an aquatic food web through acidophilic microbial mats in Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming SO ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID METHYL MERCURY; EXPERIMENTAL RESERVOIR; FLORIDA EVERGLADES; TROPHIC TRANSFER; HOT-SPRINGS; BIOACCUMULATION; ACCUMULATION; RIVER; WATER; COMMUNITIES AB Microbial mats are a visible and abundant life form inhabiting the extreme environments in Yellowstone National Park (YNP), WY, USA. Little is known of their role in food webs that exist in the Park's geothermal habitats. Eukaryotic green algae associated with a phototrophic green/purple Zygogonium microbial mat community that inhabits low-temperature regions of acidic (pH similar to 3.0) thermal springs were found to serve as a food source for stratiomyid (Diptera: Stratiomyidae) larvae. Mercury in spring source water was taken up and concentrated by the mat biomass. Monomethylmercury compounds (MeHg+), while undetectable or near the detection limit (0.025 ng l(-1)) in the source water of the springs, was present at concentrations of 4-7 ng g(-1) dry weight of mat biomass. Detection of MeHg+ in tracheal tissue of larvae grazing the mat suggests that MeHg+ enters this geothermal food web through the phototrophic microbial mat community. The concentration of MeHg+ was two to five times higher in larval tissue than mat biomass indicating MeHg+ biomagnification occurred between primary producer and primary consumer trophic levels. The Zygogonium mat community and stratiomyid larvae may also play a role in the transfer of MeHg+ to species in the food web whose range extends beyond a particular geothermal feature of YNP. C1 [Boyd, Eric S.; Geesey, Gill G.] Montana State Univ, Dept Microbiol, Bozeman, MT 59717 USA. [Boyd, Eric S.; King, Susan; Geesey, Gill G.] Montana State Univ, Thermal Biol Inst, Bozeman, MT 59717 USA. [King, Susan] Montana State Univ, Dept Chem Engn, Bozeman, MT 59717 USA. [Tomberlin, Jeffery K.] Texas A&M Univ, Dept Entomol, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. [Nordstrom, D. Kirk] US Geol Survey, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. [Krabbenhoft, David P.] US Geol Survey, Middleton, WI 53562 USA. [Barkay, Tamar] Rutgers State Univ, Dept Biochem & Microbiol, Cook Coll, New Brunswick, NJ 08901 USA. RP Geesey, GG (reprint author), Montana State Univ, Dept Microbiol, Bozeman, MT 59717 USA. EM gill_g@erc.montana.edu FU National Science Foundation Microbial Observatories [MCB0132022]; Inland Northwest Research Alliance Graduate Fellowship [DE-FG07-02ID14277]; Montana University System Water Center Fellowship FX This work was supported by a National Science Foundation Microbial Observatories Grant MCB0132022 to G. G. G. E. S. B. was supported by an Inland Northwest Research Alliance Graduate Fellowship Grant DE-FG07-02ID14277 and a Montana University System Water Center Fellowship. Any use of trade, firm or product is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the US Government. NR 51 TC 13 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 11 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ USA SN 1462-2912 EI 1462-2920 J9 ENVIRON MICROBIOL JI Environ. Microbiol. PD APR PY 2009 VL 11 IS 4 BP 950 EP 959 DI 10.1111/j.1462-2920.2008.01820.x PG 10 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA 428WD UT WOS:000264881300020 PM 19170726 ER PT J AU Carlisle, DM Falcone, J Meador, MR AF Carlisle, Daren M. Falcone, James Meador, Michael R. TI Predicting the biological condition of streams: use of geospatial indicators of natural and anthropogenic characteristics of watersheds SO ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT LA English DT Article DE Biological assessment; Predictive models; Random forests; Geospatial data; Spatial scale ID LAND-COVER; MACROINVERTEBRATE FAUNA; RANDOM FORESTS; MODELS; ECOSYSTEMS; CLASSIFICATION; LANDSCAPE; CONSERVATION; ASSESSMENTS; CATCHMENT AB We developed and evaluated empirical models to predict biological condition of wadeable streams in a large portion of the eastern USA, with the ultimate goal of prediction for unsampled basins. Previous work had classified (i.e., altered vs. unaltered) the biological condition of 920 streams based on a biological assessment of macroinvertebrate assemblages. Predictor variables were limited to widely available geospatial data, which included land cover, topography, climate, soils, societal infrastructure, and potential hydrologic modification. We compared the accuracy of predictions of biological condition class based on models with continuous and binary responses. We also evaluated the relative importance of specific groups and individual predictor variables, as well as the relationships between the most important predictors and biological condition. Prediction accuracy and the relative importance of predictor variables were different for two subregions for which models were created. Predictive accuracy in the highlands region improved by including predictors that represented both natural and human activities. Riparian land cover and road-stream intersections were the most important predictors. In contrast, predictive accuracy in the lowlands region was best for models limited to predictors representing natural factors, including basin topography and soil properties. Partial dependence plots revealed complex and nonlinear relationships between specific predictors and the probability of biological alteration. We demonstrate a potential application of the model by predicting biological condition in 552 unsampled basins across an ecoregion in southeastern Wisconsin (USA). Estimates of the likelihood of biological condition of unsampled streams could be a valuable tool for screening large numbers of basins to focus targeted monitoring of potentially unaltered or altered stream segments. C1 [Carlisle, Daren M.; Falcone, James; Meador, Michael R.] US Geol Survey, Natl Water Qual Assessment Program, Reston, VA 20192 USA. RP Carlisle, DM (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Natl Water Qual Assessment Program, Reston, VA 20192 USA. EM dcarlisle@usgs.gov NR 66 TC 22 Z9 23 U1 3 U2 20 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0167-6369 J9 ENVIRON MONIT ASSESS JI Environ. Monit. Assess. PD APR PY 2009 VL 151 IS 1-4 BP 143 EP 160 DI 10.1007/s10661-008-0256-z PG 18 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 413ZD UT WOS:000263832800013 PM 18493861 ER PT J AU Ross, KW Brown, ME Verdin, JP Underwood, LW AF Ross, K. W. Brown, M. E. Verdin, J. P. Underwood, L. W. TI Review of FEWS NET biophysical monitoring requirements SO ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Review DE applied remote sensing; requirements definition; Earth observations; early warning ID SPOT-VEGETATION; MODIS; RAINFALL; AFRICA; AVHRR AB The Famine Early Warning System Network (FEWS NET) provides monitoring and early warning support to decision makers responsible for responding to famine and food insecurity. FEWS NET transforms satellite remote sensing data into rainfall and vegetation information that can be used by these decision makers. The National Aeronautics and Space Administration has recently funded activities to enhance remote sensing inputs to FEWS NET. To elicit Earth observation requirements, a professional review questionnaire was disseminated to FEWS NET expert end-users; it focused upon operational requirements to determine additional useful remote sensing data and, subsequently, to assess whether such data would be beneficial as FEWS NET biophysical supplementary inputs. The review was completed by over 40 experts from around the world. Reviewers were asked to evaluate the relative importance of environmental variables and spatio-temporal requirements for Earth science data products, in particular for rainfall and vegetation products. The results showed that spatio-temporal resolution requirements are complex and need to vary according to place, time, and hazard; that high resolution remote sensing products continue to be in demand; and that rainfall and vegetation products are valued as data that provide actionable food security information. C1 [Ross, K. W.; Underwood, L. W.] Sci Syst & Applicat Inc, Poplarville, MS 39470 USA. [Brown, M. E.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. [Verdin, J. P.] NOAA, ESRL, US Geol Survey, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Ross, KW (reprint author), Sci Syst & Applicat Inc, 411 W Michigan St, Poplarville, MS 39470 USA. EM kenton_ross@ssaihq.com; molly.brown@nasa.gov; verdin@usgs.gov; lauren_underwood@ssaihq.com RI Brown, Molly/E-2724-2010; Brown, Molly/M-5146-2013; OI Brown, Molly/0000-0001-7384-3314; Brown, Molly/0000-0001-7384-3314; Ross, Kenton/0000-0002-6381-5894 FU NASA [NNS06AA60I, NNG06HU01G] FX The USGS directs this work with funding provided through NASA Interagency Purchase Request NNS06AA60I. K Ross, M Brown, and L Underwood participate under NASA Grant NNG06HU01G. NR 17 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 1 U2 5 PU IOP PUBLISHING LTD PI BRISTOL PA DIRAC HOUSE, TEMPLE BACK, BRISTOL BS1 6BE, ENGLAND SN 1748-9326 J9 ENVIRON RES LETT JI Environ. Res. Lett. PD APR-JUN PY 2009 VL 4 IS 2 AR 024009 DI 10.1088/1748-9326/4/2/024009 PG 10 WC Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 470QD UT WOS:000267991900010 ER PT J AU Smith, RL Repert, DA Hart, CP AF Smith, Richard L. Repert, Deborah A. Hart, Charles P. TI Geochemistry of Inorganic Nitrogen in Waters Released from Coal-Bed Natural Gas Production Wells in the Powder River Basin, Wyoming SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article AB Water originating from coal-bed natural gas (CBNG) production wells typically contains ammonium and is often disposed via discharge to ephemeral channels. A study conducted in the Powder River Basin, Wyoming, documented downstream changes in CBNG water composition, emphasizing nitrogen-cycling processes and the fate of ammonium. Dissolved concentrations from 19 CBNG discharge points ranged from 95 to 527 mu M. Within specific channels, ammonium decreased with transport distance, with subsequent increases in nitrite and nitrate concentrations. Removal efficiency, or uptake, of total dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) varied channel types. DIN uptake was greater in the gentle-sloped, vegetated channel as compared to the incised, steep, and vegetated channel and was highly correlated with diel patterns of incident light and dissolved oxygen concentration. In a larger main channel with multiple discharge inputs (n = 13), DIN concentrations were >300 mu M, with pH > 8.5, 5 km of transport. Ammonium represented 25-30% of the large-channel DIN, and ammonium concentrations remained relatively constant with time, with only a weak diel pattern evident. In July 2003, the average daily large-channel DIN was 23 kg N day(-1) entering the Powder River, an amount which substantially increased the total Powder River DIN after the channel confluence. These results suggest that CBNG discharge may be an important source of DIN to watersheds, at least at certain times of the year, and that net oxidation and/or removal is dependent upon the extent of contact with sediment and biomass, type of drainage channel, and time of day. C1 [Smith, Richard L.; Repert, Deborah A.; Hart, Charles P.] US Geol Survey, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RP Smith, RL (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 3215 Marine St, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. EM rlsmith@usgs.gov RI Smith, Richard/A-6733-2008 OI Smith, Richard/0000-0002-3829-0125 NR 21 TC 5 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 8 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0013-936X J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD APR 1 PY 2009 VL 43 IS 7 BP 2348 EP 2354 DI 10.1021/es802478p PG 7 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 427DI UT WOS:000264759600035 PM 19452885 ER PT J AU Harper, DD Farag, AM Hogstrand, C MacConnell, E AF Harper, David D. Farag, Aida M. Hogstrand, Christer MacConnell, Elizabeth TI TROUT DENSITY AND HEALTH IN A STREAM WITH VARIABLE WATER TEMPERATURES AND TRACE ELEMENT CONCENTRATIONS: DOES A COLD-WATER SOURCE ATTRACT TROUT TO INCREASED METAL EXPOSURE? SO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE Temperature; Selection; Metals; Trout ID COEUR-DALENE RIVER; CLARK-FORK RIVER; RAINBOW-TROUT; CUTTHROAT TROUT; HABITAT CHOICE; MINING WASTE; BROWN TROUT; FISH; MONTANA; IDAHO AB A history of hard-rock mining has resulted in elevated concentrations of heavy metals in Prickly Pear Creek (MT, USA). Remediation has improved water quality; however, dissolved zinc and cadmium concentrations still exceed U. S. Environmental Protection Agency water-quality criteria. Physical habitat, salmonid density, fish health, and water quality were assessed, and metal concentrations in fish tissues, biofilm, and macroinvertebrates were determined to evaluate the existing condition in the watershed. Cadmium, zinc, and lead concentrations in fish tissues, biofilm, and invertebrates were significantly greater than those at the upstream reference site and an experimental site farther downstream of the confluence. Fish densities were greatest, and habitat quality for trout was better, downstream of the confluence, where water temperatures were relatively cool (16 degrees C). Measures of fish health (tissue metal residues, histology, metallothionein concentrations, and necropsies), however, indicate that the health of trout at this site was negatively affected. Trout were in colder but more contaminated water and were subjected to increased trace element exposures and associated health effects. Maximum water temperatures in Prickly Pear Creek were significantly lower directly below Spring Creek (16 degrees C) compared to those at an experimental site 10 km downstream (26 degrees C). Trout will avoid dissolved metals at concentrations below those measured in Prickly Pear Creek; however, our results suggest that the preference of trout to use cool water temperatures may supersede behaviors to avoid heavy metals. C1 [Harper, David D.; Farag, Aida M.] US Geol Survey, Columbia Environm Res Ctr, Jackson Field Res Stn, Jackson, WY 83001 USA. [Hogstrand, Christer] Kings Coll London, Sch Hlth & Life Sci, Div Life Sci, London SE1 9NH, England. [MacConnell, Elizabeth] US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Fish Hlth Ctr, Bozeman, MT 59718 USA. RP Harper, DD (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Columbia Environm Res Ctr, Jackson Field Res Stn, POB 1089, Jackson, WY 83001 USA. EM david_harper@usgs.gov RI Hogstrand, Christer/C-9041-2013 FU U.S. Department of Agriculture Forest Service; U.S. Department of Interior Bureau of Land Management; USGS Abandoned Mine Lands Initiative FX This project was funded by the U.S. Department of Agriculture Forest Service, U.S. Department of Interior Bureau of Land Management, and the USGS Abandoned Mine Lands Initiative. Thanks to Ray Tesoro, Wayne Hubert, Jack Goldstein, Michelle Williams, Connie Boese, Brad Mueller, Darren Rhea, Joanna Thamke, David Nimick, Terry Klein, and Bill Brumbaugh. NR 36 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 2 U2 19 PU SETAC PRESS PI PENSACOLA PA 1010 N 12TH AVE, PENSACOLA, FL 32501-3367 USA SN 0730-7268 J9 ENVIRON TOXICOL CHEM JI Environ. Toxicol. Chem. PD APR PY 2009 VL 28 IS 4 BP 800 EP 808 PG 9 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA 416ZS UT WOS:000264044700013 PM 19391677 ER PT J AU Hamazaki, T Buklis, LS AF Hamazaki, Toshihide Buklis, Lawrence S. TI Untitled SO FISHERIES LA English DT Letter C1 [Hamazaki, Toshihide] Alaska Dept Fish & Game, Anchorage, AK 99518 USA. [Buklis, Lawrence S.] US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Anchorage, AK USA. RP Hamazaki, T (reprint author), Alaska Dept Fish & Game, 333 Raspberry Rd, Anchorage, AK 99518 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA SN 0363-2415 J9 FISHERIES JI Fisheries PD APR PY 2009 VL 34 IS 4 BP 198 EP 198 PG 1 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 477NC UT WOS:000268524800006 ER PT J AU Kirwan, ML Guntenspergen, GR AF Kirwan, Matthew L. Guntenspergen, Glenn R. TI Accelerated sea-level rise - a response to Craft et al. SO FRONTIERS IN ECOLOGY AND THE ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Letter ID ACCRETION RATES; SALT MARSHES; ACCUMULATION; WETLANDS C1 [Kirwan, Matthew L.; Guntenspergen, Glenn R.] US Geol Survey, Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, Laurel, MD USA. RP Kirwan, ML (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, Laurel, MD USA. EM mkirwan@usgs.gov RI Kirwan, Matthew/F-1806-2011 NR 14 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 2 U2 14 PU ECOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 1990 M STREET NW, STE 700, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 1540-9295 J9 FRONT ECOL ENVIRON JI Front. Ecol. Environ. PD APR PY 2009 VL 7 IS 3 BP 126 EP 127 DI 10.1890/09.WB.005 PG 2 WC Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 430GT UT WOS:000264977600013 ER PT J AU Harding, AMA Kitaysky, AS Hall, ME Welcker, J Karnovsky, NJ Talbot, SL Hamer, KC Gremillet, D AF Harding, Ann M. A. Kitaysky, Alexander S. Hall, Margaret E. Welcker, Jorg Karnovsky, Nina J. Talbot, Sandra L. Hamer, Keith C. Gremillet, David TI Flexibility in the parental effort of an Arctic-breeding seabird SO FUNCTIONAL ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE body mass; compensatory care; condition; corticosterone; little auk ID AUK ALLE-ALLE; PHYSIOLOGICAL STRESS-RESPONSE; BLACK-LEGGED KITTIWAKES; THICK-BILLED MURRES; LONG-LIVED SEABIRD; MASS-LOSS; BODY CONDITION; REPRODUCTIVE COSTS; FOOD AVAILABILITY; EXPERIMENTAL MANIPULATION AB 1. Parental investment strategies are considered to represent a trade-off between the benefits of investment in current offspring and costs to future reproduction. Due to their high residual reproductive value, long-lived organisms are predicted to be more reluctant to increase parental effort. 2. We tested the hypothesis that breeding little auks (Alle alle) have a fixed level of reproductive investment, and thus reduce parental effort when costs associated with reproduction increase. 3. To test this hypothesis we experimentally increased the flight costs of breeding little auks via feather clipping. In 2005 we examined changes in the condition of manipulated parents, of the mates of manipulated parents, and of their chick as direct measures of change in parental resource allocation between self-maintenance and current reproduction. In 2007 we increased sample sizes to determine whether there was a physiological cost ( elevated corticosterone, CORT) associated with the manipulation. 4. We found that: (i) clipped birds and their mates lost more body mass than controls, but there was no difference in mass loss between members of a pair; (ii) clipped birds had higher CORT levels than control birds; (iii) there were no inter-annual differences in body mass and CORT levels between clipped individuals and their mates at recapture, and (iv) chicks with a clipped parent had lower peak and fledging mass, and higher CORT levels than control chicks in both years. 5. Contrary to our hypothesis, the reduction in body mass of partners to clipped birds suggests that little auks can increase parental effort to some extent. Nonetheless, the lower fledging mass and higher CORT of chicks with a clipped parent indicates provisioning rates may not have been fully maintained. 6. As predicted by life-history theory, there may be a threshold to the additional reproductive costs breeders will accept, with parents prioritizing self-maintenance over increased provisioning effort when foraging costs become too high. C1 [Harding, Ann M. A.] Alaska Pacific Univ, Dept Environm Sci, Anchorage, AK 99508 USA. [Kitaysky, Alexander S.] Univ Alaska Fairbanks, Inst Arctic Biol, Dept Biol & Wildlife, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA. [Hall, Margaret E.] Univ Exeter, Sch Biosci, Ctr Ecol & Conservat, Penryn TR10 9EZ, Cornwall, England. [Welcker, Jorg] Norwegian Polar Res Inst, N-9296 Tromso, Norway. [Karnovsky, Nina J.] Pomona Coll, Dept Biol, Claremont, CA 91771 USA. [Talbot, Sandra L.] US Geol Survey, Alaska Sci Ctr, Anchorage, AK 99503 USA. [Hamer, Keith C.] Univ Leeds, Inst Integrat & Comparat Biol, Leeds LS2 9JT, W Yorkshire, England. [Gremillet, David] CNRS, CEFE, F-34293 Montpellier 5, France. RP Harding, AMA (reprint author), Alaska Pacific Univ, Dept Environm Sci, 4101 Univ Dr, Anchorage, AK 99508 USA. EM aharding@usgs.gov RI Hall, Maggie/C-7906-2009; Talbot, Sandra/C-9433-2011 FU French Polar Institute Paul-Emile Victor [388]; National Science Foundation [0612504, 0346770]; USGS-Alaska Science Center; NPRB [RO320] FX Many thanks to H. Routti, J. Fort, R. Orben, E. Weston, M. Anne Pella-Donnelly, and K. Holser for their incredible energy and assistance in the field, and M. Munck, NANU Travel, C. Egevang, F. Delbart, T. and T. Fischbach, and R. and J. Harding for their essential logistical support. We thank Z. Kitaiskaia for her expertly performed hormonal assays, and J. Schmutz, and two anonymous reviewers for insightful comments on the manuscript. This project was funded by the French Polar Institute Paul-Emile Victor (Grant 388) to DG, and the National Science Foundation (grant 0612504 to AH and NJK), and was supported by USGS-Alaska Science Center. Additional funding was provided by NPRB grant #RO320 and NSF EPSCoR NSF #0346770 to ASK. All field work in East Greenland was conducted with the permission of the Greenland Home Rule Government, Ministry of Environment and Nature (Danish Polar Center Scientific Expedition Permit 512-240), and under permits of the Ethics Committee of the French Polar Institute (MP/12/24/05/05). Any use of trade, product, or firm names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government. NR 91 TC 37 Z9 37 U1 1 U2 35 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PUBLISHING, INC PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 0269-8463 J9 FUNCT ECOL JI Funct. Ecol. PD APR PY 2009 VL 23 IS 2 BP 348 EP 358 DI 10.1111/j.1365-2435.2008.01488.x PG 11 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 418YH UT WOS:000264185500015 ER PT J AU Breshears, DD Whicker, JJ Zou, CB Field, JP Allen, CD AF Breshears, David D. Whicker, Jeffrey J. Zou, Chris B. Field, Jason P. Allen, Craig D. TI A conceptual framework for dryland aeolian sediment transport along the grassland-forest continuum: Effects of woody plant canopy cover and disturbance SO GEOMORPHOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 6th International Conference on Aeolian Research (ICAR VI) CY JUL 24-28, 2006 CL Univ Guelph, Guelph, CANADA HO Univ Guelph DE Aeolian sediment transport; Dust; Wind erosion; Shrubland; Woodland; BSNE ID WIND EROSION; SEMIARID SHRUBLAND; NUTRIENT INPUTS; MOJAVE DESERT; SOIL; DUST; ECOSYSTEMS; VEGETATION; DYNAMICS; CLIMATE AB Aeolian processes are of particular importance in dryland ecosystems where ground cover is inherently sparse because of limited precipitation. Dryland ecosystems include grassland, shrubland, savanna, woodland, and forest, and can be viewed collectively as a continuum of woody plant cover spanning from grasslands with no woody plant cover Lip to forests with nearly complete woody plant cover. Along this continuum, the spacing and shape of woody plants determine the spatial density of roughness elements, which directly affects aeolian sediment transport. Despite the extensiveness of dryland ecosystems, studies of aeolian sediment transport have generally focused on agricultural fields, deserts, or highly disturbed sites where rates of transport are likely to be greatest. Until recently, few measurements have been made of aeolian sediment transport over multiple wind events and across a variety of types of dryland ecosystems. To evaluate potential trends in aeolian sediment transport as a function of woody plant cover, estimates of aeolian sediment transport from recently published studies, in concert with rates from four additional locations (two grassland and two woodland sites), are reported here. The synthesis of these reports leads to the development of a new conceptual framework for aeolian sediment transport in dryland ecosystems along the grassland-forest continuum. The findings suggest that: (1) for relatively undisturbed ecosystems, shrublands have inherently greater aeolian sediment transport because of wake interference flow associated with intermediate levels of density and spacing of woody plants: and (2) for disturbed ecosystems, the upper bound for aeolian sediment transport decreases as a function of increasing amounts of woody plant cover because of the effects of the height and density of the canopy on airflow patterns and ground cover associated with woody plant cover. Consequently, aeolian sediment transport following disturbance spans the largest range of rates in grasslands and associated systems with no woody plants (e.g., agricultural fields), an intermediate range in shrublands, and a relatively small range in woodlands and forests. These trends are consistent with previous observations relating large rates of wind erosion to intermediate values for spatial density of roughness elements. The framework for aeolian sediment transport, which is also relevant to dust fluxes, wind erosion, and related aeolian processes, is applicable to a diverse suite of environmental challenges, including land degradation and desertification, dust storms, contaminant transport, and alterations of the hydrological cycle. (C) 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 [Breshears, David D.; Zou, Chris B.; Field, Jason P.] Univ Arizona, Sch Nat Resources, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. [Breshears, David D.] Univ Arizona, Inst Study Planet Earth, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. [Breshears, David D.] Univ Arizona, Dept Ecol & Evolutionary Biol, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. [Whicker, Jeffrey J.] Los Alamos Natl Lab, Hlth Phys Measurements Grp, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. [Allen, Craig D.] USGS Jemez Mt Field Stn, Los Alamos, NM 87544 USA. RP Breshears, DD (reprint author), Univ Arizona, Sch Nat Resources, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. EM daveb@email.arizona.edu RI Breshears, David/B-9318-2009; Zou, Chris/A-5039-2010 OI Breshears, David/0000-0001-6601-0058; Zou, Chris/0000-0003-0080-2866 NR 72 TC 47 Z9 47 U1 0 U2 18 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0169-555X J9 GEOMORPHOLOGY JI Geomorphology PD APR 1 PY 2009 VL 105 IS 1-2 BP 28 EP 38 DI 10.1016/j.geomorph.2007.12.018 PG 11 WC Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Physical Geography; Geology GA 414LZ UT WOS:000263866600004 ER PT J AU Chan, CH Stein, RS AF Chan, Chung-Han Stein, Ross S. TI Stress evolution following the 1999 Chi-Chi, Taiwan, earthquake: consequences for afterslip, relaxation, aftershocks and departures from Omori decay SO GEOPHYSICAL JOURNAL INTERNATIONAL LA English DT Article DE Time series analysis; Earthquake interaction; forecasting and prediction; Seismicity and tectonics ID SAN-ANDREAS FAULT; REGIONAL EARTHQUAKES; SOURCE PARAMETERS; SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA; JANUARY-DECEMBER; DISPLACEMENTS; DEFORMATION; SEQUENCE; MODEL AB We explore how Coulomb stress transfer and viscoelastic relaxation control afterslip and aftershocks in a continental thrust fault system. The 1999 September 21 M(w) = 7.6 Chi-Chi shock is typical of continental ramp-dEcollement systems throughout the world, and so inferences drawn from this uniquely well-recorded event may be widely applicable. First, we find that the spatial and depth distribution of aftershocks and their focal mechanisms are consistent with the calculated Coulomb stress changes imparted by the coseismic rupture. Some 61 per cent of the M >= 2 aftershocks and 83 per cent of the M >= 4 aftershocks lie in regions for which the Coulomb stress increased by >= 0.1 bars, and there is a 11-12 per cent gain in the percentage of aftershocks nodal planes on which the shear stress increased over the pre-Chi Chi control period. Second, we find that afterslip occurred where the calculated coseismic stress increased on the fault ramp and dEcollement, subject to the condition that friction is high on the ramp and low on the dEcollement. Third, viscoelastic relaxation is evident from the fit of the post-seismic GPS data on the footwall. Fourth, we find that the rate of seismicity began to increase during the post-seismic period in an annulus extending east of the main rupture. The spatial extent of the seismicity annulus resembles the calculated >= 0.05-bar Coulomb stress increase caused by viscoelastic relaxation and afterslip, and we find a 9-12 per cent gain in the percentage of focal mechanisms with > 0.01-bar shear stress increases imparted by the post-seismic afterslip and relaxation in comparison to the control period. Thus, we argue that post-seismic stress changes can for the first time be shown to alter the production of aftershocks, as judged by their rate, spatial distribution, and focal mechanisms. C1 [Chan, Chung-Han] GFZ German Res Ctr Geosci, Sect Seism Hazard & Stress Field, Potsdam, Germany. [Stein, Ross S.] US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. [Chan, Chung-Han] Natl Cent Univ, Inst Geophys, Chungli 32054, Taiwan. RP Chan, CH (reprint author), GFZ German Res Ctr Geosci, Sect Seism Hazard & Stress Field, Potsdam, Germany. EM han@gfz-potsdam.de FU National Science Council of Taiwan FX We thank Fred Pollitz for guidance in the use and interpretation of VISCO1D, Shinji Toda for providing Coulomb 3.1, and Jeanne Hardebeck, Kuo-Fong Ma, Volkan Sevilgen, Massimo Cocco, Rodolfo Console, and Sandy Steacy for thoughtful reviews. We thank the National Science Council of Taiwan for a C.-H.C.'s Fellowship to spend a year at the USGS. NR 50 TC 25 Z9 26 U1 0 U2 8 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PUBLISHING, INC PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 0956-540X J9 GEOPHYS J INT JI Geophys. J. Int. PD APR PY 2009 VL 177 IS 1 BP 179 EP 192 DI 10.1111/j.1365-246X.2008.04069.x PG 14 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 417IS UT WOS:000264070300015 ER PT J AU Blakely, RJ Sherrod, BL Hughes, JF Anderson, ML Wells, RE Weaver, CS AF Blakely, Richard J. Sherrod, Brian L. Hughes, Jonathan F. Anderson, Megan L. Wells, Ray E. Weaver, Craig S. TI Saddle Mountain fault deformation zone, Olympic Peninsula, Washington: Western boundary of the Seattle uplift SO GEOSPHERE LA English DT Article ID LATE HOLOCENE EARTHQUAKES; NORTHERN PUGET LOWLAND; QUATERNARY FAULTS; FORE-ARC; SOUND; CASCADIA; SEISMICITY; ANOMALIES; THRUST; ORIGIN AB The Saddle Mountain fault, first recognized in the early 1970s, is now well mapped in the Hoodsport area, southeastern Olympic Peninsula (northwestern United States), on the basis of light detection and ranging (LIDAR) surveys, aerial photography, and trench excavations. Drowned trees and trench excavations demonstrate that the Saddle Mountain fault produced a M-W 6.5-7.0 earthquake 1000-1300 yr ago, likely contemporaneous with the M-W 7.5 Seattle fault earthquake 1100 yr ago and with a variety of other fault and landslide activity over a wide region of the Olympic Peninsula and Puget Lowland. This near synchroneity suggests that the Saddle Mountain and Seattle fault may be kinematically linked. Aeromagnetic anomalies and LIDAR topographic scarps define an en echelon sequence of faults along the southeastern Olympic Peninsula of Washington, all active in Holocene time. A detailed analysis of aeromagnetic data suggests that the Saddle Mountain fault extends at least 35 km, from 6 km southwest of Lake Cushman northward to the latitude of the Seattle fault. A magnetic survey over Price Lake using a nonmagnetic canoe illuminated two east-dipping reverse faults with 20 m of vertical offset at 30 m depth associated with 2-4 m of vertical displacement at the topographic surface. Analysis of regional aeromagnetic data indicates that the Seattle fault may extend westward across Hood Canal and into the Olympic Mountains, where it terminates near the northward terminus of the Saddle Mountain fault. The en echelon alignment of the Saddle Mountain and nearby Frigid Creek and Canyon River faults, all active in late Holocene time, reflects a >45-km-long zone of deformation that may accommodate the northward shortening of Puget Lowland crust inboard of the Olympic massif. In this view, the Seattle fault and Saddle Mountain deformation zone form the boundaries of the northward-advancing Seattle uplift. C1 [Blakely, Richard J.; Wells, Ray E.] US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. [Sherrod, Brian L.; Hughes, Jonathan F.; Weaver, Craig S.] Univ Washington, US Geol Survey, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. [Anderson, Megan L.] Colorado Coll, Dept Geol, Colorado Springs, CO 80903 USA. RP Blakely, RJ (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 345 Middlefield Rd, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. FU Washington Department of Natural Resources FX We are grateful to Jerry Kvale, Washington Department of Natural Resources, for providing access to Price Lake. Tom Wiley graciously provided unpublished gravity data from the southeast Olympic Mountains. We also thank Tom Brocher, Gerry Connard, Jonathan Glen, Darcy McPhee, Rowland Tabor, and Rob Witter for helpful discussions and critical readings of early versions of our manuscript. Very helpful reviews were provided by Harvey Kelsey and Cathy Snelson. NR 47 TC 18 Z9 18 U1 1 U2 11 PU GEOLOGICAL SOC AMER, INC PI BOULDER PA PO BOX 9140, BOULDER, CO 80301-9140 USA SN 1553-040X J9 GEOSPHERE JI Geosphere PD APR PY 2009 VL 5 IS 2 BP 105 EP 125 DI 10.1130/GES00196.1 PG 21 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 456EN UT WOS:000266823800003 ER PT J AU Yang, LM Jiang, LM Lin, H Liao, MS AF Yang, Limin Jiang, Liming Lin, Hui Liao, Mingsheng TI Quantifying Sub-pixel Urban Impervious Surface through Fusion of Optical and InSAR Imagery SO GISCIENCE & REMOTE SENSING LA English DT Article ID CLASSIFICATION; AREA AB In this study, we explored the potential to improve urban impervious surface modeling and mapping with the synergistic use of optical and Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR) imagery. We used a Classification and Regression Tree (CART) based approach to test the feasibility and accuracy of quantifying Impervious Surface Percentage (ISP) using four spectral bands of SPOT 5 high-resolution geometric (HRG) imagery and three parameters derived from the European Remote Sensing (ERS)-2 Single Look Complex (SLC) SAR image pair. Validated by an independent ISP reference dataset derived from the 33 cm-resolution digital aerial photographs, results show that the addition of InSAR data reduced the ISP modeling error rate from 15.5% to 12.9% and increased the correlation coefficient from 0.71 to 0.77. Spatially, the improvement is especially noted in areas of vacant land and bare ground, which were incorrectly mapped as urban impervious surfaces when using the optical remote sensing data. In addition, the accuracy of ISP prediction using InSAR images alone is only marginally less than that obtained by using SPOT imagery. The finding indicates the potential of using InSAR data for frequent monitoring of urban settings located in cloud-prone areas. C1 [Jiang, Liming; Lin, Hui] Chinese Univ Hong Kong, Inst Space & Earth Informat Sci, Shatin, Hong Kong, Peoples R China. [Jiang, Liming] China State Key Lab Informat Engn Surveying Mappi, Wuhan, Peoples R China. [Liao, Mingsheng] State Key Lab Informat Engn Surveying Mapping & R, Wuhan, Peoples R China. RP Yang, LM (reprint author), USGS Earth Resources Observat & Sci EROS Ctr, Sioux Falls, SD 57198 USA. EM lyang@usgs.gov RI Jiang, Liming/O-1776-2013 OI Jiang, Liming/0000-0002-6738-4622 FU Hong Kong Research Grant Council [CUHK4665/06H]; Chinese University of Hong Kong FX The research was supported by a Competitive Earmarked Research Grant of the Hong Kong Research Grant Council (No. CUHK4665/06H) and a Social Science and Education Panel Direct Grant of the Chinese University of Hong Kong. The second author is grateful to the Chinese University of Hong Kong for the Postgraduate Research Scholarship provided. We thank the anonymous reviewers for their comments and suggestions. NR 17 TC 14 Z9 16 U1 3 U2 30 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD PI ABINGDON PA 4 PARK SQUARE, MILTON PARK, ABINGDON OX14 4RN, OXON, ENGLAND SN 1548-1603 EI 1943-7226 J9 GISCI REMOTE SENS JI GISci. Remote Sens. PD APR-JUN PY 2009 VL 46 IS 2 BP 161 EP 171 DI 10.2747/1548-1603.46.2.161 PG 11 WC Geography, Physical; Remote Sensing SC Physical Geography; Remote Sensing GA 461PG UT WOS:000267279700002 ER PT J AU Wu, SS Usery, EL Finn, MP Bosch, DD AF Wu, Shuo-Sheng Derek Usery, E. Lynn Finn, Michael P. Bosch, David D. TI Effects of Sampling Interval on Spatial Patterns and Statistics of Watershed Nitrogen Concentration SO GISCIENCE & REMOTE SENSING LA English DT Article ID POLLUTION MODEL; ACCURACY; OPTIMIZATION; VARIABILITY; BIOMASS; DENSITY; AGNPS; SOILS AB This study investigates how spatial patterns and statistics of a 30 m resolution, model-simulated, watershed nitrogen concentration surface change with sampling intervals from 30 m to 600 m for every 30 m increase for the Little River Watershed (Georgia, USA). The results indicate that the mean, standard deviation, and variogram sills do not have consistent trends with increasing sampling intervals, whereas the variogram ranges remain constant. A sampling interval smaller than or equal to 90 m is necessary to build a representative variogram. The interpolation accuracy, clustering level, and total hot spot areas show decreasing trends approximating a logarithmic function. The trends correspond to the nitrogen variogram and start to level at a sampling interval of 360 m, which is therefore regarded as a critical spatial scale of the Little River Watershed. C1 [Wu, Shuo-Sheng Derek] Missouri State Univ, Dept Geog Geol & Planning, Springfield, MO 65897 USA. [Usery, E. Lynn; Finn, Michael P.] US Geol Survey, Ctr Excellence Geospatial Informat Sci, Rolla, MO 65401 USA. [Bosch, David D.] ARS, SE Watershed Res Lab, USDA, Tifton, GA 31794 USA. RP Missouri State Univ, Dept Geog Geol & Planning, 901 S Natl Ave, Springfield, MO 65897 USA. EM swu@missouristate.edu NR 32 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 4 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD PI ABINGDON PA 4 PARK SQUARE, MILTON PARK, ABINGDON OX14 4RN, OXON, ENGLAND SN 1548-1603 J9 GISCI REMOTE SENS JI GISci. Remote Sens. PD APR-JUN PY 2009 VL 46 IS 2 BP 172 EP 186 DI 10.2747/1548-1603.46.2.172 PG 15 WC Geography, Physical; Remote Sensing SC Physical Geography; Remote Sensing GA 461PG UT WOS:000267279700003 ER PT J AU Haywood, AM Chandler, MA Valdes, PJ Salzmann, U Lunt, DJ Dowsett, HJ AF Haywood, Alan M. Chandler, Mark A. Valdes, Paul J. Salzmann, Ulrich Lunt, Daniel J. Dowsett, Harry J. TI Comparison of mid-Pliocene climate predictions produced by the HadAM3 and GCMAM3 General Circulation Models SO GLOBAL AND PLANETARY CHANGE LA English DT Article DE Pliocene; GCM; intercomparison; BIOME 4; PMIP; Plio-MIP ID SEA-SURFACE TEMPERATURE; ATMOSPHERIC SIMULATIONS; GASEOUS ABSORPTION; WATER-VAPOR; SENSITIVITY; RESOLUTION; IMPACT; PALEOCLIMATE; CO2; RECONSTRUCTION AB The mid-Pliocene warm period (ca. 3 to 3.3 million years ago) has become an important interval of time for palaeoclimate modelling exercises, with a large number of studies published during the last decade. However, there has been no attempt to assess the degree of model dependency of the results obtained. Here we present an initial comparison of mid-Pliocene climatologies produced by the Goddard Institute for Space Studies and Hadley Centre for Climate Prediction and Research atmosphere-only General Circulation Models (GCMAM3 and HadAM3). Whilst both models are consistent in the simulation of broad-scale differences in mid-Pliocene surface air temperature and total precipitation rates, significant variation is noted on regional and local scales. There are also significant differences in the model predictions of total cloud cover. A terrestrial data/model comparison, facilitated by the BIOME 4 model and a new data set of Piacenzian Stage land cover [Salzmann, U., Haywood, A.M., Lunt, D.J., Valdes, P.J., Hill, DJ., (2008). A new global biome reconstruction and data model comparison for the Middle Pliocene. Global Ecology and Biogeography 17, 432-447, doi:10.1111/j.1466-8238.2007.00381.x] and combined with the use of Kappa statistics, indicates that HadAM3-based biome predictions provide a closer fit to proxy data in the mid to high-latitudes. However, GCMAM3-based biomes in the tropics provide the closest fit to proxy data. (c) 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 [Haywood, Alan M.] Univ Leeds, Sch Earth & Environm, Leeds LS2 9JT, W Yorkshire, England. [Chandler, Mark A.] Columbia Univ, Ctr Climate Syst Res, New York, NY 10025 USA. [Valdes, Paul J.; Lunt, Daniel J.] Univ Bristol, Sch Geog Sci, Bristol BS8 1SS, Avon, England. [Salzmann, Ulrich; Lunt, Daniel J.] British Antarctic Survey, Geol Sci Div, Cambridge CB3 0ET, Cambs, England. [Dowsett, Harry J.] US Geol Survey, Natl Ctr 926A, Reston, VA 20192 USA. RP Haywood, AM (reprint author), Univ Leeds, Sch Earth & Environm, Leeds LS2 9JT, W Yorkshire, England. EM earamh@leeds.ac.uk RI Lunt, Daniel/G-9451-2011; Valdes, Paul/C-4129-2013; OI Lunt, Daniel/0000-0003-3585-6928; Dowsett, Harry/0000-0003-1983-7524 FU National Science Foundation (US); Natural Environment Research Council (UK); NERC; British Antarctic Survey core programme GEACEP; PRISM Project FX The authors would like to acknowledge the National Science Foundation (US) and the Natural Environment Research Council (UK) for financial support. This work is product of the PRISM Project and the NERC funded British Antarctic Survey core programme GEACEP (Greenhouse to Ice-house Evolution of the Antarctic Cryosphere and Palaeoenvironment). The work was carried out under the umbrella of the Pliocene Climate Modelling Intercomparison Project (Plio-MIP) which is part of the international Palaeoclimate Modelling Intercomparison Project (PMIP). NR 88 TC 53 Z9 54 U1 4 U2 23 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0921-8181 EI 1872-6364 J9 GLOBAL PLANET CHANGE JI Glob. Planet. Change PD APR PY 2009 VL 66 IS 3-4 BP 208 EP 224 DI 10.1016/j.gloplacha.2008.12.014 PG 17 WC Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Physical Geography; Geology GA 441YH UT WOS:000265806000004 ER PT J AU Koutsoyiannis, D Montanari, A Lins, HF Cohn, TA AF Koutsoyiannis, Demetris Montanari, Alberto Lins, Harry F. Cohn, Timothy A. TI DISCUSSION of "The implications of projected climate change for freshwater resources and their management" Climate, hydrology and freshwater: towards an interactive incorporation of hydrological experience into climate research SO HYDROLOGICAL SCIENCES JOURNAL-JOURNAL DES SCIENCES HYDROLOGIQUES LA English DT Editorial Material ID UNCERTAINTY ASSESSMENT; EXTREME RAINFALL; HURST PHENOMENON; STATISTICS; PREDICTIONS; SIMULATION; MODELS C1 [Koutsoyiannis, Demetris] Natl Tech Univ Athens, Fac Civil Engn, Dept Water Resources & Environm Engn, GR-15780 Zografos, Greece. [Montanari, Alberto] Univ Bologna, Fac Engn, Dipartimento Ingn Strutture Trasporti Acque Rilev, I-40136 Bologna, Italy. [Lins, Harry F.; Cohn, Timothy A.] US Geol Survey, Reston, VA 20192 USA. RP Koutsoyiannis, D (reprint author), Natl Tech Univ Athens, Fac Civil Engn, Dept Water Resources & Environm Engn, Heroon Polytech 5, GR-15780 Zografos, Greece. EM dk@itia.ntua.gr; alberto.montanari@unibo.it; hlins@usgs.gov; tacohn@usgs.gov RI Montanari, Alberto/B-5427-2009; Koutsoyiannis, Demetris/B-7400-2009 OI Montanari, Alberto/0000-0001-7428-0410; Koutsoyiannis, Demetris/0000-0002-6226-0241 NR 49 TC 49 Z9 49 U1 0 U2 21 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD PI ABINGDON PA 4 PARK SQUARE, MILTON PARK, ABINGDON OX14 4RN, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0262-6667 EI 2150-3435 J9 HYDROLOG SCI J JI Hydrol. Sci. J.-J. Sci. Hydrol. PD APR PY 2009 VL 54 IS 2 BP 394 EP 405 DI 10.1623/hysj.54.2.394 PG 12 WC Water Resources SC Water Resources GA 433VX UT WOS:000265235000016 ER PT J AU Biradar, CM Thenkabail, PS Noojipady, P Li, YJ Dheeravath, V Turral, H Velpuri, M Gumma, MK Gangalakunta, ORP Cai, XL Xiao, XM Schull, MA Alankara, RD Gunasinghe, S Mohideen, S AF Biradar, Chandrashekhar M. Thenkabail, Prasad S. Noojipady, Praveen Li, Yuanjie Dheeravath, Venkateswarlu Turral, Hugh Velpuri, Manohar Gumma, Murali K. Gangalakunta, Obi Reddy P. Cai, Xueliang L. Xiao, Xiangming Schull, Mitchell A. Alankara, Ranjith D. Gunasinghe, Sarath Mohideen, Sadir TI A global map of rainfed cropland areas (GMRCA) at the end of last millennium using remote sensing SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF APPLIED EARTH OBSERVATION AND GEOINFORMATION LA English DT Article DE Global mapping; GMRCA; Rainfed and irrigated croplands; Remote sensing; Sub-pixel areas ID LAND-COVER; SPATIAL-RESOLUTION; IRRIGATED AREAS; TIME-SERIES; DATABASE; CLIMATE; MODIS AB The overarching goal of this study was to produce a global map of rainfed cropland areas (GMRCA) and calculate country-by-country rainfed area statistics using remote sensing data. A suite of spatial datasets, methods and protocols for mapping GMRCA were described. These consist of: (a) data fusion and composition of multi- resolution time-series mega-file data-cube (MFDC), (b) image segmentation based on precipitation, temperature, and elevation zones, (c) spectral correlation similarity (SCS), (d) protocols for class identification and labeling through uses of SCS R(2)-values, bi-spectral plots, space-time spiral curves (ST-SCs), rich source of field-plot data, and zoom-in-views of Google Earth (GE), and (e) techniques for resolving mixed classes by decision tree algorithms, and spatial modeling. The outcome was a 9-class GMRCA from which country-by-country rainfed area statistics were computed for the end of the last millennium. The global rainfed cropland area estimate from the GMRCA 9-class map was 1.13 billion hectares (Bha). The total global cropland areas (rainfed plus irrigated) was 1.53 Bha which was close to national statistics compiled by FAOSTAT (1.51 Bha). The accuracies and errors of GMRCA were assessed using field-plot and Google Earth data points. The accuracy varied between 92 and 98% with kappa value of about 0.76, errors of omission of 2-8%, and the errors of commission of 19-36%. (C) 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 [Biradar, Chandrashekhar M.] Univ Oklahoma, Ctr Spatial Anal, Stephenson Res & Technol Ctr, Norman, OK 73019 USA. [Thenkabail, Prasad S.; Gumma, Murali K.] IWMI, Colombo, Sri Lanka. [Thenkabail, Prasad S.; Gumma, Murali K.] US Geol Survey, Flagstaff, AZ 86001 USA. [Noojipady, Praveen; Li, Yuanjie] Univ Maryland, Dept Geog, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. [Dheeravath, Venkateswarlu; Alankara, Ranjith D.; Gunasinghe, Sarath; Mohideen, Sadir] Int Water Management Inst, Colombo, Sri Lanka. [Turral, Hugh] St Prod, Melbourne, Vic 3054, Australia. [Velpuri, Manohar] S Dakota State Univ, GIS Ctr Excellence, Brookings, SD 57007 USA. [Cai, Xueliang L.] Wuhan Univ, Coll Water Resources & Hydropower, Wuhan 430072, Peoples R China. [Schull, Mitchell A.] Boston Univ, Dept Geog & Environm, Boston, MA 02215 USA. RP Biradar, CM (reprint author), Univ Oklahoma, Ctr Spatial Anal, Stephenson Res & Technol Ctr, 101 David L Boren Blvd, Norman, OK 73019 USA. EM chandra.biradar@ou.edu; pthenkabail@usgs.gov RI Velpuri, Naga Manohar/A-5193-2013 OI Velpuri, Naga Manohar/0000-0002-6370-1926 FU International Water management Institute's (IWMI) FX This study was supported by the International Water management Institute's (IWMI) core funding. We want to acknowledge the vision and support shown by Prof Frank Rijsberman, Director, Program, Google.org (formerly Director General of IWMI). Authors also acknowledge numerous people who directly or indirectly contributed to the successful completion of the project. The paper has not been internally reviewed by U.S. Geological Survey (USGS). Hence the views expressed in the paper are not endorsed by USGS. NR 49 TC 64 Z9 72 U1 1 U2 18 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0303-2434 J9 INT J APPL EARTH OBS JI Int. J. Appl. Earth Obs. Geoinf. PD APR PY 2009 VL 11 IS 2 BP 114 EP 129 DI 10.1016/j.jag.2008.11.002 PG 16 WC Remote Sensing SC Remote Sensing GA 435BW UT WOS:000265319300005 ER PT J AU Wasserberg, G Osnas, EE Rolley, RE Samuel, MD AF Wasserberg, Gideon Osnas, Erik E. Rolley, Robert E. Samuel, Michael D. TI Host culling as an adaptive management tool for chronic wasting disease in white-tailed deer: a modelling study SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE adaptive management; back-calculation analysis; culling; density-dependent transmission; disease control; frequency-dependent transmission; multi-state matrix; transmission mode; transmissible spongiform encephalopathy; Wisconsin ID MULE DEER; WILDLIFE; TRANSMISSION; WISCONSIN; PATTERNS; EPIDEMIOLOGY; DYNAMICS; ELK AB Emerging wildlife diseases pose a significant threat to natural and human systems. Because of real or perceived risks of delayed actions, disease management strategies such as culling are often implemented before thorough scientific knowledge of disease dynamics is available. Adaptive management is a valuable approach in addressing the uncertainty and complexity associated with wildlife disease problems and can be facilitated by using a formal model. We developed a multi-state computer simulation model using age, sex, infection-stage, and seasonality as a tool for scientific learning and managing chronic wasting disease (CWD) in white-tailed deer Odocoileus virginianus. Our matrix model used disease transmission parameters based on data collected through disease management activities. We used this model to evaluate management issues on density- (DD) and frequency-dependent (FD) transmission, time since disease introduction, and deer culling on the demographics, epizootiology, and management of CWD. Both DD and FD models fit the Wisconsin data for a harvested white-tailed deer population, but FD was slightly better. Time since disease introduction was estimated as 36 (95% CI, 24-50) and 188 (41-> 200) years for DD and FD transmission, respectively. Deer harvest using intermediate to high non-selective rates can be used to reduce uncertainty between DD and FD transmission and improve our prediction of long-term epidemic patterns and host population impacts. A higher harvest rate allows earlier detection of these differences, but substantially reduces deer abundance. Results showed that CWD has spread slowly within Wisconsin deer populations, and therefore, epidemics and disease management are expected to last for decades. Non-hunted deer populations can develop and sustain a high level of infection, generating a substantial risk of disease spread. In contrast, CWD prevalence remains lower in hunted deer populations, but at a higher prevalence the disease competes with recreational hunting to reduce deer abundance. Synthesis and applications. Uncertainty about density- or frequency-dependent transmission hinders predictions about the long-term impacts of chronic wasting disease on cervid populations and the development of appropriate management strategies. An adaptive management strategy using computer modelling coupled with experimental management and monitoring can be used to test model predictions, identify the likely mode of disease transmission, and evaluate the risks of alternative management responses. C1 [Wasserberg, Gideon; Osnas, Erik E.] Univ Wisconsin, Dept Forest & Wildlife Ecol, Russell Labs 207, Madison, WI 53706 USA. [Samuel, Michael D.] Univ Wisconsin, US Geol Survey, Russell Labs 207, Wisconsin Cooperat Wildlife Res Unit, Madison, WI 53706 USA. [Rolley, Robert E.] Wisconsin Dept Nat Resources, Bur Sci Serv, Madison, WI 53716 USA. RP Wasserberg, G (reprint author), Univ Wisconsin, Dept Forest & Wildlife Ecol, Russell Labs 207, 1630 Linden Dr, Madison, WI 53706 USA. EM gwasserberg@gmail.com FU US Geological Survey - National Wildlife Health Center FX We thank the more than one thousand volunteers and WDNR staff who worked tirelessly to collect tissue samples; the Wisconsin Interagency Chronic Wasting Disease Task Force; the hunters who provided samples and participated in CWD management. We thank M. Verdon, WDNR, for organizing and verification of the database. We thank P. Cross and E. Cooch for reviewing an earlier version of this manuscript. G. Wasserberg's research fellowship was supported by funding from the US Geological Survey - National Wildlife Health Center. The Max McGraw Wildlife Foundation provided support for publication. NR 32 TC 54 Z9 54 U1 5 U2 41 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PUBLISHING, INC PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 0021-8901 J9 J APPL ECOL JI J. Appl. Ecol. PD APR PY 2009 VL 46 IS 2 BP 457 EP 466 DI 10.1111/j.1365-2664.2008.01576.x PG 10 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 414JM UT WOS:000263859700024 ER PT J AU Cross, PC Heisey, DM Bowers, JA Hay, CT Wolhuter, J Buss, P Hofmeyr, M Michel, AL Bengis, RG Bird, TLF Du Toit, JT Getz, WM AF Cross, P. C. Heisey, D. M. Bowers, J. A. Hay, C. T. Wolhuter, J. Buss, P. Hofmeyr, M. Michel, A. L. Bengis, R. G. Bird, T. L. F. Du Toit, J. T. Getz, W. M. TI Disease, predation and demography: assessing the impacts of bovine tuberculosis on African buffalo by monitoring at individual and population levels SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE bovine tuberculosis; Syncerus caffer; detection; predator; disease; population growth ID KRUGER-NATIONAL-PARK; SYNCERUS-CAFFER; SOUTH-AFRICA; SUSCEPTIBILITY; PARASITES; DYNAMICS; REINDEER; BEHAVIOR; BIOLOGY; MODELS AB Understanding the effects of disease is critical to determining appropriate management responses, but estimating those effects in wildlife species is challenging. We used bovine tuberculosis (BTB) in the African buffalo Syncerus caffer population of Kruger National Park, South Africa, as a case study to highlight the issues associated with estimating chronic disease effects in a long-lived host. We used known and radiocollared buffalo, aerial census data, and a natural gradient in pathogen prevalence to investigate if: (i) at the individual level, BTB infection reduces reproduction; (ii) BTB infection increases vulnerability to predation; and (iii) at the population level, increased BTB prevalence causes reduced population growth. There was only a marginal reduction in calving success associated with BTB infection, as indexed by the probability of sighting a known adult female with or without a calf (P = 0.065). Since 1991, BTB prevalence increased from 27 to 45% in the southern region and from 4 to 28% in the central region of Kruger National Park. The prevalence in the northern regions was only 1.5% in 1998. Buffalo population growth rates, however, were neither statistically different among regions nor declining over time. Lions Panthera leo did not appear to preferentially kill test-positive buffalo. The best (Akaike's Information Criterion corrected for small sample size) AICc model with BTB as a covariate [exp(beta) = 0.49; 95% CI = (0.24-1.02)] suggested that the mortality hazard for positive individuals was no greater than for test-negative individuals. Synthesis and applications. Test accuracy, time-varying disease status, and movement among populations are some of the issues that make the detection of chronic disease impacts challenging. For these reasons, the demographic impacts of bovine tuberculosis in the Kruger National Park remain undetectable despite 6 years of study on known individuals and 40 years of population counts. However, the rainfall and forage conditions during this study were relatively good and the impacts of many chronic diseases may be a non-linear function of environmental conditions such that they are only detectable in stressful periods. C1 [Cross, P. C.] US Geol Survey, No Rocky Mt Sci Ctr, Bozeman, MT 59717 USA. [Cross, P. C.] Montana State Univ, Dept Ecol, Bozeman, MT 59717 USA. [Heisey, D. M.] US Geol Survey, Natl Wildlife Hlth Ctr, Madison, WI 53711 USA. [Bowers, J. A.] Environm Consultants, Ecoleges, ZA-1218 The Village, South Africa. [Bowers, J. A.; Hay, C. T.; Wolhuter, J.; Bird, T. L. F.; Du Toit, J. T.; Getz, W. M.] Univ Pretoria, Dept Zool & Entomol, Mammal Res Inst, ZA-0002 Pretoria, South Africa. [Hay, C. T.] So African Wildlife Coll, ZA-1380 Hoedspruit, South Africa. [Wolhuter, J.] Tshwane Univ Technol, Nat Conservat Dept, Pretoria, South Africa. [Buss, P.; Hofmeyr, M.] S African Natl Pk, Skukuza, South Africa. [Michel, A. L.] ARC Onderstepoort Vet Inst, Bacteriol Sect, ZA-0110 Onderstepoort, South Africa. [Bengis, R. G.] Vet Invest Ctr, ZA-1350 Skukuza, South Africa. [Du Toit, J. T.] Utah State Univ, Dept Wildland Resources, Logan, UT 84322 USA. [Getz, W. M.] Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Environm Sci Policy & Management, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. RP Cross, PC (reprint author), US Geol Survey, No Rocky Mt Sci Ctr, Bozeman, MT 59717 USA. EM pcross@usgs.gov RI du Toit, Johan/D-3390-2009; Cross, Paul/K-6987-2012; OI du Toit, Johan/0000-0003-0705-7117; Cross, Paul/0000-0001-8045-5213; Getz, Wayne/0000-0001-8784-9354; Michel, Anita/0000-0001-9240-2653 FU US. National Science Foundation; National Institutes of Health Ecology of Infectious Disease programme [DEB-0090323] FX This project would not have been possible without the logistical support from KNP Veterinary Services and financial support from the US. National Science Foundation and National Institutes of Health Ecology of Infectious Disease programme (DEB-0090323 to W.M. Getz). K. Bulunga, A. Mabunda, F. Muhlovo, S. Muhlovu, R. Dugtig helped collect field data. M. Haupt provided technical support. Previous versions of this paper were improved by T. Work, K. Lafferty and several anonymous reviewers. NR 49 TC 39 Z9 40 U1 5 U2 33 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PUBLISHING, INC PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 0021-8901 J9 J APPL ECOL JI J. Appl. Ecol. PD APR PY 2009 VL 46 IS 2 BP 467 EP 475 DI 10.1111/j.1365-2664.2008.01589.x PG 9 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 414JM UT WOS:000263859700025 ER PT J AU Lorah, MM Cozzarelli, IM Bohlke, JK AF Lorah, Michelle M. Cozzarelli, Isabelle M. Boehlke, J. K. TI Biogeochemistry at a wetland sediment-alluvial aquifer interface in a landfill leachate plume SO JOURNAL OF CONTAMINANT HYDROLOGY LA English DT Article DE Wetlands; Groundwater contamination; Riparian environment; Ammonium; Isotopes; Landfill leachate ID VOLATILE ORGANIC-COMPOUNDS; NATURAL ATTENUATION; ISOTOPE FRACTIONATION; GROUND-WATER; ANAEROBIC BIODEGRADATION; SULFATE REDUCTION; OXIDATION; AMMONIUM; NITROGEN; CARBON AB The biogeochemistry at the interface between sediments in a seasonally ponded wetland (slough) and an alluvial aquifer contaminated with landfill leachate was investigated to evaluate factors that can effect natural attenuation of landfill leachate contaminants in areas of groundwater/surface-water interaction. The biogeochemistry at the wetland-alluvial aquifer interface differed greatly between dry and wet conditions. During dry conditions (low water table), vertically upward discharge was focused at the center of the slough from the fringe of a landfill-derived ammonium plume in the underlying aquifer, resulting in transport of relatively low concentrations of ammonium to the slough sediments with dilution and dispersion as the primary attenuation mechanism. In contrast, during wet conditions (high water table), leachate-contaminated groundwater discharged upward near the upgradient slough bank, where ammonium concentrations in the aquifer where high. Relatively high concentrations of ammonium and other leachate constituents also were transported laterally through the slough porewater to the downgradient bank in wet conditions. Concentrations of the leachate-associated constituents chloride, ammonium, non-volatile dissolved organic carbon, alkalinity, and ferrous iron more than doubled in the slough porewater on the upgradient bank during wet conditions. Chloride, non-volatile dissolved organic carbon (DOC), and bicarbonate acted conservatively during lateral transport in the aquifer and slough porewater, whereas ammonium and potassium were strongly attenuated. Nitrogen isotope variations in ammonium and the distribution of ammonium compared to other cations indicated that sorption was the primary attenuation mechanism for ammonium during lateral transport in the aquifer and the slough porewater. Ammonium attenuation was less efficient, however, in the slough porewater than in the aquifer and possibly occurred by a different sorption mechanism. A stoichiometrically balanced increase in magnesium concentration with decreasing ammonium and potassium concentrations indicated that cation exchange was the sorption mechanism in the slough porewater. Only a partial mass balance could be determined for cations exchanged for ammonium and potassium in the aquifer, indicating that some irreversible sorption may be occurring. Although wetlands commonly are expected to decrease fluxes of contaminants in riparian environments, enhanced attenuation of the leachate contaminants in the slough sediment porewater compared to the aquifer was not observed in this study. The lack of enhanced attenuation can be attributed to the fact that the anoxic plume, comprised largely of recalcitrant DOC and reduced inorganic constituents, interacted with anoxic slough sediments and porewaters, rather than encountering a change in redox conditions that could cause transformation reactions. Nevertheless, the attenuation processes in the narrow zone of groundwater/surface-water interaction were effective in reducing ammonium concentrations by a factor of about 3 during lateral transport across the slough and by a factor of 2 to 10 before release to the surface water. Slough porewater geochemistry also indicated that the slough could be a source of sulfate in dry conditions, potentially providing a terminal electron acceptor for natural attenuation of organic compounds in the leachate plume. Published by Elsevier B.V. C1 [Lorah, Michelle M.] US Geol Survey, Baltimore, MD 21228 USA. [Cozzarelli, Isabelle M.; Boehlke, J. K.] US Geol Survey, Natl Ctr 431, Reston, VA 20192 USA. RP Lorah, MM (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 5522 Res Pk Dr, Baltimore, MD 21228 USA. EM mmlorah@usgs.gov OI Cozzarelli, Isabelle/0000-0002-5123-1007 FU USGS FX We thank Tracey Spencer and Dale Ferree (formerly with the USGS) and Scott Christenson (USGS) for assistance with sampling; Jeanne Jaeschke (USGS) for laboratory chemical analysis; personnel in the USGS Reston Stable Isotope Laboratory for oxygen and hydrogen isotope analysis: and Janet Hannon and Andrew Liu for performing nitrogen isotope analyses. We also thank Randy Hunt and Jason Masoner (USGS) for their reviews of an earlier version of this article and two anonymous reviewers for their comments that have helped to improve this article. Funding for this research was provided by the USGS National Research Program and Toxic Substances Hydrology Program. Use of trade names in this paper is for identification NR 57 TC 22 Z9 23 U1 3 U2 19 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0169-7722 J9 J CONTAM HYDROL JI J. Contam. Hydrol. PD APR 1 PY 2009 VL 105 IS 3-4 BP 99 EP 117 DI 10.1016/j.jconhyd.2008.11.008 PG 19 WC Environmental Sciences; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Geology; Water Resources GA 431FX UT WOS:000265047900002 PM 19136178 ER PT J AU Franckowiak, RP Sloss, BL Bozek, MA Newman, SP AF Franckowiak, R. P. Sloss, B. L. Bozek, M. A. Newman, S. P. TI Temporal effective size estimates of a managed walleye Sander vitreus population and implications for genetic-based management SO JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE effective number of breeders; freshwater fish; genetic diversity; microsatellite DNA; North America; temporal genetics ID SALMON SALMO-SALAR; OLD SCALE SAMPLES; OVERLAPPING GENERATIONS; LINKAGE DISEQUILIBRIUM; CONSERVATION GENETICS; STIZOSTEDION-VITREUM; MICROSATELLITE DNA; ALLELE FREQUENCY; STEELHEAD TROUT; PACIFIC SALMON AB The goal of this research was to use the long-term fishery data set and DNA from archived scales of walleye Sander vitreus in Escanaba Lake, WI, U.S.A., to improve the understanding of the underlying mechanism(s) influencing genetic diversity in naturally recruiting populations. The introduced population of S. vitreus in Escanaba Lake has a low mean effective population size (N(E)) between 124.6 and 185.5 despite a mean census size (N(C)) of 4659 (N(E)/N(C) c. 0.04), suggesting an accelerated rate of genetic drift between 1952 and 2002. These values are smaller than the median N(E) range of several studies suggesting typical N(E)/N(C) ratios of 0.11-0.16 in a wide range of taxa. N(E) increased steadily during the past two sampled decades (1992 and 2002) and was consistent with a lowering of the variance in S. vitreus reproductive success, possibly linked to a large, sustained exploitation (mean 28%) rate. Variance in reproductive success is one of the most important factors influencing N(E) in species, like S. vitreus, which have a potential for large fecundities and large juvenile mortalities (type III survivorship). The N(B) estimates across six sequential cohorts (age classes of S. vitreus, assayed from 1994 to 1999) was consistent with estimates of N(E) reported for 1992-2002. These results, coupled with in-depth census and exploitation data, show that the genetic characteristics of Escanaba Lake S. vitreus have changed substantially and that management activities, such as supplemental stocking and harvest practices, have profoundly influenced the genetic dynamics of S. vitreus in this lake. C1 [Sloss, B. L.; Bozek, M. A.] Univ Wisconsin, US Geol Survey, Wisconsin Cooperat Fishery Res Unit, Coll Nat Resources, Stevens Point, WI 54481 USA. [Newman, S. P.] Wisconsin Dept Nat Resources, Integrated Sci Serv, Woodruff, WI 54568 USA. RP Sloss, BL (reprint author), Univ Wisconsin, US Geol Survey, Wisconsin Cooperat Fishery Res Unit, Coll Nat Resources, 800 Reserve St, Stevens Point, WI 54481 USA. EM brian.sloss@uwsp.edu FU Federal Aid in Fish Restoration [F-95-P]; U.S. Geological Survey - Wisconsin Cooperative Fishery Research Unit; University of Wisconsin-Stevens Point FX Funding was provided by Federal Aid in Fish Restoration Grant F-95-P to the Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources with supplemental support from the U.S. Geological Survey - Wisconsin Cooperative Fishery Research Unit and the University of Wisconsin-Stevens Point. We thank WDNR employees who have collected the scale samples over the past 50 years, with special thanks to G. Kubenik and R. Theis for their help acquiring samples. Thanks to C. Wilson (Trent University, OMNR) for providing the initial reaction conditions used in our analysis. We thank G. Moyer and M. Jennings and two anonymous reviewers for their comments on an earlier version of this document. The use of trade names and companies throughout the manuscript does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government. NR 81 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 7 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PUBLISHING, INC PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 0022-1112 J9 J FISH BIOL JI J. Fish Biol. PD APR PY 2009 VL 74 IS 5 BP 1086 EP 1103 DI 10.1111/j.1095-8649.2008.02170.x PG 18 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 428WQ UT WOS:000264883200006 PM 20735621 ER PT J AU Schofield, PJ Loftus, WF Fontaine, JA AF Schofield, P. J. Loftus, W. F. Fontaine, J. A. TI Salinity effects on behavioural response to hypoxia in the non-native Mayan cichlid Cichlasoma urophthalmus from Florida Everglades wetlands SO JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE aquatic surface respiration; Cichlidae; dissolved oxygen; ecophysiology; non-indigenous ID AQUATIC SURFACE RESPIRATION; POECILIA-RETICULATA; SOUTHERN FLORIDA; REPRODUCTIVE-BIOLOGY; METABOLIC-RATE; GROWTH; TOLERANCE; OXYGEN; FISH; TEMPERATURE AB This study quantified the hypoxia tolerance of the Mayan cichlid Cichlasoma urophthalmus over a range of salinities. The species was very tolerant of hypoxia, using aquatic surface respiration (ASR) and buccal bubble holding when oxygen tensions dropped to < 20 mmHg (c. 1.0 mg l(-1)) and 6 mmHg, respectively. Salinity had little effect on the hypoxia tolerance of C. urophthalmus, except that bubble holding was more frequent at the higher salinities tested. Levels of aggression were greatest at the highest salinity. The ASR thresholds of C. urophthalmus were similar to native centrarchid sunfishes from the Everglades, however, aggression levels for C. uropthalmus were markedly higher. C1 [Schofield, P. J.; Fontaine, J. A.] US Geol Survey, Florida Integrated Sci Ctr, Gainesville, FL 32653 USA. [Loftus, W. F.] US Geol Survey, Florida Integrated Sci Ctr, Homestead, FL 33034 USA. RP Schofield, PJ (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Florida Integrated Sci Ctr, 7920 NW 71st St, Gainesville, FL 32653 USA. EM pschofield@usgs.gov FU South Florida Water Management District, U.S. Geological Survey; U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service FX Funding for this study was provided by the South Florida Water Management District, U.S. Geological Survey (Invasive Species Program) and the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (Region 4). Fish were collected under Everglades National Park permit EVER-2007-SCI-0014 and tested under Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC) permit USGS/FISC 2006-02 (2007 extension). J. Langston and D. Gregoire provided expert assistance in the field and laboratory. C. Wieser, S. Ruessler and R. Lewis provided technical assistance in the laboratory, for which they are greatly appreciated. L. Chapman and two anonymous reviewers provided comments that enhanced the manuscript. Any use of trade, product or firm names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government. NR 60 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 13 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PUBLISHING, INC PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 0022-1112 J9 J FISH BIOL JI J. Fish Biol. PD APR PY 2009 VL 74 IS 6 BP 1245 EP 1258 DI 10.1111/j.1095-8649.2009.02192.x PG 14 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 429ZL UT WOS:000264958500004 PM 20735628 ER PT J AU Hagerty, JJ Lawrence, DJ Hawke, BR Gaddis, LR AF Hagerty, J. J. Lawrence, D. J. Hawke, B. R. Gaddis, L. R. TI Thorium abundances on the Aristarchus plateau: Insights into the composition of the Aristarchus pyroclastic glass deposits SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-PLANETS LA English DT Article ID IMAGE-RECONSTRUCTION; LUNAR-SURFACE; CLEMENTINE DATA; VOLCANIC GLASS; ION MICROPROBE; SOURCE REGIONS; MARE BASALTS; MOON; ELEMENTS; MANTLE AB Thorium (Th) data from the Lunar Prospector gamma ray spectrometer (LP-GRS) are used to constrain the composition of lunar pyroclastic glass deposits on top of the Aristarchus plateau. Our goal is to use forward modeling of LP-GRS Th data to measure the Th abundances on the plateau and then to determine if the elevated Th abundances on the plateau are associated with the pyroclastic deposits or with thorium-rich ejecta from Aristarchus crater. We use a variety of remote sensing data to show that there is a large, homogenous portion of the pyroclastics on the plateau that has seen little or no contamination from the Th-rich ejecta of Aristarchus crater. Our results show that the uncontaminated pyroclastic glasses on Aristarchus plateau have an average Th content of 6.7 ppm and similar to 7 wt% TiO(2). These Th and Ti values are consistent with Th-rich, intermediate-Ti yellow glasses from the lunar sample suite. On the basis of this information, we use petrologic equations and interelement correlations for the Moon to estimate the composition of the source region from which the Aristarchus glasses were derived. We find that the source region for the Aristarchus glasses contained high abundances of heat-producing elements, which most likely served as a thermal driver for the prolonged volcanic activity in this region of the Moon. C1 [Hagerty, J. J.; Gaddis, L. R.] US Geol Survey, Astrogeol Res Program, Flagstaff, AZ 86001 USA. [Hawke, B. R.] Univ Hawaii, Hawaii Inst Geophys & Planetol, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. [Lawrence, D. J.] Johns Hopkins Univ, Appl Phys Lab, Laurel, MD 20723 USA. RP Hagerty, JJ (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Astrogeol Res Program, 2255 N Gemini Dr, Flagstaff, AZ 86001 USA. EM jhagerty@usgs.gov RI Lawrence, David/E-7463-2015 OI Lawrence, David/0000-0002-7696-6667 FU NASA [NNH07AF89I] FX This material is based upon work supported by NASA under grant NNH07AF89I, issued through the Office of Space Science and the Planetary Mission Data Analysis Program. This work was conducted under the auspices of the Department of the Interior and the Department of Energy. G. Jeffrey Taylor and Bradley Jolliff provided insightful reviews that helped to improve this manuscript. NR 66 TC 10 Z9 11 U1 1 U2 2 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0148-0227 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-PLANET JI J. Geophys. Res.-Planets PD APR 1 PY 2009 VL 114 AR E04002 DI 10.1029/2008JE003262 PG 15 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 428QV UT WOS:000264865000003 ER PT J AU Lefort, A Russell, PS Thomas, N McEwen, AS Dundas, CM Kirk, RL AF Lefort, A. Russell, P. S. Thomas, N. McEwen, A. S. Dundas, C. M. Kirk, R. L. TI Observations of periglacial landforms in Utopia Planitia with the High Resolution Imaging Science Experiment (HiRISE) SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-PLANETS LA English DT Article ID ORBITER LASER ALTIMETER; SURFACE GROUND ICE; NEAR-SURFACE; POLYGONAL TERRAIN; NORTHERN PLAINS; MARS; WATER; SUBLIMATION; OBLIQUITY; CLIMATE AB The region of western Utopia Planitia (80-105 degrees E, 40-55 degrees N) displays several types of landforms similar to Earth periglacial features, including scallop-shaped depressions and networks of polygonal terrains. The scalloped depressions have been proposed to originate from thermokarstic processes such as sublimation and/or melting of near-surface ground ice. Using HiRISE imagery, we characterize these depressions and several associated, distinct polygon networks in unprecedented morphologic and topographic detail and investigate support for an ice-based degradation process. The scalloped depressions and interior polygons and ridges are found to evolve together, mainly influenced by sublimation, local proximity of ground ice to the surface, and obliquity variations. C1 [Lefort, A.; Russell, P. S.; Thomas, N.] Univ Bern, Inst Phys, Planetary Imaging Grp, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland. [Kirk, R. L.] US Geol Survey, Astrogeol Program, Flagstaff, AZ 86001 USA. [McEwen, A. S.; Dundas, C. M.] Univ Arizona, Dept Planetary Sci, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. RP Lefort, A (reprint author), Univ Bern, Inst Phys, Planetary Imaging Grp, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland. EM alexandra.lefort@space.unibe.ch OI Dundas, Colin/0000-0003-2343-7224 FU Swiss National Science Foundation FX We thank the people at the University of Arizona, the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Ball Aerospace, and Lockheed Martin that built and operate the HiRISE camera. We also thank the people of the HiRISE Operations Center (HiROC) at the University of Arizona for acquiring and processing the HiRISE images used for this study. This work was supported by the Swiss National Science Foundation. NR 71 TC 58 Z9 58 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-9097 EI 2169-9100 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-PLANET JI J. Geophys. Res.-Planets PD APR 1 PY 2009 VL 114 AR E04005 DI 10.1029/2008JE003264 PG 18 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 428QV UT WOS:000264865000004 ER PT J AU Jones, JW Jarnagin, T AF Jones, John W. Jarnagin, Taylor TI Evaluation of a Moderate Resolution, Satellite-Based Impervious Surface Map Using an Independent, High-Resolution Validation Data Set SO JOURNAL OF HYDROLOGIC ENGINEERING LA English DT Article AB Given the relatively high cost of mapping impervious surfaces at regional scales, substantial effort is being expended in the development of moderate-resolution, satellite-based methods for estimating impervious surface area (ISA). To rigorously assess the accuracy of these data products high quality, independently derived validation data are needed. High-resolution data were collected across a gradient of development within the Mid-Atlantic region to assess the accuracy of National Land Cover Data (NLCD) Landsat-based ISA estimates. Absolute error (satellite predicted area-"reference area") and relative error [satellite (predicted area-"reference area")/"reference area"] were calculated for each of 240 sample regions that are each more than 15 Landsat pixels on a side. The ability to compile and examine ancillary data in a geographic information system environment provided for evaluation of both validation and NLCD data and afforded efficient exploration of observed errors. In a minority of cases, errors could be explained by temporal discontinuities between the date of satellite image capture and validation source data in rapidly changing places. In others, errors were created by vegetation cover over impervious surfaces and by other factors that bias the satellite processing algorithms. On average in the Mid-Atlantic region, the NLCD product underestimates ISA by approximately 5%. While the error range varies between 2 and 8%, this underestimation occurs regardless of development intensity. Through such analyses the errors, strengths, and weaknesses of particular satellite products can be explored to suggest appropriate uses for regional, satellite-based data in rapidly developing areas of environmental significance. C1 [Jones, John W.] US Geol Survey, Eastern Geog Sci Ctr, Natl Ctr 521, Reston, VA USA. [Jarnagin, Taylor] US EPA, Landscape Ecol Branch, ORD Natl Exposure Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Jones, JW (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Eastern Geog Sci Ctr, Natl Ctr 521, Reston, VA USA. EM jwjones@usgs.gov; jarnagin.taylor@epa.gov FU USGS Land Remote Sensing Program; USEPA FX This research was funded by the USGS Land Remote Sensing Program and the USEPA. Gail Winter's careful QA/QC of contractor, student, and Federal Employee ISA delineations and the helpful efforts of several anonymous reviewers are gratefully acknowledged. NR 16 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 1 U2 7 PU ASCE-AMER SOC CIVIL ENGINEERS PI RESTON PA 1801 ALEXANDER BELL DR, RESTON, VA 20191-4400 USA SN 1084-0699 J9 J HYDROL ENG JI J. Hydrol. Eng. PD APR PY 2009 VL 14 IS 4 BP 369 EP 376 DI 10.1061/(ASCE)1084-0699(2009)14:4(369) PG 8 WC Engineering, Civil; Environmental Sciences; Water Resources SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Water Resources GA 418LZ UT WOS:000264151000010 ER PT J AU Jacques, CN Jenks, JA Klaver, RW AF Jacques, Christopher N. Jenks, Jonathan A. Klaver, Robert W. TI SEASONAL MOVEMENTS AND HOME-RANGE USE BY FEMALE PRONGHORNS IN SAGEBRUSH-STEPPE COMMUNITIES OF WESTERN SOUTH DAKOTA SO JOURNAL OF MAMMALOGY LA English DT Article DE Antilocapra americana; dispersal; home range; migration; pronghorn; seasonal movement; South Dakota ID WHITE-TAILED DEER; NET-GUN; CHEMICAL IMMOBILIZATION; ANTILOCAPRA-AMERICANA; BIGHORN SHEEP; SEVERE WINTER; MULE DEER; MORTALITY; CAPTURE; BEHAVIOR AB Knowledge of seasonal movements by pronghorns (Antilocapra americana) within the easternmost extension of sagebrush-steppe communities is limited. Current hypotheses regarding movement patterns suggest that pronghorns initiate seasonal movements in response to severe winter weather, snowfall patterns, spatial and temporal variation in forage abundance, and availability of water. From January 2002 to August 2005, we monitored movements of 76 adult (>= 1.5 years) female pronghorns on 2 study areas (Harding and Fall River counties) in western South Dakota. We collected 8,750 visual locations, calculated 204 home ranges, and documented 17 seasonal movements. Eighty-four percent (n = 55) of pronghorns were nonmigratory and 10% (n = 6) were conditional migrators. Mean distance between summer and winter range was 23.1 km (SE = 2.8 km, n = 13). Five adult pronghorns (8%) dispersed a mean distance of 37.6 km(SE = 12.4 km); of which 1 female moved a straight-line distance of 75.0 km. Winter and summer home-range size varied (P < 0.0001) between study sites. Mean 95% adaptive kernel winter and summer home-range size of pronghorns was 55.5 and 19.7 km, respectively, in Harding County and 127.2 and 65.9 km(2), respectively, in Fall River County. Nonmigratory behavior exhibited by pronghorns was likely associated with minimal snow cover and moderate temperatures during winter 2002-2004. Variation in size of adult seasonal home ranges between sites was likely associated with differences in forage distribution and availability between regions. C1 [Jacques, Christopher N.; Jenks, Jonathan A.] S Dakota State Univ, Dept Wildlife & Fisheries Sci, Brookings, SD 57007 USA. [Klaver, Robert W.] US Geol Survey, Earth Resources Observat & Sci EROS Ctr, Sioux Falls, SD 57198 USA. RP Jacques, CN (reprint author), Wisconsin Dept Nat Resources, Bur Sci Serv, 2801 Progress Rd, Madison, WI 53716 USA. EM christopher.jacques@wisconsin.gov RI Jenks, Jonathan/B-7321-2009 FU South Dakota Department of Game, Fish and Parks; South Dakota Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit at South Dakota State University; Pope and Young Club; Safari Club International; South Dakota State University FX Funding was provided by Federal Aid in Wildlife Restoration administered by South Dakota Department of Game, Fish and Parks, study 75 103; the National Park Service administered through the South Dakota Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit at South Dakota State University; the Pope and Young Club; Safari Club International; and South Dakota State University. We thank D. M. Dawn, L. L. Flack, A. R. Jarding, J. B. Smith, J. M. Wheeler, J. L. Wilkens, and T. J. Zimmerman for field assistance during our study. We thank T. W. Grovenburg, T. J. Zimmerman, and 3 anonymous reviewers for providing helpful comments on earlier drafts of our manuscript. We also thank South Dakota Civil Air Patrol for aerial support and the landowners who allowed access to their properties throughout our study. Any mention of trade, product, or firm names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the United States Government. NR 61 TC 28 Z9 29 U1 2 U2 17 PU ALLIANCE COMMUNICATIONS GROUP DIVISION ALLEN PRESS PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH STREET, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0022-2372 J9 J MAMMAL JI J. Mammal. PD APR PY 2009 VL 90 IS 2 BP 433 EP 441 DI 10.1644/07-MAMM-A-395.1 PG 9 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA 434YH UT WOS:000265309700016 ER PT J AU Kaplan, AT Rebhal, S Lafferty, KD Kuris, AM AF Kaplan, Amber T. Rebhal, S. Lafferty, K. D. Kuris, A. M. TI Small Estuarine Fishes Feed on Large Trematode Cercariae: Lab and Field Investigations SO JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY LA English DT Article ID SCHISTOSOMA-MANSONI CERCARIAE; CHAETOGASTER-LIMNAEI-LIMNAEI; POPULATION-DYNAMICS; PARASITE; OLIGOCHAETA; BIOCONTROL; GLYCOGEN; GROWTH AB In aquatic ecosystems, dense populations of snails can shed millions of digenean trematode cercariae every day. These short-lived, free-living larvae are rich in energy and present a potential resource for consumers. We investigated whether estuarine fishes eat cercariae shed by trematodes of the estuarine snail Cerithidea californica. In aquaria we presented cercariae from 10 native trematode species to 6 species of native estuarine fishes. Many of these fishes readily engorged on cercariae. TO determine if fishes ate cercariae in the field, we collected the most common fish species. Fundulus parvipinnis (California killifish), from shallow water on rising tides when snails shed cercariae. Of 61 Killifish, 3 had recognizable cercariae in their gut. Because cercariae are common in this estuary, they could be frequent sources of energy form small fishes. In turn, predation on cercariae by fishes (and other predators) could also reduce the transmission success of trematodes. C1 [Kuris, A. M.] Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Dept Ecol Evolut & Marine Biol, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA. [Kaplan, Amber T.; Rebhal, S.] Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Coll Creat Studies, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA. [Lafferty, K. D.] Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Inst Marine Sci, US Geol Survey, Western Ecol Res Ctr, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA. RP Kaplan, AT (reprint author), Cedars Sinai Med Ctr, 8700 Beverly Blvd,Davis Bldg 2094D, Los Angeles, CA 90048 USA. EM amber.kaplan@cshs.org RI Kaplan, Amber/B-4284-2009; Lafferty, Kevin/B-3888-2009 OI Kaplan, Amber/0000-0003-1917-0512; Lafferty, Kevin/0000-0001-7583-4593 FU National Science Foundation [DEB-0224565]; UCSB College of Creative Studies FX We thank J. Shaw and A. Schotthoefer for comments on the manuscript. The University of California Natural Reserve System provided access to CSM. The National Science Foundation through the joint NSF/NIH Ecology of Infectious Diseases Program (DEB-0224565) provided funding. A.T.K. and S.H. thank the UCSB College of Creative Studies for additional support. Any use of trade, product. or firm names in this Publication is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. government. NR 31 TC 28 Z9 29 U1 2 U2 20 PU AMER SOC PARASITOLOGISTS PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH STREET, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0022-3395 J9 J PARASITOL JI J. Parasitol. PD APR PY 2009 VL 95 IS 2 BP 477 EP 480 DI 10.1645/GE-1737.1 PG 4 WC Parasitology SC Parasitology GA 444BT UT WOS:000265955800036 PM 18763852 ER PT J AU Smith, DR Mandt, MT MacDonald, PDM AF Smith, David R. Mandt, Mary T. MacDonald, Peter D. M. TI PROXIMATE CAUSES OF SEXUAL SIZE DIMORPHISM IN HORSESHOE CRABS (LIMULUS POLYPHEMUS) OF THE DELAWARE BAY SO JOURNAL OF SHELLFISH RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE xiphosurid; growth; sexual selection; MIX software; mixture distributions; information-theoretic approach; horseshoe crab; Limulus polyphemus ID LOBSTERS HOMARUS-AMERICANUS; CAPE-COD; PLEASANT BAY; CHIONOECETES-OPILIO; POPULATION; ABUNDANCE; GROWTH; MASSACHUSETTS; REPRODUCTION; LIPOFUSCIN AB The unresolved status of the proximate Cause for sexual size dimorphism in horseshoe crabs has practical consequence, because harvest recommendations rely on assumptions about sex-specific growth and Maturity. We propose and evaluate competing hypotheses for the proximate Cause Of Sexual size dimorphism in horseshoe crabs (Limulus polyphemus) by comparing size and estimated age frequencies from spring-captured juveniles (n = 9,075) and adults (n = 36,274) to predictions from the competing hypotheses. We found that the number of identifiable juvenile size distributions was greater for females than males and the probability of remaining a juvenile was higher for females than males among older juveniles. These findings are consistent with males maturing earlier than females. Molt increments and mean sizes were similar for male and female juveniles, which is not consistent with differential growth. Among adults, one size distribution accounted for >= 90% of females regardless of carapace wear. Also, size ratio of adult females to males was 1.26, and size ratio of the largest adult to largest juvenile female was 1.28. These observations are not consistent with females continuing to molt as adults. Differential-maturity is the most parsimonious explanation for sexual size dimorphism in Delaware Bay horseshoe crabs. In addition, because of a low frequency of juvenile females > 195 mm relative to adult females and male-biased sex ratios starting at 105 mm, we hypothesize that Females, more than males, migrate its older juveniles and mature in the ocean. Management implications include that (1) minimum size limits, as previously suggested. Would not allocate harvest to older adults its intended because size does not indicate age among adult horseshoe crabs in the Delaware Bay Population, and (2) the Shuster Horseshoe Crab Reserve, which has reduced harvest on the continental shelf, could be protecting older juveniles and newly Mature females from harvest prior to their first spawn. C1 [Smith, David R.; Mandt, Mary T.] US Geol Survey, Leetown Sci Ctr, Aquat Ecol Lab, Kearneysville, WV 25430 USA. [MacDonald, Peter D. M.] McMaster Univ, Dept Math & Stat, W Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada. RP Smith, DR (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Leetown Sci Ctr, Aquat Ecol Lab, 11649 Leetown Rd, Kearneysville, WV 25430 USA. EM drsmith@usgs.gov FU USGS Science Support Program; NJ FGW; DE DNREC FX The authors thank many individuals involved in the Delaware Bay tagging study, which resulted in the catches used in this study. Principal among them were S. Eyler, M. Millard, S. Michels, L. BrousseaLl, M. Oates, S. Love, staff from the DE Coastal Program and DNERR, and B. Spear and other staff from ASMFC. Funding came from the USGS Science Support Program, NJ FG&W., and DE DNREC. The authors appreciate comments from C. D. Snyder, R. G. Weber, R. H. Carmichael, and C. N. Shuster, Jr. on an early draft of the paper. NR 60 TC 14 Z9 16 U1 2 U2 7 PU NATL SHELLFISHERIES ASSOC PI GROTON PA C/O DR. SANDRA E. SHUMWAY, UNIV CONNECTICUT, 1080 SHENNECOSSETT RD, GROTON, CT 06340 USA SN 0730-8000 J9 J SHELLFISH RES JI J. Shellfish Res. PD APR PY 2009 VL 28 IS 2 BP 405 EP 417 DI 10.2983/035.028.0225 PG 13 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 437BN UT WOS:000265460900026 ER PT J AU Purcell, AH Bressler, DW Paul, MJ Barbour, MT Rankin, ET Carter, JL Resh, VH AF Purcell, Alison H. Bressler, David W. Paul, Michael J. Barbour, Michael T. Rankin, Ed T. Carter, James L. Resh, Vincent H. TI ASSESSMENT TOOLS FOR URBAN CATCHMENTS: DEVELOPING BIOLOGICAL INDICATORS BASED ON BENTHIC MACROINVERTEBRATES SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN WATER RESOURCES ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article DE multimetric index; quantile regression; NMS; urban gradient; stream; river; management; restoration; Mid-Atlantic; Midwest; Pacific Coast ID CONTRASTING ENVIRONMENTAL SETTINGS; BIOTIC INTEGRITY; QUANTILE REGRESSION; FISH COMMUNITIES; STREAMS; ASSEMBLAGES; INDEX; URBANIZATION; RIVERS; ECOSYSTEMS AB Biological indicators, particularly benthic macroinvertebrates, are widely used and effective measures of the impact of urbanization on stream ecosystems. A multimetric biological index of urbanization was developed using a large benthic macroinvertebrate dataset (n = 1,835) from the Baltimore, Maryland, metropolitan area and then validated with datasets from Cleveland, Ohio (n = 79); San Jose, California (n = 85); and a different subset of the Baltimore data (n = 85). The biological metrics used to develop the multimetric index were selected using several criteria and were required to represent ecological attributes of macroinvertebrate assemblages including taxonomic composition and richness (number of taxa in the insect orders of Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera, and Trichoptera), functional feeding group (number of taxa designated as filterers), and habit (percent of individuals which cling to the substrate). Quantile regression was used to select metrics and characterize the relationship between the final biological index and an urban gradient (composed of population density, road density, and urban land use). Although more complex biological indices exist, this simplified multimetric index showed a consistent relationship between biological indicators and urban conditions (as measured by quantile regression) in three climatic regions of the United States and can serve as an assessment tool for environmental managers to prioritize urban stream sites for restoration and protection. C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Environm Sci Policy & Management, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. Tetra Tech Inc, Ctr Ecol Sci, Owings Mills, MD USA. Midwest Biodivers Inst, Columbus, OH USA. US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. RP Purcell, AH (reprint author), Humboldt State Univ, Arcata, CA 95521 USA. EM purcell@humboldt.edu NR 76 TC 18 Z9 18 U1 5 U2 29 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PUBLISHING, INC PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 1093-474X J9 J AM WATER RESOUR AS JI J. Am. Water Resour. Assoc. PD APR PY 2009 VL 45 IS 2 BP 306 EP 319 DI 10.1111/j.1752-1688.2008.00279.x PG 14 WC Engineering, Environmental; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Engineering; Geology; Water Resources GA 424KA UT WOS:000264564400003 ER PT J AU Robertson, DM Schwarz, GE Saad, DA Alexander, RB AF Robertson, Dale M. Schwarz, Gregory E. Saad, David A. Alexander, Richard B. TI INCORPORATING UNCERTAINTY INTO THE RANKING OF SPARROW MODEL NUTRIENT YIELDS FROM MISSISSIPPI/ATCHAFALAYA RIVER BASIN WATERSHEDS SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN WATER RESOURCES ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article DE statistical methods; ranking; Mississippi; load; yield; nutrients; Gulf of Mexico; hypoxia ID PHOSPHORUS; QUALITY AB Excessive loads of nutrients transported by tributary rivers have been linked to hypoxia in the Gulf of Mexico. Management efforts to reduce the hypoxic zone in the Gulf of Mexico and improve the water quality of rivers and streams could benefit from targeting nutrient reductions toward watersheds with the highest nutrient yields delivered to sensitive downstream waters. One challenge is that most conventional watershed modeling approaches (e.g., mechanistic models) used in these management decisions do not consider uncertainties in the predictions of nutrient yields and their downstream delivery. The increasing use of parameter estimation procedures to statistically estimate model coefficients, however, allows uncertainties in these predictions to be reliably estimated. Here, we use a robust bootstrapping procedure applied to the results of a previous application of the hybrid statistical/mechanistic watershed model SPARROW (Spatially Referenced Regression On Watershed attributes) to develop a statistically reliable method for identifying "high priority" areas for management, based on a probabilistic ranking of delivered nutrient yields from watersheds throughout a basin. The method is designed to be used by managers to prioritize watersheds where additional stream monitoring and evaluations of nutrient-reduction strategies could be undertaken. Our ranking procedure incorporates information on the confidence intervals of model predictions and the corresponding watershed rankings of the delivered nutrient yields. From this quantified uncertainty, we estimate the probability that individual watersheds are among a collection of watersheds that have the highest delivered nutrient yields. We illustrate the application of the procedure to 818 eight-digit Hydrologic Unit Code watersheds in the Mississippi/Atchafalaya River basin by identifying 150 watersheds having the highest delivered nutrient yields to the Gulf of Mexico. Highest delivered yields were from watersheds in the Central Mississippi, Ohio, and Lower Mississippi River basins. With 90% confidence, only a few watersheds can be reliably placed into the highest 150 category; however, many more watersheds can be removed from consideration as not belonging to the highest 150 category. Results from this ranking procedure provide robust information on watershed nutrient yields that can benefit management efforts to reduce nutrient loadings to downstream coastal waters, such as the Gulf of Mexico, or to local receiving streams and reservoirs. C1 [Robertson, Dale M.; Saad, David A.] US Geol Survey, Wisconsin Water Sci Ctr, Middleton, WI USA. [Schwarz, Gregory E.; Alexander, Richard B.] US Geol Survey, Natl Ctr, Reston, VA 22092 USA. RP Robertson, DM (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Wisconsin Water Sci Ctr, Middleton, WI USA. EM dzrobert@usgs.gov OI Robertson, Dale/0000-0001-6799-0596 FU U.S. Environmental Protection Agency; U.S. Geological Survey's National Water-Quality Assessment Program FX Partial funding for this study was provided by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and the U.S. Geological Survey's National Water-Quality Assessment Program. We would like to thank Dennis Heisey for assistance in developing statistical procedures for this study, Joe Schubauer-Berigan, Steve Preston, Donna Myers, and Kevin Breen for reviewing early versions of this manuscript, and Bill Franz, Darrell Brown, and Janice Ward for coordinating interagency discussions. NR 21 TC 36 Z9 38 U1 1 U2 16 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PUBLISHING, INC PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 1093-474X J9 J AM WATER RESOUR AS JI J. Am. Water Resour. Assoc. PD APR PY 2009 VL 45 IS 2 BP 534 EP 549 DI 10.1111/j.1752-1688.2009.00310.x PG 16 WC Engineering, Environmental; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Engineering; Geology; Water Resources GA 424KA UT WOS:000264564400019 PM 22457567 ER PT J AU Laidig, KJ Zampella, RA Popolizio, C AF Laidig, Kim J. Zampella, Robert A. Popolizio, Carlo TI Hydrologic regimes associated with Helonias bullata L. (swamp pink) and the potential impact of simulated water-level reductions SO JOURNAL OF THE TORREY BOTANICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Article DE Helonias bullata; hydrologic impacts; New Jersey Pinelands; rare-species conservation; simulated water-level reduction ID PINELANDS AB LAIDIG, K. J., R. A. ZAMPELLA (Pinelands Commission, New Lisbon, NJ 08064), and C. POPOLIZIO (U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, New Jersey Field Office, Pleasantville, NJ 08232). Hydrologic regimes associated with Helonias bullata L. (swamp pink) and the potential impact of simulated water-level reductions. J. Torrey Bot. Soc. 136: 221-232. 2009-The conservation of Helonias bullata L. (swamp pink), a federally listed species, is closely associated with the maintenance of appropriate site hydrology. Although changes to site hydrology have been implicated in the degradation and extirpation of some Helonias bullata occurrences. quantitative hydrologic data with which to assess potential hydrologic impacts to the species are lacking. We characterized site hydrology, substrate, topography, tree-canopy cover, and hydrologic regimes associated with Helonias bullata at two colonies located along small streams in the New Jersey Pinelands and assessed the potential impact of simulated water-level reductions on the species and its habitat. Over the two-year study period, surface-water levels at the two colonies fluctuated by 11.9 and 27.9 cm. Sites were characterized by muck substrate and variable topography with steep-sided hummocks in and along stream channels. Tree-canopy cover above the two colonies was 36% and 9% less than canopy cover in the adjacent forests. The pronounced difference in water levels associated with Helonias bullata plants compared with water levels associated with points where the plant was not present suggested that Helonias bullata was not uniformly distributed at the sites in relation to water table. Helonias bullata clusters, composed of groups of individual plants, were typically associated with the emergent portions of hummocks in and along the stream channels. Based on measurements at 958 clusters, the two-year median water level at the two sites was 7.9 and 10.9 cm below the base of the clusters. More than 90% of the total cluster area at both sites was associated with water levels between 5.0 (submerged) and 19.9 cm (exposed). The greatest total Cluster area was associated with water levels between 5.0 and 9.9 cm, which may be the optimal water-level range for Helonias bullata. A relatively small simulated water-level drawdown of 15 cm exposed more than 30% of the cluster area at both sites to extreme hydrologic conditions, which we defined as the water level beyond which < 10% of the total existing Helonias bullata cover occurred at our sites (i.e., >= 20 cm below the base of the clusters). A larger simulated water-level reduction of 30 cm exposed all or nearly all of the cluster area to extreme conditions. Simulated impacts oil habitat were less pronounced for smaller drawdowns because losses of suitable habitat (i.e., habitat that occurs within the 10(th) and 90(th) percentiles of measured water levels associated with Helonias bullata) were countered by dewatering or habitat that was previously submerged. The extent to which this dewatered habitat can compensate for losses in suitable habitat depends upon the potential for Helonias bullata to colonize the dewatered habitat. The hydrologic relationships described in this study may inform restoration efforts for this species and provide the basis for assessing potential impacts to Helonias bullata sites that are subjected to hydrologic variation. C1 [Laidig, Kim J.; Zampella, Robert A.] Pinelands Commiss, New Lisbon, NJ 08064 USA. [Popolizio, Carlo] US Fish & Wildlife Serv, New Jersey Field Off, Pleasantville, NJ 08232 USA. RP Laidig, KJ (reprint author), Pinelands Commiss, New Lisbon, NJ 08064 USA. EM kim.laidig@njpines.state.nj.es FU Water Supply Fund in accordance with New Jersey Public Law 2001 FX Funding for this study was provided through the Water Supply Fund in accordance with New Jersey Public Law 2001, Chapter 165. This paper is based on a report that was prepared for the Pinelands Commission. NR 30 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 1 U2 8 PU TORREY BOTANICAL SOC PI LAWRENCE PA 810 E 10TH ST, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 1095-5674 J9 J TORREY BOT SOC JI J. Torrey Bot. Soc. PD APR-JUN PY 2009 VL 136 IS 2 BP 221 EP 232 DI 10.3159/08-RA-084.1 PG 12 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 479VR UT WOS:000268690100007 ER PT J AU LaPointe, DA Hotmeister, EK Atkinson, CT Porter, RE Dusek, RJ AF LaPointe, Dennis A. Hotmeister, Erik K. Atkinson, Carter T. Porter, Robert E. Dusek, Robert J. TI EXPERIMENTAL INFECTION OF HAWAI'I 'AMAKIHI (HEMIGNATHUS VIRENS) WITH WEST NILE VIRUS AND COMPETENCE OF A CO-OCCURRING VECTOR, CULEX QUINQUEFASCIATUS: POTENTIAL IMPACTS ON ENDEMIC HAWAIIAN AVIFAUNA SO JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE DISEASES LA English DT Article DE Culex quinquefasciatus; experimental infection; Hawai'i 'Amakihi; Hawaiian avifauna; vector competence; West Nile virus ID NEW-YORK-CITY; AMERICAN MOSQUITOS DIPTERA; JAYS CYANOCITTA-CRISTATA; PIPIENS DIPTERA; SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA; AVIAN MALARIA; FOREST BIRDS; PCR ASSAY; CULICIDAE; TRANSMISSION AB Introduced mosquito-borne avian disease is a major limiting factor in the recovery and restoration of native Hawaiian forest birds. Annual epizootics of avian pox (Avipoxvirus) and avian malaria (Plasmodium relictum) likely led to the extinction of some species and contine to impact populations of susceptible Hawaiian honeycreepers (Drepanidinae). The introduction of a novel pathogen, such as West Nile virus (WNV), could result in further population declines and extinctions. During September and October 2004, we infected Hawai'i 'Amakihi (Hemignathus virens) with a North American isolate of WNV by needle inoculation and mosquito bite to observe susceptibility, mortality, and illness in this endemic passerine, and to determine the vector competence of the co-occurring, introduced mosquito Culex quinquefasciatus. All experimentally infected Hawai'i 'Amakihi became viremic, with a mean titer >10(5) plaque-forming units (PFU)/ml, and they experienced clinical signs ranging from anorexia and lethargy to ataxia. The fatality rate among needle-inoculated Hawai'i 'Amakihi (n=16) was 31.3%, but mortality in free-ranging birds is likely to increase due to predation, starvation, thermal stress, and concomitant infections of avian malaria and pox. Surviving Hawai'i 'Amakihi seem to clear WNV from the peripheral blood by 7-10 days postinfection (DPI), and neutralizing antibodies were detected from 9 to 46 DPI. In transmission trials, Hawaiian Cx. quinquefasciatus proved to be a competent vector and Hawai'i 'Amakihi an adequate amplification host of WNV, suggesting that epizootic WNV could readily become an additional limiting factor of some native Hawaiian bird populations. C1 [LaPointe, Dennis A.; Atkinson, Carter T.] US Geol Survey, Pacific Isl Ecosyst Res Ctr, Kilauea Field Stn, Hawaii Natl Pk, HI 96718 USA. [Hotmeister, Erik K.; Dusek, Robert J.] US Geol Survey, Natl Wildlife Hlth Ctr, Madison, WI 53711 USA. [Porter, Robert E.] Univ Minnesota, Minnesota Vet Diagnost Lab, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. RP LaPointe, DA (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Pacific Isl Ecosyst Res Ctr, Kilauea Field Stn, POB 44, Hawaii Natl Pk, HI 96718 USA. EM dennis_lapointe@usgs.gov OI LaPointe, Dennis/0000-0002-6323-263X; Dusek, Robert/0000-0001-6177-7479 FU US Fish and Wildlife Service; Terrestrial Wildlife Program of the US Geological Survey FX The authors thank. J. Lease and L. Patch-Highfield for capture and care of the 'Amakihi in Hawai'i and J. Dean, T. Hoffman, and P. Vertz for care of the 'Amakihi at NWHC. We also thank L. Karwal for technical assistance and C. Brand for administrative and logistic support. This project was supported by Science Support Partnership funding from the US Fish and Wildlife Service and additional funding through the Terrestrial Wildlife Program of the US Geological Survey. Any use of grade, product, or firm names in this publication is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the US Government. NR 54 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 14 PU WILDLIFE DISEASE ASSOC, INC PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH ST, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 USA SN 0090-3558 EI 1943-3700 J9 J WILDLIFE DIS JI J. Wildl. Dis. PD APR PY 2009 VL 45 IS 2 BP 257 EP 271 PG 15 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA 441EY UT WOS:000265753300001 PM 19395735 ER PT J AU Maichak, EJ Scurlock, BM Rogerson, JD Meadows, LL Barbknecht, AE Edwards, WH Cross, PC AF Maichak, Eric J. Scurlock, Brandon M. Rogerson, Jared D. Meadows, Laura L. Barbknecht, Andrea E. Edwards, William H. Cross, Paul C. TI EFFECTS OF MANAGEMENT, BEHAVIOR, AND SCAVENGING ON RISK OF BRUCELLOSIS TRANSMISSION IN ELK OF WESTERN WYOMING SO JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE DISEASES LA English DT Article DE Brucellosis; Cervus elaphus; density-dependent; disease transmission; elk; feedgrounds; scavengers; Wyoming ID YELLOWSTONE-NATIONAL-PARK; ABORTUS INFECTION; CANIS; COYOTES; WOLVES AB Brucellosis is endemic in elk (Cervus elaphus nelsoni) using winter feedgrounds of western Wyoming, USA presumably because of increased animal density, duration of attendance, and subsequent contact with aborted fetuses. However, previous research addressed antibody prevalence rather than more direct measures of transmission and did not account for elk behavior or scavenging in transmission risk. Throughout March and early April 2005-07, we monitored 48 sets of pseudoaborted elk fetuses, placentas, and fluids (fetal units, FUs) on one winter free-ranging location and four sites (Feedline, High Traffic, Low Traffic, Adjacent) associated with four feedgrounds. "At-risk" elk (total elk within 5 in of FU) and proportions of elk sniffing and contacting FUs were highest on Feedlines and decreased toward Low Traffic sites. We did not observe elk investigating FUs Adjacent to feedgrounds or on the WFR location.. At-risk elk on Feedline and High Traffic sites decreased throughout the sampling period, whereas proportions of elk investigating FUs were correlated positively to at-risk elk among all sites within feedgrounds. At-risk elk and proportions of elk investigating F-Us were correlated with total feedground elk density and population only on High Traffic and Low Traffic sites. Proportions of sex/age groups (female, juvenile, male) investigating FUs did not differ from background populations. Females, however, spent more time (mean [SE], 21.07 [3.47] sec) investigating F-Us than juveniles (14.73 [3.53] sec) Mid males (10.12 [1.45] sec), with positive correlation between total investigations and time spent investigating per female. Eight species of scavengers consumed FUs, re removing FUs faster on feedgrounds than WFR locations and reducing proportions of elk that investigated F-Us. Our results suggest that 1.) reduction of elk density and time attending feedgrounds, particularly on Feedlines; and 2) protection of scavengers on and adjacent to feedgrounds would likely reduce intraspecific transmission risk of brucellosis. C1 [Maichak, Eric J.; Scurlock, Brandon M.; Rogerson, Jared D.] Wyoming Game & Fish Dept, Pinedale, WY 82941 USA. [Meadows, Laura L.] Univ Wyoming, Wyoming State Vet Lab, Laramie, WY 82070 USA. [Barbknecht, Andrea E.] Iowa State Univ, Ames, IA 50011 USA. [Edwards, William H.] Wyoming Game & Fish Dept, Laramie, WY 82070 USA. [Cross, Paul C.] US Geol Survey, No Rocky Mt Sci Ctr, Bozeman, MT 59717 USA. [Cross, Paul C.] Montana State Univ, Dept Ecol, Bozeman, MT 59717 USA. RP Maichak, EJ (reprint author), Wyoming Game & Fish Dept, 432 E Mill St, Pinedale, WY 82941 USA. EM eric.maichak@wgf.state.wy.us RI Cross, Paul/K-6987-2012 OI Cross, Paul/0000-0001-8045-5213 FU WGFD; University of Wyoming; Iowa State University FX This project was funded cooperatively by WGFD, the University of Wyoming, and Iowa State University. NR 43 TC 25 Z9 27 U1 1 U2 8 PU WILDLIFE DISEASE ASSOC, INC PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH ST, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 USA SN 0090-3558 J9 J WILDLIFE DIS JI J. Wildl. Dis. PD APR PY 2009 VL 45 IS 2 BP 398 EP 410 PG 13 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA 441EY UT WOS:000265753300015 PM 19395749 ER PT J AU Gaudioso, JM LaPointe, DA Hart, PJ AF Gaudioso, Jacqueline M. LaPointe, Dennis A. Hart, Patrick J. TI Knemidokoptic Mange in Hawai'i 'Amakihi (Hemignathus virens) on the Island of Hawai'i SO JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE DISEASES LA English DT Article DE Hawaiian Islands; Hemignathus virens; Knemidokoptes jamaicensis; knemidokoptic mange ID KNEMIDOCOPTES-INTERMEDIUS; BIRDS; EPIZOOTIOLOGY; INFESTATIONS; MALARIA; POX AB Lesions resembling knemidokoptic mange on the feet and tarsometatarsi of two Hawai'i 'Amakihi (Hemignathus virens) were observed while the researchers were mistnetting wild passerines at Manuka Natural Area Reserve on the island of Hawai'i between 14 June 2007 and 19 June 2007. During subsequent mist-netting from September 2007 through February 2008, we found 26% (7/27) of the Hawai'i 'Amakihi caught were similarly affected. Microscopic examination of skin scrapings from lesions of affected individuals revealed Knemidokoptes jamaicensis (Acari: Knemideokoptidae). This is the first report of Knemidokoptes spp. found in wild passerines in Hawai'i. No other wild passerines (n=573) have been found with knemidokoptic mange during our islandwide study of Hawai'i 'Amakihi. C1 [LaPointe, Dennis A.] US Geol Survey, Pacific Isl Ecosyst Res Ctr, Hawaii Natl Pk, HI 96718 USA. [Gaudioso, Jacqueline M.] Univ Hawaii Hilo, Trop Conservat Biol & Environm Sci Program, Hilo, HI 96720 USA. [Hart, Patrick J.] Univ Hawaii Hilo, Dept Biol, Hilo, HI 96720 USA. RP LaPointe, DA (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Pacific Isl Ecosyst Res Ctr, POB 44, Hawaii Natl Pk, HI 96718 USA. EM dennis_lapointe@usgs.gov OI LaPointe, Dennis/0000-0002-6323-263X NR 23 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 4 PU WILDLIFE DISEASE ASSOC, INC PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH ST, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 USA SN 0090-3558 EI 1943-3700 J9 J WILDLIFE DIS JI J. Wildl. Dis. PD APR PY 2009 VL 45 IS 2 BP 497 EP 501 PG 5 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA 441EY UT WOS:000265753300025 PM 19395759 ER PT J AU Wolhuter, J Bengis, RG Reilly, BK Cross, PC AF Wolhuter, Julie Bengis, Roy G. Reilly, Brian K. Cross, Paul C. TI Clinical Demodicosis in African Buffalo (Syncerus caffer) in the Kruger National Park SO JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE DISEASES LA English DT Article DE African buffalo; co-infection; Demodex cafferi; Kruger National Park AB We investigated the relationship between prevalence and severity of clinical signs of Demodex cafferi infection in free-ranging African buffalo (Syncerus caffer) and other factors such as age, sex, pregnancy status, and concomitant infections with bovine tuberculosis (BTB), Rift Valley fever (RVF), and brucellosis (BA). Approximately half of 203 buffalo examined in this study had clinical signs of demodicosis (cutaneous nodules); younger age classes had the highest prevalence and severity of lesions (chi(2)=21.4, df=6, P=0.0015). Nodules were generally limited to the head and neck region, but in severe cases were present over the entire animal. We Found no significant association between clinical severity of the Demodex infection and gender, pregnancy status, or infection with BTB, RVF, or BA. C1 [Cross, Paul C.] US Geol Survey, No Rocky Mt Sci Ctr, Bozeman, MT 59717 USA. [Wolhuter, Julie; Reilly, Brian K.] Tshwane Univ Technol, Nat Conservat Dept, ZA-0001 Pretoria, South Africa. [Bengis, Roy G.] Vet Investigat Ctr, ZA-1350 Skukuza, South Africa. [Cross, Paul C.] Montana State Univ, Dept Ecol, Bozeman, MT 59717 USA. RP Cross, PC (reprint author), US Geol Survey, No Rocky Mt Sci Ctr, 229 AJM Johnson Hall, Bozeman, MT 59717 USA. EM pcross@usgs.gov RI Cross, Paul/K-6987-2012 OI Cross, Paul/0000-0001-8045-5213 FU United States National Science Foundation, Ecology of Infectious Disease [DEB-0090323] FX We thank W. Getz for supporting this project through a United States National Science Foundation, Ecology of Infectious Disease Grant (DEB-0090323). We thank E. Ueckermann for confirming the species of Demodex. We acknowledge the guiding advice of P. Bussa, L.-M. de Klerk-Lorist, C. Hay, and J. Bowers, and M. Hofmeyr aided in the collection of additional data from buffalo during the capture operations. NR 9 TC 4 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 4 PU WILDLIFE DISEASE ASSOC, INC PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH ST, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 USA SN 0090-3558 J9 J WILDLIFE DIS JI J. Wildl. Dis. PD APR PY 2009 VL 45 IS 2 BP 502 EP 504 PG 3 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA 441EY UT WOS:000265753300026 PM 19395760 ER PT J AU Demma, DJ Mech, LD AF Demma, Dominic J. Mech, L. David TI Wolf Use of Summer Territory in Northeastern Minnesota SO JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE Canis lupus; homesites; Global Positioning System collars; movements; nomadism; radiotracking; rotational use; telemetry; wolves ID WHITE-TAILED DEER; CANIS-LUPUS; DIFFERENTIAL CORRECTION; GPS TELEMETRY; WOLVES; PREDATION; MOVEMENTS; ACCURACY; PATTERNS; FAWNS AB Movements of wolves (Canis lupus) during summer 2003 and 2004 in the Superior National Forest were based around homesites but included extensive use of territories. Away from homesites, wolves used different areas daily, exhibiting rotational use. Mean daily range overlap was 22% (SE = 0.02) and that of breeding wolves was significantly greater than for nonbreeders ((x) over bar = 25% and 16%, respectively). Rotational use may improve hunting success. Managers seeking to remove entire packs must maintain control long enough to ensure that all pack members are targeted. (JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT 73(3):380-384;2009) C1 [Demma, Dominic J.] Univ Minnesota, Dept Fisheries Wildlife & Conservat Biol, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. [Mech, L. David] No Prairie Wildlife Res Ctr, US Geol Survey, Jamestown, ND 58401 USA. RP Demma, DJ (reprint author), Alaska Dept Fish & Game, 1800 Glenn Highway 4, Palmer, AK 99645 USA. EM dominic.demma@alaska.gov FU Biological Resources Discipline; United States Geological Survey; United States Department of Agriculture North Central Research Station; W M Foundation; University of Minnesota FX This study was supported by the Biological Resources Discipline, United States Geological Survey, United States Department of Agriculture North Central Research Station, the W & M Foundation, the University of Minnesota, and V. Gates. We thank E. Can, J. Derbridge, B. Hanson, M. Harvey, M. Jager, S. Koehler, and M. Nelson for completing long hours of field work in often challenging conditions. Vectronic donated a collar for our testing. NR 31 TC 8 Z9 9 U1 1 U2 17 PU WILDLIFE SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2197 USA SN 0022-541X J9 J WILDLIFE MANAGE JI J. Wildl. Manage. PD APR PY 2009 VL 73 IS 3 BP 380 EP 384 DI 10.2193/2008-114 PG 5 WC Ecology; Zoology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Zoology GA 430ZW UT WOS:000265032100011 ER PT J AU Seavy, NE Reynolds, MH Link, WA Hatfield, JS AF Seavy, Nathaniel E. Reynolds, Michelle H. Link, William A. Hatfield, Jeff S. TI Postcatastrophe Population Dynamics and Density Dependence of an Endemic Island Duck SO JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE Anas laysanensis; Bayesian analysis; carrying capacity; Gompertz model; Laysan teal; observation error; population trend; process variation; time series; viable population monitoring ID ANAS-LAYSANENSIS; SAMPLING-VARIANCE; TIME-SERIES; ERROR; TEAL AB Laysan ducks (Anas laysanensis) are restricted to approximately 9 km 2 in the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands, USA. To evaluate the importance of density dependence for Laysan ducks, we conducted a Bayesian analysis to estimate the parameters of a Gompertz model and the magnitude of process variation and observation error based on the fluctuations in Laysan duck abundance on Laysan Island from 1994 to 2007. This model described a stationary distribution for the population at carrying capacity that fluctuates around a long-term mean of 456 ducks and is between 316 to 636 ducks 95% of the time. This range of expected variability can be used to identify changes in population size that warn of catastrophic events. Density-dependent population dynamics may explain the recovery of Laysan duck from catastrophic declines and allow managers to identify population monitoring thresholds. (JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT 73(3):414-418;2009) C1 Univ Hawaii, Hawaii Cooperat Studies Unit,Kilauea Field Stn, Pacific Aquaculture & Coastal Resources Ctr, US Geol Survey,Pacific Isl Ecosyst Res Ctr, Hilo, HI 96718 USA. [Link, William A.; Hatfield, Jeff S.] Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, US Geol Survey, Laurel, MD 20708 USA. RP Seavy, NE (reprint author), Point Reyes Bird Observ Conservat Sci, 3820 Cypress Dr 11, Petaluma, CA 94954 USA. EM nseavy@prbo.org FU USGS Wildlife and Quick Response Grant Programs; Pacific Island Ecosystems Research Center; USFWS Ecological Services Pacific Islands Ecoregion; Hawaii Islands National Wildlife Refuge; Hawaii Cooperative Studies Unit FX We thank L. Crampton, D. Staples, and an anonymous reviewer for reviews of this manuscript. J. Kelly, M. Roth, R. Woodward, M. Berry, K. Kozar, S. Kropidlowski, J. Shore, M. Vekasy, C. Malachowski, A. Marshall, J. Breeden, and D. Tsukyama, and numerous other USFWS field biologists and volunteers provided field assistance. Refuge biologist E. Flint and refuge managers of the Hawaiian Islands National Wildlife Refuge C. Rehkemper, D. Palawski, J. Leinecke, and B. Steiglitz met an enormous challenge of long- term monitoring for the endangered Laysan duck, despite logistic and funding uncertainty. The USFWS and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration provided valuable program and logistical support. H. Freifeld, G. Shultz, and M. Zablan of USFWS and L. Merhoff, USGS, also provided program support for this project. This study was funded by the USGS Wildlife and Quick Response Grant Programs, Pacific Island Ecosystems Research Center, USFWS Ecological Services Pacific Islands Ecoregion, Hawaii Islands National Wildlife Refuge, with additional support by the Hawaii Cooperative Studies Unit (Pacific Aquaculture and Coastal Resources Center, University of Hawaii at Hilo). NR 31 TC 10 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 6 PU WILDLIFE SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2197 USA SN 0022-541X J9 J WILDLIFE MANAGE JI J. Wildl. Manage. PD APR PY 2009 VL 73 IS 3 BP 414 EP 418 DI 10.2193/2007-420 PG 5 WC Ecology; Zoology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Zoology GA 430ZW UT WOS:000265032100016 ER PT J AU Millspaugh, JJ Skalski, JR Townsend, RL Diefenbach, DR Boyce, MS Hansen, LP Kammermeyer, K AF Millspaugh, Joshua J. Skalski, John R. Townsend, Richard L. Diefenbach, Duane R. Boyce, Mark S. Hansen, Lonnie P. Kammermeyer, Kent TI An Evaluation of Sex-Age-Kill (SAK) Model Performance SO JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE deer; harvest; Odocoileus virginianus; population estimate; population reconstruction; sex-age-kill; white-tailed deer ID WHITE-TAILED DEER; POPULATION RECONSTRUCTION; HARVEST DATA; MANAGEMENT; PRECISION; MATRIX; RATIOS; ELK AB The sex-age-kill (SAK) model is widely used to estimate abundance of harvested large mammals, including white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus). Despite a long history of use, few formal evaluations of SAK performance exist. We investigated how violations of the stable age distribution and stationary population assumption, changes to male or female harvest, stochastic effects (i.e., random fluctuations in recruitment and survival), and sampling efforts influenced SAK estimation. When the simulated population had a stable age distribution and lambda > 1, the SAK model underestimated abundance. Conversely, when lambda < 1, the SAK overestimated abundance. When changes to male harvest were introduced, SAK estimates were opposite the true population trend. In contrast, SAK estimates were robust to changes in female harvest rates. Stochastic effects caused SAK estimates to fluctuate about their equilibrium abundance, but the effect dampened as the size of the surveyed population increased. When we considered both stochastic effects and sampling error at a deer management unit scale the resultant abundance estimates were within +/- 121.9% of the true population level 95% of the time. These combined results demonstrate extreme sensitivity to model violations and scale of analysis. Without changes to model formulation, the SAK model will be biased when lambda not equal 61. Furthermore, any factor that alters the male harvest rate, such as changes to regulations or changes in hunter attitudes, will bias population estimates. Sex-age-kill estimates may be precise at large spatial scales, such as the state level, but less so at the individual management unit level. Alternative models, such as statistical age-at-harvest models, which require similar data types, might allow for more robust, broad-scale demographic assessments. (JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT 73(3):442-451;2009) C1 [Millspaugh, Joshua J.] Univ Missouri, Dept Fisheries & Wildlife Sci, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. [Skalski, John R.; Townsend, Richard L.] Univ Washington, Sch Aquat & Fishery Sci, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. [Diefenbach, Duane R.] Penn State Univ, US Geol Survey, Penn Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. [Boyce, Mark S.] Univ Alberta, Dept Biol Sci, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E9, Canada. [Hansen, Lonnie P.] Missouri Dept Conservat, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. [Kammermeyer, Kent] Kent Kammermeyer Consulting, Clermont, GA 30527 USA. RP Millspaugh, JJ (reprint author), Univ Missouri, Dept Fisheries & Wildlife Sci, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. EM millspaughj@missouri.edu RI Boyce, Mark/A-2620-2014; OI Boyce, Mark/0000-0001-5811-325X; Skalski, John/0000-0002-7070-2505 NR 32 TC 21 Z9 23 U1 2 U2 19 PU WILDLIFE SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2197 USA SN 0022-541X J9 J WILDLIFE MANAGE JI J. Wildl. Manage. PD APR PY 2009 VL 73 IS 3 BP 442 EP 451 DI 10.2193/2008-099 PG 10 WC Ecology; Zoology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Zoology GA 430ZW UT WOS:000265032100020 ER PT J AU Rice, CG Jenkins, KJ Chang, WY AF Rice, Clifford G. Jenkins, Kurt J. Chang, Wan-Ying TI A Sightability Model for Mountain Goats SO JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE aerial survey; census; mountain goats; Oreamnos americanus; sightability; survey effort ID AERIAL SURVEYS; LOGISTIC-REGRESSION; MULTIPLE IMPUTATION; OREAMNOS-AMERICANUS; HELICOPTER SURVEYS; MARK-RESIGHT; ELK; SHEEP; BIAS AB Unbiased estimates of mountain goat (Oreamnos americanus) populations are key to meeting diverse harvest management and conservation objectives. We developed logistic regression models of factors influencing sightability of mountain goat groups during helicopter surveys throughout the Cascades and Olympic Ranges in western Washington during summers, 2004-2007. We conducted 205 trials of the ability of aerial survey crews to detect groups of mountain goats whose presence was known based on simultaneous direct observation from the ground (n = 84), Global Positioning System (GPS) telemetry (n = 115), or both (n = 6). Aerial survey crews detected 77% and 79% of all groups known to be present based on ground observers and GPS collars, respectively. The best models indicated that sightability of mountain goat groups was a function of the number of mountain goats in a group, presence of terrain obstruction, and extent of overstory vegetation. Aerial counts of mountain goats within groups did not differ greatly from known group sizes, indicating that under-counting bias within detected groups of mountain goats was small. We applied Horvitz-Thompson-like sightability adjustments to 1,139 groups of mountain goats observed in the Cascade and Olympic ranges, Washington, USA, from 2004 to 2007. Estimated mean sightability of individual animals was 85% but ranged 0.75-0.91 in areas with low and high sightability, respectively. Simulations of mountain goat surveys indicated that precision of population estimates adjusted for sightability biases increased with population size and number of replicate surveys, providing general guidance for the design of future surveys. Because survey conditions, group sizes, and habitat occupied by goats vary among surveys, we recommend using sightability correction methods to decrease bias in population estimates from aerial surveys of mountain goats. (JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT 73(3):468-478;2009) C1 [Rice, Clifford G.; Chang, Wan-Ying] Washington Dept Fish & Wildlife, Wildlife Program, Olympia, WA 98501 USA. [Jenkins, Kurt J.] Forest & Rangeland Ecosyst Sci Ctr, US Geol Survey, Olymp Field Stn, Port Angeles, WA 98362 USA. RP Rice, CG (reprint author), Washington Dept Fish & Wildlife, Wildlife Program, 600 Capitol Way N, Olympia, WA 98501 USA. EM ricecgr@dfw.wa.gov FU United States Fish and Wildlife Service; Federal Aid in Wildlife Restoration; United States Geological Survey; Wildlife Research Program of Seattle City Light; SaukSuiattle Tribe; Upper Skagit Tribe; Stillaguamish Tribe; United States Forest Service; Seattle Sportsman's Conservation Foundation; Wenatchee Sportsman's Association FX This study benefited from the contributions of the United States Forest Service (D. Gay, P. Reed, T. Kogut), Western Washington University (T. Bues, A. Wells, D. Wallin), the Sauk-Suiattle Tribe (C. Danilson), the National Park Service (K. Beirne, R. Christopherson, P. Happe, R. Hoffman, D. Manson, E. Myers, and J. Schaberl), and other employees of the Department of Fish and Wildlife (J. Bernatowicz, J. Bohannon, M. Davison, R. Deol, G. Falxa, S. Fitkin, B. Hall, E. Holman, L. Leschner, T. McCall, P. Miller, R. Milner, W. Moore, R. Spencer) and numerous volunteers. We are particularly grateful to all the aerial and ground observers who participated in the surveys, pilots who flew us safely, and aviation managers and dispatchers with the National Park Service who assisted with flight logistics in the National Parks (M. Albright, B. Baccus, K. Bush, M. Larrabee, R. Lechleitner, C. McKeown, L. Nickey, and A. Olson). M. Fitzpatrick, D. Gay, P. Happe, R. Johnson, D. Martorello, S. McCorquodale, S. Pearson, K. Poole, E. Rice, J. Schaberl, and M. Udevitz provided reviews of the manuscript. Any use of trade, product, or firm names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the United States Government. Support for this work was provided by the United States Fish and Wildlife Service under the State Wildlife Grants Program and Federal Aid in Wildlife Restoration, United States Geological Survey through its Natural Resources Preservation Program, the Wildlife Research Program of Seattle City Light, the SaukSuiattle Tribe, the Upper Skagit Tribe, the Stillaguamish Tribe, the United States Forest Service, Seattle Sportsman's Conservation Foundation, and the Wenatchee Sportsman's Association. NR 50 TC 19 Z9 20 U1 4 U2 16 PU WILDLIFE SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2197 USA SN 0022-541X J9 J WILDLIFE MANAGE JI J. Wildl. Manage. PD APR PY 2009 VL 73 IS 3 BP 468 EP 478 DI 10.2193/2008-196 PG 11 WC Ecology; Zoology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Zoology GA 430ZW UT WOS:000265032100024 ER PT J AU Hein, JR Conrad, TA Dunham, RE AF Hein, James R. Conrad, Tracey A. Dunham, Rachel E. TI Seamount Characteristics and Mine-Site Model Applied to Exploration- and Mining-Lease-Block Selection for Cobalt-Rich Ferromanganese Crusts SO MARINE GEORESOURCES & GEOTECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE ferromanganese crusts; lease-block sizes; mine-site model; permissive areas; seamount characteristics ID PACIFIC-OCEAN; RESOURCES; DEPOSITS AB Regulations are being developed through the International Seabed Authority (ISBA) for the exploration and mining of cobalt-rich ferromanganese crusts. This paper lays out geologic and geomorphologic criteria that can be used to determine the size and number of exploration and mine-site blocks that will be the focus of much discussion within the ISBA Council deliberations. The surface areas of 155 volcanic edifices in the central equatorial Pacific were measured and used to develop a mine-site model. The mine-site model considers areas above 2,500 in water depth as permissive, and narrows the general area available for exploration and mining to 20% of that permissive area. It is calculated that about eighteen 100 km(2) exploration blocks, each composed off tie 20 km(2) contiguous sub-blocks, would be adequate to identify a 260 km(2) 20-year-mine site; the mine site would be composed of thirteen of the 20 km(2) sub-blocks. In this hypothetical example, the 260 km(2) mine site would be spread over four volcanic edifices and comprise 3.7% of the permissive area of the four edifices and 0.01% of the total area of those four edifices. The eighteen 100 km(2) exploration blocks would be selected from a limited geographic area. That confinement area is defined as having a long dimension of not more than 1, 000 km and an area of not more than 300, 000 km(2). C1 [Hein, James R.; Conrad, Tracey A.] US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. [Dunham, Rachel E.] Western Washington Univ, Bellingham, WA 98225 USA. RP Hein, JR (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 345 Middlefield Rd,MS 999, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. EM jhein@usgs.gov NR 19 TC 22 Z9 25 U1 0 U2 8 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 325 CHESTNUT ST, SUITE 800, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 1064-119X J9 MAR GEORESOUR GEOTEC JI Mar. Geores. Geotechnol. PD APR-JUN PY 2009 VL 27 IS 2 BP 160 EP 176 DI 10.1080/10641190902852485 PG 17 WC Engineering, Ocean; Engineering, Geological; Oceanography; Mining & Mineral Processing SC Engineering; Oceanography; Mining & Mineral Processing GA 453CW UT WOS:000266588800005 ER PT J AU Larson, S Monson, D Ballachey, B Jameson, R Wasser, SK AF Larson, Shawn Monson, Daniel Ballachey, Brenda Jameson, Ron Wasser, Samuel K. TI Stress-related hormones and genetic diversity in sea otters (Enhydra lutris) SO MARINE MAMMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE sea otter; Enhydra lutris; glucocorticoids; corticosterone; cortisol; testosterone; genetic diversity; heterozygosity; inbreeding ID MINK MUSTELA-VISON; MITOCHONDRIAL-DNA VARIATION; WHITE-CROWNED SPARROW; INBREEDING DEPRESSION; DROSOPHILA-MELANOGASTER; PATHOLOGICAL RESPONSES; TOXOPLASMA-GONDII; SMALL POPULATIONS; ALLELIC RICHNESS; RED FOXES AB Sea otters (Enhydra lutris) once ranged throughout the coastal regions of the north Pacific, but were extirpated throughout their range during the fur trade of the 18th and 19th centuries, leaving only small, widely scattered, remnant populations. All extant sea otter populations are believed to have experienced a population bottleneck and thus have lost genetic variation. Populations that undergo severe population reduction and associated inbreeding may suffer from a general reduction in fitness termed inbreeding depression. Inbreeding depression may result in decreased testosterone levels in males, and reduced ability to respond to stressful stimuli associated with an increase in the stress-related adrenal glucocorticoid hormones, cortisol and corticosterone. We investigated correlations of testosterone, cortisol, and corticosterone with genetic diversity in sea otters from five populations. We found a significant negative correlation between genetic diversity and both mean population-level (r(2) = 0.27, P < 0.001) and individual-level (r(2) = 0.54, P < 0.001) corticosterone values, as well as a negative correlation between genetic diversity and cortisol at the individual level (r(2) = 0.17, P = 0.04). No relationship was found between genetic diversity and testosterone (P = 0.57). The strength of the correlations, especially with corticosterone, suggests potential negative consequences for overall population health, particularly for populations with the lowest genetic diversity. C1 [Larson, Shawn] Seattle Aquarium, Seattle, WA 98101 USA. [Monson, Daniel; Ballachey, Brenda] US Geol Survey, Alaska Sci Ctr, Anchorage, AK 99503 USA. [Jameson, Ron] Western Ecol Res Ctr, Philomath, OR 97370 USA. [Wasser, Samuel K.] Univ Washington, Ctr Conservat Biol, Dept Zool, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. RP Larson, S (reprint author), Seattle Aquarium, 1483 Alaskan Way,Pier 59, Seattle, WA 98101 USA. EM shawn.larson@seattle.gov RI Monson, Daniel/N-4469-2013 OI Monson, Daniel/0000-0002-4593-5673 FU Seattle Aquarium; The University of Washington School of Aquatic and Fishery Sciences; Immunex Corporation; Foley/Frischkorn Conservation Fund FX The Seattle Aquarium, The University of Washington School of Aquatic and Fishery Sciences, Immunex Corporation, and the Foley/Frischkorn Conservation Fund sponsored this research. Thanks to M. Staedler, D. Jessup, and J. Bodkin for kindly supplying wild sea otter samples for analysis, and to K. Kloecker for assistance with samples and data. Thanks to J. Estes and J. Bodkin for thoughtful reviews. Special thanks to C. J. Casson, P. McMahon, A. Smith, J. Heylen, and P. Larson for ongoing support and assistance with this research. NR 86 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 3 U2 27 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ USA SN 0824-0469 EI 1748-7692 J9 MAR MAMMAL SCI JI Mar. Mamm. Sci. PD APR PY 2009 VL 25 IS 2 BP 351 EP 372 DI 10.1111/j.1748-7692.2008.00260.x PG 22 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Zoology SC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Zoology GA 433TM UT WOS:000265228700006 ER PT J AU Gargas, A Trest, MT Christensen, M Volk, TJ Blehert, DS AF Gargas, A. Trest, M. T. Christensen, M. Volk, T. J. Blehert, D. S. TI Geomyces destructans sp nov associated with bat white-nose syndrome SO MYCOTAXON LA English DT Article DE Ascomycota; Helotiales; Pseudogymnoascus; psychrophilic; systematics ID PCR PRIMERS; SSU RDNA; INFERENCE; MRBAYES; FUNGI AB We describe and illustrate the new species Geomyces destructans. Bats infected with this fungus present with powdery conidia and hyphae on their muzzles, wing membranes, and/or pinnae, leading to description of the accompanying disease as white-nose syndrome, a cause of widespread mortality among hibernating bats in the northeastern US. Based on rRNA gene sequence (ITS and SSU) characters the fungus is placed in the genus Geomyces, yet its distinctive asymmetrically curved conidia are unlike those of any described Geomyces species. C1 [Blehert, D. S.] US Geol Survey, Natl Wildlife Hlth Ctr, Madison, WI 53711 USA. [Volk, T. J.] Univ Wisconsin, Dept Biol, La Crosse, WI 54601 USA. [Trest, M. T.] Univ Wisconsin, Dept Bot, Madison, WI 53706 USA. [Gargas, A.] Symbiol LLC, Middleton, WI 53562 USA. RP Blehert, DS (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Natl Wildlife Hlth Ctr, 6006 Schroeder Rd, Madison, WI 53711 USA. EM andreagargas@symbiology.com; mttrest@wisc.edu; martchris@att.net; volk.thom@uwlax.edu; dblehert@usgs.gov NR 18 TC 149 Z9 157 U1 15 U2 125 PU MYCOTAXON LTD PI ITHACA PA PO BOX 264, ITHACA, NY 14851-0264 USA SN 0093-4666 J9 MYCOTAXON JI Mycotaxon PD APR-JUN PY 2009 VL 108 BP 147 EP 154 DI 10.5248/108.147 PG 8 WC Mycology SC Mycology GA 460RQ UT WOS:000267205200019 ER PT J AU Mabry, C Henry, C Dettman, C AF Mabry, Cathy Henry, Cathy Dettman, Connie TI Population Trends in Northern Monkshood, Aconitum noveboracense, at Four Sample Intervals Over Fifteen Years SO NATURAL AREAS JOURNAL LA English DT Article DE long-term studies; Midwest; monitoring; rare perennial plants ID RANUNCULACEAE AB Aconitum noveboracense A. Gray ex Coville (northern monkshood) is a federally threatened plant species of the blue-flowered Aconitum section (Napellus) that occurs in Iowa, Wisconsin, Ohio, and New York, with most populations in Iowa. Monitoring of 12 populations in Iowa over a 15-year period showed substantial periodic variation in all population parameters, although less variation in adult density. Variation among sites was only detected for the proportion of quadrats with fruiting plants, and overall, adult and juvenile density. Our analysis provided a mixed view of the status of this species. On one hand, after a substantial decline between the 1994/95 and 2001/02 sample intervals, overall population density and density of each life stage increased and nearly recovered between the 2001/02 and 2004/05 sample intervals. Conversely, all our measures of reproduction - number of fruits/plant, proportion of quadrats with fruiting plants, number of fruits/node - indicated reduced vigor, as in the same intervals these measures declined and did not recover. Soil temperature was highly correlated with juvenile and adult density. Measuring additional biotic and abiotic factors should be incorporated into future monitoring. Local-scale abiotic factors that could influence variation in adult and juvenile density include light levels, drought, distance to cold air vents, soil moisture, nutrient levels, and humidity. Biotic factors, particularly herbivores, pollinator availability, and garlic mustard (Alliaria petiolata (M. Bieb.) Cavara & Grande), are also likely to have an impact on the Iowa Aconitum populations. C1 [Mabry, Cathy] Iowa State Univ, Dept Nat Resource Ecol & Management, Ames, IA 50011 USA. [Henry, Cathy] US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Driftless Area Natl Wildlife Refuge, Mcgregor, IA 52157 USA. [Dettman, Connie] Iowa Dept Nat Resources, Elkader, IA 52043 USA. RP Mabry, C (reprint author), Iowa State Univ, Dept Nat Resource Ecol & Management, Ames, IA 50011 USA. EM mabry@iastate.edu NR 29 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 2 U2 16 PU NATURAL AREAS ASSOC PI ROCKFORD PA 320 SOUTH THIRD ST, ROCKFORD, IL 61104 USA SN 0885-8608 J9 NAT AREA J JI Nat. Areas J. PD APR PY 2009 VL 29 IS 2 BP 146 EP 156 DI 10.3375/043.029.0207 PG 11 WC Ecology; Forestry SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Forestry GA 438NT UT WOS:000265563000007 ER PT J AU Gale, WL Pasley, CR Kennedy, BM Ostrand, KG AF Gale, William L. Pasley, Chris R. Kennedy, Benjamen M. Ostrand, Kenneth G. TI Juvenile Steelhead Release Strategies: a Comparison of Volitional- and Forced-Release Practices SO NORTH AMERICAN JOURNAL OF AQUACULTURE LA English DT Article ID REARED WINTER STEELHEAD; SPRING CHINOOK SALMON; GROWTH MODULATION; MARKED ANIMALS; HATCHERY; SURVIVAL; OREGON; SMOLTIFICATION; INDEXES; LENGTH AB In 2004 and 2005, steelhead (anadromous rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss) reared at Winthrop National Fish Hatchery (Winthrop, Washington) were tagged with passive integrated transponders and subjected to a volitional or forced release. Gill Na(+),K(+)-ATPase (NKA) activity, body size, condition factor (K), travel time, and apparent survival were compared between volitional migrants (VMs), forced-release migrants (FRMs), and volitional-release nonmigrants (VNMs). Gill NKA activity and body size were similar between VNM, VM, and FRM groups, but K varied by date and migrant group. However, by the end of the volitional-release period, all three groups had similar K. The VNMs consistently demonstrated lower apparent survival to McNary Dam on the Columbia River than did the VM and FRM groups, which had three to eight times greater Survival than did VNMs. Volitional migrants had higher apparent survival to McNary Dam than did FRMs in 2005; however, apparent survival was similar between the two groups in 2004. Apparent survival between McNary and John Day dams was similar among all three groups in 2004 and 2005. Median travel time to McNary Dam was not consistently different among groups and differed between years. By combining results from VNMs and VMs, we were able to compare apparent survival between volitional-and forced-release strategies. In 2004, the forced-release group had a significantly higher apparent survival to McNary Dam than did volitionally released fish, whereas there was no difference in apparent survival between the two release strategies in 2005. There was little evidence for a survival-, size-, or physiology-related advantage of volitionally released fish over forced-release fish. The consistently lower apparent survival of VNMs does support the use of volitional release to screen fish that will fail to migrate downstream due either to low survival or residualization in the natal stream. C1 [Gale, William L.; Kennedy, Benjamen M.; Ostrand, Kenneth G.] US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Abernathy Fish Technol Ctr, Winthrop, WA 98632 USA. [Pasley, Chris R.] US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Winthrop Natl Fish Hatchery, Longview, WA 98862 USA. RP Gale, WL (reprint author), US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Mid Columbia River Fishery Resource Off, 7501 Icicle Rd, Longview, WA 98826 USA. EM william_gale@fws.gov NR 23 TC 13 Z9 12 U1 1 U2 14 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA SN 1522-2055 J9 N AM J AQUACULT JI N. Am. J. Aqualcult. PD APR PY 2009 VL 71 IS 2 BP 97 EP 106 DI 10.1577/A08-001.1 PG 10 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 477FO UT WOS:000268504300001 ER PT J AU Twibell, RG Gannam, AL Ostrand, SL Holmes, JSA Poole, JB AF Twibell, Ronald G. Gannam, Ann L. Ostrand, Susan L. Holmes, John S. A. Poole, Jeff B. TI Evaluation of Commercial Diets for First-Feeding Spring Chinook Salmon SO NORTH AMERICAN JOURNAL OF AQUACULTURE LA English DT Article ID ATLANTIC SALMON; RAINBOW-TROUT; REQUIREMENTS; GROWTH; CHOLINE; FISHES; BROWN; LEVEL AB In 2006, Bio-Oregon, Inc., the only commercial producer of cold-extruded moist diets (similar to 20-27% moisture) formulated for salmonids, announced that it would discontinue production of this diet line. One of these diets, BioDiet starter (19.5-21.5% moisture) was the primary feed used in many hatcheries that produce Chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha. Thus, a feeding trial was conducted to identify an alternative starter diet for spring Chinook salmon. Five commercial diets were evaluated: Skretting BioVita (<10% moisture), EWOS Micro (<10% moisture), Rangen Starter (<10% moisture), Rangen Soft-Moist (14-17% moisture), and Silver Cup Soft-Moist (<13% moisture). Each dietary treatment was fed to quadruplicate groups of 200 randomly selected first-feeding fry reared in fiberglass tanks. Initial weight of the fish averaged 0.34 g/fish. The flow-through water supply was 12 degrees C throughout the 8-week feeding trial. At the end of the study, fish fed Skretting BioVita exhibited significantly higher (P < 0.05) weight gain (3.4 g/fish) and feed efficiency (1.9 g gain/g feed) than fish fed the other diets. Fish fed Rangen Soft-Moist exhibited significantly lower (P < 0.05) weight gain (1.6 g/fish) and feed efficiency (1.2 g gain/g feed) than fish fed the other commercial diets. Survival rates were high (97-99%) and not significantly (P > 0.05) affected by dietary treatment. Carcass moisture and fat concentrations were significantly (P < 0.05) affected by the various diets. Carcass fat concentrations were significantly higher and carcass moisture concentrations were significantly lower in fish fed Skretting BioVita than in fish fed Rangen Starter, Rangen Soft-Moist, or Silver Cup Soft-Moist. Results of this study indicate that a moist starter diet is not required for rapid weight gain and high survival rates of first-feeding spring Chinook salmon. C1 [Twibell, Ronald G.; Gannam, Ann L.; Ostrand, Susan L.; Holmes, John S. A.; Poole, Jeff B.] US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Abernathy Fish Technol Ctr, Longview, WA 98632 USA. RP Twibell, RG (reprint author), US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Abernathy Fish Technol Ctr, 1440 Abernathy Creek Rd, Longview, WA 98632 USA. EM ronald_twibell@fws.gov NR 23 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 1 U2 4 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA SN 1522-2055 J9 N AM J AQUACULT JI N. Am. J. Aqualcult. PD APR PY 2009 VL 71 IS 2 BP 116 EP 121 DI 10.1577/A08-003.1 PG 6 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 477FO UT WOS:000268504300003 ER PT J AU Ramsay, JM Feist, GW Schreck, CB Couture, R O'Neil, J Noakes, DLG AF Ramsay, Jennifer M. Feist, Grant W. Schreck, Carl B. Couture, Ryan O'Neil, Joseph Noakes, David L. G. TI The Effect of Food Deprivation on the Cortisol Response to Crowding in Juvenile Steelhead SO NORTH AMERICAN JOURNAL OF AQUACULTURE LA English DT Article ID RAINBOW-TROUT; INVERTEBRATE DRIFT; PLASMA-CORTISOL; CHINOOK SALMON; COHO SALMON; STRESS; GLUCOSE; TRANSPORT AB Routine salmonid hatchery procedures include food deprivation, handling, and crowding of fish before sorting, transporting, or stocking. Although several studies have examined the effects of food deprivation or husbandry stressors on salmonid physiology, few have examined the effects of food deprivation and standard hatchery procedures, such as handling and crowding. The objective of this study was to determine whether food deprivation of juvenile steelhead (anadromous rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss) affects the cortisol response to stress from low-water crowding. Plasma cortisol levels of fish held in circular fiberglass tanks at 8 degrees C under normal daily feeding conditions were compared with levels in fish subjected to 3 d of food deprivation; both groups were held at 3.8 kg/m(3) (control density). Additionally, these groups were compared with fed and food-deprived fish held at a density of 12.8 kg/m(3) for 3 It (low-water crowding stressor). There was a significant increase in plasma cortisol levels of fish Subjected to low-water crowding (129.9 ng/mL) relative to fish held at the control density (14.7 ng/mL), regardless of previous feeding treatment. However, for fish at a given density (control or crowded), there was no difference in cortisol levels between led and food-deprived groups. We conclude that depriving juvenile steelhead of food does not significantly alter their cortisol response to low-water crowding. Consequently. the standard hatchery practice of withholding food before performing stressful husbandry procedures does not appear to cause additional stress or exacerbate physiological responses typically observed in steelhead after they are subjected to physical stressors. C1 [Ramsay, Jennifer M.; Feist, Grant W.; Schreck, Carl B.; Noakes, David L. G.] Oregon State Univ, Dept Fisheries & Wildlife, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. [Couture, Ryan; O'Neil, Joseph; Noakes, David L. G.] Oregon Hatchery Res Ctr, Alsea, OR 97324 USA. [Schreck, Carl B.] US Geol Survey, Oregon Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. RP Noakes, DLG (reprint author), Oregon State Univ, Dept Fisheries & Wildlife, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. EM david.noakes@oregonstate.edu FU ODFW; U.S. Department of Agriculture; Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada; Oregon State University; Zebrafish International Resource Center at the University of Oregon FX This study was conducted under procedures approved by ODFW and supported by funds from ODFW and a research grant to C.B.S. from the U.S. Department of Agriculture. Support for J.M.R. was provided by a fellowship from the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada, Oregon State University, and the Zebrafish International Resource Center at the University of Oregon. We thank Matt Frank, manager at ODFW Alsea Hatchery, for providing fish used in this study. We thank Joyce Mahr, Tracey Momoda, Alena Pribyl, and Adam Schwindt for assistance in care and feeding of fish and for contributing to the handling and sampling process. This is Publication Number 0001 of the Oregon Hatchery Research Center. NR 19 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 3 U2 11 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA SN 1522-2055 J9 N AM J AQUACULT JI N. Am. J. Aqualcult. PD APR PY 2009 VL 71 IS 2 BP 130 EP 133 DI 10.1577/A07-005.1 PG 4 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 477FO UT WOS:000268504300005 ER PT J AU Archdeacon, TP Remshardt, WJ Knecht, TL AF Archdeacon, Thomas P. Remshardt, W. Jason Knecht, Tammy L. TI Comparison of Two Methods for Implanting Passive Integrated Transponders in Rio Grande Silvery Minnow SO NORTH AMERICAN JOURNAL OF FISHERIES MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article ID ATLANTIC SALMON; SURGICAL IMPLANTATION; CHINOOK SALMON; TAG RETENTION; PIT; GROWTH; SURVIVAL; SYSTEM; FISH; TRANSMITTERS AB Uniquely tagged animals provide an opportunity to study changes in population demographics and movement. Passive integrated transponder (PIT) tags are used to monitor growth, movement, and survival of fishes. Laboratory studies of tag retention and mortality in small-bodied, warmwater cyprinids after insertion of PIT tags are rare. Mortality induced by two PIT tag implantation methods was compared, and tag retention after implantation was assessed. Relations between standard length and tag retention and between standard length and survival in Rio Grande silvery minnow Hybognathus amarus were examined. Fish were randomly selected and PIT-tagged with 12.5-mm tags via surgical incision or needle injection and were held in laboratory aquaria for 32 d. Mean (+/- SE) survival on day 32 was 99 +/- 1% for control fish, 87 +/- 6% for fish that received tags by incision, and 50 +/- 5% for fish that received tags by injection. We also tagged 280 fish by incision and held them in aquaria for 49 d. On day 49, survival and tag retention were both 90%. Longer fish had higher survival, but tag retention was not related to fish length. Rio Grande silvery minnow can be reliably tagged with PIT tags if the fish are greater than 60 mm standard length. Treatment with antibiotics and holding of fish in captivity for a minimum of 6 d before release are recommended. C1 [Archdeacon, Thomas P.; Remshardt, W. Jason; Knecht, Tammy L.] US Fish & Wildlife Serv, New Mexico Fish & Wildlife Conservat Off, Albuquerque, NM 87109 USA. RP Archdeacon, TP (reprint author), US Fish & Wildlife Serv, New Mexico Fish & Wildlife Conservat Off, 3800 Commons Ave NE, Albuquerque, NM 87109 USA. EM thomas_archdeacon@fws.gov NR 28 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 7 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA SN 0275-5947 J9 N AM J FISH MANAGE JI North Am. J. Fish Manage. PD APR PY 2009 VL 29 IS 2 BP 346 EP 351 DI 10.1577/M08-130.1 PG 6 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 477FW UT WOS:000268505100009 ER PT J AU Smith, JM Mather, ME Frank, HJ Muth, RM Finn, JT McCormick, SD AF Smith, Joseph M. Mather, Martha E. Frank, Holly J. Muth, Robert M. Finn, John T. McCormick, Stephen D. TI Evaluation of a Gastric Radio Tag Insertion Technique for Anadromous River Herring SO NORTH AMERICAN JOURNAL OF FISHERIES MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article ID AMERICAN SHAD; STRESS-RESPONSE; SALMON SMOLTS; FRESH-WATER; BEHAVIOR; MIGRATION; FISH; CONFINEMENT; PHYSIOLOGY; TRACKING AB Anadromous river herring (alewives Alosa pseudoharengus and blueback herring A. aestivalis), which Constitute a historically and ecologically important component of coastal rivers, have declined precipitously throughout the Atlantic seaboard. Suggested causes of river herring decline include commercial fishing and predation by striped bass Morone saxatilis. Although the causes of this recent trend are poorly understood, river herring are especially vulnerable to adverse impacts during their spring spawning migration. Radiotelemetry is an especially useful method for addressing potential problems encountered during the movement of these fish from the ocean to freshwater. In spite of frequent calls for evaluation of telemetry methods, controlled tests of posttagging effects are rare for alosids and virtually nonexistent for anadromous river herring. We developed a protocol for gastric tagging of anadromous river herring, and we used hatchery and field studies to evaluate behavior, tag placement, stress response, and posttagging mortality. We also compared tagger effects and quantified posttagging upstream movements of fish in the field. In controlled hatchery trials, no fish died at 10 min, 1 h, or 14 d posttagging. No tags were rejected, and only I of 35 tags ruptured the gut. In field cages, mortality, plasma cortisol, glucose, and chloride measured at 24 h were similar between tagged and untagged fish. In the field, 12 of 14 fish moved upriver after tagging and spent 114 h on average at upriver sites. Using a variety of approaches, we found no evidence that our tagging protocol adversely affected river herring in comparison with untagged fish that were subjected only to handling and holding. Our protocol, evaluated by comparing responses of tagged and untagged fish under controlled conditions, may be useful in future studies that seek to understand causes of decline for anadromous river herring. C1 [Smith, Joseph M.; Mather, Martha E.] Univ Massachusetts, Massachusetts Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, US Geol Survey, Amherst, MA 01003 USA. [Smith, Joseph M.; Mather, Martha E.; Frank, Holly J.; Muth, Robert M.] Univ Massachusetts, Dept Nat Resources Conservat, Amherst, MA 01003 USA. [McCormick, Stephen D.] Conte Anadromous Fish Res Ctr, US Geol Survey, Turners Falls, MA 01376 USA. RP Smith, JM (reprint author), Univ Massachusetts, Massachusetts Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, US Geol Survey, Amherst, MA 01003 USA. EM jsmith@nrc.umass.edu FU Massachusetts Division of Marine Fisheries FX This project was administered through the Massachusetts Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, which includes the University of Massachusetts, U.S. Geological Survey, Massachusetts Division of Marine Fisheries, Massachusetts Division of Fisheries and Wildlife, and Wildlife Management Institute. Use of brand names does not confer endorsement by the U.S. Government. Funding was provided by the Massachusetts Division of Marine Fisheries. We thank Michelle Monette, Amy Moeckel, and Darren Lerner for help with blood plasma collection and analysis. We thank Mike Carey, Cara Campbell, Ken Sprankle, and two anonymous reviewers for comments that improved the manuscript. NR 38 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 1 U2 12 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA SN 0275-5947 J9 N AM J FISH MANAGE JI North Am. J. Fish Manage. PD APR PY 2009 VL 29 IS 2 BP 367 EP 377 DI 10.1577/M08-111.1 PG 11 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 477FW UT WOS:000268505100012 ER PT J AU Rach, JJ Boogaard, M Kolar, C AF Rach, Jeff J. Boogaard, Michael Kolar, Cynthia TI Toxicity of Rotenone and Antimycin to Silver Carp and Bighead Carp SO NORTH AMERICAN JOURNAL OF FISHERIES MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article ID FISH AB The general public, natural resource managers, and government agencies have become increasingly concerned about the continued spread of silver carp Hypophthalmichthys molitrix and bighead carp H. nobilis in the Mississippi River basin and their potential spread into the Great Lakes. An integrated approach of chemical, biological, and physical measures is needed to reduce Asian carp populations in these waters. Rotenone and antimycin are the only general piscicides that are registered with the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency for controlling fish populations. Consider-able information is available regarding the toxicity of these chemicals to numerous fish species. However, there is little available toxicity information indicating the potential for these chemicals to control Asian carp. In this study, Prenfish (5% rotenone) and antimycin (90% antimycin-A) toxicities to silver carp and bighead carp were assessed in acute toxicity and effective contact time tests. Each acute toxicity test consisted of fish being exposed to nine concentrations of a toxicant for 96 h in a static bath. In effective contact time tests. silver carp and bighead carp were exposed to the toxicants for 2, 4 81 12, or 24 h in a static bath. After each chemical exposure period, fish were transferred to recovery tanks containing freshwater for a 96-h mortality evaluation period. Tests were conducted at 12, 20, or 27 degrees C, and all concentrations were tested in triplicate. Effective contact time tests more accurately estimated expected field treatment mortality than did acute toxicity tests for exposures of 12 h or less. The acute toxicity trials for silver carp and bighead carp underestimated antimycin toxicity for 12-h exposures and overestimated Prenfish toxicity. In effective contact time trials. Prenfish-treated fish became immobilized early in the exposures and appeared moribund; however, many of these fish recovered in freshwater. Antimycin-treated fish that appeared unaffected by the chemical later died when placed in recovery tanks. Some native fish species survived antimycin or Prenfish exposures that killed Asian carp; however, the differences in sensitivity between these native fish species and Asian carp are not sufficient to permit selective removal of Asian carp from natural bodies of water. Prenfish and antimycin were both more toxic in warmer water than in cooler water, and both compounds would be toxic to Asian carp if applied within label concentration guidelines. C1 [Rach, Jeff J.; Boogaard, Michael] US Geol Survey, Upper Midwest Environm Sci Ctr, La Crosse, WI 54603 USA. [Kolar, Cynthia] US Geol Survey, Natl Ctr, Reston, VA 20192 USA. RP Rach, JJ (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Upper Midwest Environm Sci Ctr, 2630 Fanta Reed Rd, La Crosse, WI 54603 USA. EM jeffrey_rach@usgs.gov NR 23 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 4 U2 29 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA SN 0275-5947 J9 N AM J FISH MANAGE JI North Am. J. Fish Manage. PD APR PY 2009 VL 29 IS 2 BP 388 EP 395 DI 10.1577/M08-081.1 PG 8 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 477FW UT WOS:000268505100014 ER PT J AU Quist, MC Bower, MR Hubert, WA Parchman, TL McDonald, DB AF Quist, Michael C. Bower, Michael R. Hubert, Wayne A. Parchman, Thomas L. McDonald, David B. TI Morphometric and Meristic Differences among Bluehead Suckers, Flannelmouth Suckers, White Suckers, and Their Hybrids: Tools for the Management of Native Species in the Upper Colorado River Basin SO NORTH AMERICAN JOURNAL OF FISHERIES MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article ID CUTTHROAT TROUT; UNITED-STATES; HYBRIDIZATION; THREATS; CONSERVATION; POPULATION; ABUNDANCE; FISHES AB Hybridization with nonnative fishes is a major factor influencing the status of native catostomids in the Colorado River basin. In Wyoming, hybridization with normative white suckers Catostomus commersonii is a particular concern in the conservation of native bluehead suckers C. discobolus and flannelmouth suckers C. latipinnis. The purpose of this study was to describe the meristic and morphometric characteristics of bluehead suckers, flannelmouth suckers, white suckers, and their hybrids from Muddy Creek, Wyoming, for which genotypic data were available to verify the classification of individual fish as pure species or hybrids. We also sought to develop discriminant function models that can be used in the field. Bluehead suckers and flannelmouth suckers had more lateral line scales, shorter and narrower heads, and narrower caudal peduncles than white suckers. Bluehead suckers and bluehead sucker X white sucker hybrids had a cartilaginous biting ridge in their mouth. Important characteristics for discriminating among these taxa included the number of postdorsal lateral line scales and the exterior width of the mouth. The discriminant function correctly classified 100% of the bluehead suckers and bluehead sucker X white sucker hybrids. Flannelmouth suckers, white suckers, and flannelmouth sucker X white sucker hybrids lacked a cartilaginous biting ridge. The number of postdorsal scales, caudal peduncle depth, and ratio of mouth length to the interior width of the mouth discriminated among taxa without a ridge. The discriminant function correctly classified 100% of the flannelmouth suckers, 92% of the white suckers, and 91% of the flannelmouth sucker X white sucker hybrids. None of the white suckers or flannelmouth sucker X white sucker hybrids were misclassified as flannelmouth suckers. Our results suggest that native bluehead suckers and flannelmouth suckers. nonnative white suckers, and hybrids of these species can be accurately identified by a few, easily measured meristic and morphometric characteristics. C1 [Quist, Michael C.] Iowa State Univ, Dept Nat Resource Ecol & Management, Ames, IA 50011 USA. [Bower, Michael R.] Natl Pk Serv, Death Valley Natl Pk, Death Valley, CA 92328 USA. [Hubert, Wayne A.] Univ Wyoming, Dept 3166, US Geol Survey, Wyoming Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Laramie, WY 82071 USA. [Parchman, Thomas L.; McDonald, David B.] Univ Wyoming, Dept Zool & Physiol, Dept 3166, Laramie, WY 82071 USA. RP Quist, MC (reprint author), Iowa State Univ, Dept Nat Resource Ecol & Management, 339 Sci 2, Ames, IA 50011 USA. EM mcquist@iastate.edu FU U.S. Geological Survey, the University of Wyorming, Wyoming Game and Fish Department, and the Wildlife Management Institute FX We thank R. Beatty, M. Gorges, and K. Lang for assistance in the field. Z. Jackson, T. Neebling, G. Smith, and two anonymous reviewers provided helpful comments on a previous version of the manuscript. We also thank T. McClean of the Nucleic Acid Exploration Facility at the University of Wyoming. Funding was provided by the U.S. Bureau of Land Management, U.S. Bureau of Reclamation, and Iowa State University, Department of Natural Resource Ecology and Management. The Wyoming Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit is jointly sponsored by the U.S. Geological Survey, the University of Wyorming, Wyoming Game and Fish Department, and the Wildlife Management Institute. NR 52 TC 6 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 9 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA SN 0275-5947 J9 N AM J FISH MANAGE JI North Am. J. Fish Manage. PD APR PY 2009 VL 29 IS 2 BP 460 EP 467 DI 10.1577/M08-098.1 PG 8 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 477FW UT WOS:000268505100022 ER PT J AU Zweifel, RD Hale, RS Bunnell, DB Bremigan, MT AF Zweifel, Richard D. Hale, R. Scott Bunnell, David B. Bremigan, Mary T. TI Hatch Timing Variations among Reservoir Gizzard Shad Populations: Implications for Stocked Sander spp. Fingerlings SO NORTH AMERICAN JOURNAL OF FISHERIES MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article ID WALLEYE STIZOSTEDION-VITREUM; LARGEMOUTH BASS; ONEIDA-LAKE; GROWTH; SURVIVAL; FISH; PRODUCTIVITY; PISCIVORY; DENSITY; LARVAE AB Growth and survival of stocked Sander spp. fingerlings can be influenced by timing of stocking in relation to the peak in density of larval gizzard shad Dorosoma cepedianum. However, coordinating stockings to coincide with peaks in gizzard shad density is difficult due to temporal variation in spawn timing among reservoirs. We used weekly estimates of larval gizzard shad density and length distributions to identify dates of peak hatching and peak total density in Ohio reservoirs and to explore the influence of spring water temperature regimes on timing of peak larval density. Gizzard shad density peaked over 21-32 d among reservoirs but generally varied by 12 d or less among years for any given population. Density peaks were driven by hatching, as larvae smaller than 10 mm accounted for a majority of the gizzard shad collected on the peak date. Peaks in gizzard shad density corresponded to water temperatures of 17-22 degrees C and occurred most frequently when water temperatures had been stable or rising. Reservoirs in the southern portion of the state were 2-5 degrees C warmer than northern reservoirs throughout the spring; thus. gizzard shad spawning and date of peak larval density were earliest in southern reservoirs and became progressively later for populations in more northerly reservoirs. Historical stocking dates for fingerling walleyes S. vitreus and saugeyes (sauger S. canadensis X walleye) in Ohio reservoirs indicated that southern reservoirs were often stocked after the expected peak in gizzard shad density and northern reservoirs were stocked before the peak. A statewide approach to stocking that incorporates latitudinal variations in gizzard shad hatch timing whereby southern reservoirs are stocked earliest would better align stockings with peak gizzard shad density, potentially improving survival of fingerling walleyes and saugeyes. C1 [Zweifel, Richard D.; Hale, R. Scott] Ohio Div Wildlife, Inland Fisheries Res Unit, Hebron, OH 43025 USA. [Bunnell, David B.] US Geol Survey, Great Lakes Sci Ctr, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA. [Bremigan, Mary T.] Michigan State Univ, Dept Fisheries & Wildlife, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA. RP Zweifel, RD (reprint author), Ohio Div Wildlife, Inland Fisheries Res Unit, 10517 Canal Rd, Hebron, OH 43025 USA. EM richard.zweifel@dnr.state.oh.us FU Sport Fish Restoration Act [F-69-P] FX Funding for this project was made possible by the Sport Fish Restoration Act Project F-69-P (Fish Management in Ohio). We would like to thank Paul Michaletz, Ed Roseman, the staff at the Inland Fisheries Research Unit, and four anonymous reviewers for providing critical reviews of an earlier draft of this manuscript. This article is contribution number 1492 of the U.S. Geological Survey Great Lakes Science Center. NR 34 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 2 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT STREET, STE 850, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 0275-5947 EI 1548-8675 J9 N AM J FISH MANAGE JI North Am. J. Fish Manage. PD APR PY 2009 VL 29 IS 2 BP 488 EP 494 DI 10.1577/M08-141.1 PG 7 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 477FW UT WOS:000268505100025 ER PT J AU Holbrook, CM Zydlewski, J Gorsky, D Shepard, SL Kinnison, MT AF Holbrook, Christopher M. Zydlewski, Joseph Gorsky, Dimitry Shepard, Steven L. Kinnison, Michael T. TI Movements of Prespawn Adult Atlantic Salmon Near Hydroelectric Dams in the Lower Penobscot River, Maine SO NORTH AMERICAN JOURNAL OF FISHERIES MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article ID CHINOOK SALMON; COLUMBIA RIVER; MIGRATORY COSTS; SNAKE RIVERS; RESERVOIR; EVOLUTION; FALLBACK; RETURN AB Acoustic telemetry was used to assess riverine behavior and passage success for prespawn male adult Atlantic salmon Salmo salar in the lower Penobscot River, Maine, in 2005 (n = 10) and 2006 (n = 25). Only 3 of 10 (30%) and 2 of 25 (8%) tagged. Atlantic salmon successfully passed all three dams between the head of tide and presumed spawning habitat in 2005 and 2006, respectively. Migrants that failed to pass the second upstream dam frequently fell back into the estuary (3 of 4 in 2005; 17 of 23 in 2006), and few successfully reascended Veazie Dam at the head of tide. Fallback behavior was associated with temperatures exceeding 22 degrees C and may reflect it strategy for coping with thermal stress and migratory delays. Atlantic salmon were also observed to actively seek out thermal refuge near one of the dams. Passage data were compared with results front previous telemetry studies that used Carlin tags and radio telemetry from 1987-1990 and 1992, and passive integrated transponder tags from 2002-2004. For all 10 years of study combined, median passage success was 64, 72, and 93% for the three dams. While 2006 may represent an uncommonly poor year for upstream passage at these dams, median cumulative passage past two of these dams was only 71% and ranged from 8% to 87% among years. Study results indicate that poor upstream passage severely limits migratory success in this system, particularly during periods of high discharge. Planned removal of two of these lower river dams is expected to improve migratory success for adult Atlantic salmon in the Penobscot River system. C1 [Zydlewski, Joseph] Univ Maine, US Geol Survey, Maine Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Orono, ME 04469 USA. [Holbrook, Christopher M.; Kinnison, Michael T.] Univ Maine, Sch Biol & Ecol, Orono, ME 04469 USA. [Gorsky, Dimitry] Univ Maine, Dept Wildlife Ecol, Orono, ME 04469 USA. [Shepard, Steven L.] Aquat Sci Associates Inc, Brewer, ME 04412 USA. RP Zydlewski, J (reprint author), Univ Maine, US Geol Survey, Maine Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Orono, ME 04469 USA. EM jzydlewski@usgs.gov FU University of Maine; West Enfield Fund; Maine Agricultural and Forest Experiment Station; Maine Cooperative Fisheries and Wildlife Research Unit FX Financial support was generously provided by the University of Maine, the West Enfield Fund, the Maine Agricultural and Forest Experiment Station, and the Maine Cooperative Fisheries and Wildlife Research Unit. NR 21 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 3 U2 30 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA SN 0275-5947 J9 N AM J FISH MANAGE JI North Am. J. Fish Manage. PD APR PY 2009 VL 29 IS 2 BP 495 EP 505 DI 10.1577/M08-042.1 PG 11 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 477FW UT WOS:000268505100026 ER PT J AU Thorn, KA Cox, LG AF Thorn, Kevin A. Cox, Larry G. TI N-15 NMR spectra of naturally abundant nitrogen in soil and aquatic natural organic matter samples of the International Humic Substances Society SO ORGANIC GEOCHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID RAY PHOTOELECTRON-SPECTROSCOPY; ABIOTIC IMMOBILIZATION; N-NITROSODIMETHYLAMINE; CATSKILL MOUNTAINS; FULVIC-ACID; NEW-YORK; NITRATE; WATER; PRECURSOR; FIXATION AB The naturally abundant nitrogen in soil and aquatic NOM samples from the International Humic Substances Society has been characterized by solid state CP/MAS (15)N NMR. Soil samples include humic and fulvic acids from the Elliot soil, Minnesota Waskish peat and Florida Pahokee peat, as well as the Summit Hill soil humic acid and the Leonardite humic acid. Aquatic samples include Suwannee River humic, fulvic and reverse osmosis isolates, Nordic humic and fulvic acids and Pony Lake fulvic acid. Additionally, Nordic and Suwannee River XAD-4 acids and Suwannee River hydrophobic neutral fractions were analyzed. Similar to literature reports, amide/aminoquinone nitrogens comprised the major peaks in the solid state spectra of the soil humic and fulvic acids, along with heterocyclic and amino sugar/terminal amino acid nitrogens. Spectra of aquatic samples, including the XAD-4 acids, contain resolved heterocyclic nitrogen peaks in addition to the amide nitrogens. The spectrum of the nitrogen enriched, microbially derived Pony Lake, Antarctica fulvic acid, appeared to contain resonances in the region of pyrazine, imine and/or pyridine nitrogens, which have not been observed previously in soil or aquatic humic substances by (15)N NMR. Liquid state (15)N NMR experiments were also recorded on the Elliot soil humic acid and Pony Lake fulvic acid, both to examine the feasibility of the techniques, and to determine whether improvements in resolution over the solid state could be realized. For both samples, polarization transfer (DEPT) and indirect detection ((1)H-(15)N gHSQC) spectra revealed greater resolution among nitrogens directly bonded to protons. The amide/aminoquinone nitrogens could also be observed by direct detection experiments. Published by Elsevier Ltd. C1 [Thorn, Kevin A.; Cox, Larry G.] US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Lakewood, CO 80225 USA. RP Thorn, KA (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, POB 25046,MS 408, Lakewood, CO 80225 USA. EM kathorn@usgs.gov NR 48 TC 24 Z9 24 U1 1 U2 26 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0146-6380 J9 ORG GEOCHEM JI Org. Geochem. PD APR PY 2009 VL 40 IS 4 BP 484 EP 499 DI 10.1016/j.orggeochem.2009.01.007 PG 16 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 435EJ UT WOS:000265326200004 ER PT J AU Wiewel, AS Adams, AAY Rodda, GH AF Wiewel, Andrew S. Adams, Amy A. Yackel Rodda, Gordon H. TI Distribution, Density, and Biomass of Introduced Small Mammals in the Southern Mariana Islands SO PACIFIC SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID SNAKE BOIGA-IRREGULARIS; RATS RATTUS-NORVEGICUS; POPULATION ECOLOGY; NEW-ZEALAND; CAPTURE EXPERIMENTS; BROWN TREESNAKES; EXULANS; GUAM; SIZE; EXTINCTION AB Although it is generally accepted that introduced small mammals have detrimental effects on island ecology, our understanding of these effects is frequently limited by incomplete knowledge of small mammal distribution, density, and biomass. Such information is especially critical in the Mariana Islands, where small mammal density is inversely related to effectiveness of Brown Tree Snake (Boiga irregularis) control tools, Such as mouse-attractant traps. We used mark-recapture sampling to determine introduced small mammal distribution, density, and biomass in the major habitats of Guam, Rota, Saipan, and Tinian, including grassland, Leucaena forest, and native limestone forest. Of the five species captured, Rattus diardii (sensu Robins et al. 2007) was most common across habitats and islands. In contrast, Mus musculus was rarely captured at forested sites, Suncus murinus was not captured on Rota, and R. exulans and R. norvegicus captures were uncommon. Modeling indicated that neophobia, island, sex, reproductive status, and rain amount influenced R. diardii capture probability, whereas time, island, and capture heterogeneity influenced S. murinus and M. musculus capture probability. Density and biomass were much greater on Rota, Saipan, and Tinian than on Guam, most likely a result of Brown Tree Snake predation pressure on the latter island. Rattus diardii and M. musculus density and biomass were greatest in grassland, whereas S. murinus density and biomass were greatest in Leucaena forest. The high densities documented during this research suggest that introduced small mammals (especially R. diardii) are impacting abundance and diversity, of the native fauna and flora of the Mariana Islands. Further, Brown Tree Snake control and management tools that rely on mouse attractants will be less effective on Rota, Saipan, and Tinian than on Guam. If the Brown Tree Snake becomes established on these islands, high-density introduced small mammal populations will likely facilitate and support a high-density Brown Tree Snake population, even as native species are reduced or extirpated. C1 [Wiewel, Andrew S.; Adams, Amy A. Yackel; Rodda, Gordon H.] US Geol Survey, Ft Collins Sci Ctr, Ft Collins, CO 80526 USA. RP Adams, AAY (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Ft Collins Sci Ctr, 2150 Ctr Ave,Bldg C, Ft Collins, CO 80526 USA. EM yackela@usgs.gov FU U.S. Department of the Interior, Office of Insular Affairs FX Funding for this research was provided by the U.S. Department of the Interior, Office of Insular Affairs. Manuscript accepted 13 May 2008. NR 69 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 1 U2 17 PU UNIV HAWAII PRESS PI HONOLULU PA 2840 KOLOWALU ST, HONOLULU, HI 96822 USA SN 0030-8870 J9 PAC SCI JI Pac. Sci. PD APR PY 2009 VL 63 IS 2 BP 205 EP 222 DI 10.2984/049.063.0204 PG 18 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Zoology SC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Zoology GA 433ZX UT WOS:000265246100004 ER PT J AU Thomas, JN Love, JJ Johnston, MJS AF Thomas, Jeremy N. Love, Jeffrey J. Johnston, Malcolm J. S. TI On the reported magnetic precursor of the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake SO PHYSICS OF THE EARTH AND PLANETARY INTERIORS LA English DT Article DE Earthquake prediction; Geomagnetism; Seismology ID FIELD MEASUREMENTS; ELECTROMAGNETIC PRECURSORS; AFTERSHOCK ACTIVITY; FAULT-ZONE; SHAKE-UP; CONDUCTIVITY; CALIFORNIA; EMISSIONS; EPICENTER; SEQUENCE AB Among the most frequently cited reports in the science of earthquake prediction is that by Fraser-Smith et at. (1990) and Bernardi et a]. (1991). They found anomalous enhancement of magnetic-field noise levels prior to the 18 October 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake in the ultra-low-frequency range (0.0110-10.001 Hz) from a ground-based sensor at Corralitos, CA, just 7 km from the earthquake epicenter. In this analysis, we re-examine all of the available Corralitos data (21 months from January 1989 to October 1990) and the logbook kept during this extended operational period. We also examine 1.0-Hz (1-s) data collected from Japan, 0.0167-Hz (1-min) data collected from the Fresno, CA magnetic observatory, and the global Kp magnetic-activity index. The Japanese data are of particular importance since their acquisition rate is sufficient to allow direct comparison with the lower-frequency bands of the Corralitos data. We identify numerous problems in the Corralitos data, evident from both straightforward examination of the Corralitos data on their own and by comparison with the Japanese and Fresno data sets. The most notable problems are changes in the baseline noise levels occurring during both the reported precursory period and at other times long before and after the earthquake. We conclude that the reported anomalous magnetic noise identified by Fraser-Smith et al. and Bernardi et al. is not related to the Loma Prieta earthquake but is an artifact of sensor-system malfunction. (C) 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 [Thomas, Jeremy N.; Love, Jeffrey J.] US Geol Survey, Geomagnetism Program, Denver, CO 80225 USA. [Thomas, Jeremy N.] Univ Washington, Dept Earth & Space Sci, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. [Johnston, Malcolm J. S.] US Geol Survey, Earthquake Hazards Program, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. RP Thomas, JN (reprint author), Bard High Sch Early Coll 2, 45-10 94th St, Elmhurst, NY 11373 USA. EM jnt@u.washington.edu RI Love, Jeffrey/N-7593-2013 OI Love, Jeffrey/0000-0002-3324-0348 FU USGS Mendenhall Postdoctoral Fellowship FX We thank D. Culp, A.C. Fraser-Smith, and S.L Klemperer for providing the Corralitos data and operation logbook. We thank M. Nose and T. Iyemori of the Kyoto World Data Center for providing the Kakioka data, and we express our appreciation to the Japan Meteorological Agency for supporting the long-term operation of the Kakioka magnetic observatory. We thank J.E. Caldwell for help with USGS data. We thank W.H. Campbell for sharing different versions of his unpublished manuscript with us on several occasions (including on 22 February 2007) and for encouraging us, at one point, to pursue this work (email: 26 April 2007). Helpful insight and comments were provided by H.J. Singer and A.D. Frankel. We thank J.W. Dewey. J. McCarthy, D.K. McPhee, D.M. Perkins, and two anonymous referees for reviewing draft manuscripts. J.N.T. was supported by a USGS Mendenhall Postdoctoral Fellowship. NR 37 TC 40 Z9 44 U1 2 U2 4 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0031-9201 J9 PHYS EARTH PLANET IN JI Phys. Earth Planet. Inter. PD APR PY 2009 VL 173 IS 3-4 BP 207 EP 215 DI 10.1016/j.pepi.2008.11.014 PG 9 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 438PL UT WOS:000265567600002 ER PT J AU Uchida, JY Loope, LL AF Uchida, J. Y. Loope, L. L. TI A Recurrent Epiphytotic of Guava Rust on Rose Apple, Syzygium jmbos, in Hawaii SO PLANT DISEASE LA English DT News Item ID PUCCINIA-PSIDII; DISEASE C1 [Uchida, J. Y.] Univ Hawaii, Dept Plant & Environm Protect Sci, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. [Loope, L. L.] Haleakala Field Stn, US Geol Survey, Pacific Island Ecosyst Res Ctr, Makawao, HI 96768 USA. RP Uchida, JY (reprint author), Univ Hawaii, Dept Plant & Environm Protect Sci, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. NR 4 TC 6 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, MN 55121 USA SN 0191-2917 J9 PLANT DIS JI PLANT DIS. PD APR PY 2009 VL 93 IS 4 BP 429 EP 429 DI 10.1094/PDIS-93-4-0429B PG 1 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 421QB UT WOS:000264372300027 ER PT J AU Belnap, J Sherrod, SK AF Belnap, Jayne Sherrod, Susan K. TI Soil amendment effects on the exotic annual grass Bromus tectorum L. and facilitation of its growth by the native perennial grass Hilaria jamesii (Torr.) Benth SO PLANT ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Desert; Dryland; Invasive annual grass; Restoration; Salt tolerance ID HYDRAULIC LIFT; ROOT EXUDATION; CENTAUREA-MACULOSA; BOUTELOUA-GRACILIS; CALCIFUGE HABIT; NORTH-AMERICA; INVASIVE WEED; ORGANIC-ACIDS; MOJAVE DESERT; PLANTS AB Greenhouse experiments were undertaken to identify soil factors that curtail growth of the exotic annual grass Bromus tectorum L. (cheatgrass) without significantly inhibiting growth of native perennial grasses (here represented by Hilaria jamesii [Torr.] Benth). We grew B. tectorum and H. jamesii alone (monoculture pots) and together (combination pots) in soil treatments that manipulated levels of soil phosphorus, potassium, and sodium. Hilaria jamesii showed no decline when its aboveground biomass in any of the applied treatments was compared to the control in either the monoculture or combination pots. Monoculture pots of B. tectorum showed a decline in aboveground biomass with the addition of Na(2)HPO(4) and K(2)HPO(4.) Interestingly, in pots where H. jamesii was present, the negative effect of these treatments was ameliorated. Whereas the presence of B. tectorum generally decreased the aboveground biomass of H. jamesii (comparing aboveground biomass in monoculture versus combination pots), the presence of H. jamesii resulted in an enhancement of B. tectorum aboveground biomass by up to 900%. We hypothesize that B. tectorum was able to obtain resources from H. jamesii, an action that benefited B. tectorum while generally harming H. jamesii. Possible ways resources may be gained by B. tectorum from native perennial grasses include (1) B. tectorum is protected from salt stress by native plants or associated soil biota; (2) when B. tectorum is grown with H. jamesii, the native soil biota is altered in a way that favors B. tectorum growth, including B. tectorum tapping into the mycorrhizal network of native plants and obtaining resources from them; (3) B. tectorum can take advantage of root exudates from native plants, including water and nutrients released by natives via hydraulic redistribution; and (4) B. tectorum is able to utilize some combination of the above mechanisms. In summary, land managers may find adding soil treatments can temporarily suppress B. tectorum and enhance the establishment of native plants. However, the extirpation of B. tectorum is unlikely, as many native grasses are likely to facilitate its growth. C1 [Belnap, Jayne] US Geol Survey, SW Biol Sci Ctr, Moab, UT 84532 USA. [Sherrod, Susan K.] Univ Denver, Dept Biol Sci, Denver, CO 80210 USA. RP Belnap, J (reprint author), US Geol Survey, SW Biol Sci Ctr, 2290 S W Resource Blvd, Moab, UT 84532 USA. EM jayne_belnap@usgs.gov FU Department of Defense Strategic Environmental Research and Development Program; US Geological Survey FX Many thanks to Mark Miller, Sue Phillips, Tina Kister, and Christy Parry for help with the study and manuscript preparation. Funding was provided by the Department of Defense Strategic Environmental Research and Development Program and the US Geological Survey. The use of trade, product, or firm names in this publication is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the US Government. NR 88 TC 8 Z9 9 U1 4 U2 29 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 1385-0237 J9 PLANT ECOL JI Plant Ecol. PD APR PY 2009 VL 201 IS 2 BP 709 EP 721 DI 10.1007/s11258-008-9463-5 PG 13 WC Plant Sciences; Ecology; Forestry SC Plant Sciences; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Forestry GA 414TN UT WOS:000263888200029 ER PT J AU Suryan, RM Saba, VS Wallace, BP Hatch, SA Frederiksen, M Wanless, S AF Suryan, Robert M. Saba, Vincent S. Wallace, Bryan P. Hatch, Scott A. Frederiksen, Morten Wanless, Sarah TI Environmental forcing on life history strategies: Evidence for multi-trophic level responses at ocean basin scales SO PROGRESS IN OCEANOGRAPHY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT ICES Annual Science Conference CY 2007 CL Helsinki, FINLAND SP ICES ID PACIFIC LEATHERBACK TURTLES; RANDOMLY VARYING ENVIRONMENT; BLACK-LEGGED KITTIWAKES; STABLE-ISOTOPE RATIOS; COD GADUS-MORHUA; CLIMATE-CHANGE; AMERICAN SHAD; TRADE-OFFS; EL-NINO; MITOCHONDRIAL DISEASE AB Variation in life history traits of organisms is thought to reflect adaptations to environmental forcing occurring from bottom-up and top-down processes. Such variation occurs not only among, but also within species, indicating demographic plasticity in response to environmental conditions. From a broad literature review, we present evidence for ocean basin- and large marine ecosystem-scale variation in intra-specific life history traits, with similar responses occurring among trophic levels from relatively short-lived secondary producers to very long-lived apex predators. Between North Atlantic and North Pacific Ocean basins, for example, species in the Eastern Pacific exhibited either later maturation, lower fecundity, and/or greater annual survival than conspecifics in the Western Atlantic. Parallel variations in life histories among trophic levels also occur in adjacent seas and between eastern vs. western ocean boundaries. For example, zooplankton and seabird species in cooler Barents Sea waters exhibit lower fecundity or greater annual survival than conspecifics in the Northeast Atlantic. Sea turtles exhibit a larger size and a greater reproductive output in the Western Pacific vs. Eastern Pacific. These examples provide evidence for food-web-wide modifications in life history strategies in response to environmental forcing. We hypothesize that such dichotomies result from frequency and amplitude shifts in resource availability over varying temporal and spatial scales. We review data that supports three primary mechanisms by which environmental forcing affects life history strategies: (1) food-web structure; (2) climate variability affecting the quantity and seasonality of primary productivity; (3) bottom-up vs. top-down forcing. These proposed mechanisms provide a framework for comparisons of ecosystem function among oceanic regions (or regimes) and are essential in modeling ecosystem response to climate change, as well as for creating dynamic ecosystem-based marine conservation strategies. (C) 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 [Suryan, Robert M.] Oregon State Univ, Hatfield Marine Sci Ctr, Newport, OR 97365 USA. [Saba, Vincent S.] Virginia Inst Marine Sci, Coll William & Mary, Gloucester Point, VA 23062 USA. [Wallace, Bryan P.] Ctr Appl Biodivers Sci, Arlington, VA 22202 USA. [Hatch, Scott A.] US Geol Survey, Alaska Sci Ctr, Anchorage, AK 99503 USA. [Frederiksen, Morten] Univ Aarhus, Dept Arctic Environm, Natl Environm Res Inst, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark. [Wanless, Sarah] Ctr Ecol & Hydrol, Edinburgh EH26 0QB, Midlothian, Scotland. RP Suryan, RM (reprint author), Oregon State Univ, Hatfield Marine Sci Ctr, 2030 SE Marine Sci Dr, Newport, OR 97365 USA. EM rob.suryan@oregonstate.edu RI Frederiksen, Morten/A-7542-2008; Wanless, Sarah/K-2338-2012 OI Frederiksen, Morten/0000-0001-5550-0537; Wanless, Sarah/0000-0002-2788-4606 NR 93 TC 18 Z9 18 U1 5 U2 30 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0079-6611 J9 PROG OCEANOGR JI Prog. Oceanogr. PD APR-JUN PY 2009 VL 81 IS 1-4 SI SI BP 214 EP 222 DI 10.1016/j.pocean.2009.04.012 PG 9 WC Oceanography SC Oceanography GA 487UD UT WOS:000269301200015 ER PT J AU Brand, WA Coplen, TB Aerts-Bijma, AT Bohlke, JK Gehre, M Geilmann, H Groning, M Jansen, HG Meijer, HAJ Mroczkowski, SJ Qi, HP Soergel, K Stuart-Williams, H Weise, SM Werner, RA AF Brand, Willi A. Coplen, Tyler B. Aerts-Bijma, Anita T. Boehlke, J. K. Gehre, Matthias Geilmann, Heike Groening, Manfred Jansen, Henk G. Meijer, Harro A. J. Mroczkowski, Stanley J. Qi, Haiping Soergel, Karin Stuart-Williams, Hilary Weise, Stephan M. Werner, Roland A. TI Comprehensive inter-laboratory calibration of reference materials for delta O-18 versus VSMOW using various on-line high-temperature conversion techniques SO RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY LA English DT Article ID ISOTOPE RATIO MEASUREMENT; MASS-SPECTROMETRY; CELLULOSE SYNTHESIS; ORGANIC-SUBSTANCES; OXYGEN ISOTOPES; WATER SAMPLES; EXCHANGE; O-18; FRACTIONATION; DELTA-C-13 AB Internationally distributed organic and inorganic oxygen isotopic reference materials have been calibrated by six laboratories carrying out more than 5300 measurements using a variety of high-temperature conversion techniques (HTC)a in an evaluation sponsored by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry GUPAC). To aid in the calibration of these reference materials, which span more than 125 parts per thousand, an artificially enriched reference water (delta O-18 of +78.91 parts per thousand) and two barium sulfates (one depleted and one enriched in 180) were prepared and calibrated relative to VSMOW2(b) and SLAP reference waters. These materials were used to calibrate the other isotopic reference materials in this study, which yielded: [GRAPHICS] The seemingly large estimated combined uncertainties arise from differences in instrumentation and methodology and difficulty in accounting for all measurement bias. They are composed of the 3-fold standard errors directly calculated from the measurements and provision for systematic errors discussed in this paper. A primary conclusion of this study is that nitrate samples analyzed for delta O-18 should be analyzed with internationally distributed isotopic nitrates, and likewise for sulfates and organics. Authors reporting relative differences of oxygen-isotope ratios (delta O-18) of nitrates, sulfates, or organic material should explicitly state in their reports the 3180 values of two or more internationally distributed nitrates (USGS34, IAEA-NO-3, and USGS35), sulfates (IAEA-SO-5, IAEA-SO-6, and NBS 127), or organic material (IAEA-601 benzoic acid, IAEA-602 benzoic acid, and IAEA-600 caffeine), as appropriate to the material being analyzed, had these reference materials been analyzed with unknowns. This procedure ensures that readers will be able to normalize the delta O-18 values at a later time should it become necessary. The high-temperature reduction technique for analyzing delta O-18 and delta H-2 is not as widely applicable as the well-established combustion technique for carbon and nitrogen stable isotope determination. To obtain the most reliable stable isotope data, materials should be treated in an identical fashion; within the same sequence of analyses, samples should be compared with working reference materials that are as similar in nature and in isotopic composition as feasible. Copyright (C) 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. C1 [Brand, Willi A.; Geilmann, Heike] Max Planck Inst Biogeochem, D-07701 Jena, Germany. [Coplen, Tyler B.; Boehlke, J. K.; Mroczkowski, Stanley J.; Qi, Haiping] US Geol Survey, Reston, VA 20192 USA. [Aerts-Bijma, Anita T.; Jansen, Henk G.; Meijer, Harro A. J.] Univ Groningen, Ctr Isotope Res, CIO, NL-9747 AG Groningen, Netherlands. [Gehre, Matthias] UFZ Helmholtz Ctr Environm Res, Lab Stable Isotopes, UFZ, D-04318 Leipzig, Germany. [Groening, Manfred] IAEA, Isotope Hydrol Lab, A-1400 Vienna, Austria. [Soergel, Karin; Werner, Roland A.] ETH, Inst Plant Sci, CH-8092 Zurich, Switzerland. [Stuart-Williams, Hilary] Australian Natl Univ, Res Sch Biol Sci, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia. [Weise, Stephan M.] UFZ Helmholtz Ctr Environm Res, Lab Stable Isotopes, UFZ, D-06120 Halle, Germany. RP Brand, WA (reprint author), Max Planck Inst Biogeochem, Beutenberg Campus,POB 100164, D-07701 Jena, Germany. EM wbrand@bgc-jena.mpg.de RI Meijer, Harro/A-5787-2012; Brand, Willi/D-2043-2009 NR 69 TC 98 Z9 101 U1 8 U2 50 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ USA SN 0951-4198 J9 RAPID COMMUN MASS SP JI Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom. PD APR PY 2009 VL 23 IS 7 BP 999 EP 1019 DI 10.1002/rcm.3958 PG 21 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Chemistry, Analytical; Spectroscopy SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Chemistry; Spectroscopy GA 425NL UT WOS:000264644300008 PM 19263478 ER PT J AU Herring, G Gawlik, DE Rumbold, DG AF Herring, Garth Gawlik, Dale E. Rumbold, Darren G. TI Feather mercury concentrations and physiological condition of great egret and white ibis nestlings in the Florida Everglades SO SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article DE Egrets; Everglades; Ibis; Mercury; Physiological condition; Wetlands ID STRESS-PROTEINS; METHYL MERCURY; ARDEA-ALBUS; METHYLMERCURY CONCENTRATIONS; CONSTRUCTED WETLAND; SOUTHERN FLORIDA; EUDOCIMUS-ALBUS; NESTING EFFORT; WADING BIRDS; COMMON LOONS AB Mercury contamination in the Florida Everglades has reportedly played a role in the recent decline of wading birds, although no studies have identified a mechanism leading to population-level effects. We assessed feather mercury levels in great egret (Ardea alba; n=91) and white ibis (Eudocimus albus; n=46) nestlings at breeding colonies in the Florida Everglades during a year (2006) with excellent breeding conditions (characterized by hydrology leading to concentrated prey) and a year with below average breeding conditions (2007). We also assessed the physiological condition of those nestlings based on levels of plasma and fecal corticosterone metabolites, and stress proteins 60 and 70. Mercury levels were higher in both species during the good breeding condition year (great egret=6.25 mu g/g +/- 0.81 SE, white ibis = 1.47 mu g/g +/- 0.41 SE) and lower in the below average breeding year (great egret=1.60 mu g/g +/- 0.11 SE, white ibis=0.20 mu g/g +/- 0.03 SE). Nestlings were in better physiological condition in 2006, the year with higher feather mercury levels. These results support the hypothesis that nestlings are protected from the harmful effects of mercury through deposition of mercury in growing feathers. We found evidence to suggest shifts in diets of the two species, as a function of prey availability, thus altering their exposure profiles. However, we found no evidence to suggest they respond differently to mercury exposure. (C) 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 [Herring, Garth; Gawlik, Dale E.] Florida Atlantic Univ, Dept Biol Sci, Boca Raton, FL 33431 USA. [Rumbold, Darren G.] Florida Gulf Coast Univ, Dept Marine & Ecol Sci, Ft Myers, FL 33965 USA. RP Herring, G (reprint author), Univ Calif Davis, US Geol Survey, Davis Field Stn, Western Ecol Res Ctr, 1 Shields Ave, Davis, CA 95616 USA. EM gherring@ucdavis.edu FU U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service FX Funding for research that led to sampling and measurement of mercury was provided by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. We thank Tylan Dean for his support in implementing this study. We appreciate the support and cooperation of the Arthur R. Marshall Loxahatchee National Wildlife Refuge and Everglades National Park staff. Heidi Herring, Samantha Lantz, Darnion Marx, and two anonymous reviewers provided valuable comments on previous drafts of this manuscript. We thank Mark Cook for allowing us to collect samples from nests at his research site. We thank our field research crews and fellow researchers that assisted in collection of field data: Tia Anderson, Erynn Call, Mark Cook, Heidi Herring, Nina Hill, Andrew Horton, Becky Imdieke, Mac Kobza, and Samantha Lantz. We thank Thekkekalathil Chandrasekhar at the Florida Department of Environmental Protection for all lab analysis of feather mercury levels. Research techniques were approved by the Florida Atlantic University Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (Protocol A0534), and conducted under U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Research Permit 23354 and Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission, Scientific Research Permit WX04487. NR 70 TC 13 Z9 14 U1 1 U2 11 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0048-9697 J9 SCI TOTAL ENVIRON JI Sci. Total Environ. PD APR 1 PY 2009 VL 407 IS 8 BP 2641 EP 2649 DI 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2008.12.043 PG 9 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 429LN UT WOS:000264922000020 PM 19217646 ER PT J AU Watkinson, AJ Murby, EJ Kolpin, DW Costanzo, SD AF Watkinson, A. J. Murby, E. J. Kolpin, D. W. Costanzo, S. D. TI The occurrence of antibiotics in an urban watershed: From wastewater to drinking water SO SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article DE Antibiotics; Wastewater; Hospital; Effluent; Surface waters; Drinking; Water; Environment ID SOLID-PHASE EXTRACTION; TANDEM MASS-SPECTROMETRY; AQUATIC ENVIRONMENT; FLUOROQUINOLONE ANTIBIOTICS; PHARMACEUTICAL COMPOUNDS; SULFONAMIDE ANTIBIOTICS; EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT; THERAPEUTIC DRUGS; SEWAGE-TREATMENT; TREATMENT-PLANT AB The presence of 28 antibiotics in three hospital effluents, five wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs), six rivers and a drinking water storage catchment were investigated within watersheds of South-East Queensland, Australia. All antibiotics were detected at least once, with the exception of the polypeptide bacitracin which was not detected at all. Antibiotics were found in hospital effluent ranging from 0.01-14.5 mu g L(-1), dominated by the beta-lactam, quinolone and sulphonamide groups. Antibiotics were found in WWTP influent up to 64 mu g L(-1), dominated by the beta-lactam, quinolone and sulphonamide groups. Investigated WWTPs were highly effective in removing antibiotics from the water phase, with an average removal rate of greater than 80% for all targeted antibiotics. However, antibiotics were still detected in WWTP effluents in the low ng L(-1) range up to a maximum of 3.4 mu g L(-1), with the macrolide, quinolone and sulphonamide antibiotics most prevalent. Similarly, antibiotics were detected quite frequently in the low ng L(-1) range, up to 2 mu g L(-1) in the surface waters of six investigated rivers including freshwater, estuarine and marine samples. The total investigated antibiotic concentration (TIAC) within the Nerang River was significantly lower (p<0.05) than all other rivers sampled. The absence of WWTP discharge to this river is a likely explanation for the significantly lower TIAC and suggests that WWTP discharges are a dominant source of antibiotics to investigated surface waters. A significant difference (p<0.001) was identified between TIACs at surface water sites with WWTP discharge compared to sites with no WWTP discharge, providing further evidence that WWTPs are an important source of antibiotics to streams. Despite the presence of antibiotics in surface waters used for drinking water extraction, no targeted antibiotics were detected in any drinking water samples. (C) 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 [Watkinson, A. J.] Seqwater, Brisbane, Qld 4000, Australia. [Watkinson, A. J.] Natl Res Ctr Environm Toxicol, Brisbane, Qld 4108, Australia. [Watkinson, A. J.] Cooperat Res Ctr Water Qual & Treatment, Salisbury, SA 5108, Australia. [Murby, E. J.] Inst Natl Measurement Stand, Pymble, NSW 2073, Australia. [Kolpin, D. W.] US Geol Survey, Iowa City, IA 52244 USA. [Costanzo, S. D.] Freshwater & Marine Sci Environm Protect Agcy, Indooroopilly, Qld 4068, Australia. RP Watkinson, AJ (reprint author), Seqwater, Level 2,240 Margaret St, Brisbane, Qld 4000, Australia. EM awatkinson@seqwater.com.au RI Murby, John/E-2788-2013; Costanzo, Simon/A-2002-2016 OI Costanzo, Simon/0000-0001-6478-0374 FU ARC Linkage [LP0453-708]; Wastewater Program of the Cooperative Research Centre for Water Quality and Treatment [666003]; National Measurement Institute; United States Geological Survey or the Queensland Environmental Protection Agency FX The authors wish to acknowledge technical assistance provided by Lesley Johnston, Masooma Trout and the staff at the National Measurement Institute. This project was supported through an ARC Linkage Grant (LP0453-708) and in part by the Wastewater Program of the Cooperative Research Centre for Water Quality and Treatment (Project number 666003). The use of trade, firm, or brand names in this paper is for identification purposes only and does not constitute endorsement by the National Research Centre for Environmental Toxicology, the CRC for Water Quality and Treatment, South East Queensland Water Corporation, the National Measurement Institute, the United States Geological Survey or the Queensland Environmental Protection Agency. NR 68 TC 312 Z9 348 U1 32 U2 273 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0048-9697 J9 SCI TOTAL ENVIRON JI Sci. Total Environ. PD APR 1 PY 2009 VL 407 IS 8 BP 2711 EP 2723 DI 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2008.11.059 PG 13 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 429LN UT WOS:000264922000027 PM 19138787 ER PT J AU Katz, BG Griffin, DW Davis, JH AF Katz, Brian G. Griffin, Dale W. Davis, J. Hal TI Groundwater quality impacts from the land application of treated municipal wastewater in a large karstic spring basin: Chemical and microbiological indicators SO SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article DE Nitrate; Treated wastewater; Groundwater; Upper Floridan aquifer; Pharmaceutical compounds; Organic wastewater compounds; Sprayfield ID NITRATE CONTAMINATION; NATIONAL RECONNAISSANCE; FRESH-WATER; ISOTOPIC COMPOSITION; DRINKING-WATER; UNITED-STATES; FLORIDA-KEYS; PHARMACEUTICALS; NITROGEN; SEWAGE AB Geochemical and microbiological techniques were used to assess water-quality impacts from the land application of treated municipal wastewater in the karstic Wakulla Springs basin in northern Florida. Nitrate-N concentrations have increased from about 0.2 to as high as 1.1 mg/L (milligrams per liter) during the past 30 years in Wakulla Springs, a regional discharge point for groundwater (mean flow about 11.3 m(3)/s) from the Upper Floridan aquifer (UFA). A major source of nitrate to the UFA is the approximately 64 million L/d (liters per day) of treated municipal wastewater applied at a 774 ha (hectare) sprayfield farming operation. About 260 chemical and microbiological indicators were analyzed in water samples from the sprayfield effluent reservoir, wells upgradient from the sprayfield, and from 21 downgradient wells and springs to assess the movement of contaminants into the UFA. Concentrations of nitrate-N, boron, chloride, were elevated in water samples from the sprayfield effluent reservoir and in monitoring wells at the sprayfield boundary. Mixing of sprayfield effluent water was indicated by a systematic decrease in concentrations of these constituents with distance downgradient from the sprayfield, with about a 10-fold dilution at Wakulla Springs, about 15 km (kilometers) downgradient from the sprayfield. Groundwater with elevated chloride and boron concentrations in wells downgradient from the sprayfield and in Wakulla Springs had similar nitrate isotopic signatures, whereas the nitrate isotopic composition of water from other sites was consistent with inorganic fertilizers or denitrification. The sprayfield operation was highly effective in removing most studied organic wastewater and pharmaceutical compounds and microbial indicators. Carbamazepine (an anti-convulsant drug) was the only pharmaceutical compound detected in groundwater from two sprayfield monitoring wells (1-2 ppt). One other detection of carbamazepine was found in a distant well water sample where enteroviruses also were detected, indicating a likely influence from a nearby septic tank. Published by Elsevier B.V. C1 [Katz, Brian G.; Griffin, Dale W.; Davis, J. Hal] US Geol Survey, Tallahassee, FL 32310 USA. RP Katz, BG (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 2010 Levy Ave, Tallahassee, FL 32310 USA. EM bkatz@usgs.gov FU City of Tallahassee; U.S. Geological Survey FX This study was funded jointly by the City of Tallahassee and the U.S. Geological Survey. The authors thank D. Blum, and A. Miller for water sampling assistance; T. Coplen for stable isotope analyses; the USGS National Water Quality Laboratory for analyses of organic wastewater and pharmaceutical compounds; and P.J. Phillips, K. Taylor, J. Shakar, and two anonymous reviewers for their constructive comments, which were helpful in revising this manuscript. NR 82 TC 39 Z9 45 U1 4 U2 25 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0048-9697 J9 SCI TOTAL ENVIRON JI Sci. Total Environ. PD APR 1 PY 2009 VL 407 IS 8 BP 2872 EP 2886 DI 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2009.01.022 PG 15 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 429LN UT WOS:000264922000043 PM 19232432 ER PT J AU Stanturf, JA Gardiner, ES Shepard, JP Schweitzer, CJ Portwood, CJ Dorris, LC AF Stanturf, John A. Gardiner, Emile S. Shepard, James P. Schweitzer, Callie J. Portwood, C. Jeffrey Dorris, Lamar C., Jr. TI Restoration of bottomland hardwood forests across a treatment intensity gradient SO FOREST ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE Populus; Quercus; Interplanting; Direct seeding; Afforestation; Native recolonization; Facilitation ID MISSISSIPPI ALLUVIAL VALLEY; SEEDLINGS INTERPLANTED BENEATH; LAND-USE; VEGETATION COMPOSITION; EASTERN COTTONWOOD; PLANT-COMMUNITIES; SEED DISPERSAL; NURSE PLANTS; RAIN-FOREST; REFORESTATION AB Large-scale restoration of bottomland hardwood forests in the Lower Mississippi Alluvial Valley (USA) under federal incentive programs, begun in the 1990s, initially achieved mixed results. We report here on a comparison of four restoration techniques in terms of survival, accretion of vertical structure, and woody species diversity. The range of treatment intensity allowed us to compare native recolonization to direct seeding and planting of Quercus nuttallii Palmer, and to an intensive treatment of interplanting two species that differed in successional status (early successional Populus deltoides Bartram ex Marsh. ssp. deltoides, with the mid-successional Q nuttallii). Native recolonization varied in effectiveness by block but overall provided few woody plants. All active restoration methods (planting and direct seeding) were successful in terms of stocking. Populus grew larger than Quercus, reaching canopy closure after 2 years and heights after 2 and 5 years of 6 and 12.7 m, respectively. Planted Quercus were significantly larger than direct seeded Quercus in all years, but only averaged 1.4 m in height after 5 years. Interplanting did not seem to facilitate development of the Quercus seedlings. The early success of the interplanting technique demonstrated that environmental benefits can be obtained quickly by more intensive efforts. Native recolonization can augment active interventions if limitations to dispersal distance are recognized. These results should provide landowners and managers with the confidence to use techniques of varying intensity to restore ecosystem functions. Published by Elsevier B.V. C1 [Stanturf, John A.] US Forest Serv, Athens, GA 30602 USA. [Gardiner, Emile S.] US Forest Serv, Stoneville, MS 38776 USA. [Shepard, James P.] Mississippi State Univ, Starkville, MS 39762 USA. [Schweitzer, Callie J.] US Forest Serv, Normal, AL 35762 USA. [Portwood, C. Jeffrey] Forestar Real Estate Grp, Diboll, TX 75941 USA. [Dorris, Lamar C., Jr.] US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Hollandale, MS 38748 USA. RP Stanturf, JA (reprint author), US Forest Serv, 320 Green St, Athens, GA 30602 USA. EM jstanturf@fs.fed.us; egardiner@fs.fed.us; jshepard@cfr.msstate.edu; cschweitzer@fs.fed.us; jeffportwood@forestargroup.com; lamar_dorris@fws.gov RI Stanturf, John/B-2889-2010 OI Stanturf, John/0000-0002-6828-9459 FU National Council of the Paper Industry for Air and Stream Improvement (NCASI); International Paper Co.; Southern Research Station FX Funding for this study was provided in part by grants from the National Council of the Paper Industry for Air and Stream Improvement (NCASI), International Paper Co., and Challenge Cost-Share grants from the Southern Research Station. Crown Vantage and the Yazoo National Wildlife Refuge provided significant in-kind assistance. The authors wish to acknowledge the assistance of Dexter Bland, Beth Corbin, Janet Dewey, Ron Fisher, Paul Hamel, Ronnie Haynes, David Hoge, Ed Mauritz, Todd Parker, Uwe Sander, Stephen Schoenholtz, Matthew Stroupe, Mike Worsham, and Ralf Zellin. The study would not have been possible without the enthusiasm and continuing support of Tim Wilkins, former Refuge Manager (now retired) and his staff. The authors benefited by helpful comments from Christa Dagley, Pascal Berrill, Magnus Lof, Calvin Meier, Mac Callaham, and two anonymous reviewers. NR 88 TC 15 Z9 16 U1 1 U2 17 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0378-1127 J9 FOREST ECOL MANAG JI For. Ecol. Manage. PD MAR 31 PY 2009 VL 257 IS 8 BP 1803 EP 1814 DI 10.1016/j.foreco.2009.01.052 PG 12 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 435KG UT WOS:000265342200020 ER PT J AU Henderson, RD Day-Lewis, FD Harvey, CF AF Henderson, R. D. Day-Lewis, F. D. Harvey, C. F. TI Investigation of aquifer-estuary interaction using wavelet analysis of fiber-optic temperature data SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article ID GROUNDWATER DISCHARGE; WATER AB Fiber-optic distributed temperature sensing (FODTS) provides sub-minute temporal and meter-scale spatial resolution over kilometer-long cables. Compared to conventional thermistor or thermocouple-based technologies, which measure temperature at discrete (and commonly sparse) locations, FODTS offers nearly continuous spatial coverage, thus providing hydrologic information at spatiotemporal scales previously impossible. Large and information-rich FODTS datasets, however, pose challenges for data exploration and analysis. To date, FODTS analyses have focused on time-series variance as the means to discriminate between hydrologic phenomena. Here, we demonstrate the continuous wavelet transform (CWT) and cross-wavelet transform (XWT) to analyze FODTS in the context of related hydrologic time series. We apply the CWT and XWT to data from Waquoit Bay, Massachusetts to identify the location and timing of tidal pumping of submarine groundwater. Citation: Henderson, R. D., F. D. Day-Lewis, and C. F. Harvey (2009), Investigation of aquiferestuary interaction using wavelet analysis of fiber-optic temperature data, Geophys. Res. Lett., 36, L06403, doi:10.1029/2008GL036926. C1 [Henderson, R. D.; Day-Lewis, F. D.] US Geol Survey, Branch Geophys, Off Ground Water, Storrs, CT 06269 USA. [Henderson, R. D.] Univ Connecticut, Ctr Integrat Geosci, Storrs, CT USA. [Harvey, C. F.] MIT, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA. RP Henderson, RD (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Branch Geophys, Off Ground Water, 11 Sherman Pl,Unit 5015, Storrs, CT 06269 USA. EM daylewis@usgs.gov RI harvey, charles/A-8601-2012; OI harvey, charles/0000-0002-7759-4447; Day-Lewis, Frederick/0000-0003-3526-886X FU NSF [EAR 0548706]; Singapore MIT Alliance for Research and Technology FX This work was supported by the U. S. Geological Survey Ground-Water Resources and Toxic Substances Hydrology Programs, NSF EAR 0548706, and the Singapore MIT Alliance for Research and Technology. The authors are grateful to Hanan Karam and Elena Abarca for field assistance; Matt Charette and Ann Mulligan for tide data; A. Grinsted, C. Torrence, and G. P. Compo for making their codes available; the WBNERR staff for field support; and K. Singha, A. Pidlisecky, and two anonymous reviewers for comments on the manuscript. NR 15 TC 37 Z9 39 U1 2 U2 17 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0094-8276 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD MAR 31 PY 2009 VL 36 AR L06403 DI 10.1029/2008GL036926 PG 6 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 428OZ UT WOS:000264859700001 ER PT J AU Pitcher, L Helz, RT Walker, RJ Piccoli, P AF Pitcher, Lynnette Helz, Rosalind T. Walker, Richard J. Piccoli, Philip TI Fractionation of the platinum-group elments and Re during crystallization of basalt in Kilauea Iki Lava Lake, Hawaii SO CHEMICAL GEOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Platinum-group elements; Kilauea Iki; Fractionation; Trace elements; D values ID GROUP ELEMENT DISTRIBUTION; OS ISOTOPE SYSTEMATICS; SILICATE MELT; SIDEROPHILE ELEMENTS; MASS-SPECTROMETRY; ISLAND BASALTS; MANTLE; RHENIUM; VOLCANO; CONSTRAINTS AB Kilauea Iki lava lake formed during the 1959 summit eruption of Kilauea Volcano, then crystallized and differentiated over a period of 35 years. It offers an opportunity to evaluate the fractionation behavior of trace elements in a uniquely well-documented basaltic system. A suite of 14 core samples recovered from 1967 to 1981 has been analyzed for 5 platinum-group elements (PGE: It, Os, Ru, Pt, Pd), plus Re. These samples have MgO ranging from 2.4 to 26.9 wt.%, with temperatures prior to quench ranging from 1140 degrees C to ambient (110 degrees C). Five eruption samples were also analyzed. Osmium and Ru concentrations vary by nearly four orders of magnitude (0.0006-1.40 ppb for Os and 0.0006-2.01 ppb for Ru) and are positively correlated with MgO content. These elements behaved compatibly during crystallization, mostly likely being concentrated in trace phases (alloy or sulfide) present in olivine phenocrysts or included chromite. Iridium also correlates positively with MgO, although less strongly than Os and Ru. The somewhat poorer correlation for It, compared with Os and Ru, may reflect variable loss of Ir as volatile IrF(6) in some of the most magnesian samples. Rhenium is negatively correlated with MgO, behaving as an incompatible trace element. Its behavior in the lava lake is complicated by apparent volatile loss of Re, as suggested by a decrease in Re concentration with time of quenching for lake samples vs. eruption samples. Platinum and Pd concentrations are negatively, albeit weakly, correlated with MgO, so these elements were modestly incompatible during crystallization of the major silicate phases. Palladium contents peaked before precipitation of immiscible sulfide liquid, however, and decline sharply in the most differentiated samples. In contrast, Pt appears to have been unaffected by sulfide precipitation. Microprobe data confirm that Pd entered the sulfide liquid before Re. and that Pt is not strongly chalcophile in this system. Occasional high Pt values in both eruption and lava lake samples suggest the presence of unevenly distributed, unidentified Pt-rich trace phases in some Kilauea Iki materials. Estimated mineral (olivine+chromite)/melt D values for Os, Ir, Ru and Pt for equilibrium crystallization for samples from similar to 7 to 27 wt.% MgO are 26, 8.2, 19 and 0.55, respectively. These Os, It and Ru estimates are somewhat higher than previous estimates for similar systems. If fractional crystallization is instead assumed, D values are much more similar. Results confirm many prior observations in other mafic systems that olivine (together with included phases) has a major effect on absolute and relative abundances of Re and the PGE. The relatively linear correlations between these elements and MgO potentially permit accurate estimation of the concentrations of these elements in the primary melts of comparable systems, especially in instances where the MgO content of the primary melt is well constrained. (C) 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 [Pitcher, Lynnette; Walker, Richard J.; Piccoli, Philip] Univ Maryland, Dept Geol, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. [Helz, Rosalind T.] US Geol Survey, Reston, VA USA. RP Walker, RJ (reprint author), Univ Maryland, Dept Geol, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. EM rjwalker@geol.umd.edu RI Walker, Richard/K-6869-2016 OI Walker, Richard/0000-0003-0348-2407 FU NSF CSEDI [0330528, 0757808] FX This work was supported by NSF CSEDI grants 0330528 and 0757808 (to RJW), which are gratefully acknowledged. We also wish to acknowledge the contribution of Norma Rait, U.S. Geological Survey analyst, now retired, to this study. The manuscript has benefited from reviews by R. A. Ayuso, B. R. Lipin, M. Rehkamper, and an anonymous reviewer. NR 60 TC 21 Z9 21 U1 1 U2 13 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0009-2541 J9 CHEM GEOL JI Chem. Geol. PD MAR 30 PY 2009 VL 260 IS 3-4 BP 196 EP 210 DI 10.1016/j.chemgeo.2008.12.022 PG 15 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 429ZC UT WOS:000264957600005 ER PT J AU Ersek, V Hostetler, SW Cheng, H Clark, PU Anslow, FS Mix, AC Edwards, RL AF Ersek, Vasile Hostetler, Steven W. Cheng, Hai Clark, Peter U. Anslow, Faron S. Mix, Alan C. Edwards, R. Lawrence TI Environmental influences on speleothem growth in southwestern Oregon during the last 380 000 years SO EARTH AND PLANETARY SCIENCE LETTERS LA English DT Article DE speleothem; Oregon; U-th dating; climate modeling; paleoclimate ID CALIFORNIA CURRENT; PALEOCLIMATE IMPLICATIONS; COLUMBIA ICEFIELDS; KLAMATH MOUNTAINS; CASTLEGUARD CAVE; PALAEO-CLIMATE; NORTH-AMERICA; STALAGMITE; CHRONOLOGY; VEGETATION AB The growth of carbonate formations in caves (speleothems) is sensitive to changes in environmental conditions at the surface (temperature, precipitation and vegetation) and can provide useful paleoclimatic and paleoenvironmental information. We use 73(230)Th dates from speleothems collected from a cave in southwestern Oregon (USA) to constrain speleothern growth for the past 380 000 years. Most speleothern growth occurred during interglacial periods, whereas little growth occurred during glacial intervals. To evaluate potential environmental controls on speleothem growth we use two new modeling approaches: i) a one-dimensional thermal advection-diffusion model to estimate cave temperatures during the last glacial cycle, and ii) a regional climate model simulation for the Last Glacial Maximum (21000 years before present) that assesses a range of potential controls on speleothern growth under peak glacial conditions. The two models are mutually consistent in indicating that permafrost formation did not influence speleothem growth during glacial periods. Instead, the regional climate model simulation combined with proxy data suggest that the influence of the Laurentide and Cordilleran ice sheets on atmospheric circulation induced substantial changes in water balance in the Pacific Northwest and affected speleothern growth at our location. The overall drier conditions during glacial intervals and associated periods of frozen topsoil at times of maximum surface runoff likely induced drastic changes in cave recharge and limited speleothern growth. This mechanism could have affected speleothem growth in other mid-latitude caves without requiring the presence of permafrost (C) 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 [Ersek, Vasile; Hostetler, Steven W.] Oregon State Univ, Dept Geosci, US Geol Survey, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. [Cheng, Hai; Edwards, R. Lawrence] Univ Minnesota, Dept Geol & Geophys, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA. [Mix, Alan C.] Oregon State Univ, Coll Ocean & Atmospher Sci, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. RP Ersek, V (reprint author), Oregon State Univ, Dept Geosci, US Geol Survey, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. EM ersekv@geo.oregonstate.edu RI Ersek, Vasile/G-5287-2010 OI Ersek, Vasile/0000-0001-9730-0007 FU National Science Foundation Paleoclimate Program; U.S. Geological Survey. FX We thank John Roth, Elizabeth Hale and Deana DeWire for facilitating our research at OCNM, Xianfeng Wang for help with 230Th dating, and Sarah Shafer, Joe Stoner, Nick Pisias, Bogdan Onac and four anonymous reviewers for comments and suggestions that helped improve this manuscript. This research was supported by the National Science Foundation Paleoclimate Program and the U.S. Geological Survey. NR 57 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 1 U2 25 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0012-821X EI 1385-013X J9 EARTH PLANET SC LETT JI Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. PD MAR 30 PY 2009 VL 279 IS 3-4 BP 316 EP 325 DI 10.1016/j.epsl.2009.01.008 PG 10 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 426YA UT WOS:000264743200017 ER PT J AU Harvey, JW Schaffranek, RW Noe, GB Larsen, LG Nowacki, DJ O'Connor, BL AF Harvey, Judson W. Schaffranek, Raymond W. Noe, Gregory B. Larsen, Laurel G. Nowacki, Daniel J. O'Connor, Ben L. TI Hydroecological factors governing surface water flow on a low-gradient floodplain SO WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID THROUGH EMERGENT VEGETATION; EVERGLADES NATIONAL-PARK; DOPPLER-VELOCIMETER DATA; RIPARIAN VEGETATION; FLORIDA EVERGLADES; ROUGHNESS COEFFICIENTS; SUBMERGED VEGETATION; CIRCULAR-CYLINDER; RIVER; WETLANDS AB Interrelationships between hydrology and aquatic ecosystems are better understood in streams and rivers compared to their surrounding floodplains. Our goal was to characterize the hydrology of the Everglades ridge and slough floodplain ecosystem, which is valued for the comparatively high biodiversity and connectivity of its parallel-drainage features but which has been degraded over the past century in response to flow reductions associated with flood control. We measured flow velocity, water depth, and wind velocity continuously for 3 years in an area of the Everglades with well-preserved parallel-drainage features (i.e., 200-m wide sloughs interspersed with slightly higher elevation and more densely vegetated ridges). Mean daily flow velocity averaged 0.32 cm s(-1) and ranged between 0.02 and 0.79 cm s(-1). Highest sustained velocities were associated with flow pulses caused by water releases from upstream hydraulic control structures that increased flow velocity by a factor of 2-3 on the floodplain for weeks at a time. The highest instantaneous measurements of flow velocity were associated with the passage of Hurricane Wilma in 2005 when the inverse barometric pressure effect increased flow velocity up to 5 cm s(-1) for several hours. Time-averaged flow velocities were 29% greater in sloughs compared to ridges because of marginally higher vegetative drag in ridges compared to sloughs, which contributed modestly (relative to greater water depth and flow duration in sloughs compared to ridges) to the predominant fraction (86%) of total discharge through the landscape occurring in sloughs. Univariate scaling relationships developed from theory of flow through vegetation, and our field data indicated that flow velocity increases with the square of water surface slope and the fourth power of stem diameter, decreases in direct proportion with increasing frontal area of vegetation, and is unrelated to water depth except for the influence that water depth has in controlling the submergence height of vegetation that varies vertically in its architectural characteristics. In the Everglades the result of interactions among controlling variables was that flow velocity was dominantly controlled by water surface slope variations responding to flow pulses more than spatial variation in vegetation characteristics or fluctuating water depth. Our findings indicate that floodplain managers could, in addition to managing water depth, manipulate the frequency and duration of inflow pulses to manage water surface slope, which would add further control over flow velocities, water residence times, sediment settling, biogeochemical transformations, and other processes that are important to floodplain function. C1 [Harvey, Judson W.; Schaffranek, Raymond W.; Noe, Gregory B.; Larsen, Laurel G.; Nowacki, Daniel J.; O'Connor, Ben L.] US Geol Survey, Reston, VA 20192 USA. RP Harvey, JW (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 430 Natl Ctr, Reston, VA 20192 USA. EM jwharvey@usgs.gov RI Noe, Gregory/A-1365-2010; Harvey, Judson/L-2047-2013; OI Harvey, Judson/0000-0002-2654-9873; Noe, Gregory/0000-0002-6661-2646; Nowacki, Daniel/0000-0002-7015-3710 FU NSF [EAR-0636079] FX We are grateful to the USGS Priority Ecosystems Science Program and the USGS National Research Program for supporting this research. Additional funding for important parts of the work was provided through NSF award EAR-0636079. We thank Lauren McPhillips, Edward Simonds, John Shelton, and Jeffrey Woods, all from USGS, for their technical and logistical support; and Ami Riscassi, formerly of USGS, for initial instrumentation deployment and establishment of measurement and QA/QC protocols. Jon Nelson and Harry Jenter of the USGS provided helpful technical reviews of an early version of the manuscript, and we are also indebted to the three anonymous reviewers at the journal for insightful comments that improved the final version. The use of trade, product, or firm names in this paper is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U. S. government. NR 85 TC 37 Z9 39 U1 1 U2 17 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0043-1397 J9 WATER RESOUR RES JI Water Resour. Res. PD MAR 28 PY 2009 VL 45 AR W03421 DI 10.1029/2008WR007129 PG 20 WC Environmental Sciences; Limnology; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Water Resources GA 426DV UT WOS:000264689100001 ER PT J AU Williams, BK AF Williams, Byron K. TI Markov decision processes in natural resources management: Observability and uncertainty SO ECOLOGICAL MODELLING LA English DT Article DE Natural resources; Markov decision process; Observability; Structural uncertainty ID NORTH-AMERICAN WATERFOWL; MODEL; STRATEGIES; HORIZON AB The breadth and complexity of stochastic decision processes in natural resources presents a challenge to analysts who need to understand and use these approaches. The objective of this paper is to describe a class of decision processes that are germane to natural resources conservation and management, namely Markov decision processes, and to discuss applications and computing algorithms under different conditions of observability and uncertainty. A number of important similarities are developed in the framing and evaluation of different decision processes, which can be useful in their applications in natural resources management. The challenges attendant to partial observability are highlighted, and possible approaches for dealing with it are discussed. Published by Elsevier B.V. C1 USGS Cooperat Res Units, Reston, VA 20192 USA. RP Williams, BK (reprint author), USGS Cooperat Res Units, 12201 Sunrise Valley Dr MS 303, Reston, VA 20192 USA. EM Byron_ken_williams@usgs.gov NR 41 TC 27 Z9 27 U1 0 U2 8 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0304-3800 EI 1872-7026 J9 ECOL MODEL JI Ecol. Model. PD MAR 24 PY 2009 VL 220 IS 6 BP 830 EP 840 DI 10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2008.12.023 PG 11 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 425NS UT WOS:000264645000008 ER PT J AU Paytan, A Mackey, KRM Chen, Y Lima, ID Doney, SC Mahowald, N Labiosa, R Postf, AF AF Paytan, Adina Mackey, Katherine R. M. Chen, Ying Lima, Ivan D. Doney, Scott C. Mahowald, Natalie Labiosa, Rochelle Postf, Anton F. TI Toxicity of atmospheric aerosols on marine phytoplankton SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA LA English DT Article ID NITROGEN-FIXATION; DUST DEPOSITION; SOUTHERN-OCEAN; TRACE-METALS; IRON; PHOSPHORUS; ATLANTIC; SURFACE; SEA; ALUMINUM AB Atmospheric aerosol deposition is an important source of nutrients and trace metals to the open ocean that can enhance ocean productivity and carbon sequestration and thus influence atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations and climate. Using aerosol samples from different back trajectories in incubation experiments with natural communities, we demonstrate that the response of phytoplankton growth to aerosol additions depends on specific components in aerosols and differs across phytoplankton species. Aerosol additions enhanced growth by releasing nitrogen and phosphorus, but not all aerosols stimulated growth. Toxic effects were observed with some aerosols, where the toxicity affected picoeukaryotes and Synechococcus but not Prochlorococcus. We suggest that the toxicity could be due to high copper concentrations in these aerosols and support this by laboratory copper toxicity tests preformed with Synechococcus cultures. However, it is possible that other elements present in the aerosols or unknown synergistic effects between these elements could have also contributed to the toxic effect. Anthropogenic emissions are increasing atmospheric copper deposition sharply, and based on coupled atmosphere-ocean calculations, we show that this deposition can potentially alter patterns of marine primary production and community structure in high aerosol, low chlorophyll areas, particularly in the Bay of Bengal and downwind of South and East Asia. C1 [Paytan, Adina; Mackey, Katherine R. M.; Chen, Ying] Univ Calif Santa Cruz, Inst Marine Sci, Santa Cruz, CA 95064 USA. [Mackey, Katherine R. M.] Stanford Univ, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. [Lima, Ivan D.; Doney, Scott C.] Woods Hole Oceanog Inst, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. [Mahowald, Natalie] Cornell Univ, Dept Earth & Atmospher Sci, Ithaca, NY 14850 USA. [Labiosa, Rochelle] US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. [Postf, Anton F.] Interuniv Inst Marine Sci, H Steinitz Marine Biol, IL-88103 Elat, Israel. RP Paytan, A (reprint author), Univ Calif Santa Cruz, Inst Marine Sci, Santa Cruz, CA 95064 USA. EM apaytan@ucsc.edu RI Doney, Scott/F-9247-2010; Mahowald, Natalie/D-8388-2013; Lima, Ivan/A-6823-2016 OI Doney, Scott/0000-0002-3683-2437; Mahowald, Natalie/0000-0002-2873-997X; Lima, Ivan/0000-0001-5345-0652 FU National Aeronautics and Space Agency (NASA) [NAG5-1266, NNG06G127G]; North Atlantic Treaty Organization Science for Peace [SfP 982161]; National Science Foundation (NSF) Graduate Research Fellowship; U. S. Department of Energy Global Change Education Program; NSF-sponsored Center for Microbial Oceanography Research and Education [NSF CCF-424599, ATM-0758369] FX We thank our colleagues at the Interuniversity Institute for Marine Science in Eilat, Israel, for assisting in data collection and providing laboratory space and equipment during the study; P. Artaxo, G. Bergametti, D. Cohen, N. Kubilay, W. Maenhut, and J. Hand of the IMPROVE network for contributing data for the Cu deposition estimates; and T. Bond and C. Luo for contributing atmospheric deposition model results. This work was supported by National Aeronautics and Space Agency (NASA) New Investigator Program Grant NAG5-1266 (to A. P.) and North Atlantic Treaty Organization Science for Peace Grant SfP 982161 (to A. P. and A. F. P.). K. R. M. M. was supported through the National Science Foundation (NSF) Graduate Research Fellowship Program and the U. S. Department of Energy Global Change Education Program. S. C. D., I. D. L., and N. M. were supported in part by NASA Grant NNG06G127G and the NSF-sponsored Center for Microbial Oceanography Research and Education (C-MORE; NSF CCF-424599), and N. M. was supported in part by NSF Grant ATM-0758369. NR 35 TC 116 Z9 126 U1 1 U2 65 PU NATL ACAD SCIENCES PI WASHINGTON PA 2101 CONSTITUTION AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20418 USA SN 0027-8424 J9 P NATL ACAD SCI USA JI Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. PD MAR 24 PY 2009 VL 106 IS 12 BP 4601 EP 4605 DI 10.1073/pnas.0811486106 PG 5 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 423VA UT WOS:000264522600008 PM 19273845 ER PT J AU Harp, EL Reid, ME McKenna, JP Michael, JA AF Harp, Edwin L. Reid, Mark E. McKenna, Jonathan P. Michael, John A. TI Mapping of hazard from rainfall-triggered landslides in developing countries: Examples from Honduras and Micronesia SO ENGINEERING GEOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Landslide hazard; Relative susceptibility; Debris flow; Honduras; Chuuk State; Micronesia ID SUSCEPTIBILITY ASSESSMENT; SOIL REDISTRIBUTION; GROUNDWATER-FLOW; SLOPE STABILITY; NW NICARAGUA; MODEL; PREDICTION AB Loss of life and property caused by landslides triggered by extreme rainfall events demonstrates the need for landslide-hazard assessment in developing countries where recovery from such events often exceeds the country's resources. Mapping landslide hazards in developing countries where the need for landslide-hazard mitigation is great but the resources are few is a challenging, but not intractable problem. The minimum requirements for constructing a physically based landslide-hazard map from a landslide-triggering storm, using the simple methods we discuss, are: (1) an accurate mapped landslide inventory, (2) a slope map derived from a digital elevation model (DEM) or topographic map, and (3) material strength properties of the slopes involved. Provided that the landslide distribution from a triggering event can be documented and mapped, it is often possible to glean enough topographic and geologic information from existing databases to produce a reliable map that depicts landslide hazards from an extreme event. Most areas of the world have enough topographic information to provide digital elevation models from which to construct slope maps. In the likely event that engineering properties of slope materials are not available, reasonable estimates can be made with detailed field examination by engineering geologists or geotechnical engineers. Resulting landslide hazard maps can be used as tools to guide relocation and redevelopment, or, more likely, temporary relocation efforts during severe storm events such as hurricanes/typhoons to minimize loss of life and property We illustrate these methods in two case studies of lethal landslides in developing countries: Tegucigalpa, Honduras (during Hurricane Mitch in 1998) and the Chuuk Islands, Micronesia (during Typhoon Chata'an in 2002). Published by Elsevier B.V. C1 [Harp, Edwin L.; McKenna, Jonathan P.; Michael, John A.] US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Denver, CO 80225 USA. [Reid, Mark E.] US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. RP Harp, EL (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 1711 Illinois St, Golden, CO 80401 USA. EM harp@usgs.gov NR 38 TC 26 Z9 26 U1 0 U2 8 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0013-7952 EI 1872-6917 J9 ENG GEOL JI Eng. Geol. PD MAR 23 PY 2009 VL 104 IS 3-4 BP 295 EP 311 DI 10.1016/j.enggeo.2008.11.010 PG 17 WC Engineering, Geological; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Engineering; Geology GA 427ME UT WOS:000264782600015 ER PT J AU Balistrieri, LS Blank, RG AF Balistrieri, Laurie S. Blank, Richard G. TI Dissolved and labile metal concentrations: Comparisons among thermodynamic speciation models and implications for biotic ligand models SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 [Balistrieri, Laurie S.] Univ Washington, Sch Oceanog, US Geol Survey, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. [Blank, Richard G.] Geospiza, Seattle, WA 98119 USA. EM balistri@usgs.gov NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD MAR 22 PY 2009 VL 237 MA 146-GEOC PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA V16GJ UT WOS:000207857804263 ER PT J AU Carling, GT Johnson, WP Naftz, D AF Carling, Gregory T. Johnson, William P. Naftz, David TI Diel variations in particulate Hg and other trace metals in a temperate wetland, Farmington Bay, Utah SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 [Carling, Gregory T.; Johnson, William P.] Univ Utah, Dept Geol & Geophys, Salt Lake City, UT 84112 USA. [Naftz, David] US Geol Survey, Div Water Resources, Salt Lake City, UT 84119 USA. EM greg.carling@utah.edu; William.Johnson@utah.edu; dlnaftz@usgs.gov NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD MAR 22 PY 2009 VL 237 MA 125-GEOC PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA V16GJ UT WOS:000207857804396 ER PT J AU Collett, T Boswell, R Rose, K Agena, W Baker, R AF Collett, Tim Boswell, Ray Rose, Kelly Agena, Warren Baker, Rick TI Gas hydrate energy resource studies in the United States SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 [Collett, Tim; Agena, Warren] US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Lakewood, CO 80225 USA. [Boswell, Ray; Rose, Kelly; Baker, Rick] Natl Energy Technol Laboratroy, Morgantown, WV 26507 USA. EM tcollett@USGS.GOV; Ray.Boswe11@NETL.DOE.GOV; Kelly.Rose@NETL.DOE.GOV; wagena@usgs.gov; Richard.Baker@NETL.DOE.GOV NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 2 U2 3 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD MAR 22 PY 2009 VL 237 MA 46-FUEL PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA V16GJ UT WOS:000207857803678 ER PT J AU Curtis, GP Kohler, M Hay, MB Johnson, KJ Davis, JA AF Curtis, Gary P. Kohler, Matthias Hay, Michael B. Johnson, Kelly J. Davis, James A. TI Application of a surface complexation modeling approach to simulate U(VI) adsorption and desorption in a heterogeneous contaminated aquifer SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 [Curtis, Gary P.; Hay, Michael B.; Johnson, Kelly J.; Davis, James A.] US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. [Kohler, Matthias] Univ Maine, Orono, ME 04469 USA. EM gpcurtis@usgs.gov; mkohler@usgs.gov; mbhay@usgs.gov; kjjohnso@usgs.gov; jadavis@usgs.gov NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD MAR 22 PY 2009 VL 237 MA 53-GEOC PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA V16GJ UT WOS:000207857804330 ER PT J AU Daumit, KE Latch, DE Goodwin, CN Gray, JL Aiken, GR AF Daumit, Kelly E. Latch, Douglas E. Goodwin, Courtney N. Gray, James L. Aiken, George R. TI Examination of the role of excited state triplet natural organic matter in the photodegradation of organic contaminants SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 [Daumit, Kelly E.; Latch, Douglas E.; Goodwin, Courtney N.] Seattle Univ, Dept Chem, Seattle, WA 98122 USA. [Gray, James L.; Aiken, George R.] US Geol Survey, Natl Water Qual Lab, Lakewood, CO 80225 USA. EM daumitk@seattleu.edu; jlgray@usgs.gov; graiken@usgs.gov RI Gray, James/I-8136-2012 NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 2 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD MAR 22 PY 2009 VL 237 MA 220-ENVR PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA V16GJ UT WOS:000207857804166 ER PT J AU Diaz, X Oliver, W Naftz, D Johnson, WP Fuller, CC AF Diaz, Ximena Oliver, Wade Naftz, David Johnson, William P. Fuller, Christopher C. TI Selenium loading vs. removal via sedimentation and volatilization from the Great Salt Lake, Utah SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 [Diaz, Ximena] Escuela Politec Nacl, Dept Extract Met, Quito, Ecuador. [Johnson, William P.] Univ Utah, Dept Geol & Geophys, Salt Lake City, UT 84112 USA. [Naftz, David] US Geol Survey, Div Water Resources, Salt Lake City, UT 84119 USA. [Fuller, Christopher C.] US Geol Survey, Div Water Resources, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. EM ximena.diaz@epn.edu.ec; wadeoliver@gmail.com; dlnaftz@usgs.gov; William.Johnson@utah.edu NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD MAR 22 PY 2009 VL 237 MA 130-GEOC PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA V16GJ UT WOS:000207857804336 ER PT J AU Diaz, X Johnson, WP Fernandez, D Naftz, D AF Diaz, Ximena Johnson, William P. Fernandez, Diego Naftz, David TI Size and elemental distributions of nano- to micro- particulates in the geochemically-stratified Great Salt Lake, Utah SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 [Diaz, Ximena] Escuela Politec Nacl, Dept Extract Met, Quito, Ecuador. [Johnson, William P.] Univ Utah, Dept Geol & Geophys, Salt Lake City, UT 84112 USA. [Naftz, David] US Geol Survey, Div Water Resources, Salt Lake City, UT 84119 USA. EM ximena.diaz@epn.edu.ec; William.Johnson@utah.edu; diego.fernandez@utah.edu; dlnaftz@usgs.gov NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD MAR 22 PY 2009 VL 237 MA 66-COLL PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA V16GJ UT WOS:000207857803172 ER PT J AU Fuller, CC Bargar, JR Arai, Y Webb, S AF Fuller, Christopher C. Bargar, John R. Arai, Yuji Webb, Sam TI Processes of Zn attenuation by microbial Mn oxides in mine-contaminated streams SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 [Fuller, Christopher C.] US Geol Survey, Div Water Resources, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. [Bargar, John R.; Webb, Sam] Stanford Synchrotron Radiat Lightsource, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. [Arai, Yuji] Clemson Univ, Dept Entomol Soils & Plant Sci, Clemson, SC 29634 USA. EM bargar@slac.stanford.edu; yarai@clemson.edu; samwebb@slac.stanford.edu NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 1 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD MAR 22 PY 2009 VL 237 MA 199-GEOC PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA V16GJ UT WOS:000207857804305 ER PT J AU Gray, JL Vajda, AM Barber, LB Furlong, ET Foreman, WT Blazer, V Kolpin, DW Norris, DO AF Gray, James L. Vajda, Alan M. Barber, Larry B. Furlong, Edward T. Foreman, William T. Blazer, Vicki Kolpin, Dana W. Norris, David O. TI Hormones, pharmaceuticals, and other trace wastewater derived contaminants: Detection, fate, and environmental effects SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 [Gray, James L.; Barber, Larry B.; Furlong, Edward T.; Foreman, William T.; Blazer, Vicki; Kolpin, Dana W.] US Geol Survey, Natl Water Qual Lab, Denver, CO 80225 USA. [Vajda, Alan M.; Norris, David O.] Univ Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. EM jlgray@usgs.gov; efurlong@usgs.gov; dwkolpin@usgs.gov RI Gray, James/I-8136-2012 NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD MAR 22 PY 2009 VL 237 MA 38-ENVR PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA V16GJ UT WOS:000207857804169 ER PT J AU Hein, JR Koschinsky, A Bargar, JR Conrad, TA AF Hein, James R. Koschinsky, Andrea Bargar, John R. Conrad, Tracey A. TI Geochemistry of marine ferromanganese crusts SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 [Hein, James R.; Conrad, Tracey A.] US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. [Koschinsky, Andrea] Jacobs Univ Bremen, D-28759 Bremen, Germany. [Bargar, John R.] Stanford Synchrotron Radiat Lightsource, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. EM jhein@usgs.gov; a.koschinsky@jacobs-university.de; bargar@slac.stanford.edu; tconrad@usgs.gov RI Koschinsky, Andrea /R-2927-2016 OI Koschinsky, Andrea /0000-0002-9224-0663 NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 3 U2 6 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD MAR 22 PY 2009 VL 237 MA 177-GEOC PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA V16GJ UT WOS:000207857804402 ER PT J AU Hyun, SP Fox, PM Hayes, KF Davis, JA AF Hyun, Sung Pil Fox, Patricia M. Hayes, Kim F. Davis, James A. TI Surface complexation modeling of U(VI) adsorption by an aquifer sediment from a former mill-tailings site at Rifle, Colorado SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 [Hyun, Sung Pil; Hayes, Kim F.] Univ Michigan, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. [Fox, Patricia M.; Davis, James A.] US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. EM sphyun@umich.edu; pfox@usgs.gov; ford@umich.edu; jadavis@usgs.gov NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD MAR 22 PY 2009 VL 237 MA 55-GEOC PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA V16GJ UT WOS:000207857804309 ER PT J AU Kent, DB Curtis, GP Davis, JA Fairchild, GM LeBlanc, DR Smith, RL AF Kent, Douglas B. Curtis, Gary P. Davis, James A. Fairchild, Gillian M. LeBlanc, Denis R. Smith, Richard L. TI Using surface complexation models to quantify the impact of adsorption on reactive solute transport observed in field experiments SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 [Kent, Douglas B.; Curtis, Gary P.; Davis, James A.; Fairchild, Gillian M.; LeBlanc, Denis R.; Smith, Richard L.] US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. EM dbkent@usgs.gov; gpcurtis@usgs.gov; jadavis@usgs.gov; gfairchi@usgs.gov; dleblanc@usgs.gov; rlsmith@usgs.gov NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD MAR 22 PY 2009 VL 237 MA 132-GEOC PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA V16GJ UT WOS:000207857804440 ER PT J AU Latch, DE Daumit, KE Goodwin, CN Gray, JL Aiken, GR AF Latch, Douglas E. Daumit, Kelly E. Goodwin, Courtney N. Gray, James L. Aiken, George R. TI Solar degradation of endocrine-disrupting pollutants in natural waters SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 [Latch, Douglas E.; Daumit, Kelly E.; Goodwin, Courtney N.] Seattle Univ, Dept Chem, Seattle, WA 98122 USA. [Gray, James L.; Aiken, George R.] US Geol Survey, Natl Water Qual Lab, Denver, CO 80225 USA. EM latchd@seattleu.edu; daumitk@seattleu.edu; jlgray@usgs.gov; graiken@usgs.gov RI Gray, James/I-8136-2012 NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD MAR 22 PY 2009 VL 237 MA 211-GEOC PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA V16GJ UT WOS:000207857804262 ER PT J AU Long, P Rose, K Schaef, HT Torres, ME Solomon, ES Kastner, M Johnson, JE Giosan, L Winters, WJ Dewri, S Kumar, P AF Long, Philip Rose, Kelly Schaef, H. Todd Torres, Marta E. Solomon, Evan S. Kastner, Miriam Johnson, Joel E. Giosan, Liviu Winters, William J. Dewri, Suresh Kumar, Pushpendra TI Gas hydrate occurrence in marine sediments and volcanic ash of the Andaman Arc: Results from the Indian NGHP Expedition 01, Site 17 SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 [Long, Philip] Pacific NW Natl Lab, Energy & Environm Directorate, Richland, WA 99352 USA. [Rose, Kelly] US DOE, Methane Hydrate Field Studies, Natl Energy Technol Lab, Morgantown, WV 26507 USA. [Schaef, H. Todd] Pacific NW Natl Lab, Appl Geol & Geochem Grp, Richland, WA 99352 USA. [Torres, Marta E.] Oregon State Univ, Coll Ocean & Atmospher Sci, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. [Solomon, Evan S.; Kastner, Miriam] Univ Calif San Diego, Geosci Res Div, Scripps Inst Oceanog, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA. [Johnson, Joel E.] Univ New Hampshire, Dept Earth Sci, Durham, NH 03824 USA. [Giosan, Liviu] Woods Hole Oceanog Inst, Woods Hole, MA 02453 USA. [Winters, William J.] US Geol Survey, Woods Hole Sci Ctr, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. [Dewri, Suresh; Kumar, Pushpendra] IEOT, Panvel 410221, Navi Mumbai, India. EM philiplong@pnl.gov; Kelly.Rose@NETL.DOE.GOV; todd.schaef@pnl.gov; mtorres@coas.oregonstate.edu; esolomon@ucsd.edu; mkastner@ucsd.edu; Joel.johnson@unh.edu; lgiosan@whoi.edu; bwinters@usgs.gov; suresh.dewri@gmail.com; pushpendrakumar_2005@yahoo.com RI Giosan, Liviu/F-1809-2010 OI Giosan, Liviu/0000-0001-6769-5204 NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD MAR 22 PY 2009 VL 237 MA 63-FUEL PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA V16GJ UT WOS:000207857803734 ER PT J AU Nalli, TW Abdalla, AK Mulder, M Alstad, M Bartsch, LA Bartsch, MR Richardson, WB AF Nalli, Thomas W. Abdalla, Abdalla Khalid Mulder, Michon Alstad, Matthew Bartsch, Lynn A. Bartsch, Michelle R. Richardson, William B. TI Characterization of fatty acids in fish from the upper Mississippi River using GC-MS SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 [Nalli, Thomas W.; Abdalla, Abdalla Khalid; Mulder, Michon; Alstad, Matthew] Winona State Univ, Dept Chem, Winona, MN 55987 USA. [Bartsch, Lynn A.; Bartsch, Michelle R.; Richardson, William B.] US Geol Survey, Upper Midwest Environm Sci Ctr, La Crosse, WI 54603 USA. EM tnalli@winona.edu; aabdalla07@winona.edu; mlmulder6132@winona.edu; mjalstad0318@winona.edu; lbartsch@usgs.gov; mbartsch@usgs.gov; wrichardson@usgs.gov NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 1 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD MAR 22 PY 2009 VL 237 MA 512-CHED PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA V16GJ UT WOS:000207857802132 ER PT J AU Qafoku, NP Kukkadapu, RK McKinley, JP Arey, BW Kelly, SD Campbell, KM Resch, CT Wang, CM Williams, KH Wilkins, MJ Long, PE AF Qafoku, Nikolla P. Kukkadapu, Ravi K. McKinley, James P. Arey, Bruce W. Kelly, Shelly D. Campbell, Kate M. Resch, C. T. Wang, Chongmin Williams, Kenneth H. Wilkins, Mike J. Long, Phillip E. TI Mineralogical control on U(VI) attenuation in the contaminated sediments from Rifle SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 [Qafoku, Nikolla P.] Pacific NW Natl Lab, Geochem Grp, Fundamental & Computatianal Sci Div, Richland, WA 99352 USA. [Kukkadapu, Ravi K.; Arey, Bruce W.; Wang, Chongmin] Pacific NW Natl Lab, Environm Mol Sci Lab, Richland, WA 99352 USA. [McKinley, James P.] Pacific NW Natl Lab, Environm Dynam & Simulat Grp, Richland, WA 99352 USA. [Kelly, Shelly D.] Argonne Natl Lab, Biosci Div, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. [Campbell, Kate M.] US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. [Williams, Kenneth H.] Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. [Long, Phillip E.] Pacific NW Natl Lab, Energy & Environm Directorate, Richland, WA 99352 USA. EM nik.qafoku@pnl.gov; Ravi.Kukkadapu@pnl.gov; james.mckinley@pnl.gov; Bruce.Arey@pnl.gov; skelly@anl.gov; tom.resch@pnl.gov; khwilliams@lbl.gov; mike.wilkings@nature.berkely.com; Philip.Long@pnl.gov RI Wilkins, Michael/A-9358-2013; Williams, Kenneth/O-5181-2014; Long, Philip/F-5728-2013 OI Williams, Kenneth/0000-0002-3568-1155; Long, Philip/0000-0003-4152-5682 NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 3 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD MAR 22 PY 2009 VL 237 MA 95-GEOC PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA V16GJ UT WOS:000207857804400 ER PT J AU Ruppel, C AF Ruppel, Carolyn TI Methane hydrates and global climate change. A status report SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 [Ruppel, Carolyn] US Geol Survey, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. EM cruppel@usgs.gov NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 3 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD MAR 22 PY 2009 VL 237 MA 62-FUEL PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA V16GJ UT WOS:000207857803781 ER PT J AU Stillings, LL AF Stillings, Lisa L. TI Effect of rainfall events on adsorption and transport of Cu, Ni, Pb, and Zn in streams draining the historic Beatson mine, Latouche Island, Prince William Sound, AK, USA SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 [Stillings, Lisa L.] Univ Nevada, US Geol Survey, Reno, NV 89557 USA. EM stilling@usgs.gov NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD MAR 22 PY 2009 VL 237 MA 98-GEOC PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA V16GJ UT WOS:000207857804423 ER PT J AU Thorn, KA Cox, LG AF Thorn, K. A. Cox, Larry G. TI Photolysis of TNT examined by multinuclear NMR SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 [Thorn, K. A.; Cox, Larry G.] US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Lakewood, CO 80225 USA. EM kathorn@usgs.gov NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD MAR 22 PY 2009 VL 237 MA 233-ENVR PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA V16GJ UT WOS:000207857804206 ER PT J AU Waychunas, GA Jun, YS Davis, JA Kubicki, JD AF Waychunas, Glenn A. Jun, Young-Shin Davis, James A. Kubicki, James D. TI The crystal chemistry of iron oxyhydroxide-silica interfacial reactions SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 [Waychunas, Glenn A.] Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Div Earth Sci, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. [Jun, Young-Shin] Washington Univ, St Louis, MO 63130 USA. [Davis, James A.] US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. [Kubicki, James D.] Penn State Univ, Dept Geosci, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. EM gawaychunas@lbl.gov; ysjun@seas.wustl.edu; jadavis@usgs.gov; kubicki@geosc.psu.edu RI Kubicki, James/I-1843-2012; Davis, James/G-2788-2015 OI Kubicki, James/0000-0002-9277-9044; NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD MAR 22 PY 2009 VL 237 MA 103-GEOC PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA V16GJ UT WOS:000207857804350 ER PT J AU Shaw, JC Korzan, WJ Carpenter, RE Kuris, AM Lafferty, KD Summers, CH Overli, O AF Shaw, J. C. Korzan, W. J. Carpenter, R. E. Kuris, A. M. Lafferty, K. D. Summers, C. H. Overli, O. TI Parasite manipulation of brain monoamines in California killifish (Fundulus parvipinnis) by the trematode Euhaplorchis californiensis SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY B-BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES LA English DT Article DE parasites; fish; dopamine; serotonin; monoamine; trematode ID HOST BEHAVIORAL-CHANGE; INTERMEDIATE HOST; SEROTONERGIC ACTIVITY; SWIMMING ACTIVITY; ORNITHODIPLOSTOMUM-PTYCHOCHEILUS; PIMEPHALES-PROMELAS; SALVELINUS-ALPINUS; LOCOMOTOR-ACTIVITY; TOXOPLASMA-GONDII; SEXUAL-BEHAVIOR AB California killifish (Fundulus parvipinnis) infected with the brain-encysting trematode Euhaplorchis californiensis display conspicuous swimming behaviours rendering them more susceptible to predation by avian final hosts. Heavily infected killifish grow and reproduce normally, despite having thousands of cysts inside their braincases. This suggests that E. californiensis affects only specific locomotory behaviours. We hypothesised that changes in the serotonin and dopamine metabolism, essential for controlling locomotion and arousal may underlie this behaviour modification. We employed micropunch dissection and HPLC to analyse monoamine and monoamine metabolite concentrations in the brain regions of uninfected and experimentally infected fish. The parasites exerted density-dependent changes in monoaminergic activity distinct from those exhibited by fish subjected to stress. Specifically, E. californiensis inhibited a normally occurring, stress-induced elevation of serotonergic metabolism in the raphae nuclei. This effect was particularly evident in the experimentally infected fish, whose low-density infections were concentrated on the brainstem. Furthermore, high E. californiensis density was associated with increased dopaminergic activity in the hypothalamus and decreased serotonergic activity in the hippocampus. In conclusion, the altered monoaminergic metabolism may explain behavioural differences leading to increased predation of the infected killifish by their final host predators. C1 [Shaw, J. C.; Kuris, A. M.] Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Dept Ecol Evolut & Marine Biol, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA. [Korzan, W. J.] Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Dept Cell Biol, Brookline, MA 02215 USA. [Carpenter, R. E.; Summers, C. H.] Univ S Dakota, Dept Biol, Vermillion, SD 57069 USA. [Carpenter, R. E.; Summers, C. H.] Univ S Dakota, Neurosci Grp, Div Basic Biomed Sci, Vermillion, SD 57069 USA. [Lafferty, K. D.] Univ Calif Santa Barbara, US Geol Survey, Western Ecol Res Ctr, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA. [Overli, O.] Norwegian Univ Life Sci, Dept Anim & Aquacultural Sci, N-1432 As, Norway. RP Shaw, JC (reprint author), Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Dept Ecol Evolut & Marine Biol, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA. EM shaw@lifesci.ucsb.edu RI Lafferty, Kevin/B-3888-2009 OI Lafferty, Kevin/0000-0001-7583-4593 FU NSF/NIH Ecology of Infectious Diseases Program [DEB-0224565] FX The authors would like to thank Kenneth J. Renner for the HPLC and protein analysis, Jessica Cinkornpumin and Amber Kaplan for their assistance and Ryan Hechinger for his intellectual contribution. R. Hechinger and Valerie McKenzie provided their helpful comments on earlier drafts of the manuscript. The University of California Natural Reserve System provided access to field sites at Carpinteria Salt Marsh. Funding provided by the NSF/NIH Ecology of Infectious Diseases Program (DEB-0224565). Any use of trade, product or firm names in this publication is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the US government. NR 85 TC 36 Z9 38 U1 4 U2 73 PU ROYAL SOC PI LONDON PA 6-9 CARLTON HOUSE TERRACE, LONDON SW1Y 5AG, ENGLAND SN 0962-8452 EI 1471-2954 J9 P ROY SOC B-BIOL SCI JI Proc. R. Soc. B-Biol. Sci. PD MAR 22 PY 2009 VL 276 IS 1659 BP 1137 EP 1146 DI 10.1098/rspb.2008.1597 PG 10 WC Biology; Ecology; Evolutionary Biology SC Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Evolutionary Biology GA 404JO UT WOS:000263148000020 PM 19129105 ER PT J AU Davidson, J Bebak, J Mazik, P AF Davidson, John Bebak, Julie Mazik, Patricia TI The effects of aquaculture production noise on the growth, condition factor, feed conversion, and survival of rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss SO AQUACULTURE LA English DT Article DE Noise; Underwater sound; Rainbow trout; Fish growth; Intensive aquaculture; Recirculating aquaculture system ID GOLDFISH CARASSIUS-AURATUS; HIGH-DENSITY CULTURE; ATLANTIC SALMON; AMBIENT NOISE; RECIRCULATING SYSTEM; AUDITORY-SENSITIVITY; AVOIDANCE RESPONSES; CRANGON-CRANGON; STRESS-RESPONSE; HEARING-LOSS AB Intensive aquaculture systems, particularly recirculating systems, utilize equipment such as aerators, air and water pumps, blowers, and filtration systems that inadvertently increase noise levels in fish culture tanks. Sound levels and frequencies measured within intensive aquaculture systems are within the range of fish hearing, but species-specific effects of aquaculture production noise are not well defined. Field and laboratory studies have shown that fish behavior and physiology can be negatively impacted by intense sound. Therefore, chronic exposure to aquaculture production noise could cause increased stress, reduced growth rates and feed conversion efficiency, and decreased survival. The objective of this study was to provide an in-depth evaluation of the long term effects of aquaculture production noise on the growth, condition factor, feed conversion efficiency, and survival of cultured rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss. Rainbow trout were cultured in replicated tanks using two sound treatments: 117 dB re 1 mu Pa RMS which represented sound levels lower than those recorded in an intensive recycle system and 149 dB re 1 mu Pa RMS, representing sound levels near the upper limits known to occur in recycle systems. To begin the study mean fish weights in the 117 and 149 dB tanks were 40 and 39 g, respectively. After five months of exposure no significant differences were identified between treatments for mean weight, length, specific growth rates, condition factor, feed conversion, or survival (n=4). Mean final weights for the 117 and 149 dB treatments were 641 3 and 631 10 g, respectively. Overall specific growth rates were equal, i.e. 1.84 +/- 0.00 and 1.84 +/- 0.01%/day. Analysis of growth rates of individually tagged rainbow trout indicated that fish from the 149 dB tanks grew slower during the first month of noise exposure (p<0.05); however, fish acclimated to the noise thereafter. This study further suggests that rainbow trout growth and survival are unlikely to be affected over the long term by noise levels common to intensive aquaculture systems. (C) 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 [Davidson, John] Conservat Funds Freshwater Inst, Shepherdstown, WV 25443 USA. [Bebak, Julie] Agr Res Serv, USDA, Auburn, AL 36831 USA. [Mazik, Patricia] W Virginia Univ, US Geol Survey, W Virginia Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Morgantown, WV 26506 USA. RP Davidson, J (reprint author), Conservat Funds Freshwater Inst, 1098 Turner Rd, Shepherdstown, WV 25443 USA. EM j.davidson@freshwaterinstitute.org NR 50 TC 19 Z9 21 U1 2 U2 28 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0044-8486 J9 AQUACULTURE JI Aquaculture PD MAR 20 PY 2009 VL 288 IS 3-4 BP 337 EP 343 DI 10.1016/j.aquaculture.2008.11.037 PG 7 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 425FL UT WOS:000264622300024 ER PT J AU Windham-Myers, L Marvin-Dipasquale, M Krabbenhoft, DP Agee, JL Cox, MH Heredia-Middleton, P Coates, C Kakouros, E AF Windham-Myers, Lisamarie Marvin-Dipasquale, Mark Krabbenhoft, David P. Agee, Jennifer L. Cox, Marisa H. Heredia-Middleton, Pilar Coates, Carolyn Kakouros, Evangelos TI Experimental removal of wetland emergent vegetation leads to decreased methylmercury production in surface sediment SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-BIOGEOSCIENCES LA English DT Article ID FRESH-WATER SEDIMENTS; SALT-MARSH SEDIMENTS; MERCURY METHYLATION; SULFATE REDUCTION; CONTAMINATED SEDIMENTS; SPARTINA-ALTERNIFLORA; NATURAL-WATERS; IRON; RHIZOSPHERE; OXIDATION AB We performed plant removal (devegetation) experiments across a suite of ecologically diverse wetland settings (tidal salt marshes, river floodplain, rotational rice fields, and freshwater wetlands with permanent or seasonal flooding) to determine the extent to which the presence (or absence) of actively growing plants influences the activity of the Hg(II)-methylating microbial community and the availability of Hg(II) to those microbes. Vegetated control plots were paired with neighboring devegetated plots in which photosynthetic input was terminated 4-8 months prior to measurements, through clipping aboveground biomass, severing belowground connections, and shading the sediment surface to prevent regrowth. Across all wetlands, devegetation decreased the activity of the Hg(II)-methylating microbial community (k(meth)) by 38%, calculated MeHg production potential (MP) rates by 36%, and pore water acetate concentration by 78%. Decreases in MP were associated with decreases in microbial sulfate reduction in salt marsh settings. In freshwater agricultural wetlands, decreases in MP were related to indices of microbial iron reduction. Sediment MeHg concentrations were also significantly lower in devegetated than in vegetated plots in most wetland settings studied. Devegetation effects were correlated with live root density (percent volume) and were most profound in vegetated sites with higher initial pore water acetate concentrations. Densely rooted wetlands had the highest rates of microbial Hg(II)-methylation activity but often the lowest concentrations of bioavailable reactive Hg(II). We conclude that the exudation of labile organic carbon (e. g., acetate) by plants leads to enhanced microbial sulfate and iron reduction activity in the rhizosphere, which results in high rates of microbial Hg(II)-methyation and high MeHg concentrations in wetland sediment. C1 [Windham-Myers, Lisamarie; Marvin-Dipasquale, Mark; Krabbenhoft, David P.; Agee, Jennifer L.; Cox, Marisa H.; Heredia-Middleton, Pilar; Coates, Carolyn; Kakouros, Evangelos] US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. RP Windham-Myers, L (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 345 Middlefield Rd, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. EM lwindham@usgs.gov FU California Bay Delta Authority [ERP-02-P40, ERP-O2D-P62]; San Francisco Foundation [C-2006-0797]; California State Water Resources Control Board [06-232-555-0] FX The authors gratefully acknowledge the funding support from the California Bay Delta Authority (ERP-02-P40, ERP-O2D-P62), The San Francisco Foundation (C-2006-0797), and the California State Water Resources Control Board (06-232-555-0). Earlier versions of the manuscript benefited from comments provided by R. Stewart, R. Miller, A. Slowey, Isa Woo, and two anonymous reviewers. Additional field and lab support came from D. Yee, J. Collins, J. Takekawa, I. Woo, S. Olund, J. DeWild, D. Tsao-Melcer, L. Grenier, A. Robinson, S. Wren, N. Ladizinsky, S. Quistad, J. Kanerva, and D. Feliz. We acknowledge and thank several agencies and private citizens for site access and permission: California Department of Fish and Game (Black John Slough and Mid Petaluma Marsh, Petaluma River, Yolo Bypass Wildlife Area), R. Phelan and S. Brand (Gambonini Marsh), United States Fish and Wildlife Service (Alviso Marsh), The Nature Conservancy, and U. S. Bureau of Land Management (Cosumnes River Floodplain). NR 66 TC 23 Z9 23 U1 5 U2 51 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0148-0227 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-BIOGEO JI J. Geophys. Res.-Biogeosci. PD MAR 20 PY 2009 VL 114 AR G00C05 DI 10.1029/2008JG000815 PG 14 WC Environmental Sciences; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Geology GA 422PJ UT WOS:000264439900002 ER PT J AU Belabbes, S Wicks, C Cakir, Z Meghraoui, M AF Belabbes, Samir Wicks, Charles Cakir, Ziyadin Meghraoui, Mustapha TI Rupture parameters of the 2003 Zemmouri (M-w 6.8), Algeria, earthquake from joint inversion of interferometric synthetic aperture radar, coastal uplift, and GPS SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SOLID EARTH LA English DT Article ID EL-ASNAM EARTHQUAKE; ACTIVE TECTONICS; EARTHS SURFACE; AL-HOCEIMA; DEFORMATION; FOLD; MOUNTAINS; M-W=6.9; MOROCCO; AFRICA AB We study the surface deformation associated with the 21 May 2003 (M-w = 6.8) Zemmouri (Algeria) earthquake, the strongest seismic event felt in the Algiers region since 1716. The thrust earthquake mechanism and related surface deformation revealed an average 0.50 m coastal uplift along similar to 55-km-long coastline. We obtain coseismic interferograms using Envisat advanced synthetic aperture radar (ASAR) (IS2) and RADARSAT standard beam (ST4) data from both the ascending and descending orbits of Envisat satellite, whereas the RADARSAT data proved useful only in the descending mode. While the two RADARSAT interferograms cover the earthquake area, Envisat data cover only the western half of the rupture zone. Although the interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR) coherence in the epicenter area is poor, deformation fringes are observed along the coast in different patches. In the Boumerdes area, the maximum coseismic deformation is indicated by the high gradient of fringes visible in all interferograms in agreement with field measurements (tape, differential GPS, leveling, and GPS). To constrain the earthquake rupture parameters, we model the interferograms and uplift measurements using elastic dislocations on triangular fault patches in an elastic and homogeneous half-space. We invert the coseismic slip using first, a planar surface and second, a curved fault, both constructed from triangular elements using Poly3Dinv program that uses a damped least square minimization. The best fit of InSAR, coastal uplift, and GPS data corresponds to a 65-km-long fault rupture dipping 40 degrees to 50 degrees SE, located at 8 to 13 km offshore with a change in strike west of Boumerdes from N60 degrees-65 degrees to N95 degrees-105 degrees. The inferred rupture geometry at depth correlates well with the seismological results and may have critical implications for the seismic hazard assessment of the Algiers region. C1 [Belabbes, Samir; Meghraoui, Mustapha] Inst Phys Globe Strasbourg, UMR 7516, F-670084 Strasbourg, France. [Wicks, Charles] US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. [Cakir, Ziyadin] Istanbul Tech Univ, Fac Mines, TR-80626 Istanbul, Turkey. RP Belabbes, S (reprint author), Inst Phys Globe Strasbourg, UMR 7516, 5 Rue Rene Descartes, F-670084 Strasbourg, France. EM mustapha.Meghraoui@eost.u-strasbg.fr RI Cakir, Ziyadin/C-3594-2008; Meghraoui, Mustapha/K-4206-2015 OI Cakir, Ziyadin/0000-0003-3050-5619; NR 46 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 1 U2 16 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-9313 EI 2169-9356 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-SOL EA JI J. Geophys. Res.-Solid Earth PD MAR 20 PY 2009 VL 114 AR B03406 DI 10.1029/2008JB005912 PG 16 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 422PT UT WOS:000264440900004 ER PT J AU Lee, IH Wang, YH Liu, JT Chuang, WS Xu, JP AF Lee, I-Huan Wang, Yu-Huai Liu, James T. Chuang, Wen-Ssn Xu, Jingping TI Internal tidal currents in the Gaoping (Kaoping) Submarine Canyon SO JOURNAL OF MARINE SYSTEMS LA English DT Article DE Gaoping (Kaoping) River; Submarine Canyon; Internal tidal currents; Standing wave ID SOUTHWESTERN TAIWAN; MONTEREY-CANYON; CALIFORNIA; SEDIMENTS; WAVES; SEA AB Data from five separate field experiments during 2000-2006 were used to study the internal tidal flow patterns in the Gaoping (formerly spelled Kaoping) Submarine Canyon. The internal tides are large with maximum interface displacements of about 200 m and maximum velocities of over 100cm/s. They are characterized by a first-mode velocity and density structure with zero crossing at about 100 m depth. In the lower layer, the currents increase with increasing depth. The density interface and the along-channel velocity are approximately 90 degrees out-of-phase, suggesting a predominant standing wave pattern. However, partial reflection is indicated as there is a consistent phase advance between sea level and density interface along the canyon axis. (C) 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 [Wang, Yu-Huai] Natl Sun Yat Sen Univ, Inst Appl Marine Phys & Undersea Technol, Kaohsiung 80424, Taiwan. [Lee, I-Huan] Natl Museum Marine Biol & Aquarium, Pingtung 94450, Taiwan. [Liu, James T.] Natl Sun Yat Sen Univ, Inst Marine Geol & Chem, Kaohsiung 80424, Taiwan. [Chuang, Wen-Ssn] Natl Taiwan Univ, Inst Oceanog, Taipei 10617, Taiwan. [Xu, Jingping] US Geol Survey, Santa Cruz, CA 95060 USA. [Xu, Jingping] US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 95060 USA. RP Wang, YH (reprint author), Natl Sun Yat Sen Univ, Inst Appl Marine Phys & Undersea Technol, Kaohsiung 80424, Taiwan. EM ihlee@nmmba.gov.tw; yhwang@nsysu.edu.tw; james@nsysu.edu.tw; chuang@ntu.edu.tw; jpx@usgs.gov OI Liu, James/0000-0001-7930-1911 FU ROC National Science Council (NSC) [NSC91-2611-M-110-017, NSC92-2611-M-110-012, NSC93-2611-M-110-013, NSC94-2611-M-110-002, 95-2611-M-110-014]; Aim for Top University Plan FX We appreciated comments from two reviewers to improve the manuscript. Dr. Dong-ping Wang provided helpful discussions. The funding for this study was provided by the ROC National Science Council (NSC) under grant numbers: NSC91-2611-M-110-017, NSC92-2611-M-110-012, NSC93-2611-M-110-013, NSC94-2611-M-110-002 to J.T. Liu. YHW acknowledged partial supports from NSC (95-2611-M-110-014) and the Aim for Top University Plan. NR 17 TC 13 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 3 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0924-7963 J9 J MARINE SYST JI J. Mar. Syst. PD MAR 20 PY 2009 VL 76 IS 4 BP 397 EP 404 DI 10.1016/j.jmarsys.2007.12.011 PG 8 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography SC Geology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA 426SY UT WOS:000264729300004 ER PT J AU Woodman, N AF Woodman, Neal TI The Stephen H. Long Expedition (1819-1820), Titian R. Peale's field illustrations, and the lost holotypes of the North American shrews Sorex brevicaudus Say and Sorex parvus Say (Mammalia: Soricidae) from the Philadelphia Museum SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON LA English DT Article ID NATURAL-HISTORY AB While encamped for the winter of 1819-1820 at Engineer Cantonment along the Missouri River in present-day eastern Nebraska, members of Major Stephen Harriman Long's Expedition to the Rocky Mountains collected a number of animals that were previously unknown. Among the mammals were two soricids that were subsequently described by Thomas Say as Sore-v brevicaudus (Northern Short-tailed Shrew, Blarina brevicauda) and Sorex parvus (Least Shrew, Cryptotis parvus). The holotypes of these species were deposited and placed on public exhibit in the Philadelphia Museum, the predominant North American systematic collection of the early nineteenth century. Like most private museums of that era, the Philadelphia Museum eventually went out of business, and its collections were dispersed and, for the most part, lost. Fortunately, Titian R. Peale made a detailed field sketch of the two specimens soon after their capture and subsequently executed a watercolor based on that sketch. In addition, an engraving of the holotypes was published in the decade following the discovery of the two species. Illustrations of holotypes are taxonomically useful when they depict diagnostic characters of species. They take on added taxonomic significance in the absence of the holotypes. In the cases of Sorex brevicaudus and Sorex parvus, Pictures provide strong confirmation of the taxonomic identities of these two species, as well as recording the early history of the specimens. C1 Smithsonian Inst, Natl Museum Nat Hist, Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, US Geol Survey, Washington, DC 20013 USA. RP Woodman, N (reprint author), Smithsonian Inst, Natl Museum Nat Hist, Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, US Geol Survey, Washington, DC 20013 USA. EM woodmann@si.edu OI Woodman, Neal/0000-0003-2689-7373 NR 51 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU BIOL SOC WASHINGTON PI WASHINGTON PA NAT MUSEUM NAT HIST SMITHSONIAN INST, WASHINGTON, DC 20560 USA SN 0006-324X J9 P BIOL SOC WASH JI Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. PD MAR 20 PY 2009 VL 122 IS 1 BP 117 EP 129 DI 10.2988/08-36.1 PG 13 WC Biology SC Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics GA 423AS UT WOS:000264469400011 ER PT J AU Naish, T Powell, R Levy, R Wilson, G Scherer, R Talarico, F Krissek, L Niessen, F Pompilio, M Wilson, T Carter, L DeConto, R Huybers, P McKay, R Pollard, D Ross, J Winter, D Barrett, P Browne, G Cody, R Cowan, E Crampton, J Dunbar, G Dunbar, N Florindo, F Gebhardt, C Graham, I Hannah, M Hansaraj, D Harwood, D Helling, D Henrys, S Hinnov, L Kuhn, G Kyle, P Laufer, A Maffioli, P Magens, D Mandernack, K McIntosh, W Millan, C Morin, R Ohneiser, C Paulsen, T Persico, D Raine, I Reed, J Riesselman, C Sagnotti, L Schmitt, D Sjunneskog, C Strong, P Taviani, M Vogel, S Wilch, T Williams, T AF Naish, T. Powell, R. Levy, R. Wilson, G. Scherer, R. Talarico, F. Krissek, L. Niessen, F. Pompilio, M. Wilson, T. Carter, L. DeConto, R. Huybers, P. McKay, R. Pollard, D. Ross, J. Winter, D. Barrett, P. Browne, G. Cody, R. Cowan, E. Crampton, J. Dunbar, G. Dunbar, N. Florindo, F. Gebhardt, C. Graham, I. Hannah, M. Hansaraj, D. Harwood, D. Helling, D. Henrys, S. Hinnov, L. Kuhn, G. Kyle, P. Laeufer, A. Maffioli, P. Magens, D. Mandernack, K. McIntosh, W. Millan, C. Morin, R. Ohneiser, C. Paulsen, T. Persico, D. Raine, I. Reed, J. Riesselman, C. Sagnotti, L. Schmitt, D. Sjunneskog, C. Strong, P. Taviani, M. Vogel, S. Wilch, T. Williams, T. TI Obliquity-paced Pliocene West Antarctic ice sheet oscillations SO NATURE LA English DT Article ID ATLANTIC DEEP-WATER; EUSTATIC SEA-LEVEL; ROSS SEA; CLIMATE; RECORD; FLUCTUATIONS; GREENHOUSE; DELTA-O-18; AMPLITUDE; NEOGENE AB Thirty years after oxygen isotope records from microfossils deposited in ocean sediments confirmed the hypothesis that variations in the Earth's orbital geometry control the ice ages(1), fundamental questions remain over the response of the Antarctic ice sheets to orbital cycles(2). Furthermore, an understanding of the behaviour of the marine-based West Antarctic ice sheet (WAIS) during the 'warmer-than-present' early-Pliocene epoch (similar to 5-3 Myr ago) is needed to better constrain the possible range of ice-sheet behaviour in the context of future global warming(3). Here we present a marine glacial record from the upper 600 m of the AND-1B sediment core recovered from beneath the northwest part of the Ross ice shelf by the ANDRILL programme and demonstrate well-dated, similar to 40-kyr cyclic variations in ice-sheet extent linked to cycles in insolation influenced by changes in the Earth's axial tilt (obliquity) during the Pliocene. Our data provide direct evidence for orbitally induced oscillations in the WAIS, which periodically collapsed, resulting in a switch from grounded ice, or ice shelves, to open waters in the Ross embayment when planetary temperatures were up to similar to 3 degrees C warmer than today(4) and atmospheric CO2 concentration was as high as similar to 400 p. p. m. v. (refs 5, 6). The evidence is consistent with a new ice-sheet/ice-shelf model(7) that simulates fluctuations in Antarctic ice volume of up to +7 m in equivalent sea level associated with the loss of the WAIS and up to +3 m in equivalent sea level from the East Antarctic ice sheet, in response to ocean-induced melting paced by obliquity. During interglacial times, diatomaceous sediments indicate high surface-water productivity, minimal summer sea ice and air temperatures above freezing, suggesting an additional influence of surface melt(8) under conditions of elevated CO2. C1 [Naish, T.; Carter, L.; McKay, R.; Barrett, P.; Cody, R.; Dunbar, G.; Hannah, M.; Hansaraj, D.] Victoria Univ Wellington, Antarctic Res Ctr, Wellington 6012, New Zealand. [Naish, T.; Browne, G.; Cody, R.; Crampton, J.; Graham, I.; Hansaraj, D.; Henrys, S.; Raine, I.; Strong, P.] GNS Sci, Lower Hutt 5040, New Zealand. [Powell, R.; Scherer, R.; Vogel, S.] No Illinois Univ, Dept Geog & Environm Geosci, De Kalb, IL 60115 USA. [Levy, R.; Winter, D.; Reed, J.] Univ Nebraska, Dept Geosci, ANDRILL Sci Management Off, Lincoln, NE 68588 USA. [Wilson, G.; Ohneiser, C.] Univ Otago, Dept Geol, Dunedin 9001, Otago, New Zealand. [Talarico, F.] Univ Siena, Dipartimento Sci Terra, I-53100 Siena, Italy. [Krissek, L.; Wilson, T.; Millan, C.] Ohio State Univ, Dept Geol Sci, Columbus, OH 43210 USA. [Niessen, F.; Gebhardt, C.; Helling, D.; Kuhn, G.; Magens, D.] Alfred Wegener Inst Polar & Marine Res, Inst Geosci, D-27515 Bremerhaven, Germany. [Pompilio, M.] Ist Nazl Geofis & Vulcanol, I-56126 Pisa, Italy. [DeConto, R.] Univ Massachusetts, Dept Geosci, Morrell Sci Ctr 233, Amherst, MA 01003 USA. [Huybers, P.] Harvard Univ, Dept Earth & Planetary Sci, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA. [Pollard, D.] Penn State Univ, Earth & Environm Syst Inst, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. [Ross, J.; Dunbar, N.; Kyle, P.; McIntosh, W.] New Mexico Inst Min & Technol, Socorro, NM 87801 USA. [Cowan, E.] Appalachian State Univ, Dept Geol, Boone, NC 28608 USA. [Florindo, F.; Sagnotti, L.] Ist Nazl Geofis & Vulcanol, I-00143 Rome, Italy. [Hinnov, L.] Johns Hopkins Univ, Dept Earth & Planetary Sci, Baltimore, MD 21218 USA. [Laeufer, A.] Fed Inst Geosci & Nat Resources, BGR, D-30655 Hannover, Germany. [Maffioli, P.] Univ Milano Bicocca, Dipartimento Sci Geol & Geotecnol, I-20126 Milan, Italy. [Mandernack, K.] Colorado Sch Mines, Dept Chem & Geochem, Golden, CO 80401 USA. [Morin, R.] US Geol Survey, Denver, CO 80225 USA. [Paulsen, T.] Univ Wisconsin, Dept Geol, Oshkosh, WI 54901 USA. [Persico, D.] Univ Parma, Dipartimento Sci Terra, I-43100 Parma, Italy. [Reed, J.] Iowa State Univ, CHRONOS, Dept Geol & Atmospher Sci, Ames, IA 50011 USA. [Riesselman, C.] Stanford Univ, Sch Earth Sci, Dept Geol & Environm Sci, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. [Schmitt, D.] Univ Alberta, Dept Phys, Edmonton, AB T6G 2G7, Canada. [Sjunneskog, C.] Louisiana State Univ, Dept Geol & Geophys, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA. [Taviani, M.] ISMAR Bologna, CNR, I-40129 Bologna, Italy. [Wilch, T.] Albion Coll, Dept Geol, Albion, MI 49224 USA. [Williams, T.] Columbia Univ, Lamont Doherty Earth Observ, Palisades, NY 10964 USA. RP Naish, T (reprint author), Victoria Univ Wellington, Antarctic Res Ctr, POB 600, Wellington 6012, New Zealand. EM tim.naish@vuw.ac.nz RI Schmitt, Douglas/A-4091-2010; talarico, franco/G-9472-2012; Wilson, Gary/B-3803-2010; Florindo, Fabio/F-4119-2010; Pompilio, Massimo/C-5892-2008; Levy, Richard/E-2477-2011; Crampton, James/G-1381-2012; Riesselman, Christina/H-5037-2012; Hinnov, Linda/D-9486-2013; Vogel, Stefan/I-1963-2014; CNR, Ismar/P-1247-2014; Hannah, Michael/H-1083-2015; McKay, Robert/N-2449-2015; Raine, James/D-5124-2009 OI Kuhn, Gerhard/0000-0001-6069-7485; Schmitt, Douglas/0000-0001-6920-0658; Vogel, Stefan W./0000-0002-4350-7130; Ohneiser, Christian/0000-0002-2781-2522; talarico, franco/0000-0002-7254-4301; taviani, marco/0000-0003-0414-4274; Sagnotti, Leonardo/0000-0003-3944-201X; Florindo, Fabio/0000-0002-6058-9748; Pompilio, Massimo/0000-0002-0742-0679; Crampton, James/0000-0003-3270-9981; CNR, Ismar/0000-0001-5351-1486; Hannah, Michael/0000-0002-2275-0086; McKay, Robert/0000-0002-5602-6985; Raine, James/0000-0001-5294-2102 FU US National Science Foundation; New Zealand Foundation for Research Science and Technology; Royal Society of New Zealand Marsden Fund; Italian Antarctic Research Programme; German Research Foundation; Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research FX The ANDRILL project is a multinational collaboration between the Antarctic programmes of Germany, Italy, New Zealand and the United States. Antarctica New Zealand is the project operator and developed the drilling system in collaboration with A. Pyne. Antarctica New Zealand supported the drilling team at Scott Base; Raytheon Polar Services Corporation supported the science team at McMurdo Station and the Crary Science and Engineering Laboratory. The ANDRILL Science Management Office at the University of Nebraska- Lincoln provided science planning and operational support. The scientific studies are jointly supported by the US National Science Foundation, the New Zealand Foundation for Research Science and Technology and the Royal Society of New Zealand Marsden Fund, the Italian Antarctic Research Programme, the German Research Foundation and the Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research. NR 43 TC 258 Z9 263 U1 16 U2 114 PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP PI LONDON PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND SN 0028-0836 J9 NATURE JI Nature PD MAR 19 PY 2009 VL 458 IS 7236 BP 322 EP U84 DI 10.1038/nature07867 PG 8 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 420JH UT WOS:000264285600038 PM 19295607 ER PT J AU Spencer, RGM Aiken, GR Butler, KD Dornblaser, MM Striegl, RG Hernes, PJ AF Spencer, Robert G. M. Aiken, George R. Butler, Kenna D. Dornblaser, Mark M. Striegl, Robert G. Hernes, Peter J. TI Utilizing chromophoric dissolved organic matter measurements to derive export and reactivity of dissolved organic carbon exported to the Arctic Ocean: A case study of the Yukon River, Alaska SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article ID NORTH-ATLANTIC; DISCHARGE; WATER AB The quality and quantity of dissolved organic matter (DOM) exported by Arctic rivers is known to vary with hydrology and this exported material plays a fundamental role in the biogeochemical cycling of carbon at high latitudes. We highlight the potential of optical measurements to examine DOM quality across the hydrograph in Arctic rivers. Furthermore, we establish chromophoric DOM (CDOM) relationships to dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and lignin phenols in the Yukon River and model DOC and lignin loads from CDOM measurements, the former in excellent agreement with long-term DOC monitoring data. Intensive sampling across the historically under-sampled spring flush period highlights the importance of this time for total export of DOC and particularly lignin. Calculated riverine DOC loads to the Arctic Ocean show an increase from previous estimates, especially when new higher discharge data are incorporated. Increased DOC loads indicate decreased residence times for terrigenous DOM in the Arctic Ocean with important implications for the reactivity and export of this material to the Atlantic Ocean. Citation: Spencer, R. G. M., G. R. Aiken, K. D. Butler, M. M. Dornblaser, R. G. Striegl, and P. J. Hernes (2009), Utilizing chromophoric dissolved organic matter measurements to derive export and reactivity of dissolved organic carbon exported to the Arctic Ocean: A case study of the Yukon River, Alaska, Geophys. Res. Lett., 36, L06401, doi:10.1029/2008GL036831. C1 [Spencer, Robert G. M.; Hernes, Peter J.] Univ Calif Davis, Dept LAWR, Davis, CA 95616 USA. [Aiken, George R.; Butler, Kenna D.; Dornblaser, Mark M.; Striegl, Robert G.] US Geol Survey, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RP Spencer, RGM (reprint author), Univ Reading, SHES, Aquat Environm Res Ctr, Reading RG6 6AB, Berks, England. EM r.spencer@reading.ac.uk FU USGS National Stream Quality Accounting Network; National Research Program FX This study was supported by the USGS National Stream Quality Accounting Network (http://water.usgs.gov/nasqan) and National Research Program (http://water.usgs.gov/nrp). Brand names are for identification purposes only and do not imply endorsement by the USGS. NR 25 TC 85 Z9 88 U1 4 U2 47 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0094-8276 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD MAR 18 PY 2009 VL 36 AR L06401 DI 10.1029/2008GL036831 PG 6 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 422OT UT WOS:000264438300001 ER PT J AU Miller, JD Knapp, EE Key, CH Skinner, CN Isbell, CJ Creasy, RM Sherlock, JW AF Miller, Jay D. Knapp, Eric E. Key, Carl H. Skinner, Carl N. Isbell, Clint J. Creasy, R. Max Sherlock, Joseph W. TI Calibration and validation of the relative differenced Normalized Burn Ratio (RdNBR) to three measures of fire severity in the Sierra Nevada and Klamath Mountains, California, USA SO REMOTE SENSING OF ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article DE Fire severity; Normalized Burn ratio (NBR); Composite burn index (CBI); Landsat; Canopy cover; Basal area ID REMOTELY-SENSED DATA; MAP ACCURACY ASSESSMENT; MIXED-CONIFER FOREST; CANOPY COVER; LANDSAT TM; WESTERN OREGON; NEW-MEXICO; VEGETATION; IMAGERY; AREA AB Multispectral satellite data have become a common tool used in the mapping of wildland fire effects. Fire severity, defined as the degree to which a site has been altered, is often the variable mapped. The Normalized Burn Ratio (NBR) used in an absolute difference change detection protocol (dNBR), has become the remote sensing method of choice for US Federal land management agencies to map fire severity due to wildland fire. However, absolute differenced vegetation indices are correlated to the pre-fire chlorophyll content of the vegetation occurring within the fire perimeter. Normalizing dNBR to produce a relativized dNBR (RdNBR) removes the biasing effect of the pre-fire condition. Employing RdNBR hypothetically allows creating categorical classifications using the same thresholds for fires occurring in similar vegetation types without acquiring additional calibration field data on each fire. In this paper we tested this hypothesis by developing thresholds on random training datasets, and then comparing accuracies for (1) fires that occurred within the same geographic region as the training dataset and in similar vegetation, and (2) fires from a different geographic region that is climatically and floristically similar to the training dataset region but supports more complex vegetation structure. We additionally compared map accuracies for three measures of fire severity: the composite burn index (CBI), percent change in tree canopy cover, and percent change in tree basal area. User's and producer's accuracies were highest for the most severe categories, ranging from 70.7% to 89.1%. Accuracies of the moderate fire severity category for measures describing effects only to trees (percent change in canopy cover and basal area) indicated that the classifications were generally not much better than random. Accuracies of the moderate category for the CBI classifications were somewhat better, averaging in the 50%-60% range. These results underscore the difficulty in isolating fire effects to individual vegetation strata when fire effects are mixed. We conclude that the models presented here and in Miller and Thode ([Miller, J.D. & Thode, A.E., (2007). Quantifying burn severity in a heterogeneous landscape with a relative version of the delta Normalized Burn Ratio (dNBR). Remote Sensing of Environment, 109, 66-80.]) can produce fire severity classifications (using either CBI, or percent change in canopy cover or basal area) that are of similar accuracy in fires not used in the original calibration process, at least in conifer dominated vegetation types in Mediterranean-climate California. Published by Elsevier Inc. C1 [Miller, Jay D.] USDA, US Forest Serv, McClellan, VA 95652 USA. [Knapp, Eric E.; Skinner, Carl N.] USDA, US Forest Serv, Redding, CA 96002 USA. [Key, Carl H.] USGS No Rocky Mt Sci Ctr, Glacier Field Stn, W Glacier, MT 59936 USA. [Isbell, Clint J.; Creasy, R. Max] USDA, US Forest Serv, Yreka, CA 96097 USA. [Sherlock, Joseph W.] USDA, US Forest Serv, Vallejo, CA 94592 USA. RP Miller, JD (reprint author), USDA, US Forest Serv, 3237 Peacekeeper Way,Suite 101, McClellan, VA 95652 USA. EM jaymiller@fs.fed.us NR 67 TC 104 Z9 107 U1 3 U2 43 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 360 PARK AVE SOUTH, NEW YORK, NY 10010-1710 USA SN 0034-4257 EI 1879-0704 J9 REMOTE SENS ENVIRON JI Remote Sens. Environ. PD MAR 16 PY 2009 VL 113 IS 3 BP 645 EP 656 DI 10.1016/j.rse.2008.11.009 PG 12 WC Environmental Sciences; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA 406PV UT WOS:000263308300016 ER PT J AU Sherman, LS Blum, JD Nordstrom, DK McCleskey, RB Barkay, T Vetriani, C AF Sherman, L. S. Blum, J. D. Nordstrom, D. K. McCleskey, R. B. Barkay, T. Vetriani, C. TI Mercury isotopic composition of hydrothermal systems in the Yellowstone Plateau volcanic field and Guaymas Basin sea-floor rift SO EARTH AND PLANETARY SCIENCE LETTERS LA English DT Article DE mercury; isotope fractionation; hydrothermal; Yellowstone; Guaymas Basin ID PLASMA-MASS SPECTROMETRY; NATIONAL-PARK; HOT-SPRINGS; ATMOSPHERIC MERCURY; ELEMENTAL MERCURY; SOUTHERN TROUGH; MAGMA BENEATH; NEW-ZEALAND; FRACTIONATION; USA AB To characterize mercury (Hg) isotopes and isotopic fractionation in hydrothermal systems we analyzed fluid and precipitate samples from hot springs in the Yellowstone Plateau volcanic field and vent chimney samples from the Guaymas Basin sea-floor rift. These samples provide an initial indication of the variability in Hg isotopic composition among marine and continental hydrothermal systems that are controlled predominantly by mantle-derived magmas. Fluid samples from Ojo Caliente hot spring in Yellowstone range in 6202 Hg from -1.02%. to 0.58%o (+/- 0.11%, 2SD) and solid precipitate samples from Guaymas Basin range in delta(202)Hg from -0.37%. to -0.01% (+/- 0.14%, 2SD). Fluid samples from Ojo Caliente display mass-dependent fractionation (MDF) of Hg from the vent (delta(202)Hg=0.10% +/- 0.11%, 2SD) to the end of the outflow channel (delta(202)Hg=0.58% +/- 0.11%, 2SD) in conjunction with a decrease in Hg concentration from 46.6 pg/g to 20.0 pg/g. Although a small amount of Hg is lost from the fluids due to co-precipitation with siliceous sinter, we infer that the majority of the observed MDF and Hg loss from waters in Ojo Caliente is due to volatilization of Hg((aq))(0) to Hg((g))(0) and the preferential loss of Hg with a lower delta(202)Hg value to the atmosphere. A small amount of mass-independent fractionation (MIF) was observed in all samples from Ojo Caliente (Delta(199)Hg=0.13%+/- 10.06%, 2SD) but no significant MIF was measured in the sea-floor rift samples from Guaymas Basin. This study demonstrates that several different hydrothermal processes fractionate Hg isotopes and that Hg isotopes may be used to better understand these processes. (C) 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 [Sherman, L. S.; Blum, J. D.] Univ Michigan, Dept Geol Sci, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. [Nordstrom, D. K.; McCleskey, R. B.] US Geol Survey, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. [Barkay, T.; Vetriani, C.] Rutgers State Univ, Dept Biochem & Microbiol, New Brunswick, NJ 08901 USA. [Vetriani, C.] Rutgers State Univ, Inst Marine & Coastal Sci, New Brunswick, NJ 08901 USA. RP Sherman, LS (reprint author), Univ Michigan, Dept Geol Sci, 1100 N Univ Ave, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. EM lsaylors@umich.edu OI McCleskey, Richard/0000-0002-2521-8052 FU NSF [EAR-0433772, EAR-0433793, MCB 04-56676]; National Defense Science and Engineering Graduate Research Fellowship; Office for Naval Research FX The funding for this research was provided by NSF Grant EAR-0433772 to J.D. Blum, EAR-0433793 to T. Barkay, and NSF Grant MCB 04-56676 to C. Vetriani. L.S. Sherman is funded by a National Defense Science and Engineering Graduate Research Fellowship from the Office for Naval Research. We thank the crew of R/V Atlantis and the crew and pilots of the deep-submergence vehicle Alvin for their skillful operations at sea. We are grateful to M.W. Johnson for his laboratory expertise, to S.E. Kesler for his mineralogical knowledge and advice, to A. Schleicher for her laboratory assistance, to P.W. Sherman for thoughtful suggestions, and to the members of the University of Michigan Biogeochemistry and Environmental Isotope Geochemistry Laboratory for many inspiring discussions. We also thank J. Sonke and an anonymous reviewer for comments that improved the manuscript. Any use of trade, firm, or product names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government. NR 66 TC 54 Z9 59 U1 4 U2 36 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0012-821X J9 EARTH PLANET SC LETT JI Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. PD MAR 15 PY 2009 VL 279 IS 1-2 BP 86 EP 96 DI 10.1016/j.epsl.2008.12.032 PG 11 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 423CJ UT WOS:000264473700009 ER PT J AU Bradley, PM Barber, LB Chapelle, FH Gray, JL Kolpin, DW McMahon, PB AF Bradley, Paul M. Barber, Larry B. Chapelle, Francis H. Gray, James L. Kolpin, Dana W. McMahon, Peter B. TI Biodegradation of 17 beta-Estradiol, Estrone and Testosterone in Stream Sediments SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID SEWAGE-TREATMENT PLANTS; ENDOCRINE-DISRUPTING CHEMICALS; TROUT ONCORHYNCHUS-MYKISS; TREATMENT WORKS EFFLUENTS; SURFACE-WATER SEDIMENTS; SLUDGE TREATMENT WORKS; WASTE-WATER; ACTIVATED-SLUDGE; IN-VIVO; ESTROGENIC CHEMICALS AB Biodegradation of 17 beta-estradiol (E2), estrone (E1), and testosterone (T) was investigated in three wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) affected streams in the United States. Relative differences in the mineralization of [4-(14)C] substrates were assessed in oxic microcosms containing saturated sediment or water-only from locations upstream and downstream of the WWTP out fall in each system. Upstream sediment demonstrated significant mineralization of the "A" ring of E2, E1, and T with biodegradation of T consistently greater than that of E2 and no systematic difference in E2 and El biodegradation. "A" ring mineralization also was observed in downstream sediment, with El and T mineralization being substantially depressed relative to upstream samples. In marked contrast, E2 mineralization in sediment immediately downstream from the WWTP outfalls was more than double that in upstream sediment E2 mineralization was observed in water, albeit at insufficient rate to prevent substantial downstream transport The results indicate that, in combination with sediment sorption processes which effectively scavenge hydrophobic contaminants from the water column and immobilize them in the vicinity of the WWTP outfall, aerobic biodegradation of reproductive hormones can be an environmentally important mechanism for nonconservative (destructive) attenuation of hormonal endocrine disruptors in effluent-affected streams. C1 [Bradley, Paul M.; Chapelle, Francis H.] US Geol Survey, Columbia, SC 29210 USA. [Barber, Larry B.] US Geol Survey, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. [Gray, James L.; McMahon, Peter B.] US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Denver, CO 80225 USA. [Kolpin, Dana W.] US Geol Survey, Iowa City, IA USA. RP Bradley, PM (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 720 Gracern Rd,Suite 129, Columbia, SC 29210 USA. EM pbradley@usgs.gov RI Gray, James/I-8136-2012 FU U.S. Geological Survey Toxic Substances Hydrology Program FX This research was supported by the U.S. Geological Survey Toxic Substances Hydrology Program. Disclaimer: The use of trade, product, or firm names in this paper is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government. NR 51 TC 48 Z9 55 U1 1 U2 36 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0013-936X J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD MAR 15 PY 2009 VL 43 IS 6 BP 1902 EP 1910 DI 10.1021/es802797j PG 9 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 417WI UT WOS:000264108800041 PM 19368190 ER PT J AU Ackerman, JT Eagles-Smith, CA AF Ackerman, Joshua T. Eagles-Smith, Collin A. TI Integrating Toxicity Risk in Bird Eggs and Chicks: Using Chick Down Feathers To Estimate Mercury Concentrations in Eggs SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID SAN-FRANCISCO BAY; JUVENILE COMMON LOONS; CAPTIVE GREAT EGRETS; GAVIA-IMMER CHICKS; METHYL MERCURY; METHYLMERCURY EXPOSURE; REPRODUCTIVE SUCCESS; FORSTERS TERNS; NORTH-AMERICA; MALLARD EGGS AB The concentration of mercury (Hg) in eggs that causes reduced hatching success is regarded as a critical end point for Hg toxicity in birds. However, incorporating effects of in ovo mercury exposure on chick health and survival could improve risk assessment We developed equations to predict Hg in eggs using Hg in chick down feathers, and vice versa, by assessing the relationship between Hg in feathers (0.5-32.4 mu g g(-1) fw) and eggs (0.04-2.79 mu g g(-1) fww) for three waterbird species in San Francisco Bay, CA. Feather Hg sampled from embryos of pipping eggs was highly correlated with fresh whole-egg Hg (n = 94, n(2) = 0.96). Additionally, using an egg microsampling technique, albumen Hg was correlated with feather Hg sampled from chicks in the same nest (n = 28, r(2) = 0.79). Down feather Hg in recaptured chicks (: 10 days old) was correlated with down feather Hg at hatching (:! 3 days old; n = 88, r2 = 0.74). Our results demonstrate the utility of using down feathers of chicks <= 10 days of age to nonlethally predict Hg in eggs and thus provide the ability to develop exposure thresholds for eggs that incorporate in ovo Hg's effects on both egg hatchability and subsequent chick mortality. C1 [Ackerman, Joshua T.; Eagles-Smith, Collin A.] Univ Calif Davis, Western Ecol Res Ctr, Davis Field Stn, US Geol Survey, Davis, CA 95616 USA. RP Ackerman, JT (reprint author), Univ Calif Davis, Western Ecol Res Ctr, Davis Field Stn, US Geol Survey, 1 Shields Ave, Davis, CA 95616 USA. EM jackerman@usgs.gov OI Eagles-Smith, Collin/0000-0003-1329-5285 FU San Francisco Estuary Institute; USGS Western Ecological Research Center FX This research was funded by the Regional Monitoring Program's Exposure and Effects Workgroup administered by San Francisco Estuary Institute, CALFED Ecosystem Restoration Program, and USGS Western Ecological Research Center. Early versions of the manuscript were reviewed by Harry Ohlendorf, Julie Yee, Gary Heinz, and three anonymous reviewers. The use of trade, product, or firm names in this publication is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government. NR 46 TC 18 Z9 18 U1 3 U2 17 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0013-936X J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD MAR 15 PY 2009 VL 43 IS 6 BP 2166 EP 2172 DI 10.1021/es803159c PG 7 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 417WI UT WOS:000264108800081 PM 19368230 ER PT J AU Stubbs, JE Veblen, LA Elbert, DC Zachara, JM Davis, JA Veblen, DR AF Stubbs, Joanne E. Veblen, Linda A. Elbert, David C. Zachara, John M. Davis, James A. Veblen, David R. TI Newly recognized hosts for uranium in the Hanford Site vadose zone SO GEOCHIMICA ET COSMOCHIMICA ACTA LA English DT Article ID RARE-EARTH-ELEMENTS; PLASMA-MASS-SPECTROMETRY; ZIRCONIUM-PHOSPHATE; GEOLOGICAL-MATERIALS; EXCHANGE BEHAVIOR; ION-EXCHANGE; URANYL IONS; SORPTION; SEDIMENTS; U(VI) AB Uranium contaminated sediments from the U.S. Department of Energy's Hanford Site have been investigated using electron microscopy. Six classes of solid hosts for uranium were identified. Preliminary sediment characterization was carried out using optical petrography, and electron microprobe analysis (EMPA) was used to locate materials that host uranium. All of the hosts are fine-grained and intergrown with other materials at spatial scales smaller than the analytical volume of the electron microprobe. A focused ion beam (FIB) was used to prepare electron-transparent specimens of each host for the transmission electron microscope (TEM). The hosts were identified as: (1) metatorbernite [Cu(UO(2))(2)(PO(4))(2)center dot 8H(2)O]; (2) coatings on sediment clasts comprised mainly of phyllosilicates; (3) an amorphous zirconium (oxyhydr)oxide found in clast coatings; (4) amorphous and poorly crystalline materials that line voids within basalt lithic fragments; (5) amorphous palagonite surrounding fragments of basaltic glass; and (6) Fe- and Mn-oxides. These findings demonstrate the effectiveness of combining EMPA, FIB, and TEM to identify solid-phase contaminant hosts. Furthermore, they highlight the complexity of U geochemistry in the Hanford vadose zone, and illustrate the importance of microscopic transport in controlling the fate of contaminant metals in the environment. (C) 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 [Stubbs, Joanne E.; Veblen, Linda A.; Elbert, David C.; Veblen, David R.] Johns Hopkins Univ, Dept Earth & Planetary Sci, Baltimore, MD 21218 USA. [Veblen, Linda A.] US Nucl Regulatory Commiss, Rockville, MD 20852 USA. [Zachara, John M.] Pacific NW Natl Lab, Richland, WA 99352 USA. [Davis, James A.] US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. RP Stubbs, JE (reprint author), Johns Hopkins Univ, Dept Earth & Planetary Sci, Baltimore, MD 21218 USA. EM jstubbs1@jhu.edu RI Stubbs, Joanne/F-9710-2013 OI Stubbs, Joanne/0000-0002-8509-2009 FU USDOE BES [DE-FG01-06ER06-01]; U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission [JCN-N6375, JCN-Y6462] FX Funding support was provided by USDOE BES Grant # DE-FG01-06ER06-01 and the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission Contract # JCN-N6375 and JCN-Y6462. EMPA, FIB work, and TEM were conducted at Johns Hopkins University. Chemical digestion and ICP-MS analysis for total Zr and U concentrations were conducted at the Washington State University GeoAnalytical Lab. We are grateful to our Associate Editor, Dr. Donald Sparks, and to Dr. Jeffrey Catalano and two anonymous reviewers, for their thoughtful comments and suggestions. NR 48 TC 52 Z9 52 U1 4 U2 34 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0016-7037 J9 GEOCHIM COSMOCHIM AC JI Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta PD MAR 15 PY 2009 VL 73 IS 6 BP 1563 EP 1576 DI 10.1016/j.gca.2008.12.004 PG 14 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 419ZQ UT WOS:000264258600003 ER PT J AU Tetzlaff, D Seibert, J McGuire, KJ Laudon, H Burn, DA Dunn, SM Soulsby, C AF Tetzlaff, D. Seibert, J. McGuire, K. J. Laudon, H. Burn, D. A. Dunn, S. M. Soulsby, C. TI How does landscape structure influence catchment transit time across different geomorphic provinces? SO HYDROLOGICAL PROCESSES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT International Workshop From Catchment Scale Process Conceptualization to Prediction CY MAY, 2007 CL Ballater, SCOTLAND DE catchment transit times; landscape structure; geomorphic provinces; isotopic tracers; quantitative landscape analysis; northern temperate regions ID NESTED MESOSCALE CATCHMENT; STABLE-ISOTOPE TRACERS; MEAN RESIDENCE TIME; RUNOFF GENERATION; FLOW; SCOTLAND; CONCEPTUALIZATION; HYDROLOGY; BASEFLOW; STREAMS AB Despite an increasing number of empirical investigations of catchment transit times (TTs), virtually all are based on individual catchments and there are few attempts to synthesize understanding across different geographical regions. Uniquely, this paper examines data from 55 catchments in five geomorphic provinces in northern temperate regions (Scotland, United States of America and Sweden). The objective is to understand how the role of catchment topography as a control on the TTs differs in contrasting geographical settings. Catchment inverse transit time proxies (ITTPs) were inferred by a simple metric of isotopic tracer damping, using the ratio of standard deviation of delta(18)O in streamwater to the standard deviation of delta(18)O in precipitation. Quantitative landscape analysis was undertaken to characterize the catchments according to hydrologically relevant topographic indices: that could be readily determined from a digital terrain model (DTM). The nature of topographic controls on transit times varied markedly in different geomorphic regions. In steeper montane regions. there are stronger gravitational influences on hydraulic gradients and TTs tend to he lower in the steepest catchments. In provinces where terrain is more subdued, direct topographic control weakened; in particular, where flatter areas with less permeable soils give rise to overland How and lower The steeper slopes within this flatter terrain appear to have a greater coverage of freely draining soils, which increase sub-surface flow, therefore increasing TTs. Quantitative landscape analysis proved a useful tool for intercatchment comparison. However, the critical influence of sub-surface permeability and connectivity may limit the transferability of predictive tools of hydrological function based on topographic parameters alone. Copyright (C) 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. C1 [Tetzlaff, D.; Soulsby, C.] Univ Aberdeen, Sch Geosci, Aberdeen AB24 3UF, Scotland. [Seibert, J.] Stockholm Univ, Dept Phys Geog & Quaternary Geol, Stockholm, Sweden. [McGuire, K. J.] Virginia Tech, Coll Nat Resources, Virginia Water Resources Res Ctr, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA. [Laudon, H.] SLU, Dept Forest Ecol & Management, S-90183 Umea, Sweden. [Burn, D. A.] US Geol Survey, Troy, NY USA. [Dunn, S. M.] Macaulay Land Use Res Inst, Aberdeen AB9 2QJ, Scotland. RP Tetzlaff, D (reprint author), Univ Aberdeen, Sch Geosci, Aberdeen AB24 3UF, Scotland. EM d.tetzlaff@abdn.ac.uk RI Seibert, Jan/B-1432-2009; Dunn, Sarah/H-3929-2011; Laudon, Hjalmar/J-3074-2013; McGuire, Kevin/E-7770-2010; OI Seibert, Jan/0000-0002-6314-2124; Laudon, Hjalmar/0000-0001-6058-1466; McGuire, Kevin/0000-0001-5751-3956; Tetzlaff, Doerthe/0000-0002-7183-8674 NR 36 TC 98 Z9 98 U1 5 U2 50 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD PI CHICHESTER PA THE ATRIUM, SOUTHERN GATE, CHICHESTER PO19 8SQ, W SUSSEX, ENGLAND SN 0885-6087 J9 HYDROL PROCESS JI Hydrol. Process. PD MAR 15 PY 2009 VL 23 IS 6 BP 945 EP 953 DI 10.1002/hyp.7240 PG 9 WC Water Resources SC Water Resources GA 419OM UT WOS:000264228900011 ER PT J AU Reysenbach, AL Hamamura, N Podar, M Griffiths, E Ferreira, S Hochstein, R Heidelberg, J Johnson, J Mead, D Pohorille, A Sarmiento, M Schweighofer, K Seshadri, R Voytek, MA AF Reysenbach, Anna-Louise Hamamura, N. Podar, M. Griffiths, E. Ferreira, S. Hochstein, R. Heidelberg, J. Johnson, J. Mead, D. Pohorille, A. Sarmiento, M. Schweighofer, K. Seshadri, R. Voytek, M. A. TI Complete and Draft Genome Sequences of Six Members of the Aquificales SO JOURNAL OF BACTERIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID BACTERIUM AQUIFEX-AEOLICUS; SP NOV.; SULFURIHYDROGENIBIUM-AZORENSE; MICROBIAL GENOMES AB The Aquificales are widespread in marine and terrestrial hydrothermal environments. Here, we report the complete and draft genome sequences of six new members of the Aquificales: two marine species, Persephonella marina strain EX-H1 and Hydrogenivirga strain 128-5-R1 (from the East Pacific Rise, 9 degrees 50.3'N, 104 degrees 17.5'W, and the Eastern Lau Spreading Center, 176 degrees 11.5'W, 20 degrees 45.8'S, respectively), and four terrestrial isolates, Sulfurihydrogenibium azorense strain Az-Fu1, Sulfurihydrogenibium yellowstonense strain SS-5, and Sulfurihydrogenibium strain Y03AOP1 (from Furnas, Azores, Portugal, and Calcite Springs and Obsidian Pool in Yellowstone National Park, United States, respectively), and the only thermoacidophilic isolate, Hydrogenobaculum strain Y04AAS1 (from a stream adjacent to Obsidian Pool). Significant differences among the different species exist that include nitrogen metabolism, hydrogen utilization, chemotaxis, and signal transduction, providing insights into their ecological niche adaptations. C1 [Reysenbach, Anna-Louise; Hamamura, N.] Portland State Univ, Dept Biol, Portland, OR 97201 USA. [Podar, M.] Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Biosci Div, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. [Griffiths, E.] McMaster Univ, Dept Biochem & Biomed Sci, Hamilton, ON L8S 4L8, Canada. [Voytek, M. A.] US Geol Survey, Reston, VA 20192 USA. [Seshadri, R.] Synth Genom Inc, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA. [Schweighofer, K.] Affymetrix Corp, Santa Clara, CA 95051 USA. [Ferreira, S.; Johnson, J.; Sarmiento, M.] J Craig Venter Inst, Rockville, MD 20850 USA. [Hochstein, R.] Montana State Univ, Bozeman, MT 59715 USA. [Heidelberg, J.] Univ So Calif, Wrigley Inst Environm Studies, Dept Biol Sci, Avalon, CA 90704 USA. [Mead, D.] Lucigen Corp, Middleton, WI 53562 USA. [Pohorille, A.] NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Exobiol Branch, Moffett Field, CA 94025 USA. RP Reysenbach, AL (reprint author), Portland State Univ, Dept Biol, Portland, OR 97201 USA. EM reysenbacha@pdx.edu RI Hamamura, Natsuko/D-8837-2013; OI Heidelberg, John/0000-0003-0673-3224; Podar, Mircea/0000-0003-2776-0205 FU NSF [0236856]; The Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation; Joint Genome Institute; GBMF FX We thank Jennifer Meneghin, Karl Rustenholtz, Isabel Ferreira, and all those who assisted in many different ways to see these genome sequences be made available to the scientific community. Many thanks in particular to Nikos Kyrpides and many others at JGI who were instrumental in facilitating the deposition of the data into IMG and data analysis. Thanks to Loren Hauser at Oak Ridge National Laboratory and the JGI annotation team for their help. We thank Jason Miller and Granger Sutton and their team for the ongoing development and maintenance of the Celera Assembler and related tools. We thank Robert Friedman for his leadership of the GBMF-funded project. We acknowledge the J. Craig Venter Institute (JCVI) Joint Technology Center, under the leadership of Yu-Hui Rogers, for producing the genomic libraries and the sequence data. NR 10 TC 48 Z9 520 U1 0 U2 11 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1752 N ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036-2904 USA SN 0021-9193 J9 J BACTERIOL JI J. Bacteriol. PD MAR 15 PY 2009 VL 191 IS 6 BP 1992 EP 1993 DI 10.1128/JB.01645-08 PG 2 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA 413VB UT WOS:000263819500029 PM 19136599 ER PT J AU Doherty, J Hunt, RJ AF Doherty, John Hunt, Randall J. TI Two statistics for evaluating parameter identifiability and error reduction SO JOURNAL OF HYDROLOGY LA English DT Article DE Parameter estimation; Identifiability; Error reduction; Modeling ID WATERSHED MODEL; CALIBRATION; UNCERTAINTY; METHODOLOGY; PREDICTION AB Two statistics are presented that can be used to rank input parameters utilized by a model in terms of their relative identifiability based on a given or possible future calibration dataset Identifiability is. defined here as the capability of model calibration to constrain parameters used by a model Both statistics require that the sensitivity of each model parameter be calculated for each model output for which there are actual or presumed field measurements. Singular value decomposition (SVD) of the weighted sensitivity matrix is then undertaken to quantify the relation between the parameters and observations that, in turn, allows selection of calibration solution and null spaces spanned by unit orthogonal vectors. The first statistic presented, "parameter identifiability", is quantitatively defined as the direction cosine between a parameter and its projection onto the calibration solution space. This varies between zero and one, with zero indicating complete non-identifiability and one indicating complete identifiability. The second statistic, "relative error reduction", indicates the extent to which the calibration process reduces error in estimation of a parameter from its pre-calibration level where its value must be assigned purely on the basis of prior expert knowledge. This is more sophisticated than identifiability in that it takes, greater account of the noise associated with the calibration dataset. Like identifiability, it has a maximum value of one (which can only be achieved if there is no measurement noise). Conceptually it can fall to zero; and even below zero if a calibration problem is poorly posed. An example, based on a coupled groundwater/surface-water model, is included that demonstrates the utility of the statistics. (C) 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 [Hunt, Randall J.] US Geol Survey, Middleton, WI 53562 USA. [Doherty, John] Watermark Numer Comp, Brisbane, Qld 4075, Australia. RP Hunt, RJ (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 8505 Res Way, Middleton, WI 53562 USA. EM johndoherty@ozemail.com.au; rjhunt@usgs.gov FU USGS FX Support was provided by the USGS Ground-Water Resources Program and the USGS Trout Lake Water, Energy, and Biogeochemical Budgets (WEBB) project. John F. Walker (USGS) is thanked for his help constructing the North Creek PEST input dataset and for review of the draft manuscript. Hoshin Gupta (University of Arizona), Michael Fienen (USGS), and an anonymous reviewer are also thanked for their review of the manuscript. Any use of trade, product, or firm names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the US Government. NR 33 TC 57 Z9 57 U1 0 U2 14 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0022-1694 J9 J HYDROL JI J. Hydrol. PD MAR 15 PY 2009 VL 366 IS 1-4 BP 119 EP 127 DI 10.1016/j.jhydrol.2008.12.018 PG 9 WC Engineering, Civil; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Engineering; Geology; Water Resources GA 423NO UT WOS:000264503200012 ER PT J AU Diaz, X Johnson, WP Naftz, DL AF Diaz, Ximena Johnson, William P. Naftz, David L. TI Selenium mass balance in the Great Salt Lake, Utah SO SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article DE Se loads; Se removal fluxes; Volatile Se flux; Sedimentation Se flux ID KESTERSON RESERVOIR; BIRDS; WATER AB A mass balance for Se in the south arm of the Great Salt Lake was developed for September 2006 to August 2007 of monitoring for Se loads and removal flows. The combined removal flows (sedimentation and volatilization) totaled to a geometric mean value of 2079 kg Se/yr, with the estimated low value being 1255 kg Se/yr, and an estimated high value of 3143 kg Se/yr at the 68% confidence level. The total (particulates + dissolved) loads (via runoff) were about 1560 kg Se/yr, for which the error is expected to be 15% for the measured loads. Comparison of volatilization to sedimentation flux demonstrates that volatilization rather than sedimentation is likely the major mechanism of selenium removal from the Great Salt Lake. The measured loss flows balance (within the range of uncertainties), and possibly surpass, the measured annual loads. Concentration histories were modeled using a simple mass balance, which indicated that no significant change in Se concentration was expected during the period of study. Surprisingly, the measured total Se concentration increased during the period of the study, indicating that the removal processes operate at their low estimated rates, and/or there are unmeasured selenium loads entering the lake. The selenium concentration trajectories were compared to those of other trace metals to assess the significance of selenium concentration trends. (C) 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 [Diaz, Ximena; Johnson, William P.; Naftz, David L.] Univ Utah, Dept Geol & Geophys, Salt Lake City, UT 84112 USA. [Naftz, David L.] US Geol Survey, Salt Lake City, UT 84119 USA. RP Johnson, WP (reprint author), Univ Utah, Dept Geol & Geophys, 135 S 1460 E, Salt Lake City, UT 84112 USA. EM william.johnson@utah.edu RI Johnson, William/G-7733-2011; Schneider, Larissa/C-9863-2012 FU State of Utah - Department of Environmental Quality - Division of Water Quality (DWQ); US Geological Survey Water Resources Division FX This project was funded by the State of Utah - Department of Environmental Quality - Division of Water Quality (DWQ) and the US Geological Survey Water Resources Division. The authors want to thank the anonymous reviewer for the helpful comments during review of this manuscript. NR 31 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 1 U2 7 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0048-9697 J9 SCI TOTAL ENVIRON JI Sci. Total Environ. PD MAR 15 PY 2009 VL 407 IS 7 BP 2333 EP 2341 DI 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2008.11.029 PG 9 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 422WE UT WOS:000264457600021 PM 19144389 ER PT J AU Montgomery, DR Schmidt, KM Dietrich, WE McKean, J AF Montgomery, David R. Schmidt, Kevin M. Dietrich, William E. McKean, Jim TI Instrumental record of debris flow initiation during natural rainfall: Implications for modeling slope stability SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-EARTH SURFACE LA English DT Article ID OREGON COAST RANGE; UNCHANNELED CATCHMENT; HYDROLOGIC RESPONSE; RUNOFF GENERATION; BEDROCK GROUNDWATER; SEDIMENT PRODUCTION; STEEP; LANDSLIDE; RATES; HILLSLOPES AB The middle of a hillslope hollow in the Oregon Coast Range failed and mobilized as a debris flow during heavy rainfall in November 1996. Automated pressure transducers recorded high spatial variability of pore water pressure within the area that mobilized as a debris flow, which initiated where local upward flow from bedrock developed into overlying colluvium. Postfailure observations of the bedrock surface exposed in the debris flow scar reveal a strong spatial correspondence between elevated piezometric response and water discharging from bedrock fractures. Measurements of apparent root cohesion on the basal (C-b) and lateral (C-l) scarp demonstrate substantial local variability, with areally weighted values of C-b = 0.1 and C-l = 4.6 kPa. Using measured soil properties and basal root strength, the widely used infinite slope model, employed assuming slope parallel groundwater flow, provides a poor prediction of hydrologic conditions at failure. In contrast, a model including lateral root strength (but neglecting lateral frictional strength) gave a predicted critical value of relative soil saturation that fell within the range defined by the arithmetic and geometric mean values at the time of failure. The 3-D slope stability model CLARA-W, used with locally observed pore water pressure, predicted small areas with lower factors of safety within the overall slide mass at sites consistent with field observations of where the failure initiated. This highly variable and localized nature of small areas of high pore pressure that can trigger slope failure means, however, that substantial uncertainty appears inevitable for estimating hydrologic conditions within incipient debris flows under natural conditions. C1 [Montgomery, David R.] Univ Washington, Quaternary Res Ctr, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. [Montgomery, David R.] Univ Washington, Dept Earth & Space Sci, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. [Schmidt, Kevin M.] US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. [Dietrich, William E.] Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Earth & Planetary Sci, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. [McKean, Jim] US Forest Serv, Rocky Mt Res Stn, USDA, Boise, ID USA. RP Montgomery, DR (reprint author), Univ Washington, Quaternary Res Ctr, Box 351310, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. EM dave@ess.washington.edu RI McKean, Jim/C-3581-2011 FU National Science Foundation [CMS-9610269] FX This project was supported by National Science Foundation grant CMS-9610269. John Buffington, Shannon Hayes, John Heffner, Arjun Heimsath, Maria Panfil, Josh Roering, Jonathan Stock, and Ray Torres provided field assistance immediately after the CB1 debris flow. Tamara Massong, Darryl Granger, and Matt Coglon provided field assistance for topographic surveying. Mark Reid of the U. S. Geological Survey provided the piezometers, installed during October 1996. John Heffner, Jim Clarke, and Kate Sullivan of the Weyerhaeuser Company provided tactical and logistical support for studies at the Coos Bay sites. We also thank Jeff Coe, Ed Harp, Bill Haneberg, and David Milledge for thoughtful comments on draft manuscripts. NR 90 TC 26 Z9 26 U1 6 U2 16 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-9003 EI 2169-9011 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-EARTH JI J. Geophys. Res.-Earth Surf. PD MAR 12 PY 2009 VL 114 AR F01031 DI 10.1029/2008JF001078 PG 16 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 419PK UT WOS:000264231400001 ER PT J AU Neuzil, CE Provost, AM AF Neuzil, C. E. Provost, A. M. TI Recent experimental data may point to a greater role for osmotic pressures in the subsurface SO WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID CHEMICAL OSMOSIS EXPERIMENT; SEDIMENTARY BASINS; CLAY MEMBRANES; GENERATION; ORIGIN; MODEL; OVERPRESSURES; GROUNDWATER; MOVEMENT; AQUIFER AB Uncertainty about the origin of anomalous fluid pressures in certain geologic settings has caused researchers to take a second look at osmosis, or flow driven by chemical potential differences, as a pressure-generating process in the subsurface. Interest in geological osmosis has also increased because of an in situ experiment by Neuzil (2000) suggesting that Pierre Shale could generate large osmotic pressures when highly compacted. In the last few years, additional laboratory and in situ experiments have greatly increased the number of data on osmotic properties of argillaceous formations, but they have not been systematically examined. In this paper we compile these data and explore their implications for osmotic pressure generation in subsurface systems. Rather than base our analysis on osmotic efficiencies, which depend strongly on concentration, we calculated values of a quantity we term osmotic specific surface area (A(so)) that, in principle, is a property of the porous medium only. The A(so) values are consistent with a surprisingly broad spectrum of osmotic behavior in argillaceous formations, and all the formations tested exhibited at least a modest ability to generate osmotic pressure. It appears possible that under appropriate conditions some formations can be highly effective osmotic membranes able to generate osmotic pressures exceeding 30 MPa (3 km of head) at porosities as high as similar to 0.1 and pressures exceeding 10 MPa at porosities as high as similar to 0.2. These findings are difficult to reconcile with the lack of compelling field evidence for osmotic pressures, and we propose three explanations for the disparity: (1) Our analysis is flawed and argillaceous formations are less effective osmotic membranes than it suggests; (2) the necessary subsurface conditions, significant salinity differences within intact argillaceous formations, are rare; or (3) osmotic pressures are unlikely to be detected and are not recognized when encountered. The last possibility, that osmotic pressures routinely escape detection or are attributed to other mechanisms, has important implications for understanding subsurface flow regimes. C1 [Neuzil, C. E.; Provost, A. M.] US Geol Survey, Natl Ctr 431, Reston, VA 20192 USA. RP Neuzil, CE (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Natl Ctr 431, Reston, VA 20192 USA. EM ceneuzil@usgs.gov; aprovost@usgs.gov NR 50 TC 21 Z9 22 U1 1 U2 19 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0043-1397 J9 WATER RESOUR RES JI Water Resour. Res. PD MAR 12 PY 2009 VL 45 AR W03410 DI 10.1029/2007WR006450 PG 14 WC Environmental Sciences; Limnology; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Water Resources GA 419QJ UT WOS:000264234000001 ER PT J AU Georgescu, M Miguez-Macho, G Steyaert, LT Weaver, CP AF Georgescu, M. Miguez-Macho, G. Steyaert, L. T. Weaver, C. P. TI Climatic effects of 30 years of landscape change over the Greater Phoenix, Arizona, region: 2. Dynamical and thermodynamical response SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article ID LAND-ATMOSPHERE INTERACTIONS; MESOSCALE; SUMMER; VEGETATION; RAINFALL; IMPACTS; WEATHER; PLAINS AB This paper is part 2 of a two-part study evaluating the climatic effect of one of the nation's most rapidly expanding metropolitan complexes, the Greater Phoenix, Arizona, region. Part 1, using a set of sensitivity experiments, estimated the potential impact of observed landscape evolution, since the dawn of the Landsat satellite era on the near surface climate, with a primary focus on the alteration of the surface radiation and energy budgets and through use of high-resolution, 2km grid spacing, Regional Atmospheric Modeling System (RAMS) simulations with circa 1973, circa 1992, and circa 2001 landscape data sets. In this paper, part 2, we address the role of the previously discussed surface budget changes and subsequent repartitioning of energy on the mesoscale dynamics and thermodynamics of the region, the effect on convective rainfall, and their association with the large-scale North American Monsoon System (NAMS). Our results show that contrasts in surface heating resulting from landscape change are responsible for the development of preferentially located mesoscale circulations, on most days, which were stronger for the 2001 compared to the 1973 landscape, due to increased planetary boundary layer (PBL) heating via enhanced turbulent heat flux. The effect of these stronger circulations was to warm and dry the lower part of the PBL and moisten the upper part of the PBL for the 2001 relative to the 1973 landscape. The precise physical pathway(s) whereby precipitation enhancement is initiated with evolving landscape, since the early 1970s, reveals a complicated interplay among scales (from the turbulent to the synoptic scale) that warrants future research. Precipitation recycling, however, was found to be an important driver in the overall sustenance of rainfall enhancement. Although this study was not designed to investigate other radiative forcing factors such as greenhouse gas emissions and aerosols, the results of our sensitivity experiments do suggest that regional land use change is an important element of climate change in semiarid environments characterized by large urban areas with scarce water resources. C1 [Georgescu, M.; Weaver, C. P.] Stanford Univ, Program Food Secur & Environm, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. [Miguez-Macho, G.] Univ Santiago de Compostela, Nonlinear Phys Grp, E-15706 Galicia, Spain. [Georgescu, M.] Rutgers State Univ, Dept Environm Sci, Ctr Environm Predict, New Brunswick, NJ 08903 USA. [Steyaert, L. T.] US Geol Survey, Greenbelt, MD USA. RP Georgescu, M (reprint author), Stanford Univ, Program Food Secur & Environm, Energy & Environm Bldg,MC 4205,473 Via Ortega, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. EM mateig@stanford.edu RI Weaver, Christopher/G-3714-2010; Georgescu, Matei/G-5442-2011 OI Weaver, Christopher/0000-0003-4016-5451; FU NASA [NNG04GQ47H] FX This work was funded by NASA through Earth System Science Fellowship grant NNG04GQ47H. C. P. W. states that the views expressed in this paper are his own and those of the other authors and do not necessarily reflect the views or policies of the U. S. Environmental Protection Agency. The authors also wish to thank two anonymous reviewers for their extensive comments. Last, M. G. would like to thank Tom Atkins for his artistic assistance in the creation of Figure 17. NR 19 TC 13 Z9 14 U1 1 U2 9 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD MAR 11 PY 2009 VL 114 AR D05111 DI 10.1029/2008JD010762 PG 22 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 419ON UT WOS:000264229000004 ER PT J AU Georgescu, M Miguez-Macho, G Steyaert, LT Weaver, CP AF Georgescu, M. Miguez-Macho, G. Steyaert, L. T. Weaver, C. P. TI Climatic effects of 30 years of landscape change over the Greater Phoenix, Arizona, region: 1. Surface energy budget changes SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article ID URBAN HEAT-ISLAND; WESTERN UNITED-STATES; LAND-USE CHANGE; WATER-RESOURCES; SOIL-MOISTURE; COVER DATA; PRECIPITATION; HYDROLOGY; SENSITIVITY; VEGETATION AB This paper is part 1 of a two-part study that evaluates the climatic effects of recent landscape change for one of the nation's most rapidly expanding metropolitan complexes, the Greater Phoenix, Arizona, region. The region's landscape evolution over an approximate 30-year period since the early 1970s is documented on the basis of analyses of Landsat images and land use/land cover (LULC) data sets derived from aerial photography (1973) and Landsat (1992 and 2001). High-resolution, Regional Atmospheric Modeling System (RAMS), simulations (2-km grid spacing) are used in conjunction with consistently defined land cover data sets and associated biophysical parameters for the circa 1973, circa 1992, and circa 2001 time periods to quantify the impacts of intensive land use changes on the July surface temperatures and the surface radiation and energy budgets for the Greater Phoenix region. The main findings are as follows: since the early 1970s the region's landscape has been altered by a significant increase in urban/suburban land area, primarily at the expense of decreasing plots of irrigated agriculture and secondarily by the conversion of seminatural shrubland. Mean regional temperatures for the circa 2001 landscape were 0.12 degrees C warmer than the circa 1973 landscape, with maximum temperature differences, located over regions of greatest urbanization, in excess of 1 degrees C. The significant reduction in irrigated agriculture, for the circa 2001 relative to the circa 1973 landscape, resulted in dew point temperature decreases in excess of 1 degrees C. The effect of distinct land use conversion themes (e. g., conversion from irrigated agriculture to urban land) was also examined to evaluate how the most important conversion themes have each contributed to the region's changing climate. The two urbanization themes studied (from an initial landscape of irrigated agriculture and seminatural shrubland) have the greatest positive effect on near-surface temperature, increasing maximum daily temperatures by 1 degrees C. Overall, sensible heat flux differences between the circa 2001 and circa 1973 landscapes result in a 1 W m(-2) increase in domain-wide sensible heating, and a similar order of magnitude decrease in latent heating, highlighting the importance of surface repartitioning in establishing near-surface temperature trends. In part 2 of this study, we address the role of the surface budget changes on the mesoscale dynamics/thermodynamics, in context of the large-scale environment. C1 [Georgescu, M.; Weaver, C. P.] Stanford Univ, Program Food Secur & Environm, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. [Miguez-Macho, G.] Univ Santiago de Compostela, Nonlinear Phys Grp, E-15706 Galicia, Spain. [Georgescu, M.] Rutgers State Univ, Dept Environm Sci, Ctr Environm Predict, New Brunswick, NJ 08903 USA. [Steyaert, L. T.] US Geol Survey, Greenbelt, MD USA. RP Georgescu, M (reprint author), Stanford Univ, Program Food Secur & Environm, Energy & Environm Bldg,MC 4205,473 Via Ortega, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. EM mateig@stanford.edu RI Weaver, Christopher/G-3714-2010; Georgescu, Matei/G-5442-2011 OI Weaver, Christopher/0000-0003-4016-5451; FU NASA [NNG04GQ47H] FX This work was funded by NASA through Earth System Science Fellowship Grant NNG04GQ47H. C. P. W. states that the views expressed in this paper are his own and those of the other authors and do not necessarily reflect the views or policies of the U. S. Environmental Protection Agency. The authors also wish to thank two anonymous reviewers for their extensive comments. NR 58 TC 24 Z9 25 U1 1 U2 20 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD MAR 11 PY 2009 VL 114 AR D05110 DI 10.1029/2008JD010745 PG 17 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 419ON UT WOS:000264229000003 ER PT J AU Hedman, MM Nicholson, PD Showalter, MR Brown, RH Buratti, BJ Clark, RN AF Hedman, M. M. Nicholson, P. D. Showalter, M. R. Brown, R. H. Buratti, B. J. Clark, R. N. TI SPECTRAL OBSERVATIONS OF THE ENCELADUS PLUME WITH CASSINI-VIMS SO ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL LA English DT Article DE planets and satellites: general; techniques: spectroscopic ID SATURNS E-RING; INFRARED OBSERVATIONS; PARTICLE PROPERTIES; SYSTEM; SPECTROMETER; SATELLITES; ATMOSPHERE; SCATTERING; FRACTURES; INTERIOR AB On 2005 November 27 (day 331), the Visual and Infrared Mapping Spectrometer instrument onboard the Cassini spacecraft obtained high signal-to-noise, spatially resolved measurements of Enceladus' particle plume. These data are processed to obtain spectra of the plume at a range of altitudes between 50 and 300 km from the surface. These spectra show that the particulate component of the plume consists primarily of fine-grained water ice. The spectral data are used to derive profiles of particle densities versus height, which are in turn converted into measurements of the velocity distribution of particles launched from the surface between 80 and 160 m s(-1) (that is, between one-third and two-thirds of the escape speed). These calculations indicate that particles with radii of 1 mu m are approximately equally likely to have launch speeds anywhere between 80 and 160 m s(-1), while particles with radii of 2 and 3 mu m have progressively steeper velocity distributions. These findings should constrain models of particle production and acceleration within Enceladus. C1 [Hedman, M. M.; Nicholson, P. D.] Cornell Univ, Dept Astron, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. [Showalter, M. R.] SETI Inst, Mountain View, CA 94043 USA. [Brown, R. H.] Univ Arizona, Lunar & Planetary Lab, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. [Buratti, B. J.] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. [Clark, R. N.] US Geol Survey, Fed Ctr, Denver, CO 80225 USA. RP Hedman, MM (reprint author), Cornell Univ, Dept Astron, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. FU Cassini project; VIMS team; Cassini Data Analysis Program FX We thank the Cassini project, the VIMS team, and the Cassini Data Analysis Program for their support of this research. NR 32 TC 38 Z9 38 U1 1 U2 16 PU IOP PUBLISHING LTD PI BRISTOL PA DIRAC HOUSE, TEMPLE BACK, BRISTOL BS1 6BE, ENGLAND SN 0004-637X J9 ASTROPHYS J JI Astrophys. J. PD MAR 10 PY 2009 VL 693 IS 2 BP 1749 EP 1762 DI 10.1088/0004-637X/693/2/1749 PG 14 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 417RR UT WOS:000264095100064 ER PT J AU Li, MS Huang, CQ Zhu, ZL Shi, H Lu, H Peng, SK AF Li, Mingshi Huang, Chengquan Zhu, Zhiliang Shi, Hua Lu, Heng Peng, Shikui TI Assessing rates of forest change and fragmentation in Alabama, USA, using the vegetation change tracker model SO FOREST ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE Forest fragmentation; Geospatial metrics; Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM); VCT model ID TROPICAL DEFORESTATION; SCALE PATTERNS; UNITED-STATES; LANDSCAPE; REFORESTATION; DISTURBANCE; DYNAMICS; HISTORY; CHINA; AREA AB Forest change is of great concern for land use decision makers and conservation communities. Quantitative and spatial forest change information is critical for addressing many pressing issues, including global climate change, carbon budgets, and sustainability. In this study, our analysis focuses on the differences in geospatial patterns and their changes between federal forests and nonfederal forests in Alabama over the time period 1987-2005, by interpreting 163 Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) scenes using a vegetation change tracker (VCT) model. Our analysis revealed that for the most part of 1990 s and between 2000 and 2005, Alabama lost about 2% of its forest on an annual basis due to disturbances, but much of the losses were balanced by forest regeneration from previous disturbances. The disturbance maps revealed that federal forests were reasonably well protected, with the fragmentation remaining relatively stable over time. In contrast, nonfederal forests, which are predominant in area share (about 95%), were heavily disturbed, clearly demonstrating decreasing levels of fragmentation during the time period 1987-1993 giving way to a subsequent accelerating fragmentation during the time period 1994-2005. Additionally, the identification of the statistical relationships between forest fragmentation status and forest loss rate and forest net change rate in relation to land ownership implied the distinct differences in forest cutting rate and cutting patterns between federal forests and nonfederal forests. The forest spatial change information derived from the model has provided valuable insights regarding regional forest management practices and disturbance regimes. which are closely associated with regional economics and environmental concerns. (C) 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 [Li, Mingshi; Peng, Shikui] Nanjing Forestry Univ, Coll Forest Resources & Environm, Nanjing 210037, Peoples R China. [Huang, Chengquan] Univ Maryland, Dept Geog, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. [Zhu, Zhiliang] USDA Forest Serv, Arlington, VA 22209 USA. [Shi, Hua] US Geol Survey, ERO Ctr, ASRC Res & Technol Solut ARTS, Sioux Falls, SD 57198 USA. [Lu, Heng] Nanjing Normal Univ, Jiangsu Prov Level Key Lab Geog Informat Sci, Nanjing 210097, Peoples R China. RP Li, MS (reprint author), Nanjing Forestry Univ, Coll Forest Resources & Environm, Nanjing 210037, Peoples R China. EM nfulms@yahoo.com.cn RI Lyu, Heng/F-3335-2017; OI Lyu, Heng/0000-0003-2844-3746; Huang, Chengquan/0000-0003-0055-9798 FU U.S. Geological Survey; NASA's Terrestrial Ecology, Carbon Cycle Science, and Applied Sciences Programs FX This research was performed while the lead author held a National Research Council (NRC) Research Associateship Program postdoctoral award at the USGS Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center. This work was supported by funding from the U.S. Geological Survey and grants from NASA's Terrestrial Ecology, Carbon Cycle Science, and Applied Sciences Programs. We thank the Department of Geography, University of Maryland for providing facilities for developing the forest disturbance maps. The authors would like to express our gratitude to Kurtis Nelson for aiding in the calculation of Pff index and the anonymous reviewers for their helpful comments on earlier versions of this manuscript. NR 33 TC 24 Z9 29 U1 4 U2 16 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0378-1127 J9 FOREST ECOL MANAG JI For. Ecol. Manage. PD MAR 10 PY 2009 VL 257 IS 6 BP 1480 EP 1488 DI 10.1016/j.foreco.2008.12.023 PG 9 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 421AJ UT WOS:000264330000004 ER PT J AU Durant, AJ Rose, WI Sarna-Wojcicki, AM Carey, S Volentik, ACM AF Durant, A. J. Rose, W. I. Sarna-Wojcicki, A. M. Carey, S. Volentik, A. C. M. TI Hydrometeor-enhanced tephra sedimentation: Constraints from the 18 May 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SOLID EARTH LA English DT Article ID GRAIN-SIZE DISTRIBUTION; VOLCANIC ASH; PARTICLE AGGREGATION; FORMATION MECHANISMS; RADAR OBSERVATIONS; SETTLING VELOCITY; FALL DEPOSITS; HAZARDS; CLOUDS; ELECTRIFICATION AB Uncertainty remains on the origin of distal mass deposition maxima observed in many recent tephra fall deposits. In this study the link between ash aggregation and the formation of distal mass deposition maxima is investigated through reanalysis of tephra fallout from the Mount St. Helens 18 May 1980 (MSH80) eruption. In addition, we collate all the data needed to model distal ash sedimentation from the MSH80 eruption cloud. Four particle size subpopulations were present in distal fallout with modes at 2.2 Phi, 4.2 Phi, 5.9 Phi, and 8.3 Phi. Settling rates of the coarsest subpopulation closely matched predicted single-particle terminal fall velocities. Sedimentation of particles <100 mu m was greatly enhanced, predominantly through aggregation of a particle subpopulation with modal diameter 5.9 +/- 0.2 Phi (19 +/- 3 mu m). Mammatus on the MSH80 cloud provided a mechanism to transport very fine ash particles, with predicted atmospheric lifetimes of days to weeks, from the upper troposphere to the surface in a matter of hours. In this mechanism, ash particles initiate ice hydrometeor formation high in the troposphere. Subsequently, the volcanic cloud rapidly subsides as mammatus develop from increased particle loading and cloud base sublimation. Rapid fallout occurs as the cloud passes through the melting level in a process analogous to snowflake aggregation. Aggregates sediment en masse and form the distal mass deposition maxima observed in many recent volcanic ash fall deposits. This work provides a data resource that will facilitate tephra sedimentation modeling and allow model intercomparisons. C1 [Durant, A. J.] Univ Bristol, Dept Earth Sci, Sch Geog Sci, Bristol, Avon, England. [Durant, A. J.; Rose, W. I.] Michigan Technol Univ, Dept Geol & Min Engn & Sci, Houghton, MI 49931 USA. [Sarna-Wojcicki, A. M.] US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. [Carey, S.] Univ Rhode Isl, Grad Sch Oceanog, Narragansett, RI 02882 USA. [Volentik, A. C. M.] Univ S Florida, Dept Geol, Tampa, FL 33620 USA. RP Durant, AJ (reprint author), Univ Cambridge, Leverhulme Ctr Human Evolutionary Studies, Fitzwilliam St, Cambridge CB2 1QH, England. EM ajdurant@mtu.edu FU GREENCYCLES Marie Curie Research Training Network FX A.J.D. acknowledges support from the GREENCYCLES Marie Curie Research Training Network. David Schultz and two anonymous reviewers are thanked for thoughtful reviews that vastly improved an earlier version of this manuscript. Elmira Wan and the USGS Tephrochronology Laboratory (Menlo Park) are thanked for providing the MSH80 tephra samples and for assistance during a visit by A.J.D. in 2006. Ken Wohletz is thanked for helpful advice on the analysis of subpopulations in particle size data. Claire Horwell, Steve Boreham, and Chris Rolfe are acknowledged for assistance during the particle size analysis carried out at the University of Cambridge Physical Geography Laboratories Malvern Room facility. Kevin Trowbridge is thanked for hosting A.J.D. during a visit to San Francisco. Sebastien Dartevelle is thanked for helpful advice on the sedimentological analysis. Jeff Robel and the National Climatic Data Center are thanked for providing GOES imagery of the MSH80 eruption. NR 81 TC 61 Z9 61 U1 1 U2 15 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-9313 EI 2169-9356 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-SOL EA JI J. Geophys. Res.-Solid Earth PD MAR 10 PY 2009 VL 114 AR B03204 DI 10.1029/2008JB005756 PG 21 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 419PS UT WOS:000264232300002 ER PT J AU Mastin, LG Spieler, O Downey, WS AF Mastin, L. G. Spieler, O. Downey, W. S. TI An experimental study of hydromagmatic fragmentation through energetic, non-explosive magma-water mixing SO JOURNAL OF VOLCANOLOGY AND GEOTHERMAL RESEARCH LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT General Assembly of the International-Association-of-Geodesy/24th General Assembly of the International-Union-of-Geodesy-and-Geophysics CY JUL 02-13, 2007 CL Perugia, ITALY SP Int Assoc Geodesy, Int Union Geodesy & Geophys DE fragmentation; hydrovolcanism; cooling; experimental processes; fracture ID MODEL; DROP AB In this paper we report the first experimental investigation of non-explosive hydromagmatic fragmentation during energetic mixing with water. We mix magma and water by two methods: (1) pouring a basaltic melt between two converging water sprays; and (2) jetting basaltic melt at high pressure (3 MPa) through a nozzle into a tank of stagnant water. These experiments involved shear at relative velocities of similar to 5-16 m/s and vigorous mixing for less than a second, providing sufficient time for glassy rinds to grow but insufficient time for clot interiors to cool. In resulting fragments, we examined the gross morphology, which reflects fluid deformation during mixing, and surface textures, which reflect the growth and disruption of glassy rinds. We find major differences in both fragment morphology and surface texture between experiments. Water-spray experiments produced Pele's hair, thin bubble shards, melt droplets, and angular, fracture-bound droplet pieces. Melt-jet experiments produced mostly coarse (> 1 mm diameter), wavy fluidal fragments with broken ends. Fluidal surfaces of fragments produced by water-spray experiments were generally shiny under reflected light and, in microscopic examination, smooth down to micron scale, implying no disruption of glassy rinds, except for (a) rare flaking on Pele's hair that was bent prior to solidification; or (b) cracking and alligator-skin textures on segments of melt balls that had expanded before complete cooling. In contrast, textures of fluidal surfaces on fragments produced by melt-jet experiments are dull in reflected light and, in scanning electron images, exhibit ubiquitous discontinuous skins ("rinds") that are flaked, peeled, or smeared away in stripes. Adhering to these surfaces are flakes, blocks, and blobs of detached material microns to tens of microns in diameter. In the water-spray fragments, we interpret the scarcity of disrupted surface rinds to result from lack of bending after surfaces formed. In the melt-jet fragments, the ubiquity of partially detached rinds and rind debris likely reflects repeated bending, scraping, impact, and other disruption through turbulent velocity fluctuations. When extrapolated to jets of Surtseyan scale, where velocity fluctuations reach tens of meters per second and turbulent mixing persists for tens of seconds, rind disintegration could fragment a large fraction of the erupted material. (C) Published by Elsevier B.V. C1 [Mastin, L. G.] US Geol Survey, Cascades Volcano Observ, Vancouver, WA 98683 USA. [Spieler, O.] Univ Munich, Inst Umwelt & Geowissensch, D-80333 Munich, Germany. [Downey, W. S.] Univ New Brunswick, Dept Geol, Fredericton, NB E3A 5A3, Canada. RP Mastin, LG (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Cascades Volcano Observ, 1300 SE Cardinal Court, Vancouver, WA 98683 USA. EM lgmastin@usgs.gov NR 32 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 13 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0377-0273 J9 J VOLCANOL GEOTH RES JI J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res. PD MAR 10 PY 2009 VL 180 IS 2-4 BP 161 EP 170 DI 10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2008.09.012 PG 10 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 433IB UT WOS:000265196400008 ER PT J AU McDonald, J Christensen, S Deblinger, R Woytek, W AF McDonald, John, Jr. Christensen, Sonja Deblinger, Robert Woytek, William TI An alternative to climate change for explaining species loss in Thoreau's woods SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA LA English DT Letter ID FOREST C1 [McDonald, John, Jr.] US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Hadley, MA 01035 USA. [Christensen, Sonja; Deblinger, Robert] Massachusetts Div Fisheries & Wildlife, Westborough, MA 01581 USA. [Woytek, William] Massachusetts Environm Police, Boston, MA 02114 USA. RP McDonald, J (reprint author), US Fish & Wildlife Serv, 300 Westgate Ctr Dr, Hadley, MA 01035 USA. EM john_e_mcdonald@fws.gov NR 5 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 1 U2 4 PU NATL ACAD SCIENCES PI WASHINGTON PA 2101 CONSTITUTION AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20418 USA SN 0027-8424 J9 P NATL ACAD SCI USA JI Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. PD MAR 10 PY 2009 VL 106 IS 10 BP E28 EP E28 DI 10.1073/pnas.0811954106 PG 1 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 416WT UT WOS:000264036900077 PM 19270076 ER EF